next set of documentation updates, includes readline

diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog
index 0ae88c9346e674aaf10e43ab000bf70efcefd38f..64d17fcf403ff14fd7350a38d83ce83eb4077178 100644 (file)
--- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog
+++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog
@@ -10289,3 +10289,23 @@ doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi
        - update builtins documenation: make language and paragraph breaks
          more consistent between the document formats; update active
          language
+
+                                  10/1
+                                  ----
+doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi,lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
+       - update more documentation sections to make language consistent
+         between formats, reduce passive voice
+
+                                  10/7
+                                  ----
+lib/readline/doc/history.3
+       - update history expansion section to be consistent with hsuser.texi
+         and bash.1
+
+doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi,lib/readline/doc/readline.3
+lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi,lib/readline/doc/history.3
+       - next set of updates for consistency between formats, update language,
+         fix formatting conventions
+
+
+

diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0
index c2f6d742c38c504dccacb947ec5725a6bb4a3935..f8d3bde63642078449a6743c7aab377f12ac4b27 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bash.0
+++ b/doc/bash.0
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)                     General Commands Manual                    _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
 
 N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
@@ -298,10 +297,10 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
        how the timing information should be displayed; see the description  of
        T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT below under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
 
-       When the shell is in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by a newline.  In
-       this  case,  the shell displays the total user and system time consumed
-       by the shell and its children.  The T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable  specifies  the
-       format of the time information.
+       When  the shell is in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, t\bti\bim\bme\be may appear by itself as the only
+       word in a simple command.  In this case, the shell displays  the  total
+       user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.  The T\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+       F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable specifies the format of the time information.
 
        Each  command  in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is
        executed in a _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl, which is a separate process.  See C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD  E\bEX\bXE\bE-\b-
@@ -695,16 +694,16 @@ Q\bQU\bUO\bOT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
               \\b\'\b'     single quote
               \\b\"\b"     double quote
               \\b\?\b?     question mark
-              \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn   the eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
-                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits)
-              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
-                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
-              \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
-                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits)
+              \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn   The eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
+                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits).
+              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   The  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
+                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
+              \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
+                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
               \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
-                     the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits)
-              \\b\c\bc_\bx    a control-_\bx character
+                     The  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
+              \\b\c\bc_\bx    A control-_\bx character.
 
        The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the  dollar  sign  had  not
        been present.
@@ -813,6 +812,7 @@ P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS
        The shell treats several parameters specially.   These  parameters  may
        only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.  Special parame-
        ters are denoted by one of the following characters.
+
        *\b*      ($\b$*\b*)  Expands  to  the positional parameters, starting from one.
               When the expansion is not within double quotes, each  positional
               parameter  expands  to  a separate word.  In contexts where word
@@ -1719,34 +1719,34 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        string, expanding left to right.
 
        Brace  expansions  may  be nested.  The results of each expanded string
-       are not sorted;  left  to  right  order  is  preserved.   For  example,
-       a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into "ade ace abe".
+       are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order.  For ex-
+       ample, a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into "ade ace abe".
 
-       A  sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are
-       either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment,  is
+       A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by  are
+       either  integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
        an integer.  When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
-       number  between  _\bx and _\by, inclusive.  If the supplied integers are pre-
-       fixed with _\b0, each term will have the same width, zero-padding if  nec-
-       essary.   When  either _\bx or _\by begins with a zero, the shell attempts to
-       force all generated terms to contain the same number of  digits,  zero-
+       number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive.  If the supplied integers  are  pre-
+       fixed  with _\b0, each term will have the same width, zero-padding if nec-
+       essary.  When either _\bx or _\by begins with a zero, the shell  attempts  to
+       force  all  generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-
        padding where necessary.  When letters are supplied, the expression ex-
-       pands  to  each character lexicographically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive,
+       pands to each character lexicographically between _\bx and  _\by,  inclusive,
        using the default C locale.  Note that both _\bx and _\by must be of the same
-       type (integer or letter).  When the increment is supplied, it  is  used
-       as  the difference between each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1
+       type  (integer  or letter).  When the increment is supplied, it is used
+       as the difference between each term.  The default increment is 1 or  -1
        as appropriate.
 
        Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
-       acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result.  It  is
-       strictly  textual.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
+       acters  special to other expansions are preserved in the result.  It is
+       strictly textual.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation  to
        the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
 
-       A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain  unquoted  opening  and
+       A  correctly-formed  brace  expansion must contain unquoted opening and
        closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex-
        pression.  Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
 
        A {\b{ or ,\b, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
-       part  of  a brace expression.  To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
+       part of a brace expression.  To avoid conflicts with  parameter  expan-
        sion, the string $\b${\b{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and
        inhibits brace expansion until the closing }\b}.
 
@@ -1757,67 +1757,67 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        or
               chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
 
-       Brace expansion introduces a  slight  incompatibility  with  historical
-       versions  of s\bsh\bh.  s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
-       when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in  the  output.
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh  removes  braces  from  words as a consequence of brace expansion.
-       For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears  identically  in
-       the  output.   B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after brace expan-
-       sion.  Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the +\b+B\bB option or disable  brace  expansion  with
+       Brace  expansion  introduces  a  slight incompatibility with historical
+       versions of s\bsh\bh.  s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces  specially
+       when  they  appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a  consequence  of  brace  expansion.
+       For  example,  a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
+       the output.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after  brace  expan-
+       sion.   Start  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with
        the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) for
        strict s\bsh\bh compatibility.
 
    T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
-       If  a  word  begins  with an unquoted tilde character ("~\b~"), all of the
-       characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or  all  characters,  if
-       there  is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx.  If none of
-       the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the  characters  in  the
-       tilde-prefix  following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-       If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced  with  the
+       If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character  ("~\b~"),  all  of  the
+       characters  preceding  the  first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
+       there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx.  If none  of
+       the  characters  in  the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+       tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+       If  this  login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
        value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE.  If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the tilde expands
-       to  the home directory of the user executing the shell instead.  Other-
-       wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home  directory  associated
+       to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead.   Other-
+       wise,  the  tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
        with the specified login name.
 
-       If  the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD re-
+       If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD  re-
        places the tilde-prefix.  If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub-
-       stitutes the value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set.  If  the
-       characters  following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number
-       _\bN, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is  replaced
+       stitutes  the value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set.  If the
+       characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a  number
+       _\bN,  optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced
        with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
        displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin invoked with the characters following the
-       tilde  in the tilde-prefix as an argument.  If the characters following
+       tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument.  If the characters  following
        the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+"
        or "-", "+" is assumed.
 
-       The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were  quoted,  so
-       the  replacement  is  not subject to word splitting and pathname expan-
+       The  results  of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so
+       the replacement is not subject to word splitting  and  pathname  expan-
        sion.
 
-       If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the  tilde-
+       If  the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde-
        prefix is unchanged.
 
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh  checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme-
-       diately following a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde  expansion  in
-       these  cases.   Consequently,  one may use filenames with tildes in as-
-       signments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the  ex-
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes  imme-
+       diately  following  a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde expansion in
+       these cases.  Consequently, one may use filenames with  tildes  in  as-
+       signments  to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the ex-
        panded value.
 
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh  also  performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying  the  conditions
        of variable assignments (as described above under P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) when they
-       appear as arguments to simple commands.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this,  except
+       appear  as arguments to simple commands.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this, except
        for the _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands listed above, when in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be.
 
    P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
        The "$\b$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
-       or  arithmetic  expansion.  The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
-       may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect  the
-       variable  to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+       or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name or symbol to  be  expanded
+       may  be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+       variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it  which
        could be interpreted as part of the name.
 
-       When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the  first  "}\b}"  not
+       When  braces  are  used, the matching ending brace is the first "}\b}" not
        escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em-
-       bedded  arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan-
+       bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter  expan-
        sion.
 
        The basic form of parameter expansion is
@@ -1825,120 +1825,124 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
 
        which substitutes the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  The braces are required when
-       _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one digit,  or  when
-       _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as
-       part of its name.  The _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is  a  shell  parameter  as  described
+       _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is  a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when
+       _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted  as
+       part  of  its  name.   The  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a shell parameter as described
        above P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) or an array reference (A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs).
 
-       If  the  first  character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and
+       If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation  point  (!\b!),  and
        _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, it introduces a level of indirection.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
        uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the new _\bp_\ba_\b-
-       _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used  in
-       the  rest  of  the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original
-       _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn.  The value is  subject
-       to  tilde  expansion,  parameter  expansion,  command substitution, and
-       arithmetic expansion.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands  to  the
+       _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br;  this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in
+       the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion  of  the  original
+       _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.   This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn.  The value is subject
+       to tilde expansion,  parameter  expansion,  command  substitution,  and
+       arithmetic  expansion.   If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the
        name of the parameter referenced by _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br instead of performing the
        complete indirect expansion, for compatibility.  The exceptions to this
        are the expansions of ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below.  The
-       exclamation  point  must  immediately follow the left brace in order to
+       exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace  in  order  to
        introduce indirection.
 
        In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
        ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
 
        When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be-
-       low (e.g., :\b:-\b-), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a  parameter  that  is  unset  or  null.
+       low  (e.g.,  :\b:-\b-),  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  tests  for  a parameter that is unset or null.
        Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
 
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
-              U\bUs\bse\be  D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt  V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
-              sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+              U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null,  the  expan-
+              sion  of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
               is substituted.
+
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
-              A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn  D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt  V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the ex-
-              pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the  expansion  is
+              A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null,  the  ex-
+              pansion  of  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the expansion is
               the final value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  Positional parameters and special
               parameters may not be assigned in this way.
+
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
-              D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by  E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
-              the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect  if  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd  is
-              not  present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
-              it is not interactive, exits with a non-zero status.  An  inter-
+              D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or  unset,
+              the  expansion  of  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
+              not present) is written to the standard error and the shell,  if
+              it  is not interactive, exits with a non-zero status.  An inter-
               active shell does not exit, but does not execute the command as-
-              sociated  with the expansion.  Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+              sociated with the expansion.  Otherwise, the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
               is substituted.
+
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
-              U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing  is
-              substituted,  otherwise  the  expansion  of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
+              U\bUs\bse\be  A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
+              substituted, otherwise the expansion  of  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd  is  substituted.
               The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not used.
+
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
-              S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.  Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of  the
-              value  of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\b-
-              _\bs_\be_\bt.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by  @\b@
-              or  *\b*,  or  an associative array name, the results differ as de-
-              scribed below.  If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to  the  substring
+              S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg  E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.  Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of the
+              value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified  by  _\bo_\bf_\bf_\b-
+              _\bs_\be_\bt.   If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by @\b@
+              or *\b*, or an associative array name, the results  differ  as  de-
+              scribed  below.   If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring
               of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by
               _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and extending to the end of the value.  _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
               are arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
 
-              If  _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt  evaluates  to  a number less than zero, the value is
+              If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than  zero,  the  value  is
               used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\b-
-              _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero, it  is
+              _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.   If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
               interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value
-              of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br rather than a number of characters, and the expan-
-              sion is the characters between _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt  and  that  result.   Note
-              that  a  negative  offset must be separated from the colon by at
+              of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br rather than a number of characters, and the  expan-
+              sion  is  the  characters  between _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and that result.  Note
+              that a negative offset must be separated from the  colon  by  at
               least one space to avoid being confused with the :\b:-\b- expansion.
 
-              If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional  parame-
-              ters  beginning  at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.  A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
-              to one greater than the greatest  positional  parameter,  so  an
+              If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parame-
+              ters beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.  A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is  taken  relative
+              to  one  greater  than  the greatest positional parameter, so an
               offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if
-              there  are  no positional parameters).  It is an expansion error
+              there are no positional parameters).  It is an  expansion  error
               if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero.
 
               If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the
               result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
-              _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}.  A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt  is  taken  relative  to  one
+              _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}.   A  negative  _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt  is  taken relative to one
               greater than the maximum index of the specified array.  It is an
               expansion error if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero.
 
               Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un-
               defined results.
 
-              Substring  indexing  is zero-based unless the positional parame-
-              ters are used, in which case the indexing starts  at  1  by  de-
-              fault.   If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are used,
+              Substring indexing is zero-based unless the  positional  parame-
+              ters  are  used,  in  which case the indexing starts at 1 by de-
+              fault.  If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are  used,
               $\b$0\b0 is prefixed to the list.
 
        ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*}
        ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx@\b@}
-              N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx.  Expands to the names of variables  whose
+              N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs  m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx.  Expands to the names of variables whose
               names begin with _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx, separated by the first character of the
-              I\bIF\bFS\bS  special variable.  When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears
-              within double quotes, each variable name expands to  a  separate
+              I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable.  When _\b@ is used and the expansion  appears
+              within  double  quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
               word.
 
        ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]}
        ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]}
-              L\bLi\bis\bst\bt  o\bof\bf  a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by  k\bke\bey\bys\bs.  If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to
-              the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  is
-              not  an  array,  expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise.
-              When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears within  double  quotes,
+              L\bLi\bis\bst\bt o\bof\bf a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by k\bke\bey\bys\bs.  If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array  variable,  expands  to
+              the  list  of array indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+              not an array, expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set  and  null  otherwise.
+              When  _\b@  is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
               each key expands to a separate word.
 
        ${#\b#_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
-              P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br  l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh.   Substitutes the length in characters of the
-              expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the  value
-              substituted  is the number of positional parameters.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
-              _\bt_\be_\br is an array name subscripted by *\b* or @\b@,  the  value  substi-
-              tuted  is  the number of elements in the array.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
-              an indexed array name subscripted by  a  negative  number,  that
-              number  is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi-
-              mum index of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, so negative indices count back from  the
-              end  of  the  array, and an index of -1 references the last ele-
+              P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh.  Substitutes the length in characters  of  the
+              expanded  value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value
+              substituted is the number of positional parameters.  If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
+              _\bt_\be_\br  is  an  array name subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substi-
+              tuted is the number of elements in the array.  If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is
+              an  indexed  array  name  subscripted by a negative number, that
+              number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the  maxi-
+              mum  index of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, so negative indices count back from the
+              end of the array, and an index of -1 references  the  last  ele-
               ment.
 
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
@@ -1946,15 +1950,15 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
               R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn.  The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce
               a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
               expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
-              t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below.  If the pattern matches  the  beginning  of
-              the  value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the
-              expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest  matching  pattern
-              (the  "#"  case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case)
-              deleted.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal  operation
-              is  applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
-              sion is the resultant list.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an  array  variable
-              subscripted  with  @\b@  or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is ap-
-              plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion  is
+              t\bte\ber\brn\bn  M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg  below.   If the pattern matches the beginning of
+              the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is  the
+              expanded  value  of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern
+              (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the  "##"  case)
+              deleted.   If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation
+              is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the  expan-
+              sion  is  the resultant list.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
+              subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal  operation  is  ap-
+              plied  to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is
               the resultant list.
 
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
@@ -1962,15 +1966,15 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
               R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg s\bsu\buf\bff\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn.  The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce
               a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
               expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
-              t\bte\ber\brn\bn  M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below.  If the pattern matches a trailing portion
-              of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of  the  ex-
-              pansion  is  the  expanded  value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest
-              matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching  pattern
-              (the  "%%"  case)  deleted.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
-              removal operation is applied to  each  positional  parameter  in
-              turn,  and the expansion is the resultant list.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
-              an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the  pattern  removal
-              operation  is  applied  to each member of the array in turn, and
+              t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below.  If the pattern matches a trailing  portion
+              of  the  expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the ex-
+              pansion is the expanded value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  with  the  shortest
+              matching  pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern
+              (the "%%" case) deleted.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or  *\b*,  the  pattern
+              removal  operation  is  applied  to each positional parameter in
+              turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is
+              an  array  variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
+              operation is applied to each member of the array  in  turn,  and
               the expansion is the resultant list.
 
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
@@ -1978,128 +1982,127 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/#\b#_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/%\b%_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
               P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn.  The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce a pat-
-              tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against  the  ex-
-              panded  value  of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
-              t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below.  The longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn  in  the  ex-
-              panded  value  is  replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.  _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg undergoes tilde
-              expansion, parameter and variable expansion,  arithmetic  expan-
+              tern  just  as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex-
+              panded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described  under  P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
+              t\bte\ber\brn\bn  M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg  below.   The longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in the ex-
+              panded value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.   _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  undergoes  tilde
+              expansion,  parameter  and variable expansion, arithmetic expan-
               sion, command and process substitution, and quote removal.
 
-              In  the  first form above, only the first match is replaced.  If
+              In the first form above, only the first match is  replaced.   If
               there are two slashes separating _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn (the sec-
-              ond form above),  all  matches  of  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn  are  replaced  with
-              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.   If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by #\b# (the third form above), it
-              must match at the beginning of the expanded value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
-              If  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn  is  preceded  by %\b% (the fourth form above), it must
+              ond  form  above),  all  matches  of  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn  are replaced with
+              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.  If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by #\b# (the third form above),  it
+              must  match at the beginning of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
+              If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by %\b% (the fourth  form  above),  it  must
               match at the end of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
 
-              If the expansion of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  is  null,  matches  of  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn  are
+              If  the  expansion  of  _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  is  null, matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are
               deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may be omitted.
 
-              If  the  p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt,
-              any unquoted instances of &\b& in  _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  are  replaced  with  the
+              If the p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt shell option is enabled  using  s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt,
+              any  unquoted  instances  of  &\b&  in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg are replaced with the
               matching portion of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
 
               Quoting any part of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg inhibits replacement in the expansion
-              of  the  quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in
-              shell variables.  Backslash will escape &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg;  the  back-
-              slash  is removed in order to permit a literal &\b& in the replace-
-              ment string.  Backslash can also be used to escape a  backslash;
-              \\b\\\b\  results  in  a  literal backslash in the replacement.  Users
-              should take care if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is double-quoted  to  avoid  unwanted
-              interactions  between  the  backslash  and double-quoting, since
-              backslash has special meaning  within  double  quotes.   Pattern
-              substitution  performs  the check for unquoted &\b& after expanding
+              of the quoted portion, including replacement strings  stored  in
+              shell  variables.   Backslash will escape &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; the back-
+              slash is removed in order to permit a literal &\b& in the  replace-
+              ment  string.  Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash;
+              \\b\\\b\ results in a literal backslash  in  the  replacement.   Users
+              should  take  care  if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is double-quoted to avoid unwanted
+              interactions between the  backslash  and  double-quoting,  since
+              backslash  has  special  meaning  within double quotes.  Pattern
+              substitution performs the check for unquoted &\b&  after  expanding
               _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; shell programmers should quote any occurrences of &\b& they
               want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure any in-
               stances of &\b& they want to be replaced are unquoted.
 
-              Like the pattern removal operators,  double  quotes  surrounding
+              Like  the  pattern  removal operators, double quotes surrounding
               the replacement string quote the expanded characters, while dou-
-              ble  quotes  enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not,
-              since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't  take
+              ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution  do  not,
+              since  the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take
               any enclosing double quotes into account.
 
-              If  the  n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh  shell option is enabled, the match is per-
+              If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the  match  is  per-
               formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
 
               If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to
-              each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the  re-
-              sultant  list.   If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is an array variable subscripted
-              with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to each  mem-
-              ber  of  the  array  in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+              each  positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re-
+              sultant list.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is  an  array  variable  subscripted
+              with  @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to each mem-
+              ber of the array in turn, and the  expansion  is  the  resultant
               list.
 
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
-              C\bCa\bas\bse\be m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn.  This expansion modifies the case  of  alpha-
-              betic  characters in _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to pro-
+              C\bCa\bas\bse\be  m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn.   This expansion modifies the case of alpha-
+              betic characters in _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.  The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to  pro-
               duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion.  Each character in
-              the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is tested against _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn,  and,
-              if  it  matches the pattern, its case is converted.  The pattern
+              the  expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is tested against _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and,
+              if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.   The  pattern
               should not attempt to match more than one character.
 
-              The ^\b^ operator converts lowercase letters  matching  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn  to
+              The  ^\b^  operator  converts lowercase letters matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to
               uppercase; the ,\b, operator converts matching uppercase letters to
-              lowercase.   The ^\b^^\b^ and ,\b,,\b, expansions convert each matched char-
-              acter in the expanded value; the ^\b^ and ,\b,  expansions  match  and
+              lowercase.  The ^\b^^\b^ and ,\b,,\b, expansions convert each matched  char-
+              acter  in  the  expanded value; the ^\b^ and ,\b, expansions match and
               convert only the first character in the expanded value.  If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
-              _\bt_\be_\br_\bn  is  omitted,  it  is treated like a ?\b?, which matches every
+              _\bt_\be_\br_\bn is omitted, it is treated like a  ?\b?,  which  matches  every
               character.
 
-              If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation  is  ap-
+              If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is ap-
               plied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is
-              the  resultant  list.   If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is an array variable sub-
+              the resultant list.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is  an  array  variable  sub-
               scripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is applied
-              to each member of the array in turn, and the  expansion  is  the
+              to  each  member  of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
               resultant list.
 
        ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br@\b@_\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br}
               P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsf\bfo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn.  The expansion is either a transforma-
-              tion  of  the  value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br or information about _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
-              itself, depending on the value of _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br.  Each _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br is  a
+              tion of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br or  information  about  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+              itself,  depending on the value of _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br.  Each _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br is a
               single letter:
-
-              U\bU      The  expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
-                     with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to  upper-
+              U\bU      The expansion is a string that is the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+                     with  lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper-
                      case.
-              u\bu      The  expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+              u\bu      The expansion is a string that is the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
                      with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is
                      alphabetic.
-              L\bL      The expansion is a string that is the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
-                     with  uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower-
+              L\bL      The  expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+                     with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to  lower-
                      case.
-              Q\bQ      The expansion is a string that is the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+              Q\bQ      The  expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
                      quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
-              E\bE      The  expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
-                     with backslash escape  sequences  expanded  as  with  the
+              E\bE      The expansion is a string that is the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+                     with  backslash  escape  sequences  expanded  as with the
                      $\b$'\b'...'\b' quoting mechanism.
               P\bP      The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding
                      the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as if it were a prompt string (see
                      P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
-              A\bA      The  expansion  is  a string in the form of an assignment
-                     statement or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be command  that,  if  evaluated,  will
+              A\bA      The expansion is a string in the form  of  an  assignment
+                     statement  or  d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be  command  that, if evaluated, will
                      recreate _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with its attributes and value.
-              K\bK      Produces  a possibly-quoted version of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
-                     _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, except that it prints the values  of  indexed  and
-                     associative  arrays  as  a  sequence  of quoted key-value
+              K\bK      Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
+                     _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,  except  that  it prints the values of indexed and
+                     associative arrays as  a  sequence  of  quoted  key-value
                      pairs (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above).  The keys and values are quoted
                      in a format that can be reused as input.
-              a\ba      The expansion is a string consisting of flag values  rep-
+              a\ba      The  expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep-
                      resenting _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br's attributes.
-              k\bk      Like  the K transformation, but expands the keys and val-
-                     ues of indexed and associative arrays to  separate  words
+              k\bk      Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and  val-
+                     ues  of  indexed and associative arrays to separate words
                      after word splitting.
 
-              If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br  is @\b@ or *\b*, the operation is applied to each posi-
-              tional parameter in turn, and the  expansion  is  the  resultant
-              list.   If  _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or
+              If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the operation is applied to  each  posi-
+              tional  parameter  in  turn,  and the expansion is the resultant
+              list.  If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with  @\b@  or
               *\b*, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
               and the expansion is the resultant list.
 
-              The result of the expansion is subject  to  word  splitting  and
+              The  result  of  the  expansion is subject to word splitting and
               pathname expansion as described below.
 
    C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
@@ -2113,46 +2116,46 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh performs the expansion by executing _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in a subshell environ-
        ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of
        the command, with any trailing newlines deleted.  Embedded newlines are
-       not  deleted,  but they may be removed during word splitting.  The com-
-       mand substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced  by  the  equivalent  but
+       not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting.   The  com-
+       mand  substitution  $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b)  can be replaced by the equivalent but
        faster $\b$(\b(<\b< _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b).
 
-       With  the  old-style  backquote form of substitution, backslash retains
-       its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$,  `\b`,  or  \\b\.   The  first
-       backquote  not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu-
-       tion.  When using the  $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd)  form,  all  characters  between  the
+       With the old-style backquote form of  substitution,  backslash  retains
+       its  literal  meaning  except  when  followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\.  The first
+       backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command  substitu-
+       tion.   When  using  the  $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd)  form,  all characters between the
        parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
 
        There is an alternate form of command substitution:
 
               $\b${\b{_\bc _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd;\b;}\b}
 
-       which  executes  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd  in the current execution environment and cap-
+       which executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in the current execution  environment  and  cap-
        tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
 
        The character _\bc following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline,
-       or |\b|, and the close brace must be in a position where a  reserved  word
-       may  appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon).
+       or  |\b|,  and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word
+       may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as  semicolon).
        B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
-       the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a  reserved
+       the  word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved
        word would usually require.
 
        Any side effects of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd take effect immediately in the current exe-
-       cution  environment  and  persist  in the current environment after the
+       cution environment and persist in the  current  environment  after  the
        command completes (e.g., the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin will exit the shell).
 
-       This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing  an
-       unnamed  shell  function:  local  variables are created as when a shell
-       function is executing, and the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn builtin forces  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd  to  com-
-       plete;  however,  the  rest of the execution environment, including the
+       This  type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
+       unnamed shell function: local variables are created  as  when  a  shell
+       function  is  executing,  and the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn builtin forces _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to com-
+       plete; however, the rest of the execution  environment,  including  the
        positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
 
-       If the first character following the open brace is a |\b|,  the  construct
-       expands  to  the  value  of the R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell variable after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd exe-
-       cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard  output
-       of  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd remains the same as in the calling shell.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates R\bRE\bE-\b-
+       If  the  first character following the open brace is a |\b|, the construct
+       expands to the value of the R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell  variable  after  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd  exe-
+       cutes,  without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output
+       of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd remains the same as in the calling shell.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates  R\bRE\bE-\b-
        P\bPL\bLY\bY as an initially-unset local variable when _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes, and re-
-       stores R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to the value it had before the command substitution  after
+       stores  R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to the value it had before the command substitution after
        _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd completes, as with any local variable.
 
        Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted
@@ -2167,117 +2170,117 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
 
               $\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
 
-       The  _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou-
-       ble quotes, but double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are  not  treated
-       specially  and are removed.  All tokens in the expression undergo para-
-       meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote  removal.
-       The  result  is  treated  as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+       The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within  dou-
+       ble  quotes,  but double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated
+       specially and are removed.  All tokens in the expression undergo  para-
+       meter  and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
+       The result is treated as the arithmetic  expression  to  be  evaluated.
        Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
 
-       The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed  below  under
+       The  evaluation  is performed according to the rules listed below under
        A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.  If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
-       to  standard  error  indicating failure, does not perform the substitu-
+       to standard error indicating failure, does not  perform  the  substitu-
        tion, and does not execute the command associated with the expansion.
 
    P\bPr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bs S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
-       _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be  referred
-       to  using  a  filename.   It takes the form of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b).  The
-       process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears  as
+       _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs  _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be referred
+       to using a filename.  It takes the form of  <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)  or  >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b).   The
+       process  _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as
        a filename.  This filename is passed as an argument to the current com-
        mand as the result of the expansion.
 
        If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will provide input for
-       _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.   If  the  <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, reading the file will obtain the
-       output of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.  No space may appear between the <\b< or >\b>  and  the  left
+       _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.  If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, reading the file  will  obtain  the
+       output  of  _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.   No space may appear between the <\b< or >\b> and the left
        parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirec-
        tion.
 
-       Process  substitution  is supported on systems that support named pipes
+       Process substitution is supported on systems that support  named  pipes
        (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files.
 
-       When available, process substitution is performed  simultaneously  with
-       parameter  and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+       When  available,  process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+       parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and  arithmetic
        expansion.
 
    W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg
-       The shell scans the results of parameter expansion,  command  substitu-
-       tion,  and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
+       The  shell  scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
+       tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double  quotes
        for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg.
 
-       The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and  splits  the
-       results  of  the  other expansions into words using these characters as
+       The  shell  treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
+       results of the other expansions into words using  these  characters  as
        field terminators.
 
        If I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the de-
-       fault, then sequences of s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be, t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be at the  beginning  and
-       end  of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se-
-       quence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters not at the beginning or  end  delimits  words.
+       fault,  then  sequences of s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be, t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be at the beginning and
+       end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any  se-
+       quence  of  I\bIF\bFS\bS  characters not at the beginning or end delimits words.
        If I\bIF\bFS\bS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the white-
-       space  characters  s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be,  t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be present in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS
-       (an I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character) are ignored at the beginning and  end  of
-       the  word.  Any character in I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace, along with
-       any adjacent I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters, delimits a field.   A  sequence
+       space characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be, t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be present in the  value  of  I\bIF\bFS\bS
+       (an  I\bIF\bFS\bS  whitespace character) are ignored at the beginning and end of
+       the word.  Any character in I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace, along  with
+       any  adjacent  I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters, delimits a field.  A sequence
        of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
 
-       If  the  value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs.  If I\bIF\bFS\bS is un-
-       set, word splitting behaves as if it contained  the  default  value  of
+       If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs.  If I\bIF\bFS\bS  is  un-
+       set,  word  splitting  behaves  as if it contained the default value of
        <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>.
 
-       Explicit  null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained and passed to commands
+       Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained and passed to  commands
        as empty strings.  Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the
        expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed.  If a parame-
        ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument re-
        sults and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.  When
-       a quoted null argument appears as part of a  word  whose  expansion  is
-       non-null,  the  null argument is removed.  That is, the word "-d''" be-
+       a  quoted  null  argument  appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+       non-null, the null argument is removed.  That is, the word  "-d''"  be-
        comes "-d" after word splitting and null argument removal.
 
        Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
 
    P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
-       After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has  been  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  scans
-       each  word  for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[.  If one of these characters
+       After  word  splitting,  unless  the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
+       each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[.  If one of  these  characters
        appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and
        replaced with a sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
-       t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below) subject to the value of the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT  shell  vari-
+       t\bte\ber\brn\bn  M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg  below) subject to the value of the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT shell vari-
        able.
 
-       If  no  matching  filenames are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
-       not enabled, the word is left unchanged.  If  the  n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb  option  is
-       set,  and  no  matches are found, the word is removed.  If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
-       shell option is set, and no matches are found,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  prints  an  error
-       message  and does not execute the command.  If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-
-       g\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the  case  of
+       If no matching filenames are found, and the shell  option  n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb  is
+       not  enabled,  the  word  is left unchanged.  If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
+       set, and no matches are found, the word is removed.   If  the  f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+       shell  option  is  set,  and no matches are found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints an error
+       message and does not execute the command.  If the shell option  n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-
+       g\bgl\blo\bob\bb  is  enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
        alphabetic characters.
 
        When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character "." at the
-       start  of  a  name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex-
-       plicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.  In  order  to  match
-       the  filenames "." and "..", the pattern must begin with "." (for exam-
-       ple, ".?"), even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.  If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs  shell  option
+       start of a name or immediately following a slash must  be  matched  ex-
+       plicitly,  unless  the  shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.  In order to match
+       the filenames "." and "..", the pattern must begin with "." (for  exam-
+       ple,  ".?"),  even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.  If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs shell option
        is enabled, the filenames "." and ".." never match, even if the pattern
-       begins  with  a ".".  When not matching pathnames, the "." character is
+       begins with a ".".  When not matching pathnames, the "."  character  is
        not treated specially.
 
-       When matching a pathname, the slash character must  always  be  matched
+       When  matching  a  pathname, the slash character must always be matched
        explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it
-       can  be matched by a special pattern character as described below under
+       can be matched by a special pattern character as described below  under
        P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg.
 
-       See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS  for  a
-       description  of  the  n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs, f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and
+       See  the  description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a
+       description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb,  g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs,  f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb,  and
        d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell options.
 
-       The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set  of  file
-       names  matching  a  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.   If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
-       name that also matches one of the patterns  in  G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE  is  removed
-       from  the list of matches.  If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, the match-
-       ing against the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is performed without  regard  to
+       The  G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE  shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
+       names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.  If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is  set,  each  matching  file
+       name  that  also  matches  one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
+       from the list of matches.  If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, the  match-
+       ing  against  the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is performed without regard to
        case.  The filenames "." and ".." are always ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is
-       set  and not null.  However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has
+       set and not null.  However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value  has
        the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option, so all other filenames
-       beginning with a "." will match.  To get the old behavior  of  ignoring
-       filenames  beginning with a ".", make ".*"  one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bO-\b-
+       beginning  with  a "." will match.  To get the old behavior of ignoring
+       filenames beginning with a ".", make ".*"  one of the patterns in  G\bGL\bLO\bO-\b-
        B\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.  The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset.  The
        G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
        tion.
@@ -2288,46 +2291,46 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
 
        Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
-       characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may  not
-       occur  in  a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
-       escaping backslash is discarded when  matching.   The  special  pattern
+       characters  described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
+       occur in a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following  character;  the
+       escaping  backslash  is  discarded  when matching.  The special pattern
        characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
 
        The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
 
-              *\b*      Matches  any string, including the null string.  When the
-                     g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br shell option is enabled, and  *\b*  is  used  in  a
-                     pathname  expansion  context,  two  adjacent *\b*s used as a
-                     single pattern will match all files and zero or more  di-
-                     rectories  and  subdirectories.   If followed by a /\b/, two
-                     adjacent *\b*s will match only directories  and  subdirecto-
+              *\b*      Matches any string, including the null string.  When  the
+                     g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br  shell  option  is  enabled,  and *\b* is used in a
+                     pathname expansion context, two adjacent  *\b*s  used  as  a
+                     single  pattern will match all files and zero or more di-
+                     rectories and subdirectories.  If followed by  a  /\b/,  two
+                     adjacent  *\b*s  will match only directories and subdirecto-
                      ries.
               ?\b?      Matches any single character.
-              [\b[...]\b]  Matches  any  one  of the enclosed characters.  A pair of
-                     characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be  _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\b-
-                     _\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn;  any character that falls between those two charac-
+              [\b[...]\b]  Matches any one of the enclosed characters.   A  pair  of
+                     characters  separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\b-
+                     _\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any character that falls between those two  charac-
                      ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se-
-                     quence and character set, matches.  If the first  charac-
+                     quence  and character set, matches.  If the first charac-
                      ter following the [\b[ is a !\b!  or a ^\b^ then any character not
-                     within  the range matches.  A -\b- may be matched by includ-
-                     ing it as the first or last character in the  set.   A  ]\b]
-                     may  be matched by including it as the first character in
+                     within the range matches.  A -\b- may be matched by  includ-
+                     ing  it  as  the first or last character in the set.  A ]\b]
+                     may be matched by including it as the first character  in
                      the set.
 
                      The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and
-                     the characters included in the range, are  determined  by
-                     the  current  locale  and the values of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE or
-                     L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables, if set.   To  obtain  the  tradi-
-                     tional  interpretation  of range expressions, where [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b]
-                     is equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b], set the value of the  L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
-                     or  L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL  shell variables to C\bC, or enable the g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bi-\b-
+                     the  characters  included in the range, are determined by
+                     the current locale and the values of  the  L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE  or
+                     L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL  shell  variables,  if  set.  To obtain the tradi-
+                     tional interpretation of range expressions,  where  [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b]
+                     is  equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b], set the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
+                     or L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables to C\bC, or enable  the  g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bi-\b-
                      i\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs shell option.
 
-                     Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified  using
+                     Within  [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using
                      the syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following
                      classes defined in the POSIX standard:
 
-                     a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm  a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba  a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi  b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk  c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt
+                     a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl  d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt  g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh  l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br  p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt
                      p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
 
                      A character class matches any character belonging to that
@@ -2335,17 +2338,17 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
                      and the character _.
 
                      Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified us-
-                     ing the syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all  characters  with
-                     the  same collation weight (as defined by the current lo-
+                     ing  the  syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with
+                     the same collation weight (as defined by the current  lo-
                      cale) as the character _\bc.
 
                      Within [\b[ and ]\b], the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b] matches the collat-
                      ing symbol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
 
-       If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using  the  s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt  builtin,  the
-       shell  recognizes  several extended pattern matching operators.  In the
+       If  the  e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb  shell  option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, the
+       shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators.   In  the
        following description, a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a list of one or more patterns
-       separated by a |\b|.  Composite patterns may be formed using one  or  more
+       separated  by  a |\b|.  Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
        of the following sub-patterns:
 
               ?\b?(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
@@ -2360,15 +2363,15 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
                      Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
 
        The e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren-
-       theses  are  normally  treated as operators with syntactic meaning.  To
-       ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make  sure
-       that  e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb  is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat-
+       theses are normally treated as operators with  syntactic  meaning.   To
+       ensure  that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure
+       that e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled before parsing constructs containing  the  pat-
        terns, including shell functions and command substitutions.
 
        When matching filenames, the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option determines the set of
-       filenames that are tested: when d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the  set  of  file-
-       names  includes  all files beginning with ".", but "." and ".." must be
-       matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it  is
+       filenames  that  are  tested: when d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the set of file-
+       names includes all files beginning with ".", but "." and ".."  must  be
+       matched  by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is
        disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning with "." un-
        less the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ".".  If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
        shell option is enabled, the filenames "." and ".." never appear in the
@@ -2376,64 +2379,64 @@ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
 
        Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es-
        pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain
-       multiple  matches.   Using separate matches against shorter strings, or
+       multiple matches.  Using separate matches against shorter  strings,  or
        using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
 
    Q\bQu\buo\bot\bte\be R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bva\bal\bl
        After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
-       ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the  above  expansions
+       ters  \\b\,  '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
        are removed.
 
 R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
-       Before  a  command  is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
-       using a special notation interpreted by the shell.  _\bR_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  allows
-       commands'  file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
+       Before a command is executed, its input and output  may  be  _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
+       using  a special notation interpreted by the shell.  _\bR_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows
+       commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to  refer
        to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
-       writes to.  When used with the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin, redirections  modify  file
-       handles  in  the  current  shell  execution environment.  The following
-       redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere  within  a  _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be
+       writes  to.   When used with the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin, redirections modify file
+       handles in the current  shell  execution  environment.   The  following
+       redirection  operators  may  precede or appear anywhere within a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be
        _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or may follow a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.  Redirections are processed in the or-
        der they appear, from left to right.
 
-       Each  redirection  that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+       Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor  number  may
        instead be preceded by a word of the form {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be}.  In this case, for
        each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
-       file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it  to  _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+       file  descriptor  greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
        If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} precedes >&- or <&-, the value of _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be defines the file
-       descriptor  to  close.   If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied, the redirection per-
-       sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell  program-
+       descriptor to close.  If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied,  the  redirection  per-
+       sists  beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program-
        mer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using the
        e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin.  The v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be shell option manages this behavior.
 
-       In  the  following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
-       ted, and the first character of the  redirection  operator  is  <\b<,  the
-       redirection  refers  to the standard input (file descriptor 0).  If the
-       first character of the  redirection  operator  is  >\b>,  the  redirection
+       In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number  is  omit-
+       ted,  and  the  first  character  of the redirection operator is <\b<, the
+       redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).   If  the
+       first  character  of  the  redirection  operator  is >\b>, the redirection
        refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
 
-       The  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd  following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
-       tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace  expansion,  tilde
-       expansion,  parameter  and  variable  expansion,  command substitution,
-       arithmetic expansion,  quote  removal,  pathname  expansion,  and  word
+       The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd following the redirection operator in the  following  descrip-
+       tions,  unless  otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+       expansion, parameter  and  variable  expansion,  command  substitution,
+       arithmetic  expansion,  quote  removal,  pathname  expansion,  and word
        splitting.  If it expands to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
 
        The order of redirections is significant.  For example, the command
 
               ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
 
-       directs  both  standard  output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+       directs both standard output and standard error to  the  file  _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
        while the command
 
               ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
 
-       directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the  standard
-       error  was  directed  to the standard output before the standard output
+       directs  only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
+       error was directed to the standard output before  the  standard  output
        was redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
 
        B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
        tions, as described in the following table.  If the operating system on
        which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these special files, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will use them;
-       otherwise it will emulate them internally with the  behavior  described
+       otherwise  it  will emulate them internally with the behavior described
        below.
 
               /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
@@ -2446,22 +2449,22 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
                      File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
               /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/t\btc\bcp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
                      If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
-                     is  an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+                     is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  attempts
                      to open the corresponding TCP socket.
               /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/u\bud\bdp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
                      If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
-                     is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  attempts
+                     is  an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
                      to open the corresponding UDP socket.
 
        A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
 
-       Redirections  using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
-       care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses  inter-
+       Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used  with
+       care,  as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
        nally.
 
    R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt
-       Redirecting  input opens the file whose name results from the expansion
-       of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard  input  (file
+       Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from the  expansion
+       of  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd  for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard input (file
        descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified.
 
        The general format for redirecting input is:
@@ -2470,24 +2473,24 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
 
    R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
        Redirecting output opens the file whose name results from the expansion
-       of  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file
-       descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.  If the file does not exist it  is
+       of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard output  (file
+       descriptor  1) if _\bn is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is
        created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
 
        The general format for redirecting output is:
 
               [_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
 
-       If  the  redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
-       builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the  file  whose
-       name  results  from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
+       If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to  the  s\bse\bet\bt
+       builtin  has  been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
+       name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a  regular  file.
        If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
-       the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is  not  enabled,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+       the  n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br  option  to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
        attempts the redirection even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
 
    A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
-       Redirecting   output  in this fashion opens the file whose name results
-       from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for appending on file descriptor _\bn,  or  the
+       Redirecting  output in this fashion opens the file whose  name  results
+       from  the  expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for appending on file descriptor _\bn, or the
        standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.  If the file
        does not exist it is created.
 
@@ -2496,11 +2499,11 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
               [_\bn]>\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
 
    R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
-       This  construct  redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1)
-       and the standard error output (file descriptor 2)  to  the  file  whose
+       This construct redirects both the standard output (file  descriptor  1)
+       and  the  standard  error  output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose
        name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
 
-       There  are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er-
+       There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard  er-
        ror:
 
               &\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
@@ -2512,8 +2515,8 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
 
               >\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
 
-       When using the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or  -\b-.   If
-       it  does,  other  redirection operators apply (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\be-\b-
+       When  using  the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or -\b-.  If
+       it does, other redirection operators apply (see  D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg  F\bFi\bil\ble\be  D\bDe\be-\b-
        s\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below) for compatibility reasons.
 
    A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
@@ -2532,10 +2535,10 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
        (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below).
 
    H\bHe\ber\bre\be D\bDo\boc\bcu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
-       This type of redirection instructs the shell to  read  input  from  the
+       This  type  of  redirection  instructs the shell to read input from the
        current source until it reads a line containing only _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br (with no
-       trailing  blanks).   All of the lines read up to that point then become
-       the standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a  com-
+       trailing blanks).  All of the lines read up to that point  then  become
+       the  standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a com-
        mand.
 
        The format of here-documents is:
@@ -2544,27 +2547,27 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
                       _\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
               _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
 
-       The  shell  does  not perform parameter and variable expansion, command
-       substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is  performed
+       The shell does not perform parameter and  variable  expansion,  command
+       substitution,  arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed
        on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
 
        If any part of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote re-
        moval on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.  If
-       _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd  is  unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, and the here-document
-       text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines  of  the
-       here-document  are  subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu-
-       tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character  sequence  \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>  is
+       _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, and  the  here-document
+       text  is  treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the
+       here-document are subjected to parameter expansion,  command  substitu-
+       tion,  and  arithmetic  expansion, the character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is
        treated literally, and \\b\ must be used to quote the characters \\b\, $\b$, and
        `\b`; however, double quote characters have no special meaning.
 
-       If  the  redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then the shell strips all leading
-       tab characters from input lines  and  the  line  containing  _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br.
-       This  allows  here-documents  within  shell scripts to be indented in a
+       If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then the shell strips  all  leading
+       tab  characters  from  input  lines  and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br.
+       This allows here-documents within shell scripts to  be  indented  in  a
        natural fashion.
 
        If the delimiter is not quoted, the \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> sequence is treated as a
-       line continuation: the two lines are joined and  the  backslash-newline
-       is  removed.   This happens while reading the here-document, before the
+       line  continuation:  the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline
+       is removed.  This happens while reading the here-document,  before  the
        check for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can form the end delim-
        iter.
 
@@ -2573,9 +2576,9 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
 
               [_\bn]<\b<<\b<<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
 
-       The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and  variable  expansion,
-       command  substitution,  arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.  Path-
-       name expansion and word splitting are not  performed.   The  result  is
+       The  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd  undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+       command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote  removal.   Path-
+       name  expansion  and  word  splitting are not performed.  The result is
        supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on
        its standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified).
 
@@ -2585,22 +2588,22 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
               [_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
 
        is used to duplicate input file descriptors.  If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
-       more  digits,  file  descriptor _\bn is made to be a copy of that file de-
+       more digits, file descriptor _\bn is made to be a copy of  that  file  de-
        scriptor.  It is a redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not spec-
        ify a file descriptor open for input.  If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file de-
-       scriptor _\bn is closed.  If _\bn is not specified, this  uses  the  standard
+       scriptor  _\bn  is  closed.  If _\bn is not specified, this uses the standard
        input (file descriptor 0).
 
        The operator
 
               [_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
 
-       is  used  similarly  to duplicate output file descriptors.  If _\bn is not
-       specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1).  It is  a
-       redirection  error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descrip-
-       tor open for output.  If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to  -\b-,  file  descriptor  _\bn  is
-       closed.   As  a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does not expand
-       to one or more digits or -\b-, this  redirects  the  standard  output  and
+       is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If  _\bn  is  not
+       specified,  this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1).  It is a
+       redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file  descrip-
+       tor  open  for  output.   If  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is
+       closed.  As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does  not  expand
+       to  one  or  more  digits  or -\b-, this redirects the standard output and
        standard error as described previously.
 
    M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs
@@ -2608,7 +2611,7 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
 
               [_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
 
-       moves  the  file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+       moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or  the  standard
        input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified.  _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after
        being duplicated to _\bn.
 
@@ -2616,7 +2619,7 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
 
               [_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
 
-       moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or  the  standard
+       moves  the  file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
        output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
 
    O\bOp\bpe\ben\bni\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs f\bfo\bor\br R\bRe\bea\bad\bdi\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd W\bWr\bri\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
@@ -2629,168 +2632,168 @@ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
        ified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
 
 A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
-       _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs  allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi-
-       tion in the input where it can be the first word of a  simple  command.
-       Aliases  have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us-
-       ing the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN  C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+       _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a  posi-
+       tion  in  the input where it can be the first word of a simple command.
+       Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset  us-
+       ing  the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
        below).
 
-       If  the  shell  reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks
-       the word to see if it matches an alias name.  If it matches, the  shell
-       replaces  the  word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it
+       If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right  position,  it  checks
+       the  word to see if it matches an alias name.  If it matches, the shell
+       replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as  if  it
        had been read instead of the word.  The shell doesn't look at any char-
        acters following the word before attempting alias substitution.
 
-       The characters /\b/, $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the  shell  _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs  or
-       quoting  characters  listed above may not appear in an alias name.  The
-       replacement text may contain any valid  shell  input,  including  shell
-       metacharacters.   The  first word of the replacement text is tested for
+       The  characters  /\b/,  $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or
+       quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias  name.   The
+       replacement  text  may  contain  any valid shell input, including shell
+       metacharacters.  The first word of the replacement text is  tested  for
        aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not
        expanded a second time.  This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for
-       instance, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand  the  replacement
+       instance,  and  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement
        text.
 
-       If  the  last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, the shell checks
+       If the last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, the  shell  checks
        the next command word following the alias for alias expansion.
 
        Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with
        the u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
 
-       There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.   If
-       arguments  are  needed,  use a shell function (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below) in-
+       There  is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.  If
+       arguments are needed, use a shell function (see  F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS  below)  in-
        stead.
 
-       Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless  the
-       e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs  shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
+       Aliases  are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+       e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description  of
        s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
 
-       The rules concerning the definition and use  of  aliases  are  somewhat
-       confusing.   B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input, and
-       all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of  the
-       commands  on  that  line or the compound command.  Aliases are expanded
-       when a command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore,  an  alias
-       definition  appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+       The  rules  concerning  the  definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+       confusing.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input,  and
+       all  lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
+       commands on that line or the compound command.   Aliases  are  expanded
+       when  a  command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an alias
+       definition appearing on the same line as another command does not  take
        effect until the shell reads the next line of input.  The commands fol-
-       lowing the alias definition on that line are not affected  by  the  new
-       alias.   This  behavior  is  also an issue when functions are executed.
-       Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not  when  the
-       function  is  executed,  because a function definition is itself a com-
-       mand.  As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are  not  avail-
-       able  until  after  that  function is executed.  To be safe, always put
-       alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in  compound
+       lowing  the  alias  definition on that line are not affected by the new
+       alias.  This behavior is also an issue  when  functions  are  executed.
+       Aliases  are  expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
+       function is executed, because a function definition is  itself  a  com-
+       mand.   As  a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail-
+       able until after that function is executed.  To  be  safe,  always  put
+       alias  definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in compound
        commands.
 
        For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
 
 F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
-       A  shell  function,  defined  as  described  above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
-       stores a series of commands for later execution.  When the  name  of  a
+       A shell function, defined  as  described  above  under  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL  G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
+       stores  a  series  of commands for later execution.  When the name of a
        shell function is used as a simple command name, the shell executes the
        list of commands associated with that function name.  Functions are ex-
-       ecuted  in  the  context  of the calling shell; there is no new process
-       created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a  shell
+       ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there  is  no  new  process
+       created  to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell
        script).
 
-       When  a  function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+       When a function is executed, the arguments to the function  become  the
        positional parameters during its execution.  The special parameter #\b# is
-       updated to reflect the new positional parameters.  Special parameter  0\b0
+       updated  to reflect the new positional parameters.  Special parameter 0\b0
        is unchanged.  The first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the
        name of the function while the function is executing.
 
-       All  other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be-
-       tween a function and its caller with these exceptions:  the  D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG  and
-       R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN  traps  (see  the  description  of  the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
-       B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inherited unless the function has  been
-       given  the  t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin
-       below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with  the  s\bse\bet\bt
-       builtin  (in  which  case  all  functions  inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
-       traps), and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not inherited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be  shell
+       All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical  be-
+       tween  a  function  and its caller with these exceptions: the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+       R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description  of  the  t\btr\bra\bap\bp  builtin  under  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+       B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN  C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
+       given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the  d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be  builtin
+       below)  or  the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt
+       builtin (in which case all  functions  inherit  the  D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG  and  R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+       traps),  and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not inherited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
        option has been enabled.
 
-       Variables  local  to  the  function are declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
-       command (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs).  Ordinarily, variables and their values  are
-       shared  between the function and its caller.  If a variable is declared
-       l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function  and
+       Variables local to the function are declared  with  the  l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl  builtin
+       command  (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs).  Ordinarily, variables and their values are
+       shared between the function and its caller.  If a variable is  declared
+       l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl,  the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and
        its children (including the functions it calls).
 
        In the following description, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\be is a currently- execut-
        ing function.  Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so
-       on,  back  to  the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any
-       shell function.  A local variable at the current scope  is  a  variable
-       declared  using  the  l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins in the function that is
+       on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is  not  executing  any
+       shell  function.   A  local variable at the current scope is a variable
+       declared using the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins in the  function  that  is
        currently executing.
 
-       Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at  pre-
-       vious  scopes.   For  instance, a local variable declared in a function
+       Local  variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre-
+       vious scopes.  For instance, a local variable declared  in  a  function
        hides variables with the same name declared at previous scopes, includ-
-       ing global variables: references and assignments  refer  to  the  local
-       variable,  leaving  the  variables at previous scopes unmodified.  When
+       ing  global  variables:  references  and assignments refer to the local
+       variable, leaving the variables at previous  scopes  unmodified.   When
        the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
 
-       The shell uses _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc  _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg  to  control  a  variable's  visibility
-       within  functions.   With  dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
-       values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused  exe-
-       cution  to  reach the current function.  The value of a variable that a
-       function sees depends on its value within its caller, if  any,  whether
-       that  caller  is  the  global scope or another shell function.  This is
+       The  shell  uses  _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc  _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg  to  control a variable's visibility
+       within functions.  With dynamic scoping, visible  variables  and  their
+       values  are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe-
+       cution to reach the current function.  The value of a variable  that  a
+       function  sees  depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
+       that caller is the global scope or another  shell  function.   This  is
        also the value that a local variable declaration shadows, and the value
        that is restored when the function returns.
 
-       For example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function  _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1,
-       and  _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1  calls  another  function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references to _\bv_\ba_\br made from
+       For  example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1,
+       and _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1 calls another function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references  to  _\bv_\ba_\br  made  from
        within _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2 will resolve to the local variable _\bv_\ba_\br from _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1, shadow-
        ing any global variable named _\bv_\ba_\br.
 
        The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable
        is local to the current scope, u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt will unset it; otherwise the unset
-       will refer to the variable found in  any  calling  scope  as  described
-       above.   If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re-
-       main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope  or  until
-       the  function  returns.  Once the function returns, any instance of the
+       will  refer  to  the  variable  found in any calling scope as described
+       above.  If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will  re-
+       main  so  (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until
+       the function returns.  Once the function returns, any instance  of  the
        variable at a previous scope will become visible.  If the unset acts on
-       a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a  variable  with  that
-       name  that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the l\blo\bo-\b-
+       a  variable  at  a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that
+       name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the  l\blo\bo-\b-
        c\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt shell option changes this behavior).
 
-       The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable, if set to a numeric value greater  than  0,  de-
-       fines  a maximum function nesting level.  Function invocations that ex-
+       The  F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT  variable,  if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de-
+       fines a maximum function nesting level.  Function invocations that  ex-
        ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
 
-       If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function,  the  function
-       completes  and  execution resumes with the next command after the func-
+       If  the  builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
+       completes and execution resumes with the next command after  the  func-
        tion call.  If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a numeric argument, that is the func-
-       tion's return status; otherwise the function's  return  status  is  the
-       exit  status  of the last command executed before the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.  Any com-
-       mand associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before  execution  re-
+       tion's  return  status;  otherwise  the function's return status is the
+       exit status of the last command executed before the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.   Any  com-
+       mand  associated  with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before execution re-
        sumes.  When a function completes, the values of the positional parame-
-       ters  and  the  special parameter #\b# are restored to the values they had
+       ters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the  values  they  had
        prior to the function's execution.
 
-       The -\b-f\bf option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or  t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt  builtin  commands  will  list
-       function  names  and  definitions.  The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt
-       will list the function names only (and optionally the source  file  and
-       line  number,  if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled).  Functions may
+       The  -\b-f\bf  option  to  the  d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands will list
+       function names and definitions.  The -\b-F\bF option to  d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be  or  t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt
+       will  list  the function names only (and optionally the source file and
+       line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled).   Functions  may
        be exported so that child shell processes (those created when executing
-       a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined  with  the
-       -\b-f\bf  option  to  the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin.  The -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin
+       a  separate  shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the
+       -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin.  The -\b-f\bf option to  the  u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt  builtin
        will delete a function definition.
 
        Functions may be recursive.  The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable may be used to limit
-       the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number  of  func-
-       tion  invocations.   By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh imposes no limit on the number of
+       the  depth  of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
+       tion invocations.  By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh imposes no limit on the  number  of
        recursive calls.
 
 A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
-       The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under  certain
-       circumstances  (see  the  l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands, the (\b((\b( com-
-       pound command, the arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, the [\b[[\b[ conditional  command,
+       The  shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+       circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands,  the  (\b((\b(  com-
+       pound  command, the arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, the [\b[[\b[ conditional command,
        and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn).
 
-       Evaluation  is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with
-       no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and  flagged  as
-       an  error.  The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val-
+       Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available,  with
+       no  check  for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as
+       an error.  The operators and their precedence, associativity, and  val-
        ues are the same as in the C language.  The following list of operators
-       is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators.  The  levels  are
+       is  grouped  into levels of equal-precedence operators.  The levels are
        listed in order of decreasing precedence.
 
        _\bi_\bd+\b++\b+ _\bi_\bd-\b--\b-
@@ -2818,63 +2821,63 @@ A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
        _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
               comma
 
-       Shell  variables  are  allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+       Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter  expansion  is  per-
        formed before the expression is evaluated.  Within an expression, shell
-       variables may also be referenced by name without  using  the  parameter
+       variables  may  also  be referenced by name without using the parameter
        expansion syntax.  This means you can use "x", where _\bx is a shell vari-
        able name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its
-       value  as  an  expression and use the result.  A shell variable that is
+       value as an expression and use the result.  A shell  variable  that  is
        null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression.
 
-       The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic  expression  when
-       it  is  referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
+       The  value  of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+       it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given  the  _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
        attribute using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value.  A null value evaluates
-       to 0.  A shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute  turned  on
+       to  0.   A shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute turned on
        to be used in an expression.
 
        Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or
        character constants.  Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc-
-       tal  numbers.  A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise, num-
-       bers take the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal  num-
-       ber  between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a num-
-       ber in that base.  If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base  10  is  used.   When
+       tal numbers.  A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise,  num-
+       bers  take the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal num-
+       ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a  num-
+       ber  in  that  base.   If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used.  When
        specifying _\bn, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are
-       represented  by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _,
-       in that order.  If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and  up-
-       percase  letters  may  be used interchangeably to represent numbers be-
+       represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and  _,
+       in  that order.  If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up-
+       percase letters may be used interchangeably to  represent  numbers  be-
        tween 10 and 35.
 
        Operators are evaluated in precedence order.  Sub-expressions in paren-
        theses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above.
 
 C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
-       Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[  compound  command  and  the
-       t\bte\bes\bst\bt  and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
-       and arithmetic comparisons.  The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[  commands  determine  their
-       behavior  based  on  the  number  of arguments; see the descriptions of
+       Conditional  expressions  are  used  by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
+       t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform  string
+       and  arithmetic  comparisons.   The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands determine their
+       behavior based on the number of  arguments;  see  the  descriptions  of
        those commands for any other command-specific actions.
 
        Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below.
-       Unary expressions are often used to examine the status  of  a  file  or
-       shell  variable.   Binary  operators  are used for string, numeric, and
+       Unary  expressions  are  often  used to examine the status of a file or
+       shell variable.  Binary operators are used  for  string,  numeric,  and
        file attribute comparisons.
 
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in  expres-
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh  handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres-
        sions.  If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these
-       special  files,  bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in-
-       ternally with this behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one  of  the  pri-
+       special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate  them  in-
+       ternally  with  this  behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
        maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then file descriptor _\bn is checked.  If
-       the  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be  argument  to  one  of  the  primaries  is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
-       _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2,  respectively,
+       the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to  one  of  the  primaries  is  one  of  _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
+       _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt,  or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
        is checked.
 
        Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
        bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
        itself.
 
-       When  used with [\b[[\b[, or when the shell is in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the <\b< and >\b> op-
-       erators sort lexicographically using  the  current  locale.   When  the
-       shell  is  not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt command sorts using ASCII order-
+       When used with [\b[[\b[, or when the shell is in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the <\b< and >\b>  op-
+       erators  sort  lexicographically  using  the  current locale.  When the
+       shell is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt command sorts using  ASCII  order-
        ing.
 
        -\b-a\ba _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
@@ -2913,25 +2916,25 @@ C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
        -\b-L\bL _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
               True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a symbolic link.
        -\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
-              True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last  ac-
+              True  if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last ac-
               cessed.
        -\b-O\bO _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
               True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is owned by the effective user id.
        -\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
               True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
        -\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-              True  if  the  shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled.  See the list of
-              options under the description  of  the  -\b-o\bo  option  to  the  s\bse\bet\bt
+              True if the shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled.  See  the  list  of
+              options  under  the  description  of  the  -\b-o\bo  option to the s\bse\bet\bt
               builtin below.
        -\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-              True  if  the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been assigned a
-              value).  If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is  an  indexed  array  variable  name  sub-
-              scripted  by  _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if the array has any set
+              True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been  assigned  a
+              value).   If  _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  is  an  indexed  array variable name sub-
+              scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if the array has  any  set
               elements.  If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable name sub-
-              scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if an  element  with  that
+              scripted  by  _\b@  or _\b*, this returns true if an element with that
               key is set.
        -\b-R\bR _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-              True  if  the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a name refer-
+              True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a  name  refer-
               ence.
        -\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
               True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
@@ -2941,8 +2944,8 @@ C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
 
        _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b==\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
        _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
-              True if the strings are equal.  =\b= should be used with  the  t\bte\bes\bst\bt
-              command  for  POSIX conformance.  When used with the [\b[[\b[ command,
+              True  if  the strings are equal.  =\b= should be used with the t\bte\bes\bst\bt
+              command for POSIX conformance.  When used with the  [\b[[\b[  command,
               this performs pattern matching as described above (C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bm-\b-
               m\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs).
        _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 !\b!=\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
@@ -2953,260 +2956,260 @@ C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
               True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically.
 
        _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
-              True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode  num-
+              True  if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
               bers.
        _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
-              True  if  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1  is  newer (according to modification date) than
+              True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according  to  modification  date)  than
               _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
        _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
-              True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
+              True  if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
               does not.
 
        _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
-              O\bOP\bP  is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be.  These arithmetic
-              binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal  to,
-              less  than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
-              or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively.  _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may  be  positive
-              or  negative  integers.  When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and
-              _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 are evaluated as  arithmetic  expressions  (see  A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
+              O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be.  These  arithmetic
+              binary  operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
+              less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater  than
+              or  equal  to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively.  _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
+              or negative integers.  When used with the [\b[[\b[ command,  _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1  and
+              _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2  are  evaluated  as  arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
               E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above).
 
 S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex-
-       pansions,  assignments,  and  redirections,  from left to right, in the
+       pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left  to  right,  in  the
        following order.
 
-       1.     The words that the parser has  marked  as  variable  assignments
-              (those  preceding  the  command name) and redirections are saved
+       1.     The  words  that  the  parser has marked as variable assignments
+              (those preceding the command name) and  redirections  are  saved
               for later processing.
 
-       2.     The words that are not variable assignments or redirections  are
-              expanded.   If  any words remain after expansion, the first word
-              is taken to be the name of the command and the  remaining  words
+       2.     The  words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+              expanded.  If any words remain after expansion, the  first  word
+              is  taken  to be the name of the command and the remaining words
               are the arguments.
 
        3.     Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
 
        4.     The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
               expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-              expansion,  and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+              expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the  vari-
               able.
 
        If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
-       shell environment.  In the case of such a command  (one  that  consists
-       only  of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
-       are performed before redirections.  Otherwise, the variables are  added
-       to  the  environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
+       shell  environment.   In  the case of such a command (one that consists
+       only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment  statements
+       are  performed before redirections.  Otherwise, the variables are added
+       to the environment of the executed command and do not affect  the  cur-
        rent shell environment.  If any of the assignments attempts to assign a
-       value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and  the  command  exits
+       value  to  a  readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
        with a non-zero status.
 
-       If  no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
-       fect the current shell environment.  A  redirection  error  causes  the
+       If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not  af-
+       fect  the  current  shell  environment.  A redirection error causes the
        command to exit with a non-zero status.
 
-       If  there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
-       described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of  the  expan-
-       sions  contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
-       is the exit status of the  last  command  substitution  performed.   If
+       If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds  as
+       described  below.   Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expan-
+       sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the  command
+       is  the  exit  status  of  the last command substitution performed.  If
        there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta-
        tus.
 
 C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
-       After  a  command  has been split into words, if it results in a simple
-       command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the  fol-
+       After a command has been split into words, if it results  in  a  simple
+       command  and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
        lowing actions.
 
-       If  the  command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
-       it.  If there exists a shell function by that name,  that  function  is
-       invoked  as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.  If the name does not match a
-       function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins.   If
+       If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts  to  locate
+       it.   If  there  exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+       invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.  If the name does not match  a
+       function,  the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins.  If
        a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
 
-       If  the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
-       slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for  a  directory  con-
+       If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains  no
+       slashes,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  searches  each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
        taining an executable file by that name.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to re-
-       member  the  full  pathnames  of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
-       B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).  Bash performs a full search of  the  directo-
-       ries  in  P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  only if the command is not found in the hash table.  If
-       the search is unsuccessful, the shell  searches  for  a  defined  shell
-       function  named  c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be.  If that function exists, it
-       is invoked in a separate execution environment with the  original  com-
-       mand  and  the  original  command's arguments as its arguments, and the
-       function's exit status becomes the exit status of  that  subshell.   If
+       member the full pathnames of executable files  (see  h\bha\bas\bsh\bh  under  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+       B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN  C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS  below).  Bash performs a full search of the directo-
+       ries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH only if the command is not found in the  hash  table.   If
+       the  search  is  unsuccessful,  the  shell searches for a defined shell
+       function named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be.  If that function  exists,  it
+       is  invoked  in a separate execution environment with the original com-
+       mand and the original command's arguments as  its  arguments,  and  the
+       function's  exit  status  becomes the exit status of that subshell.  If
        that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re-
        turns an exit status of 127.
 
-       If  the  search  is  successful, or if the command name contains one or
+       If the search is successful, or if the command  name  contains  one  or
        more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
        tion environment.  Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
        ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
 
-       If this execution fails because the file is not in  executable  format,
-       and  the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
+       If  this  execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+       and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt,  a
        file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of
-       itself to execute it.  Bash tries to determine whether the  file  is  a
-       text  file  or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be
+       itself  to  execute  it.  Bash tries to determine whether the file is a
+       text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines  to  be
        binaries.  This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as
-       if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with  the  excep-
-       tion  that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+       if  a  new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep-
+       tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see  h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
        below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS are retained by the child.
 
-       If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the  first
-       line  specifies an interpreter for the program.  The shell executes the
+       If  the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
+       line specifies an interpreter for the program.  The shell executes  the
        specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
        cutable format themselves.  The arguments to the interpreter consist of
-       a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the  first
-       line  of  the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+       a  single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+       line of the program, followed by the name of the program,  followed  by
        the command arguments, if any.
 
 C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
-       The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of  the  follow-
+       The  shell  has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
        ing:
 
-       +\bo      open  files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-              redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin
+       +\bo      Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified  by
+              redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin.
 
-       +\bo      the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or  p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd,  or
-              inherited by the shell at invocation
+       +\bo      The  current  working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
+              inherited by the shell at invocation.
 
-       +\bo      the  file  creation  mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
-              the shell's parent
+       +\bo      The file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk  or  inherited  from
+              the shell's parent.
 
-       +\bo      current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+       +\bo      Current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp.
 
-       +\bo      shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
-              or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+       +\bo      Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
+              or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 
-       +\bo      shell functions defined during execution or inherited  from  the
-              shell's parent in the environment
+       +\bo      Shell  functions  defined during execution or inherited from the
+              shell's parent in the environment.
 
-       +\bo      options  enabled  at  invocation (either by default or with com-
-              mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt
+       +\bo      Options enabled at invocation (either by default  or  with  com-
+              mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt.
 
-       +\bo      options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+       +\bo      Options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt.
 
-       +\bo      shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
+       +\bo      Shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs.
 
-       +\bo      various process IDs, including those  of  background  jobs,  the
-              value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD
+       +\bo      Various  process  IDs,  including  those of background jobs, the
+              value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD.
 
-       When  a  simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
-       executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment  that  con-
-       sists  of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+       When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is  to  be
+       executed,  it  is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+       sists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are  inher-
        ited from the shell.
 
-       +\bo      the shell's open files, plus  any  modifications  and  additions
-              specified by redirections to the command
+       +\bo      The  shell's  open  files,  plus any modifications and additions
+              specified by redirections to the command.
 
-       +\bo      the current working directory
+       +\bo      The current working directory.
 
-       +\bo      the file creation mode mask
+       +\bo      The file creation mode mask.
 
-       +\bo      shell  variables  and  functions  marked  for export, along with
-              variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+       +\bo      Shell variables and functions  marked  for  export,  along  with
+              variables exported for the command, passed in the environment.
 
-       +\bo      traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
-              the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+       +\bo      Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+              the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 
-       A command invoked  in  this  separate  environment  cannot  affect  the
+       A  command  invoked  in  this  separate  environment  cannot affect the
        shell's execution environment.
 
        A _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is a copy of the shell process.
 
-       Command  substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
+       Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and  asynchro-
        nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
        of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re-
-       set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent  at  invoca-
-       tion.   Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except
-       possibly in the last element depending on the  value  of  the  l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
-       shell  option,  are  also  executed in a subshell environment.  Changes
-       made to the subshell environment cannot affect  the  shell's  execution
+       set  to  the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
+       tion.  Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline,  except
+       possibly  in  the  last  element depending on the value of the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
+       shell option, are also executed in  a  subshell  environment.   Changes
+       made  to  the  subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution
        environment.
 
-       When  the  shell is in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, subshells spawned to execute command
-       substitutions inherit the value of the  -\b-e\be  option  from  their  parent
-       shell.   When not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such sub-
-       shells.  See the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option  below
+       When the shell is in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, subshells spawned to  execute  command
+       substitutions  inherit  the  value  of  the -\b-e\be option from their parent
+       shell.  When not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such  sub-
+       shells.   See the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option below
        for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode.
 
-       If  a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
+       If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the  de-
        fault standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.  Oth-
-       erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the  call-
+       erwise,  the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
        ing shell as modified by redirections.
 
 E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
-       When  a  program  is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+       When a program is invoked it is given an array of  strings  called  the
        _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.   This  is  a  list  of  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be  pairs,  of  the  form
        _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
 
-       The  shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment.  On in-
-       vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates  a  parameter
-       for  each  name  found,  automatically  marking  it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child
+       The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment.  On  in-
+       vocation,  the  shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+       for each name found, automatically  marking  it  for  _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt  to  child
        processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.  The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, d\bde\be-\b-
-       c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx, and u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt commands  modify  the  environment  by  adding  and
-       deleting  parameters and functions.  If the value of a parameter in the
-       environment is modified, the new value automatically  becomes  part  of
-       the  environment,  replacing the old.  The environment inherited by any
-       executed command consists of the  shell's  initial  environment,  whose
-       values  may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bn-\b-
-       s\bse\bet\bt or e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via the  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt  and  d\bde\be-\b-
+       c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be  -\b-x\bx,  and  u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt  commands  modify  the environment by adding and
+       deleting parameters and functions.  If the value of a parameter in  the
+       environment  is  modified,  the new value automatically becomes part of
+       the environment, replacing the old.  The environment inherited  by  any
+       executed  command  consists  of  the shell's initial environment, whose
+       values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the  u\bun\bn-\b-
+       s\bse\bet\bt  or  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt  -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\be-\b-
        c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
 
-       If  any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS, appear
+       If any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS,  appear
        before a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, the variable assignments are part of that com-
        mand's environment for as long as it executes.  These assignment state-
-       ments affect only the environment seen by that command.  If  these  as-
-       signments  precede  a call to a shell function, the variables are local
+       ments  affect  only the environment seen by that command.  If these as-
+       signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables  are  local
        to the function and exported to that function's children.
 
-       If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below),  then  _\ba_\bl_\bl
-       parameter  assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+       If  the  -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
+       parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,  not
        just those that precede the command name.
 
-       When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_  is  set  to  the
+       When  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  invokes  an  external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
        full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
        ment.
 
 E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
-       The  exit  status  of  an executed command is the value returned by the
+       The exit status of an executed command is the  value  returned  by  the
        _\bw_\ba_\bi_\bt_\bp_\bi_\bd system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses fall between
-       0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use  values  above
+       0  and  255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
        125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
        are also limited to this range.  Under certain circumstances, the shell
        will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
 
        For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
-       has  succeeded.   So  while an exit status of zero indicates success, a
+       has succeeded.  So while an exit status of zero  indicates  success,  a
        non-zero exit status indicates failure.
 
-       When a command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the  value  of
+       When  a  command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of
        128+_\bN as the exit status.
 
-       If  a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
-       turns a status of 127.  If a command is found but  is  not  executable,
+       If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it  re-
+       turns  a  status  of 127.  If a command is found but is not executable,
        the return status is 126.
 
        If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
        the exit status is greater than zero.
 
-       Shell  builtin  commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
-       non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute.   All  builtins
-       return  an  exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
+       Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if  successful,  and
+       non-zero  (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be)  if an error occurs while they execute.  All builtins
+       return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,  generally  in-
        valid options or missing arguments.
 
        The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame-
        ter $?.
 
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command  executed,  un-
-       less  a  syntax  error  occurs,  in which case it exits with a non-zero
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh  itself  returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
+       less a syntax error occurs, in which case  it  exits  with  a  non-zero
        value.  See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
 
 S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
-       When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the  absence  of  any  traps,  it  ignores
-       S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM  (so  that  k\bki\bil\bll\bl  0\b0  does  not  kill an interactive shell), and
+       When  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  is  interactive,  in  the  absence of any traps, it ignores
+       S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0  does  not  kill  an  interactive  shell),  and
        catches and handles S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible).
-       When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any  executing  loops.   In
+       When  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  receives  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any executing loops.  In
        all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT.  If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ig-
        nores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
 
@@ -3215,274 +3218,276 @@ S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
 
        Non-builtin commands b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes have signal handlers set to the val-
        ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless t\btr\bra\bap\bp sets them to be
-       ignored,  in  which  case  the  child process will ignore them as well.
-       When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
+       ignored, in which case the child process  will  ignore  them  as  well.
+       When  job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
        and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to these inherited handlers.  Commands run as a
-       result  of  command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con-
+       result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated  job  con-
        trol signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
 
-       The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.   Before  exiting,
-       an  interactive  shell  resends  the  S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP  to  all  jobs, running or
-       stopped.  The shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure  that  they
-       receive  the  S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP  (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about
-       running and stopped jobs).  To prevent the shell from sending the  sig-
-       nal  to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn
-       builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it  not  to  receive
+       The  shell  exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.  Before exiting,
+       an interactive shell  resends  the  S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP  to  all  jobs,  running  or
+       stopped.   The  shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure that they
+       receive the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for  more  information  about
+       running  and stopped jobs).  To prevent the shell from sending the sig-
+       nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the  d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn
+       builtin  (see  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL  B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it not to receive
        S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
 
-       If  the  h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt  shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
+       If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  sends  a
        S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
 
-       If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal  for
+       If  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
        which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com-
        mand completes.  If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the
-       w\bwa\bai\bit\bt  builtin,  and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set,
-       the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin will return immediately with an  exit  status  greater
+       w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has  been  set,
+       the  w\bwa\bai\bit\bt  builtin  will return immediately with an exit status greater
        than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap.
 
-       When  job  control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
+       When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for  a  foreground
        command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such
-       as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to  send
+       as  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
        to that command.  This happens because the shell and the command are in
-       the  same  process  group  as  the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all
+       the same process group as the terminal, and  ^\b^C\bC  sends  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT  to  all
        processes in that process group.  See J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more infor-
        mation about process groups.
 
-       When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running without job control enabled  and  receives  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
-       while  waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground
+       When  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  is  running without job control enabled and receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
+       while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that  foreground
        command terminates and then decides what to do about the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT:
 
        1.     If the command terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh concludes that
-              the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
+              the  user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
               (e.g., by running a S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT trap or exiting itself);
 
-       2.     If  the  command  does  not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
-              handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a  fatal  sig-
-              nal.   In  that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
-              nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used  as  part
-              of  the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
+       2.     If the command does not terminate due  to  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT,  the  program
+              handled  the  S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
+              nal.  In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a  fatal  sig-
+              nal,  either,  instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
+              of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to  abort
               editing commands) or deliberately discarded.  However, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will
-              run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with  any  other  trapped
-              signal  it  receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
+              run  any  trap  set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
+              signal it receives while it is waiting for the  foreground  com-
               mand to complete, for compatibility.
 
 J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
        _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the ex-
-       ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at  a  later
-       point.   A  user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
+       ecution  of  processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
+       point.  A user typically employs this facility via an  interactive  in-
        terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri-
        ver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
 
-       The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline.  It  keeps  a  table  of
-       currently  executing  jobs,  which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
-       When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints  a
+       The  shell  associates  a  _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of
+       currently executing jobs, which may be listed with  the  j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs  command.
+       When  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
        line that looks like:
 
               [1] 25647
 
        indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
        last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.  All of
-       the  processes  in a single pipeline are members of the same job.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+       the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same  job.   B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
        uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
 
-       To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job  control,
+       To  facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
        the operating system maintains the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
        _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD.  Members of this process group (processes whose process group
        ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
-       generated  signals  such  as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT.  These processes are said to be in
-       the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd.  _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group  ID
+       generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT.  These processes are said  to  be  in
+       the  _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd.  _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
        differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
        erated signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
-       if  the  user  so  specifies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal.
+       if the user so specifies with "stty tostop",  write  to  the  terminal.
        Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop"
-       is in effect) the terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal  by  the
+       is  in  effect) the terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal by the
        kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
 
-       If  the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
+       If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job  control,
        b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it.  Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
        ically ^\b^Z\bZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
-       be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.   Typing  the  _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd  _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
-       character  (typically  ^\b^Y\bY,  Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+       be  stopped  and  returns  control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.  Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
+       character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process  to  be  stopped
        when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be re-
-       turned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.  The user may then manipulate the state  of  this  job,
-       using  the  b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
+       turned  to  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.   The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
+       using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the  f\bfg\bg  command
        to continue it in the foreground, or the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it.  A ^\b^Z\bZ
        takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
        pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
 
        There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The charac-
-       ter %\b% introduces a job specification (_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc).  Job number  _\bn  may  be
+       ter  %\b%  introduces  a job specification (_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc).  Job number _\bn may be
        referred to as %\b%n\bn.  A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the
        name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command
-       line.   For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a stopped job whose command name be-
-       gins with c\bce\be.  If a prefix matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  reports  an
+       line.  For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a stopped job whose command name  be-
+       gins  with  c\bce\be.  If a prefix matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an
        error.  Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the
-       string  c\bce\be in its command line.  If the substring matches more than one
+       string c\bce\be in its command line.  If the substring matches more than  one
        job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.  The symbols %\b%%\b% and %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's
-       notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last job stopped while  it  was
-       in  the  foreground or started in the background.  The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may
-       be referenced using %\b%-\b-.  If there is only a single job, %\b%+\b+ and  %\b%-\b-  can
+       notion  of  the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last job stopped while it was
+       in the foreground or started in the background.  The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs  _\bj_\bo_\bb  may
+       be  referenced  using %\b%-\b-.  If there is only a single job, %\b%+\b+ and %\b%-\b- can
        both be used to refer to that job.  In output pertaining to jobs (e.g.,
        the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job is always flagged with
-       a  +\b+,  and the previous job with a -\b-.  A single % (with no accompanying
+       a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-.  A single % (with  no  accompanying
        job specification) also refers to the current job.
 
-       Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1  is
-       a  synonym  for  "fg  %1",  bringing job 1 from the background into the
+       Simply  naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
+       a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1  from  the  background  into  the
        foreground.  Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equiva-
        lent to "bg %1".
 
-       The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes  state.   Normally,
+       The  shell  learns immediately whenever a job changes state.  Normally,
        b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
-       in  a  job's  status so as to not interrupt any other output, though it
-       will notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command  in
-       a  list completes, before executing the next command.  If the -\b-b\bb option
-       to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports such changes  imme-
+       in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other  output,  though  it
+       will  notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command in
+       a list completes, before executing the next command.  If the -\b-b\bb  option
+       to  the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports such changes imme-
        diately.  Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that exits.
 
-       If  an  attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the
-       c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt  builtin,  run-
+       If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped (or,  if  the
+       c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs  shell  option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
        ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs option
-       is  enabled,  lists  the jobs and their statuses.  The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
-       then be used to inspect their status.  If a second attempt to  exit  is
-       made  without  an intervening command, the shell does not print another
+       is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.  The  j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs  command  may
+       then  be  used to inspect their status.  If a second attempt to exit is
+       made without an intervening command, the shell does not  print  another
        warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
 
-       When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt  builtin,
-       and  job  control  is  enabled,  w\bwa\bai\bit\bt  will return when the job changes
-       state. The -\b-f\bf option causes w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait until the job or process  ter-
+       When  the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin,
+       and job control is enabled, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt  will  return  when  the  job  changes
+       state.  The -\b-f\bf option causes w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait until the job or process ter-
        minates before returning.
 
 P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
        When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when
-       it  is  ready  to  read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
+       it is ready to read a command, and the secondary  prompt  P\bPS\bS2\b2  when  it
        needs more input to complete a command.
 
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh examines the value of the array variable P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD  just  be-
-       fore  printing  each primary prompt.  If any elements in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
-       are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order,  just
-       as  if  it had been typed on the command line.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS0\b0 after
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh  examines  the value of the array variable P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD just be-
+       fore printing each primary prompt.  If any elements  in  P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+       are  set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just
+       as if it had been typed on the command line.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays  P\bPS\bS0\b0  after
        it reads a command but before executing it.
 
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS4\b4 as described above before tracing each  command  when
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh  displays  P\bPS\bS4\b4 as described above before tracing each command when
        the -\b-x\bx option is enabled.
 
        B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the prompt strings P\bPS\bS0\b0, P\bPS\bS1\b1, P\bPS\bS2\b2, and P\bPS\bS4\b4, to be customized
-       by  inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are
+       by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that  are
        decoded as follows:
 
               \\b\a\ba     An ASCII bell character (07).
-              \\b\d\bd     The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g.,  "Tue  May
+              \\b\d\bd     The  date  in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
                      26").
               \\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
                      The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is in-
                      serted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results in
-                     a  locale-specific  time  representation.  The braces are
+                     a locale-specific time representation.   The  braces  are
                      required.
               \\b\e\be     An ASCII escape character (033).
               \\b\h\bh     The hostname up to the first ".".
               \\b\H\bH     The hostname.
               \\b\j\bj     The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
-              \\b\l\bl     The basename of the shell's terminal device  name  (e.g.,
+              \\b\l\bl     The  basename  of the shell's terminal device name (e.g.,
                      "ttys0").
               \\b\n\bn     A newline.
               \\b\r\br     A carriage return.
-              \\b\s\bs     The  name  of  the shell: the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
+              \\b\s\bs     The name of the shell: the basename of  $\b$0\b0  (the  portion
                      following the final slash).
               \\b\t\bt     The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
               \\b\T\bT     The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
               \\b\@\b@     The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.
               \\b\A\bA     The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.
               \\b\u\bu     The username of the current user.
-              \\b\v\bv     The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh version (e.g., 2.00)
+              \\b\v\bv     The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh version (e.g., 2.00).
               \\b\V\bV     The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
-              \\b\w\bw     The value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable  ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD),  with  $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
-                     abbreviated   with   a  tilde  (uses  the  value  of  the
+              \\b\w\bw     The  value  of  the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD), with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
+                     abbreviated  with  a  tilde  (uses  the  value   of   the
                      P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM variable).
-              \\b\W\bW     The basename of  $\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD,  with  $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE  abbreviated  with  a
+              \\b\W\bW     The  basename  of  $\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD,  with  $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE  abbreviated with a
                      tilde.
               \\b\!\b!     The history number of this command.
               \\b\#\b#     The command number of this command.
               \\b\$\b$     If the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$.
               \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn   The character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn.
               \\b\\\b\     A backslash.
-              \\b\[\b[     Begin  a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
-                     be used to embed a terminal  control  sequence  into  the
+              \\b\[\b[     Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which  could
+                     be  used  to  embed  a terminal control sequence into the
                      prompt.
               \\b\]\b]     End a sequence of non-printing characters.
 
-       The  command  number  and the history number are usually different: the
-       history number of a command is its position in the history list,  which
-       may  include  commands  restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY be-
-       low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of  com-
-       mands  executed  during the current shell session.  After the string is
-       decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command  substitution,
-       arithmetic  expansion,  and  quote removal, subject to the value of the
+       The command number and the history number are  usually  different:  the
+       history  number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+       may include commands restored from the history file  (see  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY  be-
+       low),  while the command number is the position in the sequence of com-
+       mands executed during the current shell session.  After the  string  is
+       decoded,  it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution,
+       arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the  value  of  the
        p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command under
-       S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).  This can have unwanted side effects  if
-       escaped  portions  of  the string appear within command substitution or
+       S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL  B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).  This can have unwanted side effects if
+       escaped portions of the string appear within  command  substitution  or
        contain characters special to word expansion.
 
 R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
-       This is the library that handles reading input when using  an  interac-
-       tive  shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is supplied at shell invoca-
-       tion.  Line editing is also used when using the -\b-e\be option to  the  r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+       This  is  the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
+       tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is supplied at shell  invoca-
+       tion.   Line  editing is also used when using the -\b-e\be option to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
        builtin.  By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of
-       Emacs.   A  vi-style  line  editing  interface is also available.  Line
-       editing can be enabled at any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi  options
-       to  the  s\bse\bet\bt  builtin  (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).  To turn off
-       line editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi  op-
-       tions to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
+       emacs; a vi-style line editing interface is also available.  Line edit-
+       ing can be enabled at any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi  options  to
+       the  s\bse\bet\bt  builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).  To turn off line
+       editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo  v\bvi\bi  options
+       to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
 
    R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be N\bNo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
-       In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
-       Control  keys  are  denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N.  Simi-
-       larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X.
+       This  section  uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes.  Con-
+       trol keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N.   Similarly,
+       _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X.
 
-       On keyboards without a _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press  the  Es-
+       On  keyboards  without a _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Es-
        cape key then the _\bx key.  This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx.  The combina-
-       tion  M-C-_\bx  means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the
-       Control key while pressing the _\bx key.)
-
-       On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters  with
-       the  eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by variable to
-       control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard  allows  it).   On
-       many  others,  the  terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
-       key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the  preceding
+       tion M-C-_\bx means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then  hold  the
+       Control key while pressing the _\bx key.
+
+       On  some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
+       the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by variable  to
+       control  whether  or  not it does this, if the keyboard allows it).  On
+       many others, the terminal or terminal emulator  converts  the  metafied
+       key  to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding
        paragraph.
 
-       If  the  _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you
-       can make M-_\bk_\be_\by key bindings you specify (see R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs  be-
+       If your _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,  you
+       can  make M-_\bk_\be_\by key bindings you specify (see R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs be-
        low) do the same thing by setting the f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx variable.
 
        Readline commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as
-       a  repeat  count.   Sometimes,  however, it is the sign of the argument
-       that is significant.  Passing a negative argument  to  a  command  that
-       acts  in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
-       act in a backward direction.  Commands whose  behavior  with  arguments
-       deviates from this are noted below.
+       a repeat count.  Sometimes, however, it is the  sign  of  the  argument
+       that  is  significant.   Passing  a negative argument to a command that
+       acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) makes that command  act
+       in  a backward direction.  Commands whose behavior with arguments devi-
+       ates from this are noted below.
 
-       When  a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
+       When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is  saved
        for possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg).  The killed text is saved in a
-       _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
+       _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl  _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.   Consecutive  kills  accumulate  the deleted text into one
        unit, which can be yanked all at once.  Commands which do not kill text
        separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
 
    R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be I\bIn\bni\bit\bti\bia\bal\bli\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
        Readline is customized by putting commands in  an  initialization  file
        (the  _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc  file).  The name of this file is taken from the value of
-       the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\b-
-       _\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc.  If that file  does not exist or cannot be  read,  the  ultimate
-       default  is  _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc.   When a program which uses the readline li-
-       brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key  bindings
-       and  variables  are set.  There are only a few basic constructs allowed
-       in the readline initialization file.  Blank lines are  ignored.   Lines
-       beginning  with  a  #\b#  are comments.  Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate
-       conditional constructs.  Other lines denote key bindings  and  variable
-       settings.
-
-       The  default  key-bindings  may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.  Other
-       programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.
+       the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC shell variable.  If that variable is unset, the default  is
+       _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc.   If  that file  does not exist or cannot be read, readline
+       looks for _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc.  When a program which uses the readline library
+       starts up, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads the initialization  file  and  sets  the  key
+       bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input.
+
+       There  are  only  a  few  basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file.
+       Blank lines are ignored.  Lines beginning with a #\b# are comments.  Lines
+       beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional constructs.  Other lines denote
+       key bindings and variable settings.
+
+       The default key-bindings in this section may be changed using key bind-
+       ing commands in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.  Programs that use the  readline  li-
+       brary, including b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, may add their own commands and bindings.
 
        For example, placing
 
@@ -3490,21 +3495,26 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
        or
               C-Meta-u: universal-argument
 
-       into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command  _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
+       into  the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
        _\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
 
-       The  following  symbolic  character  names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
-       _\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bS_\bP_\bC, _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
+       Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character  names:  _\bD_\bE_\bL,
+       _\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bE_\bS_\bC_\bA_\bP_\bE, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, _\bS_\bP_\bC, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
 
-       In addition to command names, readline allows keys to  be  bound  to  a
-       string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo).
+       In  addition  to  command  names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+       string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo).  The differ-
+       ence between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in  sin-
+       gle or double quotes.
 
    R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs
        The  syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
        All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a  macro
-       and a key sequence to which it should be bound.  The name may be speci-
-       fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b- or
-       _\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
+       and  a  key sequence to which it should be bound.  The key sequence may
+       be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly  with
+       _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b-  or  _\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b-  prefixes,  or as a key sequence composed of one or
+       more characters enclosed in double quotes.  The key sequence  and  name
+       are  separated by a colon.  There can be no whitespace between the name
+       and the colon.
 
        When using the form k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, _\bk_\be_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is the name
        of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
@@ -3513,34 +3523,35 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
               Control-o: "> output"
 
-       In  the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
-       _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound  to
-       run  the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
+       In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function  u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
+       _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL  is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
+       run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert  the
        text "> output" into the line).
 
-       In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  or  _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo,  k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq  differs
-       from  k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
-       be specified by placing the sequence within double  quotes.   Some  GNU
-       Emacs  style  key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
-       the symbolic character names are not recognized.
+       In  the  second  form,  "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
+       from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence  may
+       be  specified  by  placing the sequence within double quotes.  Some GNU
+       Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following  example,  but
+       none of the symbolic character names are recognized.
 
               "\C-u": universal-argument
               "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
               "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
 
        In this example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is again bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt.
-       _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~  is
+       _\bC_\b-_\bx  _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
        bound to insert the text "Function Key 1".
 
-       The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
-              \\b\C\bC-\b-    control prefix
-              \\b\M\bM-\b-    adding  the meta prefix or converting the following char-
+       The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when  speci-
+       fying key sequences is
+              \\b\C\bC-\b-    A control prefix.
+              \\b\M\bM-\b-    Adding  the meta prefix or converting the following char-
                      acter to a  meta  character,  as  described  below  under
-                     f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx
-              \\b\e\be     an escape character
-              \\b\\\b\     backslash
-              \\b\"\b"     literal "
-              \\b\'\b'     literal '
+                     f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx.
+              \\b\e\be     An escape character.
+              \\b\\\b\     Backslash.
+              \\b\"\b"     Literal ", a double quote.
+              \\b\'\b'     Literal ', a single quote.
 
        In  addition  to  the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
        backslash escapes is available:
@@ -3552,21 +3563,21 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               \\b\r\br     carriage return
               \\b\t\bt     horizontal tab
               \\b\v\bv     vertical tab
-              \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn   the eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
-                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three digits)
-              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
-                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
+              \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn   The eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
+                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three digits).
+              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   The  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
+                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
 
        When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
        to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
-       tion name.  In the macro body, the backslash  escapes  described  above
-       are  expanded.   Backslash  will quote any other character in the macro
+       tion name.  Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded in  the
+       macro  body.   Backslash  will  quote  any other character in the macro
        text, including " and '.
 
-       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or  modi-
-       fied  with  the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched
-       during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt  builtin  com-
-       mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+       B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will display or modify the current readline key bindings with  the
+       b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command.  The -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin
+       (see  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) will change the editing mode during
+       interactive use.
 
    R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
        Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
@@ -3576,11 +3587,16 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
        or using the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
 
-       Except  where  noted,  readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
-       (without regard to case).  Unrecognized  variable  names  are  ignored.
+       Except where noted, readline variables can take the values  O\bOn\bn  or  O\bOf\bff\bf
+       (without  regard  to  case).   Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
        When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case-
-       insensitive),  and  "1"  are  equivalent  to  O\bOn\bn.  All other values are
-       equivalent to O\bOf\bff\bf.  The variables and their default values are:
+       insensitive), and "1" are equivalent  to  O\bOn\bn.   All  other  values  are
+       equivalent to O\bOf\bff\bf.
+
+       The  b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd -\b-V\bV command lists the current readline variable names and val-
+       ues  (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+
+       The variables and their default values are:
 
        a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
               A string variable that controls the text  color  and  background
@@ -3611,12 +3627,12 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is  available.   If
               set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
        b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd-\b-t\btt\bty\by-\b-s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
-              If  set  to O\bOn\bn (the default), readline attempts to bind the con-
-              trol  characters that are treated specially by the kernel's ter-
-              minal driver to their readline equivalents.  These override  the
-              default  readline  bindings described here.  Type "stty -a" at a
-              b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prompt to see your current terminal settings, including the
-              special control characters (usually c\bcc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs).
+              If  set  to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+              that are treated specially by the kernel's  terminal  driver  to
+              their readline equivalents.  These override the default readline
+              bindings described here.  Type "stty -a" at a b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prompt to see
+              your  current  terminal  settings, including the special control
+              characters (usually c\bcc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs).
        b\bbl\bli\bin\bnk\bk-\b-m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg-\b-p\bpa\bar\bre\ben\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
               opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
@@ -3634,28 +3650,28 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               tions are taken from the  value  of  the  L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS  environment
               variable.
        c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b("#\b#")\b)
-              The  string  that  is  inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
-              command is executed.  This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode
-              and to #\b# in vi command mode.
+              The  string  that  the  readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt command inserts.
+              This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode and to #\b# in  vi  com-
+              mand mode.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh (\b(-\b-1\b1)\b)
-              The number of screen columns used to  display  possible  matches
-              when  performing completion.  The value is ignored if it is less
-              than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.  A value of  0
-              will  cause  matches  to be displayed one per line.  The default
+              The  number  of  screen columns used to display possible matches
+              when performing completion.  The value is ignored if it is  less
+              than  0 or greater than the terminal screen width.  A value of 0
+              will cause matches to be displayed one per  line.   The  default
               value is -1.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs filename matching and completion
               in a case-insensitive fashion.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-m\bma\bap\bp-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If set to O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be  is  enabled,  readline
-              treats  hyphens  (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent when per-
+              If  set  to  O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be is enabled, readline
+              treats hyphens (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent  when  per-
               forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh (\b(0\b0)\b)
-              The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of  pos-
-              sible  completions that is displayed without modification.  When
-              set to a value greater than zero, common  prefixes  longer  than
-              this  value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi-
-              ble completions.
+              The  maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list
+              of possible completions that is displayed without  modification.
+              When  set to a value greater than zero, readline replaces common
+              prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying
+              possible completions.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
               This determines when the user is queried about viewing the  num-
               ber  of  possible  completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
@@ -3663,17 +3679,17 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               or  equal  to  zero.   If  the number of possible completions is
               greater than or equal to the value of  this  variable,  readline
               will  ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
-              they are simply listed on the  terminal.   A  zero  value  means
+              readline simply lists them on the terminal.  A zero value  means
               readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero.
        c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
-              If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters it reads with the
-              eighth  bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth
-              bit and prefixing it with an escape  character  (converting  the
-              character  to  have  the  _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba  _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx).  The default is _\bO_\bn, but
-              readline will set it to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the  locale  contains  characters
+              If  set  to  O\bOn\bn,  readline will convert characters it reads that
+              have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the
+              eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting
+              the character to have the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx).  The default is _\bO_\bn,  but
+              readline  will  set  it to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains characters
               whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.  This
-              variable  is  dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may
-              change if the locale is changed.  This variable also affects key
+              variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category,  and  may
+              change  if  the  locale changes.  This variable also affects key
               bindings; see the description of f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx below.
        d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
@@ -3684,148 +3700,148 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
               ated from the keyboard.
        e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
-              Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
-              ilar to _\bE_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs or _\bv_\bi.  e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be can be set to either e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or
-              v\bvi\bi.
+              Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar  to
+              _\bE_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs or _\bv_\bi.  e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be can be set to either e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or v\bvi\bi.
        e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b(@\b@)\b)
-              If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this  string  is
+              If  the  _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
               displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
               when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-              key  binding,  so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes
-              and backslash escape sequences is available.  Use the \1 and  \2
-              escapes  to  begin and end sequences of non-printing characters,
-              which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into  the
-              mode string.
+              key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control-  prefixes
+              and  backslash escape sequences is available.  The \1 and \2 es-
+              capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters,  which
+              can  be  used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+              string.
        e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
-              The  _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt  is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a
-              saved cursor position.  The text between the point and  mark  is
-              referred  to  as  the  _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.  When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn,
-              readline allows certain commands to designate the region as  _\ba_\bc_\b-
-              _\bt_\bi_\bv_\be.   When  the region is active, readline highlights the text
-              in the region using the value of the  a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br,
-              which  defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand-
-              out mode.  The active region shows the text inserted  by  brack-
-              eted-paste  and  any matching text found by incremental and non-
+              The _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers  to  a
+              saved  cursor  position.  The text between the point and mark is
+              referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.  When this variable  is  set  to  _\bO_\bn,
+              readline  allows certain commands to designate the region as _\ba_\bc_\b-
+              _\bt_\bi_\bv_\be.  When the region is active, readline highlights  the  text
+              in  the region using the value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br,
+              which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's  stand-
+              out  mode.   The active region shows the text inserted by brack-
+              eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental  and  non-
               incremental history searches.
        e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
-              When set to O\bOn\bn, readline configures the terminal to insert  each
-              paste  into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
-              instead of treating each character as if it had been  read  from
-              the keyboard.  This prevents readline from executing any editing
-              commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text.
+              When  set to O\bOn\bn, readline configures the terminal to insert each
+              paste into the editing buffer as a single string of  characters,
+              instead  of  treating each character as if it had been read from
+              the keyboard.  This is called _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt_\be_\bd_\b-_\bp_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be; it  prevents
+              readline  from  executing  any editing commands bound to key se-
+              quences appearing in the pasted text.
        e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               When set to O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable the application key-
               pad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the ar-
               row keys.
        e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
-              When  set  to  O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-              key the terminal claims to support when it is called.   On  many
-              terminals,  the  Meta  key is used to send eight-bit characters;
-              this variable checks for the terminal capability that  indicates
-              the  terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth
-              bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when  the
-              character is typed (a meta character).
+              When set to O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable  any  meta  modifier
+              key the terminal claims to support.  On many terminals, the Meta
+              key  is  used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks
+              for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can  en-
+              able  and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character
+              (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is  typed
+              (a meta character).
+       e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+              If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs tilde expansion when it attempts
+              word completion.
        f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               If  set  to  O\bOn\bn, readline modifies its behavior when binding key
               sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see K\bKe\bey\by  B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs  above)  by
               converting a key sequence of the form \M-_\bC or Meta-_\bC to the two-
-              character   sequence   E\bES\bSC\bC_\bC   (adding   the  meta  prefix).   If
+              character   sequence   E\bES\bSC\bC_\bC   (adding   the  _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba  _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx).   If
               f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx is set to O\bOf\bff\bf (the default), readline uses the
               value of the c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba variable to determine whether to  per-
               form  this  conversion: if c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba is O\bOn\bn, readline performs
-              the conversion described above; if it is O\bOf\bff\bf, Readline  converts
+              the conversion described above; if it is O\bOf\bff\bf, readline  converts
               _\bC to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200).
-       e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If  set  to  O\bOn\bn,  tilde expansion is performed when readline at-
-              tempts word completion.
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If set to O\bOn\bn, the history code attempts to place  point  at  the
-              same  location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
+              If  set  to  O\bOn\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
+              same location on each history line retrieved with  p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
               t\bto\bor\bry\by or n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by.
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsi\biz\bze\be (\b(u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt)\b)
-              Set the maximum number of history entries saved in  the  history
-              list.   If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
+              Set  the  maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+              list.  If set to zero, any existing history entries are  deleted
               and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less than zero,
-              the number of history entries is not limited.  By  default,  the
-              number  of  history  entries is set to the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
-              shell variable.  If an attempt is made to set _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to  a
-              non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be
-              set to 500.
+              the  number of history entries is not limited.  By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+              sets the the maximum number of history entries to the  value  of
+              the  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE shell variable.  Setting _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to a non-nu-
+              meric value will set the maximum number of  history  entries  to
+              500.
        h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              When  set  to  O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
-              scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
-              becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping  to  a
-              new  line.   This setting is automatically enabled for terminals
-              of height 1.
+              Setting this variable to O\bOn\bn makes readline use a single line for
+              display,  scrolling  the  input  horizontally on a single screen
+              line when it becomes longer than the screen  width  rather  than
+              wrapping  to  a new line.  This setting is automatically enabled
+              for terminals of height 1.
        i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,  it
-              will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), re-
-              gardless  of  what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
-              m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for this variable.  The default  is  _\bO_\bf_\bf,
-              but readline will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains characters
-              whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.  This
-              variable  is  dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may
-              change if the locale is changed.
+              will  not  clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), re-
+              gardless of what the terminal claims it can  support.   The  de-
+              fault  is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but readline will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale con-
+              tains characters whose encodings  may  include  bytes  with  the
+              eighth  bit set.  This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
+              cale category, and its value may change if the  locale  changes.
+              The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
        i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-J\bJ")\b)
-              The string of characters that should  terminate  an  incremental
-              search  without  subsequently  executing the character as a com-
-              mand.  If this variable has not been given a value, the  charac-
+              The  string  of  characters that should terminate an incremental
+              search without subsequently executing the character  as  a  com-
+              mand.   If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
               ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.
        k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
-              Set  the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap names
-              is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b,  _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b,  _\bv_\bi_\b,  _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
-              _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,  and  _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt.  _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
-              equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.  The default value is  _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs;  the
+              Set the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap  names
+              is  _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b,  _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b,  _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+              _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt.  _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd;  _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs  is
+              equivalent  to  _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.  The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
               value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
        k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq-\b-t\bti\bim\bme\beo\bou\but\bt (\b(5\b50\b00\b0)\b)
-              Specifies  the  duration _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait for a character when
-              reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a  complete
+              Specifies the duration _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait for a  character  when
+              reading  an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
               key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
-              input  to  complete  a longer key sequence).  If no input is re-
-              ceived within the timeout, _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will  use  the  shorter  but
-              complete  key sequence.  The value is specified in milliseconds,
-              so a value of 1000 means that _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait one second  for
-              additional  input.  If this variable is set to a value less than
-              or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will  wait
-              until  another  key  is  pressed to decide which key sequence to
-              complete.
+              input to complete a longer key sequence).  If readline does  not
+              receive  any  input  within the timeout, it will use the shorter
+              but complete key sequence.  The value is specified in  millisec-
+              onds,  so a value of 1000 means that readline will wait one sec-
+              ond for additional input.  If this variable is set  to  a  value
+              less  than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, readline
+              will wait until another key is pressed to decide which  key  se-
+              quence to complete.
        m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
               If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
        m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have  been  modified  are  dis-
-              played with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
+              If  set  to  O\bOn\bn,  readline displays history lines that have been
+              modified with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
        m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
-              tories  have  a slash appended (subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
-              r\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs).
+              tories have a slash appended, subject to the value  of  m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
+              r\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs.
        m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
-              This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces readline  to  match  files
-              whose  names  begin  with  a "."  (hidden files) when performing
-              filename completion.  If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must  include  the
+              This  variable,  when  set to O\bOn\bn, forces readline to match files
+              whose names begin with a "."   (hidden  files)  when  performing
+              filename  completion.   If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
               leading "."  in the filename to be completed.
        m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If  set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+              If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of  the
               list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
               through the list.
        o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with  the  eighth
+              If  set  to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
               bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
               The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but readline will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
-              contains  characters  whose encodings may include bytes with the
-              eighth bit set.  This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE  lo-
-              cale category, and may change if the locale is changed.
+              contains characters whose encodings may include bytes  with  the
+              eighth  bit set.  This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
+              cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes.
        p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
-              If  set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
+              If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to  dis-
               play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
        p\bpr\bre\bef\bfe\ber\br-\b-v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbe\bel\bll\bl
               See b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be.
        p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will  display  completions  with  matches
-              sorted  horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
+              If  set  to  O\bOn\bn,  readline will display completions with matches
+              sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down  the
               screen.
        r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-a\bat\bt-\b-n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
-              If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will undo all changes  to  history  lines
-              before returning when a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be is executed.  By default, his-
+              If  set  to  O\bOn\bn, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+              before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be.  By  default,  his-
               tory  lines  may  be  modified  and retain individual undo lists
               across calls to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be.
        s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
@@ -3859,19 +3875,19 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
               when  vi  editing mode is active and in command mode.  The value
               is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
-              control prefixes and backslash escape  sequences  is  available.
-              Use  the  \1  and  \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
-              printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal  con-
-              trol sequence into the mode string.
+              control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences  is  available.
+              The  \1  and  \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+              characters, which can be used to embed a  terminal  control  se-
+              quence into the mode string.
        v\bvi\bi-\b-i\bin\bns\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(i\bin\bns\bs)\b))\b)
               If  the  _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
               displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
               when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.  The value
               is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
-              control prefixes and backslash escape  sequences  is  available.
-              Use  the  \1  and  \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
-              printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal  con-
-              trol sequence into the mode string.
+              control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences  is  available.
+              The  \1  and  \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+              characters, which can be used to embed a  terminal  control  se-
+              quence into the mode string.
        v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
               If  set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
               _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing  possible  com-
@@ -3881,7 +3897,7 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
        Readline  implements  a  facility  similar in spirit to the conditional
        compilation features of the C preprocessor which  allows  key  bindings
        and  variable  settings  to be performed as the result of tests.  There
-       are four parser directives used.
+       are four parser directives available.
 
        $\b$i\bif\bf    The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the  edit-
               ing  mode,  the  terminal  being  used, or the application using
@@ -3901,8 +3917,8 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
                      the terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side
                      of the =\b= is tested against both the full name of the ter-
                      minal  and  the  portion  of the terminal name before the
-                     first -\b-.  This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and  _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
-                     for instance.
+                     first -\b-.  This allows  _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm  to  match  both  _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm  and
+                     _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\b-_\b2_\b5_\b6_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bo_\br, for instance.
 
               v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
                      The  v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn  test  may  be  used  to perform comparisons
@@ -3912,18 +3928,18 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
                      The  version number supplied on the right side of the op-
                      erator consists of a major version  number,  an  optional
                      decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 7\b7.\b.1\b1).
-                     If  the  minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 0\b0.
-                     The operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
+                     If  the  minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0.  The
+                     operator may be separated from  the  string  v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn  and
                      from the version number argument by whitespace.
 
               _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
                      The _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn construct is used to include application-
-                     specific settings.  Each program using the  readline  li-
-                     brary  sets  the  _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+                     specific  settings.   Each program using the readline li-
+                     brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,  and  an  initialization
                      file can test for a particular value.  This could be used
-                     to bind key sequences to functions useful for a  specific
-                     program.   For instance, the following command adds a key
-                     sequence that quotes the  current  or  previous  word  in
+                     to  bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+                     program.  For instance, the following command adds a  key
+                     sequence  that  quotes  the  current  or previous word in
                      b\bba\bas\bsh\bh:
 
                      $\b$i\bif\bf Bash
@@ -3933,24 +3949,24 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
 
               _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
                      The _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be construct provides simple equality tests for
-                     readline  variables and values.  The permitted comparison
-                     operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=.  The variable name  must  be
+                     readline variables and values.  The permitted  comparison
+                     operators  are  _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=.  The variable name must be
                      separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
-                     operator  may  be  separated  from the value on the right
-                     hand side by whitespace.  Both string and  boolean  vari-
-                     ables  may  be  tested.  Boolean variables must be tested
-                     against the values _\bo_\bn and _\bo_\bf_\bf.
-
-       $\b$e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $\b$i\bif\bf
-              command.
+                     operator may be separated from the  value  on  the  right
+                     hand  side  by  whitespace.  String and boolean variables
+                     may be tested.  Boolean variables must be tested  against
+                     the values _\bo_\bn and _\bo_\bf_\bf.
 
        $\b$e\bel\bls\bse\be  Commands in this branch of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive are executed if the
               test fails.
 
+       $\b$e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $\b$i\bif\bf
+              command.
+
        $\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
-              This directive takes a single filename as an argument and  reads
-              commands  and bindings from that file.  For example, the follow-
-              ing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
+              This  directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+              commands and key bindings from that file.  For example, the fol-
+              lowing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
 
               $\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be  _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
 
@@ -3963,37 +3979,45 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
        search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,  read-
        line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
        so  far.   An  incremental  search  requires only as many characters as
-       needed to find the desired history entry.  The  characters  present  in
-       the  value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
-       incremental search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value the
-       Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an  incremental  search.
-       Control-G  will  abort  an  incremental search and restore the original
-       line.  When the search is terminated, the history entry containing  the
-       search string becomes the current line.
-
-       To  find  other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
-       Control-R as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in  the
-       history  for  the  next  entry matching the search string typed so far.
-       Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will  terminate  the
-       search  and  execute that command.  For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
-       nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
-       the history list.
-
-       Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two Control-
-       Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a  new  search
-       string, readline uses any remembered search string.
-
-       Non-incremental  searches read the entire search string before starting
-       to search for matching history lines.  The search string may  be  typed
+       needed to find the desired history entry.   When  using  emacs  editing
+       mode,  type  C\bC-\b-r\br  to  search  backward  in the history for a particular
+       string.  Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history.  The  charac-
+       ters  present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
+       to terminate an incremental search.  If that variable has not been  as-
+       signed  a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.  _\bC_\b-_\bg
+       will abort an incremental search and restore the original  line.   When
+       the  search  is  terminated,  the  history  entry containing the search
+       string becomes the current line.
+
+       To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs  as
+       appropriate.   This  will search backward or forward in the history for
+       the next entry matching the search string typed so far.  Any other  key
+       sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and exe-
+       cute  that  command.  For instance, a newline will terminate the search
+       and accept the line, thereby executing the  command  from  the  history
+       list.  A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line
+       found the current line, and begin editing.
+
+       Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two C\bC-\b-r\brs are
+       typed  without any intervening characters defining a new search string,
+       readline uses any remembered search string.
+
+       Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before  starting
+       to search for matching history entries.  The search string may be typed
        by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 
    R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs
        The  following  is  a list of the names of the commands and the default
        key sequences to which they are bound.  Command names without an accom-
-       panying key sequence are unbound by default.  In the following descrip-
-       tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers  to
-       a  cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command.  The text between the
-       point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
+       panying key sequence are unbound by default.
+
+       In the following descriptions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor posi-
+       tion, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a cursor position saved by the  s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk  com-
+       mand.   The  text  between the point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\b-
+       _\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.  Readline has the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the region is
+       active,  readline  redisplay  uses  the   value   of   the   a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
+       g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br  v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be  t\bto\bo d\bde\ben\bno\bot\bte\be t\bth\bhe\be r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn.\b.  S\bSe\bev\bve\ber\bra\bal\bl c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs s\bse\bet\bt
+       t\bth\bhe\be r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn t\bto\bo a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be;\b; t\bth\bho\bos\bse\be a\bar\bre\be n\bno\bot\bte\bed\bd b\bbe\bel\blo\bow\bw.\b.
 
    C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
        b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-a\ba)\b)
@@ -4020,14 +4044,14 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
        p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
               Attempt  to move point to the same physical screen column on the
-              previous physical screen line. This will not  have  the  desired
+              previous physical screen line.  This will not have  the  desired
               effect  if  the current readline line does not take up more than
               one physical line or if point is not greater than the length  of
               the prompt plus the screen width.
        n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
               Attempt  to move point to the same physical screen column on the
-              next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect
-              if the current readline line does not  take  up  more  than  one
+              next physical screen line.  This will not have the  desired  ef-
+              fect if the current readline line does not take up more than one
               physical  line  or if the length of the current readline line is
               not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
        c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
@@ -4045,71 +4069,78 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
        a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
               Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line
               is  non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
-              of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable.  If the line is a modified  history
-              line, then restore the history line to its original state.
+              of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables.  If the line  is  a
+              modified  history line, restore the history line to its original
+              state.
        p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
               Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
               the list.
        n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
-              Fetch  the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+              Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward  in
               the list.
        b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
               Move to the first line in the history.
        e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
-              Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the  line  currently
+              Move  to  the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
               being entered.
        o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
-              Accept  the  current  line for execution and fetch the next line
-              relative to the current line from the history  for  editing.   A
-              numeric  argument,  if  supplied, specifies the history entry to
-              use instead of the current line.
+              Accept the current line for execution as if a newline  had  been
+              entered,  and  fetch  the next line relative to the current line
+              from the history for editing.  A numeric argument, if  supplied,
+              specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line.
        f\bfe\bet\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
-              With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history  list
+              With  a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
               and make it the current line.  Without an argument, move back to
               the first entry in the history list.
        r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
-              Search  backward  starting  at  the current line and moving "up"
-              through the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an  incremental
-              search.
+              Search backward starting at the current  line  and  moving  "up"
+              through  the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an incremental
+              search.  This command sets the region to the  matched  text  and
+              activates the region.
        f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
               Search  forward  starting  at the current line and moving "down"
               through the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an  incremental
-              search.
+              search.   This  command  sets the region to the matched text and
+              activates the region.
        n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
               Search backward through the history starting at the current line
-              using  a  non-incremental  search  for  a string supplied by the
-              user.
+              using a non-incremental search for  a  string  supplied  by  the
+              user.  The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
        n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
-              Search forward  through  the  history  using  a  non-incremental
-              search for a string supplied by the user.
+              Search  forward  through  the  history  using  a non-incremental
+              search for a string supplied by the user.  The search string may
+              match anywhere in a history line.
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
               Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-              between  the start of the current line and the point.  This is a
+              between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+              string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
               non-incremental search.  This may be bound to the Page Up key on
               some keyboards.
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
               Search forward through the history for the string of  characters
-              between  the start of the current line and the point.  This is a
-              non-incremental search.  This may be bound to the Page Down  key
+              between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+              string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
+              non-incremental  search.  This may be bound to the Page Down key
               on some keyboards.
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
               Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-              between the start of the current line and the current cursor po-
-              sition  (the  _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt).  The search string may match anywhere in a
-              history line.  This is a non-incremental search.
+              between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+              string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a  non-in-
+              cremental search.
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
-              Search forward through the history for the string of  characters
+              Search  forward through the history for the string of characters
               between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
-              string  may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a non-in-
+              string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a  non-in-
               cremental search.
        y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
-              Insert the first argument to the previous command  (usually  the
+              Insert  the  first argument to the previous command (usually the
               second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument _\bn,
-              insert  the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
-              previous command begin with word 0).  A  negative  argument  in-
-              serts  the  _\bnth word from the end of the previous command.  Once
-              the argument _\bn is computed, the argument is extracted as if  the
-              "!_\bn" history expansion had been specified.
+              insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in  the
+              previous  command  begin  with word 0).  A negative argument in-
+              serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous  command.   Once
+              the  argument _\bn is computed, this uses the history expansion fa-
+              cilities to extract the _\bnth word, as if the "!_\bn" history  expan-
+              sion had been specified.
        y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
               Insert  the last argument to the previous command (the last word
               of the previous history entry).  With a numeric argument, behave
@@ -4119,9 +4150,9 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               line in turn.  Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
               calls  determines  the direction to move through the history.  A
               negative argument switches the  direction  through  the  history
-              (back or forward).  The history expansion facilities are used to
-              extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been
-              specified.
+              (back  or  forward).  This uses the history expansion facilities
+              to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history  expansion  had
+              been specified.
        s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
               Expand  the line by performing shell word expansions.  This per-
               forms alias and history expansion, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quot-
@@ -4173,15 +4204,31 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               Insert a tab character.
        s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, ...)\b)
               Insert the character typed.
+       b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
+              This function is intended to be bound to the  "bracketed  paste"
+              escape  sequence  sent  by some terminals, and such a binding is
+              assigned by default.  It allows readline to  insert  the  pasted
+              text  as  a single unit without treating each character as if it
+              had been read from the keyboard.  The pasted characters are  in-
+              serted  as  if each one was bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt instead of exe-
+              cuting any editing commands.
+              Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text  and  acti-
+              vates the region.
        t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
-              Drag the character before point forward over  the  character  at
-              point,  moving point forward as well.  If point is at the end of
-              the line, then this transposes the two characters before  point.
+              Drag  the  character  before point forward over the character at
+              point, moving point forward as well.  If point is at the end  of
+              the  line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
               Negative arguments have no effect.
        t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
-              Drag  the  word  before  point past the word after point, moving
-              point over that word as well.  If point is at  the  end  of  the
+              Drag the word before point past the  word  after  point,  moving
+              point  over  that  word  as well.  If point is at the end of the
               line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
+       s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
+              Drag the word before point past the  word  after  point,  moving
+              point  past that word as well.  If the insertion point is at the
+              end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
+              Word  boundaries  are  the  same   as   s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd   and
+              s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
        u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
               Uppercase  the current (or following) word.  With a negative ar-
               gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
@@ -4196,51 +4243,56 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               ment, switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive
               numeric argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects
               only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently.  Each  call
-              to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode.  In overwrite mode, charac-
-              ters  bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
-              pushing the text  to  the  right.   Characters  bound  to  b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
-              w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br  replace  the  character  before  point  with a
-              space.  By default, this command is unbound, but may be bound to
-              the Insert key on some keyboards.
+              to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode.
+              In  overwrite  mode, characters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the
+              text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.   Char-
+              acters  bound  to b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character be-
+              fore point with a space.  By default, this command  is  unbound,
+              but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
 
    K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
        k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-k\bk)\b)
-              Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+              Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.  With a
+              negative  numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+              beginning of the line.
        b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
-              Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+              Kill backward to the beginning of the current line.  With a neg-
+              ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the  end
+              of the line.
        u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
-              Kill backward from point to the  beginning  of  the  line.   The
-              killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+              Kill  backward  from  point to the beginning of the line, saving
+              the killed text on the kill-ring.
        k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
-              Kill  all  characters on the current line, no matter where point
+              Kill all characters on the current line, no matter  where  point
               is.
        k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
-              Kill from point to the end of the current word,  or  if  between
-              words,  to  the  end  of the next word.  Word boundaries are the
+              Kill  from  point  to the end of the current word, or if between
+              words, to the end of the next word.   Word  boundaries  are  the
               same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
        b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
-              Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries  are  the  same  as
+              Kill  the  word  behind  point.  Word boundaries are the same as
               those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
-       s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
-              Kill  from  point  to the end of the current word, or if between
-              words, to the end of the next word.   Word  boundaries  are  the
+       s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
+              Kill from point to the end of the current word,  or  if  between
+              words,  to  the  end  of the next word.  Word boundaries are the
               same as those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
        s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
-              Kill  the  word  behind  point.  Word boundaries are the same as
+              Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries  are  the  same  as
               those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
        u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
-              Kill the word behind point, using white space as a  word  bound-
-              ary.  The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+              Kill  the  word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
+              ary, saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
        u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
-              Kill  the  word  behind  point,  using white space and the slash
-              character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is  saved  on
-              the kill-ring.
+              Kill the word behind point, using  white  space  and  the  slash
+              character  as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
+              kill-ring.
        d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
               Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
        k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn
               Kill the text in the current region.
        c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
-              Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+              Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer,  so  it  can  be
+              yanked immediately.
        c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
               Copy  the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word bound-
               aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
@@ -4273,70 +4325,75 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
    C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
               Attempt  to  perform  completion on the text before point.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
-              attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
-              begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with  ~\b~),  hostname
-              (if  the  text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
-              functions) in turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename
-              completion is attempted.
+              attempts completion by first checking for any programmable  com-
+              pletions  for  the command word (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn be-
+              low), otherwise treating the text as a variable (if the text be-
+              gins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname (if
+              the text begins with @\b@), or command  (including  aliases,  func-
+              tions,  and  builtins)  in  turn.   If  none of these produces a
+              match, it falls back to filename completion.
        p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
-              List the possible completions of the text before point.
+              List the possible completions of the text  before  point.   When
+              displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used
+              for  display to the value of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh, the value
+              of the shell variable C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, or the screen width, in that  or-
+              der.
        i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
-              Insert all completions of the text before point that would  have
-              been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs.
+              Insert  all completions of the text before point that would have
+              been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs, separated by a space.
        m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
-              Similar  to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
-              a single match from the list of possible completions.   Repeated
-              execution  of  m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be  steps through the list of possible
-              completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the  end  of  the
-              list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
-              b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and the original text is restored.  An argument of _\bn
-              moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative ar-
-              gument may be used to move backward through the list.  This com-
+              Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed  with
+              a  single  match from the list of possible completions.  Repeat-
+              edly executing m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of  possible
+              completions,  inserting  each  match in turn.  At the end of the
+              list of completions, m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be rings the  bell  (subject  to
+              the  setting  of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and restores the original text.  An
+              argument of _\bn moves _\bn positions forward in the list of  matches;
+              a  negative argument moves backward through the list.  This com-
               mand is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by default.
        m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
-              Identical  to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
-              of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had  been  given  a
+              Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the  list
+              of  possible  completions,  as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
               negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
        d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
-              Deletes  the  character under the cursor if not at the beginning
-              or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br).  If at  the  end  of  the
-              line, behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs.  This command
-              is unbound by default.
+              Deletes the character under the cursor if not at  the  beginning
+              or  end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br).  At the end of the line,
+              it behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs.  This command is
+              unbound by default.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
               Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
        p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx /\b/)\b)
               List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
               it as a filename.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
-              Attempt  completion  on  the text before point, treating it as a
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
               username.
        p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
               List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
               it as a username.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
-              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
+              Attempt  completion  on  the text before point, treating it as a
               shell variable.
        p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
               List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
               it as a shell variable.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
-              Attempt  completion  on  the text before point, treating it as a
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
               hostname.
        p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
               List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
               it as a hostname.
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
-              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
-              command  name.   Command  completion  attempts to match the text
-              against  aliases,  reserved  words,   shell   functions,   shell
+              Attempt  completion  on  the text before point, treating it as a
+              command name.  Command completion attempts  to  match  the  text
+              against   aliases,   reserved   words,  shell  functions,  shell
               builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
        p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
               List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
               it as a command name.
        d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
-              Attempt  completion on the text before point, comparing the text
-              against lines from the  history  list  for  possible  completion
-              matches.
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the  text
+              against history list entries for possible completion matches.
        d\bda\bab\bbb\bbr\bre\bev\bv-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
               Attempt  menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
               text against lines from the history list for possible completion
@@ -4383,133 +4440,137 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
               Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
        s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
               Set  the  mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
-              the mark is set to that position.
+              set the mark to that position.
        e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
-              Swap the point with the mark.  The current  cursor  position  is
-              set  to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
-              as the mark.
+              Swap the point with the mark.  Set the current  cursor  position
+              to the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor posi-
+              tion.
        c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
-              A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
-              that character.  A negative argument searches for  previous  oc-
-              currences.
+              Read  a  character and move point to the next occurrence of that
+              character.  A negative argument  searches  for  previous  occur-
+              rences.
        c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
-              A  character  is  read and point is moved to the previous occur-
-              rence of that character.  A negative argument searches for  sub-
-              sequent occurrences.
+              Read  a  character  and move point to the previous occurrence of
+              that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent oc-
+              currences.
        s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bcs\bsi\bi-\b-s\bse\beq\bqu\bue\ben\bnc\bce\be
-              Read  enough  characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
-              those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences  begin
+              Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence  such  as
+              those  defined  for keys like Home and End.  CSI sequences begin
               with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
-              sequence  is  bound  to "\[", keys producing such sequences will
-              have no effect unless explicitly bound to  a  readline  command,
-              instead  of  inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+              sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing  CSI  sequences  will
+              have  no  effect  unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
+              instead of inserting stray characters into the  editing  buffer.
               This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
        i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
-              Without a numeric argument,  the  value  of  the  readline  c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
-              m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn  variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
-              line.  If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
-              toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the  line  do  not
-              match  the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
-              wise the characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn are deleted from the begin-
-              ning of the line.  In either case, the line is accepted as if  a
-              newline  had  been  typed.   The  default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
-              causes this command to make the current line  a  shell  comment.
-              If  a  numeric  argument  causes the comment character to be re-
-              moved, the line will be executed by the shell.
+              Without  a  numeric  argument,  insert the value of the readline
+              c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable at the beginning of the current line.  If
+              a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as  a  toggle:
+              if  the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the
+              value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, insert the value; otherwise  delete  the
+              characters  in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn from the beginning of the line.  In
+              either case, the line is accepted  as  if  a  newline  had  been
+              typed.   The  default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn causes this command
+              to make the current line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument
+              causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be ex-
+              ecuted by the shell.
        s\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl-\b-c\bco\bor\brr\bre\bec\bct\bt-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx s\bs)\b)
               Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it  as
               a  directory  or  filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
               option.   Word  boundaries  are  the  same  as  those  used   by
               s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
        g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
-              The  word  before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex-
-              pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern  is
-              used  to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com-
-              pletions.
+              Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+              with  an  asterisk  implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+              generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
        g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
-              The word before point is treated as a pattern for  pathname  ex-
-              pansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replac-
-              ing the word.  If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is
-              appended before pathname expansion.
+              Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+              and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the  word.
+              If  a  numeric  argument is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname
+              expansion.
        g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
-              The  list  of  expansions  that  would  have  been  generated by
-              g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is  redrawn.   If  a
-              numeric  argument  is  supplied,  an asterisk is appended before
-              pathname expansion.
+              Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+              g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and redisplay the line.  If a numeric  argument
+              is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname expansion.
        d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
-              Print all of the functions and their key bindings to  the  read-
+              Print  all  of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
               line output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
-              put  is  formatted  in such a way that it can be made part of an
+              put is formatted in such a way that it can be made  part  of  an
               _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
        d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
               Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
-              the readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is  supplied,
-              the  output  is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+              the  readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+              the output is formatted in such a way that it can be  made  part
               of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
        d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
-              Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and  the
-              strings  they  output.   If  a numeric argument is supplied, the
-              output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
-              _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
+              Print  all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+              strings they output to the readline output stream.  If a numeric
+              argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that
+              it can be made part of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
+       e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-n\bna\bam\bme\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-x\bx)\b)
+              Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute
+              the function to which it's bound, as  if  the  key  sequence  to
+              which  it  was bound appeared in the input.  If this function is
+              supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the
+              function it executes.
        d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
               Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
 
    P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
        When a user attempts word completion for an argument to a  command  for
        which  a  completion  specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
-       the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below),  Readline  in-
+       the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below),  r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be  in-
        vokes the programmable completion facilities.
 
-       First,  the command name is identified.  If a compspec has been defined
-       for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible
-       completions for the word.  If the command  word  is  the  empty  string
-       (completion  attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any compspec
-       defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used.  If the command word is
-       a full pathname, a compspec for  the  full  pathname  is  searched  for
-       first.   If  no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion at-
-       tempts to find a compspec for the portion following  the  final  slash.
-       If  those  searches  do  not result in a compspec, any compspec defined
-       with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used as the default.  If there is  no
-       default  compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts alias expansion on the command word as
-       a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for  the  command  word
+       First,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  identifies  the command name.  If a compspec has been de-
+       fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate  the  list  of
+       possible  completions  for  the word.  If the command word is the empty
+       string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty  line),  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+       uses  any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be.  If the com-
+       mand word is a full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches for a compspec for the full
+       pathname first.  If there is no compspec for the  full  pathname,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+       attempts  to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+       If those searches do not result in a  compspec,  any  compspec  defined
+       with  the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used as the default.  If there is no
+       default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts alias expansion on the command word  as
+       a  final  resort,  and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
        from any successful expansion.
 
-       Once  a  compspec  has  been  found, it is used to generate the list of
-       matching words.  If a compspec is not found, the default  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  comple-
-       tion as described above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg is performed.
+       If a compspec is not found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs its default completion as de-
+       scribed above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg.  Otherwise, once a  compspec  has  been
+       found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses it to generate the list of matching words.
 
-       First,  the  actions  specified by the compspec are used.  Only matches
-       which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When  the
-       -\b-f\bf  or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
-       shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is used to filter the matches.
+       First,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  performs  the  _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs  specified  by the compspec.  Only
+       matches which are prefixed by the word being  completed  are  returned.
+       When the -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name comple-
+       tion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to filter the matches.
 
        Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG op-
-       tion are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern  need  not
-       match  the  word being completed.  The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
-       used to filter the matches, but the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable is used.
-
-       Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is  consid-
-       ered.   The  string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
-       cial variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored.  Each  word  is
-       then  expanded  using  brace  expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+       tion  are  generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
+       match the word being completed.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable to fil-
+       ter the matches, but does not use the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable.
+
+       Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to  the
+       -\b-W\bW  option.   The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+       special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored.   Each  word
+       is  then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
        variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,  as
        described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN.  The results are split using the rules
        described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg.  The results of the expansion are
        prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
-       become the possible completions.
-
-       After  these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-       specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked.  When the  command  or
-       function is invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
-       variables are assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
-       If  a  shell  function  is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
-       variables are also set.  When the function or command is  invoked,  the
-       first  argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose arguments are be-
-       ing completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the  word  being  completed,
-       and  the  third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the word being com-
-       pleted on the current command line.  No filtering of the generated com-
-       pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or
-       command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+       become possible completions.
+
+       After  these matches have been generated, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes any shell func-
+       tion or command specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options.  When the command
+       or function  is  invoked,  the  C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE,  C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT,  C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY,  and
+       C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE  variables are assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+       V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.  If a shell function is being invoked,  the  C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS  and
+       C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables are also set.  When the function or command is in-
+       voked,  the  first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose argu-
+       ments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the  word  being
+       completed,  and  the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the word
+       being completed on the current command line.  There is no filtering  of
+       the  generated  completions against the word being completed; the func-
+       tion or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 
        Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first.  The function may  use
        any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt builtins
@@ -4539,21 +4600,22 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
 
        If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and  the
        -\b-o\bo  d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs  option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
-       fined, directory name completion is attempted.
+       fined, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion.
 
        If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be  when  the  compspec
-       was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
-       added to the results of the other actions.
-
-       By  default,  if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
-       to the completion code as the full set of  possible  completions.   The
-       default  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  completions and the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be default of filename comple-
-       tion are disabled.  If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied  to  c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
-       p\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be  when  the  compspec  was  defined,  if the compspec generates no
-       matches, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default completions are attempted.  If the -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
-       option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec  was  defined,  read-
-       line's  default  completion  will be performed if the compspec (and, if
-       attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions) generate no matches.
+       was  defined,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  attempts  directory  name  completion and adds any
+       matches to the set of possible completions.
+
+       By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates  is  returned
+       to  the  completion  code as the full set of possible completions.  The
+       default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions and the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be default of  filename  comple-
+       tion  are  disabled.  If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
+       p\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was  defined,  if  the  compspec  generates  no
+       matches,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts its default completions.  If the -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt op-
+       tion was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, programma-
+       ble completion will perform readline's default completion if the  comp-
+       spec  (and,  if  attempted,  the  default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions) generate no
+       matches.
 
        When a compspec indicates that directory name  completion  is  desired,
        the  programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
@@ -4564,7 +4626,7 @@ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
        There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.   This  is
        most  useful  when used in combination with a default completion speci-
        fied with c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-D\bD.  It's possible for shell functions  executed  as
-       completion  handlers  to  indicate that completion should be retried by
+       completion  functions  to indicate that completion should be retried by
        returning an exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124,  and
        changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
        being  attempted  (supplied  as the first argument when the function is
@@ -4588,19 +4650,20 @@ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
        When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin  is  enabled,  the  shell
        provides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously
        typed.   The  value  of  the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
-       commands to save in a history list.  The text of the last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE com-
-       mands (default 500) is saved.  The shell stores  each  command  in  the
-       history  list  prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
-       above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the  values
-       of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
+       commands to save in a history list: the shell saves  the  text  of  the
+       last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE commands (default 500).  The shell stores each command in
+       the  history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
+       S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN above) but after history expansion is performed,  subject  to  the
+       values of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
 
        On  startup,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  initializes the history list by reading history en-
        tries from the  the  file  named  by  the  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE  variable  (default
        _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by).   That  file is referred to as the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be.  The
        history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no  more  than  the
-       number  of  history entries specified by the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE.  If
-       H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,  or  a  nu-
-       meric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+       number  of  history  entries specified by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
+       variable.  If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is unset, or  set  to  null,  a  non-numeric
+       value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not trun-
+       cated.
 
        When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
        character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps
@@ -4613,17 +4676,17 @@ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
        entries from the history list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE.  If  the  h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd  shell
        option  is  enabled  (see  the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN
        C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh appends the entries to the history  file,  other-
-       wise the history file is overwritten.  If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, or
-       if  the  history  file is unwritable, the history is not saved.  If the
-       H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, time stamps are written to the  history
-       file,  marked  with  the history comment character, so they may be pre-
-       served across shell sessions.  This uses the history comment  character
-       to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.  As above, when us-
-       ing  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
-       After saving the history, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh truncates the history file to contain no
-       more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines.  If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE  is  unset,  or  set  to
-       null,  a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the his-
-       tory file is not truncated.
+       wise  it overwrites the history file.  If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, or
+       if the history file is unwritable, the history  is  not  saved.   After
+       saving  the history, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh truncates the history file to contain no more
+       than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines as described above.
+
+       If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the shell writes  the  timestamp
+       information  associated  with  each  history entry to the history file,
+       marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are  preserved
+       across shell sessions.  This uses the history comment character to dis-
+       tinguish  timestamps  from  other  history lines.  As above, when using
+       H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
 
        The f\bfc\bc builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) will list  or
        edit and re-execute a portion of the history list.  The h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin
@@ -4633,66 +4696,68 @@ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
 
        The shell allows control over which commands are saved on  the  history
        list.  The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables are used to save only a
-       subset  of the commands entered.  The c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option, if enabled,
-       causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a  multi-line  command
-       in  the  same  history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to pre-
-       serve syntactic correctness.  The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option modifies c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt
-       by saving the command with embedded  newlines  instead  of  semicolons.
-       See the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
-       M\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
+       subset  of  the  commands  entered.  If the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option is en-
+       abled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command  in
+       the  same  history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
+       syntactic correctness.  The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option  modifies  c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt  by
+       saving  the  command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons.  See
+       the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+       for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
 
 H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
-       The  shell  supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
-       history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.  This section describes what syntax  features
+       The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar  to  the
+       history  expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.  This section describes what syntax features
        are available.
 
        History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can
-       be  disabled  using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+       be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command  (see  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
        B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).  Non-interactive shells do not perform history
        expansion by default, but it can be enabled with "set -H".
 
        History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
-       stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the  arguments  to  a
+       stream,  making  it  easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
        previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
        commands quickly.
 
-       History  expansion  is  performed  immediately after a complete line is
-       read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed  on  each
-       line  individually.  The shell attempts to inform the history expansion
+       History expansion is performed immediately after  a  complete  line  is
+       read,  before  the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
+       line individually.  The shell attempts to inform the history  expansion
        functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
 
-       It takes place in two parts.  The first is to determine  which  history
-       list  entry  to  use during substitution.  The second is to select por-
-       tions of that entry to include into the current  one.   The  entry  se-
-       lected  from  the  history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that entry
-       that are acted upon are _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs.  The entry is split into  words  in  the
-       same fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-sepa-
-       rated  words  surrounded  by quotes are considered one word.  The _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt
-       _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br selects the event,  the  optional  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd  _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br  selects
-       words  from  the event, and various optional _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to
-       manipulate the selected words.
-
-       History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history  ex-
-       pansion  character,  which is !\b! by default.  History expansions may ap-
+       It  takes  place in two parts.  The first is to determine which history
+       list entry to use during substitution.  The second is  to  select  por-
+       tions of that entry to include into the current one.
+
+       The  entry  selected from the history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of
+       that entry that are acted upon are _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs.  Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
+       able to manipulate the selected words.  The entry is split  into  words
+       in  the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\b-
+       _\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.   The
+       _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt  _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br  selects  the event, the optional _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br se-
+       lects words from the event, and various optional _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs  are  avail-
+       able to manipulate the selected words.
+
+       History  expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex-
+       pansion character, which is !\b! by default.  History expansions  may  ap-
        pear anywhere in the input, but do not nest.
 
-       Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote  the  history  expansion
-       character,  but  the  history  expansion  character  is also treated as
+       Only  backslash  (\\b\)  and single quotes can quote the history expansion
+       character, but the history  expansion  character  is  also  treated  as
        quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-
        quoted string.
 
-       Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately  fol-
-       lowing  the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
-       tab, newline, carriage return, =\b=, and the  other  shell  metacharacters
+       Several  characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
+       lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted:  space,
+       tab,  newline,  carriage  return, =\b=, and the other shell metacharacters
        defined above.
 
        There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk
-       _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  character  (described above under h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs) is the first
-       character on the line.  It selects the previous history entry, using an
-       event designator equivalent to !\b!!\b!, and substitutes one string  for  an-
-       other  in  that  entry.  It is described below under E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs.
-       This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history
-       expansion character.
+       _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character (described above under h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs) is  the  first
+       character on the line.  It selects the previous history list entry, us-
+       ing  an  event  designator equivalent to !\b!!\b!, and substitutes one string
+       for another in that entry.  It is described below under E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt  D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\ba-\b-
+       t\bto\bor\brs\bs.   This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the
+       history expansion character.
 
        Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin will modify  his-
        tory  expansion  behavior (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin be-
@@ -4721,23 +4786,23 @@ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        events are relative to the current position in the history list.
 
        !\b!      Start a history substitution, except when followed by  a  b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
-              newline, carriage return, = or, when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
-              enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, (.
+              newline,  carriage  return, =, or, when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
+              is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, (.
        !\b!_\bn     Refer to history list entry _\bn.
        !\b!-\b-_\bn    Refer to the current entry minus _\bn.
-       !\b!!\b!     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for "!-1".
+       !\b!!\b!     Refer to the previous entry.  This is a synonym for "!-1".
        !\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
-              Refer  to the most recent command preceding the current position
+              Refer to the most recent command preceding the current  position
               in the history list starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
        !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
-              Refer to the most recent command preceding the current  position
-              in  the  history  list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.  The trailing ?\b? may be
-              omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed  immediately  by  a  newline.   If
-              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  is  missing,  this  uses the string from the most recent
+              Refer  to the most recent command preceding the current position
+              in the history list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.  The trailing  ?\b?  may  be
+              omitted  if  _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  is  followed  immediately by a newline.  If
+              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is missing, this uses the string  from  the  most  recent
               search; it is an error if there is no previous search string.
        ^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
-              Quick substitution.   Repeat  the  previous  command,  replacing
-              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1  with  _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2.   Equivalent  to "!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^"
+              Quick  substitution.   Repeat  the  previous  command, replacing
+              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 with  _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2.   Equivalent  to  "!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^"
               (see M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs below).
        !\b!#\b#     The entire command line typed so far.
 
@@ -4745,26 +4810,26 @@ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.  They
        are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history expan-
        sion uses the entire event.  A :\b: separates the event specification from
-       the word designator.  It may be omitted if the word  designator  begins
-       with  a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%.  Words are numbered from the beginning of the
-       line, with the first word being denoted by 0  (zero).   Words  are  in-
+       the  word  designator.  It may be omitted if the word designator begins
+       with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%.  Words are numbered from the beginning of  the
+       line,  with  the  first  word being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are in-
        serted into the current line separated by single spaces.
 
        0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
               The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command word.
        _\bn      The _\bnth word.
        ^\b^      The first argument: word 1.
-       $\b$      The  last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will ex-
+       $\b$      The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will  ex-
               pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
-       %\b%      The first word matched by the most recent  "?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?'"   search,
-              if  the  search string begins with a character that is part of a
+       %\b%      The first word matched by the most recent "?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?"  search, if
+              the  search  string  begins  with  a character that is part of a
               word.  By default, searches begin at the end of  each  line  and
               proceed  to  the beginning, so the first word matched is the one
               closest to the end of the line.
        _\bx-\b-_\by    A range of words; "-_\by" abbreviates "0-_\by".
        *\b*      All of the words but the zeroth.  This is a synonym  for  "_\b1_\b-_\b$".
               It  is  not  an  error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
-              event; it expands to the empty string in this case.
+              event; it expands to the empty string in that case.
        x\bx*\b*     Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
        x\bx-\b-     Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word.  If x\bx is miss-
               ing, it defaults to 0.
@@ -4778,8 +4843,8 @@ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
        ":".   These  modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the his-
        tory event.
 
-       h\bh      Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
-       t\bt      Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
+       h\bh      Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+       t\bt      Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
        r\br      Remove a trailing suffix of the form _\b._\bx_\bx_\bx, leaving the basename.
        e\be      Remove all but the trailing suffix.
        p\bp      Print the new command but do not execute it.
@@ -5078,69 +5143,71 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
               [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
-              Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.  If  the
-              -\b-p\bp  option  is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied,
-              existing completion specifications are printed in a way that al-
-              lows them to be reused as input.  The -\b-r\br option removes  a  com-
+              Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.
+
+              If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
+              plied, print existing completion specifications in  a  way  that
+              allows them to be reused as input.  The -\b-r\br option removes a com-
               pletion  specification  for  each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
-              plied, all completion specifications.  The -\b-D\bD  option  indicates
-              that other supplied options and actions should apply to the "de-
-              fault"  command  completion;  that is, completion attempted on a
-              command for which no completion  has  previously  been  defined.
-              The  -\b-E\bE option indicates that other supplied options and actions
-              should apply to "empty" command completion; that is,  completion
-              attempted  on  a blank line.  The -\b-I\bI option indicates that other
-              supplied options and actions should apply to completion  on  the
-              initial  non-assignment word on the line, or after a command de-
-              limiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually  command  name  comple-
-              tion.   If  multiple  options  are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes
-              precedence over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.  If any of
-              -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  arguments  are  ig-
-              nored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the
-              option.
-
-              The  process  of  applying  these completion specifications when
-              word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\ba-\b-
-              b\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
-
-              Other options, if specified, have the following  meanings.   The
-              arguments  to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
-              -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from  expan-
+              plied, all completion specifications.
+
+              The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and  actions
+              should  apply to the "default" command completion; that is, com-
+              pletion attempted on a command for which no completion has  pre-
+              viously  been  defined.  The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other sup-
+              plied options and actions should apply to "empty"  command  com-
+              pletion;  that is, completion attempted on a blank line.  The -\b-I\bI
+              option indicates that other supplied options and actions  should
+              apply  to  completion  on the initial non-assignment word on the
+              line, or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usu-
+              ally command name completion.  If multiple options are supplied,
+              the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence
+              over -\b-I\bI.  If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied, any  other  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+              arguments  are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
+              specified by the option.
+
+              The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
+              tempting word completion  is described above under  P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be
+              C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
+
+              Other  options,  if specified, have the following meanings.  The
+              arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary,  the
+              -\b-P\bP  and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
               sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
 
               -\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
-                      The  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  controls  several aspects of the comp-
-                      spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of  comple-
+                      The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects  of  the  comp-
+                      spec's  behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
                       tions.  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
                       b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
                               Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
                               if the compspec generates no matches.
-                      d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use  readline's  default  filename completion if
+                      d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default  filename  completion  if
                               the compspec generates no matches.
                       d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
-                              Perform directory name completion if  the  comp-
+                              Perform  directory  name completion if the comp-
                               spec generates no matches.
                       f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
-                              Tell  readline that the compspec generates file-
-                              names, so it can perform  any  filename-specific
-                              processing  (like  adding  a  slash to directory
-                              names, quoting special characters, or  suppress-
-                              ing  trailing spaces).  Intended to be used with
-                              shell functions.
+                              Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates  file-
+                              names,  so  it can perform any filename-specific
+                              processing (such as adding a slash to  directory
+                              names,  quoting special characters, or suppress-
+                              ing trailing spaces).  This is  intended  to  be
+                              used with shell functions.
                       f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
-                              Tell readline to quote all the  completed  words
+                              Tell  r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be  to quote all the completed words
                               even if they are not filenames.
-                      n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell  readline  not to quote the completed words
-                              if they are filenames (quoting filenames is  the
+                      n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the  completed  words
+                              if  they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
                               default).
-                      n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt  Tell  readline  not to sort the list of possible
+                      n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt  Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list  of  possible
                               completions alphabetically.
-                      n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append  a  space  (the  de-
-                              fault)  to  words  completed  at  the end of the
+                      n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell  r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be  not  to  append a space (the de-
+                              fault) to words completed  at  the  end  of  the
                               line.
                       p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
-                              After any matches defined by  the  compspec  are
-                              generated, attempt directory name completion and
+                              After  generating  any  matches  defined  by the
+                              compspec, attempt directory name completion  and
                               add  any matches to the results of the other ac-
                               tions.
               -\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
@@ -5196,9 +5263,9 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       guments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is
                       the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is
                       the word preceding the word being completed on the  cur-
-                      rent command line.  When _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, the possible
-                      completions  are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bE-\b-
-                      P\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
+                      rent command line.  When _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, programmable
+                      completion  retrieves  the possible completions from the
+                      value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
               -\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
                       Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to  gener-
                       ate the possible completions.
@@ -5209,13 +5276,14 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to  each  possible  completion  after  all
                       other options have been applied.
               -\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
-                      The  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt  is  split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
-                      special variable as delimiters, and each resulting  word
-                      is  expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
-                      in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
-                      shell metacharacters or characters in the value of  I\bIF\bFS\bS.
-                      The  possible  completions are the members of the resul-
-                      tant list which match the word being completed.
+                      Split  the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
+                      cial variable as delimiters, and expand  each  resulting
+                      word.   Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in or-
+                      der to provide a mechanism  for  the  words  to  contain
+                      shell  metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
+                      The possible completions are the members of  the  resul-
+                      tant  list  which  match a prefix of the word being com-
+                      pleted.
               -\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
                       _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for  pathname  expansion.
                       It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
@@ -5236,169 +5304,167 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               supplied.   If  no  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion
               options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion.   The  possible
               values  of  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
-              scribed above.  The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied  op-
-              tions should apply to the "default" command completion; that is,
-              completion  attempted  on  a command for which no completion has
-              previously been defined.  The -\b-E\bE  option  indicates  that  other
-              supplied  options  should  apply  to "empty" command completion;
-              that is, completion attempted on a blank line.   The  -\b-I\bI  option
-              indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion
-              on  the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com-
-              mand delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which  is  usually  command  name
-              completion.
+              scribed above.
+
+              The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options should apply
+              to the "default" command completion;  the  -\b-E\bE  option  indicates
+              that other supplied options should apply to "empty" command com-
+              pletion; and the -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied options
+              should  apply  to  completion  on  the initial word on the line.
+              These are determined in the same way as the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin.
 
               If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
               over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.
 
-              The  return  value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
               an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
               completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
 
        c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
               c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be resumes the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be,
-              u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop.  If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the  _\bnth
-              enclosing  loop.  _\bn must be >= 1.  If _\bn is greater than the num-
-              ber of enclosing loops, the shell  resumes  the  last  enclosing
-              loop  (the "top-level" loop).  The return value is 0 unless _\bn is
+              u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl,  or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop.  If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth
+              enclosing loop.  _\bn must be >= 1.  If _\bn is greater than the  num-
+              ber  of  enclosing  loops,  the shell resumes the last enclosing
+              loop (the "top-level" loop).  The return value is 0 unless _\bn  is
               not greater than or equal to 1.
 
        d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
        t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
-              Declare variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes  are
+              Declare  variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
               given then display the values of variables or functions.  The -\b-p\bp
-              option  will  display  the  attributes  and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-              When -\b-p\bp is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional  options,  other
+              option will display the attributes  and  values  of  each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+              When  -\b-p\bp  is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other
               than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF, are ignored.
 
               When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display
               the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes
-              specified  by  the  additional options.  If no other options are
+              specified by the additional options.  If no  other  options  are
               supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the attributes and values
-              of all shell variables.  The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display  to
+              of  all shell variables.  The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to
               shell functions.
 
               The -\b-F\bF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
-              the  function  name and attributes are printed.  If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
-              shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source  file  name  and
-              line  number  where  each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well.
+              the function name and attributes are printed.  If  the  e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
+              shell  option  is  enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and
+              line number where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are  displayed  as  well.
               The -\b-F\bF option implies -\b-f\bf.
 
-              The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at  the
+              The  -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
               global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell function.
               It is ignored when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is not executed in a shell function.
 
-              The  -\b-I\bI  option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
-              (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any  existing  vari-
-              able  with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope.  If there is no
+              The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit  the  attributes
+              (except  the  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing vari-
+              able with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope.  If there is  no
               existing variable, the local variable is initially unset.
 
-              The following options can be used to restrict  output  to  vari-
-              ables  with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib-
+              The  following  options  can be used to restrict output to vari-
+              ables with the specified attribute or to give variables  attrib-
               utes:
-              -\b-a\ba     Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  is  an  indexed  array  variable  (see  A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+              -\b-a\ba     Each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  is  an  indexed  array  variable  (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
                      above).
-              -\b-A\bA     Each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  is  an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+              -\b-A\bA     Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array  variable  (see  A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
                      above).
               -\b-f\bf     Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function.
               -\b-i\bi     The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
-                     tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed  when
+                     tion  (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
                      the variable is assigned a value.
-              -\b-l\bl     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all upper-case
-                     characters are converted to lower-case.   The  upper-case
+              -\b-l\bl     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  upper-case
+                     characters  are  converted to lower-case.  The upper-case
                      attribute is disabled.
-              -\b-n\bn     Give  each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
-                     reference to another variable.  That  other  variable  is
-                     defined  by  the  value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  All references, assign-
-                     ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except  those
-                     using  or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
-                     on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value.  The  nameref
+              -\b-n\bn     Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making  it  a  name
+                     reference  to  another  variable.  That other variable is
+                     defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.   All  references,  assign-
+                     ments,  and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
+                     using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are  performed
+                     on  the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value.  The nameref
                      attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
               -\b-r\br     Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
                      values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
               -\b-t\bt     Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute.  Traced functions in-
-                     herit  the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
+                     herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling  shell.
                      The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
-              -\b-u\bu     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  lower-case
-                     characters  are  converted to upper-case.  The lower-case
+              -\b-u\bu     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all lower-case
+                     characters are converted to upper-case.   The  lower-case
                      attribute is disabled.
-              -\b-x\bx     Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via  the
+              -\b-x\bx     Mark  each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the
                      environment.
 
-              Using  "+"  instead of "-" turns off the specified attribute in-
+              Using "+" instead of "-" turns off the specified  attribute  in-
               stead, with the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to de-
-              stroy array variables and +\b+r\br will not remove  the  readonly  at-
+              stroy  array  variables  and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly at-
               tribute.
 
-              When  used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be lo-
-              cal, as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the  -\b-g\bg  option  is  sup-
-              plied.   If  a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of
-              the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.  When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the  com-
-              pound  assignment  syntax  to create array variables, additional
+              When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  lo-
+              cal,  as  with  the  l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is sup-
+              plied.  If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the  value  of
+              the  variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.  When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the com-
+              pound assignment syntax to create  array  variables,  additional
               attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments.
 
-              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option  is  encountered,
-              an  attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar".  an
+              The  return  value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+              an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar".   an
               attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an at-
               tempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without us-
-              ing the compound assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs  above),  one  of
+              ing  the  compound  assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of
               the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made
-              to  turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt
-              is made to turn off array status for an array  variable,  or  an
+              to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an  attempt
+              is  made  to  turn off array status for an array variable, or an
               attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
 
        d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
               Without options, display the list of currently remembered direc-
-              tories.   The default display is on a single line with directory
-              names separated by spaces.  Directories are added  to  the  list
-              with  the  p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd  command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from
-              the list.  The current directory is always the  first  directory
+              tories.  The default display is on a single line with  directory
+              names  separated  by  spaces.  Directories are added to the list
+              with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command  removes  entries  from
+              the  list.   The current directory is always the first directory
               in the stack.
 
               Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-              -\b-c\bc     Clears  the  directory  stack  by deleting all of the en-
+              -\b-c\bc     Clears the directory stack by deleting  all  of  the  en-
                      tries.
-              -\b-l\bl     Produces a listing  using  full  pathnames;  the  default
+              -\b-l\bl     Produces  a  listing  using  full  pathnames; the default
                      listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
               -\b-p\bp     Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-              -\b-v\bv     Print  the  directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+              -\b-v\bv     Print the directory stack with one entry per  line,  pre-
                      fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
               +\b+_\bn     Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
                      shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
                      zero.
-              -\b-_\bn     Displays the _\bnth entry counting from  the  right  of  the
+              -\b-_\bn     Displays  the  _\bnth  entry  counting from the right of the
                      list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
                      with zero.
 
-              The  return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or  _\bn
               indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
 
        d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bi_\bd ...]
-              Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of  active  jobs.
-              Each  _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd;
-              if _\bi_\bd is a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd  as  _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
-              If  _\bi_\bd  is  not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is
-              supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn removes the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb.  If the -\b-h\bh  option  is
-              supplied,  the  job corresponding to each _\bi_\bd is not removed from
-              the table, but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to  the  job
+              Without  options,  remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs.
+              Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID  _\bp_\bi_\bd;
+              if  _\bi_\bd  is a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd as _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
+              If _\bi_\bd is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the  -\b-r\br  option  is
+              supplied,  d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn  removes the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb.  If the -\b-h\bh option is
+              supplied, the job corresponding to each _\bi_\bd is not  removed  from
+              the  table,  but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job
               if the shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.
 
-              If  no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
-              jobs; the -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument  restricts  operation
+              If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark  all
+              jobs;  the  -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument restricts operation
               to running jobs.
 
               The return value is 0 unless an _\bi_\bd does not specify a valid job.
 
        e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              Output  the  _\ba_\br_\bgs,  separated  by spaces, followed by a newline.
-              The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.   If  -\b-n\bn  is
+              Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces,  followed  by  a  newline.
+              The  return  status  is 0 unless a write error occurs.  If -\b-n\bn is
               specified, the trailing newline is not printed.
 
-              If  the  -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following back-
+              If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the  following  back-
               slash-escaped characters.  The -\b-E\bE option disables interpretation
-              of these escape characters, even on systems where they  are  in-
-              terpreted  by  default.   The  x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo  shell option determines
+              of  these  escape characters, even on systems where they are in-
+              terpreted by default.   The  x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo  shell  option  determines
               whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets any options and expands these es-
-              cape characters.  e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end  of
+              cape  characters.  e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of
               options.
 
               e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape sequences:
@@ -5413,101 +5479,101 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               \\b\t\bt     horizontal tab
               \\b\v\bv     vertical tab
               \\b\\\b\     backslash
-              \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn  the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
-                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
-              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
-                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
-              \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits)
+              \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn  The eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
+                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits).
+              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   The  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
+                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
+              \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
+                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
               \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
-                     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
-                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits)
+                     The  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
 
-              e\bec\bch\bho\bo  writes  any  unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un-
+              e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized  backslash-escaped  characters  un-
               changed.
 
        e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
-              Enable and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a  builtin
-              allows  an  executable  file  which has the same name as a shell
-              builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,  even
+              Enable  and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
+              allows an executable file which has the same  name  as  a  shell
+              builtin  to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even
               though the shell normally searches for builtins before files.
 
-              If  -\b-n\bn  is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
-              enabled.  For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found usin g  P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+              If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise,  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes  are
+              enabled.   For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found usin g P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
               instead of the shell builtin version, run "enable -n test".
 
-              If  no  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+              If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option  is  sup-
               plied, print a list of shell builtins.  With no other option ar-
               guments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins.  If -\b-n\bn
-              is supplied, print only disabled builtins.  If -\b-a\ba  is  supplied,
-              the  list  printed  includes all builtins, with an indication of
+              is  supplied,  print only disabled builtins.  If -\b-a\ba is supplied,
+              the list printed includes all builtins, with  an  indication  of
               whether or not each is enabled.  The -\b-s\bs option means to restrict
               the output to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins.
 
-              The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin  command  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  from
+              The  -\b-f\bf  option  means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
               shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
               If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will use the value of
-              the  B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  variable  as a colon-separated list of
-              directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.   The  default  for
-              B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  is system-dependent, and may include "." to
-              force a search of the current directory.   The  -\b-d\bd  option  will
-              delete  a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.  If _\b-_\bs is used with
+              the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a  colon-separated  list  of
+              directories  in  which  to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  The default for
+              B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is system-dependent, and may include "."  to
+              force  a  search  of  the current directory.  The -\b-d\bd option will
+              delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.  If _\b-_\bs is used  with
               _\b-_\bf, the new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin.
 
-              If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not  a  shell  builtin,
-              e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be  will  attempt  to  load  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named
+              If  no  options  are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin,
+              e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  from  a  shared  object  named
               _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command were "enable -f _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be".
 
-              The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a  shell  builtin  or
+              The  return  value  is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or
               there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
 
        e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              Concatenate  the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating
+              Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command,  separating
               them with spaces.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then reads and execute this command, and
-              returns its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl.  If  there
+              returns  its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl.  If there
               are no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
 
        e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
-              If  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating
-              a new process.  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin  or  function.
+              If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without  creating
+              a  new  process.  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function.
               The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.  If the -\b-l\bl option
               is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the ze-
-              roth  argument  passed  to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.  This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does.
-              The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty  envi-
+              roth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.  This is  what  _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1)  does.
+              The  -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty envi-
               ronment.  If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the zeroth
               argument to the executed command.
 
               If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
-              shell  exits,  unless  the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled.  In
-              that case, it returns a non-zero status.  An  interactive  shell
-              returns  a  non-zero  status  if the file cannot be executed.  A
+              shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option  is  enabled.   In
+              that  case,  it returns a non-zero status.  An interactive shell
+              returns a non-zero status if the file  cannot  be  executed.   A
               subshell exits unconditionally if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
 
               If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
-              current shell, and the return status is 0.  If there is a  redi-
+              current  shell, and the return status is 0.  If there is a redi-
               rection error, the return status is 1.
 
        e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
-              Cause  the  shell  to exit with a status of _\bn.  If _\bn is omitted,
-              the exit status is that of the last command executed.  Any  trap
+              Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn.  If  _\bn  is  omitted,
+              the  exit status is that of the last command executed.  Any trap
               on E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
 
        e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]] ...
        e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
-              The  supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
-              ronment of subsequently executed commands.  If the -\b-f\bf option  is
+              The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the  envi-
+              ronment  of subsequently executed commands.  If the -\b-f\bf option is
               given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions.
 
-              The  -\b-n\bn  option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from
-              each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option  is  sup-
-              plied,  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt  prints a list of names of all exported variables
+              The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export  attribute,  from
+              each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.   If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+              plied, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt prints a list of names of all  exported  variables
               on the standard output.
 
-              e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it  is  ex-
+              e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt  allows  the value of a variable to be set when it is ex-
               ported or unexported by following the variable name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
               This sets the value of the variable to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the
-              export  attribute.  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an
-              invalid option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not  a  valid
+              export attribute.  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless  an
+              invalid  option  is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid
               shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a
               function.
 
@@ -5515,140 +5581,140 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
 
        f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
        f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
-              The  first  form  selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
-              from the history list and  displays  or  edits  and  re-executes
-              them.   _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt  and  _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
-              the last command beginning with that string) or as a number  (an
-              index  into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+              The first form selects a range of commands from  _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt  to  _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
+              from  the  history  list  and  displays or edits and re-executes
+              them.  _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a  string  (to  locate
+              the  last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+              index into the history list, where a negative number is used  as
               an offset from the current command number).
 
               When listing, a _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
               equivalent to the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); oth-
-              erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.  If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is  not
+              erwise  0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.  If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
               specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
               "fc -l -10" prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise.
               If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified, it is set to the previous command for
               editing and -16 for listing.
 
-              If  the  -\b-l\bl  option  is supplied, the commands are listed on the
-              standard output.  The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the  command  numbers
+              If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands  are  listed  on  the
+              standard  output.   The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers
               when listing.  The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands.
 
-              Otherwise,  f\bfc\bc  invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file con-
-              taining those commands.  If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc  uses  the
-              value  of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
-              is not set.  If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When  edit-
-              ing  is  complete,  f\bfc\bc reads the file containing the edited com-
+              Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a  file  con-
+              taining  those  commands.  If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the
+              value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if  F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+              is  not set.  If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When edit-
+              ing is complete, f\bfc\bc reads the file containing  the  edited  com-
               mands and echoes and executes them.
 
-              In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing  each
-              instance  of  _\bp_\ba_\bt  with _\br_\be_\bp.  _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
+              In  the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each
+              instance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp.  _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted  the  same  as
               _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above.
 
-              A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing  "r
+              A  useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing "r
               cc" runs the last command beginning with "cc" and typing "r" re-
               executes the last command.
 
-              If  the  first  form is used, the return value is zero unless an
-              invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt  specify  history
-              lines  out  of  range.   When editing and re-executing a file of
+              If the first form is used, the return value is  zero  unless  an
+              invalid  option  is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+              lines out of range.  When editing and  re-executing  a  file  of
               commands, the return value is the value of the last command exe-
               cuted or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file.  If
               the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-ex-
-              ecuted command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history  en-
+              ecuted  command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history en-
               try, in which case f\bfc\bc returns a non-zero status.
 
        f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
-              Resume  _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+              Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the  current  job.
               If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, use the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt
-              _\bj_\bo_\bb.  The return value is that of the command  placed  into  the
-              foreground,  or  failure if run when job control is disabled or,
+              _\bj_\bo_\bb.   The  return  value is that of the command placed into the
+              foreground, or failure if run when job control is  disabled  or,
               when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a
-              valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that  was  started  without
+              valid  job  or  _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started without
               job control.
 
        g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  is  used  by shell scripts and functions to parse posi-
-              tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments.   _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
-              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  contains  the  option  characters to be recognized; if a
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions  to  parse  posi-
+              tional  parameters and obtain options and their arguments.  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
+              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to  be  recognized;  if  a
               character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have
-              an argument, which should be separated from it by  white  space.
+              an  argument,  which should be separated from it by white space.
               The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option
               characters.
 
-              Each  time  it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the
+              Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option  in  the
               shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and
               the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable
-              O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD.  O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time  the  shell  or  a
-              shell  script  is invoked.  When an option requires an argument,
+              O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD.   O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD  is  initialized  to 1 each time the shell or a
+              shell script is invoked.  When an option requires  an  argument,
               g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.
 
-              The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be  manu-
-              ally  reset  between  multiple  calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same
+              The  shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manu-
+              ally reset between multiple calls to  g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  within  the  same
               shell invocation to use a new set of parameters.
 
-              When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a  return
-              value  greater  than  zero.   O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD  is set to the index of the
+              When  it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
+              value greater than zero.  O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set  to  the  index  of  the
               first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
 
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but  if  more
-              arguments  are  supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  normally  parses the positional parameters, but if more
+              arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses  those  in-
               stead.
 
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways.  If the  first  character
-              of  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  is  a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
-              In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when  it
-              encounters  invalid options or missing option arguments.  If the
-              variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no  error  messages  will  be  dis-
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  can  report errors in two ways.  If the first character
+              of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses  _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt  error  reporting.
+              In  normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
+              encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.  If  the
+              variable  O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR  is  set  to  0, no error messages will be dis-
               played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
 
               If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and,
-              if  not  silent,  prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.  If
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to  O\bOP\bP-\b-
+              if not silent, prints an error message and  unsets  O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.   If
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
               T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does not print a diagnostic message.
 
-              If  a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+              If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not  silent,
               it sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG,
-              and prints a diagnostic message.  If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it  sets
-              the  value  of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
+              and  prints a diagnostic message.  If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
+              the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to  the  option
               character found.
 
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified,  is
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
               found.  It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
               an error occurs.
 
        h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
               Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
-              command  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  as  determined  by  searching  the directories in
-              $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.  Any previously-remembered pathname associated with  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-              is  discarded.  If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+              command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as  determined  by  searching  the  directories  in
+              $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.   Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+              is discarded.  If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
               as the full pathname of the command.
 
-              The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget  all  remembered  loca-
-              tions.   Assigning  to  the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
-              filenames.  The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the  remem-
+              The  -\b-r\br  option  causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
+              tions.  Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also  clears  all  hashed
+              filenames.   The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
               bered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
 
               If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname cor-
-              responding  to  each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
-              plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  before  the  corresponding
+              responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  arguments  are  sup-
+              plied  with  -\b-t\bt,  h\bha\bas\bsh\bh  prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
               hashed full pathname.  The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format
               that may be reused as input.
 
-              If  no  arguments  are  given,  or  if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
-              prints information about remembered commands.  The -\b-t\bt,  -\b-d\bd,  and
-              -\b-p\bp  options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
+              If no arguments are given, or  if  only  -\b-l\bl  is  supplied,  h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+              prints  information  about remembered commands.  The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
+              -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are  mu-
               tually exclusive.  Only one will be active.  If more than one is
-              supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both  have  higher
+              supplied,  -\b-t\bt  has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
               priority than -\b-d\bd.
 
-              The  return  status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
+              The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or  an  in-
               valid option is supplied.
 
        h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
-              Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-              is  specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
-              _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise it displays a list of all  the  builtins  and
+              Display  helpful information about builtin commands.  If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+              is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands  matching
+              _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn;  otherwise  it  displays a list of all the builtins and
               shell compound commands.
               -\b-d\bd     Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
               -\b-m\bm     Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
@@ -5664,18 +5730,18 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              With  no options, display the command history list with numbers.
-              Entries prefixed with a *\b* have been modified.  An argument of  _\bn
-              lists  only the last _\bn entries.  If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
-              F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a  format  string  for
-              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)  to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
-              played history entry.  If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT,  it  does
-              not  print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
+              With no options, display the command history list with  numbers.
+              Entries  prefixed with a *\b* have been modified.  An argument of _\bn
+              lists only the last _\bn entries.  If the shell variable  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+              F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT  is  set  and not null, it is used as a format string for
+              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each  dis-
+              played  history  entry.  If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does
+              not print an intervening space between the formatted time  stamp
               and the history entry.
 
               If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the his-
-              tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE.   If  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-              is  not  supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
+              tory  file;  if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE.  If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+              is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b,  -\b-n\bn,\b,  -\b-r\br,\b,
               and -\b-w\bw options have no effect.
 
               Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
@@ -5683,41 +5749,42 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                      can be used with the other options to replace the history
                      list.
               -\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
-                     Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.   If  _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
+                     Delete  the  history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.  If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
                      is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
                      than the last history position, so negative indices count
-                     back  from  the  end  of  the history, and an index of -1
+                     back from the end of the history,  and  an  index  of  -1
                      refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
               -\b-d\bd _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd
-                     Delete the range of  history  entries  between  positions
-                     _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt  and  _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive.  Positive and negative values
+                     Delete  the  range  of  history entries between positions
+                     _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive.  Positive and  negative  values
                      for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd are interpreted as described above.
-              -\b-a\ba     Append the "new"  history  lines  to  the  history  file.
-                     These  are  history  lines entered since the beginning of
+              -\b-a\ba     Append  the  "new"  history  lines  to  the history file.
+                     These are history lines entered since  the  beginning  of
                      the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the
                      history file.
-              -\b-n\bn     Read the history lines not already read from the  history
-                     file  into the current history list.  These are lines ap-
-                     pended to the history file since  the  beginning  of  the
-                     current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
+              -\b-n\bn     Read  the history lines not already read from the history
+                     file and add them to the current history list.  These are
+                     lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
+                     the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
               -\b-r\br     Read the history file and append its contents to the cur-
                      rent history list.
               -\b-w\bw     Write the current history list to the history file, over-
-                     writing the history file's contents.
-              -\b-p\bp     Perform  history  substitution  on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
-                     display the result on the standard output, without  stor-
-                     ing  the  results  in the history list.  Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+                     writing the history file.
+              -\b-p\bp     Perform history substitution on the  following  _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs  and
+                     display  the result on the standard output, without stor-
+                     ing the results in the history list.  Each  _\ba_\br_\bg  must  be
                      quoted to disable normal history expansion.
-              -\b-s\bs     Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list  as  a  single  entry.
-                     The  last  command  in the history list is removed before
+              -\b-s\bs     Store  the  _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs  in  the history list as a single entry.
+                     The last command in the history list  is  removed  before
                      adding the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
 
-              If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes  the  time
+              If  the  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
               stamp information associated with each history entry to the his-
-              tory  file, marked with the history comment character.  When the
-              history file is read, lines beginning with the  history  comment
-              character  followed  immediately  by  a digit are interpreted as
-              timestamps for the following history entry.
+              tory file, marked with the  history  comment  character  as  de-
+              scribed  above.   When the history file is read, lines beginning
+              with the history comment character  followed  immediately  by  a
+              digit  are  interpreted  as timestamps for the following history
+              entry.
 
               The return value is 0 unless an invalid option  is  encountered,
               an  error  occurs  while reading or writing the history file, an
@@ -6309,12 +6376,15 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell  behav-
               ior.   The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
               -\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
-              builtin command.  With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp  option,  dis-
-              play  a  list  of  all  settable  options, with an indication of
-              whether or not each is set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs  are  supplied,  the
-              output  is  restricted to those options.  The -\b-p\bp option displays
-              output in a form that may be reused  as  input.   Other  options
-              have the following meanings:
+              builtin command.
+
+              With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a  list  of  all
+              settable  options,  with an indication of whether or not each is
+              set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is  restricted  to
+              those options.  The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
+              be reused as input.
+
+              Other options have the following meanings:
               -\b-s\bs     Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
               -\b-u\bu     Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
               -\b-q\bq     Suppresses  normal output (quiet mode); the return status
@@ -6395,7 +6465,6 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
                       These  control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
                       (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
-
               c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell  metacharacters  in  file-
                       names  and  directory  names when performing completion.
@@ -6410,79 +6479,63 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       slashes  to quote completed filenames.  This variable is
                       set by default, which is the default  bash  behavior  in
                       versions through 4.2.
-
               d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
                       If  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
                       of word expansion when performing  filename  completion.
                       This  changes  the  contents  of  the  readline  editing
                       buffer.  If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what  the
                       user typed.
-
               d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
                       If  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
                       names during word completion if the directory name  ini-
                       tially supplied does not exist.
-
               d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If  set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
                       the results of pathname expansion.   The  filenames  "."
                       and ".." must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\bt-\b-
                       g\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.
-
               e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
                       If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
                       not  execute  the  file  specified as an argument to the
                       e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin.  An interactive shell  does  not  exit  if
                       e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
-
               e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
                       If  set,  aliases  are expanded as described above under
                       A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS.  This option is enabled by default for interac-
                       tive shells.
-
               e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
                       If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup  file,
                       arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
                       starts,  identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option.  If set af-
                       ter invocation, behavior intended for use  by  debuggers
                       is enabled:
-
                       1\b1.\b.     The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
                              source file name and line number corresponding to
                              each function name supplied as an argument.
-
                       2\b2.\b.     If  the  command  run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
                              non-zero value, the next command is  skipped  and
                              not executed.
-
                       3\b3.\b.     If  the  command  run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
                              value of 2, and the shell is executing in a  sub-
                              routine  (a shell function or a shell script exe-
                              cuted by the .\b. or  s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be  builtins),  the  shell
                              simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
-
                       4\b4.\b.     B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC  and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
                              in their descriptions above).
-
                       5\b5.\b.     Function tracing is  enabled:  command  substitu-
                              tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
                              (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
-
                       6\b6.\b.     Error  tracing  is enabled: command substitution,
                              shell functions, and  subshells  invoked  with  (\b(
                              _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
-
               e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If  set,  enable  the extended pattern matching features
                       described above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
-
               e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
                       If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and  $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg"  quoting  is  performed
                       within   $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b}   expansions  enclosed  in  double
                       quotes.  This option is enabled by default.
-
               f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
                       If set, patterns which fail to  match  filenames  during
                       pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
-
               f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
                       If  set,  the  suffixes  specified  by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
                       variable cause words to be ignored when performing  word
@@ -6490,7 +6543,6 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       ble  completions.   See  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a de-
                       scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.  This option  is  enabled  by  de-
                       fault.
-
               g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
                       If  set,  range  expressions  used  in  pattern matching
                       bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above)  behave
@@ -6499,169 +6551,139 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       current  locale's  collating sequence into account, so b\bb
                       will not collate between A\bA and  B\bB,  and  upper-case  and
                       lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
-
               g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
                       If  set,  pathname  expansion will never match the file-
                       names "." and "..", even if the pattern  begins  with  a
                       ".".  This option is enabled by default.
-
               g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
                       If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
                       text  will  match all files and zero or more directories
                       and subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a  /\b/,
                       only directories and subdirectories match.
-
               g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
                       If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
                       GNU error message format.
-
               h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
                       If  set,  the history list is appended to the file named
                       by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
                       its, rather than overwriting the file.
-
               h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the  user  is  given
                       the  opportunity  to  re-edit a failed history substitu-
                       tion.
-
               h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of  his-
                       tory  substitution  are  not  immediately  passed to the
                       shell parser.  Instead, the  resulting  line  is  loaded
                       into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
                       fication.
-
               h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
                       perform  hostname  completion when a word containing a @\b@
                       is  being  completed  (see  C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg  under   R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
                       above).  This is enabled by default.
-
               h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
                       active login shell exits.
-
               i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
                       If  set,  command substitution inherits the value of the
                       e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the  subshell
                       environment.   This option is enabled when _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is
                       enabled.
-
               i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
                       In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b#  causes
                       that  word  and all remaining characters on that line to
                       be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see  C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
                       above).  This option is enabled by default.
-
               l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
                       If  set,  and  job control is not active, the shell runs
                       the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
                       ground in the current shell environment.
-
               l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option  is  enabled,  multi-line
                       commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
                       rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
-
               l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
                       If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
                       of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
                       scope before any new value is assigned.  The nameref at-
                       tribute is not inherited.
-
               l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
                       If  set,  calling  u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt  on local variables in previous
                       function scopes marks them so  subsequent  lookups  find
                       them unset until that function returns.  This is identi-
                       cal  to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
                       current function scope.
-
               l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
                       The shell sets this option if it is started as  a  login
                       shell  (see  I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN  above).   The  value may not be
                       changed.
-
               m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
                       If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking  for  mail  has
                       been  accessed  since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
                       displays the message "The  mail  in  _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be  has  been
                       read".
-
               n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
                       P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  for  possible  completions  when completion is at-
                       tempted on an empty line.
-
               n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches  filenames  in  a  case-insensitive
                       fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
                       E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
-
               n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
                       If  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  matches  patterns  in a case-insensitive
                       fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
                       [\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
                       tution word expansions, or when filtering possible  com-
                       pletions as part of programmable completion.
-
               n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
                       If  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
                       quoting in single quotes instead of double  quotes.   If
                       the string is not translated, this has no effect.
-
               n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
                       If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
                       (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) expand to nothing and are
                       removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
-
               p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
                       string  of  pattern  substitution to the text matched by
                       the pattern,  as  described  under  P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br  E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
                       above.  This option is enabled by default.
-
               p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
                       If  set,  enable  the programmable completion facilities
                       (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn above).  This option is en-
                       abled by default.
-
               p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
                       If set, and programmable  completion  is  enabled,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
                       treats  a command name that doesn't have any completions
                       as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion.  If it
                       has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion  us-
                       ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
-
               p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
                       If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
                       mand  substitution,  arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
                       moval after being expanded  as  described  in  P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
                       above.  This option is enabled by default.
-
               r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
                       The  shell  sets  this  option  if  it is started in re-
                       stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below).   The  value
                       may  not be changed.  This is not reset when the startup
                       files are executed, allowing the startup files  to  dis-
                       cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
-
               s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
                       If  set,  the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
                       the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
                       ters.
-
               s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
                       If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
                       find the directory containing the file  supplied  as  an
                       argument  when  the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied.  This op-
                       tion is enabled by default.
-
               v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
                       If set, the shell automatically closes file  descriptors
                       assigned  using  the  _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b}  redirection syntax (see
                       R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
                       command completes.
-
               x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
                       If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin  expands  backslash-escape  se-
                       quences  by  default.  If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
@@ -6744,74 +6766,73 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               cale.  If the shell is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt  and  [\b[  com-
               mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
 
-                     The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more
-                     arguments  can  lead  to  ambiguities  when it encounters
-                     strings that look like primaries.  The POSIX standard has
-                     deprecated the -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing  expres-
-                     sions  within  parentheses.  Scripts should no longer use
-                     them.  It's much more reliable to restrict  test  invoca-
-                     tions  to a single primary, and to replace uses of -\b-a\ba and
-                     -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
+              The  historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
+              ments can lead to ambiguities when it  encounters  strings  that
+              look  like  primaries.  The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
+              and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions  within  parentheses.
+              Scripts  should  no longer use them.  It's much more reliable to
+              restrict test invocations to a single primary,  and  to  replace
+              uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
 
-       t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs  Print the accumulated user and system times for  the  shell  and
+       t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs  Print  the  accumulated  user and system times for the shell and
               for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
 
-       t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-P\bPl\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
+       t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
               The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
-              receives  any  of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.  If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
+              receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.  If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is  absent  (and
               there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
-              to the value it had when the shell was started.   If  _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  is
-              the  null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
+              to  the  value  it had when the shell was started.  If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+              the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is  ignored
               by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
 
-              If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions  associ-
+              If  no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
               ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
-              be  reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
-              tions.  If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is  not  present,  then  t\btr\bra\bap\bp
-              displays  the  actions  associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
+              be reused as shell input to restore the current signal  disposi-
+              tions.   If  -\b-p\bp  is  given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+              displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  or,  if  none
               are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
-              that can be reused as shell input to restore the current  signal
-              dispositions.   The  -\b-P\bP  option  behaves similarly, but displays
-              only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  -\b-P\bP  re-
-              quires  at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
-              be used in a subshell environment (e.g.,  command  substitution)
-              and,  as  long  as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
+              that  can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+              dispositions.  The -\b-P\bP option  behaves  similarly,  but  displays
+              only  the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  -\b-P\bP re-
+              quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options  may
+              be  used  in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
+              and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used  to  change  a
               signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
 
-              The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal  names  and  their  corre-
-              sponding  numbers.  Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
+              The  -\b-l\bl  option  prints  a list of signal names and their corre-
+              sponding numbers.  Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name  defined
               in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number.  Signal names are case insen-
-              sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional.  If -\b-l\bl is  supplied  with
+              sitive  and  the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional.  If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
               no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
 
-              If  a  _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
-              shell.  If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed  before  every
-              _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,  _\bf_\bo_\br  command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
-              arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br  com-
-              mand,  and before the first command executes in a shell function
-              (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above).  Refer  to  the  description  of  the
-              e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg  shell  option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
-              fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap.  If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is  exe-
+              If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on  exit  from  the
+              shell.   If  a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
+              _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command,  _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt  command,  ((
+              arithmetic  command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
+              mand, and before the first command executes in a shell  function
+              (see  S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL  G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR  above).   Refer  to the description of the
+              e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of  its  ef-
+              fect  on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap.  If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
               cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .\b.
               or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
 
-              If  a  _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  is  E\bER\bRR\bR,  _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
-              (which may consist of a single simple command),  a  list,  or  a
-              compound  command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
-              following conditions.  The E\bER\bRR\bR  trap  is  not  executed  if  the
+              If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  is  executed  whenever  a  pipeline
+              (which  may  consist  of  a single simple command), a list, or a
+              compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to  the
+              following  conditions.   The  E\bER\bRR\bR  trap  is  not executed if the
               failed command is part of the command list immediately following
-              a  w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be  or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
+              a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an  _\bi_\bf  statement,
               part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
-              following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but  the
-              last  (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
+              following  the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+              last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or  if
               the command's return value is being inverted using !\b!.  These are
               the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
 
               When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
               the shell cannot be trapped or reset.  Interactive shells permit
               trapping signals ignored on entry.  Trapped signals that are not
-              being ignored are reset to their original values in  a  subshell
-              or  subshell environment when one is created.  The return status
+              being  ignored  are reset to their original values in a subshell
+              or subshell environment when one is created.  The return  status
               is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
 
        t\btr\bru\bue\be   Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
@@ -6820,39 +6841,39 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
               name.
 
-              If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is  one  of
-              _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs,  _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
-              shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file,  re-
-              spectively.   If  the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
+              If  the  -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
+              _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an  alias,
+              shell  reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
+              spectively.  If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints  nothing  and
               returns a non-zero exit status.
 
-              If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns  the  pathname  of
-              the  executable  file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
+              If  the  -\b-p\bp  option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
+              the executable file that would be found by searching  $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  for
               _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if "type -t name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be.  The -\b-P\bP
-              option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,  even  if  "type  -t
+              option  forces  a  P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  search  for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if "type -t
               name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be.  If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of
-              hashed  commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not
+              hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is  not
               necessarily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
 
-              If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all  of  the  places  that
-              contain  a  command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  This includes aliases, reserved
-              words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options  (-\b-p\bp
-              and  -\b-P\bP)  can  be  supplied to restrict the output to executable
-              files.  t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands  when
+              If  the  -\b-a\ba  option  is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
+              contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  This includes  aliases,  reserved
+              words,  functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
+              and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict  the  output  to  executable
+              files.   t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
               using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
 
               The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
-              m\bma\ban\bnd\bd  builtin.   t\bty\byp\bpe\be  returns  true if all of the arguments are
+              m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin.  t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all  of  the  arguments  are
               found, false if any are not found.
 
        u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
        u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
-              Provides control over the resources available to the  shell  and
+              Provides  control  over the resources available to the shell and
               to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
 
-              The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
-              for  the  given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased by a
-              non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be  increased  up
+              The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit  is
+              set for the given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased by
+              a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
               to  the value of the hard limit.  If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
               fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
 
@@ -6864,34 +6885,34 @@ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               -\b-H\bH option is given.  When more than one resource  is  specified,
               the  limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
               value.  Other options are interpreted as follows:
-              -\b-a\ba     Report all current limits; no limits are set
-              -\b-b\bb     The maximum socket buffer size
-              -\b-c\bc     The maximum size of core files created
-              -\b-d\bd     The maximum size of a process's data segment
+              -\b-a\ba     Report all current limits; no limits are set.
+              -\b-b\bb     The maximum socket buffer size.
+              -\b-c\bc     The maximum size of core files created.
+              -\b-d\bd     The maximum size of a process's data segment.
               -\b-e\be     The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
               -\b-f\bf     The maximum size of files written by the  shell  and  its
-                     children
-              -\b-i\bi     The maximum number of pending signals
-              -\b-k\bk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-              -\b-l\bl     The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+                     children.
+              -\b-i\bi     The maximum number of pending signals.
+              -\b-k\bk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+              -\b-l\bl     The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
               -\b-m\bm     The  maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
-                     this limit)
+                     this limit).
               -\b-n\bn     The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
-                     do not allow this value to be set)
-              -\b-p\bp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-              -\b-q\bq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-              -\b-r\br     The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-              -\b-s\bs     The maximum stack size
-              -\b-t\bt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+                     do not allow this value to be set).
+              -\b-p\bp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
+              -\b-q\bq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+              -\b-r\br     The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+              -\b-s\bs     The maximum stack size.
+              -\b-t\bt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
               -\b-u\bu     The maximum number of processes  available  to  a  single
-                     user
+                     user.
               -\b-v\bv     The  maximum  amount  of  virtual memory available to the
-                     shell and, on some systems, to its children
-              -\b-x\bx     The maximum number of file locks
-              -\b-P\bP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+                     shell and, on some systems, to its children.
+              -\b-x\bx     The maximum number of file locks.
+              -\b-P\bP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
               -\b-R\bR     The maximum time  a  real-time  process  can  run  before
-                     blocking, in microseconds
-              -\b-T\bT     The maximum number of threads
+                     blocking, in microseconds.
+              -\b-T\bT     The maximum number of threads.
 
               If  _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt  is  supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
               the new value of the specified resource.  If no option  is  sup-
@@ -7282,4 +7303,4 @@ B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
 
        Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
 
-GNU Bash 5.3                   2024 September 29                       _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+GNU Bash 5.3                    2024 October 10                        _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)

diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1
index 95f21cf08c7fa9b31f6516e48c9c660e6bf18657..526e05b8294a579cbb6494c7fd45c274591efd0b 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bash.1
+++ b/doc/bash.1
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-\"
+.\"
 .\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
 .\"
 .\"    Chet Ramey
 .\"    Case Western Reserve University
 .\"    chet.ramey@case.edu
 .\"
-.\"    Last Change: Sun Sep 29 22:28:23 EDT 2024
+.\"    Last Change: Thu Oct 10 16:33:40 EDT 2024
 .\"
 .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
 .\" avoid a warning about an undefined register
 .\" .if !rzY .nr zY 0
 .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
 .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2024 September 29" "GNU Bash 5.3"
+.TH BASH 1 "2024 October 10" "GNU Bash 5.3"
 .\"
 .ie \n(.g \{\
 .ds ' \(aq
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ below under
 .BR "Shell Variables" .
 .PP
 When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, \fBtime\fP
-may be followed by a newline.
+may appear by itself as the only word in a simple command.
 In this case, the shell displays the
 total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
 The
@@ -1256,23 +1256,23 @@ double quote
 question mark
 .TP
 .B \e\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(one to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three octal digits).
 .TP
 .B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits).
 .TP
 .B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits).
 .TP
 .B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits).
 .TP
 .B \ec\fIx\fP
-a control-\fIx\fP character
+A control-\fIx\fP character.
 .PD
 .RE
 .LP
@@ -1459,8 +1459,8 @@ The shell treats several parameters specially.
 These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is
 not allowed.
 Special parameters are denoted by one of the following characters.
-.PD 0
 .TP
+.PD 0
 .B *
 (\fB$*\fP) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
 When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
@@ -3192,8 +3192,9 @@ The preamble is prefixed to each string contained
 within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
 to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
 .PP
-Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded
-string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.
+Brace expansions may be nested.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted;
+brace expansion preserves left to right order.
 For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into
 .Q "ade ace abe" .
 .PP
@@ -3418,7 +3419,6 @@ When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below
 \fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
 Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
 .PP
-.PD 0
 .TP
 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP}
 \fBUse Default Values\fP.  If
@@ -3465,11 +3465,11 @@ is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
 is substituted.
 The value of \fIparameter\fP is not used.
 .TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP}
 .PD 0
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP}
 .TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP}
 .PD
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP}
 \fBSubstring Expansion\fP.
 Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP
 starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
@@ -3520,8 +3520,8 @@ are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
 If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is
 prefixed to the list.
 .TP
-${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP}
 .PD 0
+${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP}
 .TP
 ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP}
 .PD
@@ -3534,8 +3534,8 @@ special variable.
 When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
 variable name expands to a separate word.
 .TP
-${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]}
 .PD 0
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]}
 .TP
 ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]}
 .PD
@@ -3571,8 +3571,8 @@ interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
 \fIparameter\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the
 array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
 .TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
 .PD 0
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
 .TP
 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP}
 .PD
@@ -3612,8 +3612,8 @@ or
 the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
 .TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP}
 .PD 0
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP}
 .TP
 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP}
 .PD
@@ -3650,8 +3650,8 @@ or
 the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
 .TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
 .PD 0
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
 .TP
 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB//\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
 .TP
@@ -3732,8 +3732,8 @@ or
 the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
 .TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB\*^\fP\fIpattern\fP}
 .PD 0
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB\*^\fP\fIpattern\fP}
 .TP
 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB\*^\*^\fP\fIpattern\fP}
 .TP
@@ -3775,6 +3775,7 @@ or
 the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
 .TP
+.PD 0
 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB@\fP\fIoperator\fP}
 \fBParameter transformation\fP.
 The expansion is either a transformation of the value of \fIparameter\fP
@@ -3782,7 +3783,6 @@ or information about \fIparameter\fP itself, depending on the value of
 \fIoperator\fP.  Each \fIoperator\fP is a single letter:
 .PP
 .RS
-.PD 0
 .TP
 .B U
 The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with lowercase
@@ -5499,34 +5499,34 @@ arguments, if any.
 The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the
 following:
 .IP \(bu
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin
+Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin.
 .IP \(bu
-the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or
-\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+The current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or
+\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 .IP \(bu
-the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from
-the shell's parent
+The file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from
+the shell's parent.
 .IP \(bu
-current traps set by \fBtrap\fP
+Current traps set by \fBtrap\fP.
 .IP \(bu
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP
-or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 .IP \(bu
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
-parent in the environment
+Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment.
 .IP \(bu
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by \fBset\fP
+Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by \fBset\fP.
 .IP \(bu
-options enabled by \fBshopt\fP
+Options enabled by \fBshopt\fP.
 .IP \(bu
-shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP
+Shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP.
 .IP \(bu
-various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
+Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
 of \fB$$\fP, and the value of
 .SM
-.B PPID
+.BR PPID .
 .PP
 When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
 is to be executed, it
@@ -5534,18 +5534,18 @@ is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
 the following.
 Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell.
 .IP \(bu
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
-by redirections to the command
+The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command.
 .IP \(bu
-the current working directory
+The current working directory.
 .IP \(bu
-the file creation mode mask
+The file creation mode mask.
 .IP \(bu
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment
+Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment.
 .IP \(bu
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 .PP
 A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
 shell's execution environment.
@@ -6124,7 +6124,7 @@ The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.
 The username of the current user.
 .TP
 .B \ev
-The \fBbash\fP version (e.g., 2.00)
+The \fBbash\fP version (e.g., 2.00).
 .TP
 .B \eV
 The \fBbash\fP release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
@@ -6202,8 +6202,8 @@ shell, unless the
 option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the \fB\-e\fP option to the
 \fBread\fP builtin.
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
-A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs;
+a vi-style line editing interface is also available.
 Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
 .B \-o emacs
 or
@@ -6222,8 +6222,7 @@ options to the
 .B set
 builtin.
 .SS "Readline Notation"
-In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
-keystrokes.
+This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes.
 Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fP, e.g., C\-n means Control\-N.
 Similarly,
 .I meta
@@ -6240,7 +6239,7 @@ The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP,
 or press the Escape key
 then hold the Control key while pressing the
 .I x
-key.)
+key.
 .PP
 On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
 the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the \fBenable\-meta\-key\fP variable
@@ -6249,7 +6248,7 @@ On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
 key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the
 preceding paragraph.
 .PP
-If the \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
+If your \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
 you can make M-\fIkey\fP key bindings you specify (see
 .B "Readline Key Bindings"
 below) do the same thing by setting the \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP variable.
@@ -6258,17 +6257,18 @@ Readline commands may be given numeric
 .IR arguments ,
 which normally act as a repeat count.
 Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
-Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
-direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a
-backward direction.
+Passing a negative argument
+to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP)
+makes that command act in a backward direction.
 Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
 below.
 .PP
 When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
 deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
-(\fIyanking\fP).  The killed text is saved in a
-\fIkill ring\fP.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be
-accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+(\fIyanking\fP).
+The killed text is saved in a \fIkill ring\fP.
+Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text 
+into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
 Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
 on the kill ring.
 .SS "Readline Initialization"
@@ -6277,25 +6277,28 @@ file (the \fIinputrc\fP file).
 The name of this file is taken from the value of the
 .SM
 .B INPUTRC
-variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+shell variable.
+If that variable is unset, the default is
 .IR \*~/.inputrc .
-If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for
 .IR /etc/inputrc .
-When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
-initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables
-are set.
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-readline initialization file.
+When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+\fBreadline\fP reads the initialization file
+and sets the key bindings and variables found there,
+before reading any user input.
+.PP
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file.
 Blank lines are ignored.
 Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments.
 Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs.
 Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
 .PP
-The default key-bindings may be changed with an
+The default key-bindings in this section
+may be changed using key binding commands in the
 .I inputrc
 file.
-Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
-and bindings.
+Programs that use the readline library, including \fBbash\fP,
+may add their own commands and bindings.
 .PP
 For example, placing
 .RS
@@ -6312,29 +6315,37 @@ into the
 would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
 .IR universal\-argument .
 .PP
-The following symbolic character names are recognized:
-.IR RUBOUT ,
+Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names:
 .IR DEL ,
 .IR ESC ,
+.IR ESCAPE ,
 .IR LFD ,
 .IR NEWLINE ,
 .IR RET ,
 .IR RETURN ,
-.IR SPC ,
+.IR RUBOUT ,
 .IR SPACE ,
+.IR SPC ,
 and
 .IR TAB .
 .PP
 In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
 to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP).
+The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+enclosed in single or double quotes.
 .SS "Readline Key Bindings"
 The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
 .I inputrc
-file is simple.  All that is required is the name of the
-command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
-it should be bound.  The name may be specified in one of two ways:
-as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
-prefixes, or as a key sequence.
+file is simple.
+All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+and a key sequence to which it should be bound.
+The key sequence may be specified in one of two ways:
+as a symbolic key name,
+possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP prefixes,
+or as a key sequence composed of one or more characters
+enclosed in double quotes.
+The key sequence and name are separated by a colon.
+There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon.
 .PP
 When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
 .I keyname
@@ -6344,7 +6355,7 @@ is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
 .EX
 .nf
 Control-u: universal\-argument
-Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+Meta-Rubout: backward\-kill\-word
 Control-o: \*"> output\*"
 .fi
 .EE
@@ -6371,9 +6382,10 @@ differs from
 .B keyname
 above in that strings denoting
 an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
-within double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
-used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
-are not recognized.
+within double quotes.
+Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
+used, as in the following example, but none of
+the symbolic character names are recognized.
 .PP
 .RS
 .EX
@@ -6397,28 +6409,29 @@ and
 is bound to insert the text
 .Q "Function Key 1" .
 .PP
-The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
+The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when specifying
+key sequences is
 .RS
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B \eC\-
-control prefix
+A control prefix.
 .TP
 .B \eM\-
-adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
-character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP
+Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP.
 .TP
 .B \ee
-an escape character
+An escape character.
 .TP
 .B \e\e
-backslash
+Backslash.
 .TP
 .B \e\*"
-literal \*"
+Literal \*", a double quote.
 .TP
 .B \e\*'
-literal \*'
+Literal \*', a single quote.
 .RE
 .PD
 .PP
@@ -6452,38 +6465,43 @@ horizontal tab
 vertical tab
 .TP
 .B \e\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(one to three digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three digits).
 .TP
 .B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits).
 .RE
 .PD
 .PP
 When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
 be used to indicate a macro definition.
 Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+in the macro body.
 Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
 including \*" and \*'.
 .PP
 .B Bash
-allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
-with the
+will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the
 .B bind
-builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched during interactive
-use by using the
-.B \-o
-option to the
+builtin command.
+The
+.B \-o emacs
+or
+.B \-o vi
+options to the
 .B set
-builtin command (see
+builtin
+(see
 .SM
 .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below).
+below)
+will change the editing mode during interactive use.
 .SS "Readline Variables"
 Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
-behavior.  A variable may be set in the
+behavior.
+A variable may be set in the
 .I inputrc
 file with a statement of the form
 .RS
@@ -6508,6 +6526,13 @@ When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values,
 are equivalent to \fBOn\fP.
 All other values are equivalent to
 \fBOff\fP.
+.PP
+The \fBbind \-V\fP command lists the current readline variable names
+and values  (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+.PP
 The variables and their default values are:
 .PP
 .PD 0
@@ -6543,13 +6568,13 @@ A sample value might be
 .TP
 .B bell\-style (audible)
 Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.
+If set to \fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
 If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
 .TP
 .B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP (the default), readline attempts to bind
-the control  characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind
+the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
 terminal driver to their readline equivalents.
 These override the default readline bindings described here.
 Type
@@ -6582,9 +6607,9 @@ environment variable.
 .TP
 .BR comment\-begin\ ( \c
 .Q \fB#\fP \fB)\fP
-The string that is inserted when the readline
+The string that the readline
 .B insert\-comment
-command is executed.
+command inserts.
 This command is bound to
 .B M\-#
 in emacs mode and to
@@ -6609,10 +6634,12 @@ treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when
 performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion.
 .TP
 .B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0)
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+The maximum
+length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.
+When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+replaces common prefixes longer than this value
+with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 .TP
 .B completion\-query\-items (100)
 This determines when the user is queried about viewing
@@ -6622,27 +6649,27 @@ It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
 If the number of possible completions is greater than
 or equal to the value of this variable,
 readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
-otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal.
+otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal.
 A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are
 treated as zero.
 .TP
 .B convert\-meta (On)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters it reads
-with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
-by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
+that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
+clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
 (converting the character to have the \fImeta prefix\fP).
 The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP
 if the locale contains
 characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+may change if the locale changes.
 This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
 \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below.
 .TP
 .B disable\-completion (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
-characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
-mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
 .TP
 .B echo\-control\-characters (On)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
@@ -6650,7 +6677,7 @@ readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
 keyboard.
 .TP
 .B editing\-mode (emacs)
-Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
+Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar
 to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
 .B editing\-mode
 can be set to either
@@ -6660,11 +6687,12 @@ or
 .TP
 .B emacs\-mode\-string (@)
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
-this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
-prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the
+primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
 backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -6676,8 +6704,7 @@ When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, readline allows certain commands
 to designate the region as \fIactive\fP.
 When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using
 the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the
-string that enables
-the terminal's standout mode.
+string that enables the terminal's standout mode.
 The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
 matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 .TP
@@ -6685,44 +6712,45 @@ matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline configures the terminal to insert each
 paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead
 of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
-This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
+This is called \fIbracketed\-paste mode\fP;
+it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
 sequences appearing in the pasted text.
 .TP
 .B enable\-keypad (Off)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.
+keypad when it is called.
+Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
 .TP
 .B enable\-meta\-key (On)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+key the terminal claims to support.
 On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
 this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
 terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a
 character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is
 typed (a meta character).
 .TP
+.B expand\-tilde (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs tilde expansion when it
+attempts word completion.
+.TP
 .B force\-meta\-prefix (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline modifies its behavior when binding key
 sequences containing \eM- or Meta-
 (see \fBKey Bindings\fP above) by converting a key sequence of the form
-\eM-\fIC\fP or Meta-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence            
-\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the meta prefix).
+\eM\-\fIC\fP or Meta\-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence
+\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the \fImeta prefix\fP).
 If
 .B force\-meta\-prefix
-is set to \fBOff\fP (the default),  
+is set to \fBOff\fP (the default),
 readline uses the value of the
-.B convert\-meta 
+.B convert\-meta
 variable to determine whether to perform this conversion:
-if \fBconvert\-meta\fP is \fBOn\fP,   
+if \fBconvert\-meta\fP is \fBOn\fP,
 readline performs the conversion described above;
-if it is \fBOff\fP, Readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by  
+if it is \fBOff\fP, readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by
 setting the eighth bit (0200).
 .TP
-.B expand\-tilde (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
-attempts word completion.
-.TP
 .B history\-preserve\-point (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the
 same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP
@@ -6734,29 +6762,28 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
 are saved.
 If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
 limited.
-By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the
-\fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable.
-If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value,
-the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+By default, \fBbash\fP sets the the maximum number of history entries to
+the value of the \fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable.
+Setting \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value will set
+the maximum number of history entries to 500.
 .TP
 .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
-scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
-becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
+Setting this variable to \fBOn\fP makes readline use a single line
+for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line
+when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to
+a new line.
 This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
 .TP
 .B input\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
-it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
 regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The name
-.B meta\-flag
-is a synonym for this variable.
 The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
+The name \fBmeta\-flag\fP is a synonym for \fBinput\-meta\fP.
 .TP
 .BR isearch\-terminators\ ( \c
 .Q \fBC\-[C\-J\fP \fB)\fP
@@ -6766,42 +6793,41 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
 \fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
 .TP
 .B keymap (emacs)
-Set the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap names is
+Set the current readline keymap.
+The set of valid keymap names is
 \fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
 vi\-command\fP, and
 .IR vi\-insert .
-\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
-equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.  The default value is
-.IR emacs ;
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP;
+\fIemacs\fP is equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
+The default value is \fIemacs\fP;
 the value of
 .B editing\-mode
 also affects the default keymap.
 .TP
 .B keyseq\-timeout (500)
-Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
+Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when
+reading an ambiguous key sequence
+(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
+or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
+If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+shorter but complete key sequence.
 The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
-\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input.
+readline will wait one second for additional input.
 If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to
 decide which key sequence to complete.
 .TP
 .B mark\-directories (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.
+If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash appended.
 .TP
 .B mark\-modified\-lines (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays history lines that have been modified
 with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP).
 .TP
 .B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
-have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-\fBmark\-directories\fP).
+have a slash appended, subject to the value of \fBmark\-directories\fP.
 .TP
 .B match\-hidden\-files (On)
 This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, forces readline to match files whose
@@ -6822,10 +6848,10 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
 eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
 sequence.
 The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
 .TP
 .B page\-completions (On)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
@@ -6840,7 +6866,8 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
 .TP
 .B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed.  By default,
+before returning when executing \fBaccept\-line\fP.
+By default,
 history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
 calls to \fBreadline\fP.
 .TP
@@ -6849,8 +6876,8 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs incremental and non-incremental
 history list searches in a case\-insensitive fashion.
 .TP
 .B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+If set to
 .BR On ,
 words which have more than one possible completion cause the
 matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
@@ -6872,20 +6899,19 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP).
 .TP
 .B skip\-completed\-text (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
+inserting a single match into the line.
+It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
+If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion
+that match characters after point in the word being completed,
+so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
 .TP
 .B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd))
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -6893,10 +6919,9 @@ sequence into the mode string.
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -6909,14 +6934,16 @@ completions.
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
 bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+of tests.
+There are four parser directives available.
 .TP
 .B $if
 The
 .B $if
 construct allows bindings to be made based on the
 editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+readline.
+The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
 extends to the end of the line;
 unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
 .RS
@@ -6932,15 +6959,17 @@ readline is starting out in emacs mode.
 .B term
 The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
 key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+terminal's function keys.
+The word on the right side of the
 .B =
 is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
-of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.  This allows
-.I sun
+of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.
+This allows
+.I xterm
 to match both
-.I sun
+.I xterm
 and
-.IR sun\-cmd ,
+.IR xterm\-256color ,
 for instance.
 .TP
 .B version
@@ -6959,8 +6988,9 @@ and
 .BR > .
 The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
 of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
-minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). If the minor version is omitted, it
-is assumed to be \fB0\fP.
+minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP).
+If the minor version is omitted, it
+defaults to \fB0\fP.
 The operator may be separated from the string \fBversion\fP
 and from the version number argument by whitespace.
 .TP
@@ -6971,7 +7001,8 @@ Each program using the readline
 library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
 file can test for a particular value.
 This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+a specific program.
+For instance, the following command adds a
 key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP:
 .PP
 .RS
@@ -6992,22 +7023,23 @@ The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP.
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values \fIon\fP and \fIoff\fP.
 .RE
 .TP
-.B $endif
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-\fB$if\fP command.
-.TP
 .B $else
 Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if
 the test fails.
 .TP
+.B $endif
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+\fB$if\fP command.
+.TP
 .B $include
 This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.  For example, the following directive
-would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
+and key bindings from that file.
+For example, the following directive would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
 .PP
 .RS
 .nf
@@ -7019,7 +7051,8 @@ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
 (see
 .SM
 .B HISTORY
-below) for lines containing a specified string.
+below)
+for lines containing a specified string.
 There are two search modes:
 .I incremental
 and
@@ -7031,39 +7064,50 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
 the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
 An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
 find the desired history entry.
+When using emacs editing mode, type \fBC\-r\fP to
+search backward in the history for a particular string.
+Typing \fBC\-s\fP searches forward through the history.
 The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
 variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
-If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and
-Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
-Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
-line.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value,
+\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
+\fIC\-g\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
 When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
 search string becomes the current line.
 .PP
-To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
-Control-R as appropriate.
+To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-r\fP or
+\fBC\-s\fP as appropriate.
 This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
 entry matching the search string typed so far.
 Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
 the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept
+For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept
 the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
 .PP
-Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two
-Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a
-new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.
+Readline remembers the last incremental search string.
+If two \fBC\-r\fPs are typed without any intervening characters defining
+a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.
 .PP
 Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+to search for matching history entries.
+The search string may be
 typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 .SS "Readline Command Names"
 The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
 key sequences to which they are bound.
 Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
+.PP
 In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor
 position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the
 \fBset\-mark\fP command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
+Readline has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP:
+when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the
+value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 .SS Commands for Moving
 .PD 0
 .TP
@@ -7082,8 +7126,8 @@ Move forward a character.
 Move back a character.
 .TP
 .B forward\-word (M\-f)
-Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
-alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
 .TP
 .B backward\-word (M\-b)
 Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
@@ -7099,13 +7143,15 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
 .TP
 .B previous\-screen\-line
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
 greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
 .TP
 .B next\-screen\-line
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
 of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
 plus the screen width.
@@ -7129,12 +7175,16 @@ Refresh the current line.
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B accept\-line (Newline, Return)
-Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
-non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the
+Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
+If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the
+state of the
 .SM
 .B HISTCONTROL
-variable.  If the line is a modified history
-line, then restore the history line to its original state.
+and
+.B HISTIGNORE
+variables.
+If the line is a modified history line,
+restore the history line to its original state.
 .TP
 .B previous\-history (C\-p)
 Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
@@ -7152,8 +7202,10 @@ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
 entered.
 .TP
 .B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
-Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
-relative to the current line from the history for editing.
+Accept the current line for execution as if a
+newline had been entered,
+and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
+for editing.
 A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
 of the current line.
 .TP
@@ -7168,37 +7220,42 @@ Search backward starting at the current line and moving
 .Q up
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 .TP
 .B forward\-search\-history (C\-s)
 Search forward starting at the current line and moving
 .Q down
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 .TP
 .B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p)
 Search backward through the history starting at the current line
 using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 .TP
 .B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n)
-Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for
-a string supplied by the user.
+Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search
+for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 .TP
 .B history\-search\-backward
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
 between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards.
 .TP
 .B history\-search\-forward
 Search forward through the history for the string of characters
 between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards.
 .TP
 .B history\-substring\-search\-backward
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the current cursor
-position (the \fIpoint\fP).
+between the start of the current line and the point.
 The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 .TP
@@ -7214,10 +7271,12 @@ the second word on the previous line) at point.
 With an argument
 .IR n ,
 insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the
+in the previous command begin with word 0).
+A negative argument inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of
+the previous command.
+Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed,
+this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+\fIn\fPth word, as if the
 .Q !\fIn\fP
 history expansion had been specified.
 .TP
@@ -7230,10 +7289,11 @@ Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history
 list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
 the first call) of each line in turn.
 Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word,
-as if the
+the direction to move through the history.
+A negative argument switches the direction through the history
+(back or forward).
+This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+last word, as if the
 .Q !$
 history expansion had been specified.
 .TP
@@ -7247,21 +7307,21 @@ word splitting, and quote removal.
 An explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution.
 See
 .SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+.B "HISTORY EXPANSION"
 below for a description of history expansion.
 .TP
 .B history\-expand\-line (M\-\*^)
 Perform history expansion on the current line.
 See
 .SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+.B "HISTORY EXPANSION"
 below for a description of history expansion.
 .TP
 .B magic\-space
 Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space.
 See
 .SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+.B "HISTORY EXPANSION"
 below for a description of history expansion.
 .TP
 .B alias\-expand\-line
@@ -7306,7 +7366,8 @@ same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP
 commonly is, see above for the effects.
 .TP
 .B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout)
-Delete the character behind the cursor.  When given a numeric argument,
+Delete the character behind the cursor.
+When given a numeric argument,
 save the deleted text on the kill ring.
 .TP
 .B forward\-backward\-delete\-char
@@ -7315,8 +7376,8 @@ end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
 deleted.
 .TP
 .B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v)
-Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.
+This is how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
 .TP
 .B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB)
 Insert a tab character.
@@ -7324,6 +7385,19 @@ Insert a tab character.
 .B "self\-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \fR.\|.\|.\fP)"
 Insert the character typed.
 .TP
+.B bracketed\-paste\-begin
+This function is intended to be bound to the
+.Q "bracketed paste"
+escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
+The pasted characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to \fBself\-insert\fP instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+.IP
+Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and activates the region.
+.TP
 .B transpose\-chars (C\-t)
 Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
 moving point forward as well.
@@ -7337,16 +7411,27 @@ moving point over that word as well.
 If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
 the last two words on the line.
 .TP
+.B shell\-transpose\-words (M-C-t)
+Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+moving point past that word as well.
+If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
+the last two words on the line.
+Word boundaries are the same as \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP and
+\fBshell\-backward\-word\fP.
+.TP
 .B upcase\-word (M\-u)
-Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B downcase\-word (M\-l)
-Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B capitalize\-word (M\-c)
-Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B overwrite\-mode
@@ -7356,6 +7441,7 @@ With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode.
 This command affects only \fBemacs\fP mode;
 \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently.
 Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode.
+.IP
 In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace
 the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
 Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character
@@ -7367,14 +7453,18 @@ but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B kill\-line (C\-k)
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+beginning of the line.
 .TP
 .B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout)
-Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+Kill backward to the beginning of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
+end of the line.
 .TP
 .B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u)
-Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line
 .TP
 .B kill\-whole\-line
@@ -7389,7 +7479,7 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
 Kill the word behind point.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
 .TP
-.B shell\-kill\-word
+.B shell\-kill\-word (M\-C\-d)
 Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
 words, to the end of the next word.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP.
@@ -7399,13 +7489,13 @@ Kill the word behind point.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP.
 .TP
 .B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w)
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .TP
 .B unix\-filename\-rubout
 Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+as the word boundaries,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .TP
 .B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e)
 Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
@@ -7414,7 +7504,8 @@ Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
 Kill the text in the current region.
 .TP
 .B copy\-region\-as\-kill
-Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer,
+so it can be yanked immediately.
 .TP
 .B copy\-backward\-word
 Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
@@ -7428,7 +7519,8 @@ The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP.
 Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
 .TP
 .B yank\-pop (M\-y)
-Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works following
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.
+Only works following
 .B yank
 or
 .BR yank\-pop .
@@ -7438,7 +7530,8 @@ or
 .TP
 .B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, \fR.\|.\|.\fP, M\-\-)
 Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  M\-\- starts a negative argument.
+argument.
+M\-\- starts a negative argument.
 .TP
 .B universal\-argument
 This is another way to specify an argument.
@@ -7448,8 +7541,8 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing
 .B universal\-argument
 again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
 As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
-for the next command is multiplied by four.
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign,
+the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four.
 The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
 first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
 argument count sixteen, and so on.
@@ -7460,44 +7553,54 @@ argument count sixteen, and so on.
 .B complete (TAB)
 Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
 .B Bash
-attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
-text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with
-\fB\*~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+attempts completion by first checking for any programmable
+completions for the command word (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below),
+otherwise treating the text as a
+variable (if the text begins with \fB$\fP),
+username (if the text begins with \fB\*~\fP),
+hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
+command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
 .TP
 .B possible\-completions (M\-?)
 List the possible completions of the text before point.
+When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used
+for display to the value of \fBcompletion-display-width\fP, the value of
+the shell variable
+.SM
+.BR COLUMNS ,
+or the screen width, in that order.
 .TP
 .B insert\-completions (M\-*)
 Insert all completions of the text before point
 that would have been generated by
-\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+\fBpossible\-completions\fP,
+separated by a space.
 .TP
 .B menu\-complete
 Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed
 with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
+Repeatedly executing \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
 of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+At the end of the list of completions,
+\fBmenu\-complete\fP rings the bell
 (subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP)
-and the original text is restored.
+and restores the original text.
 An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
+of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list.
 This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound
 by default.
 .TP
 .B menu\-complete\-backward
 Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list
 of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a
-negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
+negative argument.
+This command is unbound by default.
 .TP
 .B delete\-char\-or\-list
 Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
 end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+At the end of the line, it behaves identically to \fBpossible\-completions\fP.
 This command is unbound by default.
 .TP
 .B complete\-filename (M\-/)
@@ -7533,7 +7636,8 @@ treating it as a hostname.
 .TP
 .B complete\-command (M\-!)
 Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+it as a command name.
+Command completion attempts to
 match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
 functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
 in that order.
@@ -7544,7 +7648,7 @@ treating it as a command name.
 .TP
 .B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB)
 Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
-the text against lines from the history list for possible
+the text against history list entries for possible
 completion matches.
 .TP
 .B dabbrev\-expand
@@ -7605,7 +7709,8 @@ is equivalent to
 Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 .TP
 .B revert\-line (M\-r)
-Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+Undo all changes made to this line.
+This is like executing the
 .B undo
 command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
 .TP
@@ -7613,41 +7718,41 @@ command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
 Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 .TP
 .B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-<space>)
-Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+Set the mark to the point.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
 .TP
 .B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x)
-Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+Swap the point with the mark.
+Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
+then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 .TP
 .B character\-search (C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 .TP
 .B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
 .TP
 .B skip\-csi\-sequence
 Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to
-.Q \e[ ,
-keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+defined for keys like Home and End.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.
+If this sequence is bound to
+.Q \ee[ ,
+keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
 unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC\-[.
+stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC\-[.
 .TP
 .B insert\-comment (M\-#)
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
+Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline
 .B comment\-begin
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+variable at the beginning of the current line.
 If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
 the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of
-the line.
+of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, insert the value; otherwise delete
+the characters in \fBcomment-begin\fP from the beginning of the line.
 In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
 The default value of
 \fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line
@@ -7661,41 +7766,52 @@ or filename, in the same way as the \fBcdspell\fP shell option.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP.
 .TP
 .B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
-generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions.
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 .TP
 .B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a \fB*\fP before
 pathname expansion.
 .TP
 .B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g)
-The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
 .B glob\-expand\-word
-is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+and redisplay the line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a \fB*\fP before
 pathname expansion.
 .TP
 .B dump\-functions
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
 .B dump\-variables
-Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the settable readline variables and their values
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
 .B dump\-macros
 Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+strings they output
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
+.B execute\-named\-command (M-x)
+Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
+function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+bound appeared in the input.
+If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
+argument to the function it executes.
+.TP
 .B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v)
 Display version information about the current instance of
 .BR bash .
@@ -7706,17 +7822,17 @@ which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined
 using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see
 .SM
 .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below), Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
+below), \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities.
 .PP
-First, the command name is identified.
+First, \fBbash\fP identifies the command name.
 If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
 compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
 If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
-beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
-the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used.
-If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
-pathname is searched for first.
-If no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion attempts to
+beginning of an empty line), \fBbash\fP uses any compspec defined with
+the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP.
+If the command word is a full pathname, \fBbash\fP
+searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
+If there is no compspec for the full pathname, \fBbash\fP attempts to
 find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
 If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
 the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default.
@@ -7724,38 +7840,39 @@ If there is no default compspec, \fBbash\fP attempts alias expansion
 on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
 for the command word from any successful expansion.
 .PP
-Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.
-If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as
-described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed.
+If a compspec is not found, \fBbash\fP performs its default completion as
+described above under \fBCompleting\fP.
+Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, \fBbash\fP uses it to generate
+the list of matching words.
 .PP
-First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+First, \fBbash\fP performs the \fIactions\fP specified by the compspec.
 Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
 returned.
 When the
 .B \-f
 or
 .B \-d
-option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell
-variable
+option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+\fBbash\fP uses the shell variable
 .SM
 .B FIGNORE
-is used to filter the matches.
+to filter the matches.
 .PP
 Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the
 \fB\-G\fP option are generated next.
 The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
 being completed.
-The
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the
+\fBBash\fP
+uses the
 .SM
 .B FIGNORE
-variable is used.
+variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+shell variable.
 .PP
-Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option
-is considered.
+Next, completion considers
+the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option.
 The string is first split using the characters in the
 .SM
 .B IFS
@@ -7770,10 +7887,11 @@ as described above under
 The results are split using the rules described above under
 \fBWord Splitting\fP.
 The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
-completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+completed, and the matching words become possible completions.
 .PP
-After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked.
+After these matches have been generated,
+\fBbash\fP executes any shell function or command
+specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options.
 When the command or function is invoked, the
 .SM
 .BR COMP_LINE ,
@@ -7794,14 +7912,14 @@ and
 .B COMP_CWORD
 variables are also set.
 When the function or command is invoked,
-the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are
-being completed,
+the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments
+are being completed,
 the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed,
 and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being
 completed on the current command line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+There is no filtering of the generated completions against the
+word being completed;
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 .PP
 Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first.
 The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
@@ -7839,11 +7957,11 @@ returned to \fBreadline\fP as the list of possible completions.
 .PP
 If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
 \fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+compspec was defined, \fBbash\fP attempts directory name completion. 
 .PP
 If the \fB\-o plusdirs\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+compspec was defined, \fBbash\fP attempts directory name completion and
+adds any matches to the set of possible completions.
 .PP
 By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
 to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
@@ -7852,9 +7970,10 @@ default of filename completion are disabled.
 If the \fB\-o bashdefault\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when
 the compspec was defined,
 if the compspec generates no matches,
-the \fBbash\fP default completions are attempted.
+\fBbash\fP attempts its default completions.
 If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
-compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed
+compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
+readline's default completion
 if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions)
 generate no matches.
 .PP
@@ -7867,8 +7986,8 @@ of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable.
 There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
 This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
 specified with \fBcomplete \-D\fP.
-It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+It's possible for shell functions executed as completion functions
+to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
 exit status of 124.
 If a shell function returns 124, and changes
 the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
@@ -7916,14 +8035,13 @@ The value of the
 .SM
 .B HISTSIZE
 variable is used as the
-number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last
+number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last
 .SM
 .B HISTSIZE
-commands (default 500) is saved.
-The shell
-stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
-variable expansion (see
+commands (default 500).
+The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
+parameter and variable expansion (see
 .SM
 .B EXPANSION
 above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
@@ -7943,9 +8061,10 @@ variable (default \fI\*~/.bash_history\fP).
 That file is referred to as the \fIhistory file\fP.
 The history file is truncated, if necessary,
 to contain no more than the number of history entries
-specified by the value of
+specified by the value of the
 .SM
-.BR HISTFILESIZE .
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+variable.
 If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
 or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
 .PP
@@ -7974,34 +8093,32 @@ under
 .SM
 .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
 below), \fBbash\fP appends the entries to the history file,
-otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+otherwise it overwrites the history file.
 If
 .SM
 .B HISTFILE
 is unset or null,
 or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
+After saving the history, \fBbash\fP truncates the history file
+to contain no more than
+.SM
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+lines as described above.
+.PP
 If the
 .SM
 .B HISTTIMEFORMAT
-variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked
-with the history comment character, so
-they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+variable is set, the shell writes
+the timestamp information
+associated with each history entry to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character, so
+timestamps are preserved across shell sessions.
 This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
 other history lines.
 As above, when using
 .SM
 .BR HISTTIMEFORMAT ,
 the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
-After saving the history, \fBbash\fP truncates the history file
-to contain no more than
-.SM
-.B HISTFILESIZE
-lines.
-If
-.SM
-.B HISTFILESIZE
-is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
-or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
 .PP
 The
 .B fc
@@ -8025,9 +8142,9 @@ and
 .SM
 .B HISTIGNORE
 variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered.
-The
+If the
 .B cmdhist
-shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+shell option is enabled, the shell attempts to save each
 line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
 semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
 The
@@ -8075,8 +8192,10 @@ The first is to determine which history list entry
 to use during substitution.
 The second is to select portions of that entry to include into
 the current one.
+.PP
 The entry selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
 and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
+Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
 The entry is split into words in the same fashion as when reading input,
 so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by
 quotes are considered one word.
@@ -8103,7 +8222,7 @@ There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
 \fIquick substitution\fP character (described above under
 .BR histchars )
 is the first character on the line.
-It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator
+It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
 equivalent to \fB!!\fP,
 and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
 It is described below under \fBEvent Designators\fP.
@@ -8170,7 +8289,7 @@ position in the history list.
 .B !
 Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
 .BR blank ,
-newline, carriage return, =
+newline, carriage return, =,
 or, when the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using
 the \fBshopt\fP builtin, (.
 .TP
@@ -8183,7 +8302,7 @@ Refer to the current entry minus
 .IR n .
 .TP
 .B !!
-Refer to the previous command.
+Refer to the previous entry.
 This is a synonym for
 .Q !\-1 .
 .TP
@@ -8253,7 +8372,7 @@ zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 .TP
 .B %
 The first word matched by the most recent
-.Q ?\fIstring\fP?'
+.Q ?\fIstring\fP?
 search,
 if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word.
 By default, searches begin at the end of each line and proceed to the
@@ -8273,7 +8392,7 @@ This is a synonym for
 It is not an error to use
 .B *
 if there is just one word in the event;
-it expands to the empty string in this case.
+it expands to the empty string in that case.
 .TP
 .B x*
 Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
@@ -8294,10 +8413,10 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B h
-Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
+Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
 .TP
 .B t
-Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
+Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
 .TP
 .B r
 Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
@@ -8853,13 +8972,14 @@ matches were generated.
 \fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fIname\fP .\|.\|.]
 .PD
 Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed.
+.IP
 If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options or \fIname\fPs
-are supplied,
-existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
-them to be reused as input.
+are supplied, print existing completion specifications
+in a way that allows them to be reused as input.
 The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for
 each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all
 completion specifications.
+.IP
 The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
 apply to the
 .Q default
@@ -8880,8 +9000,8 @@ If any of \fB\-D\fP, \fB\-E\fP, or \fB\-I\fP are supplied, any other
 \fIname\fP arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
 specified by the option.
 .IP
-The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
-is attempted is described
+The process of applying these completion specifications when
+attempting word completion  is described
 .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1).
 .el above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP.
 .IP
@@ -8906,35 +9026,36 @@ Perform the rest of the default \fBbash\fP completions if the compspec
 generates no matches.
 .TP 8
 .B default
-Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates
+Use \fBreadline\fP's default filename completion if the compspec generates
 no matches.
 .TP 8
 .B dirnames
 Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
 .TP 8
 .B filenames
-Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
-filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+Tell \fBreadline\fP that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform
+any filename\-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names,
 quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
-Intended to be used with shell functions.
+This is intended to be used with shell functions.
 .TP 8
 .B fullquote
-Tell readline to quote all the completed words even if they are not
+Tell \fBreadline\fP to quote all the completed words even if they are not
 filenames.
 .TP 8
 .B noquote
-Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
+Tell \fBreadline\fP not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
 (quoting filenames is the default).
 .TP 8
 .B nosort
-Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+Tell \fBreadline\fP not to sort the list of possible completions
+alphabetically.
 .TP 8
 .B nospace
-Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
-the end of the line.
+Tell \fBreadline\fP not to append a space (the default) to words completed
+at the end of the line.
 .TP 8
 .B plusdirs
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+After generating any matches defined by the compspec,
 attempt directory name completion and add any
 matches to the results of the other actions.
 .RE
@@ -8945,7 +9066,8 @@ completions:
 .RS
 .TP 8
 .B alias
-Alias names.  May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP.
+Alias names.
+May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B arrayvar
 Array variable names.
@@ -8954,13 +9076,16 @@ Array variable names.
 \fBReadline\fP key binding names.
 .TP 8
 .B builtin
-Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP.
+Names of shell builtin commands.
+May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B command
-Command names.  May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP.
+Command names.
+May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B directory
-Directory names.  May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP.
+Directory names.
+May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B disabled
 Names of disabled shell builtins.
@@ -8969,16 +9094,19 @@ Names of disabled shell builtins.
 Names of enabled shell builtins.
 .TP 8
 .B export
-Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP.
+Names of exported shell variables.
+May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B file
-File names.  May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP.
+File names.
+May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B function
 Names of shell functions.
 .TP 8
 .B group
-Group names.  May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP.
+Group names.
+May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B helptopic
 Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin.
@@ -8990,16 +9118,19 @@ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
 shell variable.
 .TP 8
 .B job
-Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP.
+Job names, if job control is active.
+May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B keyword
-Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP.
+Shell reserved words.
+May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B running
 Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
 .TP 8
 .B service
-Service names.  May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP.
+Service names.
+May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B setopt
 Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin.
@@ -9014,10 +9145,12 @@ Signal names.
 Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
 .TP 8
 .B user
-User names.  May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP.
+User names.
+May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP.
 .TP 8
 .B variable
-Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP.
+Names of all shell variables.
+May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP.
 .RE
 .TP 8
 \fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP
@@ -9031,12 +9164,12 @@ environment.
 When the function is executed,
 the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are
 being completed,
-the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed,
-and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being
+the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, and
+the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being
 completed on the current command line.
 When \fIfunction\fP finishes,
-the possible completions are retrieved from the value
-of the
+programmable completion retrieves
+the possible completions from the value of the
 .SM
 .B COMPREPLY
 array variable.
@@ -9054,10 +9187,10 @@ Append \fIsuffix\fP to each possible completion
 after all other options have been applied.
 .TP 8
 \fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP
-The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the
+Split the \fIwordlist\fP using the characters in the
 .SM
 .B IFS
-special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is expanded.
+special variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.
 Shell quoting is honored within \fIwordlist\fP,
 in order to provide a
 mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
@@ -9065,7 +9198,7 @@ in the value of
 .SM
 .BR IFS .
 The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
+match a prefix of the word being completed.
 .TP 8
 \fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP
 \fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
@@ -9098,19 +9231,18 @@ If no \fIoption\fPs are supplied, display the completion options for each
 \fIname\fP or the current completion.
 The possible values of \fIoption\fP are those valid for the \fBcomplete\fP
 builtin described above.
+.IP
 The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
 apply to the
 .Q default
-command completion; that is, completion attempted
-on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
+command completion;
+the \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
 apply to
 .Q empty
-command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
-The \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line,
-or after a command delimiter such as \fB;\fP or \fB|\fP, which is usually
-command name completion.
+command completion; and
+the \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
+These are determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.
 .IP
 If multiple options are supplied, the \fB\-D\fP option takes precedence
 over \fB\-E\fP, and both take precedence over \fB\-I\fP.
@@ -9436,20 +9568,20 @@ vertical tab
 backslash
 .TP
 .B \e0\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(zero to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(zero to three octal digits).
 .TP
 .B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits).
 .TP
 .B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits).
 .TP
 .B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits).
 .PD
 .PP
 \fBecho\fP writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.
@@ -9635,10 +9767,10 @@ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
 where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
 command number).
 .IP
-When listing, a \fIfirst\fP or \fIlast\fP of
-0 is equivalent to \-1 and \-0 is equivalent to the current
-command (usually the \fBfc\fP command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to \-1
-and \-0 is invalid.
+When listing, a \fIfirst\fP or \fIlast\fP of 0 is equivalent to \-1
+and \-0 is equivalent to the current command
+(usually the \fBfc\fP command);
+otherwise 0 is equivalent to \-1 and \-0 is invalid.
 If
 .I last
 is not specified, it is set to
@@ -9988,8 +10120,8 @@ These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
 \fBbash\fP session, but not already appended to the history file.
 .TP
 .B \-n
-Read the history lines not already read from the history
-file into the current history list.
+Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+and add them to the current history list.
 These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the
 current \fBbash\fP session.
 .TP
@@ -9997,8 +10129,8 @@ current \fBbash\fP session.
 Read the history file and append its contents to the current history list.
 .TP
 .B \-w
-Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the
-history file's contents.
+Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting
+the history file.
 .TP
 .B \-p
 Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display
@@ -10021,7 +10153,7 @@ If the
 .B HISTTIMEFORMAT
 variable is set, \fBhistory\fP writes the time stamp information
 associated with each history entry to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character.
+marked with the history comment character as described above.
 When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
 comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
 as timestamps for the following history entry.
@@ -11152,6 +11284,7 @@ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
 option is used, those available with the
 .B \-o
 option to the \fBset\fP builtin command.
+.IP
 With no options, or with the
 .B \-p
 option, display a list of all settable options, with
@@ -11159,6 +11292,7 @@ an indication of whether or not each is set;
 if any \fIoptnames\fP are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
 The \fB\-p\fP option displays output in a form that
 may be reused as input.
+.IP
 Other options have the following meanings:
 .RS
 .PD 0
@@ -11307,6 +11441,7 @@ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
 .B "SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE"
 .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1)).
 .el below).
+.PD 0
 .TP 8
 .B complete_fullquote
 If set,
@@ -11827,7 +11962,7 @@ the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort using the
 current locale.
 If the shell is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP
 commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-.IP
+.PP
 The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can
 lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like primaries.
 The POSIX
@@ -11844,7 +11979,7 @@ Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
 for processes run from the shell.
 The return status is 0.
 .TP
-\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-Plp\fP] [[\fIaction\fP] \fIsigspec\fP .\|.\|.]
+\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lpP\fP] [[\fIaction\fP] \fIsigspec\fP .\|.\|.]
 The
 .I action
 is a command that is read and executed when the shell receives
@@ -12081,8 +12216,8 @@ any are not found.
 Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
 processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
 .IP
-The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is
-set for the given resource.
+The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify whether
+the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource.
 A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
 a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
 If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified,
@@ -12109,73 +12244,73 @@ Other options are interpreted as follows:
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B \-a
-Report all current limits; no limits are set
+Report all current limits; no limits are set.
 .TP
 .B \-b
-The maximum socket buffer size
+The maximum socket buffer size.
 .TP
 .B \-c
-The maximum size of core files created
+The maximum size of core files created.
 .TP
 .B \-d
-The maximum size of a process's data segment
+The maximum size of a process's data segment.
 .TP
 .B \-e
 The maximum scheduling priority (\c
 .Q nice ).
 .TP
 .B \-f
-The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
+The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
 .TP
 .B \-i
-The maximum number of pending signals
+The maximum number of pending signals.
 .TP
 .B \-k
-The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
 .TP
 .B \-l
-The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
 .TP
 .B \-m
-The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit)
+The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
 .TP
 .B \-n
 The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
-allow this value to be set)
+allow this value to be set).
 .TP
 .B \-p
-The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
+The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
 .TP
 .B \-q
-The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
+The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
 .TP
 .B \-r
-The maximum real-time scheduling priority
+The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
 .TP
 .B \-s
-The maximum stack size
+The maximum stack size.
 .TP
 .B \-t
-The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
 .TP
 .B \-u
-The maximum number of processes available to a single user
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
 .TP
 .B \-v
 The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on
-some systems, to its children
+some systems, to its children.
 .TP
 .B \-x
-The maximum number of file locks
+The maximum number of file locks.
 .TP
 .B \-P
-The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
 .TP
 .B \-R
-The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds
+The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds.
 .TP
 .B \-T
-The maximum number of threads
+The maximum number of threads.
 .PD
 .PP
 If

diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html
index 3d9db74e61b88971eabe6328fd3d9ce5259cbeb9..bd99b64f2c949cce531999d2c3069bbe0f50b9e1 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bash.html
+++ b/doc/bash.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 </HEAD>
 <BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
 <TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 September 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 October 10<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
 </TR>
 </TABLE>
 <BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ below under
 <P>
 
 When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, <B>time</B>
-may be followed by a newline.
+may appear by itself as the only word in a simple command.
 In this case, the shell displays the
 total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
 The
@@ -1578,27 +1578,27 @@ question mark
 <DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I>
 
 <DD>
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
-(one to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
+(one to three octal digits).
 <DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I>
 
 <DD>
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
+(one or two hex digits).
 <DT><B>\u</B><I>HHHH</I>
 
 <DD>
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits).
 <DT><B>\U</B><I>HHHHHHHH</I>
 
 <DD>
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits).
 <DT><B>\c</B><I>x</I>
 
 <DD>
-a control-<I>x</I> character
+A control-<I>x</I> character.
 
 </DL></DL>
 
@@ -1839,11 +1839,11 @@ The shell treats several parameters specially.
 These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is
 not allowed.
 Special parameters are denoted by one of the following characters.
-
 <DL COMPACT>
-<DT><B>*</B>
-
+<DT>
 <DD>
+<B>*</B>
+
 (<B>$*</B>) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
 When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
 expands to a separate word.
@@ -4003,8 +4003,9 @@ within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
 to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
 <P>
 
-Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded
-string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.
+Brace expansions may be nested.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted;
+brace expansion preserves left to right order.
 For example, a<B>{</B>d,c,b<B>}</B>e expands into
 
 <P>
@@ -4279,7 +4280,6 @@ When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below
 Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
 <P>
 
-
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:-</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
 <B>Use Default Values</B>.  If
@@ -4333,10 +4333,12 @@ is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
 
 is substituted.
 The value of <I>parameter</I> is not used.
-<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I>}<DD>
-
-<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I><B>:</B><I>length</I>}<DD>
-
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I>}
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I><B>:</B><I>length</I>}
 <B>Substring Expansion</B>.
 Expands to up to <I>length</I> characters of the value of <I>parameter</I>
 starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>.
@@ -4386,8 +4388,9 @@ Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
 are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
 If <I>offset</I> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <B>$0</B> is
 prefixed to the list.
-<DT>${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>}<DD>
-
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>}
 <DT>${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>@</B>}<DD>
 
 <B>Names matching prefix</B>.
@@ -4399,8 +4402,9 @@ separated by the first character of the
 special variable.
 When <I>@</I> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
 variable name expands to a separate word.
-<DT>${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]}<DD>
-
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]}
 <DT>${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>*</I>]}<DD>
 
 <B>List of array keys</B>.
@@ -4440,8 +4444,9 @@ is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
 interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
 <I>parameter</I>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
 array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
-<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>#</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
-
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<I>parameter</I><B>#</B><I>word</I>}
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>##</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
 
 <B>Remove matching prefix pattern</B>.
@@ -4490,8 +4495,9 @@ or
 
 the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>%</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
-
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<I>parameter</I><B>%</B><I>word</I>}
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>%%</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
 
 <B>Remove matching suffix pattern</B>.
@@ -4536,8 +4542,9 @@ or
 
 the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
-
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<I>parameter</I><B>/</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>//</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/#</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/%</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
@@ -4622,8 +4629,9 @@ or
 
 the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>^</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
-
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<I>parameter</I><B>^</B><I>pattern</I>}
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>^^</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
 <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
@@ -4667,7 +4675,9 @@ or
 
 the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
 array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>@</B><I>operator</I>}<DD>
+<DT>
+<DD>
+${<I>parameter</I><B>@</B><I>operator</I>}
 <B>Parameter transformation</B>.
 The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <I>parameter</I>
 or information about <I>parameter</I> itself, depending on the value of
@@ -4676,7 +4686,6 @@ or information about <I>parameter</I> itself, depending on the value of
 <P>
 
 <DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
-
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>U</B>
 
@@ -6877,33 +6886,33 @@ The shell has an <I>execution environment</I>, which consists of the
 following:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT>*<DD>
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the <B>exec</B> builtin
+Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the <B>exec</B> builtin.
 <DT>*<DD>
-the current working directory as set by <B>cd</B>, <B>pushd</B>, or
-<B>popd</B>, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+The current working directory as set by <B>cd</B>, <B>pushd</B>, or
+<B>popd</B>, or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 <DT>*<DD>
-the file creation mode mask as set by <B>umask</B> or inherited from
-the shell's parent
+The file creation mode mask as set by <B>umask</B> or inherited from
+the shell's parent.
 <DT>*<DD>
-current traps set by <B>trap</B>
+Current traps set by <B>trap</B>.
 <DT>*<DD>
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <B>set</B>
-or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <B>set</B>
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 <DT>*<DD>
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
-parent in the environment
+Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment.
 <DT>*<DD>
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by <B>set</B>
+Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by <B>set</B>.
 <DT>*<DD>
-options enabled by <B>shopt</B>
+Options enabled by <B>shopt</B>.
 <DT>*<DD>
-shell aliases defined with <B>alias</B>
+Shell aliases defined with <B>alias</B>.
 <DT>*<DD>
-various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
+Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
 of <B>$$</B>, and the value of
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PPID</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PPID</B>.
 
 </FONT>
 </DL>
@@ -6916,18 +6925,18 @@ the following.
 Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT>*<DD>
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
-by redirections to the command
+The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command.
 <DT>*<DD>
-the current working directory
+The current working directory.
 <DT>*<DD>
-the file creation mode mask
+The file creation mode mask.
 <DT>*<DD>
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment
+Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment.
 <DT>*<DD>
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 </DL>
 <P>
 
@@ -7689,7 +7698,7 @@ The username of the current user.
 <DT><B>\v</B>
 
 <DD>
-The <B>bash</B> version (e.g., 2.00)
+The <B>bash</B> version (e.g., 2.00).
 <DT><B>\V</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -7791,8 +7800,8 @@ shell, unless the
 option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the <B>-e</B> option to the
 <B>read</B> builtin.
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
-A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs;
+a vi-style line editing interface is also available.
 Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
 <B>-o emacs</B>
 
@@ -7820,8 +7829,7 @@ builtin.
 <A NAME="lbCH">&nbsp;</A>
 <H4>Readline Notation</H4>
 
-In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
-keystrokes.
+This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes.
 Control keys are denoted by C-<I>key</I>, e.g., C-n means Control-N.
 Similarly,
 <I>meta</I>
@@ -7843,7 +7851,7 @@ or press the Escape key
 then hold the Control key while pressing the
 <I>x</I>
 
-key.)
+key.
 <P>
 
 On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
@@ -7854,7 +7862,7 @@ key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the
 preceding paragraph.
 <P>
 
-If the <I>Meta</I> key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
+If your <I>Meta</I> key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
 you can make M-<I>key</I> key bindings you specify (see
 <B>Readline Key Bindings</B>
 
@@ -7866,18 +7874,19 @@ Readline commands may be given numeric
 
 which normally act as a repeat count.
 Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
-Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
-direction (e.g., <B>kill-line</B>) causes that command to act in a
-backward direction.
+Passing a negative argument
+to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., <B>kill-line</B>)
+makes that command act in a backward direction.
 Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
 below.
 <P>
 
 When a command is described as <I>killing</I> text, the text
 deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
-(<I>yanking</I>).  The killed text is saved in a
-<I>kill ring</I>.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be
-accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+(<I>yanking</I>).
+The killed text is saved in a <I>kill ring</I>.
+Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text 
+into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
 Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
 on the kill ring.
 <A NAME="lbCI">&nbsp;</A>
@@ -7889,29 +7898,33 @@ The name of this file is taken from the value of the
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>INPUTRC</B>
 
 </FONT>
-variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+shell variable.
+If that variable is unset, the default is
 <A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A>.
 
-If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for
 <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>.
 
-When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
-initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables
-are set.
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-readline initialization file.
+When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+<B>readline</B> reads the initialization file
+and sets the key bindings and variables found there,
+before reading any user input.
+<P>
+
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file.
 Blank lines are ignored.
 Lines beginning with a <B>#</B> are comments.
 Lines beginning with a <B>$</B> indicate conditional constructs.
 Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
 <P>
 
-The default key-bindings may be changed with an
+The default key-bindings in this section
+may be changed using key binding commands in the
 <I>inputrc</I>
 
 file.
-Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
-and bindings.
+Programs that use the readline library, including <B>bash</B>,
+may add their own commands and bindings.
 <P>
 
 For example, placing
@@ -7936,13 +7949,13 @@ would make M-C-u execute the readline command
 
 <P>
 
-The following symbolic character names are recognized:
-<I>RUBOUT</I>,
-
+Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names:
 <I>DEL</I>,
 
 <I>ESC</I>,
 
+<I>ESCAPE</I>,
+
 <I>LFD</I>,
 
 <I>NEWLINE</I>,
@@ -7951,10 +7964,12 @@ The following symbolic character names are recognized:
 
 <I>RETURN</I>,
 
-<I>SPC</I>,
+<I>RUBOUT</I>,
 
 <I>SPACE</I>,
 
+<I>SPC</I>,
+
 and
 <I>TAB</I>.
 
@@ -7962,17 +7977,24 @@ and
 
 In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
 to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <I>macro</I>).
+The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+enclosed in single or double quotes.
 <A NAME="lbCJ">&nbsp;</A>
 <H4>Readline Key Bindings</H4>
 
 The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
 <I>inputrc</I>
 
-file is simple.  All that is required is the name of the
-command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
-it should be bound.  The name may be specified in one of two ways:
-as a symbolic key name, possibly with <I>Meta-</I> or <I>Control-</I>
-prefixes, or as a key sequence.
+file is simple.
+All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+and a key sequence to which it should be bound.
+The key sequence may be specified in one of two ways:
+as a symbolic key name,
+possibly with <I>Meta-</I> or <I>Control-</I> prefixes,
+or as a key sequence composed of one or more characters
+enclosed in double quotes.
+The key sequence and name are separated by a colon.
+There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon.
 <P>
 
 When using the form <B>keyname</B>:<I>function-name</I> or <I>macro</I>,
@@ -8027,9 +8049,10 @@ differs from
 
 above in that strings denoting
 an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
-within double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
-used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
-are not recognized.
+within double quotes.
+Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
+used, as in the following example, but none of
+the symbolic character names are recognized.
 <P>
 
 <DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
@@ -8071,36 +8094,37 @@ is bound to insert the text
 
 <P>
 
-The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
+The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when specifying
+key sequences is
 <DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
 
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>\C-</B>
 
 <DD>
-control prefix
+A control prefix.
 <DT><B>\M-</B>
 
 <DD>
-adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
-character, as described below under <B>force-meta-prefix</B>
+Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+character, as described below under <B>force-meta-prefix</B>.
 <DT><B>\e</B>
 
 <DD>
-an escape character
+An escape character.
 <DT><B>\\</B>
 
 <DD>
-backslash
+Backslash.
 <DT><B>\</B>
 
 <DD>
-literal &quot;
-
+Literal &quot;
+, a double quote.
 <DT><B>\'</B>
 
 <DD>
-literal '
+Literal ', a single quote.
 </DL></DL>
 
 
@@ -8146,13 +8170,13 @@ vertical tab
 <DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I>
 
 <DD>
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
-(one to three digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
+(one to three digits).
 <DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I>
 
 <DD>
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
+(one or two hex digits).
 </DL></DL>
 
 
@@ -8161,7 +8185,8 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
 When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
 be used to indicate a macro definition.
 Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+in the macro body.
 Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
 including &quot;
  and '.
@@ -8169,27 +8194,32 @@ including &quot;
 
 <B>Bash</B>
 
-allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
-with the
+will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the
 <B>bind</B>
 
-builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched during interactive
-use by using the
-<B>-o</B>
+builtin command.
+The
+<B>-o emacs</B>
 
-option to the
+or
+<B>-o vi</B>
+
+options to the
 <B>set</B>
 
-builtin command (see
+builtin
+(see
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
 
 </FONT>
-below).
+below)
+will change the editing mode during interactive use.
 <A NAME="lbCK">&nbsp;</A>
 <H4>Readline Variables</H4>
 
 Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
-behavior.  A variable may be set in the
+behavior.
+A variable may be set in the
 <I>inputrc</I>
 
 file with a statement of the form
@@ -8221,6 +8251,16 @@ When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values,
 are equivalent to <B>On</B>.
 All other values are equivalent to
 <B>Off</B>.
+<P>
+
+The <B>bind -V</B> command lists the current readline variable names
+and values  (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<P>
+
 The variables and their default values are:
 <P>
 
@@ -8261,14 +8301,14 @@ A sample value might be
 
 <DD>
 Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to <B>none</B>, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-<B>visible</B>, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to <B>none</B>, readline never rings the bell.
+If set to <B>visible</B>, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
 If set to <B>audible</B>, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
 <DT><B>bind-tty-special-chars (On)</B>
 
 <DD>
-If set to <B>On</B> (the default), readline attempts to bind
-the control  characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to bind
+the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
 terminal driver to their readline equivalents.
 These override the default readline bindings described here.
 Type
@@ -8305,10 +8345,10 @@ environment variable.
 
 <DD>
 
-The string that is inserted when the readline
+The string that the readline
 <B>insert-comment</B>
 
-command is executed.
+command inserts.
 This command is bound to
 <B>M-#</B>
 
@@ -8339,10 +8379,12 @@ performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
 <DT><B>completion-prefix-display-length (0)</B>
 
 <DD>
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+The maximum
+length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.
+When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+replaces common prefixes longer than this value
+with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 <DT><B>completion-query-items (100)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -8353,29 +8395,29 @@ It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
 If the number of possible completions is greater than
 or equal to the value of this variable,
 readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
-otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal.
+otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal.
 A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are
 treated as zero.
 <DT><B>convert-meta (On)</B>
 
 <DD>
 If set to <B>On</B>, readline will convert characters it reads
-with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
-by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
+that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
+clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
 (converting the character to have the <I>meta prefix</I>).
 The default is <I>On</I>, but readline will set it to <I>Off</I>
 if the locale contains
 characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the <B>LC_CTYPE</B> locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+may change if the locale changes.
 This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
 <B>force-meta-prefix</B> below.
 <DT><B>disable-completion (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
-characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
-mapped to <B>self-insert</B>.
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will inhibit word completion.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+had been mapped to <B>self-insert</B>.
 <DT><B>echo-control-characters (On)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -8385,7 +8427,7 @@ keyboard.
 <DT><B>editing-mode (emacs)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
+Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar
 to <I>Emacs</I> or <I>vi</I>.
 <B>editing-mode</B>
 
@@ -8399,11 +8441,12 @@ or
 
 <DD>
 If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled,
-this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
-prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the
+primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
 backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 <DT><B>enable-active-region (On)</B>
@@ -8416,8 +8459,7 @@ When this variable is set to <I>On</I>, readline allows certain commands
 to designate the region as <I>active</I>.
 When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using
 the value of the <B>active-region-start-color</B>, which defaults to the
-string that enables
-the terminal's standout mode.
+string that enables the terminal's standout mode.
 The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
 matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 <DT><B>enable-bracketed-paste (On)</B>
@@ -8426,49 +8468,50 @@ matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 When set to <B>On</B>, readline configures the terminal to insert each
 paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead
 of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
-This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
+This is called <I>bracketed-paste mode</I>;
+it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
 sequences appearing in the pasted text.
 <DT><B>enable-keypad (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
 When set to <B>On</B>, readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.
+keypad when it is called.
+Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
 <DT><B>enable-meta-key (On)</B>
 
 <DD>
 When set to <B>On</B>, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+key the terminal claims to support.
 On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
 this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
 terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a
 character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is
 typed (a meta character).
+<DT><B>expand-tilde (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline performs tilde expansion when it
+attempts word completion.
 <DT><B>force-meta-prefix (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
 If set to <B>On</B>, readline modifies its behavior when binding key
 sequences containing \M- or Meta-
 (see <B>Key Bindings</B> above) by converting a key sequence of the form
-\M-<I>C</I> or Meta-<I>C</I> to the two-character sequence            
-<B>ESC</B><I>C</I> (adding the meta prefix).
+\M-<I>C</I> or Meta-<I>C</I> to the two-character sequence
+<B>ESC</B><I>C</I> (adding the <I>meta prefix</I>).
 If
 <B>force-meta-prefix</B>
 
-is set to <B>Off</B> (the default),  
+is set to <B>Off</B> (the default),
 readline uses the value of the
-<B>convert-meta </B>
+<B>convert-meta</B>
 
 variable to determine whether to perform this conversion:
-if <B>convert-meta</B> is <B>On</B>,   
+if <B>convert-meta</B> is <B>On</B>,
 readline performs the conversion described above;
-if it is <B>Off</B>, Readline converts <I>C</I> to a meta character by  
+if it is <B>Off</B>, readline converts <I>C</I> to a meta character by
 setting the eighth bit (0200).
-<DT><B>expand-tilde (Off)</B>
-
-<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, tilde expansion is performed when readline
-attempts word completion.
 <DT><B>history-preserve-point (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -8483,32 +8526,30 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
 are saved.
 If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
 limited.
-By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the
-<B>HISTSIZE</B> shell variable.
-If an attempt is made to set <I>history-size</I> to a non-numeric value,
-the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+By default, <B>bash</B> sets the the maximum number of history entries to
+the value of the <B>HISTSIZE</B> shell variable.
+Setting <I>history-size</I> to a non-numeric value will set
+the maximum number of history entries to 500.
 <DT><B>horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
-When set to <B>On</B>, makes readline use a single line for display,
-scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
-becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
+Setting this variable to <B>On</B> makes readline use a single line
+for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line
+when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to
+a new line.
 This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
 <DT><B>input-meta (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
-it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
 regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The name
-<B>meta-flag</B>
-
-is a synonym for this variable.
 The default is <I>Off</I>, but readline will set it to <I>On</I>
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the <B>LC_CTYPE</B> locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
+The name <B>meta-flag</B> is a synonym for <B>input-meta</B>.
 <DT><B>isearch-terminators&nbsp;(</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -8520,15 +8561,15 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
 <DT><B>keymap (emacs)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Set the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap names is
+Set the current readline keymap.
+The set of valid keymap names is
 <I>emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi,
 vi-command</I>, and
 <I>vi-insert</I>.
 
-<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I>; <I>emacs</I> is
-equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>.  The default value is
-<I>emacs</I>;
-
+<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I>;
+<I>emacs</I> is equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>.
+The default value is <I>emacs</I>;
 the value of
 <B>editing-mode</B>
 
@@ -8536,33 +8577,31 @@ also affects the default keymap.
 <DT><B>keyseq-timeout (500)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Specifies the duration <I>readline</I> will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, <I>readline</I> will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
+Specifies the duration <I>readline</I> will wait for a character when
+reading an ambiguous key sequence
+(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
+or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
+If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+shorter but complete key sequence.
 The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
-<I>readline</I> will wait one second for additional input.
+readline will wait one second for additional input.
 If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, <I>readline</I> will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to
 decide which key sequence to complete.
 <DT><B>mark-directories (On)</B>
 
 <DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.
+If set to <B>On</B>, completed directory names have a slash appended.
 <DT><B>mark-modified-lines (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, history lines that have been modified are displayed
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline displays history lines that have been modified
 with a preceding asterisk (<B>*</B>).
 <DT><B>mark-symlinked-directories (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
 If set to <B>On</B>, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
-have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-<B>mark-directories</B>).
+have a slash appended, subject to the value of <B>mark-directories</B>.
 <DT><B>match-hidden-files (On)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -8586,10 +8625,10 @@ If set to <B>On</B>, readline will display characters with the
 eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
 sequence.
 The default is <I>Off</I>, but readline will set it to <I>On</I>
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the <B>LC_CTYPE</B> locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
 <DT><B>page-completions (On)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -8608,7 +8647,8 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
 
 <DD>
 If set to <B>On</B>, readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when <B>accept-line</B> is executed.  By default,
+before returning when executing <B>accept-line</B>.
+By default,
 history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
 calls to <B>readline</B>.
 <DT><B>search-ignore-case (Off)</B>
@@ -8619,8 +8659,8 @@ history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
 <DT><B>show-all-if-ambiguous (Off)</B>
 
 <DD>
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+If set to
 <B>On</B>,
 
 words which have more than one possible completion cause the
@@ -8647,21 +8687,20 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., <I>emacs-mode-string</I>).
 
 <DD>
 If set to <B>On</B>, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
+inserting a single match into the line.
+It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
+If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion
+that match characters after point in the word being completed,
+so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
 <DT><B>vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd))</B>
 
 <DD>
 If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 <DT><B>vi-ins-mode-string ((ins))</B>
@@ -8670,10 +8709,9 @@ sequence into the mode string.
 If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 <DT><B>visible-stats (Off)</B>
@@ -8690,7 +8728,8 @@ completions.
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
 bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+of tests.
+There are four parser directives available.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>$if</B>
 
@@ -8700,7 +8739,8 @@ The
 
 construct allows bindings to be made based on the
 editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+readline.
+The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
 extends to the end of the line;
 unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
 <DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
@@ -8719,18 +8759,20 @@ readline is starting out in emacs mode.
 <DD>
 The <B>term=</B> form may be used to include terminal-specific
 key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+terminal's function keys.
+The word on the right side of the
 <B>=</B>
 
 is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
-of the terminal name before the first <B>-</B>.  This allows
-<I>sun</I>
+of the terminal name before the first <B>-</B>.
+This allows
+<I>xterm</I>
 
 to match both
-<I>sun</I>
+<I>xterm</I>
 
 and
-<I>sun-cmd</I>,
+<I>xterm-256color</I>,
 
 for instance.
 <DT><B>version</B>
@@ -8758,8 +8800,9 @@ and
 
 The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
 of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
-minor version (e.g., <B>7.1</B>). If the minor version is omitted, it
-is assumed to be <B>0</B>.
+minor version (e.g., <B>7.1</B>).
+If the minor version is omitted, it
+defaults to <B>0</B>.
 The operator may be separated from the string <B>version</B>
 and from the version number argument by whitespace.
 <DT><I>application</I>
@@ -8771,7 +8814,8 @@ Each program using the readline
 library sets the <I>application name</I>, and an initialization
 file can test for a particular value.
 This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+a specific program.
+For instance, the following command adds a
 key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in <B>bash</B>:
 </DL>
 <P>
@@ -8804,26 +8848,27 @@ The permitted comparison operators are <I>=</I>, <I>==</I>, and <I>!=</I>.
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values <I>on</I> and <I>off</I>.
 </DL></DL>
 
-<DT><B>$endif</B>
-
-<DD>
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-<B>$if</B> command.
 <DT><B>$else</B>
 
 <DD>
 Commands in this branch of the <B>$if</B> directive are executed if
 the test fails.
+<DT><B>$endif</B>
+
+<DD>
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+<B>$if</B> command.
 <DT><B>$include</B>
 
 <DD>
 This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.  For example, the following directive
-would read <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>:
+and key bindings from that file.
+For example, the following directive would read <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>:
 </DL>
 <P>
 
@@ -8842,7 +8887,8 @@ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>
 
 </FONT>
-below) for lines containing a specified string.
+below)
+for lines containing a specified string.
 There are two search modes:
 <I>incremental</I>
 
@@ -8857,33 +8903,38 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
 the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
 An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
 find the desired history entry.
+When using emacs editing mode, type <B>C-r</B> to
+search backward in the history for a particular string.
+Typing <B>C-s</B> searches forward through the history.
 The characters present in the value of the <B>isearch-terminators</B>
 variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
-If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and
-Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
-Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
-line.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value,
+<I>ESC</I> and <I>C-J</I> will terminate an incremental search.
+<I>C-g</I> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
 When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
 search string becomes the current line.
 <P>
 
-To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
-Control-R as appropriate.
+To find other matching entries in the history list, type <B>C-r</B> or
+<B>C-s</B> as appropriate.
 This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
 entry matching the search string typed so far.
 Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
 the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a <I>newline</I> will terminate the search and accept
+For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept
 the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
 <P>
 
-Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two
-Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a
-new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.
+Readline remembers the last incremental search string.
+If two <B>C-r</B>s are typed without any intervening characters defining
+a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.
 <P>
 
 Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+to search for matching history entries.
+The search string may be
 typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 <A NAME="lbCN">&nbsp;</A>
 <H4>Readline Command Names</H4>
@@ -8891,11 +8942,18 @@ typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
 key sequences to which they are bound.
 Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
+<P>
+
 In the following descriptions, <I>point</I> refers to the current cursor
 position, and <I>mark</I> refers to a cursor position saved by the
 <B>set-mark</B> command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <I>region</I>.
-<A NAME="lbCO">&nbsp;</A>
+Readline has the concept of an <I>active region</I>:
+when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the
+value of the <B>active-region-start-color variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
+</B><A NAME="lbCO">&nbsp;</A>
 <H4>Commands for Moving</H4>
 
 
@@ -8921,8 +8979,8 @@ Move back a character.
 <DT><B>forward-word (M-f)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
-alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
 <DT><B>backward-word (M-b)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -8942,14 +9000,16 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
 
 <DD>
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
 greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
 <DT><B>next-screen-line</B>
 
 <DD>
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
 of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
 plus the screen width.
@@ -8981,13 +9041,18 @@ Refresh the current line.
 <DT><B>accept-line (Newline, Return)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
-non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the
+Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
+If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the
+state of the
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>
 
 </FONT>
-variable.  If the line is a modified history
-line, then restore the history line to its original state.
+and
+<B>HISTIGNORE</B>
+
+variables.
+If the line is a modified history line,
+restore the history line to its original state.
 <DT><B>previous-history (C-p)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9010,8 +9075,10 @@ entered.
 <DT><B>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
-relative to the current line from the history for editing.
+Accept the current line for execution as if a
+newline had been entered,
+and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
+for editing.
 A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
 of the current line.
 <DT><B>fetch-history</B>
@@ -9027,6 +9094,7 @@ Search backward starting at the current line and moving
 
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 <DT><B>forward-search-history (C-s)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9034,21 +9102,25 @@ Search forward starting at the current line and moving
 
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 <DT><B>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</B>
 
 <DD>
 Search backward through the history starting at the current line
 using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 <DT><B>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for
-a string supplied by the user.
+Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search
+for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 <DT><B>history-search-backward</B>
 
 <DD>
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
 between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards.
 <DT><B>history-search-forward</B>
@@ -9056,14 +9128,14 @@ This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards.
 <DD>
 Search forward through the history for the string of characters
 between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards.
 <DT><B>history-substring-search-backward</B>
 
 <DD>
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the current cursor
-position (the <I>point</I>).
+between the start of the current line and the point.
 The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 <DT><B>history-substring-search-forward</B>
@@ -9082,10 +9154,12 @@ With an argument
 <I>n</I>,
 
 insert the <I>n</I>th word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the <I>n</I>th word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument <I>n</I> is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the
+in the previous command begin with word 0).
+A negative argument inserts the <I>n</I>th word from the end of
+the previous command.
+Once the argument <I>n</I> is computed,
+this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+<I>n</I>th word, as if the
 
 history expansion had been specified.
 <DT><B>yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)</B>
@@ -9098,10 +9172,11 @@ Successive calls to <B>yank-last-arg</B> move back through the history
 list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
 the first call) of each line in turn.
 Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word,
-as if the
+the direction to move through the history.
+A negative argument switches the direction through the history
+(back or forward).
+This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+last word, as if the
 
 history expansion had been specified.
 <DT><B>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</B>
@@ -9198,7 +9273,8 @@ commonly is, see above for the effects.
 <DT><B>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Delete the character behind the cursor.  When given a numeric argument,
+Delete the character behind the cursor.
+When given a numeric argument,
 save the deleted text on the kill ring.
 <DT><B>forward-backward-delete-char</B>
 
@@ -9209,8 +9285,8 @@ deleted.
 <DT><B>quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert characters like <B>C-q</B>, for example.
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.
+This is how to insert characters like <B>C-q</B>, for example.
 <DT><B>tab-insert (C-v TAB)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9219,6 +9295,20 @@ Insert a tab character.
 
 <DD>
 Insert the character typed.
+<DT><B>bracketed-paste-begin</B>
+
+<DD>
+This function is intended to be bound to the
+
+escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
+The pasted characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to <B>self-insert</B> instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+<DT><DD>
+Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and activates the region.
 <DT><B>transpose-chars (C-t)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9234,20 +9324,32 @@ Drag the word before point past the word after point,
 moving point over that word as well.
 If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
 the last two words on the line.
+<DT><B>shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+moving point past that word as well.
+If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
+the last two words on the line.
+Word boundaries are the same as <B>shell-forward-word</B> and
+<B>shell-backward-word</B>.
 <DT><B>upcase-word (M-u)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 <DT><B>downcase-word (M-l)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 <DT><B>capitalize-word (M-c)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
 <DT><B>overwrite-mode</B>
 
@@ -9258,6 +9360,7 @@ With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode.
 This command affects only <B>emacs</B> mode;
 <B>vi</B> mode does overwrite differently.
 Each call to <I>readline()</I> starts in insert mode.
+<DT><DD>
 In overwrite mode, characters bound to <B>self-insert</B> replace
 the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
 Characters bound to <B>backward-delete-char</B> replace the character
@@ -9274,16 +9377,20 @@ but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
 <DT><B>kill-line (C-k)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+beginning of the line.
 <DT><B>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+Kill backward to the beginning of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
+end of the line.
 <DT><B>unix-line-discard (C-u)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 <DT><B>kill-whole-line</B>
 
@@ -9300,7 +9407,7 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>forward-word</B>.
 <DD>
 Kill the word behind point.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>backward-word</B>.
-<DT><B>shell-kill-word</B>
+<DT><B>shell-kill-word (M-C-d)</B>
 
 <DD>
 Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
@@ -9314,14 +9421,14 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-backward-word</B>.
 <DT><B>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 <DT><B>unix-filename-rubout</B>
 
 <DD>
 Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+as the word boundaries,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 <DT><B>delete-horizontal-space (M-\)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9333,7 +9440,8 @@ Kill the text in the current region.
 <DT><B>copy-region-as-kill</B>
 
 <DD>
-Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer,
+so it can be yanked immediately.
 <DT><B>copy-backward-word</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9351,7 +9459,8 @@ Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
 <DT><B>yank-pop (M-y)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works following
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.
+Only works following
 <B>yank</B>
 
 or
@@ -9368,7 +9477,8 @@ or
 
 <DD>
 Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  M-- starts a negative argument.
+argument.
+M-- starts a negative argument.
 <DT><B>universal-argument</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9380,8 +9490,8 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing
 
 again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
 As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
-for the next command is multiplied by four.
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign,
+the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four.
 The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
 first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
 argument count sixteen, and so on.
@@ -9398,34 +9508,45 @@ argument count sixteen, and so on.
 Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
 <B>Bash</B>
 
-attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
-text begins with <B>$</B>), username (if the text begins with
-<B>~</B>), hostname (if the text begins with <B>@</B>), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+attempts completion by first checking for any programmable
+completions for the command word (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> below),
+otherwise treating the text as a
+variable (if the text begins with <B>$</B>),
+username (if the text begins with <B>~</B>),
+hostname (if the text begins with <B>@</B>), or
+command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
 <DT><B>possible-completions (M-?)</B>
 
 <DD>
 List the possible completions of the text before point.
+When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used
+for display to the value of <B>completion-display-width</B>, the value of
+the shell variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COLUMNS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+or the screen width, in that order.
 <DT><B>insert-completions (M-*)</B>
 
 <DD>
 Insert all completions of the text before point
 that would have been generated by
-<B>possible-completions</B>.
+<B>possible-completions</B>,
+separated by a space.
 <DT><B>menu-complete</B>
 
 <DD>
 Similar to <B>complete</B>, but replaces the word to be completed
 with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of <B>menu-complete</B> steps through the list
+Repeatedly executing <B>menu-complete</B> steps through the list
 of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+At the end of the list of completions,
+<B>menu-complete</B> rings the bell
 (subject to the setting of <B>bell-style</B>)
-and the original text is restored.
+and restores the original text.
 An argument of <I>n</I> moves <I>n</I> positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
+of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list.
 This command is intended to be bound to <B>TAB</B>, but is unbound
 by default.
 <DT><B>menu-complete-backward</B>
@@ -9433,14 +9554,14 @@ by default.
 <DD>
 Identical to <B>menu-complete</B>, but moves backward through the list
 of possible completions, as if <B>menu-complete</B> had been given a
-negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
+negative argument.
+This command is unbound by default.
 <DT><B>delete-char-or-list</B>
 
 <DD>
 Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
 end of the line (like <B>delete-char</B>).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-<B>possible-completions</B>.
+At the end of the line, it behaves identically to <B>possible-completions</B>.
 This command is unbound by default.
 <DT><B>complete-filename (M-/)</B>
 
@@ -9485,7 +9606,8 @@ treating it as a hostname.
 
 <DD>
 Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+it as a command name.
+Command completion attempts to
 match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
 functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
 in that order.
@@ -9498,7 +9620,7 @@ treating it as a command name.
 
 <DD>
 Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
-the text against lines from the history list for possible
+the text against history list entries for possible
 completion matches.
 <DT><B>dabbrev-expand</B>
 
@@ -9584,7 +9706,8 @@ Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 <DT><B>revert-line (M-r)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+Undo all changes made to this line.
+This is like executing the
 <B>undo</B>
 
 command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
@@ -9595,47 +9718,47 @@ Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 <DT><B>set-mark (C-@, M-&lt;space&gt;)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+Set the mark to the point.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
 <DT><B>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+Swap the point with the mark.
+Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
+then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 <DT><B>character-search (C-])</B>
 
 <DD>
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 <DT><B>character-search-backward (M-C-])</B>
 
 <DD>
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
 <DT><B>skip-csi-sequence</B>
 
 <DD>
 Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to
+defined for keys like Home and End.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+If this sequence is bound to
 
-keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
 unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC-[.
+stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
 <DT><B>insert-comment (M-#)</B>
 
 <DD>
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
+Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline
 <B>comment-begin</B>
 
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+variable at the beginning of the current line.
 If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
 the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of <B>comment-begin</B>, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in <B>comment-begin</B> are deleted from the beginning of
-the line.
+of <B>comment-begin</B>, insert the value; otherwise delete
+the characters in <B>comment-begin</B> from the beginning of the line.
 In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
 The default value of
 <B>comment-begin</B> causes this command to make the current line
@@ -9651,46 +9774,58 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-forward-word</B>.
 <DT><B>glob-complete-word (M-g)</B>
 
 <DD>
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
-generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions.
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 <DT><B>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</B>
 
 <DD>
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a <B>*</B> before
 pathname expansion.
 <DT><B>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</B>
 
 <DD>
-The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
 <B>glob-expand-word</B>
 
-is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+and redisplay the line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a <B>*</B> before
 pathname expansion.
 <DT><B>dump-functions</B>
 
 <DD>
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an <I>inputrc</I> file.
 <DT><B>dump-variables</B>
 
 <DD>
-Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the settable readline variables and their values
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an <I>inputrc</I> file.
 <DT><B>dump-macros</B>
 
 <DD>
 Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+strings they output
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an <I>inputrc</I> file.
+<DT><B>execute-named-command (M-x)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
+function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+bound appeared in the input.
+If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
+argument to the function it executes.
 <DT><B>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -9708,18 +9843,18 @@ using the <B>complete</B> builtin (see
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
 
 </FONT>
-below), Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
+below), <B>readline</B> invokes the programmable completion facilities.
 <P>
 
-First, the command name is identified.
+First, <B>bash</B> identifies the command name.
 If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
 compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
 If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
-beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
-the <B>-E</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used.
-If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
-pathname is searched for first.
-If no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion attempts to
+beginning of an empty line), <B>bash</B> uses any compspec defined with
+the <B>-E</B> option to <B>complete</B>.
+If the command word is a full pathname, <B>bash</B>
+searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
+If there is no compspec for the full pathname, <B>bash</B> attempts to
 find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
 If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
 the <B>-D</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used as the default.
@@ -9728,13 +9863,13 @@ on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
 for the command word from any successful expansion.
 <P>
 
-Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.
-If a compspec is not found, the default <B>bash</B> completion as
-described above under <B>Completing</B> is performed.
+If a compspec is not found, <B>bash</B> performs its default completion as
+described above under <B>Completing</B>.
+Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, <B>bash</B> uses it to generate
+the list of matching words.
 <P>
 
-First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+First, <B>bash</B> performs the <I>actions</I> specified by the compspec.
 Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
 returned.
 When the
@@ -9743,31 +9878,32 @@ When the
 or
 <B>-d</B>
 
-option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell
-variable
+option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+<B>bash</B> uses the shell variable
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>
 
 </FONT>
-is used to filter the matches.
+to filter the matches.
 <P>
 
 Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the
 <B>-G</B> option are generated next.
 The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
 being completed.
-The
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+<B>Bash</B>
+uses the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>
 
 </FONT>
-shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>
+variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
 
 </FONT>
-variable is used.
+shell variable.
 <P>
 
-Next, the string specified as the argument to the <B>-W</B> option
-is considered.
+Next, completion considers
+the string specified as the argument to the <B>-W</B> option.
 The string is first split using the characters in the
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
 
@@ -9784,11 +9920,12 @@ as described above under
 The results are split using the rules described above under
 <B>Word Splitting</B>.
 The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
-completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+completed, and the matching words become possible completions.
 <P>
 
-After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-specified with the <B>-F</B> and <B>-C</B> options is invoked.
+After these matches have been generated,
+<B>bash</B> executes any shell function or command
+specified with the <B>-F</B> and <B>-C</B> options.
 When the command or function is invoked, the
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_LINE</B>,
 
@@ -9815,14 +9952,14 @@ and
 </FONT>
 variables are also set.
 When the function or command is invoked,
-the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments are
-being completed,
+the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments
+are being completed,
 the second argument (<B>$2</B>) is the word being completed,
 and the third argument (<B>$3</B>) is the word preceding the word being
 completed on the current command line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+There is no filtering of the generated completions against the
+word being completed;
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 <P>
 
 Any function specified with <B>-F</B> is invoked first.
@@ -9867,12 +10004,12 @@ returned to <B>readline</B> as the list of possible completions.
 
 If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
 <B>-o dirnames</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+compspec was defined, <B>bash</B> attempts directory name completion. 
 <P>
 
 If the <B>-o plusdirs</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+compspec was defined, <B>bash</B> attempts directory name completion and
+adds any matches to the set of possible completions.
 <P>
 
 By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
@@ -9882,9 +10019,10 @@ default of filename completion are disabled.
 If the <B>-o bashdefault</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when
 the compspec was defined,
 if the compspec generates no matches,
-the <B>bash</B> default completions are attempted.
+<B>bash</B> attempts its default completions.
 If the <B>-o default</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the
-compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed
+compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
+readline's default completion
 if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default <B>bash</B> completions)
 generate no matches.
 <P>
@@ -9899,8 +10037,8 @@ of the setting of the <B>mark-symlinked-directories</B> readline variable.
 There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
 This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
 specified with <B>complete -D</B>.
-It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+It's possible for shell functions executed as completion functions
+to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
 exit status of 124.
 If a shell function returns 124, and changes
 the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
@@ -9958,15 +10096,14 @@ The value of the
 
 </FONT>
 variable is used as the
-number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last
+number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTSIZE</B>
 
 </FONT>
-commands (default 500) is saved.
-The shell
-stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
-variable expansion (see
+commands (default 500).
+The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
+parameter and variable expansion (see
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>
 
 </FONT>
@@ -9991,10 +10128,11 @@ variable (default <A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>).
 That file is referred to as the <I>history file</I>.
 The history file is truncated, if necessary,
 to contain no more than the number of history entries
-specified by the value of
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>.
+specified by the value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
 
 </FONT>
+variable.
 If <B>HISTFILESIZE</B> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
 or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
 <P>
@@ -10031,20 +10169,30 @@ under
 
 </FONT>
 below), <B>bash</B> appends the entries to the history file,
-otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+otherwise it overwrites the history file.
 If
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B>
 
 </FONT>
 is unset or null,
 or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
+After saving the history, <B>bash</B> truncates the history file
+to contain no more than
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+lines as described above.
+<P>
+
 If the
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B>
 
 </FONT>
-variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked
-with the history comment character, so
-they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+variable is set, the shell writes
+the timestamp information
+associated with each history entry to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character, so
+timestamps are preserved across shell sessions.
 This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
 other history lines.
 As above, when using
@@ -10052,18 +10200,6 @@ As above, when using
 
 </FONT>
 the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
-After saving the history, <B>bash</B> truncates the history file
-to contain no more than
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
-
-</FONT>
-lines.
-If
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
-
-</FONT>
-is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
-or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
 <P>
 
 The
@@ -10094,10 +10230,10 @@ and
 
 </FONT>
 variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered.
-The
+If the
 <B>cmdhist</B>
 
-shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+shell option is enabled, the shell attempts to save each
 line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
 semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
 The
@@ -10158,8 +10294,11 @@ The first is to determine which history list entry
 to use during substitution.
 The second is to select portions of that entry to include into
 the current one.
+<P>
+
 The entry selected from the history is the <I>event</I>,
 and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are <I>words</I>.
+Various <I>modifiers</I> are available to manipulate the selected words.
 The entry is split into words in the same fashion as when reading input,
 so that several <I>metacharacter</I>-separated words surrounded by
 quotes are considered one word.
@@ -10191,7 +10330,7 @@ There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
 <B>histchars</B>)
 
 is the first character on the line.
-It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator
+It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
 equivalent to <B>!!</B>,
 and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
 It is described below under <B>Event Designators</B>.
@@ -10281,7 +10420,7 @@ position in the history list.
 Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
 <B>blank</B>,
 
-newline, carriage return, =
+newline, carriage return, =,
 or, when the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled using
 the <B>shopt</B> builtin, (.
 <DT><B>!</B><I>n</I>
@@ -10299,7 +10438,7 @@ Refer to the current entry minus
 <DT><B>!!</B>
 
 <DD>
-Refer to the previous command.
+Refer to the previous entry.
 This is a synonym for
 
 <DT><B>!</B><I>string</I>
@@ -10417,7 +10556,7 @@ It is not an error to use
 <B>*</B>
 
 if there is just one word in the event;
-it expands to the empty string in this case.
+it expands to the empty string in that case.
 <DT><B>x*</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -10447,11 +10586,11 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 <DT><B>h</B>
 
 <DD>
-Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
+Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
 <DT><B>t</B>
 
 <DD>
-Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
+Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
 <DT><B>r</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -11118,13 +11257,14 @@ matches were generated.
 <DT><B>complete</B> <B>-pr</B> [<B>-DEI</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
 
 Specify how arguments to each <I>name</I> should be completed.
+<DT><DD>
 If the <B>-p</B> option is supplied, or if no options or <I>name</I>s
-are supplied,
-existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
-them to be reused as input.
+are supplied, print existing completion specifications
+in a way that allows them to be reused as input.
 The <B>-r</B> option removes a completion specification for
 each <I>name</I>, or, if no <I>name</I>s are supplied, all
 completion specifications.
+<DT><DD>
 The <B>-D</B> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
 apply to the
 
@@ -11145,8 +11285,8 @@ If any of <B>-D</B>, <B>-E</B>, or <B>-I</B> are supplied, any other
 <I>name</I> arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
 specified by the option.
 <DT><DD>
-The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
-is attempted is described
+The process of applying these completion specifications when
+attempting word completion  is described
 
 above under <B>Programmable Completion</B>.
 <DT><DD>
@@ -11175,7 +11315,7 @@ generates no matches.
 <DT><B>default</B>
 
 <DD>
-Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates
+Use <B>readline</B>'s default filename completion if the compspec generates
 no matches.
 <DT><B>dirnames</B>
 
@@ -11184,33 +11324,34 @@ Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
 <DT><B>filenames</B>
 
 <DD>
-Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
-filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+Tell <B>readline</B> that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform
+any filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names,
 quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
-Intended to be used with shell functions.
+This is intended to be used with shell functions.
 <DT><B>fullquote</B>
 
 <DD>
-Tell readline to quote all the completed words even if they are not
+Tell <B>readline</B> to quote all the completed words even if they are not
 filenames.
 <DT><B>noquote</B>
 
 <DD>
-Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
+Tell <B>readline</B> not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
 (quoting filenames is the default).
 <DT><B>nosort</B>
 
 <DD>
-Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+Tell <B>readline</B> not to sort the list of possible completions
+alphabetically.
 <DT><B>nospace</B>
 
 <DD>
-Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
-the end of the line.
+Tell <B>readline</B> not to append a space (the default) to words completed
+at the end of the line.
 <DT><B>plusdirs</B>
 
 <DD>
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+After generating any matches defined by the compspec,
 attempt directory name completion and add any
 matches to the results of the other actions.
 </DL></DL>
@@ -11223,7 +11364,8 @@ completions:
 <DT><B>alias</B>
 
 <DD>
-Alias names.  May also be specified as <B>-a</B>.
+Alias names.
+May also be specified as <B>-a</B>.
 <DT><B>arrayvar</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -11235,15 +11377,18 @@ Array variable names.
 <DT><B>builtin</B>
 
 <DD>
-Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as <B>-b</B>.
+Names of shell builtin commands.
+May also be specified as <B>-b</B>.
 <DT><B>command</B>
 
 <DD>
-Command names.  May also be specified as <B>-c</B>.
+Command names.
+May also be specified as <B>-c</B>.
 <DT><B>directory</B>
 
 <DD>
-Directory names.  May also be specified as <B>-d</B>.
+Directory names.
+May also be specified as <B>-d</B>.
 <DT><B>disabled</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -11255,11 +11400,13 @@ Names of enabled shell builtins.
 <DT><B>export</B>
 
 <DD>
-Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as <B>-e</B>.
+Names of exported shell variables.
+May also be specified as <B>-e</B>.
 <DT><B>file</B>
 
 <DD>
-File names.  May also be specified as <B>-f</B>.
+File names.
+May also be specified as <B>-f</B>.
 <DT><B>function</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -11267,7 +11414,8 @@ Names of shell functions.
 <DT><B>group</B>
 
 <DD>
-Group names.  May also be specified as <B>-g</B>.
+Group names.
+May also be specified as <B>-g</B>.
 <DT><B>helptopic</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -11283,11 +11431,13 @@ shell variable.
 <DT><B>job</B>
 
 <DD>
-Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as <B>-j</B>.
+Job names, if job control is active.
+May also be specified as <B>-j</B>.
 <DT><B>keyword</B>
 
 <DD>
-Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as <B>-k</B>.
+Shell reserved words.
+May also be specified as <B>-k</B>.
 <DT><B>running</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -11295,7 +11445,8 @@ Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
 <DT><B>service</B>
 
 <DD>
-Service names.  May also be specified as <B>-s</B>.
+Service names.
+May also be specified as <B>-s</B>.
 <DT><B>setopt</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -11315,11 +11466,13 @@ Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
 <DT><B>user</B>
 
 <DD>
-User names.  May also be specified as <B>-u</B>.
+User names.
+May also be specified as <B>-u</B>.
 <DT><B>variable</B>
 
 <DD>
-Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as <B>-v</B>.
+Names of all shell variables.
+May also be specified as <B>-v</B>.
 </DL></DL>
 
 <DT><B>-C</B> <I>command</I><DD>
@@ -11332,12 +11485,12 @@ environment.
 When the function is executed,
 the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments are
 being completed,
-the second argument (<B>$2</B>) is the word being completed,
-and the third argument (<B>$3</B>) is the word preceding the word being
+the second argument (<B>$2</B>) is the word being completed, and
+the third argument (<B>$3</B>) is the word preceding the word being
 completed on the current command line.
 When <I>function</I> finishes,
-the possible completions are retrieved from the value
-of the
+programmable completion retrieves
+the possible completions from the value of the
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMPREPLY</B>
 
 </FONT>
@@ -11352,11 +11505,11 @@ after all other options have been applied.
 Append <I>suffix</I> to each possible completion
 after all other options have been applied.
 <DT><B>-W</B> <I>wordlist</I><DD>
-The <I>wordlist</I> is split using the characters in the
+Split the <I>wordlist</I> using the characters in the
 <FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
 
 </FONT>
-special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is expanded.
+special variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.
 Shell quoting is honored within <I>wordlist</I>,
 in order to provide a
 mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
@@ -11365,7 +11518,7 @@ in the value of
 
 </FONT>
 The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
+match a prefix of the word being completed.
 <DT><B>-X</B> <I>filterpat</I><DD>
 <I>filterpat</I> is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
 It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
@@ -11404,19 +11557,18 @@ If no <I>option</I>s are supplied, display the completion options for each
 <I>name</I> or the current completion.
 The possible values of <I>option</I> are those valid for the <B>complete</B>
 builtin described above.
+<DT><DD>
 The <B>-D</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
 apply to the
 
-command completion; that is, completion attempted
-on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The <B>-E</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
+command completion;
+the <B>-E</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
 apply to
 
-command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
-The <B>-I</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line,
-or after a command delimiter such as <B>;</B> or <B>|</B>, which is usually
-command name completion.
+command completion; and
+the <B>-I</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
+These are determined in the same way as the <B>complete</B> builtin.
 <DT><DD>
 If multiple options are supplied, the <B>-D</B> option takes precedence
 over <B>-E</B>, and both take precedence over <B>-I</B>.
@@ -11811,23 +11963,23 @@ backslash
 <DT><B>\0</B><I>nnn</I>
 
 <DD>
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
-(zero to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
+(zero to three octal digits).
 <DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I>
 
 <DD>
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
+(one or two hex digits).
 <DT><B>\u</B><I>HHHH</I>
 
 <DD>
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits).
 <DT><B>\U</B><I>HHHHHHHH</I>
 
 <DD>
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits).
 
 </DL>
 <P>
@@ -12061,10 +12213,10 @@ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
 where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
 command number).
 <DT><DD>
-When listing, a <I>first</I> or <I>last</I> of
-0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to the current
-command (usually the <B>fc</B> command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1
-and -0 is invalid.
+When listing, a <I>first</I> or <I>last</I> of 0 is equivalent to -1
+and -0 is equivalent to the current command
+(usually the <B>fc</B> command);
+otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
 If
 <I>last</I>
 
@@ -12491,8 +12643,8 @@ These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
 <DT><B>-n</B>
 
 <DD>
-Read the history lines not already read from the history
-file into the current history list.
+Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+and add them to the current history list.
 These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the
 current <B>bash</B> session.
 <DT><B>-r</B>
@@ -12502,8 +12654,8 @@ Read the history file and append its contents to the current history list.
 <DT><B>-w</B>
 
 <DD>
-Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the
-history file's contents.
+Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting
+the history file.
 <DT><B>-p</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -12532,7 +12684,7 @@ If the
 </FONT>
 variable is set, <B>history</B> writes the time stamp information
 associated with each history entry to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character.
+marked with the history comment character as described above.
 When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
 comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
 as timestamps for the following history entry.
@@ -13912,6 +14064,7 @@ option is used, those available with the
 <B>-o</B>
 
 option to the <B>set</B> builtin command.
+<DT><DD>
 With no options, or with the
 <B>-p</B>
 
@@ -13920,6 +14073,7 @@ an indication of whether or not each is set;
 if any <I>optnames</I> are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
 The <B>-p</B> option displays output in a form that
 may be reused as input.
+<DT><DD>
 Other options have the following meanings:
 <DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
 
@@ -14111,6 +14265,7 @@ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
 </FONT>
 
 below).
+
 <DT><B>complete_fullquote</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -14735,8 +14890,8 @@ the <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators sort using the
 current locale.
 If the shell is not in <I>posix mode</I>, the <B>test</B> and <B>[</B>
 commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><DD>
+<P>
+
 The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can
 lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like primaries.
 The POSIX
@@ -14746,7 +14901,7 @@ Scripts should no longer use them.
 It's much more reliable to restrict test invocations to a single primary,
 and to replace uses of <B>-a</B> and <B>-o</B> with the shell's
 <B>&amp;&amp;</B> and <B>||</B> list operators.
-</DL></DL>
+</DL>
 
 <DT><B>times</B>
 
@@ -14754,7 +14909,7 @@ and to replace uses of <B>-a</B> and <B>-o</B> with the shell's
 Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
 for processes run from the shell.
 The return status is 0.
-<DT><B>trap</B> [<B>-Plp</B>] [[<I>action</I>] <I>sigspec</I> ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>trap</B> [<B>-lpP</B>] [[<I>action</I>] <I>sigspec</I> ...]<DD>
 The
 <I>action</I>
 
@@ -15054,8 +15209,8 @@ any are not found.
 Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
 processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
 <DT><DD>
-The <B>-H</B> and <B>-S</B> options specify that the hard or soft limit is
-set for the given resource.
+The <B>-H</B> and <B>-S</B> options specify whether
+the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource.
 A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
 a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
 If neither <B>-H</B> nor <B>-S</B> is specified,
@@ -15089,19 +15244,19 @@ Other options are interpreted as follows:
 <DT><B>-a</B>
 
 <DD>
-Report all current limits; no limits are set
+Report all current limits; no limits are set.
 <DT><B>-b</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum socket buffer size
+The maximum socket buffer size.
 <DT><B>-c</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum size of core files created
+The maximum size of core files created.
 <DT><B>-d</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum size of a process's data segment
+The maximum size of a process's data segment.
 <DT><B>-e</B>
 
 <DD>
@@ -15110,73 +15265,73 @@ The maximum scheduling priority (
 <DT><B>-f</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
+The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
 <DT><B>-i</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum number of pending signals
+The maximum number of pending signals.
 <DT><B>-k</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
 <DT><B>-l</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
 <DT><B>-m</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit)
+The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
 <DT><B>-n</B>
 
 <DD>
 The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
-allow this value to be set)
+allow this value to be set).
 <DT><B>-p</B>
 
 <DD>
-The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
+The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
 <DT><B>-q</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
+The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
 <DT><B>-r</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum real-time scheduling priority
+The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
 <DT><B>-s</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum stack size
+The maximum stack size.
 <DT><B>-t</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
 <DT><B>-u</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum number of processes available to a single user
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
 <DT><B>-v</B>
 
 <DD>
 The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on
-some systems, to its children
+some systems, to its children.
 <DT><B>-x</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum number of file locks
+The maximum number of file locks.
 <DT><B>-P</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
 <DT><B>-R</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds
+The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds.
 <DT><B>-T</B>
 
 <DD>
-The maximum number of threads
+The maximum number of threads.
 
 </DL>
 <P>
@@ -16010,7 +16165,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
 <HR>
 <TABLE WIDTH=100%>
 <TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 September 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 October 10<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
 </TR>
 </TABLE>
 <HR>
@@ -16119,7 +16274,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
 <DT><A HREF="#lbDJ">BUGS</A><DD>
 </DL>
 <HR>
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20240927/doc/bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 07 October 2024 17:23:36 EDT
+This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/doc/bash.1.<BR>
+Time: 10 October 2024 17:47:42 EDT
 </BODY>
 </HTML>

diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info
index f931200a4eef9fd66574066db2836f00b73e7f80..4130485841f65a15648495f2366c6d4d6a6c7615 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bash.info
+++ b/doc/bash.info
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi.
 
 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).
 
-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
 
    Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features
 *************
 
 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024).  The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).  The Bash home page is
 <http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
 
-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
 
    Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ expanded to create larger expressions.
    A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
 language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
 interface to the rich set of GNU utilities.  The programming language
-features allow these utilities to be combined.  Files containing
-commands can be created, and become commands themselves.  These new
+features allow these utilities to be combined.  Users can create files
+containing commands, and these become commands themselves.  These new
 commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
 ‘/bin’, allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
 automate their common tasks.
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ constructs, quoting, and functions.
    Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
 than to augment the programming language.  These interactive features
 include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases.
-Each of these features is described in this manual.
+This manual describes how Bash provides all of these features.
 
 \1f
 File: bash.info,  Node: Definitions,  Next: Basic Shell Features,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Basic Shell Features,  Next: Shell Builtin Commands,  Pr
 
 Bash is an acronym for ‘Bourne-Again SHell’.  The Bourne shell is the
 traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.  All of the
-Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and the rules for
 evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
 'standard' Unix shell.
 
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the following:
 
   2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
      rules described in *note Quoting::.  These tokens are separated by
-     ‘metacharacters’.  Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+     ‘metacharacters’.  This step performs alias expansion (*note
      Aliases::).
 
   3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ follows:
      backspace
 ‘\e’
 ‘\E’
-     an escape character (not ANSI C)
+     An escape character (not in ANSI C).
 ‘\f’
      form feed
 ‘\n’
@@ -454,19 +454,19 @@ follows:
 ‘\?’
      question mark
 ‘\NNN’
-     the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
-     three octal digits)
+     The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
+     three octal digits).
 ‘\xHH’
-     the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
-     (one or two hex digits)
+     The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
+     (one or two hex digits).
 ‘\uHHHH’
-     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+     The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits).
 ‘\UHHHHHHHH’
-     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+     The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).
 ‘\cX’
-     a control-X character
+     A control-X character.
 
 The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
 present.
@@ -690,23 +690,24 @@ redirection of the standard error to the standard output is performed
 after any redirections specified by COMMAND1, consistent with that
 shorthand.
 
-   The reserved word ‘time’ causes timing statistics to be printed for
-the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently consist of
-elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
-command's execution.  The ‘-p’ option changes the output format to that
-specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
-Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a ‘-’.  The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is a
-format string that specifies how the timing information should be
+   If the reserved word ‘time’ precedes the pipeline, Bash prints timing
+statistics for the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently
+consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed
+by the command's execution.  The ‘-p’ option changes the output format
+to that specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash
+POSIX Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the
+next token begins with a ‘-’.  The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is
+a format string that specifies how the timing information should be
 displayed.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
-formats.  The use of ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of
+formats.  Providing ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of
 shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external ‘time’
 command cannot time these easily.
 
-   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), ‘time’ may
-be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the total
-user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.  The
-‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time information.
+   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), you can
+use ‘time’ by itself as a simple command.  In this case, the shell
+displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its
+children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time
+information.
 
    If a pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
 shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
@@ -1496,7 +1497,7 @@ if the ‘$((...))’ expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::).
 Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed.  Assignment
 statements may also appear as arguments to the ‘alias’, ‘declare’,
 ‘typeset’, ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘local’ builtin commands
-(“declaration” commands).  When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+(“declaration commands”).  When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
 these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
 the ‘command’ builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
 For example,
@@ -1709,7 +1710,8 @@ each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then
 appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
 
    Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded string
-are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.  For example,
+are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order.  For
+example,
      bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
      ade ace abe
 
@@ -2544,7 +2546,7 @@ characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
      Matches any single character.
 ‘[...]’
      Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
-     separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
+     separated by a hyphen denotes a “range expression”; any character
      that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
      current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches.  If
      the first character following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any
@@ -3008,51 +3010,51 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Command Execution Environment,  Next: Environment,  Prev
 The shell has an “execution environment”, which consists of the
 following:
 
-   • open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-     redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin
+   • Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+     redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin.
 
-   • the current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’,
-     or inherited by the shell at invocation
+   • The current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’,
+     or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 
-   • the file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the
-     shell's parent
+   • The file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the
+     shell's parent.
 
-   • current traps set by ‘trap’
+   • Current traps set by ‘trap’.
 
-   • shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’
-     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+   • Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’
+     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 
-   • shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
-     shell's parent in the environment
+   • Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+     shell's parent in the environment.
 
-   • options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
-     command-line arguments) or by ‘set’
+   • Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
+     command-line arguments) or by ‘set’.
 
-   • options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+   • Options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::).
 
-   • shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::)
+   • Shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::).
 
-   • various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
-     Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’
+   • Various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
+     Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’.
 
    When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
 executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
 consists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are
 inherited from the shell.
 
-   • the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
-     specified by redirections to the command
+   • The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+     specified by redirections to the command.
 
-   • the current working directory
+   • The current working directory.
 
-   • the file creation mode mask
+   • The file creation mode mask.
 
-   • shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+   • Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
      variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
-     (*note Environment::)
+     (*note Environment::).
 
-   • traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
-     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+   • Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 
    A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
 shell's execution environment.
@@ -3554,7 +3556,7 @@ standard.
      instead.
 
      ‘getopts’ can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
-     OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses SILENT error reporting.  In
+     OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses _silent_ error reporting.  In
      normal operation, ‘getopts’ prints diagnostic messages when it
      encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.  If the
      variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed,
@@ -3789,7 +3791,7 @@ standard.
      children.  The return status is zero.
 
 ‘trap’
-          trap [-Plp] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...]
+          trap [-lpP] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...]
 
      The ACTION is a command that is read and executed when the shell
      receives any of the signals SIGSPEC.  If ACTION is absent (and
@@ -4218,17 +4220,17 @@ standard.
      ‘\\’
           backslash
      ‘\0NNN’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
-          (zero to three octal digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (zero to three octal digits).
      ‘\xHH’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-          HH (one or two hex digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits).
      ‘\uHHHH’
-          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+          The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits).
      ‘\UHHHHHHHH’
-          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+          The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).
 
      ‘echo’ writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters
      unchanged.
@@ -4399,7 +4401,7 @@ standard.
           the ANSI-C quoting style (*note ANSI-C Quoting::) if any
           characters in the argument string require it, and backslash
           quoting otherwise.  If the format string uses the ‘printf’
-          ALTERNATE FORM, these two formats quote the argument string
+          _alternate form_, these two formats quote the argument string
           using single quotes.
 
      ‘%Q’
@@ -5053,11 +5055,14 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior.
      Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
      The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the ‘-o’
      option is used, those available with the ‘-o’ option to the ‘set’
-     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).  With no options, or
-     with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all settable options, with
-     an indication of whether or not each is set; if any OPTNAMEs are
-     supplied, the output is restricted to those options.  The ‘-p’
-     option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+     With no options, or with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all
+     settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
+     if any OPTNAMEs are supplied, the output is restricted to those
+     options.  The ‘-p’ option displays output in a form that may be
+     reused as input.
+
      Other options have the following meanings:
 
      ‘-s’
@@ -7504,14 +7509,14 @@ standard was published in 1992.  It was merged with the original IEEE
 1003.1 Working Group and is currently maintained by the Austin Group (a
 joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15).
 Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents
-that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from
+that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from
 1992) is now part of the current unified POSIX standard.
 
    The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
 interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from the
 command line or by other programs.  The standard is freely available on
 the web at
-<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html>.
+<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/contents.html>.
 
    Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined by
 the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume.  The shell command language has of
@@ -7535,7 +7540,7 @@ editing commands were left out due to objections.
 Although Bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell specification,
 there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the
 specification.  The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these
-areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely.
+areas so that it conforms more closely to the standard.
 
    Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing
 ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
@@ -7549,132 +7554,148 @@ startup files.
 
   1. Bash ensures that the ‘POSIXLY_CORRECT’ variable is set.
 
-  2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
-     re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location.  This is also available
-     with ‘shopt -s checkhash’.
-
-  3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
-     command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
-     from a ‘$PATH’ search.
+  2. Bash reads and executes the POSIX startup files (‘$ENV’) rather
+     than the normal Bash files (*note Bash Startup Files::.
 
-  4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-     exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
+  3. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
 
-  5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-     is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
-     ‘SIGTSTP’.
+  4. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
+     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
 
-  6. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
-     notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’
-     or newline.  Non-interactive shells print status messages after a
-     foreground job in a list completes.
+  5. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command
+     substitution.  The default (non-posix) mode generally defers it,
+     when enabled, until the command substitution is executed.  This
+     means that command substitution will not expand aliases that are
+     defined after the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g.,
+     as part of a function definition).
 
-  7. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
-     before printing the status of a background job that changes status
-     or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal.
-     Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
-     completes.
+  6. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command.
+     When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell
+     and its completed children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the
+     format of the timing information.
 
-  8. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
-     the user of their termination, whether that is via ‘wait’, ‘jobs’,
-     or interactive shell notification before prompting.
+  7. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next
+     token begins with a ‘-’.
 
-  9. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+  8. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
+     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
+     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
 
-  10. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
-     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
+  9. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+     in a redirection unless the shell is interactive.
 
-  11. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command
-     substitution.  The default mode generally defers it, when enabled,
-     until the command substitution is executed.  This means that
-     command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after
-     the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a
-     function definition).
+  10. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+     a redirection.
 
-  12. The POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of ‘!’ to the history number
-     and ‘!!’ to ‘!’ are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
-     on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of the setting of the
-     ‘promptvars’ option.
+  11. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s.  That is, they may not
+     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
+     name in a non-interactive shell is a fatal syntax error.
 
-  13. The POSIX startup files are executed (‘$ENV’) rather than the
-     normal Bash files.
+  12. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+     builtins.
 
-  14. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
+  13. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
      command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
 
-  15. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
-     value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’).
+  14. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+     the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters.
 
-  16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
-     word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+  15. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the
+     expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were
+     double-quoted.
 
-  17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
-     the redirection.
+  16. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it
+     appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a
+     here-document that undergoes expansion.  That means, for example,
+     that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it
+     and the backslash will be removed.
 
-  18. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s.  That is, they may not
-     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
-     name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+  17. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter.  The
+     exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the
+     exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while
+     evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that
+     command, but that does not happen until after all of the
+     assignments and redirections.
+
+  18. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+     the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+     Tilde Expansion::.
 
-  19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+  19. Command lookup finds POSIX special builtins before shell
+     functions, including output printed by the ‘type’ and ‘command’
      builtins.
 
   20. Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined
      before entering POSIX mode, the shell will not execute a function
      whose name contains one or more slashes.
 
-  21. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
-     command lookup, including output printed by the ‘type’ and
-     ‘command’ builtins.
+  21. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
+     re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location.  This is also available
+     with ‘shopt -s checkhash’.
 
-  22. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
-     does not print the ‘function’ keyword.
+  22. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into
+     the command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch)
+     result from a ‘$PATH’ search.
 
-  23. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
-     the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note
-     Tilde Expansion::.
+  23. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
+     job exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
 
-  24. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
-     used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
-     its completed children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the
-     format of the timing information.
+  24. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
+     job is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for
+     example, ‘SIGTSTP’.
 
-  25. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
-     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
-     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
-     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
-     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
+  25. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
+     notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’
+     or newline.  Non-interactive shells print status messages after a
+     foreground job in a list completes.
+
+  26. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
+     before printing the status of a background job that changes status
+     or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal.
+     Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+     completes.
+
+  27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
+     the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins.
 
-  26. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the
-     next token begins with a ‘-’.
+  28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
+     the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and
+     ‘$EDITOR’.
+
+  29. Prompt expansion enables the POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of
+     ‘!’ to the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’, and Bash performs
+     parameter expansion on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of
+     the setting of the ‘promptvars’ option.
 
-  27. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
+  30. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
+     value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’).
+
+  31. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
      double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled.
 
-  28. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+  32. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
+     does not print the ‘function’ keyword.
+
+  33. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+     expansion results in an invalid expression.
+
+  34. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+  35. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
      non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
      the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
      options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
      assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
 
-  29. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
-     error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
-     variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid
-     identifier, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
-
-  30. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
-     statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
-     unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
-     as well.  This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
-     further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
-     utility shall persist" behavior.
-
-  31. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+  36. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
      assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
      statements.  A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
      trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
 
-  32. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+  37. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
      assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
      special builtin, but not with any other simple command.  For any
      other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command,
@@ -7682,171 +7703,156 @@ startup files.
      perform any further processing of the command in which the error
      occurred").
 
-  33. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+  38. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
      iteration variable in a ‘for’ statement or the selection variable
      in a ‘select’ statement is a readonly variable or has an invalid
      name.
 
-  34. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
+  39. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
      found.
 
-  35. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
-     expansion results in an invalid expression.
-
-  36. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
-
-  37. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+  40. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
      read with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins, or in a string processed by
      the ‘eval’ builtin.
 
-  38. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
-     the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters.
+  41. Non-interactive shells exit if the ‘export’, ‘readonly’ or ‘unset’
+     builtin commands get an argument that is not a valid identifier,
+     and they are not operating on shell functions.  These errors force
+     an exit because these are special builtins.
 
-  39. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the
-     expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were
-     double-quoted.
-
-  40. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+  42. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
      the shell environment after the builtin completes.
 
-  41. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+  43. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
      assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
-     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
+     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, declaration commands
      lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
      by ‘command’.
 
-  42. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
-     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
-     whether the job is the current or previous job.
-
-  43. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
-     line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix.
-
-  44. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
-     prefix.
-
-  45. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
-     in the format required by POSIX.
-
-  46. If the ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands get an argument
-     that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
-     functions, they return an error.  This will cause a non-interactive
-     shell to exit because these are special builtins.
-
-  47. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
-     ‘SIG’.
-
-  48. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
-     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
-     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
-     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
-     use ‘-’ as the first argument.
-
-  49. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
-     are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
-     started, not just trapped signals.
-
-  50. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
-     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’.
-
-  51. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+  44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
      ‘inherit_errexit’ option, so subshells spawned to execute command
      substitutions inherit the value of the ‘-e’ option from the parent
      shell.  When the ‘inherit_errexit’ option is not enabled, Bash
      clears the ‘-e’ option in such subshells.
 
-  52. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
+  45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
      option, so numeric arguments to ‘shift’ that exceed the number of
      positional parameters will result in an error message.
 
-  53. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+  46. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+     ‘interactive_comments’ option (*note Comments::).
+
+  47. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
+     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’.
+
+  48. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
      display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the ‘-p’ option is
      supplied.
 
-  54. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
-     display shell function names and definitions.
-
-  55. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
-     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
-     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+  49. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
+     whether the job is the current or previous job.
 
-  56. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
+  50. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
      constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an
      argument does not refer to an existing directory, ‘cd’ will fail
      instead of falling back to physical mode.
 
-  57. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
+  51. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
      of the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name
      supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’
      will attempt to use the supplied directory name.
 
-  58. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
-     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
-     system with the ‘-P’ option.
+  52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+     interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options.  ‘echo’ displays each
+     argument after converting escape sequences.
 
-  59. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
+  53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
+     in the format required by POSIX.
+
+  54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
      indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
 
-  60. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
+  55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
 
-  61. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
+  56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
 
-  62. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
+  57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
      an error message and returns failure.
 
-  63. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
-     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
-     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
-
-  64. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
-     the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and
-     ‘$EDITOR’.
+  58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
+     line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix.
 
-  65. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
-     interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options.  Each argument is
-     displayed, after escape characters are converted.
+  59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
+     prefix.
 
-  66. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
-     and ‘-f’ options.
+  60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
+     arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
+     instead of ‘long double’ if it's available.  The ‘L’ length
+     modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
 
-  67. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
-     interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
-     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+  61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
+     system with the ‘-P’ option.
 
-  68. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+  62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
      has been set.  If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
      ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status
      greater than 128.
 
-  69. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
-     arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
-     instead of ‘long double’ if it's available.  The ‘L’ length
-     modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
-
-  70. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
-     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it.
+  63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+     display shell function names and definitions.
 
-  71. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it
-     appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a
-     here-document that undergoes expansion.  That means, for example,
-     that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it
-     and the backslash will be removed.
+  64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
+     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
 
-  72. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
-     processing the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
+  65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
+     evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
 
-  73. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
+  66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
      Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain
      cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards
      compatibility.
 
-  74. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter.  The
-     exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the
-     exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while
-     evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that
-     command, but that does not happen until after all of the
-     assignments and redirections.
+  67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
+     ‘SIG’.
+
+  68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
+     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
+     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+     use ‘-’ as the first argument.
+
+  69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
+     are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
+     started, not just trapped signals.
+
+  70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
+     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
+
+  71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
+     and ‘-f’ options.
+
+  72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
+     error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
+     variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+
+  73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
+     statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
+     unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
+     as well.  This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
+     further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
+     utility shall persist" behavior.
+
+  74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
+     interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+  75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it.
 
    There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
 even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
@@ -7855,11 +7861,7 @@ even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
      entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
      ‘ed’.  ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset.
 
-  2. A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment
-     preceding the ‘command’ builtin or another non-special builtin
-     fails.
-
-  3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
+  2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
      for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant.
 
    Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
@@ -8321,7 +8323,7 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
 shell, unless the ‘--noediting’ option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the ‘-e’ option to the ‘read’
 builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::).  By default, the line editing
-commands are similar to those of Emacs.  A vi-style line editing
+commands are similar to those of Emacs; a vi-style line editing
 interface is also available.  Line editing can be enabled at any time
 using the ‘-o emacs’ or ‘-o vi’ options to the ‘set’ builtin command
 (*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the ‘+o emacs’ or ‘+o vi’
@@ -8365,9 +8367,9 @@ configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other
 modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters.
 
    On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters
-with the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the ‘enable-meta-key’
+with the eighth bit (0200) set.  You can use the ‘enable-meta-key’
 variable to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows
-it).  On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the
+it.  On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the
 metafied key to a key sequence beginning with <ESC> as described in the
 next paragraph.
 
@@ -8378,13 +8380,18 @@ prefix”).
 
    Either process is known as “metafying” the <k> key.
 
+   If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the <ESC> meta prefix,
+you can make ‘M-key’ key bindings you specify (see ‘Key Bindings’ in
+*note Readline Init File Syntax::) do the same thing by setting the
+‘force-meta-prefix’ variable.
+
    The text ‘M-C-k’ is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
 character produced by metafying ‘C-k’.
 
    In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically, <DEL>,
 <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
 in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).  If your
-keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
+keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will output the appropriate
 character.  The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
 keyboards.
 
@@ -8433,8 +8440,8 @@ Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with ‘C-f’.
 characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
 the text that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind
 the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
-fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of
-the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  These are
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line:
 
 ‘C-b’
      Move back one character.
@@ -8450,10 +8457,10 @@ Printing characters
      Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
      empty line.
 
-(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key might be set to
+Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key might be set to
 delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to
 delete the character underneath the cursor, like ‘C-d’, rather than the
-character to the left of the cursor.)
+character to the left of the cursor.
 
 \1f
 File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing Commands,  Prev: Readline Bare Essentials,  Up: Readline Interaction
@@ -8463,8 +8470,8 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing Comm
 
 The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
 order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many other
-commands have been added in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and <DEL>.
-Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+commands are available in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and <DEL>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly within the line.
 
 ‘C-a’
      Move to the start of the line.
@@ -8523,7 +8530,8 @@ available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
      than ‘M-<DEL>’ because the word boundaries differ.
 
    Here is how to “yank” the text back into the line.  Yanking means to
-copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer into the line at
+the current cursor position.
 
 ‘C-y’
      Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
@@ -8569,15 +8577,15 @@ string.  There are two search modes: “incremental” and
 search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,
 Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
 typed so far.  An incremental search requires only as many characters as
-needed to find the desired history entry.  To search backward in the
-history for a particular string, type ‘C-r’.  Typing ‘C-s’ searches
-forward through the history.  The characters present in the value of the
-‘isearch-terminators’ variable are used to terminate an incremental
-search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
-‘C-J’ characters will terminate an incremental search.  ‘C-g’ will abort
-an incremental search and restore the original line.  When the search is
-terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
-current line.
+needed to find the desired history entry.  When using emacs editing
+mode, type ‘C-r’ to search backward in the history for a particular
+string.  Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history.  The
+characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable
+are used to terminate an incremental search.  If that variable has not
+been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an
+incremental search.  ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore
+the original line.  When the search is terminated, the history entry
+containing the search string becomes the current line.
 
    To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
 ‘C-s’ as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
@@ -8593,8 +8601,8 @@ are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
 string, Readline uses any remembered search string.
 
    Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
-starting to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
-typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+starting to search for matching history entries.  The search string may
+be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 
 \1f
 File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Init File,  Next: Bindable Readline Commands,  Prev: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -8608,13 +8616,12 @@ keybindings.  Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
 putting commands in an “inputrc” file, conventionally in their home
 directory.  The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
 variable ‘INPUTRC’.  If that variable is unset, the default is
-‘~/.inputrc’.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
-ultimate default is ‘/etc/inputrc’.  The ‘bind’ builtin command can also
-be used to set Readline keybindings and variables.  *Note Bash
-Builtins::.
+‘~/.inputrc’.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline
+looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’.  The ‘bind’ builtin command can also be used
+to set Readline keybindings and variables.  *Note Bash Builtins::.
 
-   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
-file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
+reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
 
    In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
 incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
@@ -8622,9 +8629,7 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
 * Menu:
 
 * Readline Init File Syntax::  Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
-
 * Conditional Init Constructs::        Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
-
 * Sample Init File::           An example inputrc file.
 
 \1f
@@ -8727,9 +8732,8 @@ Variable Settings
           environment variable.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘comment-begin’
-          The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
-          ‘insert-comment’ command is executed.  The default value is
-          ‘"#"’.
+          The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the
+          ‘insert-comment’ command.  The default value is ‘"#"’.
 
      ‘completion-display-width’
           The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
@@ -8750,33 +8754,33 @@ Variable Settings
           and completion.  The default value is ‘off’.
 
      ‘completion-prefix-display-length’
-          The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
-          possible completions that is displayed without modification.
-          When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
-          than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
-          possible completions.
+          The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a
+          list of possible completions that is displayed without
+          modification.  When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+          replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an
+          ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 
      ‘completion-query-items’
           The number of possible completions that determines when the
           user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
           displayed.  If the number of possible completions is greater
           than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
-          the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply
-          listed.  This variable must be set to an integer value greater
-          than or equal to zero.  A zero value means Readline should
-          never ask; negative values are treated as zero.  The default
-          limit is ‘100’.
+          the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists
+          the completions.  This variable must be set to an integer
+          value greater than or equal to zero.  A zero value means
+          Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as
+          zero.  The default limit is ‘100’.
 
      ‘convert-meta’
-          If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads with
-          the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
-          eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
-          to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is ‘on’,
-          but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that
+          have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing
+          the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting
+          them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is
+          ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
           characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth
           bit set.  This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale
-          category, and may change if the locale is changed.  This
-          variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
+          category, and may change if the locale changes.  This variable
+          also affects key bindings; see the description of
           ‘force-meta-prefix’ below.
 
      ‘disable-completion’
@@ -8790,33 +8794,33 @@ Variable Settings
           signal generated from the keyboard.  The default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘editing-mode’
-          The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls which default set of key
-          bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
-          editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
-          This variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.
+          The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls the default set of key
+          bindings.  By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing
+          mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.  This
+          variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.
 
      ‘emacs-mode-string’
           If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is
           expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
-          control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
-          Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of
+          control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+          The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of
           non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal
           control sequence into the mode string.  The default is ‘@’.
 
      ‘enable-active-region’
-          The “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers
-          to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::).  The
-          text between the point and mark is referred to as the
-          “region”.  When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows
-          certain commands to designate the region as “active”.  When
-          the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the
-          region using the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’,
-          which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's
-          standout mode.  The active region shows the text inserted by
-          bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and
-          non-incremental history searches.  The default is ‘On’.
+          “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers to a
+          saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::).  The text
+          between the point and mark is referred to as the “region”.
+          When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows certain
+          commands to designate the region as “active”.  When the region
+          is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using
+          the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’, which defaults
+          to the string that enables the terminal's standout mode.  The
+          active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and
+          any matching text found by incremental and non-incremental
+          history searches.  The default is ‘On’.
 
      ‘enable-bracketed-paste’
           When set to ‘On’, Readline configures the terminal to insert
@@ -8843,7 +8847,7 @@ Variable Settings
           default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘expand-tilde’
-          If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it
           attempts word completion.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘force-meta-prefix’
@@ -8870,29 +8874,29 @@ Variable Settings
           list.  If set to zero, any existing history entries are
           deleted and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less
           than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.  By
-          default, the number of history entries is not limited.  If an
-          attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
-          the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+          default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries
+          to the value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell variable.  If you try to
+          set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of
+          history entries will be set to 500.
 
      ‘horizontal-scroll-mode’
-          This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’.  Setting it
-          to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will
-          scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
-          longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
-          a new screen line.  This variable is automatically set to ‘on’
-          for terminals of height 1.  By default, this variable is set
-          to ‘off’.
+          Setting this variable to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines
+          being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line
+          when the lines are longer than the width of the screen,
+          instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.  This variable is
+          automatically set to ‘on’ for terminals of height 1.  By
+          default, this variable is set to ‘off’.
 
      ‘input-meta’
-          If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
-          not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
+          it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
           regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
           default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
           the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
-          bytes with the eighth bit set.  The name ‘meta-flag’ is a
-          synonym for this variable.  This variable is dependent on the
-          ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if the locale is
-          changed.
+          bytes with the eighth bit set.  This variable is dependent on
+          the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
+          the locale changes.  The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
+          ‘input-meta’.
 
      ‘isearch-terminators’
           The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
@@ -8908,18 +8912,18 @@ Variable Settings
           ‘vi-command’, and ‘vi-insert’.  ‘vi’ is equivalent to
           ‘vi-command’ (‘vi-move’ is also a synonym); ‘emacs’ is
           equivalent to ‘emacs-standard’.  Applications may add
-          additional names.  The default value is ‘emacs’.  The value of
+          additional names.  The default value is ‘emacs’; the value of
           the ‘editing-mode’ variable also affects the default keymap.
 
      ‘keyseq-timeout’
           Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
           reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
           complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
-          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If no
-          input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
-          shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this value
-          to determine whether or not input is available on the current
-          input source (‘rl_instream’ by default).  The value is
+          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If
+          Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will
+          use the shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this
+          value to determine whether or not input is available on the
+          current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default).  The value is
           specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
           Readline will wait one second for additional input.  If this
           variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
@@ -8932,14 +8936,14 @@ Variable Settings
           appended.  The default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘mark-modified-lines’
-          This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an
+          When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an
           asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
           modified.  This variable is ‘off’ by default.
 
      ‘mark-symlinked-directories’
           If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links to
-          directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-          ‘mark-directories’).  The default is ‘off’.
+          directories have a slash appended, subject to the value of
+          ‘mark-directories’.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘match-hidden-files’
           This variable, when set to ‘on’, forces Readline to match
@@ -8959,8 +8963,8 @@ Variable Settings
           sequence.  The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
           ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may
           include bytes with the eighth bit set.  This variable is
-          dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if
-          the locale is changed.
+          dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may
+          change if the locale changes.
 
      ‘page-completions’
           If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
@@ -8977,7 +8981,7 @@ Variable Settings
 
      ‘revert-all-at-newline’
           If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history
-          lines before returning when ‘accept-line’ is executed.  By
+          lines before returning when executing ‘accept-line’.  By
           default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
           undo lists across calls to ‘readline()’.  The default is
           ‘off’.
@@ -9012,22 +9016,22 @@ Variable Settings
           If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior
           when inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active
           when performing completion in the middle of a word.  If
-          enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the
+          enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
           completion that match characters after point in the word being
           completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
           not duplicated.  For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
-          completion when the cursor is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will
-          result in ‘Makefile’ rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming
-          there is a single possible completion.  The default value is
-          ‘off’.
+          completion when the cursor is after the first ‘e’ in
+          ‘Makefile’ will result in ‘Makefile’ rather than
+          ‘Makefilefile’, assuming there is a single possible
+          completion.  The default value is ‘off’.
 
      ‘vi-cmd-mode-string’
           If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
           The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
-          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
-          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
+          of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end
           sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
           embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
           default is ‘(cmd)’.
@@ -9037,8 +9041,8 @@ Variable Settings
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
           The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
-          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
-          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
+          of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end
           sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
           embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
           default is ‘(ins)’.
@@ -9063,7 +9067,9 @@ Key Bindings
      different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
 
      In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a
-     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).  The
+     difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+     enclosed in single or double quotes.
 
      The ‘bind -p’ command displays Readline function names and bindings
      in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file.
@@ -9082,16 +9088,16 @@ Key Bindings
           expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
           ‘> output’ into the line).
 
-          A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
-          processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
-          NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
+          This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic
+          character names: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN,
+          RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
 
      "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
           KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
           entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
           sequence in double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
-          can be used, as in the following example, but the special
-          character names are not recognized.
+          can be used, as in the following example, but none of the
+          special character names are recognized.
 
                "\C-u": universal-argument
                "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
@@ -9107,20 +9113,20 @@ Key Bindings
      specifying key sequences:
 
      ‘\C-’
-          control prefix
+          A control prefix.
      ‘\M-’
-          adding the meta prefix or converting the following character
+          Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character
           to a meta character, as described above under
           ‘force-meta-prefix’ (see ‘Variable Settings’ in *note Readline
           Init File Syntax::).
      ‘\e’
-          an escape character
+          An escape character.
      ‘\\’
-          backslash
+          Backslash.
      ‘\"’
-          <">, a double quotation mark
+          <">, a double quotation mark.
      ‘\'’
-          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe
+          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe.
 
      In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
      of backslash escapes is available:
@@ -9142,16 +9148,16 @@ Key Bindings
      ‘\v’
           vertical tab
      ‘\NNN’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
-          (one to three digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (one to three digits).
      ‘\xHH’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-          HH (one or two hex digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits).
 
      When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
      used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to
-     be a function name.  In the macro body, the backslash escapes
-     described above are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other
+     be a function name.  Tthe backslash escapes described above are
+     expanded in the macro body.  Backslash will quote any other
      character in the macro text, including ‘"’ and ‘'’.  For example,
      the following binding will make ‘‘C-x’ \’ insert a single ‘\’ into
      the line:
@@ -9166,7 +9172,7 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Conditional Init Constructs,  Next: Sample Init File,  P
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
 variable settings to be performed as the result of tests.  There are
-four parser directives used.
+four parser directives available.
 
 ‘$if’
      The ‘$if’ construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
@@ -9188,7 +9194,8 @@ four parser directives used.
           terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
           ‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
           the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’.  This
-          allows ‘sun’ to match both ‘sun’ and ‘sun-cmd’, for instance.
+          allows ‘xterm’ to match both ‘xterm’ and ‘xterm-256color’, for
+          instance.
 
      ‘version’
           The ‘version’ test may be used to perform comparisons against
@@ -9198,8 +9205,8 @@ four parser directives used.
           version number supplied on the right side of the operator
           consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point,
           and an optional minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’).  If the minor
-          version is omitted, it is assumed to be ‘0’.  The operator may
-          be separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version
+          version is omitted, it defaults to ‘0’.  The operator may be
+          separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version
           number argument by whitespace.  The following example sets a
           variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer:
                $if version >= 7.0
@@ -9225,7 +9232,7 @@ four parser directives used.
           operators are ‘=’, ‘==’, and ‘!=’.  The variable name must be
           separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
           operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
-          side by whitespace.  Both string and boolean variables may be
+          side by whitespace.  String and boolean variables may be
           tested.  Boolean variables must be tested against the values
           ON and OFF.  The following example is equivalent to the
           ‘mode=emacs’ test described above:
@@ -9233,18 +9240,18 @@ four parser directives used.
                set show-mode-in-prompt on
                $endif
 
-‘$endif’
-     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’
-     command.
-
 ‘$else’
      Commands in this branch of the ‘$if’ directive are executed if the
      test fails.
 
+‘$endif’
+     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’
+     command.
+
 ‘$include’
      This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
-     commands and bindings from that file.  For example, the following
-     directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’:
+     commands and key bindings from that file.  For example, the
+     following directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’:
           $include /etc/inputrc
 
 \1f
@@ -9382,7 +9389,10 @@ sequence are unbound by default.
    In the following descriptions, “point” refers to the current cursor
 position, and “mark” refers to a cursor position saved by the ‘set-mark’
 command.  The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
-“region”.
+“region”.  Readline has the concept of an _active region_: when the
+region is active, Readline redisplay uses the value of the
+‘active-region-start-color’ variable to denote the region.  Several
+commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 
 \1f
 File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Moving,  Next: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
@@ -9477,13 +9487,13 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev: C
      Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
      through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
      This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
-     mark.
+     region.
 
 ‘forward-search-history (C-s)’
      Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
      through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
      This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
-     mark.
+     region.
 
 ‘non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)’
      Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
@@ -9529,8 +9539,9 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev: C
      insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
      previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument inserts
      the Nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once the
-     argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the ‘!N’
-     history expansion had been specified.
+     argument N is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities
+     to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!N’ history expansion had been
+     specified.
 
 ‘yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)’
      Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
@@ -9540,9 +9551,9 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev: C
      specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
      Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
      the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument
-     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  The
-     history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-     as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.
+     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  This
+     uses the history expansion facilities to extract the last word, as
+     if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.
 
 ‘operate-and-get-next (C-o)’
      Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if
@@ -9575,7 +9586,8 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev: C
 
 ‘backward-delete-char (Rubout)’
      Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
-     to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+     to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring, instead of
+     deleting them.
 
 ‘forward-backward-delete-char ()’
      Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
@@ -9587,7 +9599,7 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev: C
      insert key sequences like ‘C-q’, for example.
 
 ‘self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)’
-     Insert yourself.
+     Insert the character typed.
 
 ‘bracketed-paste-begin ()’
      This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
@@ -9599,9 +9611,7 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev: C
      commands.
 
      Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and
-     the mark) to the inserted text.  It uses the concept of an _active
-     mark_: when the mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the
-     terminal's standout mode to denote the region.
+     the mark) to the inserted text.  It sets the _active region_.
 
 ‘transpose-chars (C-t)’
      Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
@@ -9655,14 +9665,14 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev: C
 -------------------------
 
 ‘kill-line (C-k)’
-     Kill the text from point to the end of the line.  With a negative
-     numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of
-     the current line.
+     Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.  With a
+     negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+     beginning of the line.
 
 ‘backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)’
      Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
      With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to
-     the end of the current line.
+     the end of the line.
 
 ‘unix-line-discard (C-u)’
      Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
@@ -9690,12 +9700,12 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev: C
      ‘shell-backward-word’.
 
 ‘unix-word-rubout (C-w)’
-     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-     The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+     saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 ‘unix-filename-rubout ()’
      Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
-     character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is saved on the
+     character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
      kill-ring.
 
 ‘delete-horizontal-space ()’
@@ -9759,11 +9769,13 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Prev:
 ‘complete (<TAB>)’
      Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.  The actual
      completion performed is application-specific.  Bash attempts
-     completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
-     ‘$’), username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text
-     begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases and functions) in
-     turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
-     attempted.
+     completion by first checking for any programmable completions for
+     the command word (*note Programmable Completion::), otherwise
+     treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with ‘$’),
+     username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text
+     begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases, functions, and
+     builtins) in turn.  If none of these produces a match, it falls
+     back to filename completion.
 
 ‘possible-completions (M-?)’
      List the possible completions of the text before point.  When
@@ -9774,28 +9786,27 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Prev:
 
 ‘insert-completions (M-*)’
      Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
-     been generated by ‘possible-completions’.
+     been generated by ‘possible-completions’, separated by a space.
 
 ‘menu-complete ()’
      Similar to ‘complete’, but replaces the word to be completed with a
-     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeated
-     execution of ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible
+     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeatedly
+     executing ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible
      completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the end of the list
-     of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
-     ‘bell-style’) and the original text is restored.  An argument of N
-     moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
-     argument may be used to move backward through the list.  This
-     command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
-     default.
+     of completions, ‘menu-complete’ rings the bell (subject to the
+     setting of ‘bell-style’) and restores the original text.  An
+     argument of N moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a
+     negative argument moves backward through the list.  This command is
+     intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by default.
 
 ‘menu-complete-backward ()’
      Identical to ‘menu-complete’, but moves backward through the list
      of possible completions, as if ‘menu-complete’ had been given a
-     negative argument.
+     negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
 
 ‘delete-char-or-list ()’
      Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
-     end of the line (like ‘delete-char’).  If at the end of the line,
+     end of the line (like ‘delete-char’).  At the end of the line, it
      behaves identically to ‘possible-completions’.  This command is
      unbound by default.
 
@@ -9842,8 +9853,7 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Prev:
 
 ‘dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)’
      Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
-     against lines from the history list for possible completion
-     matches.
+     against history list entries for possible completion matches.
 
 ‘dabbrev-expand ()’
      Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
@@ -9896,59 +9906,56 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Bin
      behavior is undefined if X is already lower case.
 
 ‘prefix-meta (<ESC>)’
-     Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards without a
-     meta key.  Typing ‘<ESC> f’ is equivalent to typing ‘M-f’.
+     Metafy the next character typed.  Typing ‘<ESC> f’ is equivalent to
+     typing ‘M-f’.
 
 ‘undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)’
      Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 
 ‘revert-line (M-r)’
      Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
-     ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+     ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the initial state.
 
 ‘tilde-expand (M-&)’
      Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 
 ‘set-mark (C-@)’
-     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
-     mark is set to that position.
+     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, set
+     the mark to that position.
 
 ‘exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)’
-     Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set
-     to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
-     mark.
+     Swap the point with the mark.  Set the current cursor position to
+     the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 
 ‘character-search (C-])’
-     A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
-     that character.  A negative argument searches for previous
-     occurrences.
+     Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
+     character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 
 ‘character-search-backward (M-C-])’
-     A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
-     of that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
+     Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that
+     character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
      occurrences.
 
 ‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
      Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
-     those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin
-     with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
-     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+     those defined for keys like Home and End.  CSI sequences begin with
+     a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
+     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have
      no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
      inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is
      unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
 
 ‘insert-comment (M-#)’
-     Without a numeric argument, the value of the ‘comment-begin’
-     variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.  If a
-     numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+     Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’
+     variable at the beginning of the current line.  If a numeric
+     argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
      characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
-     ‘comment-begin’, the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
-     ‘comment-begin’ are deleted from the beginning of the line.  In
-     either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
-     The default value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make
-     the current line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the
-     comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
-     shell.
+     ‘comment-begin’, insert the value; otherwise delete the characters
+     in ‘comment-begin’ from the beginning of the line.  In either case,
+     the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.  The default
+     value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make the current
+     line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the comment
+     character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
 
 ‘dump-functions ()’
      Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
@@ -9964,9 +9971,17 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Bin
 
 ‘dump-macros ()’
      Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-     strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
-     is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
-     file.  This command is unbound by default.
+     strings they output to the Readline output stream.  If a numeric
+     argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it
+     can be made part of an INPUTRC file.  This command is unbound by
+     default.
+
+‘execute-named-command (M-x)’
+     Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute
+     the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which
+     it was bound appeared in the input.  If this function is supplied
+     with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it
+     executes.
 
 ‘spell-correct-word (C-x s)’
      Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a
@@ -9975,25 +9990,20 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Bin
      ‘shell-forward-word’.
 
 ‘glob-complete-word (M-g)’
-     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
-     expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is
-     used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
-     completions.
+     Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+     with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+     generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 
 ‘glob-expand-word (C-x *)’
-     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
-     expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
-     replacing the word.  If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is
-     appended before pathname expansion.
-
-‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’
-     The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-     ‘glob-expand-word’ is displayed, and the line is redrawn.  If a
-     numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before pathname
+     Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+     and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.  If
+     a numeric argument is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname
      expansion.
 
-‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’
-     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’
+     Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+     ‘glob-expand-word’, and redisplay the line.  If a numeric argument
+     is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion.
 
 ‘shell-expand-line (M-C-e)’
      Expand the line by performing shell word expansions.  This performs
@@ -10023,12 +10033,8 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Bin
      result as shell commands.  Bash attempts to invoke ‘$VISUAL’,
      ‘$EDITOR’, and ‘emacs’ as the editor, in that order.
 
-‘execute-named-command (M-x)’
-     Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute
-     the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which
-     it was bound appeared in the input.  If this function is supplied
-     with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it
-     executes.
+‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’
+     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
 
 \1f
 File: bash.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Prev: Bindable Readline Commands,  Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -10038,11 +10044,12 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Prev:
 
 While the Readline library does not have a full set of ‘vi’ editing
 functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
-The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the ‘sh’ description in
+the POSIX standard.
 
-   In order to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing
-modes, use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The Set
-Builtin::).  The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode.
+   You can use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The
+Set Builtin::) to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing
+modes, The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode.
 
    When you enter a line in ‘vi’ mode, you are already placed in
 'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an ‘i’.  Pressing <ESC> switches
@@ -10057,64 +10064,65 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Programmable Completion,  Next: Programmable Completion
 ===========================
 
 When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
-‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
+which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been defined using
+the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
 \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities.
 
-   First, the command name is identified.  If a compspec has been
+   First, Bash identifies the command name.  If a compspec has been
 defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
 possible completions for the word.  If the command word is the empty
-string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
-compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’ is used.  If the
-command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
-searched for first.  If no compspec is found for the full pathname,
-completion attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the
-final slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any
-compspec defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the
-default.  If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
-on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion.
-
-   Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.  If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed.
-
-   First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.  Only matches
-which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When the
-‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name completion,
-the shell variable ‘FIGNORE’ is used to filter the matches.  *Note Bash
-Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
+string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), Bash
+uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’.  If the
+command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec for the
+full pathname first.  If there is no compspec for the full pathname,
+Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final
+slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
+defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the default.  If
+there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the
+command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the
+command word from any successful expansion.
+
+   If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
+described above (*note Commands For Completion::).  Otherwise, once a
+compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate the list of matching
+words.
+
+   First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec.  Only
+matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.
+When the ‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name
+completion, Bash uses shell the variable ‘FIGNORE’ to filter the
+matches.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
 
    Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the ‘-G’
 option are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
-match the word being completed.  The ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable is not
-used to filter the matches, but the ‘FIGNORE’ shell variable is used.
-
-   Next, the string specified as the argument to the ‘-W’ option is
-considered.  The string is first split using the characters in the ‘IFS’
-special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within the
-string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
-metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  Each word is then
-expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
-expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
-above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using the rules
-described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the expansion
-are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching
-words become the possible completions.
-
-   After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
-command specified with the ‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options is invoked.  When the
-command or function is invoked, the ‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’,
-‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are assigned values as described
-above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell function is being invoked,
-the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables are also set.  When the
-function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
-the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
-($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
-word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.  No
-filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+match the word being completed.  Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to
+filter the matches, but does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable.
+
+   Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to
+the ‘-W’ option.  The string is first split using the characters in the
+‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within
+the string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
+shell metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  Each word is
+then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
+described above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using
+the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the
+expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the
+matching words become possible completions.
+
+   After these matches have been generated, Bash executes any shell
+function or command any shell function or command specified with the
+‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options.  When the command or function is invoked, the
+‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are
+assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell
+function is being invoked, the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables
+are also set.  When the function or command is invoked, the first
+argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being
+completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
+third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on
+the current command line.  There is no filtering of the generated
+completions against the word being completed; the function or command
+has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 
    Any function specified with ‘-F’ is invoked first.  The function may
 use any of the shell facilities, including the ‘compgen’ and ‘compopt’
@@ -10146,21 +10154,21 @@ is returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
 
    If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
 the ‘-o dirnames’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec
-was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion.
 
    If the ‘-o plusdirs’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion and adds
+any matches to the set of possible completions.
 
    By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
 to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.  The
 default Bash completions and the Readline default of filename completion
 are disabled.  If the ‘-o bashdefault’ option was supplied to ‘complete’
-when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, the
-default Bash completions are attempted.  If the ‘-o default’ option was
-supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, Readline's default
-completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the
-default Bash completions) generate no matches.
+when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
+Bash attempts its default completions.  If the ‘-o default’ option was
+supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, programmable
+completion will perform Readline's default completion if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
 
    When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
 the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
@@ -10171,7 +10179,7 @@ setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable.
    There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
 most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
 with ‘-D’.  It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+functions to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
 exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
 compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
 attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
@@ -10232,18 +10240,21 @@ happening.
           [-X FILTERPAT] [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
           complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...]
 
-     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.  If the
-     ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are supplied,
-     existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
-     them to be reused as input.  The ‘-r’ option removes a completion
-     specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
-     completion specifications.  The ‘-D’ option indicates that other
-     supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command
-     completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
-     completion has previously been defined.  The ‘-E’ option indicates
-     that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty"
-     command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
-     The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.
+
+     If the ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are
+     supplied, print existing completion specifications in a way that
+     allows them to be reused as input.  The ‘-r’ option removes a
+     completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are
+     supplied, all completion specifications.
+
+     The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     should apply to the "default" command completion; that is,
+     completion attempted on a command for which no completion has
+     previously been defined.  The ‘-E’ option indicates that other
+     supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" command
+     completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.  The
+     ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
      should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on
      the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is
      usually command name completion.  If multiple options are supplied,
@@ -10280,7 +10291,7 @@ happening.
 
           ‘filenames’
                Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
-               it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
+               it can perform any filename-specific processing (such as
                adding a slash to directory names, quoting special
                characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).  This option
                is intended to be used with shell functions specified
@@ -10303,7 +10314,7 @@ happening.
                words completed at the end of the line.
 
           ‘plusdirs’
-               After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+               After generating any matches defined by the compspec,
                attempt directory name completion and add any matches to
                the results of the other actions.
 
@@ -10399,13 +10410,14 @@ happening.
 
      ‘-F FUNCTION’
           The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
-          environment.  When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
-          command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
-          being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
+          environment.  When it is executed, the first argument ($1) is
+          the name of the command whose arguments are being completed,
+          the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
+          third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being
           completed, as described above (*note Programmable
-          Completion::).  When ‘function’ finishes, the possible
-          completions are retrieved from the value of the ‘COMPREPLY’
-          array variable.
+          Completion::).  When ‘function’ finishes, programmable
+          completion retrieves the possible completions from the value
+          of the ‘COMPREPLY’ array variable.
 
      ‘-G GLOBPAT’
           Expand the filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT to generate the
@@ -10420,13 +10432,13 @@ happening.
           options have been applied.
 
      ‘-W WORDLIST’
-          The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the ‘IFS’
-          special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is
-          expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order
-          to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
-          metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  The
-          possible completions are the members of the resultant list
-          which match the word being completed.
+          Split the WORDLIST using the characters in the ‘IFS’ special
+          variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.  Shell
+          quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order to provide a
+          mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or
+          characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  The possible completions
+          are the members of the resultant list which match a prefix of
+          the word being completed.
 
      ‘-X FILTERPAT’
           FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion.  It is
@@ -10448,16 +10460,14 @@ happening.
      or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
      If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
      NAME or the current completion.  The possible values of OPTION are
-     those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above.  The ‘-D’
-     option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the
-     "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-     command for which no completion has previously been defined.  The
-     ‘-E’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
-     "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-     blank line.  The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options
-     should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on
-     the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is
-     usually command name completion.
+     those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above.
+
+     The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply
+     to the "default" command completion; the ‘-E’ option indicates that
+     other supplied options should apply to "empty" command completion;
+     and the ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options should
+     apply to completion on the initial word on the line.  These are
+     determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.
 
      If multiple options are supplied, the ‘-D’ option takes precedence
      over ‘-E’, and both take precedence over ‘-I’
@@ -10607,17 +10617,17 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Bash History Facilities,  Next: Bash History Builtins,
 When the ‘-o history’ option to the ‘set’ builtin is enabled (*note The
 Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the “command history”, the
 list of commands previously typed.  The value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell
-variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500) is saved.  The
-shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500).
+The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
 variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
 the values of the shell variables ‘HISTIGNORE’ and ‘HISTCONTROL’.
 
    When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list by
 reading history entries from the file named by the ‘HISTFILE’ variable
 (default ‘~/.bash_history’).  This is referred to as the “history file”.
-That file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number
-of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’
+The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+number of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’
 variable.  If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric
 value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not
 truncated.
@@ -10632,17 +10642,16 @@ delimit history entries, making multi-line entries possible.
    When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last
 ‘$HISTSIZE’ entries from the history list to the file named by
 ‘$HISTFILE’.  If the ‘histappend’ shell option is set (*note Bash
-Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise the
-history file is overwritten.  If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the
+Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise it
+overwrites the history file.  If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the
 history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.  After saving the
 history, Bash truncates the history file to contain no more than
-‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines.  If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a
-non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
-is not truncated.
+‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines as described above.
 
-   If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ is set, the time stamp information associated
-with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
-history comment character.  When the history file is read, lines
+   If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, the shell writes the
+timestamp information associated with each history entry to the history
+file, marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are
+preserved across shell sessions.  When the history file is read, lines
 beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
 digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.  As
 above, when using ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’, the timestamps delimit multi-line
@@ -10656,13 +10665,13 @@ access to the history list (*note Commands For History::).
 
    The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
 list.  The ‘HISTCONTROL’ and ‘HISTIGNORE’ variables are used to save
-only a subset of the commands entered.  The ‘cmdhist’ shell option, if
-enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line
-command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to
-preserve syntactic correctness.  The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies
-‘cmdhist’ by saving the command with embedded newlines instead of
-semicolons.  The ‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options.  *Note
-The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’.
+only a subset of the commands entered.  If the ‘cmdhist’ shell option is
+enabled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in
+the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
+syntactic correctness.  The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies ‘cmdhist’ by
+saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons.  The
+‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options.  *Note The Shopt
+Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’.
 
 \1f
 File: bash.info,  Node: Bash History Builtins,  Next: History Interaction,  Prev: Bash History Facilities,  Up: Using History Interactively
@@ -10688,9 +10697,9 @@ history file.
      equivalent to the current command (usually the ‘fc’ command);
      otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
 
-     If LAST is not specified, it is set to FIRST.  If FIRST is not
-     specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and −16
-     for listing.
+     If LAST is not specified, it is set to the current command for
+     listing and to FIRST otherwise.  If FIRST is not specified, it is
+     set to the previous command for editing and −16 for listing.
 
      If the ‘-l’ flag is supplied, the commands are listed on standard
      output.  The ‘-n’ flag suppresses the command numbers when listing.
@@ -10765,10 +10774,10 @@ history file.
           session, but not already appended to the history file.
 
      ‘-n’
-          Append the history lines not already read from the history
-          file to the current history list.  These are lines appended to
-          the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
-          session.
+          Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+          and add them to the current history list.  These are lines
+          appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+          current Bash session.
 
      ‘-r’
           Read the history file and append its contents to the history
@@ -10776,7 +10785,7 @@ history file.
 
      ‘-w’
           Write the current history list to the history file,
-          overwriting it.
+          overwriting the history file.
 
      ‘-p’
           Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
@@ -10795,10 +10804,10 @@ history file.
 
      If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, ‘history’ writes the time
      stamp information associated with each history entry to the history
-     file, marked with the history comment character.  When the history
-     file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character
-     followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for
-     the following history entry.
+     file, marked with the history comment character as described above.
+     When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+     comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+     as timestamps for the following history entry.
 
      The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
      error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
@@ -10837,12 +10846,13 @@ substitution.  The second is to select portions of that entry to include
 into the current one.
 
    The entry selected from the history is called the “event”, and the
-portions of that entry that are acted upon are called “words”.  The
-history entry is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does,
-so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.  The
-“event designator” selects the event, the optional “word designator”
-selects words from the event, and various optional “modifiers” are
-available to manipulate the selected words.
+portions of that entry that are acted upon are “words”.  Various
+“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words.  The entry
+is split into words in the same fashion that Bash does when reading
+input, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word.  The “event designator” selects the event, the optional “word
+designator” selects words from the event, and various optional
+“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words.
 
    History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history
 expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default.  History expansions may
@@ -10867,12 +10877,12 @@ space, tab, newline, carriage return, ‘=’, and the other shell
 metacharacters.
 
    There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
-QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (default ‘^’) is the first character on the
-line.  It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator
-equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one string for another in that
-entry.  It is described below (*note Event Designators::).  This is the
-only history expansion that does not begin with the history expansion
-character.
+QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (described above under ‘histchars’) is the
+first character on the line.  It selects the previous history list
+entry, using an event designator equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one
+string for another in that entry.  It is described below (*note Event
+Designators::).  This is the only history expansion that does not begin
+with the history expansion character.
 
    Several shell options settable with the ‘shopt’ builtin (*note The
 Shopt Builtin::) will modify history expansion behavior If the
@@ -10906,12 +10916,11 @@ File: bash.info,  Node: Event Designators,  Next: Word Designators,  Up: History
 9.3.1 Event Designators
 -----------------------
 
-An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.  The event designator consists of the
-portion of the word beginning with the history expansion character, and
-ending with the word designator if one is present, or the end of the
-word.
+An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.  The
+event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with the
+history expansion character, and ending with the word designator if one
+is present, or the end of the word.  Unless the reference is absolute,
+events are relative to the current position in the history list.
 
 ‘!’
      Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
@@ -10922,10 +10931,10 @@ word.
      Refer to history list entry N.
 
 ‘!-N’
-     Refer to the history entry N entries back.
+     Refer to the history entry minus N.
 
 ‘!!’
-     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
+     Refer to the previous entry.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
 
 ‘!STRING’
      Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
@@ -10977,7 +10986,8 @@ spaces.
    Here are the word designators:
 
 ‘0 (zero)’
-     The ‘0’th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
+     The ‘0’th word.  For the shell, and many other, applications, this
+     is the command word.
 
 ‘N’
      The Nth word.
@@ -10986,8 +10996,8 @@ spaces.
      The first argument: word 1.
 
 ‘$’
-     The last argument.  This is usually the last argument, but will
-     expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+     The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand
+     to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 
 ‘%’
      The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the
@@ -11002,7 +11012,7 @@ spaces.
 ‘*’
      All of the words, except the ‘0’th.  This is a synonym for ‘1-$’.
      It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the
-     event; it expands to the empty string in this case.
+     event; it expands to the empty string in that case.
 
 ‘X*’
      Abbreviates ‘X-$’.
@@ -11025,10 +11035,10 @@ more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’.  These modify,
 or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 
 ‘h’
-     Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+     Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 
 ‘t’
-     Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+     Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 
 ‘r’
      Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.SUFFIX’, leaving the
@@ -11064,8 +11074,8 @@ or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 
 ‘g’
 ‘a’
-     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
-     conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’.
+     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
+     used in conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’.
 
 ‘G’
      Apply the following ‘s’ or ‘&’ modifier once to each word in the
@@ -11672,12 +11682,12 @@ Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
 Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable
 expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.  Bash uses the
 POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be
-implemented.  There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
-shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
-significance.  A number of these differences are explained in greater
-depth in previous sections.  This section uses the version of ‘sh’
-included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
-the baseline reference.
+implemented and how they should behave.  There are some differences
+between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this section quickly
+details the differences of significance.  A number of these differences
+are explained in greater depth in previous sections.  This section uses
+the version of ‘sh’ included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the
+historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
 
    • Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
      differs from traditional ‘sh’ behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
@@ -11685,6 +11695,9 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
      Bash::).
 
+   • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
+     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
    • Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
      the ‘bind’ builtin.
 
@@ -11692,6 +11705,15 @@ the baseline reference.
      Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands ‘complete’,
      ‘compgen’, and ‘compopt’, to manipulate it.
 
+   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt
+     string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’) (*note
+     Controlling the Prompt::).
+
+   • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable.
+
+   • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before
+     issuing each primary prompt.
+
    • Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
      ‘history’ and ‘fc’ builtins to manipulate it.  The Bash history
      list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
@@ -11700,31 +11722,35 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash implements ‘csh’-like history expansion (*note History
      Interaction::).
 
-   • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
-     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
-     provides a number of built-in array variables.
-
-   • The ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
-     characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+   • Bash supports the ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+     backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes
      (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
 
-   • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax to do locale-specific
-     translation of the characters between the double quotes.  The ‘-D’,
-     ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’ invocation options list
-     the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
-     Translation::).
+   • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax and performs
+     locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
+     quotes.  The ‘-D’, ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’
+     invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
+     (*note Locale Translation::).
+
+   • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
+     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+   • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
+     builtins (*note Aliases::).
 
    • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a
-     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  Very useful when an ‘if’ statement
-     needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option
-     to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
-     command fails.
+     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  This is very useful when an ‘if’
+     statement needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash ‘-o
+     pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure
+     status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::).
 
    • Bash has the ‘time’ reserved word and command timing (*note
      Pipelines::).  The display of the timing statistics may be
      controlled with the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable.
 
+   • Bash provides coprocesses and the ‘coproc’ reserved word (*note
+     Coprocesses::).
+
    • Bash implements the ‘for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))’ arithmetic
      for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
      Constructs::).
@@ -11737,25 +11763,31 @@ the baseline reference.
      including optional regular expression matching.
 
    • Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the ‘case’ and
-     ‘[[’ constructs.
-
-   • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
-     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+     ‘[[’ constructs (*note Conditional Constructs::).
 
-   • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
-     builtins (*note Aliases::).
+   • Bash provides additional ‘case’ statement action list terminators:
+     ‘;&’ and ‘;;&’ (*note Conditional Constructs::).
 
    • Bash provides shell arithmetic, the ‘((’ compound command (*note
-     Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
-     Arithmetic::).
+     Conditional Constructs::), the ‘let’ builtin, and arithmetic
+     expansion (*note Shell Arithmetic::).
+
+   • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
+     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
+     provides a number of built-in array variables.
 
    • Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
-     automatically exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does
-     not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
-     using the ‘export’ command.
+     automatically exported to child processes (*note Command Execution
+     Environment::).  The Bourne shell does not normally do this unless
+     the variables are explicitly marked using the ‘export’ command.
+
+   • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’
+     (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
 
    • Bash supports the ‘+=’ assignment operator, which appends to the
-     value of the variable named on the left hand side.
+     value of the variable named on the left hand side (*note Shell
+     Parameters::).
 
    • Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal ‘%’, ‘#’, ‘%%’ and ‘##’
      expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
@@ -11781,18 +11813,17 @@ the baseline reference.
      Parameter Expansion::) and implements the ‘nameref’ variable
      attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion.
 
-   • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’.
-
    • Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of
-     the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation.
+     the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation (*note
+     Shell Parameter Expansion::).
 
    • The POSIX ‘$()’ form of command substitution is implemented (*note
      Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ‘``’
      (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
 
    • Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the
-     enclosed command in the current shell execution environment (‘${
-     COMMAND;}’).
+     enclosed command in the current shell execution environment: ‘${
+     COMMAND;}’ or ‘${|COMMAND;}’ (*note Command Substitution::).
 
    • Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
 
@@ -11804,17 +11835,20 @@ the baseline reference.
 
    • Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize
      shell behavior that the Bourne shell does not.  Examples include
-     ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘GLOBSORT’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’,
+     ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘EPOCHREALTIME’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’,
      ‘BASHPID’, ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’, ‘GLOBIGNORE’, ‘HISTIGNORE’, and
      ‘BASH_VERSION’.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a complete list.
 
-   • The ‘IFS’ variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
-     not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a longstanding
-     shell security hole.
+   • Bash uses the ‘GLOBSORT’ shell variable to control how to sort the
+     results of filename expansion (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+   • Bash uses the ‘IFS’ variable to split only the results of
+     expansion, not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a
+     longstanding shell security hole.
 
    • The filename expansion bracket expression code uses ‘!’ and ‘^’ to
-     negate the set of characters between the brackets.  The Bourne
-     shell uses only ‘!’.
+     negate the set of characters between the brackets (*note Filename
+     Expansion::).  The Bourne shell uses only ‘!’.
 
    • Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
      including character classes, equivalence classes, and collating
@@ -11823,17 +11857,16 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
      ‘extglob’ shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
 
+   • The ‘globstar’ shell option extends filename expansion to
+     recursively scan directories and subdirectories for matching
+     filenames (*note Pattern Matching::).
+
    • It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
      name; ‘sh’ does not separate the two name spaces.
 
    • Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-     ‘local’ builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
-     (*note Bash Builtins::).
-
-   • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
-     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In ‘sh’, all
-     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
-     command is executed from the file system.
+     ‘local’ builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive
+     functions (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
      to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
@@ -11852,6 +11885,10 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
      redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
 
+   • Bash provides the {VAR}<WORD capability to have the shell allocate
+     file descriptors for redirections and assign them to VAR (*note
+     Redirections::).  This works with multiple redirection operators.
+
    • Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and
      services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
 
@@ -11859,23 +11896,48 @@ the baseline reference.
      files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::).  The ‘>|’
      redirection operator may be used to override ‘noclobber’.
 
-   • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
-     each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and
-     physical modes.
+   • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In ‘sh’, all
+     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
+     command is executed from the file system.
+
+   • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
+     for shell scripts: variables (‘BASH_ARGC’, ‘BASH_ARGV’,
+     ‘BASH_LINENO’, ‘BASH_SOURCE’), the ‘DEBUG’, ‘RETURN’, and ‘ERR’
+     traps, ‘declare -F’, and the ‘caller’ builtin.
+
+   • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the
+     ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+     the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable.
 
    • Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
      and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
      function via the ‘builtin’ and ‘command’ builtins (*note Bash
      Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands
-     from shared objects.
+   • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::), which
+     displays the context of any active subroutine call (a shell
+     function or a script executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins).
+     This supports the Bash debugger.
+
+   • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+     each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and
+     physical modes.
+
+   • The ‘command’ builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions
+     when performing command lookup (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • The ‘command’ builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
-     command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
+   • Bash uses the ‘declare’ builtin to modify the full set of variable
+     and function attributes, and to assign values to variables.
 
-   • Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the ‘enable’
-     builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+   • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress sending ‘SIGHUP’
+     to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’.
+
+   • The ‘enable’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) can enable or disable
+     individual builtins and implements support for dynamically loading
+     builtin commands from shared objects.
 
    • The Bash ‘exec’ builtin takes additional options that allow users
      to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
@@ -11885,21 +11947,12 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
      using ‘export -f’ (*note Shell Functions::).
 
-   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt
-     string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’).
-
-   • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable.
-
-   • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before
-     issuing each primary prompt.
-
-   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters
-   • The Bash ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘declare’ builtins can take a
-     ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’ option to display
-     variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
-     as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various variable
-     attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable attributes
-     and values simultaneously.
+   • The Bash ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+     Builtins:: can take a ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’
+     option to display variables with various attributes set in a format
+     that can be used as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various
+     variable attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable
+     attributes and values simultaneously.
 
    • The Bash ‘hash’ builtin allows a name to be associated with an
      arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
@@ -11910,33 +11963,33 @@ the baseline reference.
      facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • Bash includes the ‘mapfile’ builtin to quickly read the contents of
-     a file into an indexed array variable.
+     a file into an indexed array variable (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • The ‘printf’ builtin is available to display formatted output
-     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+     (*note Bash Builtins::), and has additional custom format
+     specifiers and an option to assign the formatted output directly to
+     a shell variable.
 
    • The Bash ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
      ending in ‘\’ with the ‘-r’ option, and will use the ‘REPLY’
-     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.  The
-     Bash ‘read’ builtin also accepts a prompt string with the ‘-p’
-     option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the ‘-e’
-     or ‘-E’ options.  The ‘read’ builtin also has additional options to
-     control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off echoing of input
-     characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will allow ‘read’ to
-     time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of
-     seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading only a specified number
-     of characters rather than a full line, and the ‘-d’ option will
-     read until a particular character rather than newline.
+     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
+
+   • The ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) accepts a prompt string
+     with the ‘-p’ option and will use Readline to obtain the line when
+     given the ‘-e’ or ‘-E’ options, with the ability to insert text
+     into the line using the ‘-i’ option.  The ‘read’ builtin also has
+     additional options to control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off
+     echoing of input characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will
+     allow ‘read’ to time out if input does not arrive within a
+     specified number of seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading
+     only a specified number of characters rather than a full line, and
+     the ‘-d’ option will read until a particular character rather than
+     newline.
 
    • The ‘return’ builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
      executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell
      Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell
-     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
-     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
-     Bash::).
-
    • Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the ‘set’
      builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
 
@@ -11944,20 +11997,15 @@ the baseline reference.
      commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
      Builtin::).
 
+   • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell
+     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+     Bash::).
+
    • The ‘test’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
      different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
      the behavior based on the number of arguments.
 
-   • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next
-     child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and
-     the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child
-     process in a shell variable.
-
-   • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin, which displays the context of
-     any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
-     with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins).  This supports the Bash
-     debugger.
-
    • The ‘trap’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a ‘DEBUG’
      pseudo-signal specification, similar to ‘EXIT’.  Commands specified
      with a ‘DEBUG’ trap are executed before every simple command, ‘for’
@@ -11987,27 +12035,20 @@ the baseline reference.
    • The Bash ‘type’ builtin is more extensive and gives more
      information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin permits a ‘-p’ option to cause the output
-     to be displayed in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused
-     as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+   • The ‘ulimit’ builtin provides control over many more per-process
+     resources (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the
-     ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The
-     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
-     the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable.
+   • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin uses the ‘-p’ option to display the output
+     in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused as input (*note
+     Bourne Shell Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-     strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
-
-   • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
-     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
-
-   • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
-     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
-     ‘SIGHUP’ to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’.
+   • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next
+     child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and
+     the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child
+     process in a shell variable.
 
-   • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
-     for shell scripts.
+   • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it
+     turns on job control).
 
    • The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (‘mldmode’ and
      ‘priv’) not present in Bash.
@@ -12061,9 +12102,6 @@ many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
      script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
      for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
 
-   • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it
-     turns on job control).
-
    • If the ‘lastpipe’ option is enabled, and job control is not active,
      Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell
      execution environment.
@@ -12597,7 +12635,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
 * complete:                              Programmable Completion Builtins.
                                                               (line  37)
 * compopt:                               Programmable Completion Builtins.
-                                                              (line 253)
+                                                              (line 257)
 * continue:                              Bourne Shell Builtins.
                                                               (line 102)
 * declare:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 179)
@@ -12796,46 +12834,48 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * COMP_WORDBREAKS:                       Bash Variables.      (line 263)
 * COMP_WORDS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 269)
 * completion-display-width:              Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 105)
+                                                              (line 104)
 * completion-ignore-case:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 112)
+                                                              (line 111)
 * completion-map-case:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 117)
+                                                              (line 116)
 * completion-prefix-display-length:      Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 123)
+                                                              (line 122)
 * completion-query-items:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 130)
+                                                              (line 129)
 * COMPREPLY:                             Bash Variables.      (line 276)
 * convert-meta:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 141)
+                                                              (line 140)
 * COPROC:                                Bash Variables.      (line 282)
 * DIRSTACK:                              Bash Variables.      (line 286)
 * disable-completion:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 153)
+                                                              (line 152)
 * echo-control-characters:               Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 158)
+                                                              (line 157)
 * editing-mode:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 163)
+                                                              (line 162)
 * EMACS:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 296)
 * emacs-mode-string:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 169)
-* enable-active-region:                  Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 179)
+                                                              (line 168)
+* enable-active-region The:              Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 178)
 * enable-bracketed-paste:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 192)
+                                                              (line 191)
 * enable-keypad:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 201)
+                                                              (line 200)
+* enable-meta-key:                       Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 205)
 * ENV:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 301)
 * EPOCHREALTIME:                         Bash Variables.      (line 306)
 * EPOCHSECONDS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 314)
 * EUID:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 321)
 * EXECIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 325)
 * expand-tilde:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 216)
+                                                              (line 215)
 * FCEDIT:                                Bash Variables.      (line 337)
 * FIGNORE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 340)
 * force-meta-prefix:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 220)
+                                                              (line 219)
 * FUNCNAME:                              Bash Variables.      (line 346)
 * FUNCNEST:                              Bash Variables.      (line 363)
 * GLOBIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 368)
@@ -12848,9 +12888,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * HISTFILESIZE:                          Bash Variables.      (line 461)
 * HISTIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 472)
 * history-preserve-point:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 233)
+                                                              (line 232)
 * history-size:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 239)
+                                                              (line 238)
 * HISTSIZE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 496)
 * HISTTIMEFORMAT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 503)
 * HOME:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
@@ -12864,13 +12904,13 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  18)
 * IGNOREEOF:                             Bash Variables.      (line 529)
 * input-meta:                            Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 257)
+                                                              (line 256)
 * INPUTRC:                               Bash Variables.      (line 538)
 * INSIDE_EMACS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 542)
 * isearch-terminators:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 268)
+                                                              (line 267)
 * keymap:                                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 275)
+                                                              (line 274)
 * LANG:                                  Creating Internationalized Scripts.
                                                               (line  51)
 * LANG <1>:                              Bash Variables.      (line 548)
@@ -12892,15 +12932,15 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  29)
 * MAPFILE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 605)
 * mark-modified-lines:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 305)
+                                                              (line 304)
 * mark-symlinked-directories:            Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 310)
+                                                              (line 309)
 * match-hidden-files:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 315)
+                                                              (line 314)
 * menu-complete-display-prefix:          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 322)
+                                                              (line 321)
 * meta-flag:                             Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 257)
+                                                              (line 256)
 * OLDPWD:                                Bash Variables.      (line 609)
 * OPTARG:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
                                                               (line  36)
@@ -12909,9 +12949,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  40)
 * OSTYPE:                                Bash Variables.      (line 617)
 * output-meta:                           Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 327)
+                                                              (line 326)
 * page-completions:                      Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 336)
+                                                              (line 335)
 * PATH:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
                                                               (line  44)
 * PIPESTATUS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 620)
@@ -12934,21 +12974,21 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * READLINE_POINT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 695)
 * REPLY:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 699)
 * revert-all-at-newline:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 349)
+                                                              (line 348)
 * search-ignore-case:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 356)
+                                                              (line 355)
 * SECONDS:                               Bash Variables.      (line 703)
 * SHELL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 713)
 * SHELLOPTS:                             Bash Variables.      (line 718)
 * SHLVL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 727)
 * show-all-if-ambiguous:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 361)
+                                                              (line 360)
 * show-all-if-unmodified:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 367)
+                                                              (line 366)
 * show-mode-in-prompt:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 376)
+                                                              (line 375)
 * skip-completed-text:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 382)
+                                                              (line 381)
 * SRANDOM:                               Bash Variables.      (line 732)
 * TEXTDOMAIN:                            Creating Internationalized Scripts.
                                                               (line  51)
@@ -12959,11 +12999,11 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * TMPDIR:                                Bash Variables.      (line 792)
 * UID:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 796)
 * vi-cmd-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 395)
+                                                              (line 394)
 * vi-ins-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 406)
+                                                              (line 405)
 * visible-stats:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 417)
+                                                              (line 416)
 
 \1f
 File: bash.info,  Node: Function Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Variable Index,  Up: Indexes
@@ -12990,29 +13030,29 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * beginning-of-history (M-<):            Commands For History.
                                                               (line  20)
 * beginning-of-line (C-a):               Commands For Moving. (line   6)
-* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  33)
+* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  34)
 * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e):           Keyboard Macros.     (line  13)
-* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  73)
+* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  72)
 * character-search (C-]):                Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  42)
+                                                              (line  41)
 * character-search-backward (M-C-]):     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  47)
+                                                              (line  45)
 * clear-display (M-C-l):                 Commands For Moving. (line  50)
 * clear-screen (C-l):                    Commands For Moving. (line  55)
 * complete (<TAB>):                      Commands For Completion.
                                                               (line   6)
 * complete-command (M-!):                Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  80)
+                                                              (line  81)
 * complete-filename (M-/):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  49)
+                                                              (line  50)
 * complete-hostname (M-@):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  72)
+                                                              (line  73)
 * complete-into-braces (M-{):            Commands For Completion.
                                                               (line 100)
 * complete-username (M-~):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  56)
+                                                              (line  57)
 * complete-variable (M-$):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  64)
+                                                              (line  65)
 * copy-backward-word ():                 Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  62)
 * copy-forward-word ():                  Commands For Killing.
@@ -13023,23 +13063,23 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  95)
 * delete-char (C-d):                     Commands For Text.   (line  12)
 * delete-char-or-list ():                Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  43)
+                                                              (line  44)
 * delete-horizontal-space ():            Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  50)
 * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--):    Numeric Arguments.   (line   6)
 * display-shell-version (C-x C-v):       Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 116)
+                                                              (line 147)
 * do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  14)
-* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  69)
+* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  68)
 * dump-functions ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  74)
+                                                              (line  71)
 * dump-macros ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  83)
 * dump-variables ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  80)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>):    Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  90)
+                                                              (line  91)
 * edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e):    Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 142)
 * end-kbd-macro (C-x )):                 Keyboard Macros.     (line   9)
@@ -13050,20 +13090,20 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x):     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  37)
 * execute-named-command (M-x):           Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 147)
+                                                              (line  90)
 * fetch-history ():                      Commands For History.
-                                                              (line 105)
-* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  21)
+                                                              (line 106)
+* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  22)
 * forward-char (C-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  14)
 * forward-search-history (C-s):          Commands For History.
                                                               (line  33)
 * forward-word (M-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  20)
 * glob-complete-word (M-g):              Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  98)
+                                                              (line 103)
 * glob-expand-word (C-x *):              Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 104)
+                                                              (line 108)
 * glob-list-expansions (C-x g):          Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 110)
+                                                              (line 114)
 * history-and-alias-expand-line ():      Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 136)
 * history-expand-line (M-^):             Miscellaneous Commands.
@@ -13077,9 +13117,9 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * history-substring-search-forward ():   Commands For History.
                                                               (line  71)
 * insert-comment (M-#):                  Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  61)
+                                                              (line  59)
 * insert-completions (M-*):              Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  22)
+                                                              (line  24)
 * insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_):     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 139)
 * kill-line (C-k):                       Commands For Killing.
@@ -13093,9 +13133,9 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * magic-space ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 129)
 * menu-complete ():                      Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  26)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * menu-complete-backward ():             Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  38)
+                                                              (line  39)
 * next-history (C-n):                    Commands For History.
                                                               (line  17)
 * next-screen-line ():                   Commands For Moving. (line  43)
@@ -13104,27 +13144,27 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
                                                               (line  39)
 * operate-and-get-next (C-o):            Commands For History.
-                                                              (line  98)
-* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  77)
+                                                              (line  99)
+* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  76)
 * possible-command-completions (C-x !):  Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  87)
 * possible-completions (M-?):            Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  15)
+                                                              (line  17)
 * possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  52)
+                                                              (line  53)
 * possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  76)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  60)
+                                                              (line  61)
 * possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  68)
+                                                              (line  69)
 * prefix-meta (<ESC>):                   Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  19)
 * previous-history (C-p):                Commands For History.
                                                               (line  13)
 * previous-screen-line ():               Commands For Moving. (line  36)
 * print-last-kbd-macro ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line  17)
-* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  26)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  27)
 * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r):           Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line   6)
 * redraw-current-line ():                Commands For Moving. (line  59)
@@ -13132,7 +13172,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  27)
 * revert-line (M-r):                     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  26)
-* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  30)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  31)
 * set-mark (C-@):                        Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  33)
 * shell-backward-kill-word ():           Commands For Killing.
@@ -13143,16 +13183,16 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * shell-forward-word (M-C-f):            Commands For Moving. (line  28)
 * shell-kill-word (M-C-d):               Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  32)
-* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t):         Commands For Text.   (line  58)
+* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t):         Commands For Text.   (line  57)
 * skip-csi-sequence ():                  Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  52)
+                                                              (line  50)
 * spell-correct-word (C-x s):            Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  92)
+                                                              (line  97)
 * start-kbd-macro (C-x ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line   6)
 * tilde-expand (M-&):                    Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  30)
-* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  47)
-* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  53)
+* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  46)
+* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  52)
 * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u):                 Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  23)
 * universal-argument ():                 Numeric Arguments.   (line  10)
@@ -13162,11 +13202,11 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  16)
 * unix-word-rubout (C-w):                Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  41)
-* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  65)
+* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  64)
 * yank (C-y):                            Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  72)
 * yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_):            Commands For History.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  87)
 * yank-nth-arg (M-C-y):                  Commands For History.
                                                               (line  77)
 * yank-pop (M-y):                        Commands For Killing.
@@ -13260,7 +13300,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 * functions, shell:                      Shell Functions.     (line   6)
 * history builtins:                      Bash History Builtins.
                                                               (line   6)
-* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line  11)
+* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line  10)
 * history expansion:                     History Interaction. (line   6)
 * history list:                          Bash History Facilities.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -13350,138 +13390,138 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 
 \1f
 Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f903
-Node: Introduction\7f2846
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3059
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4192
-Node: Definitions\7f6783
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9959
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f11179
-Node: Shell Operation\7f12206
-Node: Quoting\7f13504
-Node: Escape Character\7f14842
-Node: Single Quotes\7f15377
-Node: Double Quotes\7f15726
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17071
-Node: Locale Translation\7f18456
-Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f19863
-Node: Comments\7f24061
-Node: Shell Commands\7f24828
-Node: Reserved Words\7f25767
-Node: Simple Commands\7f26632
-Node: Pipelines\7f27294
-Node: Lists\7f30521
-Node: Compound Commands\7f32393
-Node: Looping Constructs\7f33402
-Node: Conditional Constructs\7f35921
-Node: Command Grouping\7f50853
-Node: Coprocesses\7f52345
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f55031
-Node: Shell Functions\7f55949
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f64426
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f69164
-Node: Special Parameters\7f70254
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f73715
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f75904
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f78619
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f81561
-Node: Command Substitution\7f101333
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f104866
-Node: Process Substitution\7f105879
-Node: Word Splitting\7f106995
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f109092
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f112360
-Node: Quote Removal\7f117688
-Node: Redirections\7f117992
-Node: Executing Commands\7f128207
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f128874
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f130982
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f133426
-Node: Environment\7f136859
-Node: Exit Status\7f138762
-Node: Signals\7f140820
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f144718
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f148016
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f150127
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f176426
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f212868
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f213210
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f225146
-Node: Special Builtins\7f242192
-Node: Shell Variables\7f243181
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f243615
-Node: Bash Variables\7f246123
-Node: Bash Features\7f284380
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f285394
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f291820
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f297133
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f297541
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f298203
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f299027
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f302788
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f308005
-Node: Aliases\7f311344
-Node: Arrays\7f314306
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f321369
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f322166
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f326611
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f329495
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f332377
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f350636
-Node: Job Control\7f359647
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f360104
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f365412
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f371580
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f372748
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f374452
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f376547
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f377735
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f379553
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f380550
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f382528
-Node: Searching\7f383585
-Node: Readline Init File\7f385814
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f387096
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f413700
-Node: Sample Init File\7f418065
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f421186
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f422411
-Node: Commands For History\7f424638
-Node: Commands For Text\7f429843
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f433977
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f436778
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f437930
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f442246
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f442947
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f449601
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f450553
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f458544
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f470312
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f475657
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f476338
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f480124
-Node: History Interaction\7f486503
-Node: Event Designators\7f491354
-Node: Word Designators\7f492940
-Node: Modifiers\7f495225
-Node: Installing Bash\7f497158
-Node: Basic Installation\7f498274
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f502150
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f502900
-Node: Installation Names\7f504649
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f506883
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f507629
-Node: Operation Controls\7f508343
-Node: Optional Features\7f509362
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f521742
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f523100
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f542835
-Node: Indexes\7f568012
-Node: Builtin Index\7f568463
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f575561
-Node: Variable Index\7f578006
-Node: Function Index\7f595278
-Node: Concept Index\7f609134
+Node: Top\7f899
+Node: Introduction\7f2838
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3051
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4184
+Node: Definitions\7f6794
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9970
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f11194
+Node: Shell Operation\7f12221
+Node: Quoting\7f13512
+Node: Escape Character\7f14850
+Node: Single Quotes\7f15385
+Node: Double Quotes\7f15734
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17079
+Node: Locale Translation\7f18473
+Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f19880
+Node: Comments\7f24078
+Node: Shell Commands\7f24845
+Node: Reserved Words\7f25784
+Node: Simple Commands\7f26649
+Node: Pipelines\7f27311
+Node: Lists\7f30567
+Node: Compound Commands\7f32439
+Node: Looping Constructs\7f33448
+Node: Conditional Constructs\7f35967
+Node: Command Grouping\7f50899
+Node: Coprocesses\7f52391
+Node: GNU Parallel\7f55077
+Node: Shell Functions\7f55995
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f64472
+Node: Positional Parameters\7f69210
+Node: Special Parameters\7f70300
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f73761
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f75950
+Node: Tilde Expansion\7f78678
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f81620
+Node: Command Substitution\7f101392
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f104925
+Node: Process Substitution\7f105938
+Node: Word Splitting\7f107054
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f109151
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f112419
+Node: Quote Removal\7f117753
+Node: Redirections\7f118057
+Node: Executing Commands\7f128272
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f128939
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f131047
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f133491
+Node: Environment\7f136939
+Node: Exit Status\7f138842
+Node: Signals\7f140900
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f144798
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f148096
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f150207
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f176508
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f212956
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f213298
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f225234
+Node: Special Builtins\7f242286
+Node: Shell Variables\7f243275
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f243709
+Node: Bash Variables\7f246217
+Node: Bash Features\7f284474
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f285488
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f291914
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f297227
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f297635
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f298297
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f299121
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f302882
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f308099
+Node: Aliases\7f311438
+Node: Arrays\7f314400
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f321463
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f322260
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f326705
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f329589
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f332471
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f350612
+Node: Job Control\7f359623
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f360080
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f365388
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f371556
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f372724
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f374427
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f376777
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f377965
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f379773
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f380769
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f382792
+Node: Searching\7f383849
+Node: Readline Init File\7f386110
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f387414
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f414134
+Node: Sample Init File\7f418519
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f421640
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f423112
+Node: Commands For History\7f425339
+Node: Commands For Text\7f430592
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f434651
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f437439
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f438591
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f443091
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f443792
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f450345
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f451322
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f459374
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f471039
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f476384
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f477065
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f480800
+Node: History Interaction\7f487271
+Node: Event Designators\7f492225
+Node: Word Designators\7f493803
+Node: Modifiers\7f496111
+Node: Installing Bash\7f498052
+Node: Basic Installation\7f499168
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f503044
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f503794
+Node: Installation Names\7f505543
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f507777
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f508523
+Node: Operation Controls\7f509237
+Node: Optional Features\7f510256
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f522636
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f523994
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f545414
+Node: Indexes\7f570591
+Node: Builtin Index\7f571042
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f578140
+Node: Variable Index\7f580585
+Node: Function Index\7f597998
+Node: Concept Index\7f611854
 \1f
 End Tag Table
 

diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf
index 4392930fd47a67aee84eae0c49dcd07d179a4eeb..48c5d5622b94751f4264f7bdb57b184dc204417d 100644 (file)
Binary files a/doc/bash.pdf and b/doc/bash.pdf differ

diff --git a/doc/bashref.aux b/doc/bashref.aux
index c2c9febb406ff760f878e9cbd6689d896705d514..ed95eb29fab9db50f247b174662441980bc62175 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.aux
+++ b/doc/bashref.aux
@@ -251,21 +251,21 @@
 @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.1}
 @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-title}{Readline Movement Commands}
 @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.2}
-@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands}
-@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3}
 @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{128}
 @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{128}
+@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands}
+@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3}
 @xrdef{Readline Arguments-title}{Readline Arguments}
 @xrdef{Readline Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.4}
 @xrdef{Searching-title}{Searching for Commands in the History}
 @xrdef{Searching-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.5}
 @xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{129}
 @xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{129}
-@xrdef{Searching-pg}{129}
 @xrdef{Readline Init File-title}{Readline Init File}
 @xrdef{Readline Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3}
 @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-title}{Readline Init File Syntax}
 @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.1}
+@xrdef{Searching-pg}{130}
 @xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{130}
 @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{130}
 @xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs}
@@ -303,9 +303,9 @@
 @xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{152}
 @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode}
 @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5}
-@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{154}
 @xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion}
 @xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6}
+@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{155}
 @xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{155}
 @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins}
 @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7}
@@ -327,13 +327,13 @@
 @xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{167}
 @xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators}
 @xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1}
+@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{168}
 @xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators}
 @xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2}
-@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{168}
 @xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers}
 @xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3}
 @xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{169}
-@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{169}
+@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{170}
 @xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash}
 @xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10}
 @xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation}
@@ -369,22 +369,22 @@
 @xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{181}
 @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License}
 @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}}
-@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{187}
+@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{188}
 @xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes}
 @xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}}
 @xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}
 @xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1}
-@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{195}
-@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{195}
+@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{196}
+@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{196}
 @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words}
 @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2}
 @xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index}
 @xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3}
-@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{196}
-@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{197}
+@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{197}
+@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{198}
 @xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index}
 @xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4}
-@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{199}
+@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{200}
 @xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index}
 @xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5}
-@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{201}
+@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{202}

diff --git a/doc/bashref.bt b/doc/bashref.bt
index ca15e32f6dcf422dace9740782cd0a8835e67c43..29c2c094f9757003231cbaf88978c858d99b5e5c 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.bt
+++ b/doc/bashref.bt
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 \entry{disown}{126}{\code {disown}}
 \entry{suspend}{126}{\code {suspend}}
 \entry{compgen}{157}{\code {compgen}}
-\entry{complete}{157}{\code {complete}}
+\entry{complete}{158}{\code {complete}}
 \entry{compopt}{161}{\code {compopt}}
 \entry{fc}{165}{\code {fc}}
 \entry{history}{165}{\code {history}}

diff --git a/doc/bashref.bts b/doc/bashref.bts
index 254fedf73e6e1ade2c367a3a1fd2383ec076b0ad..bbea026c6ee1fd204422697c03e71a8625908816 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.bts
+++ b/doc/bashref.bts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 \entry{\code {cd}}{51}
 \entry{\code {command}}{61}
 \entry{\code {compgen}}{157}
-\entry{\code {complete}}{157}
+\entry{\code {complete}}{158}
 \entry{\code {compopt}}{161}
 \entry{\code {continue}}{52}
 \initial {D}

diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi
index fa4620bc38d862ab48a258aecf52c40947a09d6d..cb6ae63ef0816de2a0c82465311a49fe507b9358 100644 (file)
Binary files a/doc/bashref.dvi and b/doc/bashref.dvi differ

diff --git a/doc/bashref.fn b/doc/bashref.fn
index 8a5258c6770523da914338132ccffefc912a7f4f..cb95aad080f9df165d10a00aceb81f04deabf056 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.fn
+++ b/doc/bashref.fn
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 \entry{backward-word (M-b)}{144}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
 \entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{144}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}
 \entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{144}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}
-\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{144}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}
+\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{145}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}
 \entry{next-screen-line ()}{145}{\code {next-screen-line ()}}
 \entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{145}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}
 \entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{145}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 \entry{end-of-history (M->)}{145}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
 \entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{145}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
 \entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{145}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{145}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{146}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
 \entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{146}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
 \entry{history-search-backward ()}{146}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
 \entry{history-search-forward ()}{146}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 \entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{147}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
 \entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{147}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
 \entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{147}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}
-\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{147}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
+\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{148}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
 \entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{148}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
 \entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{148}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}
 \entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{148}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 \entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{150}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
 \entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{150}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
 \entry{menu-complete ()}{150}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
-\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{150}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
+\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{151}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
 \entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{151}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
 \entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{151}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
 \entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{151}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
 \entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{151}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
 \entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{151}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
 \entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{151}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
-\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{151}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
+\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{152}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
 \entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{152}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
 \entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{152}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
 \entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{152}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
@@ -93,18 +93,18 @@
 \entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{152}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
 \entry{set-mark (C-@)}{152}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
 \entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{152}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
-\entry{character-search (C-])}{152}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
+\entry{character-search (C-])}{153}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
 \entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{153}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
 \entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{153}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
 \entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{153}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
 \entry{dump-functions ()}{153}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
 \entry{dump-variables ()}{153}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
 \entry{dump-macros ()}{153}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
-\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{153}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}
-\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{153}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
+\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{153}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}
+\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{154}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}
+\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{154}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
 \entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{154}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
 \entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{154}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
-\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{154}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
 \entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{154}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
 \entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{154}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
 \entry{magic-space ()}{154}{\code {magic-space ()}}
@@ -112,4 +112,4 @@
 \entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{154}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
 \entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{154}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
 \entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{154}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}
-\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{154}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}
+\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{154}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}

diff --git a/doc/bashref.fns b/doc/bashref.fns
index e31111f572c1e9bea9fbb7bb68743809a0ff879d..379faec8ba6dfc66390cf8669ea6156cd5e01664 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.fns
+++ b/doc/bashref.fns
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 \initial {C}
 \entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{152}
 \entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{148}
-\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{152}
+\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{153}
 \entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{153}
 \entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{145}
 \entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{145}
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 \entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{151}
 \entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{151}
 \entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{151}
-\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{151}
+\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{152}
 \entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{151}
 \entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{151}
 \entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{149}
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 \entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{145}
 \entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{144}
 \entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{153}
 \initial {F}
 \entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{147}
 \entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{147}
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 \entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{145}
 \entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{144}
 \initial {G}
-\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{154}
 \entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{154}
 \entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{154}
 \initial {H}
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@
 \initial {M}
 \entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{154}
 \entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{150}
+\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{151}
 \initial {N}
 \entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{145}
 \entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{145}
 \entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{145}
+\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{146}
 \initial {O}
 \entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{147}
 \entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{148}
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 \entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{151}
 \entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{152}
 \entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{144}
+\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{145}
 \entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{152}
 \initial {Q}
 \entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{147}
@@ -115,11 +115,11 @@
 \entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{149}
 \entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{148}
 \entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{153}
-\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{154}
 \entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{152}
 \initial {T}
 \entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{148}
 \entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{148}
 \initial {U}
 \entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{152}

diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html
index 31c2b5747b9f7f9a9fa45d7024adc553ac09a301..042626b50522c28ffb3d9290cc2be0d0649c95d0 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.html
+++ b/doc/bashref.html
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
 <!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 August 2024).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).
 
-This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 August 2024,
+This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024,
 of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
 for Bash, Version 5.3.
 
-Copyright © 1988-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previou
 <h1 class="top" id="Bash-Features-1"><span>Bash Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Features-1"> &para;</a></span></h1>
 
 <p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 7 August 2024).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).
 The Bash home page is <a class="url" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
 </p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 7 August 2024,
+<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024,
 of <cite class="cite">The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
 for <code class="code">Bash</code>, Version 5.3.
 </p>
@@ -345,8 +345,7 @@ programming use.
 a version of <code class="code">csh</code>, Bash is the default shell.
 Like other <small class="sc">GNU</small> software, Bash is quite portable.  It currently runs
 on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems &minus;
-independently-supported ports exist for <small class="sc">MS-DOS</small>, <small class="sc">OS/2</small>,
-and Windows platforms.
+independently-supported ports exist for Windows and other platforms.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -357,16 +356,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is Bash?</a
 </div>
 <h3 class="section" id="What-is-a-shell_003f-1"><span>1.2 What is a shell?<a class="copiable-link" href="#What-is-a-shell_003f-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
 
-<p>At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
-commands.  The term macro processor means functionality where text
+<p>At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands.
+The term macro processor means functionality where text
 and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
 </p>
-<p>A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
-language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
-interface to the rich set of <small class="sc">GNU</small> utilities.  The programming
-language features allow these utilities to be combined.
-Files containing commands can be created, and become
-commands themselves.  These new commands have the same status as
+<p>A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming language.
+As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
+interface to the rich set of <small class="sc">GNU</small> utilities.
+The programming language features allow these utilities to be combined.
+Users can create files containing commands, and these become
+commands themselves. 
+These new commands have the same status as
 system commands in directories such as <samp class="file">/bin</samp>, allowing users
 or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common
 tasks.
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ tasks.
 <p>Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively.  In
 interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.
 When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read
-from a file.
+from a file or a string.
 </p>
 <p>A shell allows execution of <small class="sc">GNU</small> commands, both synchronously and
 asynchronously.
@@ -395,19 +395,18 @@ they directly manipulate the shell itself.
 The <code class="code">history</code>, <code class="code">getopts</code>, <code class="code">kill</code>, or <code class="code">pwd</code>
 builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities,
 but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.
-All of the shell builtins are described in
-subsequent sections.
+All of the shell builtins are described in subsequent sections.
 </p>
 <p>While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
-complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming
-languages.  Like any high-level language, the shell provides
-variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. 
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. 
+Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables,
+flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. 
 </p>
 <p>Shells offer features geared specifically for
 interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. 
 These interactive features include job control, command line
-editing, command history and aliases.  Each of these features is
-described in this manual.
+editing, command history and aliases.
+This manual describes how Bash provides all of these features.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -437,21 +436,21 @@ than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-control-operator"></a><span><code class="code">control operator</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-control-operator"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A <code class="code">token</code> that performs a control function.  It is a <code class="code">newline</code>
-or one of the following:
+<dd><p>A <code class="code">token</code> that performs a control function.
+It is a <code class="code">newline</code> or one of the following:
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">||</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">(</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">)</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-exit-status"></a><span><code class="code">exit status</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-exit-status"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is restricted
-to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+<dd><p>The value returned by a command to its caller.
+The value is restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-field"></a><span><code class="code">field</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-field"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.  After
-expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
-the command name and arguments.
+<dd><p>A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.
+After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are
+used as the command name and arguments.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-filename"></a><span><code class="code">filename</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-filename"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -469,8 +468,9 @@ from it, that are all in the same process group.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-metacharacter"></a><span><code class="code">metacharacter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-metacharacter"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  A metacharacter is
-a <code class="code">space</code>, <code class="code">tab</code>, <code class="code">newline</code>, or one of the following characters:
+<dd><p>A character that, when unquoted, separates words.
+A metacharacter is a <code class="code">space</code>, <code class="code">tab</code>, <code class="code">newline</code>,
+or one of the following characters:
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">(</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">)</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, or
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
@@ -478,8 +478,8 @@ a <code class="code">space</code>, <code class="code">tab</code>, <code class="c
 <dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-identifier"></a>
 <a id="index-name"></a><span><code class="code">name</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-name"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>A <code class="code">word</code> consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
-and beginning with a letter or underscore.  <code class="code">Name</code>s are used as
-shell variable and function names.
+and beginning with a letter or underscore.
+<code class="code">Name</code>s are used as shell variable and function names.
 Also referred to as an <code class="code">identifier</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -500,9 +500,9 @@ during its lifetime.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-reserved-word"></a><span><code class="code">reserved word</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-reserved-word"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A <code class="code">word</code> that has a special meaning to the shell.  Most reserved
-words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as <code class="code">for</code> and
-<code class="code">while</code>.
+<dd><p>A <code class="code">word</code> that has a special meaning to the shell.
+Most reserved words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as
+<code class="code">for</code> and <code class="code">while</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-return-status"></a><span><code class="code">return status</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-return-status"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -543,8 +543,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Builtin C
 <p>Bash is an acronym for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Bourne-Again SHell</samp>&rsquo;.
 The Bourne shell is
 the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
-All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
-The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the <small class="sc">POSIX</small>
+All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and
+the rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the <small class="sc">POSIX</small>
 specification for the &lsquo;standard&rsquo; Unix shell.
 </p>
 <p>This chapter briefly summarizes the shell&rsquo;s &lsquo;building blocks&rsquo;:
@@ -601,8 +601,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#She
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Shell-Operation-1"><span>3.1.1 Shell Operation<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Operation-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 
 <p>The following is a brief description of the shell&rsquo;s operation when it
-reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the
-following:
+reads and executes a command.
+Basically, the shell does the following:
 </p>
 <ol class="enumerate">
 <li> Reads its input from a file (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), from a string
@@ -610,9 +610,9 @@ supplied as an argument to the <samp class="option">-c</samp> invocation option
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>), or from the user&rsquo;s terminal.
 
 </li><li> Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
-described in <a class="ref" href="#Quoting">Quoting</a>.  These tokens are separated by
-<code class="code">metacharacters</code>.  Alias expansion is performed by this step
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+described in <a class="ref" href="#Quoting">Quoting</a>.
+These tokens are separated by <code class="code">metacharacters</code>.
+This step performs alias expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
 
 </li><li> Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a>).
@@ -642,7 +642,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Comments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Comments</a>, Previous: <a hr
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoting"></a>
 
 <p>Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
-characters or words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to
+characters or words to the shell.
+Quoting can be used to
 disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
 reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
 parameter expansion.
@@ -650,14 +651,17 @@ parameter expansion.
 <p>Each of the shell metacharacters (see <a class="pxref" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>)
 has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
 represent itself.
-When the command history expansion facilities are being used
+</p>
+<p>When the command history expansion facilities are being used
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>), the
 <em class="dfn">history expansion</em> character, usually &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo;, must be quoted
-to prevent history expansion.  See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>, for
-more details concerning history expansion.
+to prevent history expansion.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>, for more details concerning history
+expansion.
 </p>
-<p>There are three quoting mechanisms: the
-<em class="dfn">escape character</em>, single quotes, and double quotes.
+<p>There are four quoting mechanisms: the
+<em class="dfn">escape character</em>, single quotes, double quotes,
+and dollar-single quotes.
 </p>
 <ul class="mini-toc">
 <li><a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="1">Escape Character</a></li>
@@ -675,10 +679,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <
 <h4 class="subsubsection" id="Escape-Character-1"><span>3.1.2.1 Escape Character<a class="copiable-link" href="#Escape-Character-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 <p>A non-quoted backslash &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo; is the Bash escape character.
 It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
-with the exception of <code class="code">newline</code>.  If a <code class="code">\newline</code> pair
-appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the <code class="code">\newline</code>
-is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from
-the input stream and effectively ignored).
+removing any special meaning it has,
+with the exception of <code class="code">newline</code>.
+If a <code class="code">\newline</code> pair appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted,
+the <code class="code">\newline</code> is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is
+removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -690,7 +695,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Double Quotes</a>, Previ
 <h4 class="subsubsection" id="Single-Quotes-1"><span>3.1.2.2 Single Quotes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Single-Quotes-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 
 <p>Enclosing characters in single quotes (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">'</samp>&rsquo;) preserves the literal value
-of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
+of each character within the quotes.
+A single quote may not occur
 between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
 </p>
 <hr>
@@ -716,9 +722,11 @@ The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
 the following characters:
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&quot;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo;, or <code class="code">newline</code>.
 Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these
-characters are removed.  Backslashes preceding characters without a
+characters are removed.
+Backslashes preceding characters without a
 special meaning are left unmodified.
-A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+</p>
+<p>A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
 a backslash.
 If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo;
 appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
@@ -736,6 +744,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Locale-Specific Tra
 </div>
 <h4 class="subsubsection" id="ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"><span>3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting<a class="copiable-link" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoting_002c-ANSI"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dollar_002dsingle-quote-quoting"></a>
 
 <p>Character sequences of the form <code class="code">$'<var class="var">string</var>'</code> are treated as
 a special kind of single quotes.
@@ -752,7 +761,7 @@ Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows:
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\e</code></dt>
 <dt><code class="code">\E</code></dt>
-<dd><p>an escape character (not ANSI C)
+<dd><p>An escape character (not in ANSI C).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\f</code></dt>
 <dd><p>form feed
@@ -782,23 +791,23 @@ Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows:
 <dd><p>question mark
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\<var class="var">nnn</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var class="var">nnn</var>
-(one to three octal digits)
+<dd><p>The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var class="var">nnn</var>
+(one to three octal digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\x<var class="var">HH</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var class="var">HH</var>
-(one or two hex digits)
+<dd><p>The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var class="var">HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\u<var class="var">HHHH</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<var class="var">HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+<dd><p>The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var class="var">HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\U<var class="var">HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<var class="var">HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+<dd><p>The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var class="var">HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\c<var class="var">x</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>a control-<var class="var">x</var> character
+<dd><p>A control-<var class="var">x</var> character.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -827,8 +836,8 @@ and <code class="code">TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variables, as explained below.
 See the gettext documentation for additional details not covered here.
 If the current locale is <code class="code">C</code> or <code class="code">POSIX</code>,
 if there are no translations available,
-or if the string is not translated,
-the dollar sign is ignored.
+or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored,
+and the string is treated as double-quoted as described above.
 Since this is a form of double quoting, the string remains double-quoted
 by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced.
 If the <code class="code">noexpand_translation</code> option is enabled
@@ -963,11 +972,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="
 <p>In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
 <code class="code">interactive_comments</code> option to the <code class="code">shopt</code>
 builtin is enabled (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
-a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo;
-causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
-be ignored.  An interactive shell without the <code class="code">interactive_comments</code>
-option enabled does not allow comments.  The <code class="code">interactive_comments</code>
-option is on by default in interactive shells.
+a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo; introduces a comment.
+A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or
+after an operator.
+The comment causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored.
+An interactive shell without the <code class="code">interactive_comments</code>
+option enabled does not allow comments.
+The <code class="code">interactive_comments</code>
+option is enabled by default in interactive shells.
 See <a class="xref" href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for a description of what makes
 a shell interactive.
 </p>
@@ -1038,10 +1051,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Pipelines</a>, Previous: <a
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Simple-Commands-1"><span>3.2.2 Simple Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Simple-Commands-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-simple"></a>
 
-<p>A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
+<p>A simple command is the kind of command that&rsquo;s executed most often.
 It&rsquo;s just a sequence of words separated by <code class="code">blank</code>s, terminated
-by one of the shell&rsquo;s control operators (see <a class="pxref" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>).  The
-first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
+by one of the shell&rsquo;s control operators (see <a class="pxref" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>).
+The first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
 rest of the words being that command&rsquo;s arguments.
 </p>
 <p>The return status (see <a class="pxref" href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>) of a simple command is
@@ -1073,19 +1086,21 @@ one of the control operators &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo
 
 <p>The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
 to the input of the next command.
-That is, each command reads the previous command&rsquo;s output.  This
-connection is performed before any redirections specified by
+That is, each command reads the previous command&rsquo;s output.
+This connection is performed before any redirections specified by
 <var class="var">command1</var>.
 </p>
-<p>If &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is used, <var class="var">command1</var>&rsquo;s standard error, in addition to
+<p>If &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is the pipeline operator,
+<var class="var">command1</var>&rsquo;s standard error, in addition to
 its standard output, is connected to
 <var class="var">command2</var>&rsquo;s standard input through the pipe;
 it is shorthand for <code class="code">2&gt;&amp;1 |</code>.
 This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
-performed after any redirections specified by <var class="var">command1</var>.
+performed after any redirections specified by <var class="var">command1</var>,
+consistent with that shorthand.
 </p>
-<p>The reserved word <code class="code">time</code> causes timing statistics
-to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
+<p>If the reserved word <code class="code">time</code> precedes the pipeline,
+Bash prints timing statistics for the pipeline once it finishes.
 The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
 user and system time consumed by the command&rsquo;s execution.
 The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option changes the output format to that specified
@@ -1093,19 +1108,20 @@ by <small class="sc">POSIX</small>.
 When the shell is in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a>),
 it does not recognize <code class="code">time</code> as a reserved word if the next
 token begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.
-The <code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be set to a format string that
+The value of the <code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code> variable is a format string that
 specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
 See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of the available formats.
-The use of <code class="code">time</code> as a reserved word permits the timing of
-shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external
-<code class="code">time</code> command cannot time these easily.
+Providing <code class="code">time</code> as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.
+An external <code class="code">time</code> command cannot time these easily.
 </p>
-<p>When the shell is in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a>), <code class="code">time</code>
-may be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the
+<p>When the shell is in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a>),
+you can use <code class="code">time</code> by itself as a simple command.
+In this case, the shell displays the
 total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
 The <code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code> variable specifies the format of the time information.
 </p>
-<p>If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>), the
+<p>If a pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>), the
 shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
 </p>
 <p>Each command in a multi-command pipeline,
@@ -1114,8 +1130,8 @@ is executed in its own <em class="dfn">subshell</em>, which is a
 separate process (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>).
 If the <code class="code">lastpipe</code> option is enabled using the <code class="code">shopt</code> builtin
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
-the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process
-when job control is not active.
+and  job control is not active,
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
 </p>
 <p>The exit
 status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
@@ -1127,8 +1143,10 @@ or zero if all commands exit successfully.
 If the reserved word &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo; precedes the pipeline, the
 exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described
 above.
-The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
+If a pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
 returning a value.
+The return status of an asynchronous pipeline is 0.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -1168,8 +1186,8 @@ The return status is the exit status of the last command executed.
 </p>
 <p><small class="sc">AND</small> and <small class="sc">OR</small> lists are sequences of one or more pipelines
 separated by the control operators &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">||</samp>&rsquo;,
-respectively.  <small class="sc">AND</small> and <small class="sc">OR</small> lists are executed with left
-associativity.
+respectively.
+<small class="sc">AND</small> and <small class="sc">OR</small> lists are executed with left associativity.
 </p>
 <p>An <small class="sc">AND</small> list has the form
 </p><div class="example">
@@ -1270,9 +1288,9 @@ in <var class="var">consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">for <var class="var">name</var> [ [in [<var class="var">words</var> ...] ] ; ] do <var class="var">commands</var>; done
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Expand <var class="var">words</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), and execute <var class="var">commands</var>
-once for each member
-in the resultant list, with <var class="var">name</var> bound to the current member.
+<p>Expand <var class="var">words</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), and then
+execute <var class="var">commands</var> once for each word
+in the resultant list, with <var class="var">name</var> bound to the current word.
 If &lsquo;<samp class="samp">in <var class="var">words</var></samp>&rsquo; is not present, the <code class="code">for</code> command
 executes the <var class="var">commands</var> once for each positional parameter that is
 set, as if &lsquo;<samp class="samp">in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified
@@ -1288,20 +1306,21 @@ executed, and the return status is zero.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">for (( <var class="var">expr1</var> ; <var class="var">expr2</var> ; <var class="var">expr3</var> )) ; do <var class="var">commands</var> ; done
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>First, the arithmetic expression <var class="var">expr1</var> is evaluated according
+<p>First, evaluate the arithmetic expression <var class="var">expr1</var> according
 to the rules described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
-The arithmetic expression <var class="var">expr2</var> is then evaluated repeatedly
+Then, repeatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression <var class="var">expr2</var>
 until it evaluates to zero.   
-Each time <var class="var">expr2</var> evaluates to a non-zero value, <var class="var">commands</var> are
-executed and the arithmetic expression <var class="var">expr3</var> is evaluated.       
+Each time <var class="var">expr2</var> evaluates to a non-zero value, execute <var class="var">commands</var>
+and evaluate the arithmetic expression <var class="var">expr3</var>.
 If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
 The return value is the exit status of the last command in <var class="var">commands</var>
-that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is invalid.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
-<p>The <code class="code">break</code> and <code class="code">continue</code> builtins (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
-may be used to control loop execution.
+<p>Use the <code class="code">break</code> and <code class="code">continue</code> builtins
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+to control loop execution.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -1355,23 +1374,24 @@ esac
 </pre></div>
 
 <p><code class="code">case</code> will selectively execute the <var class="var">command-list</var> corresponding to
-the first <var class="var">pattern</var> that matches <var class="var">word</var>.
+the first <var class="var">pattern</var> that matches <var class="var">word</var>,
+proceeding from the first pattern to the last.
 The match is performed according
 to the rules described below in <a class="ref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>.
 If the <code class="code">nocasematch</code> shell option
 (see the description of <code class="code">shopt</code> in <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
 is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
 of alphabetic characters.
-The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo; is used to separate multiple patterns, and the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">)</samp>&rsquo;
-operator terminates a pattern list.
-A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
+The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo; is used to separate multiple patterns in a pattern list,
+and the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">)</samp>&rsquo; operator terminates the pattern list.
+A pattern list and an associated <var class="var">command-list</var> is known
 as a <var class="var">clause</var>.
 </p>
 <p>Each clause must be terminated with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
 The <var class="var">word</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
-substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal
+substitution, process substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>)
-before matching is attempted.
+before the shell attempts to match the pattern.
 Each <var class="var">pattern</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion,
 command substitution, arithmetic expansion, process substitution, and
 quote removal.
@@ -1399,17 +1419,18 @@ echo &quot; legs.&quot;
 </pre></div>
 
 
-<p>If the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;</samp>&rsquo; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
-the first pattern match.
+<p>If the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;</samp>&rsquo; operator is used, the <code class="code">case</code> command completes
+after the first pattern match.
 Using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;  in place of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;</samp>&rsquo; causes execution to continue with
 the <var class="var">command-list</var> associated with the next clause, if any.
 Using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in place of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;</samp>&rsquo; causes the shell to test the patterns
 in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated <var class="var">command-list</var>
-on a successful match,
+if the match succeeds,
 continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched.
 </p>
-<p>The return status is zero if no <var class="var">pattern</var> is matched.  Otherwise, the
-return status is the exit status of the <var class="var">command-list</var> executed.
+<p>The return status is zero if no <var class="var">pattern</var> matches. 
+Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
+last <var class="var">command-list</var> executed.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-select"></a><span><code class="code">select</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-select"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -1421,17 +1442,17 @@ It has almost the same syntax as the <code class="code">for</code> command:
 <pre class="example-preformatted">select <var class="var">name</var> [in <var class="var">words</var> ...]; do <var class="var">commands</var>; done
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>The list of words following <code class="code">in</code> is expanded, generating a list
-of items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard
-error output stream, each preceded by a number.  If the
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">in <var class="var">words</var></samp>&rsquo; is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
+<p>First, expand the list of words following <code class="code">in</code>, generating a list
+of items, and print the set of expanded words on the standard
+error stream, each preceded by a number.
+If the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">in <var class="var">words</var></samp>&rsquo; is omitted, print the positional parameters,
 as if &lsquo;<samp class="samp">in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified.
 <code class="code">select</code> then displays the <code class="env">PS3</code>
 prompt and reads a line from the standard input.
 If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed
-words, then the value of <var class="var">name</var> is set to that word.
-If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
-If <code class="code">EOF</code> is read, the <code class="code">select</code> command completes and returns 1.
+words, then <code class="code">select</code> sets the value of <var class="var">name</var> to that word.
+If the line is empty, <code class="code">select</code> displays the words and prompt again.
+If <code class="code">EOF</code> is read, <code class="code">select</code> completes and returns 1.
 Any other value read causes <var class="var">name</var> to be set to null.
 The line read is saved in the variable <code class="env">REPLY</code>.
 </p>
@@ -1462,11 +1483,10 @@ described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic<
 The <var class="var">expression</var> undergoes the same expansions
 as if it were within double quotes,
 but double quote characters in <var class="var">expression</var> are not treated specially
-are removed.
+and are removed.
 If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
 otherwise the return status is 1. 
 </p>
-
 </dd>
 <dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005d_005d"></a>
 <a id="index-_005b_005b"></a><span><code class="code">[[&hellip;]]</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005b_005b"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -1474,8 +1494,8 @@ otherwise the return status is 1.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">[[ <var class="var">expression</var> ]]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
-the conditional expression <var class="var">expression</var>.
+<p>Evaluate the conditional expression <var class="var">expression</var> and
+return a status of zero (true) or non-zero (false).
 Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
 <a class="ref" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
 The words between the <code class="code">[[</code> and <code class="code">]]</code> do not undergo word splitting
@@ -1616,7 +1636,8 @@ if they appeared in a quoted portion.
 <p>The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
 in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched.
 In the first two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression
-parser is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\.</samp>&rsquo;. The backslash removes the special meaning from
+parser is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\.</samp>&rsquo;.
+The backslash removes the special meaning from
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo;, so the literal &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo; matches.
 In the second two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression
 parser has the backslash quoted (e.g., &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\\\.</samp>&rsquo;), which will not match
@@ -1725,7 +1746,8 @@ remain in effect after the subshell completes.
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
-be executed in the current shell context.  No subshell is created.
+be executed in the current shell environment.
+No subshell is created.
 The semicolon (or newline) following <var class="var">list</var> is required.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
@@ -1776,7 +1798,7 @@ If <var class="var">NAME</var> is not supplied, the default name is <code class=
 <pre class="example-preformatted">coproc <var class="var">NAME</var> { <var class="var">command</var>; }
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess
+<p>This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
 always being named <code class="code">COPROC</code>, and it is simpler to use and more complete
 than the other compound commands.
 </p>
@@ -1815,7 +1837,7 @@ the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
 <p>The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
 available as the value of the variable <code class="env"><var class="var">NAME</var>_PID</code>.
 The <code class="code">wait</code>
-builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+builtin may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
 </p>
 <p>Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
 the <code class="code">coproc</code> command always returns success.
@@ -1858,12 +1880,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameters</a>,
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-functions_002c-shell"></a>
 
 <p>Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
-using a single name for the group.  They are executed just like
-a &quot;regular&quot; command.
+using a single name for the group.
+They are executed just like a &quot;regular&quot; simple command.
 When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
-the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+the shell executes
+the list of commands associated with that function name.
 Shell functions are executed in the current
-shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
+shell context; there is no new process created to interpret them.
 </p>
 <p>Functions are declared using this syntax:
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-function"></a>
@@ -1877,27 +1900,26 @@ shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">function <var class="var">fname</var> [()] <var class="var">compound-command</var> [ <var class="var">redirections</var> ]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>This defines a shell function named <var class="var">fname</var>.  The reserved
-word <code class="code">function</code> is optional.
-If the <code class="code">function</code> reserved
-word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
+<p>This defines a shell function named <var class="var">fname</var>.
+The reserved word <code class="code">function</code> is optional.
+If the <code class="code">function</code> reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
 The <em class="dfn">body</em> of the function is the compound command
 <var class="var">compound-command</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>).
 That command is usually a <var class="var">list</var> enclosed between { and }, but
 may be any compound command listed above.
 If the <code class="code">function</code> reserved word is used, but the
 parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended.
-<var class="var">compound-command</var> is executed whenever <var class="var">fname</var> is specified as the
-name of a simple command.
 When the shell is in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a>),
 <var class="var">fname</var> must be a valid shell name and
 may not be the same as one of the special builtins
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
-In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
+When not in <small class="sc">POSIX</small>  mode,
+a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
 not contain &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;.
-Any redirections (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with the shell function
+</p>
+<p>Any redirections (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with the shell function
 are performed when the function is executed.
-A function definition may be deleted using the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to the
+Function definitions are deleted using the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to the
 <code class="code">unset</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
 </p>
 <p>The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
@@ -1911,14 +1933,21 @@ that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by
 This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
 as such when they are separated from the command list
 by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
-Also, when using the braces, the <var class="var">list</var> must be terminated by a semicolon,
+When using the braces, the <var class="var">list</var> must be terminated by a semicolon,
 a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or a newline.
 </p>
+<p><var class="var">compound-command</var> is executed whenever <var class="var">fname</var> is specified
+as the name of a simple command.
+Functions are executed in the context of the
+calling shell; there is no new process created to interpret
+them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+</p>
 <p>When a function is executed, the arguments to the
 function become the positional parameters
 during its execution (see <a class="pxref" href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a>).
 The special parameter &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo; that expands to the number of
-positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
+positional parameters
+is updated to reflect the new set of positional parameters.
 Special parameter <code class="code">0</code> is unchanged.
 The first element of the <code class="env">FUNCNAME</code> variable is set to the
 name of the function while the function is executing.
@@ -1951,17 +1980,19 @@ before execution resumes.
 When a function completes, the values of the
 positional parameters and the special parameter &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo;
 are restored to the values they had prior to the function&rsquo;s
-execution.  If a numeric argument is given to <code class="code">return</code>,
+execution.
+If <code class="code">return</code> is supplied a numeric argument,
 that is the function&rsquo;s return status; otherwise the function&rsquo;s
 return status is the exit status of the last command executed
 before the <code class="code">return</code>.
 </p>
-<p>Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+<p>Variables local to the function are declared with the
 <code class="code">local</code> builtin (<em class="dfn">local variables</em>).
 Ordinarily, variables and their values
 are shared between a function and its caller.
 These variables are visible only to
-the function and the commands it invokes.  This is particularly
+the function and the commands it invokes.
+This is particularly
 important when a shell function calls other functions.
 </p>
 <p>In the following description, the <em class="dfn">current scope</em> is a currently-
@@ -1969,14 +2000,17 @@ executing function.
 Previous scopes consist of that function&rsquo;s caller and so on,
 back to the &quot;global&quot; scope, where the shell is not executing
 any shell function.
-Consequently, a local variable at the current local scope is a variable
+A local variable at the current local scope is a variable
 declared using the <code class="code">local</code> or <code class="code">declare</code> builtins in the
 function that is currently executing.
 </p>
-<p>Local variables &quot;shadow&quot; variables with the same name declared at
-previous scopes.  For instance, a local variable declared in a function
-hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
-refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+<p>Local variables &quot;shadow&quot;
+variables with the same name declared at previous scopes.
+For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides variables with the same name declared at previous scopes,
+including global variables: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the variables
+at previous scopes  unmodified.
 When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
 </p>
 <p>The shell uses <em class="dfn">dynamic scoping</em> to control a variable&rsquo;s visibility
@@ -2031,11 +2065,11 @@ Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
 scope will become visible.
 If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a   
 variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible
-(see below how <code class="code">localvar_unset</code>shell option changes this behavior).
+(see below how <code class="code">localvar_unset</code> shell option changes this behavior).
 </p>
-<p>Function names and definitions may be listed with the
-<samp class="option">-f</samp> option to the <code class="code">declare</code> (<code class="code">typeset</code>)
-builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
+<p>The <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to the <code class="code">declare</code> (<code class="code">typeset</code>)
+builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>)
+will list function names and definitions.
 The <samp class="option">-F</samp> option to <code class="code">declare</code> or <code class="code">typeset</code>
 will list the function names only
 (and optionally the source file and line number, if the <code class="code">extdebug</code>
@@ -2045,11 +2079,15 @@ Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
 automatically have them defined with the
 <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to the <code class="code">export</code> builtin
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+The <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to
+the <code class="code">unset</code> builtin
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+will delete a function definition.
 </p>
 <p>Functions may be recursive.
 The <code class="code">FUNCNEST</code> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
 function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
-By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive  calls.
+By default, Bash places no limit on the number of recursive  calls.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -2071,18 +2109,19 @@ A <em class="dfn">variable</em> is a parameter denoted by a <code class="code">n
 A variable has a <code class="code">value</code> and zero or more <code class="code">attributes</code>.
 Attributes are assigned using the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin command
 (see the description of the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin in <a class="ref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
+The <code class="code">export</code> and <code class="code">readonly</code> builtins assign specific attributes.
 </p>
-<p>A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
-a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+<p>A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.
+The null string is a valid value.
+Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
 the <code class="code">unset</code> builtin command.
 </p>
 <p>A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">name</var>=[<var class="var">value</var>]
 </pre></div>
-<p>If <var class="var">value</var>
-is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
-<var class="var">value</var>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+<p>If <var class="var">value</var> is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.
+All <var class="var">value</var>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
 command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
 removal (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
 If the variable has its <code class="code">integer</code>
@@ -2093,20 +2132,26 @@ Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed.
 Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
 <code class="code">alias</code>, 
 <code class="code">declare</code>, <code class="code">typeset</code>, <code class="code">export</code>, <code class="code">readonly</code>,
-and <code class="code">local</code> builtin commands (<em class="dfn">declaration</em> commands).
+and <code class="code">local</code> builtin commands (<em class="dfn">declaration commands</em>).
 When in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a>), these builtins may appear
 in a command after one or more instances of the <code class="code">command</code> builtin
 and retain these assignment statement properties.
-</p>
+For example,
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">command export var=value
+</pre></div>
+
 <p>In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value  
 to a shell variable or array index (see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+=</samp>&rsquo;
-operator can be used to   
-append to or add to the variable&rsquo;s previous value.
-This includes arguments to builtin commands such as <code class="code">declare</code> that
-accept assignment statements (declaration commands).
+operator will append to or add to the variable&rsquo;s previous value.
+This includes arguments to declaration commands such as <code class="code">declare</code>
+that accept assignment statements.
 When &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to a variable for which the <code class="code">integer</code> attribute
-has been set, <var class="var">value</var> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
-added to the variable&rsquo;s current value, which is also evaluated.
+has been set,
+the variable&rsquo;s current value and <var class="var">value</var> are each evaluated as
+arithmetic expressions,
+and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable&rsquo;s value.
+The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an expression.
 When &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the
 variable&rsquo;s value is not unset (as it is when using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo;), and new
@@ -2133,8 +2178,8 @@ argument, running
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">declare -n ref=$1
 </pre></div>
-<p>inside the function creates a nameref variable <code class="env">ref</code> whose value is
-the variable name passed as the first argument.
+<p>inside the function creates a local nameref variable <code class="env">ref</code> whose value
+is the variable name passed as the first argument.
 References and assignments to <code class="env">ref</code>, and changes to its attributes,
 are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
 to the variable whose name was passed as <code class="code">$1</code>.
@@ -2165,7 +2210,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Parameters<
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-positional"></a>
 
 <p>A <em class="dfn">positional parameter</em> is a parameter denoted by one or more
-digits, other than the single digit <code class="code">0</code>.  Positional parameters are
+digits, other than the single digit <code class="code">0</code>.
+Positional parameters are
 assigned from the shell&rsquo;s arguments when it is invoked,
 and may be reassigned using the <code class="code">set</code> builtin command.
 Positional parameter <code class="code">N</code> may be referenced as <code class="code">${N}</code>, or
@@ -2179,6 +2225,9 @@ temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
 </p>
 <p>When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
 digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+Without braces, a digit following &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo; can only refer to
+one of the first nine positional parameters ($1\-$9) or the
+special parameter $0 (see below).
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -2192,6 +2241,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Positional P
 
 <p>The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
 only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+Special parameters are denoted by one of the following characters.
 </p>
 <dl class="vtable">
 <dt><a id="index-_002a"></a><span><code class="code">*</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002a"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -2199,11 +2249,12 @@ only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
 <p>($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
 When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
 expands to a separate word.
-In contexts where it is performed, those words
+In contexts where word expansions are performed, those words
 are subject to further word splitting and filename expansion.
 When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
 with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
-<code class="env">IFS</code> special variable.  That is, <code class="code">&quot;$*&quot;</code> is equivalent
+<code class="env">IFS</code> variable.
+That is, <code class="code">&quot;$*&quot;</code> is equivalent
 to <code class="code">&quot;$1<var class="var">c</var>$2<var class="var">c</var>&hellip;&quot;</code>, where <var class="var">c</var>
 is the first character of the value of the <code class="code">IFS</code>
 variable.
@@ -2219,17 +2270,19 @@ In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
 positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
 quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.
 In contexts where word splitting is not performed,
+such as the value portion of an assignment statement,
 this expands to a single word
 with each positional parameter separated by a space.
-When the
-expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is performed,
-each parameter expands to a
-separate word.  That is, <code class="code">&quot;$@&quot;</code> is equivalent to
+When the expansion occurs within double quotes,
+and word splitting is performed,
+each parameter expands to a separate word.
+That is, <code class="code">&quot;$@&quot;</code> is equivalent to
 <code class="code">&quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; &hellip;</code>.
 If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
+the first parameter is joined with the expansion of the
+beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the
+expansion of the last part of the original word.
 When there are no positional parameters, <code class="code">&quot;$@&quot;</code> and
 <code class="code">$@</code>
 expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
@@ -2242,8 +2295,7 @@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-_003f"></a><span><code class="code">?</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_003f"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024_003f"></a>
-<p>($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
-command.
+<p>($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed command.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-_002d"></a><span><code class="code">-</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -2256,8 +2308,9 @@ builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-_0024"></a><span><code class="code">$</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_0024"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024_0024"></a>
-<p>($$) Expands to the process <small class="sc">ID</small> of the shell.  In a subshell, it
-expands to the process <small class="sc">ID</small> of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
+<p>($$) Expands to the process <small class="sc">ID</small> of the shell.
+In a subshell, it expands to the process <small class="sc">ID</small> of the invoking shell,
+not the subshell.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-_0021-1"></a><span><code class="code">!</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_0021-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -2269,13 +2322,15 @@ the <code class="code">bg</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Contro
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-0"></a><span><code class="code">0</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-0"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_00240"></a>
-<p>($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
-shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), <code class="code">$0</code> is set to the name of that file.
+<p>($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.
+This is set at shell initialization.
+If Bash is invoked with a file of commands (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>),
+<code class="code">$0</code> is set to the name of that file.
 If Bash is started with the <samp class="option">-c</samp> option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>),
 then <code class="code">$0</code> is set to the first argument after the string to be
-executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set
-to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+executed, if one is present.
+Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by
+argument zero.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -2355,11 +2410,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde Expansion</a>, U
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace-expansion"></a>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-brace"></a>
 
-<p>Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
+<p>Brace expansion is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings
+sharing a common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty.
 This mechanism is similar to
 <em class="dfn">filename expansion</em> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>),
 but the filenames generated need not exist.
-Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <var class="var">preamble</var>,
+Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional <var class="var">preamble</var>,
 followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression
 between a pair of braces,
 followed by an optional <var class="var">postscript</var>.
@@ -2368,8 +2424,8 @@ the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
 to right.
 </p>
 <p>Brace expansions may be nested.
-The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
-is preserved.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted;
+brace expansion preserves left to right order.
 For example,
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
@@ -2390,13 +2446,15 @@ using the default C locale.
 Note that both <var class="var">x</var> and <var class="var">y</var> must be of the same type
 (integer or letter).
 When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
-each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+each term.
+The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
 </p>
 <p>Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
 and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
-in the result.  It is strictly textual.  Bash
-does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
-expansion or the text between the braces.
+in the result.
+It is strictly textual.
+Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context
+of the expansion or the text between the braces.
 </p>
 <p>A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
 and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
@@ -2439,15 +2497,16 @@ characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
 possible <em class="dfn">login name</em>.
 If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
 value of the <code class="env">HOME</code> shell variable.
-If <code class="env">HOME</code> is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
-shell is substituted instead.
+If <code class="env">HOME</code> is unset, the tilde expands to
+the home directory of the user executing the shell instead.
 Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
 associated with the specified login name.
 </p>
 <p>If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">~+</samp>&rsquo;, the value of
 the shell variable <code class="env">PWD</code> replaces the tilde-prefix.
-If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">~-</samp>&rsquo;, the value of the shell variable
-<code class="env">OLDPWD</code>, if it is set, is substituted.
+If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">~-</samp>&rsquo;, the shell substitutes
+the value of the shell variable
+<code class="env">OLDPWD</code>, if it is set.
 </p>
 <p>If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
 number <var class="var">N</var>, optionally prefixed by a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+</samp>&rsquo; or a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;,
@@ -2458,12 +2517,16 @@ in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Directory-St
 If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
 leading &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+</samp>&rsquo; is assumed.
 </p>
-<p>If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
-left unchanged.
+<p>The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so
+the replacement is not subject to word splitting and filename expansion.
 </p>
-<p>Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
-following a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">:</samp>&rsquo; or the first &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo;.
-In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+<p>If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the
+tilde-prefix is left unchanged.
+</p>
+<p>Bash checks each variable assignment
+for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">:</samp>&rsquo; or the first &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo;,
+and performs tilde expansion in these cases.
 Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
 <code class="env">PATH</code>, <code class="env">MAILPATH</code>, and <code class="env">CDPATH</code>,
 and the shell assigns the expanded value.
@@ -2472,15 +2535,15 @@ and the shell assigns the expanded value.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">~</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The value of <code class="code">$HOME</code>
+<dd><p>The value of <code class="code">$HOME</code>.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">~/foo</code></dt>
 <dd><p><samp class="file">$HOME/foo</samp>
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">~fred/foo</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The subdirectory <code class="code">foo</code> of the home directory of the user
-<code class="code">fred</code>
+<dd><p>The directory or file <code class="code">foo</code> in the home directory of the user
+<code class="code">fred</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">~+/foo</code></dt>
@@ -2492,15 +2555,15 @@ and the shell assigns the expanded value.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">~<var class="var">N</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dirs +<var class="var">N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dirs +<var class="var">N</var></samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">~+<var class="var">N</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dirs +<var class="var">N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dirs +<var class="var">N</var></samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">~-<var class="var">N</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dirs -<var class="var">N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dirs -<var class="var">N</var></samp>&rsquo;.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -2522,19 +2585,23 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Substitut
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-parameter"></a>
 
 <p>The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo; character introduces parameter expansion,
-command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.
+The parameter name
 or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
 are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
 characters immediately following it which could be
 interpreted as part of the name.
+For example, if the first positional parameter has the value &lsquo;<samp class="samp">a</samp>&rsquo;,
+then <code class="code">${11}</code> expands to the value of the eleventh positional
+parameter, while <code class="code">$11</code> expands to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">a1</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 <p>When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first &lsquo;<samp class="samp">}</samp>&rsquo;
 not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
 embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
 expansion.
 </p>
-<p>The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<var class="var">parameter</var>}.
-The value of <var class="var">parameter</var> is substituted.
+<p>The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<var class="var">parameter</var>},
+which substitutes the value of <var class="var">parameter</var>.
 The <var class="var">parameter</var> is a shell parameter as described above
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>) or an array reference (see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
 The braces are required when <var class="var">parameter</var>
@@ -2546,7 +2613,8 @@ interpreted as part of its name.
 and <var class="var">parameter</var> is not a nameref,
 it introduces a level of indirection.
 Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of
-<var class="var">parameter</var> as the new <var class="var">parameter</var>; this is then
+<var class="var">parameter</var> as the new <var class="var">parameter</var>;
+this new parameter is then
 expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather
 than the expansion of the original <var class="var">parameter</var>.
 This is known as <code class="code">indirect expansion</code>.
@@ -2554,7 +2622,7 @@ The value is subject to tilde expansion,
 parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
 If <var class="var">parameter</var> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
 variable referenced by <var class="var">parameter</var> instead of performing the
-complete indirect expansion.
+complete indirect expansion, for compatibility.
 The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<var class="var">prefix</var>*}
 and ${!<var class="var">name</var>[@]}
 described below.
@@ -2574,8 +2642,8 @@ is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>:&minus;<var class="var">word</var>}</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If <var class="var">parameter</var> is unset or null, the expansion of
-<var class="var">word</var> is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
-<var class="var">parameter</var> is substituted.
+<var class="var">word</var> is substituted.
+Otherwise, the value of <var class="var">parameter</var> is substituted.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">$ v=123
@@ -2587,21 +2655,27 @@ $ unset v
 $ echo ${v-unset}
 unset
 $ v=
+$ echo ${v-unset}
+
 $ echo ${v:-unset-or-null}
 unset-or-null
 </pre></div>
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>:=<var class="var">word</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If <var class="var">parameter</var>
-is unset or null, the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
-is assigned to <var class="var">parameter</var>.
-The value of <var class="var">parameter</var> is then substituted. 
-Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
+<dd><p>If <var class="var">parameter</var> is unset or null, the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
+is assigned to <var class="var">parameter</var>,
+and  the result of the expansion
+is the final value of <var class="var">parameter</var>.
+Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned
 in this way.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">$ var=
+<pre class="example-preformatted">$ unset var
+$ : ${var=DEFAULT}
+$ echo $var
+DEFAULT
+$ var=
 $ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
 $ echo $var
 DEFAULT
@@ -2613,8 +2687,10 @@ DEFAULT
 is null or unset, the expansion of <var class="var">word</var> (or a message
 to that effect if <var class="var">word</var>
 is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
-is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of <var class="var">parameter</var> is
-substituted.
+is not interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
+An interactive shell does not exit, but does not execute the command
+associated with the expansion.
+Otherwise, the value of <var class="var">parameter</var> is substituted.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">$ var=
@@ -2627,11 +2703,16 @@ bash: var: var is unset or null
 <dd><p>If <var class="var">parameter</var>
 is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
 <var class="var">word</var> is substituted.
+The value of <var class="var">parameter</var> is not used.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">$ var=123
 $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
 var is set and not null
+$ var=
+$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+
+$ 
 </pre></div>
 
 </dd>
@@ -2657,7 +2738,8 @@ it is interpreted as an offset in characters
 from the end of the value of <var class="var">parameter</var> rather than
 a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
 <var class="var">offset</var> and that result.
-Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
+</p>
+<p>Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
 one space to avoid being confused with the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">:-</samp>&rsquo; expansion.
 </p>
 <p>Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and
@@ -2797,8 +2879,7 @@ key expands to a separate word.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">${#<var class="var">parameter</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The length in characters of the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var> is
-substituted.
+<dd><p>Substitutes the length in characters of the value of <var class="var">parameter</var>.
 If <var class="var">parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;, the value substituted
 is the number of positional parameters.
 If <var class="var">parameter</var> is an array name subscripted by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;, 
@@ -2813,8 +2894,11 @@ array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>#<var class="var">word</var>}</code></dt>
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>##<var class="var">word</var>}</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <var class="var">word</var>
-is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
-described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).  If the pattern matches
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched
+against the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var>
+according to the rules
+described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+If the pattern matches
 the beginning of the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var>,
 then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var>
 with the shortest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo; case) or the
@@ -2831,7 +2915,9 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>%<var class="var">word</var>}</code></dt>
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>%%<var class="var">word</var>}</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <var class="var">word</var>
-is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched
+against the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var>
+according to the rules
 described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
 If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
 <var class="var">parameter</var>, then the result of the expansion is the value of
@@ -2851,13 +2937,14 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>/#<var class="var">pattern</var>/<var class="var">string</var>}</code></dt>
 <dt><code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>/%<var class="var">pattern</var>/<var class="var">string</var>}</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <var class="var">pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-filename expansion.
-<var class="var">Parameter</var> is expanded and the longest match of <var class="var">pattern</var>
-against its value is replaced with <var class="var">string</var>.
+filename expansion and matched
+against the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var>
+according to the rules
+described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+The longest match of <var class="var">pattern</var>
+in the expanded value is replaced with <var class="var">string</var>.
 <var class="var">string</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
 arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal.
-The match is performed according to the rules described below
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
 </p>
 <p>In the first form above, only the first match is replaced.
 If there are two slashes separating <var class="var">parameter</var> and <var class="var">pattern</var>
@@ -2867,13 +2954,13 @@ If <var class="var">pattern</var> is preceded by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</sa
 it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var>.
 If <var class="var">pattern</var> is preceded by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">%</samp>&rsquo; (the fourth form above),
 it must match at the end of the expanded value of <var class="var">parameter</var>.
-If the expansion of <var class="var">string</var> is null,
-matches of <var class="var">pattern</var> are deleted.
-If <var class="var">string</var> is null,
+</p>
+<p>If the expansion of <var class="var">string</var> is null,
 matches of <var class="var">pattern</var> are deleted
 and the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo; following <var class="var">pattern</var> may be omitted.
 </p>
-<p>If the <code class="code">patsub_replacement</code> shell option is enabled using <code class="code">shopt</code>,
+<p>If the <code class="code">patsub_replacement</code> shell option is enabled using <code class="code">shopt</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
 any unquoted instances of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in <var class="var">string</var> are replaced with the
 matching portion of <var class="var">pattern</var>.
 This is intended to duplicate a common <code class="code">sed</code> idiom.
@@ -2942,7 +3029,8 @@ quotes.
 (see the description of <code class="code">shopt</code> in <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
 is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case   
 of alphabetic characters.
-If <var class="var">parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;,
+</p>
+<p>If <var class="var">parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;,
 the substitution operation is applied to each positional
 parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
 If <var class="var">parameter</var>
@@ -3160,8 +3248,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Process Substitut
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-arithmetic"></a>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arithmetic-expansion"></a>
 
-<p>Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
-and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+<p>Arithmetic expansion evalutes an arithmetic expression
+and substitutes the result.
+The format for arithmetic expansion is:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">$(( <var class="var">expression</var> ))
@@ -3179,7 +3268,9 @@ Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
 <p>The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
 If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
-failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
+failure to the standard error,
+does not perform the substitution,
+and does not execute the command associated with the expansion.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -3206,14 +3297,17 @@ appears as a filename.
 This filename is
 passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
 expansion.
-If the <code class="code">&gt;(<var class="var">list</var>)</code> form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for <var class="var">list</var>.  If the
-<code class="code">&lt;(<var class="var">list</var>)</code> form is used, the file passed as an
-argument should be read to obtain the output of <var class="var">list</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code class="code">&gt;(<var class="var">list</var>)</code> form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for <var class="var">list</var>.
+If the
+<code class="code">&lt;(<var class="var">list</var>)</code> form is used, reading the file 
+will obtain the output of <var class="var">list</var>.
 Note that no space may appear between the <code class="code">&lt;</code> or <code class="code">&gt;</code>
 and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
 as a redirection.
-Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+</p>
+<p>Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
 pipes (<small class="sc">FIFO</small>s) or the <samp class="file">/dev/fd</samp> method of naming open files.
 </p>
 <p>When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
@@ -3243,12 +3337,11 @@ the default, then sequences of
 <code class="code">space</code>, <code class="code">tab</code>, and <code class="code">newline</code>
 at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
 expansions are ignored, and any sequence of <code class="env">IFS</code>
-characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
+characters not at the beginning or end delimits words.
 If <code class="env">IFS</code> has a value other than the default, then sequences of
 the whitespace characters <code class="code">space</code>, <code class="code">tab</code>, and <code class="code">newline</code>
-are ignored at the beginning and end of the
-word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
-value of <code class="env">IFS</code> (an <code class="env">IFS</code> whitespace character).
+present the value of <code class="env">IFS</code> (an <code class="env">IFS</code> whitespace character)
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the word.
 Any character in <code class="env">IFS</code> that is not <code class="env">IFS</code>
 whitespace, along with any adjacent <code class="env">IFS</code>
 whitespace characters, delimits a field.  A sequence of <code class="env">IFS</code>
@@ -3271,8 +3364,7 @@ That is, the word
 <code class="code">-d''</code> becomes <code class="code">-d</code> after word splitting and
 null argument removal.
 </p>
-<p>Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
-is performed.
+<p>Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -3292,15 +3384,18 @@ Next: <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quote Removal</a>, Previ
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[</samp>&rsquo;.
 If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is
 regarded as a <var class="var">pattern</var>,
-and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
-filenames matching the pattern (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
-If no matching filenames are found,
+and replaced with a sorted list of filenames matching the pattern
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>),
+subject to the value of the <code class="code">GLOBSORT</code> shell variable
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If no matching filenames are found,
 and the shell option <code class="code">nullglob</code> is disabled, the word is left
 unchanged.
 If the <code class="code">nullglob</code> option is set, and no matches are found, the word
 is removed.
 If the <code class="code">failglob</code> shell option is set, and no matches are found,
-an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
+Bash prints an error message and does not execute the command.
 If the shell option <code class="code">nocaseglob</code> is enabled, the match is performed
 without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
 </p>
@@ -3327,7 +3422,8 @@ for a description of the <code class="code">nocaseglob</code>, <code class="code
 </p>
 <p>The <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
 shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
-pattern.  If <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
+pattern.
+If <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
 is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
 <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code> is removed from the list of matches.
 If the <code class="code">nocaseglob</code> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
@@ -3344,9 +3440,13 @@ To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo;, make &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.*</samp>&rsquo; one of the patterns in <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>.
 The <code class="code">dotglob</code> option is disabled when <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
 is unset.
+The <code class="code">GLOBIGNORE</code>
+pattern matching honors the setting of the <code class="code">extglob</code> shell
+option.
 </p>
 <p>After the pattern is expanded and matched against filenames, the value of the
-<code class="env">GLOBSORT</code> variable controls how the results are sorted, as described
+<code class="env">GLOBSORT</code> shell
+variable controls how the results are sorted, as described
 below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
 </p>
 <ul class="mini-toc">
@@ -3386,25 +3486,28 @@ directories and subdirectories.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">[&hellip;]</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
-A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a <var class="var">range expression</var>;
+A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a <em class="dfn">range expression</em>;
 any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
-using the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence and character set,
-is matched.  If the first character following the
+using the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence and character set, matches.
+If the first character following the
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[</samp>&rsquo; is a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo;  or a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">^</samp>&rsquo;
-then any character not enclosed is matched.  A &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&minus;</samp>&rsquo;
-may be matched by including it as the first or last character
-in the set.  A &lsquo;<samp class="samp">]</samp>&rsquo; may be matched by including it as the first
+then any character not within the range matches.
+To match a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&minus;</samp>&rsquo;, include it as the first
+or last character in the set.
+To match a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">]</samp>&rsquo;, include it as the first
 character in the set.
-The sorting order of characters in range expressions,
+</p>
+<p>The sorting order of characters in range expressions,
 and the characters included in the range,
-are determined by
-the current locale and the values of the
+are determined by the current locale and the values of the
 <code class="env">LC_COLLATE</code> and <code class="env">LC_ALL</code> shell variables, if set.
 </p>
 <p>For example, in the default C locale, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;.  Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
-these locales &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is typically not equivalent to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;;
-it might be equivalent to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[aBbCcDdxYyZz]</samp>&rsquo;, for example.  To obtain
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;.
+Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in these locales
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is typically not equivalent to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;;
+it might be equivalent to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[aBbCcDdxYyZz]</samp>&rsquo;, for example.
+To obtain
 the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can
 force the use of the C locale by setting the <code class="env">LC_COLLATE</code> or
 <code class="env">LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value &lsquo;<samp class="samp">C</samp>&rsquo;, or enable the
@@ -3478,6 +3581,10 @@ pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot;
 when it is disabled, the set does not
 include any filenames beginning with &ldquo;.&rdquo; unless the pattern
 or sub-pattern begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo;.
+If the <code class="code">globskipdots</code>
+shell option is enabled, the filenames
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">..</samp>&rsquo;
+never appear in the set.
 As above, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo; only has a special meaning when matching filenames. 
 </p>
 <p>Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
@@ -3515,11 +3622,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Executing Commands<
 may be <em class="dfn">redirected</em>
 using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
 <em class="dfn">Redirection</em> allows commands&rsquo; file handles to be
-duplicated, opened, closed,
-made to refer to different files,
+duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files,
 and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
-Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
-current shell execution environment.  The following redirection
+When used with the <code class="code">exec</code> builtin,
+redirections modify file handles in the current shell execution environment.
+The following redirection
 operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
 simple command or may follow a command.
 Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
@@ -3529,29 +3636,39 @@ left to right.
 may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<var class="var">varname</var>}.
 In this case, for each redirection operator except
 &gt;&amp;- and &lt;&amp;-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than 10 and assign it to {<var class="var">varname</var>}.  If &gt;&amp;- or &lt;&amp;- is preceded
-by {<var class="var">varname</var>}, the value of <var class="var">varname</var> defines the file
+than 10 and assign it to {<var class="var">varname</var>}.
+If {<var class="var">varname</var>} precedes &gt;&amp;- or &lt;&amp;-,
+the value of <var class="var">varname</var> defines the file
 descriptor to close.
 If {<var class="var">varname</var>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
-the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
-the file descriptor&rsquo;s lifetime manually.
+the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor&rsquo;s lifetime manually without using
+the <code class="code">exec</code> builtin.
 The <code class="code">varredir_close</code> shell option manages this behavior
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
 </p>
 <p>In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
 omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
-descriptor 0).  If the first character of the redirection operator
+descriptor 0).
+If the first character of the redirection operator
 is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
 descriptor 1).
 </p>
-<p>The word following the redirection operator in the following
-descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
-tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.
+<p>The \fIword\fP following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to
+brace expansion,
+tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion,
+quote removal,
+filename expansion,
+and word splitting.
 If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
 </p>
-<p>Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example,
+<p>The order of redirections is significant.
+For example,
 the command
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">ls &gt; <var class="var">dirlist</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
@@ -3573,7 +3690,7 @@ internally with the behavior described below.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">/dev/fd/<var class="var">fd</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>If <var class="var">fd</var> is a valid integer, file descriptor <var class="var">fd</var> is duplicated.
+<dd><p>If <var class="var">fd</var> is a valid integer, duplicate file descriptor <var class="var">fd</var>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">/dev/stdin</code></dt>
@@ -3621,9 +3738,8 @@ internally.
 </ul>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Redirecting-Input">
 <h4 class="subsection"><span>3.6.1 Redirecting Input<a class="copiable-link" href="#Redirecting-Input"> &para;</a></span></h4>
-<p>Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
-to be opened for reading on file descriptor <code class="code">n</code>,
+<p>Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var class="var">word</var> for reading on file descriptor <code class="code">n</code>,
 or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <code class="code">n</code>
 is not specified.
 </p>
@@ -3635,11 +3751,12 @@ is not specified.
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Redirecting-Output">
 <h4 class="subsection"><span>3.6.2 Redirecting Output<a class="copiable-link" href="#Redirecting-Output"> &para;</a></span></h4>
-<p>Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+<p>Redirecting output opens the file whose name results from
 the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
-to be opened for writing on file descriptor <var class="var">n</var>,
+for writing on file descriptor <var class="var">n</var>,
 or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var class="var">n</var>
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
+is not specified.
+If the file does not exist it is created;
 if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
 </p>
 <p>The general format for redirecting output is:
@@ -3652,18 +3769,19 @@ option to the <code class="code">set</code> builtin has been enabled, the redire
 will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
 <var class="var">word</var> exists and is a regular file.
 If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;|</samp>&rsquo;, or the redirection operator is
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo; and the <code class="code">noclobber</code> option is not enabled, the redirection
-is attempted even if the file named by <var class="var">word</var> exists.
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo; and the <code class="code">noclobber</code> option is not enabled,
+Bash attemps the redirection
+even if the file named by <var class="var">word</var> exists.
 </p>
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Appending-Redirected-Output">
 <h4 class="subsection"><span>3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output<a class="copiable-link" href="#Appending-Redirected-Output"> &para;</a></span></h4>
-<p>Redirection of output in this fashion
-causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
-to be opened for appending on file descriptor <var class="var">n</var>,
+<p>Redirecting output in this fashion opens
+the file whose name results from the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
+for appending on file descriptor <var class="var">n</var>,
 or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var class="var">n</var>
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
+is not specified.
+If the file does not exist it is created.
 </p>
 <p>The general format for appending output is:
 </p><div class="example">
@@ -3673,11 +3791,10 @@ is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">
 <h4 class="subsection"><span>3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error<a class="copiable-link" href="#Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"> &para;</a></span></h4>
-<p>This construct allows both the
+<p>This construct redirects both the
 standard output (file descriptor 1) and
 the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
-to be redirected to the file whose name is the
-expansion of <var class="var">word</var>.
+to the file whose name is the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>.
 </p>
 <p>There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
 standard error:
@@ -3694,17 +3811,17 @@ This is semantically equivalent to
 <pre class="example-preformatted">&gt;<var class="var">word</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
 </pre></div>
 <p>When using the second form, <var class="var">word</var> may not expand to a number or
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.  If it does, other redirection operators apply
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.
+If it does, other redirection operators apply
 (see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
 </p>
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">
 <h4 class="subsection"><span>3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error<a class="copiable-link" href="#Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"> &para;</a></span></h4>
-<p>This construct allows both the
+<p>This construct appends both the
 standard output (file descriptor 1) and
 the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
-to be appended to the file whose name is the
-expansion of <var class="var">word</var>.
+to the file whose name is the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>.
 </p>
 <p>The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
 </p><div class="example">
@@ -3722,7 +3839,7 @@ expansion of <var class="var">word</var>.
 <p>This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
 current source until it reads a line containing only <var class="var">delimiter</var>
 (with no trailing blanks).
-All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+All of the lines read up to that point then become the standard
 input (or file descriptor <var class="var">n</var> if <var class="var">n</var> is specified) for a command.
 </p>
 <p>The format of here-documents is:
@@ -3732,8 +3849,9 @@ input (or file descriptor <var class="var">n</var> if <var class="var">n</var> i
 <var class="var">delimiter</var>
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
-arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
+<p>The shell does not perform
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion on
 <var class="var">word</var>.
 </p>
 <p>If any part of <var class="var">word</var> is quoted, the
@@ -3741,18 +3859,27 @@ arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
 and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
 If <var class="var">word</var> is unquoted,
 <var class="var">delimiter</var> is <var class="var">word</var> itself,
+and the here-document text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string:
 all lines of the here-document are subjected to
 parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-the character sequence <code class="code">\newline</code> is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo;
-must be used to quote the characters
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">`</samp>&rsquo;.
+the character sequence <code class="code">\newline</code> is treated literally,
+and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo; must be used to quote the characters
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">`</samp>&rsquo;;
+however, double quote characters have no special meaning.
 </p>
 <p>If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;&lt;-</samp>&rsquo;,
-then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
-line containing <var class="var">delimiter</var>.
+the shell strips leading tab characters are stripped from input lines
+and the line containing <var class="var">delimiter</var>.
 This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
 natural fashion.
 </p>
+<p>If the delimiter is not quoted, the
+<code class="code">\&lt;newline&gt;</code>
+sequence is treated as a line continuation: the two lines are joined
+and the backslash-newline is removed.
+This happens while reading the here-document, before the check for
+the ending delimiter, so joined lines can form the end delimiter.
+</p>
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Here-Strings">
 <h4 class="subsection"><span>3.6.7 Here Strings<a class="copiable-link" href="#Here-Strings"> &para;</a></span></h4>
@@ -3765,8 +3892,7 @@ natural fashion.
 tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
 command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
 Filename expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string,
-with a newline appended,
+The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended,
 to the command on its
 standard input (or file descriptor <var class="var">n</var> if <var class="var">n</var> is specified).
 </p>
@@ -3779,27 +3905,28 @@ standard input (or file descriptor <var class="var">n</var> if <var class="var">
 </pre></div>
 <p>is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
 If <var class="var">word</var>
-expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by <var class="var">n</var>
+expands to one or more digits, file descriptor <var class="var">n</var>
 is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
-If the digits in <var class="var">word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
-input, a redirection error occurs.
+It is a redirection error if the digits in
+<var class="var">word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for input.
 If <var class="var">word</var>
 evaluates to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var class="var">n</var> is closed.
-If <var class="var">n</var> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+If <var class="var">n</var> is not specified, this uses the standard input (file descriptor 0).
 </p>
 <p>The operator
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">[<var class="var">n</var>]&gt;&amp;<var class="var">word</var>
 </pre></div>
-<p>is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
-<var class="var">n</var> is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
-If the digits in <var class="var">word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
-output, a redirection error occurs.
+<p>is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.
+If <var class="var">n</var> is not specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1).
+It is a redirection error if the digits in
+<var class="var">word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for output.
 If <var class="var">word</var>
 evaluates to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var class="var">n</var> is closed.
-As a special case, if <var class="var">n</var> is omitted, and <var class="var">word</var> does not
-expand to one or more digits or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, the standard output and standard
-error are redirected as described previously.
+As a special case, if <var class="var">n</var> is omitted, and
+<var class="var">word</var> does not expand to one or more digits or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;,
+this redirects the standard output and standard error as described
+previously.
 </p>
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Moving-File-Descriptors">
@@ -3826,10 +3953,11 @@ or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var class="var">n</var> is not sp
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">[<var class="var">n</var>]&lt;&gt;<var class="var">word</var>
 </pre></div>
-<p>causes the file whose name is the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
-to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+<p>opens the file whose name is the expansion of <var class="var">word</var>
+for both reading and writing on file descriptor
 <var class="var">n</var>, or on file descriptor 0 if <var class="var">n</var>
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+is not specified.
+If the file does not exist, it is created.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -3859,7 +3987,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command S
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Simple-Command-Expansion-1"><span>3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Simple-Command-Expansion-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-expansion"></a>
 
-<p>When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+<p>When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following
 expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in
 the following order.
 </p>
@@ -3892,14 +4020,17 @@ If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
 an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
 </p>
 <p>If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
-affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
-command to exit with a non-zero status.
+affect the current shell environment.
+A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status.
 </p>
 <p>If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
-described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expansions
-contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
-the exit status of the last command substitution performed.  If there
-were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+described below.
+Otherwise, the command exits.
+If one of the expansions contained a command substitution,
+the exit status of the command is the exit status of
+the last command substitution performed.
+If there were no command substitutions,
+the command exits with a zero status.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -3918,21 +4049,23 @@ the following actions.
 </p>
 <ol class="enumerate">
 <li> If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
-locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+locate it.
+If there exists a shell function by that name, that
 function is invoked as described in <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>.
 
 </li><li> If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
-it in the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that
-builtin is invoked.
+it in the list of shell builtins.
+If a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
 
 </li><li> If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
 and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
 <code class="env">$PATH</code> for a directory containing an executable file
-by that name.  Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
+by that name.
+Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
 pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple <code class="env">PATH</code> searches
 (see the description of <code class="code">hash</code> in <a class="ref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
-A full search of the directories in <code class="env">$PATH</code>
-is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+Bash performs a full search of the directories in <code class="env">$PATH</code>
+only if the command is not found in the hash table.
 If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
 function named <code class="code">command_not_found_handle</code>.
 If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
@@ -3950,8 +4083,9 @@ to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
 
 </li><li> If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
 format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
-<em class="dfn">shell script</em> and the shell executes it as described in
-<a class="ref" href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>.
+<em class="dfn">shell script</em>,
+a file containing shell commands,
+and the shell executes it as described in <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>.
 
 </li><li> If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
 the command to complete and collects its exit status.
@@ -3972,55 +4106,54 @@ Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous:
 following:
 </p>
 <ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the <code class="code">exec</code> builtin
+<li>Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the <code class="code">exec</code> builtin.
 
-</li><li>the current working directory as set by <code class="code">cd</code>, <code class="code">pushd</code>, or
-<code class="code">popd</code>, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+</li><li>The current working directory as set by <code class="code">cd</code>, <code class="code">pushd</code>, or
+<code class="code">popd</code>, or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 
-</li><li>the file creation mode mask as set by <code class="code">umask</code> or inherited from
-the shell&rsquo;s parent
+</li><li>The file creation mode mask as set by <code class="code">umask</code> or inherited from
+the shell&rsquo;s parent.
 
-</li><li>current traps set by <code class="code">trap</code>
+</li><li>Current traps set by <code class="code">trap</code>.
 
-</li><li>shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <code class="code">set</code>
-or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s parent in the environment
+</li><li>Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <code class="code">set</code>
+or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s parent in the environment.
 
-</li><li>shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s
-parent in the environment
+</li><li>Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s
+parent in the environment.
 
-</li><li>options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by <code class="code">set</code>
+</li><li>Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by <code class="code">set</code>.
 
-</li><li>options enabled by <code class="code">shopt</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+</li><li>Options enabled by <code class="code">shopt</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
 
-</li><li>shell aliases defined with <code class="code">alias</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>)
+</li><li>Shell aliases defined with <code class="code">alias</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
 
-</li><li>various process <small class="sc">ID</small>s, including those of background jobs
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>), the value of <code class="code">$$</code>, and the value of
-<code class="env">$PPID</code>
+</li><li>Various process <small class="sc">ID</small>s, including those of background jobs
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>), the value of <code class="code">$$</code>, and the value of <code class="env">$PPID</code>.
 
 </li></ul>
 
 <p>When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
 is to be executed, it
 is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
-the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
-from the shell.
+the following.
+Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell.
 </p>
 <ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>the shell&rsquo;s open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
-by redirections to the command
+<li>The shell&rsquo;s open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command.
 
-</li><li>the current working directory
+</li><li>The current working directory.
 
-</li><li>the file creation mode mask
+</li><li>The file creation mode mask.
 
-</li><li>shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#Environment">Environment</a>)
+</li><li>Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
 
-</li><li>traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell&rsquo;s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+</li><li>Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell&rsquo;s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 
 </li></ul>
 
@@ -4033,9 +4166,12 @@ shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
 and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
 subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
 except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
-that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.  Builtin
-commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed
-in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell environment
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.
+Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline,
+except possibly in the last element depending on the value of the
+<code class="code">lastpipe</code> shell option (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+are also executed in a subshell environment.
+Changes made to the subshell environment
 cannot affect the shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
 </p>
 <p>When the shell is in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode,
@@ -4069,24 +4205,30 @@ This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form <code class="code">name=value</c
 <p>Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
 On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
 creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
-it for <code class="code">export</code>
-to child processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.
-The <code class="code">export</code> and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">declare -x</samp>&rsquo;
-commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
-deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter
-in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
-of the environment, replacing the old.  The environment
+it for <code class="code">export</code> to child processes.
+Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The <code class="code">export</code>, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">declare -x</samp>&rsquo;, and <code class="code">unset</code>
+commands modify the environment by
+adding and deleting parameters and functions.
+If the value of a parameter in the environment is modified,
+the new value automatically becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old.
+The environment
 inherited by any executed command consists of the shell&rsquo;s
 initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
 less any pairs removed by the <code class="code">unset</code> and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">export -n</samp>&rsquo;
 commands, plus any additions via the <code class="code">export</code> and
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">declare -x</samp>&rsquo; commands.
 </p>
-<p>The environment for any simple command
-or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
-parameter assignments, as described in <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>.
+<p>If any parameter assignment statements,
+as described in <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>,
+appear before a simple command,
+the variable assignments are part of that command&rsquo;s environment
+for as long as it executes.
 These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
 by that command.
+If these assignments precede a call to a shell function, the variables
+are local to the function and exported to that function&rsquo;s children.
 </p>
 <p>If the <samp class="option">-k</samp> option is set (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), then all
 parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
@@ -4107,25 +4249,28 @@ Next: <a href="#Signals" accesskey="n" rel="next">Signals</a>, Previous: <a href
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exit-status-1"></a>
 
 <p>The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
-<code class="code">waitpid</code> system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses    
-fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
-use values above 125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and
-compound commands are also limited to this range.  Under certain
-circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
-failure modes.
+<code class="code">waitpid</code> system call or equivalent function.
+Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below,
+the shell may use values above 125 specially.
+Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited
+to this range.
+Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to
+indicate specific failure modes.
 </p>
 <p>For the shell&rsquo;s purposes, a command which exits with a
 zero exit status has succeeded.
-A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a non-zero
+exit status indicates failure.
 This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there
 is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of
 ways to indicate various failure modes.
-When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is <var class="var">N</var>,
+</p>
+<p>When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is <var class="var">N</var>,
 Bash uses the value 128+<var class="var">N</var> as the exit status.
 </p>
 <p>If a command is not found, the child process created to
-execute it returns a status of 127.  If a command is found  
-but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+execute it returns a status of 127.
+If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126.
 </p>
 <p>If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
 the exit status is greater than zero.
@@ -4143,6 +4288,11 @@ generally invalid options or missing arguments.
 <p>The exit status of the last command is available in the special
 parameter $? (see <a class="pxref" href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>).
 </p>
+<p>Bash itself returns the exit status of the last command
+executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits
+with a non-zero value.
+See also the <code class="code">exit</code> builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>.
+</p>
 <hr>
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Signals">
@@ -4153,17 +4303,23 @@ Previous: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exit Status</a>, Up: <
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Signals-1"><span>3.7.6 Signals<a class="copiable-link" href="#Signals-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-signal-handling"></a>
 
-<p>When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
-<code class="code">SIGTERM</code> (so that &lsquo;<samp class="samp">kill 0</samp>&rsquo; does not kill an interactive shell),
-and <code class="code">SIGINT</code>
-is caught and handled (so that the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin is interruptible).
+<p>When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps,
+it ignores <code class="code">SIGTERM</code>
+(so that &lsquo;<samp class="samp">kill 0</samp>&rsquo; does not kill an interactive shell),
+and catches and handles <code class="code">SIGINT</code>
+(so that the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin is interruptible).
 When Bash receives a <code class="code">SIGINT</code>, it breaks out of any executing loops.
 In all cases, Bash ignores <code class="code">SIGQUIT</code>.
 If job control is in effect (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>), Bash
 ignores <code class="code">SIGTTIN</code>, <code class="code">SIGTTOU</code>, and <code class="code">SIGTSTP</code>.
 </p>
-<p>Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
-values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+<p>The <code class="code">trap</code> builtin modifies the shell&rsquo;s signal handling, as
+described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Non-builtin commands Bash executes have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent,
+unless <code class="code">trap</code> sets them to be ignored, in which case the child
+process will ignore them as well.
 When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
 ignore <code class="code">SIGINT</code> and <code class="code">SIGQUIT</code> in addition to these inherited
 handlers.
@@ -4174,26 +4330,25 @@ command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
 <p>The shell exits by default upon receipt of a <code class="code">SIGHUP</code>.
 Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> to
 all jobs, running or stopped.
-Stopped jobs are sent <code class="code">SIGCONT</code> to ensure that they receive
-the <code class="code">SIGHUP</code>.
+The shell sends <code class="code">SIGCONT</code> to stopped jobs to ensure that they
+receive the <code class="code">SIGHUP</code>
+(See <a class="xref" href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>, for more information about running and stopped jobs).
 To prevent the shell from sending the <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> signal to a
-particular job, it should be removed
-from the jobs table with the <code class="code">disown</code>
-builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or marked
-to not receive <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> using <code class="code">disown -h</code>.
+particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the <code class="code">disown</code>
+builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or mark it
+not to receive <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> using <code class="code">disown -h</code>.
 </p>
-<p>If the  <code class="code">huponexit</code> shell option has been set with <code class="code">shopt</code>
+<p>If the  <code class="code">huponexit</code> shell option has been set using <code class="code">shopt</code>
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), Bash sends a <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when
 an interactive login shell exits.
 </p>
 <p>If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
 for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
 the command completes.
-When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
-command via the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin, the reception of a signal for
-which a trap has been set will cause the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin to return
-immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
-which the trap is executed.
+If Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin,
+and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set,
+the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin will return immediately with an exit status
+greater than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap.
 </p>
 <p>When job control is not enabled, and Bash is waiting for a foreground
 command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals
@@ -4218,7 +4373,8 @@ handled the <code class="code">SIGINT</code> itself and did not treat it as a fa
 In that case, Bash does not treat <code class="code">SIGINT</code> as a fatal signal,
 either, instead assuming that the <code class="code">SIGINT</code> was used as part of the
 program&rsquo;s normal operation (e.g., <code class="command">emacs</code> uses it to abort editing
-commands) or deliberately discarded. However, Bash will run any
+commands) or deliberately discarded.
+However, Bash will run any
 trap set on <code class="code">SIGINT</code>, as it does with any other trapped signal it
 receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to
 complete, for compatibility.
@@ -4235,14 +4391,18 @@ Previous: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Executing Comma
 <h3 class="section" id="Shell-Scripts-1"><span>3.8 Shell Scripts<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Scripts-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-script"></a>
 
-<p>A shell script is a text file containing shell commands.  When such
-a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
-and neither the <samp class="option">-c</samp> nor <samp class="option">-s</samp> option is supplied
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>), 
-Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits.  This
-mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell.  The shell first
-searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
-directories in <code class="env">$PATH</code> if not found there.
+<p>A shell script is a text file containing shell commands.
+When such a file is used as the first non-option argument when
+invoking Bash, and neither the <samp class="option">-c</samp> nor <samp class="option">-s</samp> option
+is supplied (see <a class="pxref" href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>), 
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits.
+This mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell.
+If the filename does not contain any slashes, the shell first searches
+for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in
+<code class="env">$PATH</code> if not found there.
+</p>
+<p>Bash tries to determine whether the file is a text file or a binary,
+and will not execute files it determines to be binaries.
 </p>
 <p>When Bash runs
 a shell script, it sets the special parameter <code class="code">0</code> to the name
@@ -4252,10 +4412,9 @@ If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters
 are unset.
 </p>
 <p>A shell script may be made executable by using the <code class="code">chmod</code> command
-to turn on the execute bit.  When Bash finds such a file while
-searching the <code class="env">$PATH</code> for a command, it creates a
-new instance of itself
-to execute it.
+to turn on the execute bit.
+When Bash finds such a file while searching the <code class="env">$PATH</code> for a command,
+it creates a new instance of itself to execute it.
 In other words, executing
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">filename <var class="var">arguments</var>
@@ -4272,8 +4431,10 @@ exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
 (see the description of <code class="code">hash</code> in <a class="ref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
 are retained by the child.
 </p>
-<p>Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system&rsquo;s command
-execution mechanism.  If the first line of a script begins with
+<p>The <small class="sc">GNU</small> operating system,
+and most versions of Unix,
+make this a part of the operating system&rsquo;s command execution mechanism.
+If the first line of a script begins with
 the two characters &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#!</samp>&rsquo;, the remainder of the line specifies
 an interpreter for the program and, depending on the operating system, one
 or more optional arguments for that interpreter.
@@ -4296,7 +4457,8 @@ portable to assume that using more than one argument will work.
 <p>Bash scripts often begin with <code class="code">#! /bin/bash</code> (assuming that
 Bash has been installed in <samp class="file">/bin</samp>), since this ensures that
 Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed
-under another shell. It&rsquo;s a common idiom to use <code class="code">env</code> to find
+under another shell.
+It&rsquo;s a common idiom to use <code class="code">env</code> to find
 <code class="code">bash</code> even if it&rsquo;s been installed in another directory:
 <code class="code">#!/usr/bin/env bash</code> will find the first occurrence of <code class="code">bash</code>
 in <code class="env">$PATH</code>.
@@ -4377,9 +4539,10 @@ The return status is zero.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">. [-p <var class="var">path</var>] <var class="var">filename</var> [<var class="var">arguments</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Read and execute commands from the <var class="var">filename</var> argument in the
-current shell context.
-If <var class="var">filename</var> does not contain a slash, <code class="code">.</code> searches for it.
+<p>The <code class="code">.</code> command reads and execute commands from the <var class="var">filename</var>
+argument in the current shell context.
+</p>
+<p>If <var class="var">filename</var> does not contain a slash, <code class="code">.</code> searches for it.
 If <samp class="option">-p</samp> is supplied, <code class="code">.</code> treats <var class="var">path</var>
 as a colon-separated list of directories in which to find <var class="var">filename</var>;
 otherwise, <code class="code">.</code> uses the directories in <code class="env">PATH</code> to find <var class="var">filename</var>.
@@ -4387,20 +4550,24 @@ otherwise, <code class="code">.</code> uses the directories in <code class="env"
 When Bash is not in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, it searches the current directory
 if <var class="var">filename</var> is not found in <code class="env">$PATH</code>,
 but does not search the current directory if <samp class="option">-p</samp> is supplied.
-If the <code class="code">sourcepath</code> option (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) is turned off
+If the <code class="code">sourcepath</code> option (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) is turned off,
 <code class="code">.</code> does not search <code class="env">PATH</code>.
-If any <var class="var">arguments</var> are supplied, they become the positional
+</p>
+<p>If any <var class="var">arguments</var> are supplied, they become the positional
 parameters when <var class="var">filename</var> is executed.
 Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.
-If the <samp class="option">-T</samp> option is enabled, <code class="code">.</code> inherits any trap on
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp class="option">-T</samp> option is enabled, <code class="code">.</code> inherits any trap on
 <code class="code">DEBUG</code>; if it is not, any <code class="code">DEBUG</code> trap string is saved and
 restored around the call to <code class="code">.</code>, and <code class="code">.</code> unsets the
 <code class="code">DEBUG</code> trap while it executes.
 If <samp class="option">-T</samp> is not set, and the sourced file changes
-the <code class="code">DEBUG</code> trap, the new value is retained when <code class="code">.</code> completes.
-The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
-zero if no commands are executed.  If <var class="var">filename</var> is not found, or
-cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
+the <code class="code">DEBUG</code> trap, the new value persists after <code class="code">.</code> completes.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+from <var class="var">filename</var>, or
+zero if no commands are executed.
+If <var class="var">filename</var> is not found, or cannot be read,
+the return status is non-zero.
 This builtin is equivalent to <code class="code">source</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -4410,7 +4577,7 @@ This builtin is equivalent to <code class="code">source</code>.
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>Exit from a <code class="code">for</code>, <code class="code">while</code>, <code class="code">until</code>, or <code class="code">select</code> loop.
-If <var class="var">n</var> is supplied, the <var class="var">n</var>th enclosing loop is exited.
+If <var class="var">n</var> is supplied, <code class="code">break</code> exits the <var class="var">n</var>th enclosing loop.
 <var class="var">n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
 The return status is zero unless <var class="var">n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
 </p>
@@ -4422,12 +4589,14 @@ The return status is zero unless <var class="var">n</var> is not greater than or
 
 <p>Change the current working directory to <var class="var">directory</var>.
 If <var class="var">directory</var> is not supplied, the value of the <code class="env">HOME</code>
-shell variable is used.
+shell variable is used as <var class="var">directory</var>.
 If the shell variable
 <code class="env">CDPATH</code> exists, <code class="code">cd</code> uses it as a search path:
 <code class="code">cd</code> searches each directory name in <code class="env">CDPATH</code> for
 <var class="var">directory</var>, with alternative directory names in <code class="env">CDPATH</code>
 separated by a colon (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">:</samp>&rsquo;).
+A null directory name in <code class="env">CDPATH</code> means the same thing as the
+current directory.
 If <var class="var">directory</var> begins with a slash, <code class="env">CDPATH</code> is not used.
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-P</samp> option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
@@ -4444,19 +4613,19 @@ of <var class="var">directory</var>.
 </p>
 <p>If the <samp class="option">-e</samp> option is supplied with <samp class="option">-P</samp>
 and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
-after a successful directory change, <code class="code">cd</code> will return an unsuccessful
+after a successful directory change, <code class="code">cd</code> will return a non-zero
 status.
 </p>
 <p>On systems that support it, the <samp class="option">-@</samp> option presents the extended
 attributes associated with a file as a directory.              
 </p>
 <p>If <var class="var">directory</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, it is converted to <code class="env">$OLDPWD</code>
-before the directory change is attempted.
+before attempting the directory change.
 </p>
-<p>If a non-empty directory name from <code class="env">CDPATH</code> is used, or if
+<p>If <code class="code">cd</code> uses a non-empty directory name from <code class="env">CDPATH</code>, or if
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; is the first argument, and the directory change is
-successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
-written to the standard output.
+successful, <code class="code">cd</code> writes the absolute pathname of the new
+working directory to the standard output.
 </p>
 <p>If the directory change is successful, <code class="code">cd</code> sets the value of the
 <code class="env">PWD</code> environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the
@@ -4472,10 +4641,10 @@ non-zero otherwise.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">continue [<var class="var">n</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <code class="code">for</code>, <code class="code">while</code>,
-<code class="code">until</code>, or <code class="code">select</code> loop.
-If <var class="var">n</var> is supplied, the execution of the <var class="var">n</var>th enclosing loop
-is resumed.
+<p><code class="code">continue</code> resumes the next iteration of an enclosing <code class="code">for</code>,
+<code class="code">while</code>, <code class="code">until</code>, or <code class="code">select</code> loop.
+If <var class="var">n</var> is supplied, Bash resumes the execution of the <var class="var">n</var>th
+enclosing loop.
 <var class="var">n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
 The return status is zero unless <var class="var">n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
 </p>
@@ -4485,9 +4654,10 @@ The return status is zero unless <var class="var">n</var> is not greater than or
 <pre class="example-preformatted">eval [<var class="var">arguments</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
-then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status
-of <code class="code">eval</code>.
+<p>The <var class="var">arguments</var> are concatenated together into a single command,
+separated by spaces.
+Bash then reads and executes this command and returns its exit status
+as the exit status of <code class="code">eval</code>.
 If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is
 zero.
 </p>
@@ -4499,6 +4669,8 @@ zero.
 
 <p>If <var class="var">command</var>
 is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
+<var class="var">command</var> cannot be a shell builtin or function.
+The <var class="var">arguments</var> become the arguments to <var class="var">command</var>
 If the <samp class="option">-l</samp> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
 beginning of the zeroth argument passed to <var class="var">command</var>.
 This is what the <code class="code">login</code> program does.
@@ -4506,15 +4678,18 @@ The <samp class="option">-c</samp> option causes <var class="var">command</var>
 environment.
 If <samp class="option">-a</samp> is supplied, the shell passes <var class="var">name</var> as the zeroth
 argument to <var class="var">command</var>.
-If <var class="var">command</var>
+</p>
+<p>If <var class="var">command</var>
 cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
-unless the <code class="code">execfail</code> shell option
-is enabled.  In that case, it returns failure.
-An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
+unless the <code class="code">execfail</code> shell option is enabled.
+In that case, it returns a non-zero status.
+An interactive shell returns a non-zero status if the file cannot be executed.
 A subshell exits unconditionally if <code class="code">exec</code> fails.
-If no <var class="var">command</var> is specified, redirections may be used to affect
-the current shell environment.  If there are no redirection errors, the
-return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+</p>
+<p>If <var class="var">command</var> is not specified, redirections may be used to affect
+the current shell environment.
+If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero;
+otherwise the return status is non-zero.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-exit"></a><span><code class="code">exit</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-exit"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -4532,15 +4707,23 @@ Any trap on <code class="code">EXIT</code> is executed before the shell terminat
 <pre class="example-preformatted">export [-fn] [-p] [<var class="var">name</var>[=<var class="var">value</var>]]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Mark each <var class="var">name</var> to be passed to child processes
-in the environment.  If the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option is supplied, the <var class="var">name</var>s
+<p>Mark each <var class="var">name</var> to be passed to subsequently executed commands in the
+environment.
+If the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option is supplied, the <var class="var">name</var>s
 refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
-The <samp class="option">-n</samp> option means to no longer mark each <var class="var">name</var> for export.
-If no <var class="var">name</var>s are supplied, or if the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is given, a
-list of names of all exported variables is displayed.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp class="option">-n</samp> option means to unexport each name: no longer mark
+it for export.
+If no <var class="var">name</var>s are supplied, or if the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is given,
+<code class="code">export</code> displays a list of names of all exported variables on the
+standard output.
 The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
-If a variable name is followed by =<var class="var">value</var>, the value of
-the variable is set to <var class="var">value</var>.
+</p>
+<p><code class="code">export</code> allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time
+it is exported or unexported by following the variable name with
+=<var class="var">value</var>.
+This sets the value of the variable is to <var class="var">value</var> while modifying
+the export attribute.
 </p>
 <p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
 the names is not a valid shell variable name, or <samp class="option">-f</samp> is supplied
@@ -4552,7 +4735,7 @@ with a name that is not a shell function.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">false
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.
+<p>Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-getopts"></a><span><code class="code">getopts</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-getopts"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -4560,13 +4743,15 @@ with a name that is not a shell function.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">getopts <var class="var">optstring</var> <var class="var">name</var> [<var class="var">arg</var> ...]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p><code class="code">getopts</code> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+<p><code class="code">getopts</code> is used by shell scripts or functions to parse positional
+parameters and obtain options and their arguments.
 <var class="var">optstring</var> contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
 character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
 argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.
 The colon (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">:</samp>&rsquo;) and question mark (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo;) may not be
 used as option characters.
-Each time it is invoked, <code class="code">getopts</code>
+</p>
+<p>Each time it is invoked, <code class="code">getopts</code>
 places the next option in the shell variable <var class="var">name</var>, initializing
 <var class="var">name</var> if it does not exist,
 and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
@@ -4575,11 +4760,12 @@ variable <code class="env">OPTIND</code>.
 is invoked.
 When an option requires an argument,
 <code class="code">getopts</code> places that argument into the variable <code class="env">OPTARG</code>.
-The shell does not reset <code class="env">OPTIND</code> automatically; it must be manually
+</p>
+<p>The shell does not reset <code class="env">OPTIND</code> automatically; it must be manually
 reset between multiple calls to <code class="code">getopts</code> within the same shell
-invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+invocation to use a new set of parameters.
 </p>
-<p>When the end of options is encountered, <code class="code">getopts</code> exits with a
+<p>When it reaches the end of options, <code class="code">getopts</code> exits with a
 return value greater than zero.
 <code class="env">OPTIND</code> is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
 and <var class="var">name</var> is set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -4588,11 +4774,12 @@ and <var class="var">name</var> is set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsq
 normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
 supplied as <var class="var">arg</var> values, <code class="code">getopts</code> parses those instead.
 </p>
-<p><code class="code">getopts</code> can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
-<var class="var">optstring</var> is a colon, <var class="var">silent</var>
-error reporting is used.  In normal operation, diagnostic messages
-are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
-encountered.
+<p><code class="code">getopts</code> can report errors in two ways.
+If the first character of
+<var class="var">optstring</var> is a colon, <code class="code">getopts</code> uses <em class="emph">silent</em>
+error reporting.
+In normal operation, <code class="code">getopts</code> prints diagnostic messages
+when it encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.
 If the variable <code class="env">OPTERR</code>
 is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
 character of <code class="code">optstring</code> is not a colon.
@@ -4611,6 +4798,10 @@ If <code class="code">getopts</code> is silent,
 it sets the value of <var class="var">name</var> to a colon (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">:</samp>&rsquo;),
 and sets <code class="env">OPTARG</code> to the option character found.
 </p>
+<p><code class="code">getopts</code> returns true if an option, specified or unspecified,
+is found.
+It returns false when it encounters the end of options or if an error occurs.
+</p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-hash"></a><span><code class="code">hash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-hash"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><div class="example">
@@ -4622,27 +4813,31 @@ commands specified as <var class="var">name</var> arguments,
 so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
 The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
 <code class="env">$PATH</code>.
-Any previously-remembered filename is discarded.
-The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option inhibits the path search, and <var class="var">filename</var> is
-used as the location of <var class="var">name</var>.
-The <samp class="option">-r</samp> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+Any previously-remembered filename associated with <var class="var">name</var> is discarded.
+The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option inhibits the path search, and <code class="code">hash</code> uses
+<var class="var">filename</var> as the location of <var class="var">name</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp class="option">-r</samp> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
 Assigning to the <code class="env">PATH</code> variable also clears all hashed filenames.
 The <samp class="option">-d</samp> option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
 of each <var class="var">name</var>.
-If the <samp class="option">-t</samp> option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
-<var class="var">name</var> corresponds is printed.  If multiple <var class="var">name</var> arguments are
-supplied with <samp class="option">-t</samp>, the <var class="var">name</var> is printed before the hashed
-full pathname.
-The <samp class="option">-l</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format
-that may be reused as input.
-If no arguments are given, or if only <samp class="option">-l</samp> is supplied,
-information about remembered commands is printed.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp class="option">-t</samp> option is supplied, <code class="code">hash</code> prints the full pathname
+corresponding to each <var class="var">name</var>.
+If multiple <var class="var">name</var> arguments are
+supplied with <samp class="option">-t</samp>, <code class="code">hash</code> prints each <var class="var">name</var>
+before the corresponding hashed full path.
+The <samp class="option">-l</samp> option displays output in a format that may be reused as input.
+</p>
+<p>If no arguments are given, or if only <samp class="option">-l</samp> is supplied,
+<code class="code">hash</code> prints information about remembered commands.
 The <samp class="option">-t</samp>, <samp class="option">-d</samp>, and <samp class="option">-p</samp> options (the options that
 act on the <var class="var">name</var> arguments) are mutually exclusive.
 Only one will be active.
 If more than one is supplied, <samp class="option">-t</samp> has higher priority than
-<samp class="option">-p</samp>, and both are higher priority than <samp class="option">-d</samp>.
-The return status is zero unless a <var class="var">name</var> is not found or an invalid
+<samp class="option">-p</samp>, and both have higher priority than <samp class="option">-d</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless a <var class="var">name</var> is not found or an invalid
 option is supplied.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -4652,7 +4847,10 @@ option is supplied.
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
-If the <samp class="option">-P</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
+If the <samp class="option">-P</samp> option is supplied,
+or the <samp class="option">-o physical</samp> option to the <code class="code">set</code> builtin
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>) is enabled,
+the pathname printed will not
 contain symbolic links.
 If the <samp class="option">-L</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
 symbolic links.
@@ -4667,22 +4865,28 @@ is supplied.
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>Mark each <var class="var">name</var> as readonly.
-The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment
+or unset.
 If the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option is supplied, each <var class="var">name</var> refers to a shell
 function.
 The <samp class="option">-a</samp> option means each <var class="var">name</var> refers to an indexed
 array variable; the <samp class="option">-A</samp> option means each <var class="var">name</var> refers
 to an associative array variable.
 If both options are supplied, <samp class="option">-A</samp> takes precedence.
-If no <var class="var">name</var> arguments are given, or if the <samp class="option">-p</samp>
-option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+If no <var class="var">name</var> arguments are supplied, or if the <samp class="option">-p</samp>
+option is supplied, print a list of all readonly names.
 The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
 the set of readonly names.
-The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format that
-may be reused as input.
-If a variable name is followed by =<var class="var">value</var>, the value of
-the variable is set to <var class="var">value</var>.
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+The <samp class="option">-p</samp>
+option displays output in a format that may be reused as input.
+</p>
+<p><code class="code">readonly</code> allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time
+the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable name with
+=<var class="var">value</var>.
+This sets the value of the variable is to <var class="var">value</var> while modifying
+the readonly attribute.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
 the <var class="var">name</var> arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
 or the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
 </p>
@@ -4692,25 +4896,28 @@ or the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option is supplied with a name that is not
 <pre class="example-preformatted">return [<var class="var">n</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value <var class="var">n</var>
+<p>Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the value <var class="var">n</var>
 to its caller.
 If <var class="var">n</var> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
-last command executed in the function.
+last command executed.
 If <code class="code">return</code> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
 determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
 If <code class="code">return</code> is executed during a <code class="code">DEBUG</code> trap, the last command
 used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
 handler before <code class="code">return</code> was invoked.
-<code class="code">return</code> may also be used to terminate execution of a script
-being executed with the <code class="code">.</code> (<code class="code">source</code>) builtin,
-returning either <var class="var">n</var> or
+</p>
+<p>When <code class="code">return</code> is used to terminate execution of a script
+being executed with the <code class="code">.</code> (<code class="code">source</code>) builtin, it
+returns either <var class="var">n</var> or
 the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
 status of the script.
 If <var class="var">n</var> is supplied, the return value is its least significant
 8 bits.
-Any command associated with the <code class="code">RETURN</code> trap is executed
+</p>
+<p>Any command associated with the <code class="code">RETURN</code> trap is executed
 before execution resumes after the function or script.
-The return status is non-zero if <code class="code">return</code> is supplied a non-numeric
+</p>
+<p>The return status is non-zero if <code class="code">return</code> is supplied a non-numeric
 argument or is used outside a function
 and not during the execution of a script by <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">source</code>.
 </p>
@@ -4720,15 +4927,15 @@ and not during the execution of a script by <code class="code">.</code> or <code
 <pre class="example-preformatted">shift [<var class="var">n</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Shift the positional parameters to the left by <var class="var">n</var>.
-The positional parameters from <var class="var">n</var>+1 &hellip; <code class="code">$#</code> are
+<p>Shift the positional parameters to the left by <var class="var">n</var>:
+the positional parameters from <var class="var">n</var>+1 &hellip; <code class="code">$#</code> are
 renamed to <code class="code">$1</code> &hellip; <code class="code">$#</code>-<var class="var">n</var>.
 Parameters represented by the numbers <code class="code">$#</code> down to <code class="code">$#</code>-<var class="var">n</var>+1
 are unset.
 <var class="var">n</var> must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <code class="code">$#</code>.
+If <var class="var">n</var> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
 If <var class="var">n</var> is zero or greater than <code class="code">$#</code>, the positional parameters
 are not changed.
-If <var class="var">n</var> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
 The return status is zero unless <var class="var">n</var> is greater than <code class="code">$#</code> or
 less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
 </p>
@@ -4740,21 +4947,20 @@ less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">test <var class="var">expr</var>
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Evaluate a conditional expression <var class="var">expr</var> and return a status of 0
-(true) or 1 (false).
+<p>Evaluate a conditional expression <var class="var">expr</var> and return a status of
+0 (true) or 1 (false).
 Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
 Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
 <a class="ref" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
-<code class="code">test</code> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
-an argument of <samp class="option">--</samp> as signifying the end of options.
-</p>
-<p>When the <code class="code">[</code> form is used, the last argument to the command must
+<code class="code">test</code> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and
+ignore an argument of <samp class="option">--</samp> as signifying the end of options.
+When using the <code class="code">[</code> form, the last argument to the command must
 be a <code class="code">]</code>.
 </p>
 <p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
 decreasing order of precedence.
 The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
-Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+<code class="code">test</code> uses operator precedence when there are five or more arguments.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">! <var class="var">expr</var></code></dt>
@@ -4763,7 +4969,7 @@ Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">( <var class="var">expr</var> )</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Returns the value of <var class="var">expr</var>.
-This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+This may be used to override normal operator precedence.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><var class="var">expr1</var> -a <var class="var">expr2</var></code></dt>
@@ -4839,9 +5045,8 @@ using the rules listed above.
 <p>If the shell is in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, or if the expression is part
 of the <code class="code">[[</code> command,
 the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators sort using the current locale.
-If the shell is not in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode,
-the <code class="code">test</code> and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[</samp>&rsquo; commands
-sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+If the shell is not in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, the <code class="code">test</code> and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[</samp>&rsquo;
+commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
 </p>
 <p>The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can
 lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like primaries.
@@ -4874,13 +5079,14 @@ The return status is zero.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-trap"></a><span><code class="code">trap</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-trap"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">trap [-Plp] [<var class="var">action</var>] [<var class="var">sigspec</var> ...]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">trap [-lpP] [<var class="var">action</var>] [<var class="var">sigspec</var> ...]
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>The <var class="var">action</var> is a command that is read and executed when the
-shell receives signal <var class="var">sigspec</var>. If <var class="var">action</var> is absent (and
+shell receives any of the signals <var class="var">sigspec</var>.
+If <var class="var">action</var> is absent (and
 there is a single <var class="var">sigspec</var>) or
-equal to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, each specified signal&rsquo;s disposition is reset
+equal to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, each specified <var class="var">sigspec</var>&rsquo;ss disposition is reset
 to the value it had when the shell was started.
 If <var class="var">action</var> is the null string, then the signal specified by
 each <var class="var">sigspec</var> is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
@@ -4889,7 +5095,8 @@ each <var class="var">sigspec</var> is ignored by the shell and commands it invo
 associated with each trapped signal
 as a set of <code class="code">trap</code> commands that can be reused as shell input to
 restore the current signal dispositions.
-If <var class="var">action</var> is not present and <samp class="option">-p</samp> has been supplied,
+</p>
+<p>If <var class="var">action</var> is not present and <samp class="option">-p</samp> has been supplied,
 <code class="code">trap</code> displays the trap commands associated with each <var class="var">sigspec</var>,
 or, if no <var class="var">sigspec</var>s are supplied, for all trapped signals,
 as a set of <code class="code">trap</code> commands that can be reused as shell input to
@@ -4897,15 +5104,17 @@ restore the current signal dispositions.
 The <samp class="option">-P</samp> option behaves similarly, but displays only the actions
 associated with each <var class="var">sigspec</var> argument.
 <samp class="option">-P</samp> requires at least one <var class="var">sigspec</var> argument.
-The <samp class="option">-P</samp> or <samp class="option">-p</samp> options to <code class="code">trap</code> may be
+The <samp class="option">-P</samp> or <samp class="option">-p</samp> options may be
 used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) and,
 as long as they are used before <code class="code">trap</code> is used to change a
 signal&rsquo;s handling, will display the state of its parent&rsquo;s traps.
 </p>
-<p>The <samp class="option">-l</samp> option causes <code class="code">trap</code> to print a list of signal names
+<p>The <samp class="option">-l</samp> option prints a list of signal names
 and their corresponding numbers.
 Each <var class="var">sigspec</var> is either a signal name or a signal number.
 Signal names are case insensitive and the <code class="code">SIG</code> prefix is optional.
+If <samp class="option">-l</samp> is supplied with no <var class="var">sigspec</var> arguments, it prints a
+list of valid signal names.
 </p>
 <p>If a <var class="var">sigspec</var>
 is <code class="code">0</code> or <code class="code">EXIT</code>, <var class="var">action</var> is executed when the shell exits.
@@ -4914,8 +5123,8 @@ before every simple command, <code class="code">for</code> command, <code class=
 <code class="code">select</code> command, (( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command,
 arithmetic <code class="code">for</code> command,
 and before the first command executes in a shell function.
-Refer to the description of the <code class="code">extdebug</code> option to the
-<code class="code">shopt</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) for details of its
+Refer to the description of the <code class="code">extdebug</code> shell option
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) for details of its
 effect on the <code class="code">DEBUG</code> trap.
 If a <var class="var">sigspec</var> is <code class="code">RETURN</code>, <var class="var">action</var> is executed
 each time a shell function or a script executed with the <code class="code">.</code> or
@@ -4933,19 +5142,21 @@ part of the test following the <code class="code">if</code> or <code class="code
 part of a command executed in a <code class="code">&amp;&amp;</code> or <code class="code">||</code> list
 except the command following the final <code class="code">&amp;&amp;</code> or <code class="code">||</code>,
 any command in a pipeline but the last,
+(subject to the state of the <code class="code">pipefail</code> shell option),
 or if the command&rsquo;s return
 status is being inverted using <code class="code">!</code>.
 These are the same conditions obeyed by the <code class="code">errexit</code> (<samp class="option">-e</samp>)
 option.
 </p>
-<p>Signals ignored upon entry to a non-interactive shell cannot be trapped or
+<p>When the shell is not interactive,
+signals ignored upon entry to a non-interactive shell cannot be trapped or
 reset.
 Interactive shells permit trapping signals ignored on entry.
 Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
 values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
 </p>
 <p>The return status is zero unless a <var class="var">sigspec</var> does not specify a
-valid signal.
+valid signal; non-zero otherwise.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-true"></a><span><code class="code">true</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-true"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -4961,13 +5172,15 @@ valid signal.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">umask [-p] [-S] [<var class="var">mode</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Set the shell process&rsquo;s file creation mask to <var class="var">mode</var>.  If
-<var class="var">mode</var> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
+<p>Set the shell process&rsquo;s file creation mask to <var class="var">mode</var>.
+If <var class="var">mode</var> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
 if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
-to that accepted by the <code class="code">chmod</code> command.  If <var class="var">mode</var> is
-omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.  If the <samp class="option">-S</samp>
-option is supplied without a <var class="var">mode</var> argument, the mask is printed
-in a symbolic format.
+to that accepted by the <code class="code">chmod</code> command.
+If <var class="var">mode</var> is omitted, <code class="code">umask</code> prints the current value of the mask. 
+If the <samp class="option">-S</samp>
+option is supplied without a <var class="var">mode</var> argument, <code class="code">umask</code>
+prints the mask in a symbolic format;
+the default output is an octal number.
 If the  <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied, and <var class="var">mode</var>
 is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
 The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if
@@ -4996,6 +5209,9 @@ If no options are supplied, each <var class="var">name</var> refers to a variabl
 there is no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
 unset.
 Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
+When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
+from the environment passed to subsequent commands.
+Some shell variables may not be unset.
 Some shell variables lose their special behavior if they are unset; such
 behavior is noted in the description of the individual variables.
 The return status is zero unless a <var class="var">name</var> is readonly or may not be unset.
@@ -5024,9 +5240,15 @@ Some of these commands are specified in the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> stan
 <p>Without arguments or with the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option, <code class="code">alias</code> prints
 the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows
 them to be reused as input.
-If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each <var class="var">name</var>
-whose <var class="var">value</var> is given.  If no <var class="var">value</var> is given, the name
-and value of the alias is printed.
+If arguments are supplied, define an alias for each <var class="var">name</var>
+whose <var class="var">value</var> is given.
+If no <var class="var">value</var> is given, print the name and value of the alias <var class="var">name</var>.
+A trailing space in <var class="var">value</var> causes the next word to be
+checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded
+during command parsing.
+<code class="code">alias</code> returns true unless a <var class="var">name</var> is given
+(without a corresponding =<var class="var">value</var>)
+for which no alias has been defined.
 Aliases are described in <a class="ref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -5044,13 +5266,19 @@ bind <var class="var">readline-command-line</var>
 
 <p>Display current Readline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
 key and function bindings,
-bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
+bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro
+or to a shell command,
 or set a Readline variable.
-Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
+Each non-option argument is a key binding or command as it would appear in a
 Readline initialization file (see <a class="pxref" href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>),
 but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;  e.g.,
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;:re-read-init-file</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
+<p>In the following descriptions, options that display output in a form
+available to be re-read format their output
+as commands that would appear in a Readline initialization file or
+that would be supplied as individual arguments to a <code class="code">bind</code> command.
+</p>
 <p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
@@ -5066,8 +5294,9 @@ names are
 <code class="code">vi-move</code>,
 <code class="code">vi-command</code>, and
 <code class="code">vi-insert</code>.
-<code class="code">vi</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">vi-command</code> (<code class="code">vi-move</code> is also a
-synonym); <code class="code">emacs</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">emacs-standard</code>.
+<code class="code">vi</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">vi-command</code>
+(<code class="code">vi-move</code> is also a synonym);
+<code class="code">emacs</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">emacs-standard</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-l</code></dt>
@@ -5076,9 +5305,8 @@ synonym); <code class="code">emacs</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">em
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-p</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Display Readline function names and bindings
-in such a way that they can be used as
-an argument to a subsequent <code class="code">bind</code> command
-or in a Readline initialization file.
+in such a way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent
+<code class="code">bind</code> command or in a Readline initialization file.
 If arguments remain after option processing, <code class="code">bind</code> treats
 them as readline command names and restricts output to those names.
 </p>
@@ -5089,26 +5317,26 @@ If arguments remain after option processing, <code class="code">bind</code> trea
 them as readline command names and restricts output to those names.
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-v</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Display Readline variable names and values
-in such a way that they can be used as
+<dt><code class="code">-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+they output in such a way that they can be used as
 an argument to a subsequent <code class="code">bind</code> command
 or in a Readline initialization file.
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-V</code></dt>
-<dd><p>List current Readline variable names and values.
+<dt><code class="code">-S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
+<dt><code class="code">-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline variable names and values
 in such a way that they can be used as
 an argument to a subsequent <code class="code">bind</code> command
 or in a Readline initialization file.
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-S</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
+<dt><code class="code">-V</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List current Readline variable names and values.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-f <var class="var">filename</var></code></dt>
@@ -5116,11 +5344,11 @@ or in a Readline initialization file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-q <var class="var">function</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Query about which keys invoke the named <var class="var">function</var>.
+<dd><p>Display key sequences that invoke the named Readline <var class="var">function</var>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-u <var class="var">function</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Unbind all keys bound to the named <var class="var">function</var>.
+<dd><p>Unbind all key sequences bound to the named Readline <var class="var">function</var>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-r <var class="var">keyseq</var></code></dt>
@@ -5138,18 +5366,20 @@ special backslash-escapes in <var class="var">shell-command</var> before saving
 If the separator is a colon, any enclosing double quotes are optional, and
 Readline does not expand the command string before saving it.
 Since the entire key binding expression must be a single argument, it
-should be enclosed in quotes.
-When <var class="var">shell-command</var> is executed, the shell sets the
+should be enclosed in single quotes.
+When <var class="var">shell-command</var> is executed, the shell sets thex
 <code class="code">READLINE_LINE</code> variable to the contents of the Readline line
-buffer and the <code class="code">READLINE_POINT</code> and <code class="code">READLINE_MARK</code> variables
-to the current location of the insertion point and the saved insertion
-point (the <var class="var">mark</var>), respectively.
+buffer
+and the
+<code class="code">READLINE_POINT</code> and <code class="code">READLINE_MARK</code>
+variables to the current location of the insertion point and the saved
+insertion point (the <var class="var">mark</var>), respectively.
 The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the
 <code class="code">READLINE_ARGUMENT</code> variable.
 If there was no argument, that variable is not set.
-If the executed command changes the value of any of <code class="code">READLINE_LINE</code>,
-<code class="code">READLINE_POINT</code>, or <code class="code">READLINE_MARK</code>, those new values will be
-reflected in the editing state.
+If the executed command changes the value of any of
+<code class="code">READLINE_LINE</code>, <code class="code">READLINE_POINT</code>, or <code class="code">READLINE_MARK</code>,
+those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-X</code></dt>
@@ -5168,10 +5398,11 @@ error occurs.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">builtin [<var class="var">shell-builtin</var> [<var class="var">args</var>]]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Run a shell builtin, passing it <var class="var">args</var>, and return its exit status.
+<p>Execute the specified shell builtin <var class="var">shell-builtin</var>,
+passing it <var class="var">args</var>, and return its exit status.
 This is useful when defining a shell function with the same
-name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
-the function.
+name as a shell builtin,
+retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
 The return status is non-zero if <var class="var">shell-builtin</var> is not a shell
 builtin command.
 </p>
@@ -5188,9 +5419,9 @@ a script executed with the <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">sou
 filename of the current subroutine call.
 If a non-negative integer is supplied as <var class="var">expr</var>, <code class="code">caller</code>
 displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
-to that position in the current execution call stack.  This extra
-information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.  The
-current frame is frame 0.
+to that position in the current execution call stack.
+This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.
+The current frame is frame 0.
 </p>
 <p>The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
 call or <var class="var">expr</var> does not correspond to a valid position in the
@@ -5202,8 +5433,8 @@ call stack.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">command [-pVv] <var class="var">command</var> [<var class="var">arguments</var> ...]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Runs <var class="var">command</var> with <var class="var">arguments</var> ignoring any shell function
-named <var class="var">command</var>.
+<p>The <code class="code">command</code> builtin runs <var class="var">command</var> with <var class="var">arguments</var>
+ignoring any shell function named <var class="var">command</var>.
 Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the
 <code class="env">PATH</code> are executed.
 If there is a shell function named <code class="code">ls</code>, running &lsquo;<samp class="samp">command ls</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -5215,11 +5446,13 @@ The return status in this case is 127 if <var class="var">command</var> cannot b
 found or an error occurred, and the exit status of <var class="var">command</var>
 otherwise.
 </p>
-<p>If either the <samp class="option">-V</samp> or <samp class="option">-v</samp> option is supplied, a
-description of <var class="var">command</var> is printed.  The <samp class="option">-v</samp> option
-causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to
-invoke <var class="var">command</var> to be displayed; the <samp class="option">-V</samp> option produces
-a more verbose description.  In this case, the return status is
+<p>If either the <samp class="option">-V</samp> or <samp class="option">-v</samp> option is supplied, <code class="code">command</code>
+prints a description of <var class="var">command</var>.
+The <samp class="option">-v</samp> option
+displays a single word indicating the command or file name used to
+invoke <var class="var">command</var>;
+the <samp class="option">-V</samp> option produces a more verbose description.
+In this case, the return status is
 zero if <var class="var">command</var> is found, and non-zero if not.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -5228,20 +5461,21 @@ zero if <var class="var">command</var> is found, and non-zero if not.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [<var class="var">name</var>[=<var class="var">value</var>] ...]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no <var class="var">name</var>s
-are given, then display the values of variables instead. 
+<p>Declare variables and give them attributes.
+If no <var class="var">name</var>s are given, then display the values of variables or
+shell functions instead. 
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option will display the attributes and values of each
 <var class="var">name</var>.
 When <samp class="option">-p</samp> is used with <var class="var">name</var> arguments, additional options,
 other than <samp class="option">-f</samp> and <samp class="option">-F</samp>, are ignored.
 </p>
-<p>When <samp class="option">-p</samp> is supplied without <var class="var">name</var> arguments, <code class="code">declare</code>
-will display the attributes and values of all variables having the
-attributes specified by the additional options.
+<p>When <samp class="option">-p</samp> is supplied without <var class="var">name</var> arguments,
+<code class="code">declare</code> will display the attributes and values
+of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional options.
 If no other options are supplied with <samp class="option">-p</samp>, <code class="code">declare</code> will
-display the attributes and values of all shell variables.  The <samp class="option">-f</samp>
-option will restrict the display to shell functions.
+display the attributes and values of all shell variables.
+The <samp class="option">-f</samp> option restricts the display to shell functions.
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-F</samp> option inhibits the display of function definitions;
 only the function name and attributes are printed.
@@ -5252,7 +5486,7 @@ each <var class="var">name</var> is defined are displayed as well.
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-g</samp> option forces variables to be created or modified at
 the global scope, even when <code class="code">declare</code> is executed in a shell function.
-It is ignored in all other cases.
+It is ignored in when <code class="code">declare</code> is  not executed in a shell function.
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-I</samp> option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
 (except the <code class="code">nameref</code> attribute)
@@ -5273,12 +5507,12 @@ the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-f</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Use function names only.
+<dd><p>Each <var class="var">name</var> refers to a shell function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-i</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The variable is to be treated as
-an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>) is
+<dd><p>The variable is to be treated as an integer;
+arithmetic evaluation (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>) is
 performed when the variable is assigned a value.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -5300,7 +5534,8 @@ The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-r</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Make <var class="var">name</var>s readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned values
+<dd><p>Make <var class="var">name</var>s readonly.
+These names cannot then be assigned values
 by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -5323,12 +5558,13 @@ the environment.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
-<p>Using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+</samp>&rsquo; instead of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; turns off the attribute instead,
-with the exceptions that &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+a</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+A</samp>&rsquo;
+<p>Using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+</samp>&rsquo; instead of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; turns off the specified
+attribute instead, with the exceptions that &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+a</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+A</samp>&rsquo;
 may not be used to destroy array variables and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+r</samp>&rsquo; will not
 remove the readonly attribute.
-When used in a function, <code class="code">declare</code> makes each <var class="var">name</var> local,
-as with the <code class="code">local</code> command, unless the <samp class="option">-g</samp> option is used.
+</p>
+<p>When used in a function, <code class="code">declare</code> makes each <var class="var">name</var> local,
+as with the <code class="code">local</code> command, unless the <samp class="option">-g</samp> option is supplied.
 If a variable name is followed by =<var class="var">value</var>, the value of the variable
 is set to <var class="var">value</var>.
 </p>
@@ -5355,15 +5591,15 @@ or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <samp class="optio
 <p>Output the <var class="var">arg</var>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
 newline.
 The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
-If <samp class="option">-n</samp> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
-If the <samp class="option">-e</samp> option is given, interpretation of the following
-backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
-The <samp class="option">-E</samp> option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+If <samp class="option">-n</samp> is specified, the trailing newline is not printed.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp class="option">-e</samp> option is given, <code class="code">echo</code> interprets the following
+backslash-escaped characters.
+The <samp class="option">-E</samp> option disables interpretation of these escape characters,
 even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
-The <code class="code">xpg_echo</code> shell option may be used to
-dynamically determine whether or not <code class="code">echo</code>
-interprets any options and
-expands these escape characters by default.
+The <code class="code">xpg_echo</code> shell option determines
+whether or not <code class="code">echo</code> interprets any options and
+expands these escape characters.
 <code class="code">echo</code> does not interpret <samp class="option">--</samp> to mean the end of options.
 </p>
 <p><code class="code">echo</code> interprets the following escape sequences:
@@ -5400,23 +5636,25 @@ expands these escape characters by default.
 <dd><p>backslash
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\0<var class="var">nnn</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var class="var">nnn</var>
-(zero to three octal digits)
+<dd><p>The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var class="var">nnn</var>
+(zero to three octal digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\x<var class="var">HH</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var class="var">HH</var>
-(one or two hex digits)
+<dd><p>The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var class="var">HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\u<var class="var">HHHH</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<var class="var">HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+<dd><p>The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var class="var">HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\U<var class="var">HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<var class="var">HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+<dd><p>The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var class="var">HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits).
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
+<p><code class="code">echo</code> writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.
+</p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-enable"></a><span><code class="code">enable</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-enable"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><div class="example">
@@ -5424,32 +5662,34 @@ expands these escape characters by default.
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
-Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+Disabling a builtin allows an executable file which has the same name
 as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
-even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
-If <samp class="option">-n</samp> is used, the <var class="var">name</var>s become disabled.  Otherwise
-<var class="var">name</var>s are enabled.  For example, to use the <code class="code">test</code> binary
-found via <code class="env">$PATH</code> instead of the shell builtin version, type
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before files.
+</p>
+<p>If <samp class="option">-n</samp> is supplied, the <var class="var">name</var>s are disabled.
+Otherwise <var class="var">name</var>s are enabled.
+For example, to use the <code class="code">test</code> binary
+found using <code class="env">$PATH</code> instead of the shell builtin version, type
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">enable -n test</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
-<p>If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied, or no <var class="var">name</var> arguments appear,
-a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other arguments, the list
-consists of all enabled shell builtins.
+<p>If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied, or no <var class="var">name</var> arguments are
+supplied, print a list of shell builtins.
+With no other arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins.
+The <samp class="option">-n</samp> option means to print only disabled builtins.
 The <samp class="option">-a</samp> option means to list
 each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. 
+The <samp class="option">-s</samp> option means to
+restrict <code class="code">enable</code> to the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special builtins.
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-f</samp> option means to load the new builtin command <var class="var">name</var>
 from shared object <var class="var">filename</var>, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+If <var class="var">filename</var> does not contain a slash.
 Bash will use the value of the <code class="env">BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code> variable as a
-colon-separated list of directories in which to search for <var class="var">filename</var>,
-if <var class="var">filename</var> does not contain a slash.
-The default is system-dependent,
+colon-separated list of directories in which to search for <var class="var">filename</var>.
+The default for <code class="env">BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code> is system-dependent,
 and may include &quot;.&quot; to force a search of the current directory.
 The <samp class="option">-d</samp> option will delete a builtin loaded with <samp class="option">-f</samp>.
-</p>
-<p>If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
-The <samp class="option">-s</samp> option restricts <code class="code">enable</code> to the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special
-builtins.  If <samp class="option">-s</samp> is used with <samp class="option">-f</samp>, the new builtin becomes
+If <samp class="option">-s</samp> is used with <samp class="option">-f</samp>, the new builtin becomes
 a special builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
 </p>
 <p>If no options are supplied and a <var class="var">name</var> is not a shell builtin,
@@ -5468,8 +5708,8 @@ or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
 
 <p>Display helpful information about builtin commands.
 If <var class="var">pattern</var> is specified, <code class="code">help</code> gives detailed help
-on all commands matching <var class="var">pattern</var>, otherwise a list of
-the builtins is printed.
+on all commands matching <var class="var">pattern</var>, otherwise it displays
+a list of all builtins and shell compound commands.
 </p>
 <p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 </p>
@@ -5493,11 +5733,12 @@ the builtins is printed.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">let <var class="var">expression</var> [<var class="var">expression</var> ...]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>The <code class="code">let</code> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
-variables.  Each <var class="var">expression</var> is evaluated according to the
-rules given below in <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>.  If the
-last <var class="var">expression</var> evaluates to 0, <code class="code">let</code> returns 1;
-otherwise 0 is returned.
+<p>The <code class="code">let</code> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell variables. 
+Each <var class="var">expression</var> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+according to the rules given below in <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>.
+If the last <var class="var">expression</var> evaluates to 0,
+<code class="code">let</code> returns 1;
+otherwise <code class="code">let</code> returns 0.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-local"></a><span><code class="code">local</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-local"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -5505,21 +5746,26 @@ otherwise 0 is returned.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">local [<var class="var">option</var>] <var class="var">name</var>[=<var class="var">value</var>] ...
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>For each argument, a local variable named <var class="var">name</var> is created,
-and assigned <var class="var">value</var>.
+<p>For each argument, create a local variable named <var class="var">name</var>,
+and assign it <var class="var">value</var>.
 The <var class="var">option</var> can be any of the options accepted by <code class="code">declare</code>.
 <code class="code">local</code> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
 <var class="var">name</var> have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
 children.
-If <var class="var">name</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, the set of shell options is made local to the
-function in which <code class="code">local</code> is invoked: shell options changed using
-the <code class="code">set</code> builtin inside the function
-after the call to <code class="code">local</code>
-are restored to their original
-values when the function returns.
-The restore is effected as if a series of <code class="code">set</code> commands were executed
-to restore the values that were in place before the function.
-The return status is zero unless <code class="code">local</code> is used outside
+It is an error to use <code class="code">local</code> when not within a function.
+</p>
+<p>If <var class="var">name</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, it makes the set of shell options
+local to the  function in which <code class="code">local</code> is invoked:
+any shell options changed using the <code class="code">set</code> builtin inside
+the function after the call to <code class="code">local</code> are restored to their
+original values when the function returns.
+The restore is performed as if a series of <code class="code">set</code> commands were
+executed to restore the values that were in place before the function.
+</p>
+<p>With no operands, <code class="code">local</code>
+writes a list of local variables to the standard output.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless <code class="code">local</code> is used outside
 a function, an invalid <var class="var">name</var> is supplied, or <var class="var">name</var> is a
 readonly variable.
 </p>
@@ -5539,21 +5785,22 @@ parent.
     [-t] [-u <var class="var">fd</var>] [-C <var class="var">callback</var>] [-c <var class="var">quantum</var>] [<var class="var">array</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <var class="var">array</var>,
-or from file descriptor <var class="var">fd</var>
-if the <samp class="option">-u</samp> option is supplied.
+<p>Read lines from the standard input,
+or from file descriptor <var class="var">fd</var> if the <samp class="option">-u</samp> option is supplied,
+into the indexed array variable <var class="var">array</var>.
 The variable <code class="code">MAPFILE</code> is the default <var class="var">array</var>.
 Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-d</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The first character of <var class="var">delim</var> is used to terminate each input line,
+<dd><p>Use the first character of <var class="var">delim</var> to terminate each input line,
 rather than newline.
 If <var class="var">delim</var> is the empty string, <code class="code">mapfile</code> will terminate a line
 when it reads a NUL character.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-n</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Copy at most <var class="var">count</var> lines.  If <var class="var">count</var> is 0, all lines are copied.
+<dd><p>Copy at most <var class="var">count</var> lines.
+If <var class="var">count</var> is 0, copy all lines.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-O</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Begin assigning to <var class="var">array</var> at index <var class="var">origin</var>.
@@ -5588,9 +5835,9 @@ array element is assigned.
 <p>If not supplied with an explicit origin, <code class="code">mapfile</code> will clear <var class="var">array</var>
 before assigning to it.
 </p>
-<p><code class="code">mapfile</code> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
-argument is supplied, <var class="var">array</var> is invalid or unassignable, or <var class="var">array</var>
-is not an indexed array.
+<p><code class="code">mapfile</code> returns zero unless an invalid option or option
+argument is supplied, <var class="var">array</var> is invalid or unassignable, or if
+<var class="var">array</var> is not an indexed array.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-printf"></a><span><code class="code">printf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-printf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -5600,8 +5847,8 @@ is not an indexed array.
 
 <p>Write the formatted <var class="var">arguments</var> to the standard output under the
 control of the <var class="var">format</var>.
-The <samp class="option">-v</samp> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-<var class="var">var</var> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+The <samp class="option">-v</samp> option assigns the output to the variable
+<var class="var">var</var> rather than printing it to the standard output.
 </p>
 <p>The <var class="var">format</var> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
 plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
@@ -5609,7 +5856,7 @@ escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
 format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
 <var class="var">argument</var>.
 In addition to the standard <code class="code">printf(3)</code> format characters
-<code class="code">csndiouxXeEfFgGaA</code>,
+<code class="code">cCsSndiouxXeEfFgGaA</code>,
 <code class="code">printf</code> interprets the following additional format specifiers:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
@@ -5624,7 +5871,7 @@ corresponding <var class="var">argument</var> in a format that can be reused as
 <code class="code">%q</code> and <code class="code">%Q</code>P use the ANSI-C quoting style (see <a class="pxref" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a>)
 if any characters
 in the argument string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise.
-If the format string uses the <code class="code">printf</code> <var class="var">alternate form</var>, these two
+If the format string uses the <code class="code">printf</code> <em class="emph">alternate form</em>, these two
 formats quote the argument string using single quotes.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -5638,9 +5885,10 @@ before quoting it.
 <var class="var">datefmt</var> as a format string for <code class="code">strftime</code>(3).
 The corresponding <var class="var">argument</var> is an integer representing the number of
 seconds since the epoch.
-Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
-time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
-If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
+This format specifier recognizes Two special argument values:
+-1 represents the current time,
+and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been supplied.
 This is an exception to the usual <code class="code">printf</code> behavior.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
@@ -5656,6 +5904,7 @@ as a shell variable name.
 <p>The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, which forces
 them to convert the argument string to a wide-character string and apply
 any supplied field width and precision in terms of characters, not bytes.
+The %S and %C format specifiers are equivalent to %ls and %lc, respectively.
 </p>
 
 <p>Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
@@ -5678,12 +5927,11 @@ occurs.
     [-N <var class="var">nchars</var>] [-p <var class="var">prompt</var>] [-t <var class="var">timeout</var>] [-u <var class="var">fd</var>] [<var class="var">name</var> ...]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+<p>Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
 <var class="var">fd</var> supplied as an argument to the <samp class="option">-u</samp> option,
-split into words as described above in <a class="ref" href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>,
-and the first word
-is assigned to the first <var class="var">name</var>, the second word to the second <var class="var">name</var>,
-and so on.
+split it into words as described above in <a class="ref" href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>,
+and assign the first word to the first <var class="var">name</var>,
+the second word to the second <var class="var">name</var>, and so on.
 If there are more words than names,
 the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned
 to the last <var class="var">name</var>.
@@ -5692,57 +5940,65 @@ the remaining names are assigned empty values.
 The characters in the value of the <code class="env">IFS</code> variable
 are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
 uses for expansion (described above in <a class="ref" href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
-The backslash character &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo; may be used to remove any special
-meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+The backslash character &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo; removes any special
+meaning for the next character read and is used for line continuation.
 </p>
 <p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-a <var class="var">aname</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
-<var class="var">aname</var>, starting at 0.
+<var class="var">aname</var>,
+starting at 0.
 All elements are removed from <var class="var">aname</var> before the assignment.
 Other <var class="var">name</var> arguments are ignored.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-d <var class="var">delim</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>The first character of <var class="var">delim</var> is used to terminate the input line,
+<dd><p>The first character of <var class="var">delim</var> terminates the input line,
 rather than newline.
 If <var class="var">delim</var> is the empty string, <code class="code">read</code> will terminate a line
 when it reads a NUL character.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-e</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Readline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to obtain the line.
+<dd><p>If the standard input is coming from a terminal,
+<code class="code">read</code> uses
+Readline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
+to obtain the line.
 Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
 active) editing settings, but uses Readline&rsquo;s default filename completion.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-E</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Readline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to obtain the line.
+<dd><p>If the standard input is coming from a terminal,
+<code class="code">read</code> uses
+Readline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) to obtain the line.
 Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
 active) editing settings, but uses Bash&rsquo;s default completion, including
 programmable completion.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-i <var class="var">text</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>If Readline is being used to read the line, <var class="var">text</var> is placed into
+<dd><p>If Readline is being used to read the line, <code class="code">read</code> places <var class="var">text</var> into
 the editing buffer before editing begins.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-n <var class="var">nchars</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p><code class="code">read</code> returns after reading <var class="var">nchars</var> characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
-than <var class="var">nchars</var> characters are read before the delimiter.
+waiting for a complete line of input,
+unless it encounters EOF or <code class="code">read</code> times out,
+but honors a delimiter if it reads fewer
+than <var class="var">nchars</var> characters before the delimiter.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-N <var class="var">nchars</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p><code class="code">read</code> returns after reading exactly <var class="var">nchars</var> characters rather
-than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
-<code class="code">read</code> times out.
-Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
+than waiting for a complete line of input,
+unless it encounters EOF or <code class="code">read</code> times out.
+Delimiter characters in the input are
 not treated specially and do not cause <code class="code">read</code> to return until
-<var class="var">nchars</var> characters are read.
+it has read <var class="var">nchars</var> characters.
 The result is not split on the characters in <code class="code">IFS</code>; the intent is
 that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
 (with the exception of backslash; see the <samp class="option">-r</samp> option below).
@@ -5750,8 +6006,7 @@ that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-p <var class="var">prompt</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Display <var class="var">prompt</var>, without a trailing newline, before attempting
-to read any input.
-The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+to read any input, but only if input is coming from a terminal.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-r</code></dt>
@@ -5762,42 +6017,40 @@ continuation.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
-not echoed.
+<dd><p>Silent mode.
+If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-t <var class="var">timeout</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Cause <code class="code">read</code> to time out and return failure if a complete line of
-input (or a specified number of characters)
-is not read within <var class="var">timeout</var> seconds.
+<dd><p>Cause <code class="code">read</code> to time out and return failure if it does not read
+a complete line of input (or a specified number of characters)
+within <var class="var">timeout</var> seconds.
 <var class="var">timeout</var>  may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
 the decimal point.
 This option is only effective if <code class="code">read</code> is reading input from a
 terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
 from regular files.
-If <code class="code">read</code> times out, <code class="code">read</code> saves any partial input read into
-the specified variable <var class="var">name</var>.
+If <code class="code">read</code> times out, it saves any partial input read into
+the specified variable <var class="var">name</var>, and returns a status greater than 128.
 If <var class="var">timeout</var> is 0, <code class="code">read</code> returns immediately, without trying to
 read any data.
-The exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified file descriptor,
-or the read will return EOF,
-non-zero otherwise.
-The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+In this case, the exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified
+file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero otherwise.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-u <var class="var">fd</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Read input from file descriptor <var class="var">fd</var>.
+<dd><p>Read input from file descriptor <var class="var">fd</var> instead of the standard input.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
 <p>Other than the case where <var class="var">delim</var> is the empty string, <code class="code">read</code>
 ignores any NUL characters in the input.
 </p>
-<p>If no <var class="var">name</var>s are supplied, the line read,
+<p>If no <var class="var">name</var>s are supplied, <code class="code">read</code> assigns the line read,
 without the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified,
-is assigned to the
-variable <code class="env">REPLY</code>.
-The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <code class="code">read</code>
+to the variable <code class="env">REPLY</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <code class="code">read</code>
 times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
 a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
 or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <samp class="option">-u</samp>.
@@ -5829,19 +6082,20 @@ if the <samp class="option">-u</samp> option is supplied.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">type [-afptP] [<var class="var">name</var> ...]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>For each <var class="var">name</var>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
-command name.
+<p>Indicate how each <var class="var">name</var> would be interpreted if used as a command
+name.
 </p>
 <p>If the <samp class="option">-t</samp> option is used, <code class="code">type</code> prints a single word
 which is one of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">alias</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">keyword</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">function</samp>&rsquo;,
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">builtin</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">file</samp>&rsquo;,
 if <var class="var">name</var> is an alias, shell reserved word, shell function,
-shell builtin, or executable disk file, respectively.
-If the <var class="var">name</var> is not found, then nothing is printed, and
-<code class="code">type</code> returns a failure status.
+shell builtin, or executable file, respectively.
+If the <var class="var">name</var> is not found, <code class="code">type</code> prints nothing and
+returns a failure status.
 </p>
 <p>If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is used, <code class="code">type</code> either returns the name
-of the executable file that would be found by searching <code class="code">$PATH</code>,
+of the executable file that would be found by searching <code class="code">$PATH</code>
+for <code class="code">name</code>,
 or nothing if <samp class="option">-t</samp> would not return &lsquo;<samp class="samp">file</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-P</samp> option forces a path search for each <var class="var">name</var>, even if
@@ -5883,9 +6137,9 @@ It is a synonym for the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin command.
 ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [<var class="var">limit</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p><code class="code">ulimit</code> provides control over the resources available to processes
-started by the shell, on systems that allow such control.  If an
-option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+<p><code class="code">ulimit</code> provides control over the resources available to the
+shell and to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
+If an option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-S</code></dt>
@@ -5897,7 +6151,7 @@ option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-a</code></dt>
-<dd><p>All current limits are reported; no limits are set.
+<dd><p>Report all current limits; no limits are set.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-b</code></dt>
@@ -5987,22 +6241,23 @@ some systems, to its children.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
-<p>If <var class="var">limit</var> is given, and the <samp class="option">-a</samp> option is not used,
+<p>If <var class="var">limit</var> is supplied, and the <samp class="option">-a</samp> option is not used,
 <var class="var">limit</var> is the new value of the specified resource.
 The special <var class="var">limit</var> values <code class="code">hard</code>, <code class="code">soft</code>, and
 <code class="code">unlimited</code> stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
 and no limit, respectively.
 A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
 a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
-Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource
-is printed, unless the <samp class="option">-H</samp> option is supplied.
+Otherwise, <code class="code">ulimit</code> prints the current value of the soft limit
+for the specified resource, unless the <samp class="option">-H</samp> option is supplied.
 When more than one
 resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate,
 are printed before the value.
 When setting new limits, if neither <samp class="option">-H</samp> nor <samp class="option">-S</samp> is supplied,
-both the hard and soft limits are set.
-If no option is given, then <samp class="option">-f</samp> is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte
-increments, except for
+<code class="code">ulimit</code> sets both the hard and soft limits.
+If no option is supplied, then <samp class="option">-f</samp> is assumed.
+</p>
+<p>Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for
 <samp class="option">-t</samp>, which is in seconds;
 <samp class="option">-R</samp>, which is in microseconds;
 <samp class="option">-p</samp>, which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
@@ -6023,8 +6278,9 @@ or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">unalias [-a] [<var class="var">name</var> ... ]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Remove each <var class="var">name</var> from the list of aliases.  If <samp class="option">-a</samp> is
-supplied, all aliases are removed.
+<p>Remove each <var class="var">name</var> from the list of aliases.
+If <samp class="option">-a</samp> is supplied, remove all aliases.
+The return value is true unless a supplied <var class="var">name</var> is not a defined alias.
 Aliases are described in <a class="ref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
@@ -6072,7 +6328,10 @@ Read-only variables cannot be reset.
 In <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, only shell variables are listed.
 </p>
 <p>When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
-Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+Any arguments remaining after option processing replace the
+positional parameters.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-a</code></dt>
@@ -6083,7 +6342,9 @@ subsequent commands.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-b</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
-immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
+immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt
+or, under some circumstances,  when a foreground command exits.
+This is effective only when job control is enabled.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-e</code></dt>
@@ -6318,7 +6579,7 @@ shell will exit.
 <dt><code class="code">-x</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Print a trace of simple commands, <code class="code">for</code> commands, <code class="code">case</code>
 commands, <code class="code">select</code> commands, and arithmetic <code class="code">for</code> commands
-and their arguments or associated word lists to standard error
+and their arguments or associated word lists to the standard error
 after they are expanded and before they are executed.
 The shell prints the expanded value of the <code class="env">PS4</code> variable before
 the command and its expanded arguments.
@@ -6332,6 +6593,8 @@ This option is on by default.
 <dt><code class="code">-C</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Prevent output redirection using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
 from overwriting existing files.
+Using the redirection operator &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;|</samp>&rsquo; instead of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
+will override this and force the creation of an output file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-E</code></dt>
@@ -6346,9 +6609,10 @@ This option is on by default for interactive shells.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-P</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
-<code class="code">cd</code> which change the current directory.  The physical directory
-is used instead.  By default, Bash follows
+<dd><p>If set, Bash does not resolve symbolic links when executing commands
+such as <code class="code">cd</code> which change the current directory.
+It uses the physical directory structure instead.
+By default, Bash follows
 the logical chain of directories when performing commands
 which change the current directory.
 </p>
@@ -6371,7 +6635,7 @@ $ cd ..; pwd
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-T</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code class="code">DEBUG</code> and <code class="code">RETURN</code> are inherited by
+<dd><p>If set, any traps on <code class="code">DEBUG</code> and <code class="code">RETURN</code> are inherited by
 shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
 in a subshell environment.
 The <code class="code">DEBUG</code> and <code class="code">RETURN</code> traps are normally not inherited
@@ -6379,22 +6643,23 @@ in such cases.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
-unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+<dd><p>If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional parameters.
+Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
 <var class="var">arguments</var>, even if some of them begin with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <var class="var">arguments</var>
-to be assigned to the positional parameters.  The <samp class="option">-x</samp>
-and <samp class="option">-v</samp>  options are turned off.
+<dd><p>Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining <var class="var">arguments</var>
+to the positional parameters.
+The <samp class="option">-x</samp> and <samp class="option">-v</samp> options are turned off.
 If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
 <p>Using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+</samp>&rsquo; rather than &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; causes these options to be
-turned off.  The options can also be used upon invocation of the
-shell.  The current set of options may be found in <code class="code">$-</code>.
+turned off.
+The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell.
+The current set of options may be found in <code class="code">$-</code>.
 </p>
 <p>The remaining N <var class="var">arguments</var> are positional parameters and are
 assigned, in order, to <code class="code">$1</code>, <code class="code">$2</code>, &hellip;  <code class="code">$N</code>.
@@ -6413,7 +6678,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a
 </div>
 <h4 class="subsection" id="The-Shopt-Builtin-1"><span>4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin<a class="copiable-link" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 
-<p>This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+<p>This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><a id="index-shopt"></a><span><code class="code">shopt</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-shopt"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -6425,12 +6690,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a
 The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
 <samp class="option">-o</samp> option is used, those available with the <samp class="option">-o</samp>
 option to the <code class="code">set</code> builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
-With no options, or with the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option, a list of all settable
-options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
-if <var class="var">optname</var>s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
-The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+</p>
+<p>With no options, or with the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option, display a list of all
+settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
+if any <var class="var">optname</var>s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
+The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option displays output in a form that
 may be reused as input.
-Other options have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<p>Other options have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-s</code></dt>
@@ -6444,7 +6711,7 @@ Other options have the following meanings:
 <dt><code class="code">-q</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Suppresses normal output; the return status
 indicates whether the <var class="var">optname</var> is set or unset.
-If multiple <var class="var">optname</var> arguments are given with <samp class="option">-q</samp>,
+If multiple <var class="var">optname</var> arguments are supplied with <samp class="option">-q</samp>,
 the return status is zero if all <var class="var">optname</var>s are enabled;
 non-zero otherwise.
 </p>
@@ -6500,25 +6767,27 @@ value is the directory to change to.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">cdspell</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
-<code class="code">cd</code> command will be corrected.
-The errors checked for are transposed characters,
-a missing character, and a character too many.
-If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed,
+<dd><p>If set, the <code class="code">cd</code> command
+attempts to correct
+minor errors in the spelling of a directory component.
+Minor errors include transposed characters,
+a missing character, and one extra character.
+If <code class="code">cd</code> corrects the directory name, it prints the corrected filename,
 and the command proceeds.
 This option is only used by interactive shells.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">checkhash</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
-table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command no
-longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+table exists before trying to execute it.
+If a hashed command no longer exists, Bash performs a normal path search.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">checkjobs</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
-exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running, this causes
-the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
+exiting an interactive shell.
+If any jobs are running, Bash defers
+the exit until a second exit is attempted without an
 intervening command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
 The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
 </p>
@@ -6526,15 +6795,16 @@ The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
 <dt><code class="code">checkwinsize</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin)
 command and, if necessary, updates the values of    
-<code class="env">LINES</code> and <code class="env">COLUMNS</code>.
+<code class="env">LINES</code> and <code class="env">COLUMNS</code>,
+using the file descriptor associated with stderr if it is a terminal.
 This option is enabled by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">cmdhist</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, Bash
 attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
-command in the same history entry.  This allows
-easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+command in the same history entry.
+This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
 This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
 history is enabled (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
 </p>
@@ -6571,8 +6841,8 @@ versions through 4.2.
 <dt><code class="code">direxpand</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, Bash
 replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
-filename completion.  This changes the contents of the Readline editing
-buffer.
+filename completion.
+This changes the contents of the Readline editing buffer.
 If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -6583,7 +6853,7 @@ if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">dotglob</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a &lsquo;.&rsquo; in
+<dd><p>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo; in
 the results of filename expansion.
 The filenames &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">..</samp>&rsquo; must always be matched explicitly,
 even if <code class="code">dotglob</code> is set.
@@ -6592,8 +6862,8 @@ even if <code class="code">dotglob</code> is set.
 <dt><code class="code">execfail</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
 it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the <code class="code">exec</code>
-builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if <code class="code">exec</code>
-fails.
+builtin.
+An interactive shell does not exit if <code class="code">exec</code> fails.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">expand_aliases</code></dt>
@@ -6603,8 +6873,7 @@ This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">extdebug</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set at shell invocation,
-or in a shell startup file,
+<dd><p>If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
 arrange to execute the debugger profile
 before the shell starts, identical to the <samp class="option">--debugger</samp> option.
 If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
@@ -6636,14 +6905,15 @@ subshells invoked with <code class="code">( <var class="var">command</var> )</co
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">extglob</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>) are enabled.
+<dd><p>If set, enable the extended pattern matching features described above
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">extquote</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, <code class="code">$'<var class="var">string</var>'</code> and <code class="code">$&quot;<var class="var">string</var>&quot;</code> quoting is  
 performed within <code class="code">${<var class="var">parameter</var>}</code> expansions                     
-enclosed in double quotes.  This option is enabled by default. 
+enclosed in double quotes.
+This option is enabled by default. 
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">failglob</code></dt>
@@ -6663,16 +6933,16 @@ This option is enabled by default.
 <dd><p>If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
 behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
-comparisons.  That is, the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence
-is not taken into account, so
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">b</samp>&rsquo; will not collate between &lsquo;<samp class="samp">A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">B</samp>&rsquo;,
+comparisons.
+That is, pattern matching does not take
+the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence into account,
+so &lsquo;<samp class="samp">b</samp>&rsquo; will not collate between &lsquo;<samp class="samp">A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">B</samp>&rsquo;,
 and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.   
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">globskipdots</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, filename expansion will never match the filenames
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">..</samp>&rsquo;,
-even if the pattern begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo;.
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">..</samp>&rsquo;, even if the pattern begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo;.
 This option is enabled by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -6695,23 +6965,23 @@ variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">histreedit</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, and Readline
-is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
-failed history substitution.
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used,
+the user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">histverify</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, and Readline
 is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
-passed to the shell parser.  Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
-the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+passed to the shell parser.
+Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline editing buffer,
+allowing further modification.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">hostcomplete</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
 hostname completion when a word containing a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; is being
-completed (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a>).  This option is enabled
-by default.
+completed (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a>).
+This option is enabled by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">huponexit</code></dt>
@@ -6726,9 +6996,9 @@ This option is enabled when <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode is enabled.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">interactive_comments</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Allow a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo;
-to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
-line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
+<dd><p>In an interactive shell, a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo;
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell.
 This option is enabled by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -6752,8 +7022,9 @@ assigned.  The <code class="code">nameref</code> attribute is not inherited.
 <dt><code class="code">localvar_unset</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, calling <code class="code">unset</code> on local variables in previous function scopes
 marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
-returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables
-at the current function scope.
+returns.
+This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+current function scope.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">login_shell</code></dt>
@@ -6764,14 +7035,14 @@ The value may not be changed.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">mailwarn</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
-accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
-<code class="code">&quot;The mail in <var class="var">mailfile</var> has been read&quot;</code> is displayed.
+accessed since the last time it was checked, Bash displays the message
+<code class="code">&quot;The mail in <var class="var">mailfile</var> has been read&quot;</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">no_empty_cmd_completion</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
-the <code class="env">PATH</code> for possible completions when completion is attempted
-on an empty line.
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash does not search
+the <code class="env">PATH</code>
+for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">nocaseglob</code></dt>
@@ -6797,8 +7068,7 @@ If the string is not translated, this has no effect.
 <dt><code class="code">nullglob</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, filename expansion patterns which match no files
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>)
-expand to nothing and are removed,
-rather than expanding to themselves.
+expand to nothing and are removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">patsub_replacement</code></dt>
@@ -6810,15 +7080,16 @@ This option is enabled by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">progcomp</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, the programmable completion facilities
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>) are enabled.
+<dd><p>If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
 This option is enabled by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">progcomp_alias</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a command
 name that doesn&rsquo;t have any completions as a possible alias and attempts
-alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable
+alias expansion.
+If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable
 completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -6861,8 +7132,7 @@ leaving them open when the command completes.
 <dd><p>If set, the <code class="code">echo</code> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
 by default.
 If the <code class="code">posix</code> shell option (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>) is also enabled,
-<code class="code">echo</code> does not
-interpret any options.
+<code class="code">echo</code> does not interpret any options.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
@@ -6948,11 +7218,13 @@ The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-IFS"></a><span><code class="code">IFS</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-IFS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
-words as part of expansion.
+words as part of expansion and by the <code class="code">read</code> builtin to split
+lines into words.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>, for a description of word splitting.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-MAIL"></a><span><code class="code">MAIL</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-MAIL"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
+<dd><p>If the value is set to a filename or directory name
 and the <code class="env">MAILPATH</code> variable
 is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
 the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
@@ -6973,7 +7245,7 @@ the current mail file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-OPTIND"></a><span><code class="code">OPTIND</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-OPTIND"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The index of the last option argument processed by the <code class="code">getopts</code> builtin.
+<dd><p>The index of the next argument to be processed by the <code class="code">getopts</code> builtin.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-PATH"></a><span><code class="code">PATH</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-PATH"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -6983,16 +7255,22 @@ A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <code class="code">PATH</cod
 current directory.
 A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
 or trailing colon.
+The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator
+who installs <code class="code">bash</code>.
+A common value is
+&quot;/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin&quot;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-PS1"></a><span><code class="code">PS1</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-PS1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The primary prompt string.  The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\s-\v\$ </samp>&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>The primary prompt string.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\s-\v\$ </samp>&rsquo;.
 See <a class="xref" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for the complete list of escape
 sequences that are expanded before <code class="env">PS1</code> is displayed.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-PS2"></a><span><code class="code">PS2</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-PS2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The secondary prompt string.  The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt; </samp>&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>The secondary prompt string.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt; </samp>&rsquo;.
 <code class="env">PS2</code> is expanded in the same way as <code class="env">PS1</code> before being
 displayed.
 </p>
@@ -7019,14 +7297,15 @@ variables for controlling the job control facilities
 <dt><a id="index-_005f"></a><span><code class="code">_</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005f"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024_005f"></a>
 <p>($_, an underscore.)
-At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke the
+This has a number of meanings depending on context.
+At shell startup, $_ set to the pathname used to invoke the
 shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
 or argument list.
-Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple
+Subsequently, it expands to the last argument to the previous simple
 command executed in the foreground, after expansion. 
-Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+It is also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
 and placed in the environment exported to that command.
-When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
+When checking mail, $_ expands to the name of the mail file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH"></a><span><code class="code">BASH</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7034,18 +7313,19 @@ When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASHOPTS"></a><span><code class="code">BASHOPTS</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASHOPTS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the <samp class="option">-s</samp> option to the
-<code class="code">shopt</code> builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.
+Each word in the list is a valid argument for the <samp class="option">-s</samp> option
+to the <code class="code">shopt</code> builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
 The options appearing in <code class="env">BASHOPTS</code> are those reported
 as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">shopt</samp>&rsquo;.
 If this variable is in the environment when Bash
-starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
-reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
+starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before
+reading any startup files.
+This variable is readonly.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASHPID"></a><span><code class="code">BASHPID</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASHPID"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
+<dd><p>Expands to the process <small class="sc">ID</small> of the current Bash process.
 This differs from <code class="code">$$</code> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
 that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
 Assignments to <code class="env">BASHPID</code> have no effect.
@@ -7068,16 +7348,17 @@ subsequently reset.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fARGC"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_ARGC</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fARGC"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
-frame of the current Bash execution call stack.  The number of
-parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
-with <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">source</code>) is at the top of the stack.  When a
+frame of the current Bash execution call stack.
+The number of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or
+script executed with <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">source</code>) is at the top of the stack.
+When a
 subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
 <code class="code">BASH_ARGC</code>.
 The shell sets <code class="code">BASH_ARGC</code> only when in extended debugging mode
 (see <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
 for a description of the <code class="code">extdebug</code> option to the <code class="code">shopt</code>
 builtin).
-Setting <code class="code">extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a script,
+Setting <code class="code">extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a subroutine,
 or referencing this variable when <code class="code">extdebug</code> is not set,
 may result in inconsistent values.
 Assignments to <code class="env">BASH_ARGC</code> have no effect, and it may not be unset.
@@ -7085,10 +7366,11 @@ Assignments to <code class="env">BASH_ARGC</code> have no effect, and it may not
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fARGV"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_ARGV</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fARGV"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current Bash
-execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last subroutine call
-is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
-at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
-are pushed onto <code class="code">BASH_ARGV</code>.
+execution call stack.
+The final parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the stack;
+the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom.
+When a subroutine is executed, the shell pushes the supplied parameters
+onto <code class="code">BASH_ARGV</code>.
 The shell sets <code class="code">BASH_ARGV</code> only when in extended debugging mode
 (see <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
 for a description of the <code class="code">extdebug</code> option to the <code class="code">shopt</code>
@@ -7103,8 +7385,8 @@ Assignments to <code class="env">BASH_ARGV</code> have no effect, and it may not
 <dd><p>When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
 script (identical to <code class="code">$0</code>; See <a class="xref" href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>,
 for the description of special parameter 0).
-Assignment to <code class="code">BASH_ARGV0</code>
-causes the value assigned to also be assigned to <code class="code">$0</code>.
+Assigning a value to <code class="code">BASH_ARGV0</code>
+assigns the same value to <code class="code">$0</code>.
 If <code class="env">BASH_ARGV0</code>
 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
 subsequently reset.
@@ -7114,8 +7396,8 @@ subsequently reset.
 <dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
 hash table of commands as maintained by the <code class="code">hash</code> builtin
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
-Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
-unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not remove command names
 from the hash table.
 If <code class="env">BASH_CMDS</code>
 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
@@ -7123,8 +7405,8 @@ subsequently reset.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_COMMAND</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
-shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+<dd><p>Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be executed,
+unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
 in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
 If <code class="env">BASH_COMMAND</code>
 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
@@ -7153,7 +7435,9 @@ The current version is also a valid value.
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fENV"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_ENV</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fENV"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
 script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
-to read before executing the script.  See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
+to read before executing the script.
+Bash does not use <code class="env">PATH</code> to search for the resultant filename.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7172,9 +7456,8 @@ Assignments to <code class="env">BASH_LINENO</code> have no effect, and it may n
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
-dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
-<code class="code">enable</code> command.
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the <code class="code">enable</code>
+command looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fMONOSECONDS"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_MONOSECONDS</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fMONOSECONDS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7255,7 +7538,8 @@ The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
 
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fVERSION"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_VERSION</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fVERSION"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+<dd><p>Expands to a string describing the version of this  instance  of
+Bash (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release).
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7296,6 +7580,14 @@ This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
 programmable completion facilities (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
 </p>
 </dd>
+<dt><a id="index-COMP_005fKEY"></a><span><code class="code">COMP_KEY</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-COMP_005fKEY"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+completion function.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
 <dt><a id="index-COMP_005fLINE"></a><span><code class="code">COMP_LINE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-COMP_005fLINE"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>The current command line.
 This variable is available only in shell functions and external
@@ -7314,7 +7606,7 @@ programmable completion facilities (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Com
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-COMP_005fTYPE"></a><span><code class="code">COMP_TYPE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-COMP_005fTYPE"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
+<dd><p>Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted completion
 that caused a completion function to be called:
 <kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>, for normal completion,
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo;, for listing completions after successive tabs,
@@ -7327,11 +7619,6 @@ commands invoked by the
 programmable completion facilities (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><a id="index-COMP_005fKEY"></a><span><code class="code">COMP_KEY</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-COMP_005fKEY"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
-completion function.
-</p>
-</dd>
 <dt><a id="index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"></a><span><code class="code">COMP_WORDBREAKS</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
 separators when performing word completion.
@@ -7376,8 +7663,8 @@ it is subsequently reset.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-EMACS"></a><span><code class="code">EMACS</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-EMACS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
-starts with value &lsquo;<samp class="samp">t</samp>&rsquo;, it assumes that the shell is running in an
-Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+starts, and its value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">t</samp>&rsquo;, Bash assumes that the shell is
+running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-ENV"></a><span><code class="code">ENV</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-ENV"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7409,13 +7696,13 @@ it is subsequently reset.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-EUID"></a><span><code class="code">EUID</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-EUID"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The numeric effective user id of the current user.  This variable
-is readonly.
+<dd><p>The numeric effective user id of the current user.
+This variable is readonly.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-EXECIGNORE"></a><span><code class="code">EXECIGNORE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-EXECIGNORE"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
-defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search using
 <code class="code">PATH</code>.
 Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
 executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
@@ -7430,8 +7717,7 @@ option.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-FCEDIT"></a><span><code class="code">FCEDIT</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-FCEDIT"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The editor used as a default by the <samp class="option">-e</samp> option to the <code class="code">fc</code>
-builtin command.
+<dd><p>The editor used as a default by the <code class="code">fc</code> builtin command.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-FIGNORE"></a><span><code class="code">FIGNORE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-FIGNORE"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7466,8 +7752,8 @@ information.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-FUNCNEST"></a><span><code class="code">FUNCNEST</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-FUNCNEST"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
-nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+<dd><p>A numeric value greater than 0 defines a maximum function nesting level.
+Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
 will cause the current command to abort.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -7482,7 +7768,7 @@ option.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-GLOBSORT"></a><span><code class="code">GLOBSORT</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-GLOBSORT"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Control how the results of filename expansion are sorted.
+<dd><p>Controls how the results of filename expansion are sorted.
 The value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort order for
 the results of filename expansion.
 If this variable is unset or set to the null string, filename expansion
@@ -7499,7 +7785,8 @@ The valid sort specifiers are
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ctime</samp>&rsquo;,
 and
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">blocks</samp>&rsquo;,
-which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexicographic order,
+which sort the files on name,
+names in numeric rather than lexicographic order,
 file size, modification time, access time,
 inode change time, and number of blocks, respectively.
 If any of the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are
@@ -7568,7 +7855,7 @@ the history list.
 If the list of values includes &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ignorespace</samp>&rsquo;, lines which begin
 with a space character are not saved in the history list.
 A value of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ignoredups</samp>&rsquo; causes lines which match the previous
-history entry to not be saved.
+history entry not to be saved.
 A value of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ignoreboth</samp>&rsquo; is shorthand for
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ignorespace</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ignoredups</samp>&rsquo;.
 A value of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">erasedups</samp>&rsquo; causes all previous lines matching the
@@ -7580,14 +7867,16 @@ all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
 subject to the value of <code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>.
 The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
 not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-<code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>.
+<code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code> if the first line of the command was saved.
+If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
+the command are not saved, either.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-HISTFILE"></a><span><code class="code">HISTFILE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-HISTFILE"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>The name of the file to which the command history is saved.
 Bash assigns a default value of <samp class="file">~/.bash_history</samp>.
 If <code class="env">HISTFILE</code> is unset or null,
-the command history is not saved when a shell exits.
+the shell does not save the command history when it exits.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-HISTFILESIZE"></a><span><code class="code">HISTFILESIZE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-HISTFILESIZE"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7596,7 +7885,7 @@ When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
 if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines
 by removing the oldest entries.
 The history file is also truncated to this size after
-writing it when a shell exits.
+writing it when a shell exits or by the <code class="code">history</code> builtin.
 If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
 Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
 The shell sets the default value to the value of <code class="env">HISTSIZE</code>
@@ -7613,18 +7902,21 @@ anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
 line (Bash will not implicitly append a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;).
 Each pattern is tested
 against the line after the checks specified by <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>
-are applied.  In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
-characters, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; matches the previous history line.  &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
-may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+are applied.
+In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
+matches the previous history line.
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
 before attempting a match. 
 The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
 not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-<code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>.
+<code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>, if the first line was saved.
+If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
+the command are not saved, either.
 The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code class="code">extglob</code> shell
 option.
 </p>
-<p><code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code> subsumes the function of <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>.  A
-pattern of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code class="code">ignoredups</code>, and a
+<p><code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code> subsumes some of the function of <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>.
+A pattern of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code class="code">ignoredups</code>, and a
 pattern of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">[ ]*</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code class="code">ignorespace</code>. 
 Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
 provides the functionality of <code class="code">ignoreboth</code>. 
@@ -7642,7 +7934,7 @@ The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
 <dd><p>If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
 for <code class="code">strftime</code>(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history
 entry displayed by the <code class="code">history</code> builtin.
-If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
+If this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the history file so
 they may be preserved across shell sessions.
 This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
 other history lines.
@@ -7672,13 +7964,15 @@ When <code class="env">HOSTFILE</code> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-IGNOREEOF"></a><span><code class="code">IGNOREEOF</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-IGNOREEOF"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <code class="code">EOF</code> character
-as the sole input.  If set, the value denotes the number
+as the sole input.
+If set, the value is the number
 of consecutive <code class="code">EOF</code> characters that can be read as the
-first character on an input line
-before the shell will exit.  If the variable exists but does not
-have a numeric value, or has no value, then the default is 10.
-If the variable does not exist, then <code class="code">EOF</code> signifies the end of 
-input to the shell.  This is only in effect for interactive shells.
+first character on an input line before Bash exits.
+If the variable is set but does not have a numeric value,
+or the value is null, then the default is 10.
+If the variable is unset, then <code class="code">EOF</code> signifies the end of 
+input to the shell.
+This is only in effect for interactive shells.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-INPUTRC"></a><span><code class="code">INPUTRC</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-INPUTRC"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7732,6 +8026,9 @@ formatting.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-LINENO"></a><span><code class="code">LINENO</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-LINENO"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
+Line numbers start with 1.
+When not in a script or function, the value is not
+guaranteed to be meaningful.
 If <code class="env">LINENO</code>
 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
 subsequently reset.
@@ -7771,6 +8068,8 @@ greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
 <dt><a id="index-OPTERR"></a><span><code class="code">OPTERR</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-OPTERR"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
 generated by the <code class="code">getopts</code> builtin command.
+<code class="env">OPTERR</code>
+is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-OSTYPE"></a><span><code class="code">OSTYPE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-OSTYPE"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7800,8 +8099,8 @@ not already set.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-PPID"></a><span><code class="code">PPID</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-PPID"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The process <small class="sc">ID</small> of the shell&rsquo;s parent process.  This variable
-is readonly.
+<dd><p>The process <small class="sc">ID</small> of the shell&rsquo;s parent process.
+This variable is readonly.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"></a><span><code class="code">PROMPT_COMMAND</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7847,7 +8146,9 @@ The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+ </samp>&rsquo;.
 <dt><a id="index-RANDOM"></a><span><code class="code">RANDOM</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-RANDOM"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer
 between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this
-variable seeds the random number generator.
+variable initializes (seeds) the random number generator.
+Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value will
+produce the same sequence of values.
 If <code class="env">RANDOM</code>
 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
 subsequently reset.
@@ -7878,7 +8179,9 @@ with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bind -x</samp>&rsquo; (see <a class="pxref" href=
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-REPLY"></a><span><code class="code">REPLY</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-REPLY"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The default variable for the <code class="code">read</code> builtin.
+<dd><p>The default variable for the <code class="code">read</code> builtin;
+set to the line read when <code class="code">read</code> is not supplied a variable name
+argument.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-SECONDS"></a><span><code class="code">SECONDS</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-SECONDS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -7900,24 +8203,26 @@ Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user&rsquo;s login shell.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-SHELLOPTS"></a><span><code class="code">SHELLOPTS</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-SHELLOPTS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the <samp class="option">-o</samp> option to the
-<code class="code">set</code> builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.
+Each word in the list is a valid argument for the <samp class="option">-o</samp> option
+to the <code class="code">set</code> builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 The options appearing in <code class="env">SHELLOPTS</code> are those reported
 as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -o</samp>&rsquo;.
 If this variable is in the environment when Bash
-starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
-reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
+starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before
+reading any startup files.
+This variable is readonly.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-SHLVL"></a><span><code class="code">SHLVL</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-SHLVL"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.  This is
-intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
+<dd><p>Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.
+This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-SRANDOM"></a><span><code class="code">SRANDOM</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-SRANDOM"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it is
-referenced. The random number generator is not linear on systems that
+referenced.
+The random number generator is not linear on systems that
 support <samp class="file">/dev/urandom</samp> or <code class="code">arc4random</code>, so each returned number
 has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.
 The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this
@@ -7962,9 +8267,10 @@ follows; the brackets denote optional portions.
 <p>The optional <var class="var">p</var> is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
 fractional digits after a decimal point.
 A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
-At most six places after the decimal point may be specified;
+<code class="code">time</code> will print at most six digits after the decimal point;
 values of <var class="var">p</var> greater than 6 are changed to 6.
-If <var class="var">p</var> is not specified, the value 3 is used. 
+If <var class="var">p</var> is not specified,
+<code class="code">time</code> prints three digits after the decimal point.
 </p>
 <p>The optional <code class="code">l</code> specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
 the form <var class="var">MM</var>m<var class="var">SS</var>.<var class="var">FF</var>s.
@@ -7979,8 +8285,9 @@ A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-TMOUT"></a><span><code class="code">TMOUT</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-TMOUT"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to a value greater than zero, <code class="code">TMOUT</code> is treated as the
-default timeout for the <code class="code">read</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
+<dd><p>If set to a value greater than zero, the <code class="code">read</code> builtin uses the
+value as its
+default timeout (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 The <code class="code">select</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) terminates
 if input does not arrive after <code class="code">TMOUT</code> seconds when input is coming
 from a terminal.
@@ -7988,9 +8295,8 @@ from a terminal.
 <p>In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as
 the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing
 the primary prompt.
-Bash
-terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
-line of input does not arrive.
+Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a
+complete line of input does not arrive.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-TMPDIR"></a><span><code class="code">TMPDIR</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-TMPDIR"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -8051,20 +8357,21 @@ bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var class="var">option</var>]
 <p>All of the single-character options used with the <code class="code">set</code> builtin
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
 In addition, there are several multi-character
-options that you can use.  These options must appear on the command
+options that you can use.
+These options must appear on the command
 line before the single-character options to be recognized. 
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">--debugger</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
-starts.  Turns on extended debugging mode (see <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+<dd><p>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell starts.
+Turns on extended debugging mode (see <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
 for a description of the <code class="code">extdebug</code> option to the <code class="code">shopt</code>
 builtin).
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--dump-po-strings</code></dt>
-<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;
-is printed on the standard output
+<dd><p>Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;
+on the standard output
 in the <small class="sc">GNU</small> <code class="code">gettext</code> PO (portable object) file format.
 Equivalent to <samp class="option">-D</samp> except for the output format.
 </p>
@@ -8101,16 +8408,16 @@ when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--norc</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Don&rsquo;t read the <samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp> initialization file in an
-interactive shell.  This is on by default if the shell is
-invoked as <code class="code">sh</code>.
+interactive shell.
+This is on by default if the shell is invoked as <code class="code">sh</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--posix</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
-from the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard to match the standard.  This
-is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
-standard.  See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a>, for a description of the Bash
-<small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode.
+from the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard to match the standard.
+This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a>, for a description of the Bash <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--restricted</code></dt>
@@ -8119,7 +8426,8 @@ Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Restricted-Sh
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--verbose</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp class="option">-v</samp>.  Print shell input lines as they&rsquo;re read.
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp class="option">-v</samp>.
+Print shell input lines as they&rsquo;re read.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--version</code></dt>
@@ -8143,16 +8451,16 @@ in warning and error messages.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-i</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Force the shell to run interactively.  Interactive shells are
-described in <a class="ref" href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
+<dd><p>Force the shell to run interactively.
+Interactive shells are described in <a class="ref" href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-l</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
 When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
 login shell with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">exec -l bash</samp>&rsquo;.
-When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
-be executed.
+When the shell is not interactive, it will read and execute the login
+shell startup files.
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">exec bash -l</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">exec bash --login</samp>&rsquo;
 will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
 See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>, for a description of the special behavior
@@ -8165,15 +8473,15 @@ of a login shell.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-s</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
-processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+processing, then Bash reads commands from the standard input.
 This option allows the positional parameters to be set
 when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
 through a pipe.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-D</code></dt>
-<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;
-is printed on the standard output.
+<dd><p>Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;
+on the standard output.
 These are the strings that
 are subject to language translation when the current locale
 is not <code class="code">C</code> or <code class="code">POSIX</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Locale-Translation">Locale-Specific Translation</a>).
@@ -8185,8 +8493,9 @@ This implies the <samp class="option">-n</samp> option; no commands will be exec
 <code class="code">shopt</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
 If <var class="var">shopt_option</var> is present, <samp class="option">-O</samp> sets the value of that option;
 <samp class="option">+O</samp> unsets it.  
-If <var class="var">shopt_option</var> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
-options accepted by <code class="code">shopt</code> are printed on the standard output.
+If <var class="var">shopt_option</var> is not supplied, Bash
+prints the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by <code class="code">shopt</code> on the standard output.
 If the invocation option is <samp class="option">+O</samp>, the output is displayed in a format
 that may be reused as input.
 </p>
@@ -8211,11 +8520,11 @@ and arguments passed to that script.
 </p>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interactive-shell"></a>
 <p>An <em class="emph">interactive</em> shell is one started without non-option arguments,
-unless <samp class="option">-s</samp> is specified,
-without specifying the <samp class="option">-c</samp> option, and whose input and output are both
+unless <samp class="option">-s</samp> is specified, without specifying the <samp class="option">-c</samp> option,
+and whose input and output (using the standard error) are both
 connected to terminals (as determined by <code class="code">isatty(3)</code>), or one
-started with the <samp class="option">-i</samp> option.  See <a class="xref" href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for more
-information.
+started with the <samp class="option">-i</samp> option.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for more information.
 </p>
 <p>If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
 <samp class="option">-c</samp> nor the <samp class="option">-s</samp>
@@ -8226,7 +8535,8 @@ is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
 are set to the remaining arguments.
 Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.   
 Bash&rsquo;s exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
-in the script.  If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+in the script.
+If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -8263,11 +8573,11 @@ the file <samp class="file">~/.bash_logout</samp>, if it exists.
 </p>
 <h4 class="subsubheading" id="Invoked-as-an-interactive-non_002dlogin-shell"><span>Invoked as an interactive non-login shell<a class="copiable-link" href="#Invoked-as-an-interactive-non_002dlogin-shell"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 
-<p>When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+<p>When Bash runs as an interactive shell that is not a login shell, it
 reads and executes commands from <samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>, if that file exists.
 This may be inhibited by using the <samp class="option">--norc</samp> option.
-The <samp class="option">--rcfile <var class="var">file</var></samp> option will
-cause Bash to
+The <samp class="option">--rcfile <var class="var">file</var></samp> option
+causes Bash to
 use <var class="var">file</var> instead of <samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>.
 </p>
 <p>So, typically, your <samp class="file">~/.bash_profile</samp> contains the line
@@ -8281,12 +8591,12 @@ use <var class="var">file</var> instead of <samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>.
 <p>When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
 for example, it looks for the variable <code class="env">BASH_ENV</code> in the environment,
 expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
-the name of a file to read and execute.  Bash behaves as if the
-following command were executed:
+the name of a file to read and execute.
+Bash behaves as if the following command were executed:
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted"><code class="code">if [ -n &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot; ]; then . &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot;; fi</code>
 </pre></div>
-<p>but the value of the <code class="env">PATH</code> variable is not used to search for the
+<p>but does not the value of the <code class="env">PATH</code> variable to search for the
 filename.
 </p>
 <p>As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
@@ -8304,13 +8614,15 @@ shell with the <samp class="option">--login</samp> option, it first attempts to
 and execute commands from <samp class="file">/etc/profile</samp> and <samp class="file">~/.profile</samp>, in
 that order.
 The <samp class="option">--noprofile</samp> option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
-When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <code class="code">sh</code>, Bash
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <code class="code">sh</code>, Bash
 looks for the variable <code class="env">ENV</code>, expands its value if it is defined,
 and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
 Since a shell invoked as <code class="code">sh</code> does not attempt to read and execute
 commands from any other startup files, the <samp class="option">--rcfile</samp> option has
 no effect.
-A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <code class="code">sh</code> does not attempt
+</p>
+<p>A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <code class="code">sh</code> does not attempt
 to read any other startup files.
 </p>
 <p>When invoked as <code class="code">sh</code>, Bash enters <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode after
@@ -8322,7 +8634,7 @@ the startup files are read.
 <samp class="option">--posix</samp> command line option, it follows the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard
 for startup files.
 In this mode, interactive shells expand the <code class="env">ENV</code> variable
-and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the
+and read and execute commands from the file whose name is the
 expanded value.
 No other startup files are read.
 </p>
@@ -8330,7 +8642,7 @@ No other startup files are read.
 
 <p>Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
 connected to a network connection, as when executed by
-the historical remote shell daemon, usually <code class="code">rshd</code>,
+the historical and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually <code class="code">rshd</code>,
 or the secure shell daemon <code class="code">sshd</code>.
 If Bash
 determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion,
@@ -8392,7 +8704,7 @@ or one started with the <samp class="option">-i</samp> option.
 terminal.
 </p>
 <p>The <samp class="option">-s</samp> invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
-when an interactive shell is started.
+when an interactive shell starts.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -8406,7 +8718,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive
 <p>To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
 running interactively,
 test the value of the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; special parameter.
-It contains <code class="code">i</code> when the shell is interactive.  For example:
+It contains <code class="code">i</code> when the shell is interactive.
+For example:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">case &quot;$-&quot; in
@@ -8417,7 +8730,8 @@ esac
 
 <p>Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
 <code class="env">PS1</code>; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
-interactive shells.  Thus:
+interactive shells.
+Thus:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">if [ -z &quot;$PS1&quot; ]; then
@@ -8440,11 +8754,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Is
 several ways.
 </p>
 <ol class="enumerate">
-<li> Startup files are read and executed as described in <a class="ref" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
+<li> Bash reads and executes startup files as described in <a class="ref" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
 
-</li><li> Job Control (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>) is enabled by default.  When job
-control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
-signals <code class="code">SIGTTIN</code>, <code class="code">SIGTTOU</code>, and <code class="code">SIGTSTP</code>.
+</li><li> Job Control (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>) is enabled by default.
+When job control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated
+job control signals <code class="code">SIGTTIN</code>, <code class="code">SIGTTOU</code>, and <code class="code">SIGTSTP</code>.
+
+</li><li> Bash executes the values of the set elements of the <code class="env">PROMPT_COMMAND</code>
+array variable as commands before printing the primary prompt, <code class="env">$PS1</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
 
 </li><li> Bash expands and displays <code class="env">PS1</code> before reading the first line
 of a command, and expands and displays <code class="env">PS2</code> before reading the
@@ -8454,22 +8772,18 @@ executing it.
 See <a class="ref" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
 string escape sequences.
 
-</li><li> Bash executes the values of the set elements of the <code class="env">PROMPT_COMMAND</code>
-array variable as commands before printing the primary prompt, <code class="env">$PS1</code>
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
-
-</li><li> Readline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to read commands from
+</li><li> Bash uses Readline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) to read commands from
 the user&rsquo;s terminal.
 
 </li><li> Bash inspects the value of the <code class="code">ignoreeof</code> option to <code class="code">set -o</code>
 instead of exiting immediately when it receives an <code class="code">EOF</code> on its
 standard input when reading a command (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 
-</li><li> Command history (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
+</li><li> Bash enables Command history (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
 and history expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>)
-are enabled by default.
-Bash will save the command history to the file named by <code class="env">$HISTFILE</code>
-when a shell with history enabled exits.
+by default.
+When a shell with history enabled exits,
+Bash saves the command history to the file named by <code class="env">$HISTFILE</code>.
 
 </li><li> Alias expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>) is performed by default.
 
@@ -8483,19 +8797,20 @@ when a shell with history enabled exits.
 </li><li> An interactive login shell sends a <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> to all jobs on exit
 if the <code class="code">huponexit</code> shell option has been enabled (see <a class="pxref" href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
 
-</li><li> The <samp class="option">-n</samp> invocation option is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -n</samp>&rsquo; has
-no effect (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</li><li> The <samp class="option">-n</samp> option has no effect, whether at invocation or when
+using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -n</samp>&rsquo; (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 
 </li><li> Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
 <code class="env">MAIL</code>, <code class="env">MAILPATH</code>, and <code class="env">MAILCHECK</code> shell variables
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
 
-</li><li> Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -u</samp>&rsquo; has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</li><li> The shell will not exit on
+expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -u</samp>&rsquo; has been enabled (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 
-</li><li> The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by <var class="var">var</var> being unset
-or null in <code class="code">${<var class="var">var</var>:?<var class="var">word</var>}</code> expansions
+</li><li> The shell will not exit on
+expansion errors caused by <var class="var">var</var> being unset or null in
+<code class="code">${<var class="var">var</var>:?<var class="var">word</var>}</code> expansions
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
 
 </li><li> Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
@@ -8542,10 +8857,13 @@ of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other
 command-specific actions.
 </p>
 <p>Expressions may be unary or binary,
-and are formed from the following primaries.
-Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
-There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
-Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+and are formed from the primaries listed below.
+Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file
+or shell variable.
+Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and file attribute
+comparisons.
+</p>
+<p>Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
 expressions.
 If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
 special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
@@ -8637,7 +8955,8 @@ links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-N <var class="var">file</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>True if <var class="var">file</var> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+<dd><p>True if <var class="var">file</var> exists and has been modified since it was last
+accessed.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-O <var class="var">file</var></code></dt>
@@ -8721,7 +9040,7 @@ is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
 greater than, or greater than or equal to <var class="var">arg2</var>,
 respectively.  <var class="var">Arg1</var> and <var class="var">arg2</var>
 may be positive or negative integers.
-When used with the <code class="code">[[</code> command, <var class="var">Arg1</var> and <var class="var">Arg2</var>
+When used with the <code class="code">[[</code> command, <var class="var">arg1</var> and <var class="var">arg2</var>
 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
@@ -8741,10 +9060,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Aliases</a>, Previous: <a href
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arithmetic-evaluation"></a>
 
 <p>The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
-the shell expansions or by using the <code class="code">((</code> compound command, the
-<code class="code">let</code> builtin, or the <samp class="option">-i</samp> option to the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin.
-</p>
-<p>Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+the shell expansions or by using the <code class="code">((</code> compound command,
+the <code class="code">let</code> and <code class="code">declare</code> builtins,
+the arithmetic <code class="code">for</code> command,
+the <code class="code">[[</code> conditional command,
+or the <samp class="option">-i</samp> option to the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available,
+with no check for overflow,
 though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
 The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
 are the same as in the C language.
@@ -8837,9 +9160,15 @@ The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
 performed before the expression is evaluated. 
 Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
 without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+This means you can use
+.Q x ,
+where \fIx\fP is a shell variable name, in an arithmetic expression,
+and the shell will evaluate its value as an expression and use the
+result.
 A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
-by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
-The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+by name in an expression.
+</p>
+<p>The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
 when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the  
 <code class="code">integer</code> attribute using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">declare -i</samp>&rsquo; is assigned a value.
 A null value evaluates to 0.
@@ -8862,9 +9191,9 @@ If <var class="var">base</var> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and upperc
 letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
 and 35.
 </p>
-<p>Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
-parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
-rules above.
+<p>Operators are evaluated in precedence order.
+Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first
+and may override the precedence rules above.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -8884,7 +9213,8 @@ and unset using the <code class="code">alias</code> and <code class="code">unali
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">Shell Builtin Commands</a>).
 </p>
 <p>If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks
-the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell
+the word to see if it matches an alias name.
+If it matches, the shell
 replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it
 had been read instead of the word.
 The shell doesn&rsquo;t look at any characters following the word before
@@ -8903,8 +9233,8 @@ for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
 replacement text.
 </p>
 <p>If the last character of the alias value is a
-<code class="code">blank</code>, then the next command word following the
-alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+<code class="code">blank</code>, then the shell checks
+the next command word following the alias for alias expansion.
 </p>
 <p>Aliases are created and listed with the <code class="code">alias</code>
 command, and removed with the <code class="code">unalias</code> command.
@@ -8919,20 +9249,21 @@ unless the <code class="code">expand_aliases</code> shell option is set using
 <code class="code">shopt</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
 </p>
 <p>The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
-somewhat confusing. Bash
-always reads at least one complete line of input,
+somewhat confusing.
+Bash always reads at least one complete line of input,
 and all lines that make up a compound command,
 before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command.
-Aliases are expanded when a
-command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
+Aliases are expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed.
+Therefore, an
 alias definition appearing on the same line as another
-command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+command does not take effect until the shell reads the next line of input.
 The commands following the alias definition
 on that line are not affected by the new alias.
 This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
 Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
 not when the function is executed, because a function definition
-is itself a command.  As a consequence, aliases
+is itself a command.
+As a consequence, aliases
 defined in a function are not available until after that
 function is executed.  To be safe, always put
 alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <code class="code">alias</code>
@@ -8968,7 +9299,8 @@ using the syntax
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>The <var class="var">subscript</var>
-is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
+greater than or equal to zero.
 To explicitly declare an array, use
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">declare -a <var class="var">name</var>
@@ -8986,20 +9318,16 @@ To explicitly declare an array, use
 
 <p>Attributes may be
 specified for an array variable using the <code class="code">declare</code> and
-<code class="code">readonly</code> builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of
-an array.
+<code class="code">readonly</code> builtins.
+Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
 </p>
-<p>Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+<p>Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">name</var>=(<var class="var">value1</var> <var class="var">value2</var> ... )
 </pre></div>
 <p>where each
 <var class="var">value</var> may be of the form <code class="code">[<var class="var">subscript</var>]=</code><var class="var">string</var>.
 Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <var class="var">string</var>.
-When assigning to indexed arrays, if
-the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
-otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
-to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
 </p>
 <p>Each <var class="var">value</var> in the list undergoes the shell expansions
 described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>),
@@ -9008,6 +9336,12 @@ including the brackets and subscript do not undergo
 brace expansion and word splitting, as with individual
 variable assignments.
 </p>
+<p>When assigning to indexed arrays, if
+the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one.
+Indexing starts at zero.
+</p>
 <p>When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assignment
 may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is required,
 or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of alternating keys
@@ -9021,7 +9355,8 @@ When using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty;
 a final missing value is treated like the empty string.
 </p>
 <p>This syntax is also accepted by the <code class="code">declare</code>
-builtin.  Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+builtin.
+Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
 <code class="code"><var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]=<var class="var">value</var></code> syntax introduced above.
 </p>
 <p>When assigning to an indexed array, if <var class="var">name</var>
@@ -9033,11 +9368,12 @@ array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
 <p>The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+=</samp>&rsquo; operator will append to an array variable when assigning
 using the compound assignment syntax; see <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a> above.
 </p>
-<p>Any element of an array may be referenced using
+<p>An array element is referenced using
 <code class="code">${<var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]}</code>.
 The braces are required to avoid
-conflicts with the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion operators.  If the
-<var class="var">subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;, the word expands to all members
+conflicts with the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion operators.
+If the <var class="var">subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the word expands to all members
 of the array <var class="var">name</var>, unless otherwise noted in the description of a
 builtin or word expansion.
 These subscripts differ only when the word
@@ -9046,19 +9382,23 @@ If the word is double-quoted,
 <code class="code">${<var class="var">name</var>[*]}</code> expands to a single word with
 the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
 <code class="env">IFS</code> variable, and <code class="code">${<var class="var">name</var>[@]}</code> expands each element of
-<var class="var">name</var> to a separate word.  When there are no array members,
-<code class="code">${<var class="var">name</var>[@]}</code> expands to nothing.
-If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
+<var class="var">name</var> to a separate word.
+When there are no array members, <code class="code">${<var class="var">name</var>[@]}</code> expands to
+nothing.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
+the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the
+expansion of the original word,
+and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the
+expansion of the original word.
 This is analogous to the
 expansion of the special parameters &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;. 
-<code class="code">${#<var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]}</code> expands to the length of
+</p>
+<p><code class="code">${#<var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]}</code> expands to the length of
 <code class="code">${<var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]}</code>.
-If <var class="var">subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; or
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. 
-If the <var class="var">subscript</var>
+If <var class="var">subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the expansion is the number of elements in the array. 
+</p>
+<p>If the <var class="var">subscript</var>
 used to reference an element of an indexed array
 evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
 interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
@@ -9071,7 +9411,8 @@ Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid, and
 Bash will create an array if necessary.
 </p>
 <p>An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
-value.  The null string is a valid value.
+value.
+The null string is a valid value.
 </p>
 <p>It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
 ${!<var class="var">name</var>[@]} and ${!<var class="var">name</var>[*]} expand to the indices
@@ -9081,14 +9422,14 @@ special parameters &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp cl
 </p>
 <p>The <code class="code">unset</code> builtin is used to destroy arrays.
 <code class="code">unset <var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]</code>
-destroys the array element at index <var class="var">subscript</var>.
+unsets the array element at index <var class="var">subscript</var>.
 Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
 Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable.
 <code class="code">unset <var class="var">name</var></code>, where <var class="var">name</var> is an array, removes the
 entire array.
 <code class="code">unset <var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]</code> behaves differently
-depending on the array type when given a
-subscript of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;.
+depending on the array type when
+<var class="var">subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;.
 When <var class="var">name</var> is an associative array, it removes the element with key
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;.
 If <var class="var">name</var> is an indexed array, <code class="code">unset</code> removes all of the elements,
@@ -9096,8 +9437,10 @@ but does not remove the array itself.
 </p>
 <p>When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
 such as with <code class="code">unset</code>, without using the word expansion syntax
-described above, the argument is subject to the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion.
-If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.
+described above (e.g., unset a[4]),
+the argument is subject to the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion.
+Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
+(e.g., unset &rsquo;a[4]&rsquo;).
 </p>
 <p>The <code class="code">declare</code>, <code class="code">local</code>, and <code class="code">readonly</code>
 builtins each accept a <samp class="option">-a</samp> option to specify an indexed
@@ -9109,6 +9452,10 @@ to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
 individual array elements.  The <code class="code">set</code> and <code class="code">declare</code>
 builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
 reused as input.
+Other builtins accept array name arguments as well
+(e.g., <code class="code">mapfile</code>); see the descriptions
+of individual builtins for details.
+The shell provides a number of builtin array variables.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -9149,11 +9496,13 @@ Up: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Directory Stack</a
 <pre class="example-preformatted">dirs [-clpv] [+<var class="var">N</var> | -<var class="var">N</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Display the list of currently remembered directories.  Directories
-are added to the list with the <code class="code">pushd</code> command; the
-<code class="code">popd</code> command removes directories from the list.
+<p>Without options, display the list of currently remembered directories.
+Directories are added to the list with the <code class="code">pushd</code> command;
+the <code class="code">popd</code> command removes directories from the list.
 The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
 </p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-c</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
@@ -9188,28 +9537,27 @@ with zero.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">popd [-n] [+<var class="var">N</var> | -<var class="var">N</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Removes elements from the directory stack.
+<p>Remove elements from the directory stack.
 The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
 listed by <code class="code">dirs</code>;
 that is, <code class="code">popd</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">popd +0</code>.
 </p>
-<p>When no arguments are given, <code class="code">popd</code>
-removes the top directory from the stack and changes to
-the new top directory.
+<p>When no arguments are given, <code class="code">popd</code> removes the top directory
+from the stack and changes to the new top directory.
 </p>
 <p>Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-n</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
-from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+<dd><p>Suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, only manipulate the stack.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">+<var class="var">N</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Removes the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+<dd><p>Remove the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
 list printed by <code class="code">dirs</code>), starting with zero, from the stack.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-<var class="var">N</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Removes the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+<dd><p>Remove the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
 list printed by <code class="code">dirs</code>), starting with zero, from the stack.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
@@ -9220,8 +9568,8 @@ builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.
 If the <code class="code">cd</code> fails, <code class="code">popd</code> returns a non-zero value.
 </p>
 <p>Otherwise, <code class="code">popd</code> returns an unsuccessful status if
-an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
-is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified.
+an invalid option is specified, the directory stack
+is empty, or <var class="var">N</var> specifies a non-existent directory stack entry.
 </p>
 <p>If the <code class="code">popd</code> command is successful,
 Bash runs <code class="code">dirs</code> to show the final contents of the directory stack,
@@ -9233,7 +9581,7 @@ and the return status is 0.
 <pre class="example-preformatted">pushd [-n] [<var class="var">+N</var> | <var class="var">-N</var> | <var class="var">dir</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+<p>Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate
 the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
 directory.
 With no arguments, <code class="code">pushd</code> exchanges the top two elements
@@ -9243,21 +9591,21 @@ of the directory stack.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-n</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
-adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+<dd><p>Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the stack.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">+<var class="var">N</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Brings the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by <code class="code">dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
-the list by rotating the stack.
+<dd><p>Rotate the stack so that
+the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code class="code">dirs</code>, starting with zero) is at the top.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-<var class="var">N</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Brings the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by <code class="code">dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
-the list by rotating the stack.
+<dd><p>Rotate the stack so that
+the <var class="var">N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code class="code">dirs</code>, starting with zero) is at the top.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><var class="var">dir</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Makes <var class="var">dir</var> be the top of the stack.
+<dd><p>Make <var class="var">dir</var> be the top of the stack.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -9266,11 +9614,11 @@ supplied, <code class="code">pushd</code> uses the <code class="code">cd</code>
 directory at the top of the stack.
 If the <code class="code">cd</code> fails, <code class="code">pushd</code> returns a non-zero value.
 </p>
-<p>Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, <code class="code">pushd</code> returns 0 unless the
-directory stack is empty.
-When rotating the directory stack, <code class="code">pushd</code> returns 0 unless
-the directory stack is empty or a non-existent directory stack element
-is specified.
+<p>Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, <code class="code">pushd</code> returns zero
+unless the directory stack is empty.
+When rotating the directory stack, <code class="code">pushd</code> returns zero unless
+the directory stack is empty or <var class="var">N</var> specifies a non-existent
+directory stack element.
 </p>
 <p>If the <code class="code">pushd</code> command is successful,
 Bash runs <code class="code">dirs</code> to show the final contents of the directory stack.
@@ -9289,12 +9637,6 @@ Next: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Restricted Sh
 <h3 class="section" id="Controlling-the-Prompt-1"><span>6.9 Controlling the Prompt<a class="copiable-link" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prompting"></a>
 
-<p>Bash examines the value of the array variable <code class="env">PROMPT_COMMAND</code> just before
-printing each primary prompt.
-If any elements in  <code class="env">PROMPT_COMMAND</code> are set and non-null, Bash
-executes each value, in numeric order,
-just as if it had been typed on the command line.
-</p>
 <p>In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
 can appear in the prompt variables <code class="env">PS0</code>, <code class="env">PS1</code>, <code class="env">PS2</code>, and
 <code class="env">PS4</code>:
@@ -9309,13 +9651,14 @@ can appear in the prompt variables <code class="env">PS0</code>, <code class="en
 <dt><code class="code">\D{<var class="var">format</var>}</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <var class="var">format</var> is passed to <code class="code">strftime</code>(3) and the result is inserted
 into the prompt string; an empty <var class="var">format</var> results in a locale-specific
-time representation.  The braces are required.
+time representation.
+The braces are required.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\e</code></dt>
 <dd><p>An escape character.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\h</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The hostname, up to the first &lsquo;.&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>The hostname, up to the first &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\H</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The hostname.
@@ -9324,7 +9667,7 @@ time representation.  The braces are required.
 <dd><p>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\l</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The basename of the shell&rsquo;s terminal device name.
+<dd><p>The basename of the shell&rsquo;s terminal device name (e.g., &quot;ttys0&quot;).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\n</code></dt>
 <dd><p>A newline.
@@ -9333,7 +9676,7 @@ time representation.  The braces are required.
 <dd><p>A carriage return.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The name of the shell, the basename of <code class="code">$0</code> (the portion
+<dd><p>The name of the shell: the basename of <code class="code">$0</code> (the portion
 following the final slash).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\t</code></dt>
@@ -9352,10 +9695,10 @@ following the final slash).
 <dd><p>The username of the current user.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\v</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)          
+<dd><p>The Bash version (e.g., 2.00).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\V</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+<dd><p>The Bash release, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\w</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The value of the <code class="code">PWD</code> shell variable (<code class="env">$PWD</code>),
@@ -9418,7 +9761,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash and POSIX</a>, Pr
 <samp class="option">--restricted</samp>
 or
 <samp class="option">-r</samp>
-option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes <var class="var">restricted</var>.
 A restricted shell is used to
 set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
 A restricted shell behaves identically to <code class="code">bash</code>
@@ -9432,6 +9775,8 @@ with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
 </li><li>Specifying command names containing slashes.
 </li><li>Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <code class="code">.</code>
 builtin command.
+</li><li>Using the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to the <code class="code">.</code> builtin command
+to specify a search path.
 </li><li>Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <code class="code">history</code>
 builtin command.
 </li><li>Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <samp class="option">-p</samp>
@@ -9496,17 +9841,18 @@ It was merged with the original IEEE 1003.1 Working Group and is
 currently maintained by the Austin Group (a joint working group of the
 IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15).
 Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents that
-make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992)
+make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992)
 is now part of the current unified <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard.
 </p>
 <p>The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
 interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
 the command line or by other programs.
 The standard is freely available on the web at
-<a class="url" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html">https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/contents.html">https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/contents.html</a>.
 </p>
 <p>Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell&rsquo;s behavior defined
-by the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> Shell and Utilities volume.  The shell command
+by the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> Shell and Utilities volume.
+The shell command
 language has of course been standardized, including the basic flow
 control and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and
 pipelines, argument handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
@@ -9522,9 +9868,8 @@ be) implemented as builtin commands, such as
 POSIX also specifies aspects of the shell&rsquo;s interactive
 behavior, including job control and command
 line editing.
-Only vi-style line editing commands have been
-standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
-objections.
+Only vi-style line editing commands have been standardized;
+emacs editing commands were left out due to objections.
 </p>
 </div>
 <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Bash-POSIX-Mode-1">
@@ -9535,7 +9880,8 @@ objections.
 specification, there are areas where the Bash default behavior
 differs from the specification.
 The Bash <em class="dfn">posix mode</em> changes the Bash
-behavior in these areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely. 
+behavior in these areas so that it conforms more closely
+to the standard.
 </p>
 <p>Starting Bash with the <samp class="option">--posix</samp> command-line option or executing
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -o posix</samp>&rsquo; while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
@@ -9550,20 +9896,9 @@ startup files.
 <ol class="enumerate">
 <li> Bash ensures that the <code class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> variable is set.
 
-</li><li> When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
-<code class="env">$PATH</code> to find the new location.  This is also available with
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">shopt -s checkhash</samp>&rsquo;.
-
-</li><li> Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
-command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
-from a <code class="env">$PATH</code> search.
-
-</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-exits with a non-zero status is &lsquo;Done(status)&rsquo;.
-
-</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-is stopped is &lsquo;Stopped(<var class="var">signame</var>)&rsquo;, where <var class="var">signame</var> is, for
-example, <code class="code">SIGTSTP</code>.
+</li><li> Bash reads and executes the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> startup files
+(<code class="env">$ENV</code>) rather than
+the normal Bash files (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
 
 </li><li> Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
 
@@ -9571,88 +9906,137 @@ example, <code class="code">SIGTSTP</code>.
 do not undergo alias expansion.
 
 </li><li> Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command substitution.
-The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command
-substitution is executed. This means that command substitution will not
+The default (non-posix)
+mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command
+substitution is executed.
+This means that command substitution will not
 expand aliases that are defined after the command substitution is initially
 parsed (e.g., as part of a function definition).
 
-</li><li> The <small class="sc">POSIX</small> <code class="env">PS1</code> and <code class="env">PS2</code> expansions of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo; to
-the history number and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!!</samp>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo; are enabled,
-and parameter expansion is performed on the values of <code class="env">PS1</code> and
-<code class="env">PS2</code> regardless of the setting of the <code class="code">promptvars</code> option.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">time</code> reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command.
+When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell
+and its completed children.
+The <code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code> variable controls the format of the timing information.
 
-</li><li> The <small class="sc">POSIX</small> startup files are executed (<code class="env">$ENV</code>) rather than
-the normal Bash files.
+</li><li> The parser does not recognize <code class="code">time</code> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.
 
-</li><li> Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
-name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+</li><li> When parsing and expanding a ${&hellip;} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
 
-</li><li> The default history file is <samp class="file">~/.sh_history</samp> (this is the
-default value the shell assigns to <code class="env">$HISTFILE</code>).
 
 </li><li> Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
-in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+in a redirection unless the shell is interactive.
 
-</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
+</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in a
 redirection.
 
-</li><li> Function names must be valid shell <code class="code">name</code>s.  That is, they may not
+</li><li> Function names must be valid shell <code class="code">name</code>s.
+That is, they may not
 contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid name
-causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+may not start with a digit.
+Declaring a function with an invalid name in a non-interactive shell
+is a fatal syntax error.
 
 </li><li> Function names may not be the same as one of the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special
 builtins.
 
-</li><li> Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined before
-entering <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, the shell will not execute a function whose name
-contains one or more slashes.
+</li><li> Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
+name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
 
-</li><li> <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special builtins are found before shell functions
-during command lookup, including output printed by the <code class="code">type</code>
-and <code class="code">command</code> builtins.
+</li><li> While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo; special parameters.
 
-</li><li> When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by <code class="code">type</code>), Bash does
-not print the <code class="code">function</code> keyword.
+</li><li> Expanding the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the <code class="code">$*</code> as if it were
+double-quoted.
+
+</li><li> A double quote character (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">&quot;</samp>&rsquo;) is treated specially when it appears
+in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a here-document that
+undergoes expansion.
+That means, for example, that a backslash preceding a double quote
+character will escape it and the backslash will be removed.
+
+</li><li> Command substitutions don&rsquo;t set the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo; special parameter.
+The exit
+status of a simple command without a command word is still the exit status
+of the last command substitution that occurred while evaluating the variable
+assignments and redirections in that command, but that does not happen until
+after all of the assignments and redirections.
 
 </li><li> Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
 the <code class="env">PATH</code> variable are not expanded as described above
 under <a class="ref" href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>.
 
-</li><li> The <code class="code">time</code> reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
-used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
-completed children.  The <code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code> variable controls the format
-of the timing information.
+</li><li> Command lookup finds <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special builtins before shell functions,
+including output printed by the <code class="code">type</code> and <code class="code">command</code> builtins.
 
-</li><li> When parsing and expanding a ${&hellip;} expansion that appears within
-double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
-quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
-one of those defined to perform pattern removal.  In this case, they do
-not have to appear as matched pairs.
+</li><li> Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined before
+entering <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, the shell will not execute a function whose name
+contains one or more slashes.
 
-</li><li> The parser does not recognize <code class="code">time</code> as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.
+</li><li> When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+<code class="env">$PATH</code> to find the new location.
+This is also available with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">shopt -s checkhash</samp>&rsquo;.
 
+</li><li> Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
+command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
+from a <code class="env">$PATH</code> search.
 
-</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo; character does not introduce history expansion within a
-double-quoted string, even if the <code class="code">histexpand</code> option is enabled.
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is &lsquo;Done(status)&rsquo;.
 
-</li><li> If a <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special builtin returns an error status, a
-non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
-the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
-redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
-the command name, and so on.
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is &lsquo;Stopped(<var class="var">signame</var>)&rsquo;, where <var class="var">signame</var> is, for
+example, <code class="code">SIGTSTP</code>.
 
-</li><li> The <code class="code">unset</code> builtin with the <samp class="option">-v</samp> option specified returns a
-fatal error if it attempts to unset a <code class="code">readonly</code> or <code class="code">non-unsettable</code>
-variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid identifier,
-which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+</li><li> If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job notifications
+between executing commands in lists separated by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;</samp>&rsquo; or newline.
+Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+in a list completes.
 
-</li><li> When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement
-preceding the command, the <code class="code">unset</code> builtin attempts to unset a variable
-of the same name in the current or previous scope as well.
-This implements the required &quot;if an assigned variable is further modified
-by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist&quot; behavior.
+</li><li> If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt before
+printing the status of a background job that changes status or a foreground
+job that terminates due to a signal.
+Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+completes.
+
+</li><li> Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the
+user of their termination via the <code class="code">wait</code> or <code class="code">jobs</code> builtins.
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">vi</code> editing mode will invoke the <code class="code">vi</code> editor directly when
+the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">v</samp>&rsquo; command is run, instead of checking <code class="code">$VISUAL</code> and
+<code class="code">$EDITOR</code>.
+
+</li><li> Prompt expansion enables the
+<small class="sc">POSIX</small> <code class="env">PS1</code> and <code class="env">PS2</code> expansions of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo; to
+the history number and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!!</samp>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo;,
+and Bash performs parameter expansion on the values of <code class="env">PS1</code> and
+<code class="env">PS2</code> regardless of the setting of the <code class="code">promptvars</code> option.
+
+</li><li> The default history file is <samp class="file">~/.sh_history</samp> (this is the
+default value the shell assigns to <code class="env">$HISTFILE</code>).
+
+</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo; character does not introduce history expansion within a
+double-quoted string, even if the <code class="code">histexpand</code> option is enabled.
+
+</li><li> When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by <code class="code">type</code>), Bash does
+not print the <code class="code">function</code> keyword.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+</li><li> If a <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special builtin returns an error status, a
+non-interactive shell exits.
+The fatal errors are those listed in
+the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
+the command name, and so on.
 
 </li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
 assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
@@ -9662,7 +10046,8 @@ a value to a readonly variable.
 
 </li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
 assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
-builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+For any other simple
 command, the shell aborts execution of that command, and execution continues
 at the top level (&quot;the shell shall not perform any further processing of the
 command in which the error occurred&quot;).
@@ -9674,66 +10059,25 @@ variable in a <code class="code">for</code> statement or the selection variable
 </li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if <var class="var">filename</var> in <code class="code">.</code> <var class="var">filename</var>
 is not found.
 
-</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
-results in an invalid expression.
-
-</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
-
 </li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
 with the <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">source</code> builtins, or in a string processed by
 the <code class="code">eval</code> builtin.
 
-</li><li> While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo; special parameters.
-
-</li><li> Expanding the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; special parameter in a pattern context where the
-expansion is double-quoted does not treat the <code class="code">$*</code> as if it were
-double-quoted.
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit
+if the <code class="code">export</code>, <code class="code">readonly</code> or <code class="code">unset</code>
+builtin commands get an argument
+that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
+functions.
+These errors force an exit because these are special builtins.
 
 </li><li> Assignment statements preceding <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special builtins
 persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
 
 </li><li> The <code class="code">command</code> builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
 statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
-when not in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+when not in <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode, declaration commands lose their assignment
 statement expansion properties when preceded by <code class="code">command</code>.
 
-</li><li> The <code class="code">bg</code> builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
-in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
-is the current or previous job.
-
-</li><li> The output of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">kill -l</samp>&rsquo; prints all the signal names on a single line,
-separated by spaces, without the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">SIG</samp>&rsquo; prefix.
-
-</li><li> The <code class="code">kill</code> builtin does not accept signal names with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">SIG</samp>&rsquo;
-prefix.
-
-</li><li> The <code class="code">export</code> and <code class="code">readonly</code> builtin commands display their
-output in the format required by <small class="sc">POSIX</small>.
-
-</li><li> If the <code class="code">export</code> and <code class="code">readonly</code> builtin commands get an argument
-that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
-functions, they return an error.
-This will cause a non-interactive shell to exit because these are
-special builtins.
-
-</li><li> The <code class="code">trap</code> builtin displays signal names without the leading
-<code class="code">SIG</code>.
-
-</li><li> The <code class="code">trap</code> builtin doesn&rsquo;t check the first argument for a possible
-signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
-is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the handler for a given
-signal to the original disposition, they should use &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; as the
-first argument.
-
-</li><li> <code class="code">trap -p</code> without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are
-set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not
-just trapped signals.
-
-</li><li> The <code class="code">.</code> and <code class="code">source</code> builtins do not search the current directory
-for the filename argument if it is not found by searching <code class="env">PATH</code>.
-
 </li><li> Enabling <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode has the effect of setting the
 <code class="code">inherit_errexit</code> option, so
 subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
@@ -9746,16 +10090,19 @@ Bash clears the <samp class="option">-e</samp> option in such subshells.
 that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an
 error message.
 
+</li><li> Enabling <small class="sc">POSIX</small> mode has the effect of setting the
+<code class="code">interactive_comments</code> option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Comments">Comments</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">.</code> and <code class="code">source</code> builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching <code class="env">PATH</code>.
+
 </li><li> When the <code class="code">alias</code> builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
 display them with a leading &lsquo;<samp class="samp">alias </samp>&rsquo; unless the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option
 is supplied.
 
-</li><li> When the <code class="code">set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
-shell function names and definitions.
-
-</li><li> When the <code class="code">set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it displays
-variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
-even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">bg</code> builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
 
 </li><li> When the <code class="code">cd</code> builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
 constructed from <code class="code">$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
@@ -9768,9 +10115,12 @@ constructed from <code class="code">$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied
 exceeds <code class="code">PATH_MAX</code> when canonicalized, <code class="code">cd</code> will
 attempt to use the supplied directory name.
 
-</li><li> The <code class="code">pwd</code> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
-current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
-<samp class="option">-P</samp> option.
+</li><li> When the <code class="code">xpg_echo</code> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+interpret any arguments to <code class="code">echo</code> as options.
+<code class="code">echo</code> displays each argument after converting escape sequences.
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">export</code> and <code class="code">readonly</code> builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by <small class="sc">POSIX</small>.
 
 </li><li> When listing the history, the <code class="code">fc</code> builtin does not include an
 indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
@@ -9782,56 +10132,80 @@ indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
 </li><li> If there are too many arguments supplied to <code class="code">fc -s</code>, <code class="code">fc</code> prints
 an error message and returns failure.
 
-</li><li> The <code class="code">type</code> and <code class="code">command</code> builtins will not report a non-executable
-file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
-file if it is the only so-named file found in <code class="code">$PATH</code>.
-
-</li><li> The <code class="code">vi</code> editing mode will invoke the <code class="code">vi</code> editor directly when
-the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">v</samp>&rsquo; command is run, instead of checking <code class="code">$VISUAL</code> and
-<code class="code">$EDITOR</code>.
+</li><li> The output of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">kill -l</samp>&rsquo; prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">SIG</samp>&rsquo; prefix.
 
-</li><li> When the <code class="code">xpg_echo</code> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
-any arguments to <code class="code">echo</code> as options.  Each argument is displayed, after
-escape characters are converted.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">kill</code> builtin does not accept signal names with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">SIG</samp>&rsquo;
+prefix.
 
-</li><li> The <code class="code">ulimit</code> builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the <samp class="option">-c</samp>
-and <samp class="option">-f</samp> options.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">printf</code> builtin uses <code class="code">double</code> (via <code class="code">strtod</code>) to convert
+arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of
+<code class="code">long double</code> if it&rsquo;s available.
+The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">L</samp>&rsquo; length modifier forces
+<code class="code">printf</code> to use <code class="code">long double</code> if it&rsquo;s available.
 
-</li><li> The arrival of <code class="code">SIGCHLD</code>  when a trap is set on <code class="code">SIGCHLD</code> does
-not interrupt the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin and cause it to return immediately.
-The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">pwd</code> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
+current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
+<samp class="option">-P</samp> option.
 
 </li><li> The <code class="code">read</code> builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
 has been set.
 If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing <code class="code">read</code>, the trap
 handler executes and <code class="code">read</code> returns an exit status greater than 128.
 
-</li><li> The <code class="code">printf</code> builtin uses <code class="code">double</code> (via <code class="code">strtod</code>) to convert
-arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of
-<code class="code">long double</code> if it&rsquo;s available. The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">L</samp>&rsquo; length modifier forces
-<code class="code">printf</code> to use <code class="code">long double</code> if it&rsquo;s available.
-
-</li><li> Bash removes an exited background process&rsquo;s status from the list of such
-statuses after the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin is used to obtain it.
+</li><li> When the <code class="code">set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+shell function names and definitions.
 
-</li><li> A double quote character (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">&quot;</samp>&rsquo;) is treated specially when it appears
-in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a here-document that
-undergoes expansion.
-That means, for example, that a backslash preceding a double quote
-character will escape it and the backslash will be removed.
+</li><li> When the <code class="code">set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
+even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
 
 </li><li> The <code class="code">test</code> builtin compares strings using the current locale when
-processing the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo; binary operators.
+evaluating the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo; binary operators.
 
 </li><li> The <code class="code">test</code> builtin&rsquo;s <samp class="option">-t</samp> unary primary requires an argument.
 Historical versions of <code class="code">test</code> made the argument optional in certain
 cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility.
 
-</li><li> Command substitutions don&rsquo;t set the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo; special parameter. The exit
-status of a simple command without a command word is still the exit status
-of the last command substitution that occurred while evaluating the variable
-assignments and redirections in that command, but that does not happen until
-after all of the assignments and redirections.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">trap</code> builtin displays signal names without the leading
+<code class="code">SIG</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">trap</code> builtin doesn&rsquo;t check the first argument for a possible
+signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
+is a valid signal number.
+If users want to reset the handler for a given
+signal to the original disposition, they should use &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; as the
+first argument.
+
+</li><li> <code class="code">trap -p</code> without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are
+set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not
+just trapped signals.
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">type</code> and <code class="code">command</code> builtins will not report a non-executable
+file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
+file if it is the only so-named file found in <code class="code">$PATH</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">ulimit</code> builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the <samp class="option">-c</samp>
+and <samp class="option">-f</samp> options.
+
+</li><li> The <code class="code">unset</code> builtin with the <samp class="option">-v</samp> option specified returns a
+fatal error if it attempts to unset a <code class="code">readonly</code> or <code class="code">non-unsettable</code>
+variable,
+which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+
+</li><li> When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement
+preceding the command, the <code class="code">unset</code> builtin attempts to unset a variable
+of the same name in the current or previous scope as well.
+This implements the required &quot;if an assigned variable is further modified
+by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist&quot; behavior.
+
+</li><li> The arrival of <code class="code">SIGCHLD</code>  when a trap is set on <code class="code">SIGCHLD</code> does
+not interrupt the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+</li><li> Bash removes an exited background process&rsquo;s status from the list of such
+statuses after the <code class="code">wait</code> builtin is used to obtain it.
 
 </li></ol>
 
@@ -9842,10 +10216,9 @@ Specifically:
 <ol class="enumerate">
 <li> The <code class="code">fc</code> builtin checks <code class="code">$EDITOR</code> as a program to edit history
 entries if <code class="code">FCEDIT</code> is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
-<code class="code">ed</code>.  <code class="code">fc</code> uses <code class="code">ed</code> if <code class="code">EDITOR</code> is unset.
+<code class="code">ed</code>.
+<code class="code">fc</code> uses <code class="code">ed</code> if <code class="code">EDITOR</code> is unset.
 
-</li><li> A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment preceding
-the <code class="code">command</code> builtin or another non-special builtin fails.
 
 </li><li> As noted above, Bash requires the <code class="code">xpg_echo</code> option to be enabled for
 the <code class="code">echo</code> builtin to be fully conformant.
@@ -9879,11 +10252,12 @@ There is only one current
 compatibility level &ndash; each option is mutually exclusive.
 The compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior
 from previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions
-while they migrate scripts to use current features and
-behavior. It&rsquo;s intended to be a temporary solution.
+while they migrate scripts to use current features and behavior.
+It&rsquo;s intended to be a temporary solution.
 </p>
 <p>This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular
-version (e.g., setting <code class="code">compat32</code> means that quoting the rhs of the regexp
+version (e.g., setting <code class="code">compat32</code> means that quoting the right hand
+side of the regexp
 matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, which is
 default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). 
 </p>
@@ -9906,13 +10280,14 @@ to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer
 corresponding to the <code class="code">compat</code><var class="var">NN</var> option, like 42) determines the
 compatibility level.
 </p>
-<p>Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility
+<p>Starting with bash-4.4, Bash began deprecating older compatibility
 levels.
 Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of <code class="env">BASH_COMPAT</code>.
 </p>
-<p>Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there will be an individual shopt
+<p>Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
 option for the previous version.
-Users should control the compatibility level with <code class="env">BASH_COMPAT</code>.
+<code class="env">BASH_COMPAT</code> is the only mechanism to control the compatibility level
+in versions newer than bash-5.0.
 </p>
 <p>The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
 compatibility level setting.
@@ -9927,14 +10302,14 @@ and it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions.
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">compat31</code></dt>
 <dd><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>quoting the rhs of the <code class="code">[[</code> command&rsquo;s regexp matching operator (=~)
+<li>Quoting the rhs of the <code class="code">[[</code> command&rsquo;s regexp matching operator (=~)
 has no special effect
 </li></ul>
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">compat40</code></dt>
 <dd><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators to the <code class="code">[[</code> command do not
+<li>The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators to the <code class="code">[[</code> command do not
 consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
 ordering.
 Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
@@ -9945,68 +10320,69 @@ strcoll(3).
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">compat41</code></dt>
 <dd><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>in posix mode, <code class="code">time</code> may be followed by options and still be
-recognized as a reserved word (this is <small class="sc">POSIX</small> interpretation 267)
-</li><li>in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single
+<li>In posix mode, <code class="code">time</code> may be followed by options and still be
+recognized as a reserved word (this is <small class="sc">POSIX</small> interpretation 267).
+</li><li>In posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single
 quotes occur in the <var class="var">word</var> portion of a double-quoted ${&hellip;}
 parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within
 the single quotes are considered quoted
-(this is <small class="sc">POSIX</small> interpretation 221)
+(this is <small class="sc">POSIX</small> interpretation 221).
 </li></ul>
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">compat42</code></dt>
 <dd><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not
-undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2
-</li><li>in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding
+<li>The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not
+undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2.
+</li><li>In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding
 the <var class="var">word</var> portion of a double-quoted ${&hellip;} parameter expansion
 and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character
 (this is part of <small class="sc">POSIX</small> interpretation 221);
 in later versions, single quotes
-are not special within double-quoted word expansions
+are not special within double-quoted word expansions.
 </li></ul>
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">compat43</code></dt>
 <dd><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the
+<li>Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the
 current command to fail, even in posix mode
 (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell
-to exit)
-</li><li>when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.)
+to exit).
+</li><li>When executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.)
 is not reset, so <code class="code">break</code> or <code class="code">continue</code> in that function will break
-or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset
-the loop state to prevent this
+or continue loops in the calling context.
+Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to prevent this.
 </li></ul>
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">compat44</code></dt>
 <dd><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
-<li>the shell sets up the values used by <code class="env">BASH_ARGV</code> and <code class="env">BASH_ARGC</code>
+<li>The shell sets up the values used by <code class="env">BASH_ARGV</code> and <code class="env">BASH_ARGC</code>
 so they can expand to the shell&rsquo;s positional parameters even if extended
-debugging mode is not enabled
-</li><li>a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so <code class="code">break</code>
+debugging mode is not enabled.
+</li><li>A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so <code class="code">break</code>
 or <code class="code">continue</code> will cause the subshell to exit.
-Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit
-</li><li>variable assignments preceding builtins like <code class="code">export</code> and <code class="code">readonly</code>
+Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit.
+</li><li>Variable assignments preceding builtins like <code class="code">export</code> and <code class="code">readonly</code>
 that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same
 name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix
-mode
+mode.
 </li></ul>
 
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)</code></dt>
 <dd><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
 <li>Bash-5.1 changed the way <code class="code">$RANDOM</code> is generated to introduce slightly
-more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or
-lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions,
+more randomness.
+If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to
+the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions,
 so seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to
-<code class="env">RANDOM</code> will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0
+<code class="env">RANDOM</code> will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0.
 </li><li>If the command hash table is empty, Bash versions prior to bash-5.1
 printed an informational message to that effect, even when producing
-output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message
-when the <samp class="option">-l</samp> option is supplied.
+output that can be reused as input.
+Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the <samp class="option">-l</samp> option is supplied.
 </li></ul>
 
 </dd>
@@ -10015,21 +10391,21 @@ when the <samp class="option">-l</samp> option is supplied.
 <li>The <code class="code">unset</code> builtin will unset the array <code class="code">a</code> given an argument like
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">a[@]</samp>&rsquo;.
 Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo; (associative arrays)
-or remove all the elements without unsetting the array (indexed arrays)
-</li><li>arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for
-statement can be expanded more than once
-</li><li>expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the <code class="code">[[</code>
-conditional command can be expanded more than once
-</li><li>the expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be
-expanded more than once
-</li><li>the expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded
-more than once
-</li><li>arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be
-expanded more than once
+or remove all the elements without unsetting the array (indexed arrays).
+</li><li>Arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for
+statement can be expanded more than once.
+</li><li>Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the <code class="code">[[</code>
+conditional command can be expanded more than once.
+</li><li>The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be
+expanded more than once.
+</li><li>The expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded
+more than once.
+</li><li>Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be
+expanded more than once.
 </li><li><code class="code">test -v</code>, when given an argument of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">A[@]</samp>&rsquo;, where <var class="var">A</var> is
 an existing associative array, will return true if the array has any set
 elements.
-Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;
+Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;.
 </li><li>the ${<var class="var">parameter</var>[:]=<var class="var">value</var>} word expansion will return
 <var class="var">value</var>, before any variable-specific transformations have been
 performed (e.g., converting to lowercase).
@@ -10054,6 +10430,9 @@ subexpressions when given five or more arguments.
 as bindable command names, and
 displays any key sequences bound to those commands, instead of treating
 the arguments as key sequences to bind.
+</li><li>Interactive shells will notify the user of completed jobs while sourcing a
+script.
+Newer versions defer notification until script execution completes.
 </li></ul>
 
 </dd>
@@ -10174,7 +10553,10 @@ job 1 in the background, equivalent to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bg %1</samp>&rs
 <p>The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. 
 Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
 before reporting changes in a job&rsquo;s status so as to not interrupt
-any other output.
+any other output,
+though it will notify of changes in a job&rsquo;s status after a
+foreground command in
+a list completes, before executing the next command.
 If the <samp class="option">-b</samp> option to the <code class="code">set</code> builtin is enabled,
 Bash reports such changes immediately (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 Any trap on <code class="code">SIGCHLD</code> is executed for each child process
@@ -10223,7 +10605,7 @@ that was started without job control.
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>Resume the job <var class="var">jobspec</var> in the foreground and make it the current job.
-If <var class="var">jobspec</var> is not supplied, the current job is used.
+If <var class="var">jobspec</var> is not supplied, resume the current job.
 The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
 or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
 job control enabled, <var class="var">jobspec</var> does not specify a valid job or
@@ -10236,8 +10618,8 @@ job control enabled, <var class="var">jobspec</var> does not specify a valid job
 jobs -x <var class="var">command</var> [<var class="var">arguments</var>]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the
-following meanings:
+<p>The first form lists the active jobs.
+The options have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-l</code></dt>
@@ -10262,10 +10644,9 @@ the user was last notified of their status.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
-<p>If <var class="var">jobspec</var> is given,
-output is restricted to information about that job. 
-If <var class="var">jobspec</var> is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
-listed.
+<p>If <var class="var">jobspec</var> is supplied,
+<code class="code">jobs</code> restricts output to information about that job. 
+If <var class="var">jobspec</var> is not supplied, <code class="code">jobs</code> lists the status of all jobs.
 </p>
 <p>If the <samp class="option">-x</samp> option is supplied, <code class="code">jobs</code> replaces any
 <var class="var">jobspec</var> found in <var class="var">command</var> or <var class="var">arguments</var> with the
@@ -10284,15 +10665,18 @@ named by job specification <var class="var">jobspec</var> or process <small clas
 <var class="var">sigspec</var> is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
 <code class="code">SIGINT</code> (with or without the <code class="code">SIG</code> prefix)
 or a signal number; <var class="var">signum</var> is a signal number.
-If <var class="var">sigspec</var> and <var class="var">signum</var> are not present, <code class="code">SIGTERM</code> is used.
-The <samp class="option">-l</samp> option lists the signal names.
-If any arguments are supplied when <samp class="option">-l</samp> is given, the names of the
+If <var class="var">sigspec</var> and <var class="var">signum</var> are not present, <code class="code">kill</code>
+sends <code class="code">SIGTERM</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp class="option">-l</samp> option lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when <samp class="option">-l</samp> is supplied, the names of the
 signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
 is zero.
 <var class="var">exit_status</var> is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
 status of a process terminated by a signal.
 The <samp class="option">-L</samp> option is equivalent to <samp class="option">-l</samp>.
-The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
 or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -10304,7 +10688,7 @@ or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
 <p>Wait until the child process specified by each <var class="var">id</var> exits and
 return the exit status of the last <var class="var">id</var>.
 Each <var class="var">id</var> may be a <var class="var">pid</var> or job specification <var class="var">jobspec</var>;
-if a job spec is given, <code class="code">wait</code> waits for all processes in the job.
+if a job spec is supplied, <code class="code">wait</code> waits for all processes in the job.
 </p>
 <p>If no options or <var class="var">id</var>s are supplied,
 <code class="code">wait</code> waits for all running background jobs and
@@ -10323,7 +10707,9 @@ the exit status is 127.
 <p>If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied, the process or job identifier
 of the job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the
 variable <var class="var">varname</var> named by the option argument.
-The variable will be unset initially, before any assignment.
+The variable,
+which cannot be readonly,
+will be unset initially, before any assignment.
 This is useful only when the <samp class="option">-n</samp> option is supplied.
 </p>
 <p>Supplying the <samp class="option">-f</samp> option, when job control is enabled,
@@ -10341,20 +10727,27 @@ Otherwise, the return status is the exit  status of the last <var class="var">id
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-disown"></a><span><code class="code">disown</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-disown"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">disown [-ar] [-h] [<var class="var">jobspec</var> ... | <var class="var">pid</var> ... ]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">disown [-ar] [-h] [<var class="var">id</var> ...]
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Without options, remove each <var class="var">jobspec</var> from the table of
+<p>Without options, remove each <var class="var">id</var> from the table of
 active jobs.
-If the <samp class="option">-h</samp> option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+Each <var class="var">id</var> may be a <var class="var">pid</var> or job specification <var class="var">jobspec</var>;
+if <var class="var">id</var> is a <var class="var">pid</var>,
+<code class="code">disown</code> uses the job containing <var class="var">pid</var>.
+If the <samp class="option">-h</samp> option is supplied, the job is not removed from the table,
 but is marked so that <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> is not sent to the job if the shell
 receives a <code class="code">SIGHUP</code>.
-If <var class="var">jobspec</var> is not present, and neither the <samp class="option">-a</samp> nor the
-<samp class="option">-r</samp> option is supplied, the current job is used.
-If no <var class="var">jobspec</var> is supplied, the <samp class="option">-a</samp> option means to remove or
-mark all jobs; the <samp class="option">-r</samp> option without a <var class="var">jobspec</var>
+If <var class="var">id</var> is not present, and neither the <samp class="option">-a</samp> nor the
+<samp class="option">-r</samp> option is supplied, <code class="code">disown</code> removes the current job.
+</p>
+<p>If no <var class="var">id</var> is supplied, the <samp class="option">-a</samp> option means to remove or
+mark all jobs; the <samp class="option">-r</samp> option without an <var class="var">id</var>
 argument restricts operation to running jobs.
 </p>
+<p>The return value is 0 unless an <var class="var">id</var>
+does not specify a valid job.
+</p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-suspend"></a><span><code class="code">suspend</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-suspend"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><div class="example">
@@ -10363,10 +10756,9 @@ argument restricts operation to running jobs.
 
 <p>Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
 <code class="code">SIGCONT</code> signal.
-A login shell,
-or a shell without job control enabled,
+A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
 cannot be suspended; the <samp class="option">-f</samp>
-option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
+option will override this and force the suspension.
 The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell
 or job control is not enabled
 and
@@ -10392,17 +10784,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control B
 <dl class="vtable">
 <dt><a id="index-auto_005fresume"></a><span><code class="code">auto_resume</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-auto_005fresume"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
-job control.  If this variable exists then single word simple
+job control.
+If this variable exists then single-word simple
 commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
-of an existing job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
-more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
-the most recently accessed job will be selected.
+of an existing job.
+There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job
+beginning with the string typed, then
+the most recently accessed job is selected.
 The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line
-used to start it.  If this variable is set to the value &lsquo;<samp class="samp">exact</samp>&rsquo;,
+used to start it.
+If this variable is set to the value &lsquo;<samp class="samp">exact</samp>&rsquo;,
 the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
 if set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">substring</samp>&rsquo;,
 the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
-stopped job.  The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">substring</samp>&rsquo; value provides functionality
+stopped job.
+The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">substring</samp>&rsquo; value provides functionality
 analogous to the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">%?</samp>&rsquo; job <small class="sc">ID</small> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a>).
 If set to any other value, the supplied string must
 be a prefix of a stopped job&rsquo;s name; this provides functionality
@@ -10434,8 +10830,8 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
 unless the <samp class="option">--noediting</samp> option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the <samp class="option">-e</samp> option to the
 <code class="code">read</code> builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
-A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs;
+a vi-style line editing interface is also available.
 Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <samp class="option">-o emacs</samp> or
 <samp class="option">-o vi</samp> options to the <code class="code">set</code> builtin command
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), or disabled using the <samp class="option">+o emacs</samp> or 
@@ -10469,7 +10865,7 @@ is depressed.
 </p>
 <p>The text <kbd class="kbd">M-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-K&rsquo; and describes the character
 produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <kbd class="key">k</kbd>
-key is pressed.
+key is pressed (a <em class="dfn">meta character</em>).
 The Meta key is labeled <kbd class="key">ALT</kbd> on many keyboards.
 On keyboards with two keys labeled <kbd class="key">ALT</kbd> (usually to either side of
 the space bar), the <kbd class="key">ALT</kbd> on the left side is generally set to
@@ -10478,20 +10874,36 @@ The <kbd class="key">ALT</kbd> key on the right may also be configured to work a
 Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
 Compose key for typing accented characters.
 </p>
+<p>On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
+the eighth bit (0200) set.
+You can use the <code class="code">enable-meta-key</code> variable
+to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it.
+On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
+key to a key sequence beginning with <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> as described in the
+next paragraph.
+</p>
 <p>If you do not have a Meta or <kbd class="key">ALT</kbd> key, or another key working as
-a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd>
+a Meta key, you can generally achieve the latter effect by typing <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd>
 <em class="emph">first</em>, and then typing <kbd class="key">k</kbd>.
-Either process is known as <em class="dfn">metafying</em> the <kbd class="key">k</kbd> key.
+The <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> character is known as the <em class="dfn">meta prefix</em>).
+</p>
+<p>Either process is known as <em class="dfn">metafying</em> the <kbd class="key">k</kbd> key.
+</p>
+<p>If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> meta prefix,
+you can make <kbd class="kbd">M-key</kbd> key bindings you specify
+(see <code class="code">Key Bindings</code> in <a class="ref" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a>)
+do the same thing by setting the <code class="code">force-meta-prefix</code> variable.
 </p>
 <p>The text <kbd class="kbd">M-C-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-Control-k&rsquo; and describes the
-character produced by <em class="dfn">metafying</em> <kbd class="kbd">C-k</kbd>.
+character produced by metafying <kbd class="kbd">C-k</kbd>.
 </p>
-<p>In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically,
+<p>In addition, several keys have their own names.
+Specifically,
 <kbd class="key">DEL</kbd>, <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd>, <kbd class="key">LFD</kbd>, <kbd class="key">SPC</kbd>, <kbd class="key">RET</kbd>, and <kbd class="key">TAB</kbd> all
 stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>).
 If your keyboard lacks a <kbd class="key">LFD</kbd> key, typing <kbd class="key">C-j</kbd> will
-produce the desired character.
+output the appropriate character.
 The <kbd class="key">RET</kbd> key may be labeled <kbd class="key">Return</kbd> or <kbd class="key">Enter</kbd> on
 some keyboards.
 </p>
@@ -10506,13 +10918,15 @@ Next: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Init File<
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interaction_002c-readline"></a>
 
 <p>Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
-only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.  The
-Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.
+The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
 as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
-you to retype the majority of the line.  Using these editing commands,
+you to retype the majority of the line.
+Using these editing commands,
 you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
-insert the text of the corrections.  Then, when you are satisfied with
-the line, you simply press <kbd class="key">RET</kbd>.  You do not have to be at the
+insert the text of the corrections.
+Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press <kbd class="key">RET</kbd>.
+You do not have to be at the
 end of the line to press <kbd class="key">RET</kbd>; the entire line is accepted
 regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
 </p>
@@ -10535,23 +10949,27 @@ Next: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Mo
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-editing"></a>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-editing-command-lines"></a>
 
-<p>In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.  The typed
+<p>In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.
+The typed
 character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
-space to the right.  If you mistype a character, you can use your
+space to the right.
+If you mistype a character, you can use your
 erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
 </p>
 <p>Sometimes you may mistype a character, and
-not notice the error until you have typed several other characters.  In
-that case, you can type <kbd class="kbd">C-b</kbd> to move the cursor to the left, and then
-correct your mistake.  Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right
-with <kbd class="kbd">C-f</kbd>.
+not notice the error until you have typed several other characters.
+In that case, you can type <kbd class="kbd">C-b</kbd> to move the cursor to the left,
+and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with <kbd class="kbd">C-f</kbd>.
 </p>
 <p>When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters
 to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pushed over&rsquo; to make room for the text
-that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
+that you have inserted.
+Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
 characters to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pulled back&rsquo; to fill in the
-blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of the bare
-essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+blank space created by the removal of the text.
+These are the bare
+essentials for editing the text of an input line:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><kbd class="kbd">C-b</kbd></dt>
@@ -10570,15 +10988,15 @@ essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
 <dd><p>Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><kbd class="kbd">C-_</kbd> or <kbd class="kbd">C-x C-u</kbd></dt>
-<dd><p>Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
-empty line.
+<dd><p>Undo the last editing command.
+You can undo all the way back to an empty line.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
-<p>(Depending on your configuration, the <kbd class="key">Backspace</kbd> key might be set to
+<p>Depending on your configuration, the <kbd class="key">Backspace</kbd> key might be set to
 delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <kbd class="key">DEL</kbd> key set
 to delete the character underneath the cursor, like <kbd class="kbd">C-d</kbd>, rather
-than the character to the left of the cursor.)
+than the character to the left of the cursor.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -10589,12 +11007,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Kil
 </div>
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Movement-Commands-1"><span>8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Movement-Commands-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 
-
 <p>The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
-in order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many
-other commands have been added in addition to <kbd class="kbd">C-b</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">C-f</kbd>,
-<kbd class="kbd">C-d</kbd>, and <kbd class="key">DEL</kbd>.  Here are some commands for moving more rapidly
-about the line.
+in order to do editing of the input line.
+For your convenience, many other commands are available in
+addition to <kbd class="kbd">C-b</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">C-f</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">C-d</kbd>, and <kbd class="key">DEL</kbd>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly within the line.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><kbd class="kbd">C-a</kbd></dt>
@@ -10615,7 +11032,8 @@ about the line.
 </dl>
 
 <p>Notice how <kbd class="kbd">C-f</kbd> moves forward a character, while <kbd class="kbd">M-f</kbd> moves
-forward a word.  It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
+forward a word.
+It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
 operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
 </p>
 <hr>
@@ -10641,8 +11059,8 @@ place later.
 </p>
 <p>When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a <em class="dfn">kill-ring</em>.
 Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
-that when you yank it back, you get it all.  The kill
-ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
+that when you yank it back, you get it all.
+The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
 typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing
 another line.
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-kill-ring"></a>
@@ -10667,14 +11085,16 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd class="kbd">M-b</kbd>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><kbd class="kbd">C-w</kbd></dt>
-<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.  This is different than
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.
+This is different than
 <kbd class="kbd">M-<kbd class="key">DEL</kbd></kbd> because the word boundaries differ.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 
 <p>Here is how to <em class="dfn">yank</em> the text back into the line.  Yanking
-means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer
+into the line at the current cursor position.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><kbd class="kbd">C-y</kbd></dt>
@@ -10682,8 +11102,8 @@ means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><kbd class="kbd">M-y</kbd></dt>
-<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
-the prior command is <kbd class="kbd">C-y</kbd> or <kbd class="kbd">M-y</kbd>.
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.
+You can only do this if the prior command is <kbd class="kbd">C-y</kbd> or <kbd class="kbd">M-y</kbd>.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -10696,18 +11116,23 @@ Next: <a href="#Searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching for Commands in th
 </div>
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Arguments-1"><span>8.2.4 Readline Arguments<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Arguments-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 
-<p>You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.  Sometimes the
+<p>You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.
+Sometimes the
 argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the <i class="i">sign</i> of the
-argument that is significant.  If you pass a negative argument to a
+argument that is significant.
+If you pass a negative argument to a
 command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
-act in a backward direction.  For example, to kill text back to the
+act in a backward direction.
+For example, to kill text back to the
 start of the line, you might type &lsquo;<samp class="samp">M-- C-k</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 <p>The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
-digits before the command.  If the first &lsquo;digit&rsquo; typed is a minus
-sign (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;), then the sign of the argument will be negative.  Once
-you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type
-the remainder of the digits, and then the command.  For example, to give
+digits before the command.
+If the first &lsquo;digit&rsquo; typed is a minus
+sign (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;), then the sign of the argument will be negative.
+Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can
+type the remainder of the digits, and then the command.
+For example, to give
 the <kbd class="kbd">C-d</kbd> command an argument of 10, you could type &lsquo;<samp class="samp">M-1 0 C-d</samp>&rsquo;,
 which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
 </p>
@@ -10731,8 +11156,9 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays
 the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
 An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
 find the desired history entry.
-To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
-<kbd class="kbd">C-r</kbd>.  Typing <kbd class="kbd">C-s</kbd> searches forward through the history.
+When using emacs editing mode, type <kbd class="kbd">C-r</kbd>
+to search backward in the history for a particular string.
+Typing <kbd class="kbd">C-s</kbd> searches forward through the history.
 The characters present in the value of the <code class="code">isearch-terminators</code> variable
 are used to terminate an incremental search.
 If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> and
@@ -10757,7 +11183,7 @@ If two <kbd class="kbd">C-r</kbd>s are typed without any intervening characters
 a new search string, Readline uses any remembered search string.
 </p>
 <p>Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.
+to search for matching history entries.
 The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of
 the current line.
 </p>
@@ -10776,19 +11202,18 @@ Next: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bindable Re
 keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
 of keybindings.
 Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
-commands in an <em class="dfn">inputrc</em> file,
-conventionally in their home directory.
-The name of this
-file is taken from the value of the shell variable <code class="env">INPUTRC</code>.  If
-that variable is unset, the default is <samp class="file">~/.inputrc</samp>.  If that
-file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+commands in an <em class="dfn">inputrc</em> file, conventionally in their home directory.
+The name of this file is taken from the value of the
+shell variable <code class="env">INPUTRC</code>.
+If that variable is unset, the default is <samp class="file">~/.inputrc</samp>.
+If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for
 <samp class="file">/etc/inputrc</samp>.
 The <code class="code">bind</code><!-- /@w --> builtin command can also be used to set Readline
 keybindings and variables.
 See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>.
 </p>
-<p>When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
-init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+<p>When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
+the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
 </p>
 <p>In addition, the <code class="code">C-x C-r</code> command re-reads this init file, thus
 incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
@@ -10808,11 +11233,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditiona
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1"><span>8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 
 <p>There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-Readline init file.  Blank lines are ignored.
+Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
 Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo; are comments.
 Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo; indicate conditional
-constructs (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">Conditional Init Constructs</a>).  Other lines
-denote variable settings and key bindings.
+constructs (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">Conditional Init Constructs</a>).
+Other lines denote variable settings and key bindings.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt>Variable Settings</dt>
@@ -10833,8 +11259,8 @@ change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
 <pre class="example-preformatted">set editing-mode vi
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard
-to case.
+<p>Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without
+regard to case.
 Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
 </p>
 <p>Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if
@@ -10877,8 +11303,8 @@ A sample value might be &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\e[0m</samp>&rsquo;.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-bell_002dstyle"></a><span><code class="code">bell-style</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-bell_002dstyle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">none</samp>&rsquo;, Readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">visible</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">none</samp>&rsquo;, Readline never rings the bell.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">visible</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
 If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">audible</samp>&rsquo; (the default), Readline attempts to ring
 the terminal&rsquo;s bell.
 </p>
@@ -10895,8 +11321,8 @@ including the special control characters (usually <code class="code">cchars</cod
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"></a><span><code class="code">blink-matching-paren</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
-opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.  The default
-is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"></a><span><code class="code">colored-completion-prefix</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -10919,9 +11345,9 @@ The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-comment_002dbegin"></a><span><code class="code">comment-begin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-comment_002dbegin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
-<code class="code">insert-comment</code> command is executed.  The default value
-is <code class="code">&quot;#&quot;</code>.
+<dd><p>The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the
+<code class="code">insert-comment</code> command.
+The default value is <code class="code">&quot;#&quot;</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"></a><span><code class="code">completion-display-width</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -10947,79 +11373,87 @@ The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"></a><span><code class="code">completion-prefix-display-length</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+<dd><p>The maximum
+length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.
+When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+replaces common prefixes longer than this value
+with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"></a><span><code class="code">completion-query-items</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
-asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
-If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to this value,
-Readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
-otherwise, they are simply listed.
+<dd><p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked
+whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
+If the number of possible completions is greater than
+or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
+the user wishes to view them;
+otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions.
 This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
-A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative values are
-treated as zero.
+A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative
+values are treated as zero.
 The default limit is <code class="code">100</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-convert_002dmeta"></a><span><code class="code">convert-meta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-convert_002dmeta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will convert characters with the
-eighth bit set to an <small class="sc">ASCII</small> key sequence by stripping the eighth
-bit and prefixing an <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> character, converting them to a
-meta-prefixed key sequence.
-The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, but
-will be set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo; if the locale is one that contains
-eight-bit characters.
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will convert characters it reads
+that have the eighth bit set to an <small class="sc">ASCII</small> key sequence by
+clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> character,
+converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;
+if the locale contains
+characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the <code class="code">LC_CTYPE</code> locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+may change if the locale changes.
+This variable also affects key bindings;
+see the description of <code class="code">force-meta-prefix</code> below.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-disable_002dcompletion"></a><span><code class="code">disable-completion</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-disable_002dcompletion"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will inhibit word completion.
-Completion  characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
-been mapped to <code class="code">self-insert</code>.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+had been mapped to <code class="code">self-insert</code>.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"></a><span><code class="code">echo-control-characters</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>When set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
 Readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
-keyboard.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;.
+keyboard.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-editing_002dmode"></a><span><code class="code">editing-mode</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-editing_002dmode"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The <code class="code">editing-mode</code> variable controls which default set of
-key bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
-mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.  This variable can be
-set to either &lsquo;<samp class="samp">emacs</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">vi</samp>&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>The <code class="code">editing-mode</code> variable controls the default set of
+key bindings.
+By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing mode, where
+the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
+This variable can be set to either &lsquo;<samp class="samp">emacs</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">vi</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"></a><span><code class="code">emacs-mode-string</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If the <var class="var">show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
-prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
 backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><a id="index-enable_002dactive_002dregion"></a><span><code class="code">enable-active-region</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The <em class="dfn">point</em> is the current cursor position, and <em class="dfn">mark</em> refers
-to a saved cursor position (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a>).
+<dt><a id="index-enable_002dactive_002dregion-The"></a><span><code class="code">enable-active-region</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion-The"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p><em class="dfn">point</em> is the current cursor position, and <em class="dfn">mark</em> refers to a
+saved cursor position (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a>).
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <em class="dfn">region</em>.
 When this variable is set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline allows certain commands
 to designate the region as <em class="dfn">active</em>.
 When the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using
 the value of the <code class="code">active-region-start-color</code>, which defaults to the
-string that enables
-the terminal&rsquo;s standout mode.
+string that enables the terminal&rsquo;s standout mode. 
 The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
-matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
+matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. 
 The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">On</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -11028,34 +11462,58 @@ The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">On</samp>&rsquo;.
 paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead
 of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
 This is called putting the terminal into <em class="dfn">bracketed paste mode</em>;
-it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
-sequences appearing in the pasted text.
-The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">On</samp>&rsquo;.
+it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound
+to key sequences appearing in the pasted text.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">On</samp>&rsquo;. 
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-enable_002dkeypad"></a><span><code class="code">enable-keypad</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>When set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+keypad when it is called.
+Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><code class="code">enable-meta-key</code></dt>
-<dd><p>When set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.  On many terminals,
-the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
+<dt><a id="index-enable_002dmeta_002dkey"></a><span><code class="code">enable-meta-key</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-enable_002dmeta_002dkey"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>When set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable any meta
+modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
+this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
+terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a
+character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is
+typed (a meta character).
 The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-expand_002dtilde"></a><span><code class="code">expand-tilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-expand_002dtilde"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
-attempts word completion.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it
+attempts word completion.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a id="index-force_002dmeta_002dprefix"></a><span><code class="code">force-meta-prefix</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-force_002dmeta_002dprefix"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline modifies its behavior when binding key
+sequences containing <kbd class="kbd">\M-</kbd> or <code class="code">Meta-</code>
+(see <code class="code">Key Bindings</code> in <a class="ref" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a>)
+by converting a key sequence of the form
+<kbd class="kbd">\M-</kbd><var class="var">C</var> or <code class="code">Meta-</code><var class="var">C</var> to the two-character sequence
+<kbd class="kbd">ESC</kbd><var class="var">C</var> (adding the meta prefix).
+If <code class="code">force-meta-prefix</code> is set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo; (the default),
+Readline uses the value of the <code class="code">convert-meta</code> variable to determine
+whether to perform this conversion:
+if <code class="code">convert-meta</code> is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;,
+Readline performs the conversion described above;
+if it is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;, Readline converts <var class="var">C</var> to a meta character by
+setting the eighth bit (0200).
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"></a><span><code class="code">history-preserve-point</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, the history code attempts to place the point (the
 current cursor position) at the
 same location on each history line retrieved with <code class="code">previous-history</code>
-or <code class="code">next-history</code>.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+or <code class="code">next-history</code>.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-history_002dsize"></a><span><code class="code">history-size</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-history_002dsize"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11064,30 +11522,32 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
 are saved.
 If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
 limited.
-By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-If an attempt is made to set <var class="var">history-size</var> to a non-numeric value,
+By default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries to
+the value of the <code class="code">HISTSIZE</code> shell variable.
+If you try to set <var class="var">history-size</var> to a non-numeric value,
 the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"></a><span><code class="code">horizontal-scroll-mode</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>This variable can be set to either &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.  Setting it
-to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
-horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
-of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.
+<dd><p>Setting this variable to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; means that the text of the lines
+being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when
+the lines are longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping
+onto a new screen line.
 This variable is automatically set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; for terminals of height 1.
 By default, this variable is set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-meta_002dflag"></a>
 <a id="index-input_002dmeta"></a><span><code class="code">input-meta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-input_002dmeta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
 will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
-regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
-default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; if the 
-locale contains eight-bit characters.
-The name <code class="code">meta-flag</code> is a synonym for this variable.
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the <code class="code">LC_CTYPE</code> locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
+The name <code class="code">meta-flag</code> is a synonym for <code class="code">input-meta</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-isearch_002dterminators"></a><span><code class="code">isearch-terminators</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-isearch_002dterminators"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11111,18 +11571,18 @@ Built-in <code class="code">keymap</code> names are
 <code class="code">vi</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">vi-command</code> (<code class="code">vi-move</code> is also a
 synonym); <code class="code">emacs</code> is equivalent to <code class="code">emacs-standard</code>.
 Applications may add additional names.
-The default value is <code class="code">emacs</code>.
-The value of the <code class="code">editing-mode</code> variable also affects the
+The default value is <code class="code">emacs</code>;
+the value of the <code class="code">editing-mode</code> variable also affects the
 default keymap.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">keyseq-timeout</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
+<dd><p>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+reading an ambiguous key sequence
+(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
+or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
+If Readline doesn&rsquo;t receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+shorter but complete key sequence.
 Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
 available on the current input source (<code class="code">rl_instream</code> by default).
 The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
@@ -11134,20 +11594,19 @@ The default value is <code class="code">500</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">mark-directories</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, completed directory names have a slash appended.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"></a><span><code class="code">mark-modified-lines</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>This variable, when set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, causes Readline to display an
+<dd><p>When this variable is set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will to display an
 asterisk (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
 This variable is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo; by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"></a><span><code class="code">mark-symlinked-directories</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, completed names which are symbolic links
-to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-<code class="code">mark-directories</code>).
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
+have a slash appended, subject to the value of <code class="code">mark-directories</code>.
 The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -11163,17 +11622,19 @@ This variable is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
 <dt><a id="index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"></a><span><code class="code">menu-complete-display-prefix</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
 list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
-the list.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+the list.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-output_002dmeta"></a><span><code class="code">output-meta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-output_002dmeta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display characters with the
 eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
 sequence.
-The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; if the
-locale contains eight-bit characters.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the <code class="code">LC_CTYPE</code> locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-page_002dcompletions"></a><span><code class="code">page-completions</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-page_002dcompletions"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11182,6 +11643,10 @@ to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
 This variable is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
+<dt><code class="code">prefer-visible-bell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>See <code class="code">bell-style</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
 <dt><code class="code">print-completions-horizontally</code></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display completions with matches
 sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
@@ -11190,9 +11655,11 @@ The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"></a><span><code class="code">revert-all-at-newline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when <code class="code">accept-line</code> is executed.  By default,
+before returning when executing <code class="code">accept-line</code>.
+By default,
 history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
-calls to <code class="code">readline()</code>.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+calls to <code class="code">readline()</code>.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-search_002dignore_002dcase"></a><span><code class="code">search-ignore-case</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-search_002dignore_002dcase"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11202,8 +11669,8 @@ The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"></a><span><code class="code">show-all-if-ambiguous</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, 
+<dd><p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, 
 words which have more than one possible completion cause the
 matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
 The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -11229,15 +11696,15 @@ The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"></a><span><code class="code">skip-completed-text</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It&rsquo;s only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, Readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
+inserting a single match into the line.
+It&rsquo;s only active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
+If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion
+that match characters after point in the word being completed,
+so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
 For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor
-is after the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">e</samp>&rsquo; in &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Makefile</samp>&rsquo; will result in &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Makefile</samp>&rsquo;
-rather than &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Makefilefile</samp>&rsquo;, assuming there is a single possible
-completion.
+is after the first &lsquo;<samp class="samp">e</samp>&rsquo; in &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Makefile</samp>&rsquo; will result in
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">Makefile</samp>&rsquo; rather than &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Makefilefile</samp>&rsquo;,
+assuming there is a single possible completion.
 The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -11245,10 +11712,9 @@ The default value is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 <dd><p>If the <var class="var">show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">(cmd)</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -11258,10 +11724,9 @@ The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">(cmd)</samp>&rsquo;.
 <dd><p>If the <var class="var">show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">(ins)</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -11270,16 +11735,18 @@ The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">(ins)</samp>&rsquo;.
 <dt><a id="index-visible_002dstats"></a><span><code class="code">visible-stats</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-visible_002dstats"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">on</samp>&rsquo;, a character denoting a file&rsquo;s type
 is appended to the filename when listing possible
-completions.  The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
+completions.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">off</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 
 </dd>
 <dt>Key Bindings</dt>
-<dd><p>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
-simple.  First you need to find the name of the command that you
-want to change.  The following sections contain tables of the command
+<dd><p>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+First you need to find the name of the command that you
+want to change.
+The following sections contain tables of the command
 name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what
 the command does.
 </p>
@@ -11294,6 +11761,8 @@ what you find most comfortable.
 </p>
 <p>In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound
 to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <var class="var">macro</var>).
+The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+enclosed in single or double quotes.
 </p>
 <p>The <code class="code">bind&nbsp;-p</code><!-- /@w --> command displays Readline function names and
 bindings in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file.
@@ -11301,7 +11770,8 @@ See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><var class="var">keyname</var>:&nbsp;<var class="var">function-name</var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var class="var">macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
-<dd><p><var class="var">keyname</var> is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+<dd><p><var class="var">keyname</var> is the name of a key spelled out in English.
+For example:
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">Control-u: universal-argument
 Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
@@ -11315,8 +11785,7 @@ Control-o: &quot;&gt; output&quot;
 expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt; output</samp>&rsquo; into the line).
 </p>
-<p>A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
-processing this key binding syntax:
+<p>This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic character names:
 <var class="var">DEL</var>,
 <var class="var">ESC</var>,
 <var class="var">ESCAPE</var>,
@@ -11334,9 +11803,10 @@ and
 <dt>&quot;<var class="var">keyseq</var>&quot;:&nbsp;<var class="var">function-name</var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var class="var">macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
 <dd><p><var class="var">keyseq</var> differs from <var class="var">keyname</var> above in that strings
 denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
-the key sequence in double quotes.  Some <small class="sc">GNU</small> Emacs style key
-escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the
-special character names are not recognized.
+the key sequence in double quotes.
+Some <small class="sc">GNU</small> Emacs style key escapes can be used,
+as in the following example, but none of the
+special character names are recognized.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">&quot;\C-u&quot;: universal-argument
@@ -11358,22 +11828,24 @@ specifying key sequences:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code"><kbd class="kbd">\C-</kbd></code></dt>
-<dd><p>control prefix
+<dd><p>A control prefix.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><kbd class="kbd">\M-</kbd></code></dt>
-<dd><p>meta prefix
+<dd><p>Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+character, as described above under <code class="code">force-meta-prefix</code>
+(see <code class="code">Variable Settings</code> in <a class="ref" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a>).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><kbd class="kbd">\e</kbd></code></dt>
-<dd><p>an escape character
+<dd><p>An escape character.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><kbd class="kbd">\\</kbd></code></dt>
-<dd><p>backslash
+<dd><p>Backslash.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><kbd class="kbd">\&quot;</kbd></code></dt>
-<dd><p><kbd class="key">&quot;</kbd>, a double quotation mark
+<dd><p><kbd class="key">&quot;</kbd>, a double quotation mark.
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><kbd class="kbd">\'</kbd></code></dt>
-<dd><p><kbd class="key">'</kbd>, a single quote or apostrophe
+<dd><p><kbd class="key">'</kbd>, a single quote or apostrophe.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -11406,19 +11878,20 @@ set of backslash escapes is available:
 <dd><p>vertical tab
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\<var class="var">nnn</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var class="var">nnn</var>
-(one to three digits)
+<dd><p>The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var class="var">nnn</var>
+(one to three digits).
 </p></dd>
 <dt><code class="code">\x<var class="var">HH</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var class="var">HH</var>
-(one or two hex digits)
+<dd><p>The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var class="var">HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits).
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
 <p>When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
 be used to indicate a macro definition.
 Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+in the macro body.
 Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
 including &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&quot;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">'</samp>&rsquo;.
 For example, the following binding will make &lsquo;<samp class="samp"><kbd class="kbd">C-x</kbd> \</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -11442,13 +11915,15 @@ Next: <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sample Init File</a>,
 <p>Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
 bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+of tests.
+There are four parser directives available.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">$if</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <code class="code">$if</code> construct allows bindings to be made based on the
 editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-Readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+Readline.
+The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
 extends to the end of the line;
 unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
 </p>
@@ -11465,11 +11940,13 @@ Readline is starting out in <code class="code">emacs</code> mode.
 <dt><code class="code">term</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <code class="code">term=</code> form may be used to include terminal-specific
 key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal&rsquo;s function keys.  The word on the right side of the
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo; is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
-the portion of the terminal name before the first &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.  This
-allows <code class="code">sun</code> to match both <code class="code">sun</code> and <code class="code">sun-cmd</code>,
-for instance.
+terminal&rsquo;s function keys.
+The word on the right side of the
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo;
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.
+This allows <code class="code">xterm</code> to match both <code class="code">xterm</code> and
+<code class="code">xterm-256color</code>, for instance.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">version</code></dt>
@@ -11481,8 +11958,9 @@ The set of comparison operators includes
 and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;</samp>&rsquo;.
 The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
 of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
-minor version (e.g., &lsquo;<samp class="samp">7.1</samp>&rsquo;). If the minor version is omitted, it
-is assumed to be &lsquo;<samp class="samp">0</samp>&rsquo;.
+minor version (e.g., &lsquo;<samp class="samp">7.1</samp>&rsquo;).
+If the minor version is omitted, it
+defaults to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">0</samp>&rsquo;.
 The operator may be separated from the string <code class="code">version</code> and
 from the version number argument by whitespace.
 The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used
@@ -11496,11 +11974,13 @@ $endif
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">application</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <var class="var">application</var> construct is used to include
-application-specific settings.  Each program using the Readline
+application-specific settings.
+Each program using the Readline
 library sets the <var class="var">application name</var>, and you can test for
 a particular value. 
 This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+a specific program.
+For instance, the following command adds a
 key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">$if Bash
@@ -11517,7 +11997,8 @@ The permitted comparison operators are &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo;
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values <var class="var">on</var> and <var class="var">off</var>.
 The following example is equivalent to the <code class="code">mode=emacs</code> test described
 above:
@@ -11529,20 +12010,20 @@ $endif
 </dd>
 </dl>
 
-</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">$endif</code></dt>
-<dd><p>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-<code class="code">$if</code> command.
-</p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">$else</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Commands in this branch of the <code class="code">$if</code> directive are executed if
 the test fails.
 </p>
 </dd>
+<dt><code class="code">$endif</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+<code class="code">$if</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
 <dt><code class="code">$include</code></dt>
 <dd><p>This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.
+and key bindings from that file.
 For example, the following directive reads from <samp class="file">/etc/inputrc</samp>:
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">$include /etc/inputrc
@@ -11686,6 +12167,11 @@ Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
 position, and <em class="dfn">mark</em> refers to a cursor position saved by the
 <code class="code">set-mark</code> command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <em class="dfn">region</em>.
+Readline has the concept of an <em class="emph">active region</em>:
+when the region is active, Readline redisplay uses the
+value of the <code class="code">active-region-start-color</code> variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 </p>
 <ul class="mini-toc">
 <li><a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="1">Commands For Moving</a></li>
@@ -11745,14 +12231,16 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">previous-screen-line ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
 greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">next-screen-line ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
 of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
 plus the screen width.
@@ -11814,14 +12302,16 @@ being entered.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"></a><span><code class="code">reverse-search-history (C-r)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;up&rsquo; through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
+the history as necessary.
+This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"></a><span><code class="code">forward-search-history (C-s)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;down&rsquo; through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
+the history as necessary.
+This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"></a><span><code class="code">non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11877,10 +12367,13 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
 the second word on the previous line) at point.
 With an argument <var class="var">n</var>,
 insert the <var class="var">n</var>th word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the <var class="var">n</var>th word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument <var class="var">n</var> is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!<var class="var">n</var></samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+in the previous command begin with word 0).
+A negative argument inserts the <var class="var">n</var>th word from the end of
+the previous command.
+Once the argument <var class="var">n</var> is computed,
+this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+<var class="var">n</var>th word, as if the
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">!<var class="var">n</var></samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a><span><code class="code">yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11891,10 +12384,12 @@ Successive calls to <code class="code">yank-last-arg</code> move back through th
 list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
 the first call) of each line in turn.
 Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-as if the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!$</samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+the direction to move through the history.
+A negative argument switches the direction through the history
+(back or forward).
+This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+last  word, as if the
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">!$</samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"></a><span><code class="code">operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11902,8 +12397,8 @@ as if the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!$</samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been
 newline had been entered,
 and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
 for editing.
-A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
-of the current line.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry
+to use instead of the current line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">fetch-history ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -11926,56 +12421,62 @@ Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Killing And Yanki
 <dl class="ftable">
 <dt><a id="index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"></a><span><code class="code"><i class="i">end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
-<code class="code">stty</code>.  If this character is read when there are no characters
+<code class="code">stty</code>.
+If this character is read when there are no characters
 on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
 interprets it as the end of input and returns <small class="sc">EOF</small>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"></a><span><code class="code">delete-char (C-d)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
+<dd><p>Delete the character at point.
+If this function is bound to the
 same character as the tty <small class="sc">EOF</small> character, as <kbd class="kbd">C-d</kbd>
 commonly is, see above for the effects.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"></a><span><code class="code">backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
-to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+<dd><p>Delete the character behind the cursor.
+A numeric argument means
+to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring,
+instead of deleting them.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">forward-backward-delete-char ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
 end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
-deleted.  By default, this is not bound to a key.
+deleted.
+By default, this is not bound to a key.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"></a><span><code class="code">quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert key sequences like <kbd class="kbd">C-q</kbd>, for example.
+<dd><p>Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.
+This is how to insert key sequences like <kbd class="kbd">C-q</kbd>, for example.
 </p>
 
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"></a><span><code class="code">self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Insert yourself.
+<dd><p>Insert the character typed.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">bracketed-paste-begin ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>This function is intended to be bound to the &quot;bracketed paste&quot; escape
 sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
 It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
-each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.  The characters
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
+The characters
 are inserted as if each one was bound to <code class="code">self-insert</code> instead of
 executing any editing commands.
 </p>
 <p>Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and the mark)
-to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an <em class="emph">active mark</em>: when the
-mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the terminal&rsquo;s standout mode to
-denote the region.
+to the inserted text.
+It sets the <em class="emph">active region</em>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"></a><span><code class="code">transpose-chars (C-t)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Drag the character before the cursor forward over
 the character at the cursor, moving the
-cursor forward as well.  If the insertion point
+cursor forward as well.
+If the insertion point
 is at the end of the line, then this
 transposes the last two characters of the line.
 Negative arguments have no effect.
@@ -11998,25 +12499,29 @@ Word boundaries are the same as <code class="code">shell-forward-word</code> and
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"></a><span><code class="code">upcase-word (M-u)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+<dd><p>Uppercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"></a><span><code class="code">downcase-word (M-l)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+<dd><p>Lowercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"></a><span><code class="code">capitalize-word (M-c)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+<dd><p>Capitalize the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">overwrite-mode ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
-switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
-argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
-<code class="code">emacs</code> mode; <code class="code">vi</code> mode does overwrite differently.
+<dd><p>Toggle overwrite mode.
+With an explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite mode.
+With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode.
+This command affects only <code class="code">emacs</code> mode;
+<code class="code">vi</code> mode does overwrite differently.
 Each call to <code class="code">readline()</code> starts in insert mode.
 </p>
 <p>In overwrite mode, characters bound to <code class="code">self-insert</code> replace
@@ -12041,15 +12546,15 @@ Next: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specifying Numeric A
 
 <dl class="ftable">
 <dt><a id="index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"></a><span><code class="code">kill-line (C-k)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+<dd><p>Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.
 With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
-beginning of the current line.
+beginning of the line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"></a><span><code class="code">backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
 With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
-end of the current line.
+end of the line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"></a><span><code class="code">unix-line-discard (C-u)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12084,18 +12589,19 @@ Word boundaries are the same as <code class="code">shell-backward-word</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"></a><span><code class="code">unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">unix-filename-rubout ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+as the word boundaries,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">delete-horizontal-space ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Delete all spaces and tabs around point.  By default, this is unbound.
+<dd><p>Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+By default, this is unbound.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">kill-region ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12105,7 +12611,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">copy-region-as-kill ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
-right away.  By default, this command is unbound.
+right away.
+By default, this command is unbound.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">copy-backward-word ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12125,7 +12632,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"></a><span><code class="code">yank-pop (M-y)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.
+You can only do this if
 the prior command is <code class="code">yank</code> or <code class="code">yank-pop</code>.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
@@ -12141,7 +12649,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letting Readli
 <dl class="ftable">
 <dt><a id="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd> starts a negative argument.
+argument.
+<kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd> starts a negative argument.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">universal-argument ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12173,11 +12682,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a>, P
 <dt><a id="index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"></a><span><code class="code">complete (<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
 The actual completion performed is application-specific.
-Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
-text begins with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;), username (if the text begins with
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">~</samp>&rsquo;), hostname (if the text begins with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none 
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+Bash attempts completion by first checking for any programmable
+completions for the command word (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>),
+otherwise treating the text as a
+variable (if the text begins with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;),
+username (if the text begins with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">~</samp>&rsquo;),
+hostname (if the text begins with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">@</samp>&rsquo;), or
+command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+If none  of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"></a><span><code class="code">possible-completions (M-?)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12189,20 +12701,21 @@ the environment variable <code class="env">COLUMNS</code>, or the screen width,
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"></a><span><code class="code">insert-completions (M-*)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
-been generated by <code class="code">possible-completions</code>.
+been generated by <code class="code">possible-completions</code>,
+separated by a space.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">menu-complete ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Similar to <code class="code">complete</code>, but replaces the word to be completed
 with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of <code class="code">menu-complete</code> steps through the list
+Repeatedly executing <code class="code">menu-complete</code> steps through the list
 of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+At the end of the list of completions,
+<code class="code">menu-complete</code> rings the bell
 (subject to the setting of <code class="code">bell-style</code>)
-and the original text is restored.
+and restores the original text.
 An argument of <var class="var">n</var> moves <var class="var">n</var> positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
+of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list.
 This command is intended to be bound to <kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>, but is unbound
 by default.
 </p>
@@ -12211,13 +12724,13 @@ by default.
 <dd><p>Identical to <code class="code">menu-complete</code>, but moves backward through the list
 of possible completions, as if <code class="code">menu-complete</code> had been given a
 negative argument.
+This command is unbound by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">delete-char-or-list ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
 end of the line (like <code class="code">delete-char</code>).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-<code class="code">possible-completions</code>.
+At the end of the line, it behaves identically to <code class="code">possible-completions</code>.
 This command is unbound by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -12262,7 +12775,8 @@ treating it as a hostname.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"></a><span><code class="code">complete-command (M-!)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+it as a command name.
+Command completion attempts to
 match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
 functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
 in that order.
@@ -12275,7 +12789,7 @@ treating it as a command name.
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"></a><span><code class="code">dynamic-complete-history (M-<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
-the text against lines from the history list for possible
+the text against history list entries for possible
 completion matches.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -12350,9 +12864,8 @@ The behavior is undefined if <var class="var">x</var> is already lower case.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"></a><span><code class="code">prefix-meta (<kbd class="key">ESC</kbd>)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards
-without a meta key.  Typing &lsquo;<samp class="samp"><kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> f</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to typing
-<kbd class="kbd">M-f</kbd>.
+<dd><p>Metafy the next character typed.
+Typing &lsquo;<samp class="samp"><kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> f</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to typing <kbd class="kbd">M-f</kbd>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"></a><span><code class="code">undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12360,8 +12873,9 @@ without a meta key.  Typing &lsquo;<samp class="samp"><kbd class="key">ESC</kbd>
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"></a><span><code class="code">revert-line (M-r)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the <code class="code">undo</code>
-command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+<dd><p>Undo all changes made to this line.
+This is like executing the <code class="code">undo</code>
+command enough times to get back to the initial state.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"></a><span><code class="code">tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12369,44 +12883,44 @@ command enough times to get back to the beginning.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"></a><span><code class="code">set-mark (C-@)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+<dd><p>Set the mark to the point.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"></a><span><code class="code">exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+<dd><p>Swap the point with the mark.
+Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
+then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">character-search (C-])</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+<dd><p>Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">character-search-backward (M-C-])</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
-of that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
-occurrences.
+<dd><p>Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">skip-csi-sequence ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to &quot;\e[&quot;, keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+defined for keys like Home and End.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+If this sequence is bound to &quot;\e[&quot;,
+keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
 unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC-[.
+stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"></a><span><code class="code">insert-comment (M-#)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Without a numeric argument, the value of the <code class="code">comment-begin</code>
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+<dd><p>Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the <code class="code">comment-begin</code>
+variable at the beginning of the current line.
 If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:  if
 the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of <code class="code">comment-begin</code>, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in <code class="code">comment-begin</code> are deleted from the beginning of
-the line.
+of <code class="code">comment-begin</code>, insert the value; otherwise delete
+the characters in <code class="code">comment-begin</code> from the beginning of the line.
 In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
 The default value of <code class="code">comment-begin</code> causes this command
 to make the current line a shell comment.
@@ -12415,24 +12929,39 @@ will be executed by the shell.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">dump-functions ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+<dd><p>Print all of the functions and their key bindings
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an <var class="var">inputrc</var> file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an <var class="var">inputrc</var> file.
+This command is unbound by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">dump-variables ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
-Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+<dd><p>Print all of the settable variables and their values
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an <var class="var">inputrc</var> file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an <var class="var">inputrc</var> file.
+This command is unbound by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">dump-macros ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+strings they output
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an <var class="var">inputrc</var> file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an <var class="var">inputrc</var> file.
+This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a id="index-execute_002dnamed_002dcommand-_0028M_002dx_0029"></a><span><code class="code">execute-named-command (M-x)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-execute_002dnamed_002dcommand-_0028M_002dx_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
+function to which it&rsquo;s bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+bound appeared in the input.
+If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
+argument to the function it executes.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-spell_002dcorrect_002dword-_0028C_002dx-s_0029"></a><span><code class="code">spell-correct-word (C-x s)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-spell_002dcorrect_002dword-_0028C_002dx-s_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
@@ -12442,29 +12971,25 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by <code class="code">shell-forward-w
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"></a><span><code class="code">glob-complete-word (M-g)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
+<dd><p>Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
 generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"></a><span><code class="code">glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
+<dd><p>Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; before
 pathname expansion.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"></a><span><code class="code">glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-<code class="code">glob-expand-word</code> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
+<dd><p>Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+<code class="code">glob-expand-word</code>, and redisplay the line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; before
 pathname expansion.
 </p>
 </dd>
-<dt><a id="index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"></a><span><code class="code">display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
-</p>
-</dd>
 <dt><a id="index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"></a><span><code class="code">shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><p>Expand the line by performing shell word expansions.  
 This performs alias and history expansion,
@@ -12503,16 +13028,12 @@ Bash attempts to invoke
 <code class="code">$VISUAL</code>, <code class="code">$EDITOR</code>, and <code class="code">emacs</code>
 as the editor, in that order.
 </p>
-
-
 </dd>
-<dt><a id="index-execute_002dnamed_002dcommand-_0028M_002dx_0029"></a><span><code class="code">execute-named-command (M-x)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-execute_002dnamed_002dcommand-_0028M_002dx_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
-function to which it&rsquo;s bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
-bound appeared in the input.
-If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
-argument to the function it executes.
+<dt><a id="index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"></a><span><code class="code">display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
 </p>
+
+
 </dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -12528,12 +13049,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable C
 
 <p>While the Readline library does not have a full set of <code class="code">vi</code>
 editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
-of the line.  The Readline <code class="code">vi</code> mode behaves as specified in
-the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard.
-</p>
-<p>In order to switch interactively between <code class="code">emacs</code> and <code class="code">vi</code>
-editing modes, use the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -o emacs</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -o vi</samp>&rsquo;
-commands (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+of the line.
+The Readline <code class="code">vi</code> mode behaves as specified in the
+<code class="code">sh</code> description in the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<p>You can use the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -o emacs</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">set -o vi</samp>&rsquo;
+commands (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>)
+to switch interactively between <code class="code">emacs</code> and <code class="code">vi</code>
+editing modes,
 The Readline default is <code class="code">emacs</code> mode.
 </p>
 <p>When you enter a line in <code class="code">vi</code> mode, you are already placed in
@@ -12553,48 +13076,49 @@ Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Progr
 <h3 class="section" id="Programmable-Completion-1"><span>8.6 Programmable Completion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Programmable-Completion-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-programmable-completion"></a>
 
-<p>When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a <var class="var">compspec</var>) has been defined
+<p>When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
+which a completion specification (a <em class="dfn">compspec</em>) has been defined
 using the <code class="code">complete</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>),
-the programmable completion facilities are invoked. 
+\fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities. 
 </p>
-<p>First, the command name is identified.
+<p>First, Bash identifies the command name.
 If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
 compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
 If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
-beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
-the <samp class="option">-E</samp> option to <code class="code">complete</code> is used.
-If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
-pathname is searched for first.
-If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
+beginning of an empty line), Bash uses any compspec defined with
+the <samp class="option">-E</samp> option to <code class="code">complete</code>.
+If the command word is a full pathname, Bash
+searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
+If there is no compspec for the full pathname, Bash attempts to
 find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
 If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
 the <samp class="option">-D</samp> option to <code class="code">complete</code> is used as the default.
 If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
 on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion 
+for the command word from any successful expansion.
 </p>
-<p>Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.
-If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a>) is performed.
+<p>If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
+described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a>).
+Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate
+the list of matching words.
 </p>
-<p>First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+<p>First, Bash performs the <var class="var">actions</var> specified by the compspec.
 Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
 returned.
 When the <samp class="option">-f</samp> or <samp class="option">-d</samp> option is used for filename or
-directory name completion, the shell variable <code class="env">FIGNORE</code> is
-used to filter the matches.
+directory name completion, Bash uses shell the variable <code class="env">FIGNORE</code>
+to filter the matches.
 See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code class="env">FIGNORE</code>.
 </p>
 <p>Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
 <samp class="option">-G</samp> option are generated next.
 The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
-The <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code> shell variable is not used to filter the matches,
-but the <code class="env">FIGNORE</code> shell variable is used.
+Bash uses the <code class="env">FIGNORE</code> 
+variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
+<code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code> shell variable.
 </p>
-<p>Next, the string specified as the argument to the <samp class="option">-W</samp> option
-is considered.
+<p>Next, completion considers
+the string specified as the argument to the <samp class="option">-W</samp> option.
 The string is first split using the characters in the <code class="env">IFS</code>
 special variable as delimiters.
 Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a
@@ -12607,23 +13131,26 @@ as described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansio
 The results are split using the rules described above
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
 The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
-completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+completed, and the matching words become possible completions.
 </p>
-<p>After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-specified with the <samp class="option">-F</samp> and <samp class="option">-C</samp> options is invoked.
+<p>After these matches have been generated,
+Bash executes any shell function or command
+any shell function or command
+specified with the <samp class="option">-F</samp> and <samp class="option">-C</samp> options.
 When the command or function is invoked, the <code class="env">COMP_LINE</code>,
 <code class="env">COMP_POINT</code>, <code class="env">COMP_KEY</code>, and <code class="env">COMP_TYPE</code> variables are
 assigned values as described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
 If a shell function is being invoked, the <code class="env">COMP_WORDS</code> and
 <code class="env">COMP_CWORD</code> variables are also set.
-When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the
-name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
-second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument
-($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
-line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+When the function or command is invoked,
+the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments
+are being completed,
+the second argument ($2) is the word being completed,
+and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being
+completed on the current command line.
+There is no filtering of the generated completions against the 
+word being completed;
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 </p>
 <p>Any function specified with <samp class="option">-F</samp> is invoked first.
 The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
@@ -12637,6 +13164,7 @@ in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
 It should print a list of completions, one per line, to
 the standard output.
 Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+These are added to the set of possible completions.
 </p>
 <p>After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
 specified with the <samp class="option">-X</samp> option is applied to the list.
@@ -12654,26 +13182,26 @@ of alphabetic characters.
 </p>
 <p>Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <samp class="option">-P</samp> and <samp class="option">-S</samp>
 options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
-returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
-completions.
+returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
 </p>
 <p>If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
 <samp class="option">-o dirnames</samp> option was supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. 
+compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion. 
 </p>
 <p>If the <samp class="option">-o plusdirs</samp> option was supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> when
-the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+the compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion
+and adds any  matches to the set of possible completions.
 </p>
 <p>By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
 the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
-The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default
-of filename completion is disabled.
+The default Bash completions and the Readline default
+of filename completion are disabled.
 If the <samp class="option">-o bashdefault</samp> option was supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> when
-the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted
-if the compspec generates no matches.
+the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
+Bash attempts its default completions.
 If the <samp class="option">-o default</samp> option was supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> when the
-compspec was defined, Readline&rsquo;s default completion will be performed
+compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
+Readline&rsquo;s default completion
 if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
 generate no matches.
 </p>
@@ -12683,17 +13211,19 @@ to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
 the value of the <var class="var">mark-directories</var> Readline variable, regardless
 of the setting of the <var class="var">mark-symlinked-directories</var> Readline variable.
 </p>
-<p>There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
-most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
-with <samp class="option">-D</samp>.  It&rsquo;s possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
-exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes
+<p>There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
+This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
+specified with <samp class="option">-D</samp>.
+It&rsquo;s possible for shell functions executed as completion functions
+to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124.
+If a shell function returns 124, and changes
 the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
 attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
 programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set of
-completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
-being loaded all at once.
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command.
+This allows a set of completions to be built dynamically as completion
+is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.
 </p>
 <p>For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
 file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
@@ -12751,7 +13281,7 @@ have useful values.
 completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
 with the same flags.
 If <var class="var">word</var> is specified, only those completions matching <var class="var">word</var>
-will be displayed.
+will be displayed or stored.
 </p>
 <p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
 matches were generated.
@@ -12766,14 +13296,15 @@ matches were generated.
 </pre></div>
 
 <p>Specify how arguments to each <var class="var">name</var> should be completed.
-If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied, or if no options or <var class="var">name</var>s
-are supplied, existing
-completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
-reused as input.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied, or if no options or <var class="var">name</var>s
+are supplied, print existing completion specifications
+in a way that allows them to be reused as input.
 The <samp class="option">-r</samp> option removes a completion specification for
 each <var class="var">name</var>, or, if no <var class="var">name</var>s are supplied, all
 completion specifications.
-The <samp class="option">-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+</p>
+<p>The <samp class="option">-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
 apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
 on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
 The <samp class="option">-E</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
@@ -12798,7 +13329,6 @@ The arguments to the <samp class="option">-G</samp>, <samp class="option">-W</sa
 should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
 <code class="code">complete</code> builtin is invoked.
 </p>
-
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-o <var class="var">comp-option</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>The <var class="var">comp-option</var> controls several aspects of the compspec&rsquo;s behavior
@@ -12821,8 +13351,8 @@ no matches.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">filenames</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
-filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+<dd><p>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform
+any filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names,
 quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
 This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified
 with <samp class="option">-F</samp>.
@@ -12848,11 +13378,10 @@ the end of the line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">plusdirs</code></dt>
-<dd><p>After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, 
-directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
-</p>
-</dd>
+<dd><p>After generating any matches defined by the compspec, 
+attempt directory name completion and add any
+matches to the results of the other actions.
+</p></dd>
 </dl>
 
 </dd>
@@ -12862,7 +13391,8 @@ completions:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">alias</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Alias names.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-a</samp>.
+<dd><p>Alias names.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-a</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">arrayvar</code></dt>
@@ -12874,15 +13404,18 @@ completions:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">builtin</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-b</samp>.
+<dd><p>Names of shell builtin commands.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-b</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">command</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Command names.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-c</samp>.
+<dd><p>Command names.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-c</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">directory</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Directory names.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-d</samp>.
+<dd><p>Directory names.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-d</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">disabled</code></dt>
@@ -12894,11 +13427,13 @@ completions:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">export</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-e</samp>.
+<dd><p>Names of exported shell variables.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-e</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">file</code></dt>
-<dd><p>File names.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-f</samp>.
+<dd><p>File names.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-f</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">function</code></dt>
@@ -12906,7 +13441,8 @@ completions:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">group</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Group names.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-g</samp>.
+<dd><p>Group names.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-g</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">helptopic</code></dt>
@@ -12919,11 +13455,13 @@ completions:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">job</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-j</samp>.
+<dd><p>Job names, if job control is active.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-j</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">keyword</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-k</samp>.
+<dd><p>Shell reserved words.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-k</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">running</code></dt>
@@ -12931,7 +13469,8 @@ completions:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">service</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Service names.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-s</samp>.
+<dd><p>Service names.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-s</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">setopt</code></dt>
@@ -12953,11 +13492,13 @@ completions:
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">user</code></dt>
-<dd><p>User names.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-u</samp>.
+<dd><p>User names.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-u</samp>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">variable</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as <samp class="option">-v</samp>.
+<dd><p>Names of all shell variables.
+May also be specified as <samp class="option">-v</samp>.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 
@@ -12971,35 +13512,43 @@ Arguments are passed as with the <samp class="option">-F</samp> option.
 <dt><code class="code">-F <var class="var">function</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>The shell function <var class="var">function</var> is executed in the current shell
 environment.
-When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are
-being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word
-preceding the word being completed, as described above
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
-When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+When it is executed,
+the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed,
+the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and
+the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed,
+as described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+When <code class="code">function</code> finishes,
+programmable completion retrieves
+the possible completions from the value
 of the <code class="env">COMPREPLY</code> array variable.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-G <var class="var">globpat</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>The filename expansion pattern <var class="var">globpat</var> is expanded to generate
+<dd><p>Expand the filename expansion pattern <var class="var">globpat</var> to generate
 the possible completions.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-P <var class="var">prefix</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p><var class="var">prefix</var> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+<dd><p>Add <var class="var">prefix</var> to the beginning of each possible completion
 after all other options have been applied.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-S <var class="var">suffix</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p><var class="var">suffix</var> is appended to each possible completion
+<dd><p>Append <var class="var">suffix</var> to each possible completion
 after all other options have been applied.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-W <var class="var">wordlist</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>The <var class="var">wordlist</var> is split using the characters in the
-<code class="env">IFS</code> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
-is expanded.
+<dd><p>Split the <var class="var">wordlist</var> using the characters in the
+<code class="env">IFS</code> special variable as delimiters, and expand
+each resulting word.
+Shell quoting is honored within <var class="var">wordlist</var>
+in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
+in the value of <code class="env">IFS</code>.
 The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
+match a prefix of the word being completed.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-X <var class="var">filterpat</var></code></dt>
@@ -13037,16 +13586,14 @@ If no <var class="var">option</var>s are given, display the completion options f
 <var class="var">name</var> or the current completion.
 The possible values of <var class="var">option</var> are those valid for the <code class="code">complete</code>
 builtin described above.
-The <samp class="option">-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
-on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The <samp class="option">-E</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted on a 
-blank line.
-The <samp class="option">-I</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a
-command delimiter such as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">|</samp>&rsquo;, which is usually command
-name completion.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp class="option">-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion;
+the <samp class="option">-E</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; and
+the <samp class="option">-I</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
+These are determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.
 </p>
 <p>If multiple options are supplied, the <samp class="option">-D</samp> option takes precedence
 over <samp class="option">-E</samp>, and both take precedence over <samp class="option">-I</samp>
@@ -13054,8 +13601,7 @@ over <samp class="option">-E</samp>, and both take precedence over <samp class="
 <p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
 is made to modify the options for a <var class="var">name</var> for which no completion
 specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-</p>
-</dd>
+</p></dd>
 </dl>
 
 <hr>
@@ -13073,8 +13619,10 @@ a shell function and bind it to a particular command using <code class="code">co
 </p>
 <p>The following function provides completions for the <code class="code">cd</code> builtin.
 It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
-used for completion.  This function uses the word passed as <code class="code">$2</code>
-to determine the directory name to complete.  You can also use the
+used for completion.
+This function uses the word passed as <code class="code">$2</code> to determine the
+directory name to complete.
+You can also use the
 <code class="code">COMP_WORDS</code> array variable; the current word is indexed by the
 <code class="code">COMP_CWORD</code> variable.
 </p>
@@ -13091,7 +13639,8 @@ a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs &ndash;
 <code class="code">compgen</code> prints the possible completions it generates one per line.
 </p>
 <p>Possible completions go into the <var class="var">COMPREPLY</var> array variable, one
-completion per array element.  The programmable completion system retrieves
+completion per array element.
+The programmable completion system retrieves
 the completions from there when the function returns.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
@@ -13164,7 +13713,7 @@ extend <code class="code">_comp_cd</code> to append a slash if we&rsquo;re using
 via <var class="var">CDPATH</var>: Readline can&rsquo;t tell those completions are directories).
 The <samp class="option">-o nospace</samp> option tells Readline to not append a space
 character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it.
-The <samp class="option">-o bashdefault</samp> option brings in the rest of the &quot;Bash default&quot;
+The <samp class="option">-o bashdefault</samp> option brings in the rest of the &ldquo;Bash default&rdquo;
 completions &ndash; possible completions that Bash adds to the default Readline
 set.
 These include things like command name completion, variable completion
@@ -13224,60 +13773,74 @@ is enabled (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>),
 the shell provides access to the <em class="dfn">command history</em>,
 the list of commands previously typed.
 The value of the <code class="env">HISTSIZE</code> shell variable is used as the
-number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last <code class="env">$HISTSIZE</code>
-commands (default 500) is saved.
+number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last <code class="env">$HISTSIZE</code>
+commands (default 500).
 The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
 parameter and variable expansion
 but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
 values of the shell variables
 <code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code> and <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>.
 </p>
-<p>When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
+<p>When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list
+by reading history entries from the
 file named by the <code class="env">HISTFILE</code> variable (default <samp class="file">~/.bash_history</samp>).
-The file named by the value of <code class="env">HISTFILE</code> is truncated, if
-necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by
-the value of the <code class="env">HISTFILESIZE</code> variable.
-When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
-<code class="env">$HISTSIZE</code> lines are copied from the history list to the file
+This is referred to as the <em class="dfn">history file</em>.
+The history file is truncated, if necessary,
+to contain no more than the number of history entries
+specified by the value of the <code class="env">HISTFILESIZE</code> variable.
+If <code class="env">HISTFILESIZE</code> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
+or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+</p>
+<p>When the history file is read,
+lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately
+by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
+These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the
+<code class="env">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> variable (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+When present, history timestamps delimit history entries, making
+multi-line entries possible.
+</p>
+<p>When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last
+<code class="env">$HISTSIZE</code> entries from the history list to the file
 named by <code class="env">$HISTFILE</code>.
 If the <code class="code">histappend</code> shell option is set (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>),
-the lines are appended to the history file,
-otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+Bash appends the entries to the history file,
+otherwise it overwrites the history file.
 If <code class="env">HISTFILE</code> is unset or null,
 or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
-After saving the history, the history file is truncated
-to contain no more than <code class="env">$HISTFILESIZE</code> lines.
-If <code class="env">HISTFILESIZE</code> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or
-a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
-</p>
-<p>If the <code class="env">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set, the time stamp information
-associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character.
-When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
-comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
-as timestamps for the following history entry.
-</p>
-<p>The <code class="code">fc</code> builtin command may be used to list or edit and re-execute
-a portion of the history list.
-The <code class="code">history</code> builtin may be used to display or modify the history
-list and manipulate the history file.
+After saving the history, Bash truncates the history file
+to contain no more than <code class="env">$HISTFILESIZE</code>
+lines as described above.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code class="env">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>
+variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp information
+associated with each history entry to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character,
+so timestamps are preserved across shell sessions.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with
+the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are
+interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
+As above, when using <code class="env">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>,
+the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
+</p>
+<p>The <code class="code">fc</code> builtin command will list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list.
+The <code class="code">history</code> builtin can display or
+modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
 When using command-line editing, search commands
 are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
-history list (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For Manipulating The History</a>).
+history list (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For Manipulating The History</a>). 
 </p>
-<p>The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
-list.
+<p>The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. 
 The <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code> and <code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>
-variables are used to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
-commands entered.
-The <code class="code">cmdhist</code>
-shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered.
+If the <code class="code">cmdhist</code> shell option is
+enabled, the shell attempts to save each
 line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
 semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
 The <code class="code">lithist</code>
-shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
-instead of semicolons.
+shell option modifies <code class="code">cmdhist</code> by saving
+the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons.
 The <code class="code">shopt</code> builtin is used to set these options.
 See <a class="xref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of <code class="code">shopt</code>.
 </p>
@@ -13301,9 +13864,9 @@ history list and history file.
 <code class="code">fc -s [<var class="var">pat</var>=<var class="var">rep</var>] [<var class="var">command</var>]</code>
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>The first form selects a range of commands from <var class="var">first</var> to
-<var class="var">last</var> from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
-them.
+<p>The first form selects a range of commands from
+<var class="var">first</var> to <var class="var">last</var>
+from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.
 Both <var class="var">first</var> and
 <var class="var">last</var> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
 command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
@@ -13316,26 +13879,44 @@ command);
 otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
 </p>
 <p>If <var class="var">last</var> is not specified, it is set to
-<var class="var">first</var>.  If <var class="var">first</var> is not specified, it is set to the previous
-command for editing and &minus;16 for listing.  If the <samp class="option">-l</samp> flag is
-given, the commands are listed on standard output.  The <samp class="option">-n</samp> flag
-suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The <samp class="option">-r</samp> flag
-reverses the order of the listing.  Otherwise, the editor given by
-<var class="var">ename</var> is invoked on a file containing those commands.  If
-<var class="var">ename</var> is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
-is used: <code class="code">${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}</code>.  This says to use the
+the current command for listing and to <var class="var">first</var> otherwise.
+If <var class="var">first</var> is not specified, it is set to the previous
+command for editing and &minus;16 for listing.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp class="option">-l</samp> flag is supplied,
+the commands are listed on standard output.
+The <samp class="option">-n</samp> flag suppresses the command numbers when listing.
+The <samp class="option">-r</samp> flag reverses the order of the listing.
+</p>
+<p>Otherwise, <code class="code">fc</code> invokes the editor named by
+<var class="var">ename</var> on a file containing those commands.
+If <var class="var">ename</var> is not supplied, <code class="code">fc</code> uses the value of the following
+variable expansion: <code class="code">${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}</code>.
+This says to use the
 value of the <code class="env">FCEDIT</code> variable if set, or the value of the
 <code class="env">EDITOR</code> variable if that is set, or <code class="code">vi</code> if neither is set.
-When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+When editing is complete, <code class="code">fc</code> reads the file of edited commands
+and echoes and executes them.
 </p>
-<p>In the second form, <var class="var">command</var> is re-executed after each instance
-of <var class="var">pat</var> in the selected command is replaced by <var class="var">rep</var>.
+<p>In the second form, <code class="code">fc</code> re-executes <var class="var">command</var> after
+replacing each instance of <var class="var">pat</var> in the selected command with <var class="var">rep</var>.
 <var class="var">command</var> is interpreted the same as <var class="var">first</var> above.
 </p>
 <p>A useful alias to use with the <code class="code">fc</code> command is <code class="code">r='fc -s'</code>, so
 that typing &lsquo;<samp class="samp">r cc</samp>&rsquo; runs the last command beginning with <code class="code">cc</code>
 and typing &lsquo;<samp class="samp">r</samp>&rsquo; re-executes the last command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
 </p>
+<p>If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an invalid
+option is encountered or <var class="var">first</var> or <var class="var">last</var>
+specify history lines out of range.
+When editing and re-executing a file of commands,
+the return value is the value of the last command executed
+or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file.
+If the second form is used, the return status
+is that of the re-executed command, unless
+<var class="var">command</var> does not specify a valid history entry, in which case
+<code class="code">fc</code> returns a non-zero status.
+</p>
 </dd>
 <dt><a id="index-history"></a><span><code class="code">history</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-history"> &para;</a></span></dt>
 <dd><div class="example">
@@ -13347,21 +13928,21 @@ history [-anrw] [<var class="var">filename</var>]
 history -ps <var class="var">arg</var>
 </pre></div>
 
-<p>With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
-Lines prefixed with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; have been modified.
-An argument of <var class="var">n</var> lists only the last <var class="var">n</var> lines.
+<p>With no options, display the history list with numbers.
+Entries prefixed with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; have been modified.
+An argument of <var class="var">n</var> lists only the last <var class="var">n</var> entries.
 If the shell variable <code class="env">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set and not null,
 it is used as a format string for <code class="code">strftime</code>(3) to display
 the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
-No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
-and the history line.
+If <code class="code">history</code> uses <code class="env">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>, it does not print an
+intervening space between the formatted time stamp and the history entry.
 </p>
 <p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">-c</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Clear the history list.  This may be combined
-with the other options to replace the history list completely.
+<dd><p>Clear the history list.
+This may be combined with the other options to replace the history list.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-d <var class="var">offset</var></code></dt>
@@ -13382,24 +13963,25 @@ are interpreted as described above.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-a</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Append the new history lines to the history file.
+<dd><p>Append the &quot;new&quot; history lines to the history file.
 These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
 Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-n</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Append the history lines not already read from the history file
-to the current history list.  These are lines appended to the history
+<dd><p>Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+and add them to the current history list.
+These are lines appended to the history
 file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-r</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Read the history file and append its contents to
-the history list.
+<dd><p>Read the history file and append its contents to the history list.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-w</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Write out the current history list to the history file.
+<dd><p>Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting
+the history file.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-p</code></dt>
@@ -13408,18 +13990,26 @@ on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">-s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The <var class="var">arg</var>s are added to the end of
-the history list as a single entry.
+<dd><p>Add the <var class="var">arg</var>s to the end of the history list as a single entry.
+The last command in the history list is removed before adding the <var class="var">arg</var>s.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 
 <p>If a <var class="var">filename</var> argument is supplied
-when any of the <samp class="option">-w</samp>, <samp class="option">-r</samp>, <samp class="option">-a</samp>, or <samp class="option">-n</samp> options
-is used, Bash uses <var class="var">filename</var> as the history file.
-If not, then the value of the <code class="env">HISTFILE</code> variable is used.
+with any of the <samp class="option">-w</samp>, <samp class="option">-r</samp>, <samp class="option">-a</samp>, or <samp class="option">-n</samp>
+options, Bash uses <var class="var">filename</var> as the history file.
+If not, it uses the value of the <code class="env">HISTFILE</code> variable.
 If <code class="env">HISTFILE</code> is unset or null, these options have no effect.
 </p>
+<p>If the <code class="env">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>
+variable is set, <code class="code">history</code> writes the time stamp information
+associated with each history entry to the history file,  
+marked with the history comment character as described above.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
+</p>
 <p>The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
 error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
 <var class="var">offset</var> or range is supplied as an argument to <samp class="option">-d</samp>, or the
@@ -13438,9 +14028,18 @@ Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History
 <h3 class="section" id="History-Expansion"><span>9.3 History Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#History-Expansion"> &para;</a></span></h3>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-history-expansion"></a>
 
-<p>The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
-to the history expansion provided by <code class="code">csh</code>.  This section
-describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
+<p>The shell
+provides a history expansion feature that is similar
+to the history expansion provided by <code class="code">csh</code>
+(also referred to as history substitution where appropriate).
+This section describes the syntax used to manipulate the
+history information.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells,
+and can be disabled using the <samp class="option">+H</samp> option to the <code class="code">set</code>
+builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default,
+but it can be enabled with <code class="code">set -H</code>.
 </p>
 <p>History expansions introduce words from the history list into
 the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
@@ -13449,19 +14048,22 @@ fix errors in previous commands quickly.
 </p>
 <p>History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
 is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed
-on each line individually.  Bash attempts to inform the history
+on each line individually.
+Bash attempts to inform the history
 expansion functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
 </p>
-<p>History expansion takes place in two parts.  The first is to determine
-which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
-The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
+<p>History expansion takes place in two parts.
+The first is to determine
+which entry from the history list should be used during substitution.
+The second is to select portions of that entry to include into the
 current one.
 </p>
-<p>The line selected from the history is called the <em class="dfn">event</em>,
-and the portions of that line that are acted upon are called <em class="dfn">words</em>.
-The line is broken into words in the same fashion
-that Bash does, so that several words
-surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
+<p>The entry selected from the history is called the <em class="dfn">event</em>,
+and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are <em class="dfn">words</em>.
+Various <em class="dfn">modifiers</em> are available to manipulate the selected words.
+The entry is split into words in the same fashion that Bash
+does when reading input,
+so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
 The <em class="dfn">event designator</em> selects the event, the optional
 <em class="dfn">word designator</em> selects words from the event, and
 various optional <em class="dfn">modifiers</em> are available to manipulate the
@@ -13485,29 +14087,36 @@ history expansion character, but the history expansion character is
 also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
 in a double-quoted string. 
 </p>
+<p>Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately
+following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted:
+space, tab, newline, carriage return, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo;,
+and the other shell metacharacters.
+</p>
 <p>There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
-<var class="var">quick substitution</var> character (default &lsquo;<samp class="samp">^</samp>&rsquo;)
+<var class="var">quick substitution</var> character
+(described above under <code class="code">histchars</code>)
 is the first character on the line.
 It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
 equivalent to <code class="code">!!</code>,
-and substitutes one string for another in that line.
+and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
 It is described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a>).
 This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history
 expansion character.
 </p>
 <p>Several shell options settable with the <code class="code">shopt</code>
-builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) may be used to tailor
-the behavior of history expansion.  If the
-<code class="code">histverify</code> shell option is enabled, and Readline
+builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+will modify history expansion behavior
+If the <code class="code">histverify</code> shell option is enabled, and Readline
 is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
 the shell parser.
 Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
 editing buffer for further modification.
 If Readline is being used, and the <code class="code">histreedit</code>
-shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
+shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion is
 reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
-The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to the <code class="code">history</code> builtin command
-may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to the <code class="code">history</code> builtin command
+shows what a history expansion will do before using it.
 The <samp class="option">-s</samp> option to the <code class="code">history</code> builtin may be used to
 add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing
 them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
@@ -13515,9 +14124,9 @@ This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
 </p>
 <p>The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
 history expansion mechanism with the <code class="code">histchars</code> variable,
-as explained above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).  The shell uses
-the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
-writing the history file.
+as explained above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+The shell uses the history comment character to mark history
+timestamps when writing the history file.
 </p>
 
 <ul class="mini-toc">
@@ -13534,13 +14143,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Designators</a>,
 <h4 class="subsection" id="Event-Designators-1"><span>9.3.1 Event Designators<a class="copiable-link" href="#Event-Designators-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-event-designators"></a>
 
-<p>An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
-history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.
+<p>An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
 The event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning
 with the history expansion character, and ending with the word designator
 if one is present, or the end of the word.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
 <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-history-events"></a>
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
@@ -13552,15 +14160,16 @@ or the rest of the shell metacharacters defined above
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">!<var class="var">n</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Refer to command line <var class="var">n</var>.
+<dd><p>Refer to history list entry <var class="var">n</var>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">!-<var class="var">n</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Refer to the command <var class="var">n</var> lines back.
+<dd><p>Refer to the history entry minus <var class="var">n</var>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">!!</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!-1</samp>&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>Refer to the previous entry.
+This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!-1</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">!<var class="var">string</var></code></dt>
@@ -13576,14 +14185,15 @@ containing <var class="var">string</var>.
 The trailing
 &lsquo;<samp class="samp">?</samp>&rsquo; may be omitted if the <var class="var">string</var> is followed immediately by
 a newline.
-If <var class="var">string</var> is missing, the string from the most recent search is used;
+If <var class="var">string</var> is missing, this uses
+the string from the most recent search;
 it is an error if there is no previous search string.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">^<var class="var">string1</var>^<var class="var">string2</var>^</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Quick Substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing <var class="var">string1</var>
-with <var class="var">string2</var>.  Equivalent to
-<code class="code">!!:s^<var class="var">string1</var>^<var class="var">string2</var>^</code>.
+<dd><p>Quick Substitution.
+Repeat the last command, replacing <var class="var">string1</var> with <var class="var">string2</var>.
+Equivalent to <code class="code">!!:s^<var class="var">string1</var>^<var class="var">string2</var>^</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">!#</code></dt>
@@ -13604,23 +14214,24 @@ Next: <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifiers</a>, Previous: <a
 <p>Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
 They are optional; if the word designator isn&rsquo;t supplied, the history
 expansion uses the entire event.
-A &lsquo;<samp class="samp">:</samp>&rsquo; separates the event specification from the word designator.  It
-may be omitted if the word designator begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">^</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;,
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">%</samp>&rsquo;.  Words are numbered from the beginning
-of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are
-inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
+A &lsquo;<samp class="samp">:</samp>&rsquo; separates the event specification from the word designator.
+It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">^</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">%</samp>&rsquo;.
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
+with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
+Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
 </p>
 <p>For example,
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">!!</code></dt>
-<dd><p>designates the preceding command.  When you type this, the preceding
-command is repeated in toto.
+<dd><p>designates the preceding command.
+When you type this, the preceding command is repeated in toto.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">!!:$</code></dt>
-<dd><p>designates the last argument of the preceding command.  This may be
-shortened to <code class="code">!$</code>.
+<dd><p>designates the last argument of the preceding command.
+This may be shortened to <code class="code">!$</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">!fi:2</code></dt>
@@ -13630,10 +14241,11 @@ the letters <code class="code">fi</code>.
 </dl>
 
 <p>Here are the word designators:
-</p> 
+</p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">0 (zero)</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The <code class="code">0</code>th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
+<dd><p>The <code class="code">0</code>th word.
+For the shell, and many other, applications, this is the command word.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><var class="var">n</var></code></dt>
@@ -13641,11 +14253,13 @@ the letters <code class="code">fi</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">^</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The first argument; that is, word 1.
+<dd><p>The first argument: word 1.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">$</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The last argument.
+<dd><p>The last word.
+This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">%</code></dt>
@@ -13661,13 +14275,14 @@ the line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">*</code></dt>
-<dd><p>All of the words, except the <code class="code">0</code>th.  This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">1-$</samp>&rsquo;.
+<dd><p>All of the words, except the <code class="code">0</code>th.
+This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">1-$</samp>&rsquo;.
 It is not an error to use &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; if there is just one word in the event;
-the empty string is returned in that case.
+it expands to the empty string in that case.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><var class="var">x</var>*</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp class="samp"><var class="var">x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo;
+<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp class="samp"><var class="var">x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code"><var class="var">x</var>-</code></dt>
@@ -13678,7 +14293,7 @@ If &lsquo;<samp class="samp">x</samp>&rsquo; is missing, it defaults to 0.
 </dl>
 
 <p>If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
-previous command is used as the event.
+previous command is used as the event, equivalent to <code class="code">!!</code>. 
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -13695,11 +14310,11 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">h</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+<dd><p>Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">r</code></dt>
@@ -13722,8 +14337,8 @@ the basename.
 <dt><code class="code">x</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Quote the substituted words as with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">q</samp>&rsquo;,
 but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
-The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">q</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">x</samp>&rsquo; modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one
-supplied is used.
+The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">q</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">x</samp>&rsquo; modifiers are mutually exclusive;
+expansion uses the last one supplied.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">s/<var class="var">old</var>/<var class="var">new</var>/</code></dt>
@@ -13731,9 +14346,9 @@ supplied is used.
 event line.
 Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;.
 The delimiter may be quoted in <var class="var">old</var> and <var class="var">new</var>
-with a single backslash.  If &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var class="var">new</var>,
-it is replaced by <var class="var">old</var>.  A single backslash will quote
-the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+with a single backslash.
+If &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var class="var">new</var>, it is replaced with <var class="var">old</var>.
+A single backslash will quote the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in <var class="var">old</var> and <var class="var">new</var>.
 If <var class="var">old</var> is null, it is set to the last <var class="var">old</var>
 substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
 the last <var class="var">string</var>
@@ -13750,8 +14365,9 @@ character on the input line.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">g</code></dt>
 <dt><code class="code">a</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
-conjunction with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">s</samp>&rsquo;, as in <code class="code">gs/<var class="var">old</var>/<var class="var">new</var>/</code>,
+<dd><p>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.
+This is used in conjunction with
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">s</samp>&rsquo;, as in <code class="code">gs/<var class="var">old</var>/<var class="var">new</var>/</code>,
 or with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -13774,11 +14390,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a>, Pre
 <h2 class="chapter" id="Installing-Bash-1"><span>10 Installing Bash<a class="copiable-link" href="#Installing-Bash-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
 
 <p>This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
-the various supported platforms.  The distribution supports the
+the various supported platforms.
+The distribution supports the
 <small class="sc">GNU</small> operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
 non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
-Other independent ports exist for
-<small class="sc">MS-DOS</small>, <small class="sc">OS/2</small>, and Windows platforms.
+Other independent ports exist for Windows platforms.
 </p>
 
 <ul class="mini-toc">
@@ -13809,10 +14425,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compilers and Op
 </p>
 <ol class="enumerate">
 <li> <code class="code">cd</code> to the directory containing the source code and type
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">./configure</samp>&rsquo; to configure Bash for your system.  If you&rsquo;re
-using <code class="code">csh</code> on an old version of System V, you might need to
-type &lsquo;<samp class="samp">sh ./configure</samp>&rsquo; instead to prevent <code class="code">csh</code> from trying
-to execute <code class="code">configure</code> itself.
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">./configure</samp>&rsquo; to configure Bash for your system.
+If you&rsquo;re using <code class="code">csh</code> on an old version of System V, you might
+need to type &lsquo;<samp class="samp">sh ./configure</samp>&rsquo; instead to prevent <code class="code">csh</code>
+from trying to execute <code class="code">configure</code> itself.
 
 <p>Running <code class="code">configure</code> takes some time.
 While running, it prints messages telling which features it is
@@ -13829,18 +14445,19 @@ files, some supplemental documentation, a number of example loadable
 builtin commands, and a set of header files for developing loadable
 builtins.
 You may need additional privileges to install <code class="code">bash</code> to your
-desired destination, so &lsquo;<samp class="samp">sudo make install</samp>&rsquo; might be required.
+desired destination, which may require &lsquo;<samp class="samp">sudo make install</samp>&rsquo;.
 More information about controlling the locations where <code class="code">bash</code> and
 other files are installed is below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Installation-Names">Installation Names</a>).
 
 </li></ol>
 
 <p>The <code class="code">configure</code> shell script attempts to guess correct
-values for various system-dependent variables used during
-compilation.  It uses those values to create a <samp class="file">Makefile</samp> in
+values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation.
+It uses those values to create a <samp class="file">Makefile</samp> in
 each directory of the package (the top directory, the
 <samp class="file">builtins</samp>, <samp class="file">doc</samp>, <samp class="file">po</samp>, and <samp class="file">support</samp> directories,
-each directory under <samp class="file">lib</samp>, and several others).  It also creates a
+each directory under <samp class="file">lib</samp>, and several others).
+It also creates a
 <samp class="file">config.h</samp> file containing system-dependent definitions. 
 Finally, it creates a shell script named <code class="code">config.status</code> that you
 can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
@@ -13862,7 +14479,8 @@ may remove or edit it.
 </p>
 <p>If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source
 directory &ndash; to build for multiple architectures, for example &ndash;
-just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands
+just use the full path to the configure script.
+The following commands
 will build Bash in a directory under <samp class="file">/usr/local/build</samp> from
 the source code in <samp class="file">/usr/local/src/bash-4.4</samp>:
 </p>
@@ -13890,7 +14508,8 @@ If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or
 newer.
 </p>
 <p>You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
-source code directory by typing &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make clean</samp>&rsquo;.  To also remove the
+source code directory by typing &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make clean</samp>&rsquo;.
+To also remove the
 files that <code class="code">configure</code> created (so you can compile Bash for
 a different kind of computer), type &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make distclean</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
@@ -13904,10 +14523,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="n" rel="next">C
 <h3 class="section" id="Compilers-and-Options-1"><span>10.2 Compilers and Options<a class="copiable-link" href="#Compilers-and-Options-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
 
 <p>Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
-that the <code class="code">configure</code> script does not know about.  You can
-give <code class="code">configure</code> initial values for variables by setting
-them in the environment.  Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
-can do that on the command line like this:
+that the <code class="code">configure</code> script does not know about.
+You can give <code class="code">configure</code> initial values for variables by setting
+them in the environment.
+Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line
+like this:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
@@ -13933,26 +14553,30 @@ Next: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation Names<
 
 <p>You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
 same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
-own directory.  To do this, you must use a version of <code class="code">make</code> that
+own directory.
+To do this, you must use a version of <code class="code">make</code> that
 supports the <code class="code">VPATH</code> variable, such as GNU <code class="code">make</code>.
 <code class="code">cd</code> to the
 directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
 the <code class="code">configure</code> script from the source directory
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a>).
 You may need to
-supply the <samp class="option">--srcdir=PATH</samp> argument to tell <code class="code">configure</code> where the
-source files are.  <code class="code">configure</code> automatically checks for the
+supply the <samp class="option">--srcdir=PATH</samp> argument to tell <code class="code">configure</code>
+where the source files are.
+<code class="code">configure</code> automatically checks for the
 source code in the directory that <code class="code">configure</code> is in and in &lsquo;..&rsquo;.
 </p>
 <p>If you have to use a <code class="code">make</code> that does not support the <code class="code">VPATH</code>
 variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
-time in the source code directory.  After you have installed
+time in the source code directory.
+After you have installed
 Bash for one architecture, use &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make distclean</samp>&rsquo; before
 reconfiguring for another architecture.
 </p>
 <p>Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
 <samp class="file">support/mkclone</samp> script to create a build tree which has
-symbolic links back to each file in the source directory.  Here&rsquo;s an
+symbolic links back to each file in the source directory.
+Here&rsquo;s an
 example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
 source directory <samp class="file">/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0</samp>:
 </p>
@@ -13998,9 +14622,10 @@ you can specify these variables as arguments to <code class="code">make</code>:
 </p>
 <p>If you want to see the files Bash will install and where it will install
 them without changing anything on your system, specify the variable
-<code class="env">DESTDIR</code> as an argument to <code class="code">make</code>. Its value should be the
-absolute directory path you&rsquo;d like to use as the root of your sample
-installation tree. For example,
+<code class="env">DESTDIR</code> as an argument to <code class="code">make</code>.
+Its value should be the absolute directory path you&rsquo;d like to use as the
+root of your sample installation tree.
+For example,
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example-preformatted">mkdir /fs1/bash-install
@@ -14028,9 +14653,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sharing Defaults</a>,
 
 <p>There may be some features <code class="code">configure</code> can not figure out
 automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host Bash
-will run on.  Usually <code class="code">configure</code> can figure that
+will run on.
+Usually <code class="code">configure</code> can figure that
 out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
-type, give it the <samp class="option">--host=TYPE</samp> option.  &lsquo;<samp class="samp">TYPE</samp>&rsquo; can
+type, give it the <samp class="option">--host=TYPE</samp> option.
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">TYPE</samp>&rsquo; can
 either be a short name for the system type, such as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">sun4</samp>&rsquo;,
 or a canonical name with three fields: &lsquo;<samp class="samp">CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM</samp>&rsquo;
 (e.g., &lsquo;<samp class="samp">i386-unknown-freebsd4.2</samp>&rsquo;).
@@ -14050,11 +14677,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Operation Controls<
 <p>If you want to set default values for <code class="code">configure</code> scripts to
 share, you can create a site shell script called
 <code class="code">config.site</code> that gives default values for variables like
-<code class="code">CC</code>, <code class="code">cache_file</code>, and <code class="code">prefix</code>.  <code class="code">configure</code>
+<code class="code">CC</code>, <code class="code">cache_file</code>, and <code class="code">prefix</code>.
+<code class="code">configure</code>
 looks for <samp class="file">PREFIX/share/config.site</samp> if it exists, then
-<samp class="file">PREFIX/etc/config.site</samp> if it exists.  Or, you can set the
+<samp class="file">PREFIX/etc/config.site</samp> if it exists.
+Or, you can set the
 <code class="code">CONFIG_SITE</code> environment variable to the location of the site
-script.  A warning: the Bash <code class="code">configure</code> looks for a site script,
+script.
+A warning: the Bash <code class="code">configure</code> looks for a site script,
 but not all <code class="code">configure</code> scripts do.
 </p>
 <hr>
@@ -14072,9 +14702,9 @@ operates.
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">--cache-file=<var class="var">file</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Use and save the results of the tests in
-<var class="var">file</var> instead of <samp class="file">./config.cache</samp>.  Set <var class="var">file</var> to
-<samp class="file">/dev/null</samp> to disable caching, for debugging
-<code class="code">configure</code>. 
+<var class="var">file</var> instead of <samp class="file">./config.cache</samp>.
+Set <var class="var">file</var> to <samp class="file">/dev/null</samp> to disable caching,
+for debugging <code class="code">configure</code>. 
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--help</code></dt>
@@ -14088,8 +14718,8 @@ operates.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--srcdir=<var class="var">dir</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Look for the Bash source code in directory <var class="var">dir</var>.  Usually
-<code class="code">configure</code> can determine that directory automatically.
+<dd><p>Look for the Bash source code in directory <var class="var">dir</var>.
+Usually <code class="code">configure</code> can determine that directory automatically.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--version</code></dt>
@@ -14099,7 +14729,8 @@ script, and exit.
 </dl>
 
 <p><code class="code">configure</code> also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
-options.  &lsquo;<samp class="samp">configure --help</samp>&rsquo; prints the complete list.
+options.
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">configure --help</samp>&rsquo; prints the complete list.
 </p>
 <hr>
 </div>
@@ -14113,13 +14744,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Operation Contr
 <p>The Bash <code class="code">configure</code> has a number of <samp class="option">--enable-<var class="var">feature</var></samp>
 options, where <var class="var">feature</var> indicates an optional part of Bash.
 There are also several <samp class="option">--with-<var class="var">package</var></samp> options,
-where <var class="var">package</var> is something like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bash-malloc</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">purify</samp>&rsquo;.
+where <var class="var">package</var> is something like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bash-malloc</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">afs</samp>&rsquo;.
 To turn off the default use of a package, use
-<samp class="option">--without-<var class="var">package</var></samp>.  To configure Bash without a feature
+<samp class="option">--without-<var class="var">package</var></samp>.
+To configure Bash without a feature
 that is enabled by default, use <samp class="option">--disable-<var class="var">feature</var></samp>.
 </p>
-<p>Here is a complete list of the <samp class="option">--enable-</samp> and
-<samp class="option">--with-</samp> options that the Bash <code class="code">configure</code> recognizes. 
+<p>Here is a complete list of the <samp class="option">--enable-</samp> and <samp class="option">--with-</samp>
+options that the Bash <code class="code">configure</code> recognizes. 
 </p>
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">--with-afs</code></dt>
@@ -14128,10 +14760,12 @@ that is enabled by default, use <samp class="option">--disable-<var class="var">
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--with-bash-malloc</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Use the Bash version of
-<code class="code">malloc</code> in the directory <samp class="file">lib/malloc</samp>.  This is not the same
-<code class="code">malloc</code> that appears in <small class="sc">GNU</small> libc, but an older version
-originally derived from the 4.2 <small class="sc">BSD</small> <code class="code">malloc</code>.  This <code class="code">malloc</code>
-is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+<code class="code">malloc</code> in the directory <samp class="file">lib/malloc</samp>.
+This is not the same
+<code class="code">malloc</code> that appears in <small class="sc">GNU</small> libc, but a custom version
+originally derived from the 4.2 <small class="sc">BSD</small> <code class="code">malloc</code>.
+This <code class="code">malloc</code> is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation,
+though it uses several techniques to minimize the waste.
 This option is enabled by default.
 The <samp class="file">NOTES</samp> file contains a list of systems for
 which this should be turned off, and <code class="code">configure</code> disables this
@@ -14139,9 +14773,9 @@ option automatically for a number of systems.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--with-curses</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library.  This should
-be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
-database.
+<dd><p>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library.
+<code class="code">configure</code> usually chooses this automatically, since most systems
+include the termcap functions in the curses library.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--with-gnu-malloc</code></dt>
@@ -14150,8 +14784,9 @@ database.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--with-installed-readline[=<var class="var">PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
-rather than the version in <samp class="file">lib/readline</samp>.  This works only with
-Readline 5.0 and later versions.  If <var class="var">PREFIX</var> is <code class="code">yes</code> or not
+rather than the version in <samp class="file">lib/readline</samp>.
+This works only with Readline 5.0 and later versions.
+If <var class="var">PREFIX</var> is <code class="code">yes</code> or not
 supplied, <code class="code">configure</code> uses the values of the make variables
 <code class="code">includedir</code> and <code class="code">libdir</code>, which are subdirectories of <code class="code">prefix</code>
 by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
@@ -14163,6 +14798,8 @@ a directory pathname and looks for
 the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory
 (include files in <var class="var">PREFIX</var>/<code class="code">include</code> and the library in
 <var class="var">PREFIX</var>/<code class="code">lib</code>).
+The Bash default is to link with a static library built in the
+<samp class="file">lib/readline</samp> subdirectory of the build directory.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--with-libintl-prefix[=<var class="var">PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
@@ -14172,11 +14809,12 @@ libintl library instead of the version in <samp class="file">lib/intl</samp>.
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--with-libiconv-prefix[=<var class="var">PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Define this to make Bash look for libiconv in <var class="var">PREFIX</var> instead of the
-standard system locations. There is no version included with Bash.
+standard system locations.
+The Bash distribution does not include this library.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-minimal-config</code></dt>
-<dd><p>This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
+<dd><p>This produces a shell with minimal features, closer to the historical
 Bourne shell.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
@@ -14187,7 +14825,8 @@ compiled, linked, and installed, rather than changing run-time features.
 <dl class="table">
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-largefile</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Enable support for <a class="url" href="http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html">large files</a> if the operating system requires special compiler options
-to build programs which can access large files.  This is enabled by
+to build programs which can access large files.
+This is enabled by
 default, if the operating system provides large file support.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -14250,6 +14889,13 @@ that behaves like the C language <code class="code">for</code> statement
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
 </p>
 </dd>
+<dt><code class="code">--enable-bash-source-fullpath-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <code class="code">bash_source_fullpath</code> shell option
+described above under <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
+This controls how filenames are assigned to the <code class="code">BASH_SOURCE</code>
+array variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-brace-expansion</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Include <code class="code">csh</code>-like brace expansion
 ( <code class="code">b{a,b}c</code> &rarr; <code class="code">bac bbc</code> ).
@@ -14258,7 +14904,8 @@ See <a class="ref" href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>, for a complete d
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-casemod-attributes</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Include support for case-modifying attributes in the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin
-and assignment statements.  Variables with the <code class="code">uppercase</code> attribute,
+and assignment statements.
+Variables with the <code class="code">uppercase</code> attribute,
 for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -14270,7 +14917,8 @@ for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
 <dd><p>Include support for recognizing <code class="code">time</code> as a reserved word and for
 displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following <code class="code">time</code>
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
-This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
+This allows timing pipelines, shell compound commands, shell builtins,
+and shell functions, which an external command cannot do easily.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-cond-command</code></dt>
@@ -14336,8 +14984,8 @@ above under <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-function-import</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
-instance of the shell from the environment.  This option is enabled by
-default.
+instance of the shell from the environment.
+This option is enabled by default.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-glob-asciiranges-default</code></dt>
@@ -14388,7 +15036,8 @@ If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-prompt-string-decoding</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
 in the <code class="env">$PS0</code>, <code class="env">$PS1</code>, <code class="env">$PS2</code>, and <code class="env">$PS4</code> prompt
-strings.  See <a class="ref" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
+strings.
+See <a class="ref" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
 string escape sequences.
 </p>
 </dd>
@@ -14398,19 +15047,21 @@ version of the Readline library (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editin
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-restricted</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Include support for a <em class="dfn">restricted shell</em>.  If this is enabled, Bash,
-when called as <code class="code">rbash</code>, enters a restricted mode.  See
-<a class="ref" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>, for a description of restricted mode.
+<dd><p>Include support for a <em class="dfn">restricted shell</em>.
+If this is enabled,
+Bash enters a restricted mode when called as <code class="code">rbash</code>.
+See <a class="ref" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>, for a description of restricted mode.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-select</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Include the <code class="code">select</code> compound command, which allows the generation of
+<dd><p>Include the <code class="code">select</code> compound command, which allows generation of
 simple menus (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code class="code">--enable-single-help-strings</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Store the text displayed by the <code class="code">help</code> builtin as a single string for
-each help topic.  This aids in translating the text to different languages.
+each help topic.
+This aids in translating the text to different languages.
 You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
 literals.
 </p>
@@ -14461,7 +15112,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next
 But first, you should
 make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
 version of Bash.
-The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+The latest released version of Bash is always available for FTP from
 <a class="uref" href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</a> and from
 <a class="uref" href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz">http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz</a>.
 </p>
@@ -14500,10 +15151,11 @@ Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Fre
 <p>Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
 variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. 
 Bash uses the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard as the specification of
-how these features are to be implemented.  There are some
+how these features are to be implemented and how they should behave.
+There are some
 differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
-section quickly details the differences of significance.  A
-number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
+section quickly details the differences of significance.
+A number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
 previous sections.
 This section uses the version of <code class="code">sh</code> included in SVR4.2 (the
 last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
@@ -14514,6 +15166,9 @@ differs from traditional <code class="code">sh</code> behavior (see <a class="px
 
 </li><li>Bash has multi-character invocation options (see <a class="pxref" href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
 
+</li><li>The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>);
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
 </li><li>Bash has command-line editing (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) and
 the <code class="code">bind</code> builtin.
 
@@ -14522,6 +15177,15 @@ the <code class="code">bind</code> builtin.
 <code class="code">complete</code>, <code class="code">compgen</code>, and <code class="code">compopt</code>, to
 manipulate it.
 
+</li><li>Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
+variables (<code class="code">PS0</code>, <code class="code">PS1</code>, <code class="code">PS2</code>, and <code class="code">PS4</code>)
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+
+</li><li>Bash expands and displays the <code class="code">PS0</code> prompt string variable.
+
+</li><li>Bash runs commands from the <code class="code">PROMPT_COMMAND</code> array variable before
+issuing each primary prompt.
+
 </li><li>Bash has command history (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>) and the
 <code class="code">history</code> and <code class="code">fc</code> builtins to manipulate it.
 The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
@@ -14530,31 +15194,38 @@ value of the <code class="code">HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> variable to display it.
 </li><li>Bash implements <code class="code">csh</code>-like history expansion
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
 
-</li><li>Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), and the
-appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
-Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+</li><li>Bash supports the <code class="code">$'&hellip;'</code> quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a>).
 
-</li><li>The <code class="code">$'&hellip;'</code> quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
-backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
-is supported (see <a class="pxref" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a>).
-
-</li><li>Bash supports the <code class="code">$&quot;&hellip;&quot;</code> quoting syntax to do
+</li><li>Bash supports the <code class="code">$&quot;&hellip;&quot;</code> quoting syntax and performs
 locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
-quotes.  The <samp class="option">-D</samp>, <samp class="option">--dump-strings</samp>, and <samp class="option">--dump-po-strings</samp>
+quotes.
+The <samp class="option">-D</samp>, <samp class="option">--dump-strings</samp>, and <samp class="option">--dump-po-strings</samp>
 invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Locale-Translation">Locale-Specific Translation</a>).
 
+</li><li>Bash includes brace expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>) and tilde
+expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li>Bash implements command aliases and the <code class="code">alias</code> and <code class="code">unalias</code>
+builtins (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+
 </li><li>Bash implements the <code class="code">!</code> keyword to negate the return value of
 a pipeline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
-Very useful when an <code class="code">if</code> statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+This is very useful when an <code class="code">if</code> statement needs to act only if a
+test fails.
 The Bash &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-o pipefail</samp>&rsquo; option to <code class="code">set</code> will cause a pipeline to
-return a failure status if any command fails.
+return a failure status if any command fails
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 
 </li><li>Bash has the <code class="code">time</code> reserved word and command timing (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
 The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
 <code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code> variable.
 
+</li><li>Bash provides coprocesses and the <code class="code">coproc</code> reserved word
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a>).
+
 </li><li>Bash implements the <code class="code">for (( <var class="var">expr1</var> ; <var class="var">expr2</var> ; <var class="var">expr3</var> ))</code>
 arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see <a class="pxref" href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
 
@@ -14566,25 +15237,33 @@ testing part of the shell grammar (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Const
 optional regular expression matching.
 
 </li><li>Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the <code class="code">case</code> and
-<code class="code">[[</code> constructs.
-
-</li><li>Bash includes brace expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>) and tilde
-expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+<code class="code">[[</code> constructs  (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
 
-</li><li>Bash implements command aliases and the <code class="code">alias</code> and <code class="code">unalias</code>
-builtins (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</li><li>Bash provides additional <code class="code">case</code> statement action list terminators:
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
 
-</li><li>Bash provides shell arithmetic, the <code class="code">((</code> compound command
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>),
+</li><li>Bash provides shell arithmetic,
+the <code class="code">((</code> compound command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>),
+the <code class="code">let</code> builtin,
 and arithmetic expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
 
+</li><li>Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
 </li><li>Variables present in the shell&rsquo;s initial environment are automatically
-exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does not normally do
+exported to child processes (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>).
+The Bourne shell does not normally do
 this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the <code class="code">export</code>
 command.
 
+</li><li>Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <code class="code">$9</code> using
+<code class="code">${<var class="var">num</var>}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
 </li><li>Bash supports the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">+=</samp>&rsquo; assignment operator, which appends to the value
-of the variable named on the left hand side.
+of the variable named on the left hand side
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>).
 
 </li><li>Bash includes the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> pattern removal &lsquo;<samp class="samp">%</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">%%</samp>&rsquo;
 and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">##</samp>&rsquo; expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
@@ -14612,11 +15291,9 @@ is available (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Param
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>) and implements the <code class="code">nameref</code>
 variable attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion.
 
-</li><li>Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <code class="code">$9</code> using
-<code class="code">${<var class="var">num</var>}</code>.
-
 </li><li>Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of the
-form <code class="code">${var@X}</code>, where &lsquo;<samp class="samp">X</samp>&rsquo; specifies the transformation.
+form <code class="code">${var@X}</code>, where &lsquo;<samp class="samp">X</samp>&rsquo; specifies the transformation
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
 
 </li><li>The <small class="sc">POSIX</small> <code class="code">$()</code> form of command substitution
 is implemented (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a>),
@@ -14624,8 +15301,9 @@ and preferred to the Bourne shell&rsquo;s <code class="code">``</code> (which
 is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
 
 </li><li>Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the enclosed
-command in the current shell execution environment
-(<code class="code">${ <var class="var">command</var>;}</code>).
+command in the current shell execution environment:
+<code class="code">${ <var class="var">command</var>;}</code> or <code class="code">${|<var class="var">command</var>;}</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a>).
 
 </li><li>Bash has process substitution (see <a class="pxref" href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>).
 
@@ -14639,16 +15317,21 @@ See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for details.
 </li><li>Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize shell
 behavior that the Bourne shell does not.
 Examples include <code class="env">RANDOM</code>, <code class="env">SRANDOM</code>, <code class="env">EPOCHSECONDS</code>,
-<code class="env">GLOBSORT</code>, <code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code>, <code class="env">BASHPID</code>, <code class="env">BASH_XTRACEFD</code>,
+<code class="env">EPOCHREALTIME</code>,
+<code class="env">TIMEFORMAT</code>, <code class="env">BASHPID</code>, <code class="env">BASH_XTRACEFD</code>,
 <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>, <code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>, and <code class="env">BASH_VERSION</code>.
 See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a complete list.
 
-</li><li>The <code class="env">IFS</code> variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+</li><li>Bash uses the <code class="code">GLOBSORT</code> shell variable to control how to sort
+the results of filename expansion (see <a class="pxref" href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li>Bash uses the <code class="env">IFS</code> variable to split only the results of expansion,
 not all words (see <a class="pxref" href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
 This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
 
 </li><li>The filename expansion bracket expression code uses &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">^</samp>&rsquo;
-to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
+to negate the set of characters between the brackets
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
 The Bourne shell uses only &lsquo;<samp class="samp">!</samp>&rsquo;.
 
 </li><li>Bash implements the full set of <small class="sc">POSIX</small> filename expansion operators,
@@ -14658,19 +15341,17 @@ collating symbols (see <a class="pxref" href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expa
 </li><li>Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <code class="code">extglob</code>
 shell option is enabled (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
 
+</li><li>The <code class="code">globstar</code> shell option extends filename expansion to recursively
+scan directories and subdirectories for matching filenames
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+
 </li><li>It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
 <code class="code">sh</code> does not separate the two name spaces.
 
 </li><li>Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-<code class="code">local</code> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+<code class="code">local</code> builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive functions
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 
-</li><li>Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
-builtins and functions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
-In <code class="code">sh</code>, all variable assignments 
-preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
-file system.
-
 </li><li>Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
 to input and output redirection operators (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
 
@@ -14688,6 +15369,11 @@ redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
 </li><li>Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
 used in redirection operators (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
 
+</li><li>Bash provides the {<var class="var">var</var>}&lt;<var class="var">word</var> capability to have the
+shell allocate file descriptors for redirections and assign them
+to <var class="var">var</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+This works with multiple redirection operators.
+
 </li><li>Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
 with the redirection operators (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
 
@@ -14695,22 +15381,56 @@ with the redirection operators (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirections">Redire
 files with output redirection (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 The &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&gt;|</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator may be used to override <code class="code">noclobber</code>.
 
-</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">cd</code> and <code class="code">pwd</code> builtins (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
-each take <samp class="option">-L</samp> and <samp class="option">-P</samp> options to switch between logical and
-physical modes.
+</li><li>Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
+In <code class="code">sh</code>, all variable assignments 
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+</li><li>Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+shell scripts:
+variables (<code class="code">BASH_ARGC</code>, <code class="code">BASH_ARGV</code>, <code class="code">BASH_LINENO</code>,
+<code class="code">BASH_SOURCE</code>),
+the <code class="code">DEBUG</code>, <code class="code">RETURN</code>, and <code class="code">ERR</code> traps,
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">declare -F</samp>&rsquo;,
+and
+the <code class="code">caller</code> builtin.
+
+</li><li>Bash implements a <code class="code">csh</code>-like directory stack, and provides the
+<code class="code">pushd</code>, <code class="code">popd</code>, and <code class="code">dirs</code> builtins to manipulate it
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+<code class="env">DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
 
 </li><li>Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
 access to that builtin&rsquo;s functionality within the function via the
 <code class="code">builtin</code> and <code class="code">command</code> builtins (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 
-</li><li>Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands from
-shared objects.
+</li><li>Bash includes the <code class="code">caller</code> builtin
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>), which displays the context of
+any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
+the <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">source</code> builtins).
+This supports the Bash debugger.
+
+</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">cd</code> and <code class="code">pwd</code> builtins (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+each take <samp class="option">-L</samp> and <samp class="option">-P</samp> options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
+
+</li><li>The <code class="code">command</code> builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions
+when performing command lookup (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 
-</li><li>The <code class="code">command</code> builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
+</li><li>Bash uses the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin to modify the full set of variable
+and function attributes, and to assign values to variables.
 
-</li><li>Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <code class="code">enable</code>
-builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
+</li><li>The <code class="code">disown</code> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or suppress sending
+<code class="code">SIGHUP</code> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+<code class="code">SIGHUP</code>.
+
+</li><li>The <code class="code">enable</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>) can enable or disable
+individual builtins
+and implements support for dynamically loading
+builtin commands from shared objects.
 
 </li><li>The Bash <code class="code">exec</code> builtin takes additional options that allow users
 to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
@@ -14720,16 +15440,8 @@ command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
 </li><li>Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
 using <code class="code">export -f</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
 
-</li><li>Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
-variables (<code class="code">PS0</code>, <code class="code">PS1</code>, <code class="code">PS2</code>, and <code class="code">PS4</code>).
-
-</li><li>Bash expands and displays the <code class="code">PS0</code> prompt string variable.
-
-</li><li>Bash runs commands from the <code class="code">PROMPT_COMMAND</code> array variable before
-issuing each primary prompt.
-
-</li><li>Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters 
-</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">export</code>, <code class="code">readonly</code>, and <code class="code">declare</code> builtins can
+</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">export</code> and <code class="code">readonly</code> builtins
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a> can
 take a <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to act on shell functions, a <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to
 display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
 used as shell input, a <samp class="option">-n</samp> option to remove various variable
@@ -14745,19 +15457,24 @@ searching the <code class="env">$PATH</code>, using &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ha
 facilities (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 
 </li><li>Bash includes the <code class="code">mapfile</code> builtin to quickly read the contents
-of a file into an indexed array variable.
+of a file into an indexed array variable (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 
 </li><li>The <code class="code">printf</code> builtin is available to display formatted output
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>),
+and has additional custom format specifiers and an option to assign
+the formatted output directly to a shell variable.
 
 </li><li>The Bash <code class="code">read</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>)
 will read a line ending in &lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo; with
 the <samp class="option">-r</samp> option, and will use the <code class="env">REPLY</code> variable as a
 default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
-The Bash <code class="code">read</code> builtin
-also accepts a prompt string with the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option and will use
+
+</li><li>The <code class="code">read</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>)
+accepts a prompt string with the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option and will use
 Readline to obtain the line when given the <samp class="option">-e</samp> or <samp class="option">-E</samp>
-options.
+options,
+with the ability to insert text into the line using the <samp class="option">-i</samp>
+option.
 The <code class="code">read</code> builtin also has additional options to control input:
 the <samp class="option">-s</samp> option will turn off echoing of input characters as
 they are read, the <samp class="option">-t</samp> option will allow <code class="code">read</code> to time out
@@ -14770,10 +15487,6 @@ until a particular character rather than newline.
 executed with the <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">source</code> builtins
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
 
-</li><li>Bash includes the <code class="code">shopt</code> builtin, for finer control of shell
-optional capabilities (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), and allows these options
-to be set and unset at shell invocation (see <a class="pxref" href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
-
 </li><li>Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the <code class="code">set</code>
 builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 
@@ -14781,20 +15494,14 @@ builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 simple commands when performing an execution trace
 (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
 
+</li><li>Bash includes the <code class="code">shopt</code> builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (see <a class="pxref" href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+
 </li><li>The <code class="code">test</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
 is slightly different, as it implements the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> algorithm,
 which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
 
-</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">wait</code> builtin has a <samp class="option">-n</samp> option to wait for the
-next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
-and the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to store information about a terminated
-child process in a shell variable.
-
-</li><li>Bash includes the <code class="code">caller</code> builtin, which displays the context of
-any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the <code class="code">.</code> or <code class="code">source</code> builtins).  This supports the Bash
-debugger.
-
 </li><li>The <code class="code">trap</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
 <code class="code">DEBUG</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <code class="code">EXIT</code>.
 Commands specified with a <code class="code">DEBUG</code> trap are executed before every
@@ -14827,29 +15534,20 @@ function has been given the <code class="code">trace</code> attribute or the
 </li><li>The Bash <code class="code">type</code> builtin is more extensive and gives more information
 about the names it finds (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 
-</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">umask</code> builtin permits a <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to cause
-the output to be displayed in the form of a <code class="code">umask</code> command
-that may be reused as input (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</li><li>The <code class="code">ulimit</code> builtin provides control over many more per-process
+resources (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
 
-</li><li>Bash implements a <code class="code">csh</code>-like directory stack, and provides the
-<code class="code">pushd</code>, <code class="code">popd</code>, and <code class="code">dirs</code> builtins to manipulate it
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
-Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
-<code class="env">DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
-
-</li><li>Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-strings when interactive (see <a class="pxref" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
-
-</li><li>The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>);
-the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">umask</code> builtin uses the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to display
+the output in the form of a <code class="code">umask</code> command
+that may be reused as input (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
 
-</li><li>The <code class="code">disown</code> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
-job table (see <a class="pxref" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or suppress the sending
-of <code class="code">SIGHUP</code> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
-<code class="code">SIGHUP</code>.
+</li><li>The Bash <code class="code">wait</code> builtin has a <samp class="option">-n</samp> option to wait for the
+next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
+and the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option to store information about a terminated
+child process in a shell variable.
 
-</li><li>Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
-shell scripts.
+</li><li>The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <code class="code">jsh</code>
+(it turns on job control).
 
 </li><li>The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
 (<code class="code">mldmode</code> and <code class="code">priv</code>) not present in Bash.
@@ -14865,7 +15563,6 @@ shell scripts.
 
 <p>More features unique to Bash may be found in <a class="ref" href="#Bash-Features">Bash Features</a>.
 </p>
-
 <ul class="mini-toc">
 <li><a href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell" accesskey="1">Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
 </ul>
@@ -14913,9 +15610,6 @@ with a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo;.
 a script only if one of the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> special builtins fails, and
 only for certain failures, as enumerated in the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard.
 
-</li><li>The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <code class="code">jsh</code>
-(it turns on job control).
-
 </li><li>If the <code class="code">lastpipe</code> option is enabled, and job control is not active,
 Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell execution
 environment.
@@ -15917,9 +16611,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Pre
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editing_002dmode"><code>editing-mode</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EMACS"><code>EMACS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"><code>emacs-mode-string</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion"><code>enable-active-region</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion-The"><code>enable-active-region The</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dmeta_002dkey"><code>enable-meta-key</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPOCHREALTIME"><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPOCHSECONDS"><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
@@ -15930,6 +16625,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Pre
 <tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-F">F</th></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FCEDIT"><code>FCEDIT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FIGNORE"><code>FIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-force_002dmeta_002dprefix"><code>force-meta-prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FUNCNAME"><code>FUNCNAME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FUNCNEST"><code>FUNCNEST</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
@@ -16467,6 +17163,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Function Index</a>,
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</th></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-stack">directory stack</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar_002dsingle-quote-quoting">dollar-single quote quoting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</th></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editing-command-lines">editing command lines</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>

diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info
index 2b0040a1d4e31e3c884b3c39912ecafafbc6b030..d12eae5c08074668e6a7c51bd88189fd4a004ff3 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.info
+++ b/doc/bashref.info
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from
 bashref.texi.
 
 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).
 
-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
 
    Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Bash Features
 *************
 
 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024).  The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).  The Bash home page is
 <http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
 
-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
 
    Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ expanded to create larger expressions.
    A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
 language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
 interface to the rich set of GNU utilities.  The programming language
-features allow these utilities to be combined.  Files containing
-commands can be created, and become commands themselves.  These new
+features allow these utilities to be combined.  Users can create files
+containing commands, and these become commands themselves.  These new
 commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
 ‘/bin’, allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
 automate their common tasks.
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ constructs, quoting, and functions.
    Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
 than to augment the programming language.  These interactive features
 include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases.
-Each of these features is described in this manual.
+This manual describes how Bash provides all of these features.
 
 \1f
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Definitions,  Next: Basic Shell Features,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Basic Shell Features,  Next: Shell Builtin Commands,
 
 Bash is an acronym for ‘Bourne-Again SHell’.  The Bourne shell is the
 traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.  All of the
-Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and the rules for
 evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
 'standard' Unix shell.
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the following:
 
   2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
      rules described in *note Quoting::.  These tokens are separated by
-     ‘metacharacters’.  Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+     ‘metacharacters’.  This step performs alias expansion (*note
      Aliases::).
 
   3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ follows:
      backspace
 ‘\e’
 ‘\E’
-     an escape character (not ANSI C)
+     An escape character (not in ANSI C).
 ‘\f’
      form feed
 ‘\n’
@@ -455,19 +455,19 @@ follows:
 ‘\?’
      question mark
 ‘\NNN’
-     the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
-     three octal digits)
+     The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
+     three octal digits).
 ‘\xHH’
-     the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
-     (one or two hex digits)
+     The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
+     (one or two hex digits).
 ‘\uHHHH’
-     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+     The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits).
 ‘\UHHHHHHHH’
-     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+     The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).
 ‘\cX’
-     a control-X character
+     A control-X character.
 
 The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
 present.
@@ -691,23 +691,24 @@ redirection of the standard error to the standard output is performed
 after any redirections specified by COMMAND1, consistent with that
 shorthand.
 
-   The reserved word ‘time’ causes timing statistics to be printed for
-the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently consist of
-elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
-command's execution.  The ‘-p’ option changes the output format to that
-specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
-Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a ‘-’.  The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is a
-format string that specifies how the timing information should be
+   If the reserved word ‘time’ precedes the pipeline, Bash prints timing
+statistics for the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently
+consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed
+by the command's execution.  The ‘-p’ option changes the output format
+to that specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash
+POSIX Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the
+next token begins with a ‘-’.  The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is
+a format string that specifies how the timing information should be
 displayed.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
-formats.  The use of ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of
+formats.  Providing ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of
 shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external ‘time’
 command cannot time these easily.
 
-   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), ‘time’ may
-be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the total
-user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.  The
-‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time information.
+   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), you can
+use ‘time’ by itself as a simple command.  In this case, the shell
+displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its
+children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time
+information.
 
    If a pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
 shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
@@ -1497,7 +1498,7 @@ if the ‘$((...))’ expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::).
 Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed.  Assignment
 statements may also appear as arguments to the ‘alias’, ‘declare’,
 ‘typeset’, ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘local’ builtin commands
-(“declaration” commands).  When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+(“declaration commands”).  When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
 these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
 the ‘command’ builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
 For example,
@@ -1710,7 +1711,8 @@ each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then
 appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
 
    Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded string
-are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.  For example,
+are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order.  For
+example,
      bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
      ade ace abe
 
@@ -2545,7 +2547,7 @@ characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
      Matches any single character.
 ‘[...]’
      Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
-     separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
+     separated by a hyphen denotes a “range expression”; any character
      that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
      current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches.  If
      the first character following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any
@@ -3009,51 +3011,51 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Command Execution Environment,  Next: Environment,  P
 The shell has an “execution environment”, which consists of the
 following:
 
-   • open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-     redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin
+   • Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+     redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin.
 
-   • the current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’,
-     or inherited by the shell at invocation
+   • The current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’,
+     or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 
-   • the file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the
-     shell's parent
+   • The file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the
+     shell's parent.
 
-   • current traps set by ‘trap’
+   • Current traps set by ‘trap’.
 
-   • shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’
-     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+   • Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’
+     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 
-   • shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
-     shell's parent in the environment
+   • Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+     shell's parent in the environment.
 
-   • options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
-     command-line arguments) or by ‘set’
+   • Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
+     command-line arguments) or by ‘set’.
 
-   • options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+   • Options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::).
 
-   • shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::)
+   • Shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::).
 
-   • various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
-     Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’
+   • Various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
+     Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’.
 
    When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
 executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
 consists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are
 inherited from the shell.
 
-   • the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
-     specified by redirections to the command
+   • The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+     specified by redirections to the command.
 
-   • the current working directory
+   • The current working directory.
 
-   • the file creation mode mask
+   • The file creation mode mask.
 
-   • shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+   • Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
      variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
-     (*note Environment::)
+     (*note Environment::).
 
-   • traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
-     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+   • Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 
    A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
 shell's execution environment.
@@ -3555,7 +3557,7 @@ standard.
      instead.
 
      ‘getopts’ can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
-     OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses SILENT error reporting.  In
+     OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses _silent_ error reporting.  In
      normal operation, ‘getopts’ prints diagnostic messages when it
      encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.  If the
      variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed,
@@ -3790,7 +3792,7 @@ standard.
      children.  The return status is zero.
 
 ‘trap’
-          trap [-Plp] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...]
+          trap [-lpP] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...]
 
      The ACTION is a command that is read and executed when the shell
      receives any of the signals SIGSPEC.  If ACTION is absent (and
@@ -4219,17 +4221,17 @@ standard.
      ‘\\’
           backslash
      ‘\0NNN’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
-          (zero to three octal digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (zero to three octal digits).
      ‘\xHH’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-          HH (one or two hex digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits).
      ‘\uHHHH’
-          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+          The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits).
      ‘\UHHHHHHHH’
-          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+          The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).
 
      ‘echo’ writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters
      unchanged.
@@ -4400,7 +4402,7 @@ standard.
           the ANSI-C quoting style (*note ANSI-C Quoting::) if any
           characters in the argument string require it, and backslash
           quoting otherwise.  If the format string uses the ‘printf’
-          ALTERNATE FORM, these two formats quote the argument string
+          _alternate form_, these two formats quote the argument string
           using single quotes.
 
      ‘%Q’
@@ -5054,11 +5056,14 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior.
      Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
      The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the ‘-o’
      option is used, those available with the ‘-o’ option to the ‘set’
-     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).  With no options, or
-     with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all settable options, with
-     an indication of whether or not each is set; if any OPTNAMEs are
-     supplied, the output is restricted to those options.  The ‘-p’
-     option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+     With no options, or with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all
+     settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
+     if any OPTNAMEs are supplied, the output is restricted to those
+     options.  The ‘-p’ option displays output in a form that may be
+     reused as input.
+
      Other options have the following meanings:
 
      ‘-s’
@@ -7505,14 +7510,14 @@ standard was published in 1992.  It was merged with the original IEEE
 1003.1 Working Group and is currently maintained by the Austin Group (a
 joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15).
 Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents
-that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from
+that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from
 1992) is now part of the current unified POSIX standard.
 
    The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
 interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from the
 command line or by other programs.  The standard is freely available on
 the web at
-<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html>.
+<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/contents.html>.
 
    Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined by
 the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume.  The shell command language has of
@@ -7536,7 +7541,7 @@ editing commands were left out due to objections.
 Although Bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell specification,
 there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the
 specification.  The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these
-areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely.
+areas so that it conforms more closely to the standard.
 
    Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing
 ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
@@ -7550,132 +7555,148 @@ startup files.
 
   1. Bash ensures that the ‘POSIXLY_CORRECT’ variable is set.
 
-  2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
-     re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location.  This is also available
-     with ‘shopt -s checkhash’.
-
-  3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
-     command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
-     from a ‘$PATH’ search.
+  2. Bash reads and executes the POSIX startup files (‘$ENV’) rather
+     than the normal Bash files (*note Bash Startup Files::.
 
-  4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-     exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
+  3. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
 
-  5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-     is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
-     ‘SIGTSTP’.
+  4. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
+     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
 
-  6. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
-     notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’
-     or newline.  Non-interactive shells print status messages after a
-     foreground job in a list completes.
+  5. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command
+     substitution.  The default (non-posix) mode generally defers it,
+     when enabled, until the command substitution is executed.  This
+     means that command substitution will not expand aliases that are
+     defined after the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g.,
+     as part of a function definition).
 
-  7. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
-     before printing the status of a background job that changes status
-     or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal.
-     Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
-     completes.
+  6. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command.
+     When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell
+     and its completed children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the
+     format of the timing information.
 
-  8. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
-     the user of their termination, whether that is via ‘wait’, ‘jobs’,
-     or interactive shell notification before prompting.
+  7. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next
+     token begins with a ‘-’.
 
-  9. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+  8. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
+     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
+     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
 
-  10. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
-     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
+  9. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+     in a redirection unless the shell is interactive.
 
-  11. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command
-     substitution.  The default mode generally defers it, when enabled,
-     until the command substitution is executed.  This means that
-     command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after
-     the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a
-     function definition).
+  10. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+     a redirection.
 
-  12. The POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of ‘!’ to the history number
-     and ‘!!’ to ‘!’ are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
-     on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of the setting of the
-     ‘promptvars’ option.
+  11. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s.  That is, they may not
+     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
+     name in a non-interactive shell is a fatal syntax error.
 
-  13. The POSIX startup files are executed (‘$ENV’) rather than the
-     normal Bash files.
+  12. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+     builtins.
 
-  14. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
+  13. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
      command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
 
-  15. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
-     value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’).
+  14. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+     the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters.
 
-  16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
-     word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+  15. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the
+     expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were
+     double-quoted.
 
-  17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
-     the redirection.
+  16. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it
+     appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a
+     here-document that undergoes expansion.  That means, for example,
+     that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it
+     and the backslash will be removed.
 
-  18. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s.  That is, they may not
-     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
-     name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+  17. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter.  The
+     exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the
+     exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while
+     evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that
+     command, but that does not happen until after all of the
+     assignments and redirections.
+
+  18. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+     the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+     Tilde Expansion::.
 
-  19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+  19. Command lookup finds POSIX special builtins before shell
+     functions, including output printed by the ‘type’ and ‘command’
      builtins.
 
   20. Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined
      before entering POSIX mode, the shell will not execute a function
      whose name contains one or more slashes.
 
-  21. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
-     command lookup, including output printed by the ‘type’ and
-     ‘command’ builtins.
+  21. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
+     re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location.  This is also available
+     with ‘shopt -s checkhash’.
 
-  22. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
-     does not print the ‘function’ keyword.
+  22. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into
+     the command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch)
+     result from a ‘$PATH’ search.
 
-  23. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
-     the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note
-     Tilde Expansion::.
+  23. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
+     job exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
 
-  24. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
-     used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
-     its completed children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the
-     format of the timing information.
+  24. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
+     job is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for
+     example, ‘SIGTSTP’.
 
-  25. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
-     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
-     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
-     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
-     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
+  25. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
+     notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’
+     or newline.  Non-interactive shells print status messages after a
+     foreground job in a list completes.
+
+  26. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
+     before printing the status of a background job that changes status
+     or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal.
+     Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+     completes.
+
+  27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
+     the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins.
 
-  26. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the
-     next token begins with a ‘-’.
+  28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
+     the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and
+     ‘$EDITOR’.
+
+  29. Prompt expansion enables the POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of
+     ‘!’ to the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’, and Bash performs
+     parameter expansion on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of
+     the setting of the ‘promptvars’ option.
 
-  27. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
+  30. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
+     value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’).
+
+  31. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
      double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled.
 
-  28. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+  32. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
+     does not print the ‘function’ keyword.
+
+  33. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+     expansion results in an invalid expression.
+
+  34. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+  35. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
      non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
      the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
      options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
      assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
 
-  29. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
-     error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
-     variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid
-     identifier, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
-
-  30. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
-     statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
-     unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
-     as well.  This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
-     further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
-     utility shall persist" behavior.
-
-  31. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+  36. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
      assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
      statements.  A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
      trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
 
-  32. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+  37. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
      assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
      special builtin, but not with any other simple command.  For any
      other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command,
@@ -7683,171 +7704,156 @@ startup files.
      perform any further processing of the command in which the error
      occurred").
 
-  33. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+  38. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
      iteration variable in a ‘for’ statement or the selection variable
      in a ‘select’ statement is a readonly variable or has an invalid
      name.
 
-  34. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
+  39. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
      found.
 
-  35. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
-     expansion results in an invalid expression.
-
-  36. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
-
-  37. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+  40. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
      read with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins, or in a string processed by
      the ‘eval’ builtin.
 
-  38. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
-     the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters.
+  41. Non-interactive shells exit if the ‘export’, ‘readonly’ or ‘unset’
+     builtin commands get an argument that is not a valid identifier,
+     and they are not operating on shell functions.  These errors force
+     an exit because these are special builtins.
 
-  39. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the
-     expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were
-     double-quoted.
-
-  40. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+  42. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
      the shell environment after the builtin completes.
 
-  41. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+  43. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
      assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
-     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
+     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, declaration commands
      lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
      by ‘command’.
 
-  42. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
-     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
-     whether the job is the current or previous job.
-
-  43. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
-     line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix.
-
-  44. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
-     prefix.
-
-  45. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
-     in the format required by POSIX.
-
-  46. If the ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands get an argument
-     that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
-     functions, they return an error.  This will cause a non-interactive
-     shell to exit because these are special builtins.
-
-  47. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
-     ‘SIG’.
-
-  48. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
-     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
-     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
-     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
-     use ‘-’ as the first argument.
-
-  49. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
-     are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
-     started, not just trapped signals.
-
-  50. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
-     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’.
-
-  51. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+  44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
      ‘inherit_errexit’ option, so subshells spawned to execute command
      substitutions inherit the value of the ‘-e’ option from the parent
      shell.  When the ‘inherit_errexit’ option is not enabled, Bash
      clears the ‘-e’ option in such subshells.
 
-  52. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
+  45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
      option, so numeric arguments to ‘shift’ that exceed the number of
      positional parameters will result in an error message.
 
-  53. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+  46. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+     ‘interactive_comments’ option (*note Comments::).
+
+  47. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
+     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’.
+
+  48. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
      display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the ‘-p’ option is
      supplied.
 
-  54. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
-     display shell function names and definitions.
-
-  55. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
-     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
-     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+  49. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
+     whether the job is the current or previous job.
 
-  56. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
+  50. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
      constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an
      argument does not refer to an existing directory, ‘cd’ will fail
      instead of falling back to physical mode.
 
-  57. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
+  51. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
      of the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name
      supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’
      will attempt to use the supplied directory name.
 
-  58. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
-     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
-     system with the ‘-P’ option.
+  52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+     interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options.  ‘echo’ displays each
+     argument after converting escape sequences.
 
-  59. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
+  53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
+     in the format required by POSIX.
+
+  54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
      indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
 
-  60. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
+  55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
 
-  61. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
+  56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
 
-  62. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
+  57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
      an error message and returns failure.
 
-  63. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
-     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
-     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
-
-  64. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
-     the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and
-     ‘$EDITOR’.
+  58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
+     line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix.
 
-  65. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
-     interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options.  Each argument is
-     displayed, after escape characters are converted.
+  59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
+     prefix.
 
-  66. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
-     and ‘-f’ options.
+  60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
+     arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
+     instead of ‘long double’ if it's available.  The ‘L’ length
+     modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
 
-  67. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
-     interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
-     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+  61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
+     system with the ‘-P’ option.
 
-  68. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+  62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
      has been set.  If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
      ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status
      greater than 128.
 
-  69. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
-     arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
-     instead of ‘long double’ if it's available.  The ‘L’ length
-     modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
-
-  70. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
-     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it.
+  63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+     display shell function names and definitions.
 
-  71. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it
-     appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a
-     here-document that undergoes expansion.  That means, for example,
-     that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it
-     and the backslash will be removed.
+  64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
+     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
 
-  72. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
-     processing the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
+  65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
+     evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
 
-  73. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
+  66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
      Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain
      cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards
      compatibility.
 
-  74. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter.  The
-     exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the
-     exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while
-     evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that
-     command, but that does not happen until after all of the
-     assignments and redirections.
+  67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
+     ‘SIG’.
+
+  68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
+     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
+     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+     use ‘-’ as the first argument.
+
+  69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
+     are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
+     started, not just trapped signals.
+
+  70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
+     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
+
+  71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
+     and ‘-f’ options.
+
+  72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
+     error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
+     variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+
+  73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
+     statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
+     unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
+     as well.  This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
+     further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
+     utility shall persist" behavior.
+
+  74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
+     interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+  75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it.
 
    There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
 even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
@@ -7856,11 +7862,7 @@ even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
      entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
      ‘ed’.  ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset.
 
-  2. A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment
-     preceding the ‘command’ builtin or another non-special builtin
-     fails.
-
-  3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
+  2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
      for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant.
 
    Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
@@ -8322,7 +8324,7 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
 shell, unless the ‘--noediting’ option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the ‘-e’ option to the ‘read’
 builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::).  By default, the line editing
-commands are similar to those of Emacs.  A vi-style line editing
+commands are similar to those of Emacs; a vi-style line editing
 interface is also available.  Line editing can be enabled at any time
 using the ‘-o emacs’ or ‘-o vi’ options to the ‘set’ builtin command
 (*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the ‘+o emacs’ or ‘+o vi’
@@ -8366,9 +8368,9 @@ configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other
 modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters.
 
    On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters
-with the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the ‘enable-meta-key’
+with the eighth bit (0200) set.  You can use the ‘enable-meta-key’
 variable to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows
-it).  On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the
+it.  On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the
 metafied key to a key sequence beginning with <ESC> as described in the
 next paragraph.
 
@@ -8379,13 +8381,18 @@ prefix”).
 
    Either process is known as “metafying” the <k> key.
 
+   If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the <ESC> meta prefix,
+you can make ‘M-key’ key bindings you specify (see ‘Key Bindings’ in
+*note Readline Init File Syntax::) do the same thing by setting the
+‘force-meta-prefix’ variable.
+
    The text ‘M-C-k’ is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
 character produced by metafying ‘C-k’.
 
    In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically, <DEL>,
 <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
 in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).  If your
-keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
+keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will output the appropriate
 character.  The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
 keyboards.
 
@@ -8434,8 +8441,8 @@ Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with ‘C-f’.
 characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
 the text that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind
 the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
-fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of
-the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  These are
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line:
 
 ‘C-b’
      Move back one character.
@@ -8451,10 +8458,10 @@ Printing characters
      Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
      empty line.
 
-(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key might be set to
+Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key might be set to
 delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to
 delete the character underneath the cursor, like ‘C-d’, rather than the
-character to the left of the cursor.)
+character to the left of the cursor.
 
 \1f
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing Commands,  Prev: Readline Bare Essentials,  Up: Readline Interaction
@@ -8464,8 +8471,8 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing C
 
 The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
 order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many other
-commands have been added in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and <DEL>.
-Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+commands are available in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and <DEL>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly within the line.
 
 ‘C-a’
      Move to the start of the line.
@@ -8524,7 +8531,8 @@ available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
      than ‘M-<DEL>’ because the word boundaries differ.
 
    Here is how to “yank” the text back into the line.  Yanking means to
-copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer into the line at
+the current cursor position.
 
 ‘C-y’
      Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
@@ -8570,15 +8578,15 @@ string.  There are two search modes: “incremental” and
 search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,
 Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
 typed so far.  An incremental search requires only as many characters as
-needed to find the desired history entry.  To search backward in the
-history for a particular string, type ‘C-r’.  Typing ‘C-s’ searches
-forward through the history.  The characters present in the value of the
-‘isearch-terminators’ variable are used to terminate an incremental
-search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
-‘C-J’ characters will terminate an incremental search.  ‘C-g’ will abort
-an incremental search and restore the original line.  When the search is
-terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
-current line.
+needed to find the desired history entry.  When using emacs editing
+mode, type ‘C-r’ to search backward in the history for a particular
+string.  Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history.  The
+characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable
+are used to terminate an incremental search.  If that variable has not
+been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an
+incremental search.  ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore
+the original line.  When the search is terminated, the history entry
+containing the search string becomes the current line.
 
    To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
 ‘C-s’ as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
@@ -8594,8 +8602,8 @@ are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
 string, Readline uses any remembered search string.
 
    Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
-starting to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
-typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+starting to search for matching history entries.  The search string may
+be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 
 \1f
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Init File,  Next: Bindable Readline Commands,  Prev: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -8609,13 +8617,12 @@ keybindings.  Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
 putting commands in an “inputrc” file, conventionally in their home
 directory.  The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
 variable ‘INPUTRC’.  If that variable is unset, the default is
-‘~/.inputrc’.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
-ultimate default is ‘/etc/inputrc’.  The ‘bind’ builtin command can also
-be used to set Readline keybindings and variables.  *Note Bash
-Builtins::.
+‘~/.inputrc’.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline
+looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’.  The ‘bind’ builtin command can also be used
+to set Readline keybindings and variables.  *Note Bash Builtins::.
 
-   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
-file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
+reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
 
    In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
 incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
@@ -8623,9 +8630,7 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
 * Menu:
 
 * Readline Init File Syntax::  Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
-
 * Conditional Init Constructs::        Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
-
 * Sample Init File::           An example inputrc file.
 
 \1f
@@ -8728,9 +8733,8 @@ Variable Settings
           environment variable.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘comment-begin’
-          The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
-          ‘insert-comment’ command is executed.  The default value is
-          ‘"#"’.
+          The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the
+          ‘insert-comment’ command.  The default value is ‘"#"’.
 
      ‘completion-display-width’
           The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
@@ -8751,33 +8755,33 @@ Variable Settings
           and completion.  The default value is ‘off’.
 
      ‘completion-prefix-display-length’
-          The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
-          possible completions that is displayed without modification.
-          When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
-          than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
-          possible completions.
+          The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a
+          list of possible completions that is displayed without
+          modification.  When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+          replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an
+          ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 
      ‘completion-query-items’
           The number of possible completions that determines when the
           user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
           displayed.  If the number of possible completions is greater
           than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
-          the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply
-          listed.  This variable must be set to an integer value greater
-          than or equal to zero.  A zero value means Readline should
-          never ask; negative values are treated as zero.  The default
-          limit is ‘100’.
+          the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists
+          the completions.  This variable must be set to an integer
+          value greater than or equal to zero.  A zero value means
+          Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as
+          zero.  The default limit is ‘100’.
 
      ‘convert-meta’
-          If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads with
-          the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
-          eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
-          to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is ‘on’,
-          but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that
+          have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing
+          the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting
+          them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is
+          ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
           characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth
           bit set.  This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale
-          category, and may change if the locale is changed.  This
-          variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
+          category, and may change if the locale changes.  This variable
+          also affects key bindings; see the description of
           ‘force-meta-prefix’ below.
 
      ‘disable-completion’
@@ -8791,33 +8795,33 @@ Variable Settings
           signal generated from the keyboard.  The default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘editing-mode’
-          The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls which default set of key
-          bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
-          editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
-          This variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.
+          The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls the default set of key
+          bindings.  By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing
+          mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.  This
+          variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.
 
      ‘emacs-mode-string’
           If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is
           expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
-          control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
-          Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of
+          control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+          The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of
           non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal
           control sequence into the mode string.  The default is ‘@’.
 
      ‘enable-active-region’
-          The “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers
-          to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::).  The
-          text between the point and mark is referred to as the
-          “region”.  When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows
-          certain commands to designate the region as “active”.  When
-          the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the
-          region using the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’,
-          which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's
-          standout mode.  The active region shows the text inserted by
-          bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and
-          non-incremental history searches.  The default is ‘On’.
+          “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers to a
+          saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::).  The text
+          between the point and mark is referred to as the “region”.
+          When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows certain
+          commands to designate the region as “active”.  When the region
+          is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using
+          the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’, which defaults
+          to the string that enables the terminal's standout mode.  The
+          active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and
+          any matching text found by incremental and non-incremental
+          history searches.  The default is ‘On’.
 
      ‘enable-bracketed-paste’
           When set to ‘On’, Readline configures the terminal to insert
@@ -8844,7 +8848,7 @@ Variable Settings
           default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘expand-tilde’
-          If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it
           attempts word completion.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘force-meta-prefix’
@@ -8871,29 +8875,29 @@ Variable Settings
           list.  If set to zero, any existing history entries are
           deleted and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less
           than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.  By
-          default, the number of history entries is not limited.  If an
-          attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
-          the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+          default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries
+          to the value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell variable.  If you try to
+          set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of
+          history entries will be set to 500.
 
      ‘horizontal-scroll-mode’
-          This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’.  Setting it
-          to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will
-          scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
-          longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
-          a new screen line.  This variable is automatically set to ‘on’
-          for terminals of height 1.  By default, this variable is set
-          to ‘off’.
+          Setting this variable to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines
+          being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line
+          when the lines are longer than the width of the screen,
+          instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.  This variable is
+          automatically set to ‘on’ for terminals of height 1.  By
+          default, this variable is set to ‘off’.
 
      ‘input-meta’
-          If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
-          not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
+          it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
           regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
           default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
           the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
-          bytes with the eighth bit set.  The name ‘meta-flag’ is a
-          synonym for this variable.  This variable is dependent on the
-          ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if the locale is
-          changed.
+          bytes with the eighth bit set.  This variable is dependent on
+          the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
+          the locale changes.  The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
+          ‘input-meta’.
 
      ‘isearch-terminators’
           The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
@@ -8909,18 +8913,18 @@ Variable Settings
           ‘vi-command’, and ‘vi-insert’.  ‘vi’ is equivalent to
           ‘vi-command’ (‘vi-move’ is also a synonym); ‘emacs’ is
           equivalent to ‘emacs-standard’.  Applications may add
-          additional names.  The default value is ‘emacs’.  The value of
+          additional names.  The default value is ‘emacs’; the value of
           the ‘editing-mode’ variable also affects the default keymap.
 
      ‘keyseq-timeout’
           Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
           reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
           complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
-          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If no
-          input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
-          shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this value
-          to determine whether or not input is available on the current
-          input source (‘rl_instream’ by default).  The value is
+          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If
+          Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will
+          use the shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this
+          value to determine whether or not input is available on the
+          current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default).  The value is
           specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
           Readline will wait one second for additional input.  If this
           variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
@@ -8933,14 +8937,14 @@ Variable Settings
           appended.  The default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘mark-modified-lines’
-          This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an
+          When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an
           asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
           modified.  This variable is ‘off’ by default.
 
      ‘mark-symlinked-directories’
           If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links to
-          directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-          ‘mark-directories’).  The default is ‘off’.
+          directories have a slash appended, subject to the value of
+          ‘mark-directories’.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘match-hidden-files’
           This variable, when set to ‘on’, forces Readline to match
@@ -8960,8 +8964,8 @@ Variable Settings
           sequence.  The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
           ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may
           include bytes with the eighth bit set.  This variable is
-          dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if
-          the locale is changed.
+          dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may
+          change if the locale changes.
 
      ‘page-completions’
           If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
@@ -8978,7 +8982,7 @@ Variable Settings
 
      ‘revert-all-at-newline’
           If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history
-          lines before returning when ‘accept-line’ is executed.  By
+          lines before returning when executing ‘accept-line’.  By
           default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
           undo lists across calls to ‘readline()’.  The default is
           ‘off’.
@@ -9013,22 +9017,22 @@ Variable Settings
           If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior
           when inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active
           when performing completion in the middle of a word.  If
-          enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the
+          enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
           completion that match characters after point in the word being
           completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
           not duplicated.  For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
-          completion when the cursor is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will
-          result in ‘Makefile’ rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming
-          there is a single possible completion.  The default value is
-          ‘off’.
+          completion when the cursor is after the first ‘e’ in
+          ‘Makefile’ will result in ‘Makefile’ rather than
+          ‘Makefilefile’, assuming there is a single possible
+          completion.  The default value is ‘off’.
 
      ‘vi-cmd-mode-string’
           If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
           The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
-          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
-          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
+          of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end
           sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
           embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
           default is ‘(cmd)’.
@@ -9038,8 +9042,8 @@ Variable Settings
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
           The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
-          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
-          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
+          of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end
           sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
           embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
           default is ‘(ins)’.
@@ -9064,7 +9068,9 @@ Key Bindings
      different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
 
      In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a
-     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).  The
+     difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+     enclosed in single or double quotes.
 
      The ‘bind -p’ command displays Readline function names and bindings
      in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file.
@@ -9083,16 +9089,16 @@ Key Bindings
           expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
           ‘> output’ into the line).
 
-          A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
-          processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
-          NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
+          This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic
+          character names: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN,
+          RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
 
      "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
           KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
           entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
           sequence in double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
-          can be used, as in the following example, but the special
-          character names are not recognized.
+          can be used, as in the following example, but none of the
+          special character names are recognized.
 
                "\C-u": universal-argument
                "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
@@ -9108,20 +9114,20 @@ Key Bindings
      specifying key sequences:
 
      ‘\C-’
-          control prefix
+          A control prefix.
      ‘\M-’
-          adding the meta prefix or converting the following character
+          Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character
           to a meta character, as described above under
           ‘force-meta-prefix’ (see ‘Variable Settings’ in *note Readline
           Init File Syntax::).
      ‘\e’
-          an escape character
+          An escape character.
      ‘\\’
-          backslash
+          Backslash.
      ‘\"’
-          <">, a double quotation mark
+          <">, a double quotation mark.
      ‘\'’
-          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe
+          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe.
 
      In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
      of backslash escapes is available:
@@ -9143,16 +9149,16 @@ Key Bindings
      ‘\v’
           vertical tab
      ‘\NNN’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
-          (one to three digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (one to three digits).
      ‘\xHH’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-          HH (one or two hex digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits).
 
      When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
      used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to
-     be a function name.  In the macro body, the backslash escapes
-     described above are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other
+     be a function name.  Tthe backslash escapes described above are
+     expanded in the macro body.  Backslash will quote any other
      character in the macro text, including ‘"’ and ‘'’.  For example,
      the following binding will make ‘‘C-x’ \’ insert a single ‘\’ into
      the line:
@@ -9167,7 +9173,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Conditional Init Constructs,  Next: Sample Init File,
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
 variable settings to be performed as the result of tests.  There are
-four parser directives used.
+four parser directives available.
 
 ‘$if’
      The ‘$if’ construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
@@ -9189,7 +9195,8 @@ four parser directives used.
           terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
           ‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
           the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’.  This
-          allows ‘sun’ to match both ‘sun’ and ‘sun-cmd’, for instance.
+          allows ‘xterm’ to match both ‘xterm’ and ‘xterm-256color’, for
+          instance.
 
      ‘version’
           The ‘version’ test may be used to perform comparisons against
@@ -9199,8 +9206,8 @@ four parser directives used.
           version number supplied on the right side of the operator
           consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point,
           and an optional minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’).  If the minor
-          version is omitted, it is assumed to be ‘0’.  The operator may
-          be separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version
+          version is omitted, it defaults to ‘0’.  The operator may be
+          separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version
           number argument by whitespace.  The following example sets a
           variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer:
                $if version >= 7.0
@@ -9226,7 +9233,7 @@ four parser directives used.
           operators are ‘=’, ‘==’, and ‘!=’.  The variable name must be
           separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
           operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
-          side by whitespace.  Both string and boolean variables may be
+          side by whitespace.  String and boolean variables may be
           tested.  Boolean variables must be tested against the values
           ON and OFF.  The following example is equivalent to the
           ‘mode=emacs’ test described above:
@@ -9234,18 +9241,18 @@ four parser directives used.
                set show-mode-in-prompt on
                $endif
 
-‘$endif’
-     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’
-     command.
-
 ‘$else’
      Commands in this branch of the ‘$if’ directive are executed if the
      test fails.
 
+‘$endif’
+     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’
+     command.
+
 ‘$include’
      This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
-     commands and bindings from that file.  For example, the following
-     directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’:
+     commands and key bindings from that file.  For example, the
+     following directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’:
           $include /etc/inputrc
 
 \1f
@@ -9383,7 +9390,10 @@ sequence are unbound by default.
    In the following descriptions, “point” refers to the current cursor
 position, and “mark” refers to a cursor position saved by the ‘set-mark’
 command.  The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
-“region”.
+“region”.  Readline has the concept of an _active region_: when the
+region is active, Readline redisplay uses the value of the
+‘active-region-start-color’ variable to denote the region.  Several
+commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 
 \1f
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Moving,  Next: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
@@ -9478,13 +9488,13 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev
      Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
      through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
      This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
-     mark.
+     region.
 
 ‘forward-search-history (C-s)’
      Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
      through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
      This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
-     mark.
+     region.
 
 ‘non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)’
      Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
@@ -9530,8 +9540,9 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev
      insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
      previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument inserts
      the Nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once the
-     argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the ‘!N’
-     history expansion had been specified.
+     argument N is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities
+     to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!N’ history expansion had been
+     specified.
 
 ‘yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)’
      Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
@@ -9541,9 +9552,9 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev
      specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
      Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
      the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument
-     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  The
-     history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-     as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.
+     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  This
+     uses the history expansion facilities to extract the last word, as
+     if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.
 
 ‘operate-and-get-next (C-o)’
      Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if
@@ -9576,7 +9587,8 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev
 
 ‘backward-delete-char (Rubout)’
      Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
-     to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+     to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring, instead of
+     deleting them.
 
 ‘forward-backward-delete-char ()’
      Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
@@ -9588,7 +9600,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev
      insert key sequences like ‘C-q’, for example.
 
 ‘self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)’
-     Insert yourself.
+     Insert the character typed.
 
 ‘bracketed-paste-begin ()’
      This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
@@ -9600,9 +9612,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev
      commands.
 
      Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and
-     the mark) to the inserted text.  It uses the concept of an _active
-     mark_: when the mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the
-     terminal's standout mode to denote the region.
+     the mark) to the inserted text.  It sets the _active region_.
 
 ‘transpose-chars (C-t)’
      Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
@@ -9656,14 +9666,14 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev
 -------------------------
 
 ‘kill-line (C-k)’
-     Kill the text from point to the end of the line.  With a negative
-     numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of
-     the current line.
+     Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.  With a
+     negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+     beginning of the line.
 
 ‘backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)’
      Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
      With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to
-     the end of the current line.
+     the end of the line.
 
 ‘unix-line-discard (C-u)’
      Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
@@ -9691,12 +9701,12 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev
      ‘shell-backward-word’.
 
 ‘unix-word-rubout (C-w)’
-     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-     The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+     saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 ‘unix-filename-rubout ()’
      Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
-     character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is saved on the
+     character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
      kill-ring.
 
 ‘delete-horizontal-space ()’
@@ -9760,11 +9770,13 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Pre
 ‘complete (<TAB>)’
      Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.  The actual
      completion performed is application-specific.  Bash attempts
-     completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
-     ‘$’), username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text
-     begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases and functions) in
-     turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
-     attempted.
+     completion by first checking for any programmable completions for
+     the command word (*note Programmable Completion::), otherwise
+     treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with ‘$’),
+     username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text
+     begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases, functions, and
+     builtins) in turn.  If none of these produces a match, it falls
+     back to filename completion.
 
 ‘possible-completions (M-?)’
      List the possible completions of the text before point.  When
@@ -9775,28 +9787,27 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Pre
 
 ‘insert-completions (M-*)’
      Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
-     been generated by ‘possible-completions’.
+     been generated by ‘possible-completions’, separated by a space.
 
 ‘menu-complete ()’
      Similar to ‘complete’, but replaces the word to be completed with a
-     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeated
-     execution of ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible
+     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeatedly
+     executing ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible
      completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the end of the list
-     of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
-     ‘bell-style’) and the original text is restored.  An argument of N
-     moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
-     argument may be used to move backward through the list.  This
-     command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
-     default.
+     of completions, ‘menu-complete’ rings the bell (subject to the
+     setting of ‘bell-style’) and restores the original text.  An
+     argument of N moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a
+     negative argument moves backward through the list.  This command is
+     intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by default.
 
 ‘menu-complete-backward ()’
      Identical to ‘menu-complete’, but moves backward through the list
      of possible completions, as if ‘menu-complete’ had been given a
-     negative argument.
+     negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
 
 ‘delete-char-or-list ()’
      Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
-     end of the line (like ‘delete-char’).  If at the end of the line,
+     end of the line (like ‘delete-char’).  At the end of the line, it
      behaves identically to ‘possible-completions’.  This command is
      unbound by default.
 
@@ -9843,8 +9854,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Pre
 
 ‘dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)’
      Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
-     against lines from the history list for possible completion
-     matches.
+     against history list entries for possible completion matches.
 
 ‘dabbrev-expand ()’
      Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
@@ -9897,59 +9907,56 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
      behavior is undefined if X is already lower case.
 
 ‘prefix-meta (<ESC>)’
-     Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards without a
-     meta key.  Typing ‘<ESC> f’ is equivalent to typing ‘M-f’.
+     Metafy the next character typed.  Typing ‘<ESC> f’ is equivalent to
+     typing ‘M-f’.
 
 ‘undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)’
      Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 
 ‘revert-line (M-r)’
      Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
-     ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+     ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the initial state.
 
 ‘tilde-expand (M-&)’
      Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 
 ‘set-mark (C-@)’
-     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
-     mark is set to that position.
+     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, set
+     the mark to that position.
 
 ‘exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)’
-     Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set
-     to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
-     mark.
+     Swap the point with the mark.  Set the current cursor position to
+     the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 
 ‘character-search (C-])’
-     A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
-     that character.  A negative argument searches for previous
-     occurrences.
+     Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
+     character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 
 ‘character-search-backward (M-C-])’
-     A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
-     of that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
+     Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that
+     character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
      occurrences.
 
 ‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
      Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
-     those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin
-     with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
-     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+     those defined for keys like Home and End.  CSI sequences begin with
+     a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
+     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have
      no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
      inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is
      unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
 
 ‘insert-comment (M-#)’
-     Without a numeric argument, the value of the ‘comment-begin’
-     variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.  If a
-     numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+     Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’
+     variable at the beginning of the current line.  If a numeric
+     argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
      characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
-     ‘comment-begin’, the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
-     ‘comment-begin’ are deleted from the beginning of the line.  In
-     either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
-     The default value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make
-     the current line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the
-     comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
-     shell.
+     ‘comment-begin’, insert the value; otherwise delete the characters
+     in ‘comment-begin’ from the beginning of the line.  In either case,
+     the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.  The default
+     value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make the current
+     line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the comment
+     character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
 
 ‘dump-functions ()’
      Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
@@ -9965,9 +9972,17 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
 
 ‘dump-macros ()’
      Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-     strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
-     is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
-     file.  This command is unbound by default.
+     strings they output to the Readline output stream.  If a numeric
+     argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it
+     can be made part of an INPUTRC file.  This command is unbound by
+     default.
+
+‘execute-named-command (M-x)’
+     Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute
+     the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which
+     it was bound appeared in the input.  If this function is supplied
+     with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it
+     executes.
 
 ‘spell-correct-word (C-x s)’
      Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a
@@ -9976,25 +9991,20 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
      ‘shell-forward-word’.
 
 ‘glob-complete-word (M-g)’
-     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
-     expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is
-     used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
-     completions.
+     Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+     with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+     generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 
 ‘glob-expand-word (C-x *)’
-     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
-     expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
-     replacing the word.  If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is
-     appended before pathname expansion.
-
-‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’
-     The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-     ‘glob-expand-word’ is displayed, and the line is redrawn.  If a
-     numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before pathname
+     Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+     and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.  If
+     a numeric argument is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname
      expansion.
 
-‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’
-     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’
+     Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+     ‘glob-expand-word’, and redisplay the line.  If a numeric argument
+     is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion.
 
 ‘shell-expand-line (M-C-e)’
      Expand the line by performing shell word expansions.  This performs
@@ -10024,12 +10034,8 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
      result as shell commands.  Bash attempts to invoke ‘$VISUAL’,
      ‘$EDITOR’, and ‘emacs’ as the editor, in that order.
 
-‘execute-named-command (M-x)’
-     Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute
-     the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which
-     it was bound appeared in the input.  If this function is supplied
-     with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it
-     executes.
+‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’
+     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
 
 \1f
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Prev: Bindable Readline Commands,  Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -10039,11 +10045,12 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Pr
 
 While the Readline library does not have a full set of ‘vi’ editing
 functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
-The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the ‘sh’ description in
+the POSIX standard.
 
-   In order to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing
-modes, use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The Set
-Builtin::).  The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode.
+   You can use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The
+Set Builtin::) to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing
+modes, The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode.
 
    When you enter a line in ‘vi’ mode, you are already placed in
 'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an ‘i’.  Pressing <ESC> switches
@@ -10058,64 +10065,65 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Programmable Completion,  Next: Programmable Completi
 ===========================
 
 When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
-‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
+which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been defined using
+the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
 \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities.
 
-   First, the command name is identified.  If a compspec has been
+   First, Bash identifies the command name.  If a compspec has been
 defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
 possible completions for the word.  If the command word is the empty
-string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
-compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’ is used.  If the
-command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
-searched for first.  If no compspec is found for the full pathname,
-completion attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the
-final slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any
-compspec defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the
-default.  If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
-on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion.
-
-   Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.  If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed.
-
-   First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.  Only matches
-which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When the
-‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name completion,
-the shell variable ‘FIGNORE’ is used to filter the matches.  *Note Bash
-Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
+string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), Bash
+uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’.  If the
+command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec for the
+full pathname first.  If there is no compspec for the full pathname,
+Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final
+slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
+defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the default.  If
+there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the
+command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the
+command word from any successful expansion.
+
+   If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
+described above (*note Commands For Completion::).  Otherwise, once a
+compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate the list of matching
+words.
+
+   First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec.  Only
+matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.
+When the ‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name
+completion, Bash uses shell the variable ‘FIGNORE’ to filter the
+matches.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
 
    Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the ‘-G’
 option are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
-match the word being completed.  The ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable is not
-used to filter the matches, but the ‘FIGNORE’ shell variable is used.
-
-   Next, the string specified as the argument to the ‘-W’ option is
-considered.  The string is first split using the characters in the ‘IFS’
-special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within the
-string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
-metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  Each word is then
-expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
-expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
-above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using the rules
-described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the expansion
-are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching
-words become the possible completions.
-
-   After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
-command specified with the ‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options is invoked.  When the
-command or function is invoked, the ‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’,
-‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are assigned values as described
-above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell function is being invoked,
-the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables are also set.  When the
-function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
-the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
-($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
-word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.  No
-filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+match the word being completed.  Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to
+filter the matches, but does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable.
+
+   Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to
+the ‘-W’ option.  The string is first split using the characters in the
+‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within
+the string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
+shell metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  Each word is
+then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
+described above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using
+the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the
+expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the
+matching words become possible completions.
+
+   After these matches have been generated, Bash executes any shell
+function or command any shell function or command specified with the
+‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options.  When the command or function is invoked, the
+‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are
+assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell
+function is being invoked, the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables
+are also set.  When the function or command is invoked, the first
+argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being
+completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
+third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on
+the current command line.  There is no filtering of the generated
+completions against the word being completed; the function or command
+has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 
    Any function specified with ‘-F’ is invoked first.  The function may
 use any of the shell facilities, including the ‘compgen’ and ‘compopt’
@@ -10147,21 +10155,21 @@ is returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
 
    If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
 the ‘-o dirnames’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec
-was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion.
 
    If the ‘-o plusdirs’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion and adds
+any matches to the set of possible completions.
 
    By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
 to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.  The
 default Bash completions and the Readline default of filename completion
 are disabled.  If the ‘-o bashdefault’ option was supplied to ‘complete’
-when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, the
-default Bash completions are attempted.  If the ‘-o default’ option was
-supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, Readline's default
-completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the
-default Bash completions) generate no matches.
+when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
+Bash attempts its default completions.  If the ‘-o default’ option was
+supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, programmable
+completion will perform Readline's default completion if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
 
    When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
 the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
@@ -10172,7 +10180,7 @@ setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable.
    There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
 most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
 with ‘-D’.  It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+functions to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
 exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
 compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
 attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
@@ -10233,18 +10241,21 @@ happening.
           [-X FILTERPAT] [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
           complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...]
 
-     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.  If the
-     ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are supplied,
-     existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
-     them to be reused as input.  The ‘-r’ option removes a completion
-     specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
-     completion specifications.  The ‘-D’ option indicates that other
-     supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command
-     completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
-     completion has previously been defined.  The ‘-E’ option indicates
-     that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty"
-     command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
-     The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.
+
+     If the ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are
+     supplied, print existing completion specifications in a way that
+     allows them to be reused as input.  The ‘-r’ option removes a
+     completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are
+     supplied, all completion specifications.
+
+     The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     should apply to the "default" command completion; that is,
+     completion attempted on a command for which no completion has
+     previously been defined.  The ‘-E’ option indicates that other
+     supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" command
+     completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.  The
+     ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
      should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on
      the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is
      usually command name completion.  If multiple options are supplied,
@@ -10281,7 +10292,7 @@ happening.
 
           ‘filenames’
                Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
-               it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
+               it can perform any filename-specific processing (such as
                adding a slash to directory names, quoting special
                characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).  This option
                is intended to be used with shell functions specified
@@ -10304,7 +10315,7 @@ happening.
                words completed at the end of the line.
 
           ‘plusdirs’
-               After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+               After generating any matches defined by the compspec,
                attempt directory name completion and add any matches to
                the results of the other actions.
 
@@ -10400,13 +10411,14 @@ happening.
 
      ‘-F FUNCTION’
           The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
-          environment.  When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
-          command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
-          being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
+          environment.  When it is executed, the first argument ($1) is
+          the name of the command whose arguments are being completed,
+          the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
+          third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being
           completed, as described above (*note Programmable
-          Completion::).  When ‘function’ finishes, the possible
-          completions are retrieved from the value of the ‘COMPREPLY’
-          array variable.
+          Completion::).  When ‘function’ finishes, programmable
+          completion retrieves the possible completions from the value
+          of the ‘COMPREPLY’ array variable.
 
      ‘-G GLOBPAT’
           Expand the filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT to generate the
@@ -10421,13 +10433,13 @@ happening.
           options have been applied.
 
      ‘-W WORDLIST’
-          The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the ‘IFS’
-          special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is
-          expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order
-          to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
-          metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  The
-          possible completions are the members of the resultant list
-          which match the word being completed.
+          Split the WORDLIST using the characters in the ‘IFS’ special
+          variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.  Shell
+          quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order to provide a
+          mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or
+          characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  The possible completions
+          are the members of the resultant list which match a prefix of
+          the word being completed.
 
      ‘-X FILTERPAT’
           FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion.  It is
@@ -10449,16 +10461,14 @@ happening.
      or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
      If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
      NAME or the current completion.  The possible values of OPTION are
-     those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above.  The ‘-D’
-     option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the
-     "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-     command for which no completion has previously been defined.  The
-     ‘-E’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
-     "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-     blank line.  The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options
-     should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on
-     the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is
-     usually command name completion.
+     those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above.
+
+     The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply
+     to the "default" command completion; the ‘-E’ option indicates that
+     other supplied options should apply to "empty" command completion;
+     and the ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options should
+     apply to completion on the initial word on the line.  These are
+     determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.
 
      If multiple options are supplied, the ‘-D’ option takes precedence
      over ‘-E’, and both take precedence over ‘-I’
@@ -10608,17 +10618,17 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash History Facilities,  Next: Bash History Builtins
 When the ‘-o history’ option to the ‘set’ builtin is enabled (*note The
 Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the “command history”, the
 list of commands previously typed.  The value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell
-variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500) is saved.  The
-shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500).
+The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
 variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
 the values of the shell variables ‘HISTIGNORE’ and ‘HISTCONTROL’.
 
    When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list by
 reading history entries from the file named by the ‘HISTFILE’ variable
 (default ‘~/.bash_history’).  This is referred to as the “history file”.
-That file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number
-of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’
+The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+number of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’
 variable.  If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric
 value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not
 truncated.
@@ -10633,17 +10643,16 @@ delimit history entries, making multi-line entries possible.
    When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last
 ‘$HISTSIZE’ entries from the history list to the file named by
 ‘$HISTFILE’.  If the ‘histappend’ shell option is set (*note Bash
-Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise the
-history file is overwritten.  If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the
+Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise it
+overwrites the history file.  If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the
 history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.  After saving the
 history, Bash truncates the history file to contain no more than
-‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines.  If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a
-non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
-is not truncated.
+‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines as described above.
 
-   If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ is set, the time stamp information associated
-with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
-history comment character.  When the history file is read, lines
+   If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, the shell writes the
+timestamp information associated with each history entry to the history
+file, marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are
+preserved across shell sessions.  When the history file is read, lines
 beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
 digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.  As
 above, when using ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’, the timestamps delimit multi-line
@@ -10657,13 +10666,13 @@ access to the history list (*note Commands For History::).
 
    The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
 list.  The ‘HISTCONTROL’ and ‘HISTIGNORE’ variables are used to save
-only a subset of the commands entered.  The ‘cmdhist’ shell option, if
-enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line
-command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to
-preserve syntactic correctness.  The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies
-‘cmdhist’ by saving the command with embedded newlines instead of
-semicolons.  The ‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options.  *Note
-The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’.
+only a subset of the commands entered.  If the ‘cmdhist’ shell option is
+enabled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in
+the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
+syntactic correctness.  The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies ‘cmdhist’ by
+saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons.  The
+‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options.  *Note The Shopt
+Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’.
 
 \1f
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash History Builtins,  Next: History Interaction,  Prev: Bash History Facilities,  Up: Using History Interactively
@@ -10689,9 +10698,9 @@ history file.
      equivalent to the current command (usually the ‘fc’ command);
      otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
 
-     If LAST is not specified, it is set to FIRST.  If FIRST is not
-     specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and −16
-     for listing.
+     If LAST is not specified, it is set to the current command for
+     listing and to FIRST otherwise.  If FIRST is not specified, it is
+     set to the previous command for editing and −16 for listing.
 
      If the ‘-l’ flag is supplied, the commands are listed on standard
      output.  The ‘-n’ flag suppresses the command numbers when listing.
@@ -10766,10 +10775,10 @@ history file.
           session, but not already appended to the history file.
 
      ‘-n’
-          Append the history lines not already read from the history
-          file to the current history list.  These are lines appended to
-          the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
-          session.
+          Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+          and add them to the current history list.  These are lines
+          appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+          current Bash session.
 
      ‘-r’
           Read the history file and append its contents to the history
@@ -10777,7 +10786,7 @@ history file.
 
      ‘-w’
           Write the current history list to the history file,
-          overwriting it.
+          overwriting the history file.
 
      ‘-p’
           Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
@@ -10796,10 +10805,10 @@ history file.
 
      If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, ‘history’ writes the time
      stamp information associated with each history entry to the history
-     file, marked with the history comment character.  When the history
-     file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character
-     followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for
-     the following history entry.
+     file, marked with the history comment character as described above.
+     When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+     comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+     as timestamps for the following history entry.
 
      The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
      error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
@@ -10838,12 +10847,13 @@ substitution.  The second is to select portions of that entry to include
 into the current one.
 
    The entry selected from the history is called the “event”, and the
-portions of that entry that are acted upon are called “words”.  The
-history entry is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does,
-so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.  The
-“event designator” selects the event, the optional “word designator”
-selects words from the event, and various optional “modifiers” are
-available to manipulate the selected words.
+portions of that entry that are acted upon are “words”.  Various
+“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words.  The entry
+is split into words in the same fashion that Bash does when reading
+input, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word.  The “event designator” selects the event, the optional “word
+designator” selects words from the event, and various optional
+“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words.
 
    History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history
 expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default.  History expansions may
@@ -10868,12 +10878,12 @@ space, tab, newline, carriage return, ‘=’, and the other shell
 metacharacters.
 
    There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
-QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (default ‘^’) is the first character on the
-line.  It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator
-equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one string for another in that
-entry.  It is described below (*note Event Designators::).  This is the
-only history expansion that does not begin with the history expansion
-character.
+QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (described above under ‘histchars’) is the
+first character on the line.  It selects the previous history list
+entry, using an event designator equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one
+string for another in that entry.  It is described below (*note Event
+Designators::).  This is the only history expansion that does not begin
+with the history expansion character.
 
    Several shell options settable with the ‘shopt’ builtin (*note The
 Shopt Builtin::) will modify history expansion behavior If the
@@ -10907,12 +10917,11 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Event Designators,  Next: Word Designators,  Up: Hist
 9.3.1 Event Designators
 -----------------------
 
-An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.  The event designator consists of the
-portion of the word beginning with the history expansion character, and
-ending with the word designator if one is present, or the end of the
-word.
+An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.  The
+event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with the
+history expansion character, and ending with the word designator if one
+is present, or the end of the word.  Unless the reference is absolute,
+events are relative to the current position in the history list.
 
 ‘!’
      Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
@@ -10923,10 +10932,10 @@ word.
      Refer to history list entry N.
 
 ‘!-N’
-     Refer to the history entry N entries back.
+     Refer to the history entry minus N.
 
 ‘!!’
-     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
+     Refer to the previous entry.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
 
 ‘!STRING’
      Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
@@ -10978,7 +10987,8 @@ spaces.
    Here are the word designators:
 
 ‘0 (zero)’
-     The ‘0’th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
+     The ‘0’th word.  For the shell, and many other, applications, this
+     is the command word.
 
 ‘N’
      The Nth word.
@@ -10987,8 +10997,8 @@ spaces.
      The first argument: word 1.
 
 ‘$’
-     The last argument.  This is usually the last argument, but will
-     expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+     The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand
+     to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 
 ‘%’
      The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the
@@ -11003,7 +11013,7 @@ spaces.
 ‘*’
      All of the words, except the ‘0’th.  This is a synonym for ‘1-$’.
      It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the
-     event; it expands to the empty string in this case.
+     event; it expands to the empty string in that case.
 
 ‘X*’
      Abbreviates ‘X-$’.
@@ -11026,10 +11036,10 @@ more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’.  These modify,
 or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 
 ‘h’
-     Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+     Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 
 ‘t’
-     Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+     Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 
 ‘r’
      Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.SUFFIX’, leaving the
@@ -11065,8 +11075,8 @@ or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 
 ‘g’
 ‘a’
-     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
-     conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’.
+     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
+     used in conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’.
 
 ‘G’
      Apply the following ‘s’ or ‘&’ modifier once to each word in the
@@ -11673,12 +11683,12 @@ Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
 Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable
 expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.  Bash uses the
 POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be
-implemented.  There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
-shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
-significance.  A number of these differences are explained in greater
-depth in previous sections.  This section uses the version of ‘sh’
-included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
-the baseline reference.
+implemented and how they should behave.  There are some differences
+between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this section quickly
+details the differences of significance.  A number of these differences
+are explained in greater depth in previous sections.  This section uses
+the version of ‘sh’ included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the
+historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
 
    • Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
      differs from traditional ‘sh’ behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
@@ -11686,6 +11696,9 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
      Bash::).
 
+   • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
+     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
    • Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
      the ‘bind’ builtin.
 
@@ -11693,6 +11706,15 @@ the baseline reference.
      Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands ‘complete’,
      ‘compgen’, and ‘compopt’, to manipulate it.
 
+   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt
+     string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’) (*note
+     Controlling the Prompt::).
+
+   • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable.
+
+   • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before
+     issuing each primary prompt.
+
    • Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
      ‘history’ and ‘fc’ builtins to manipulate it.  The Bash history
      list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
@@ -11701,31 +11723,35 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash implements ‘csh’-like history expansion (*note History
      Interaction::).
 
-   • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
-     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
-     provides a number of built-in array variables.
-
-   • The ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
-     characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+   • Bash supports the ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+     backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes
      (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
 
-   • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax to do locale-specific
-     translation of the characters between the double quotes.  The ‘-D’,
-     ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’ invocation options list
-     the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
-     Translation::).
+   • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax and performs
+     locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
+     quotes.  The ‘-D’, ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’
+     invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
+     (*note Locale Translation::).
+
+   • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
+     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+   • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
+     builtins (*note Aliases::).
 
    • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a
-     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  Very useful when an ‘if’ statement
-     needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option
-     to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
-     command fails.
+     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  This is very useful when an ‘if’
+     statement needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash ‘-o
+     pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure
+     status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::).
 
    • Bash has the ‘time’ reserved word and command timing (*note
      Pipelines::).  The display of the timing statistics may be
      controlled with the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable.
 
+   • Bash provides coprocesses and the ‘coproc’ reserved word (*note
+     Coprocesses::).
+
    • Bash implements the ‘for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))’ arithmetic
      for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
      Constructs::).
@@ -11738,25 +11764,31 @@ the baseline reference.
      including optional regular expression matching.
 
    • Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the ‘case’ and
-     ‘[[’ constructs.
-
-   • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
-     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+     ‘[[’ constructs (*note Conditional Constructs::).
 
-   • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
-     builtins (*note Aliases::).
+   • Bash provides additional ‘case’ statement action list terminators:
+     ‘;&’ and ‘;;&’ (*note Conditional Constructs::).
 
    • Bash provides shell arithmetic, the ‘((’ compound command (*note
-     Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
-     Arithmetic::).
+     Conditional Constructs::), the ‘let’ builtin, and arithmetic
+     expansion (*note Shell Arithmetic::).
+
+   • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
+     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
+     provides a number of built-in array variables.
 
    • Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
-     automatically exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does
-     not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
-     using the ‘export’ command.
+     automatically exported to child processes (*note Command Execution
+     Environment::).  The Bourne shell does not normally do this unless
+     the variables are explicitly marked using the ‘export’ command.
+
+   • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’
+     (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
 
    • Bash supports the ‘+=’ assignment operator, which appends to the
-     value of the variable named on the left hand side.
+     value of the variable named on the left hand side (*note Shell
+     Parameters::).
 
    • Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal ‘%’, ‘#’, ‘%%’ and ‘##’
      expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
@@ -11782,18 +11814,17 @@ the baseline reference.
      Parameter Expansion::) and implements the ‘nameref’ variable
      attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion.
 
-   • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’.
-
    • Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of
-     the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation.
+     the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation (*note
+     Shell Parameter Expansion::).
 
    • The POSIX ‘$()’ form of command substitution is implemented (*note
      Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ‘``’
      (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
 
    • Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the
-     enclosed command in the current shell execution environment (‘${
-     COMMAND;}’).
+     enclosed command in the current shell execution environment: ‘${
+     COMMAND;}’ or ‘${|COMMAND;}’ (*note Command Substitution::).
 
    • Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
 
@@ -11805,17 +11836,20 @@ the baseline reference.
 
    • Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize
      shell behavior that the Bourne shell does not.  Examples include
-     ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘GLOBSORT’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’,
+     ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘EPOCHREALTIME’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’,
      ‘BASHPID’, ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’, ‘GLOBIGNORE’, ‘HISTIGNORE’, and
      ‘BASH_VERSION’.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a complete list.
 
-   • The ‘IFS’ variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
-     not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a longstanding
-     shell security hole.
+   • Bash uses the ‘GLOBSORT’ shell variable to control how to sort the
+     results of filename expansion (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+   • Bash uses the ‘IFS’ variable to split only the results of
+     expansion, not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a
+     longstanding shell security hole.
 
    • The filename expansion bracket expression code uses ‘!’ and ‘^’ to
-     negate the set of characters between the brackets.  The Bourne
-     shell uses only ‘!’.
+     negate the set of characters between the brackets (*note Filename
+     Expansion::).  The Bourne shell uses only ‘!’.
 
    • Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
      including character classes, equivalence classes, and collating
@@ -11824,17 +11858,16 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
      ‘extglob’ shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
 
+   • The ‘globstar’ shell option extends filename expansion to
+     recursively scan directories and subdirectories for matching
+     filenames (*note Pattern Matching::).
+
    • It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
      name; ‘sh’ does not separate the two name spaces.
 
    • Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-     ‘local’ builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
-     (*note Bash Builtins::).
-
-   • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
-     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In ‘sh’, all
-     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
-     command is executed from the file system.
+     ‘local’ builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive
+     functions (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
      to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
@@ -11853,6 +11886,10 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
      redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
 
+   • Bash provides the {VAR}<WORD capability to have the shell allocate
+     file descriptors for redirections and assign them to VAR (*note
+     Redirections::).  This works with multiple redirection operators.
+
    • Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and
      services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
 
@@ -11860,23 +11897,48 @@ the baseline reference.
      files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::).  The ‘>|’
      redirection operator may be used to override ‘noclobber’.
 
-   • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
-     each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and
-     physical modes.
+   • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In ‘sh’, all
+     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
+     command is executed from the file system.
+
+   • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
+     for shell scripts: variables (‘BASH_ARGC’, ‘BASH_ARGV’,
+     ‘BASH_LINENO’, ‘BASH_SOURCE’), the ‘DEBUG’, ‘RETURN’, and ‘ERR’
+     traps, ‘declare -F’, and the ‘caller’ builtin.
+
+   • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the
+     ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+     the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable.
 
    • Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
      and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
      function via the ‘builtin’ and ‘command’ builtins (*note Bash
      Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands
-     from shared objects.
+   • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::), which
+     displays the context of any active subroutine call (a shell
+     function or a script executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins).
+     This supports the Bash debugger.
+
+   • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+     each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and
+     physical modes.
+
+   • The ‘command’ builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions
+     when performing command lookup (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • The ‘command’ builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
-     command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
+   • Bash uses the ‘declare’ builtin to modify the full set of variable
+     and function attributes, and to assign values to variables.
 
-   • Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the ‘enable’
-     builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+   • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress sending ‘SIGHUP’
+     to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’.
+
+   • The ‘enable’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) can enable or disable
+     individual builtins and implements support for dynamically loading
+     builtin commands from shared objects.
 
    • The Bash ‘exec’ builtin takes additional options that allow users
      to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
@@ -11886,21 +11948,12 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
      using ‘export -f’ (*note Shell Functions::).
 
-   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt
-     string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’).
-
-   • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable.
-
-   • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before
-     issuing each primary prompt.
-
-   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters
-   • The Bash ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘declare’ builtins can take a
-     ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’ option to display
-     variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
-     as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various variable
-     attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable attributes
-     and values simultaneously.
+   • The Bash ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+     Builtins:: can take a ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’
+     option to display variables with various attributes set in a format
+     that can be used as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various
+     variable attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable
+     attributes and values simultaneously.
 
    • The Bash ‘hash’ builtin allows a name to be associated with an
      arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
@@ -11911,33 +11964,33 @@ the baseline reference.
      facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • Bash includes the ‘mapfile’ builtin to quickly read the contents of
-     a file into an indexed array variable.
+     a file into an indexed array variable (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • The ‘printf’ builtin is available to display formatted output
-     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+     (*note Bash Builtins::), and has additional custom format
+     specifiers and an option to assign the formatted output directly to
+     a shell variable.
 
    • The Bash ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
      ending in ‘\’ with the ‘-r’ option, and will use the ‘REPLY’
-     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.  The
-     Bash ‘read’ builtin also accepts a prompt string with the ‘-p’
-     option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the ‘-e’
-     or ‘-E’ options.  The ‘read’ builtin also has additional options to
-     control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off echoing of input
-     characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will allow ‘read’ to
-     time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of
-     seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading only a specified number
-     of characters rather than a full line, and the ‘-d’ option will
-     read until a particular character rather than newline.
+     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
+
+   • The ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) accepts a prompt string
+     with the ‘-p’ option and will use Readline to obtain the line when
+     given the ‘-e’ or ‘-E’ options, with the ability to insert text
+     into the line using the ‘-i’ option.  The ‘read’ builtin also has
+     additional options to control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off
+     echoing of input characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will
+     allow ‘read’ to time out if input does not arrive within a
+     specified number of seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading
+     only a specified number of characters rather than a full line, and
+     the ‘-d’ option will read until a particular character rather than
+     newline.
 
    • The ‘return’ builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
      executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell
      Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell
-     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
-     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
-     Bash::).
-
    • Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the ‘set’
      builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
 
@@ -11945,20 +11998,15 @@ the baseline reference.
      commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
      Builtin::).
 
+   • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell
+     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+     Bash::).
+
    • The ‘test’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
      different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
      the behavior based on the number of arguments.
 
-   • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next
-     child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and
-     the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child
-     process in a shell variable.
-
-   • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin, which displays the context of
-     any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
-     with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins).  This supports the Bash
-     debugger.
-
    • The ‘trap’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a ‘DEBUG’
      pseudo-signal specification, similar to ‘EXIT’.  Commands specified
      with a ‘DEBUG’ trap are executed before every simple command, ‘for’
@@ -11988,27 +12036,20 @@ the baseline reference.
    • The Bash ‘type’ builtin is more extensive and gives more
      information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin permits a ‘-p’ option to cause the output
-     to be displayed in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused
-     as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+   • The ‘ulimit’ builtin provides control over many more per-process
+     resources (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the
-     ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The
-     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
-     the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable.
+   • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin uses the ‘-p’ option to display the output
+     in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused as input (*note
+     Bourne Shell Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-     strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
-
-   • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
-     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
-
-   • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
-     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
-     ‘SIGHUP’ to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’.
+   • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next
+     child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and
+     the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child
+     process in a shell variable.
 
-   • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
-     for shell scripts.
+   • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it
+     turns on job control).
 
    • The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (‘mldmode’ and
      ‘priv’) not present in Bash.
@@ -12062,9 +12103,6 @@ many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
      script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
      for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
 
-   • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it
-     turns on job control).
-
    • If the ‘lastpipe’ option is enabled, and job control is not active,
      Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell
      execution environment.
@@ -12598,7 +12636,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
 * complete:                              Programmable Completion Builtins.
                                                               (line  37)
 * compopt:                               Programmable Completion Builtins.
-                                                              (line 253)
+                                                              (line 257)
 * continue:                              Bourne Shell Builtins.
                                                               (line 102)
 * declare:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 179)
@@ -12797,46 +12835,48 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * COMP_WORDBREAKS:                       Bash Variables.      (line 263)
 * COMP_WORDS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 269)
 * completion-display-width:              Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 105)
+                                                              (line 104)
 * completion-ignore-case:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 112)
+                                                              (line 111)
 * completion-map-case:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 117)
+                                                              (line 116)
 * completion-prefix-display-length:      Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 123)
+                                                              (line 122)
 * completion-query-items:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 130)
+                                                              (line 129)
 * COMPREPLY:                             Bash Variables.      (line 276)
 * convert-meta:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 141)
+                                                              (line 140)
 * COPROC:                                Bash Variables.      (line 282)
 * DIRSTACK:                              Bash Variables.      (line 286)
 * disable-completion:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 153)
+                                                              (line 152)
 * echo-control-characters:               Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 158)
+                                                              (line 157)
 * editing-mode:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 163)
+                                                              (line 162)
 * EMACS:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 296)
 * emacs-mode-string:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 169)
-* enable-active-region:                  Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 179)
+                                                              (line 168)
+* enable-active-region The:              Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 178)
 * enable-bracketed-paste:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 192)
+                                                              (line 191)
 * enable-keypad:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 201)
+                                                              (line 200)
+* enable-meta-key:                       Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 205)
 * ENV:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 301)
 * EPOCHREALTIME:                         Bash Variables.      (line 306)
 * EPOCHSECONDS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 314)
 * EUID:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 321)
 * EXECIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 325)
 * expand-tilde:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 216)
+                                                              (line 215)
 * FCEDIT:                                Bash Variables.      (line 337)
 * FIGNORE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 340)
 * force-meta-prefix:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 220)
+                                                              (line 219)
 * FUNCNAME:                              Bash Variables.      (line 346)
 * FUNCNEST:                              Bash Variables.      (line 363)
 * GLOBIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 368)
@@ -12849,9 +12889,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * HISTFILESIZE:                          Bash Variables.      (line 461)
 * HISTIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 472)
 * history-preserve-point:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 233)
+                                                              (line 232)
 * history-size:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 239)
+                                                              (line 238)
 * HISTSIZE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 496)
 * HISTTIMEFORMAT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 503)
 * HOME:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
@@ -12865,13 +12905,13 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  18)
 * IGNOREEOF:                             Bash Variables.      (line 529)
 * input-meta:                            Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 257)
+                                                              (line 256)
 * INPUTRC:                               Bash Variables.      (line 538)
 * INSIDE_EMACS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 542)
 * isearch-terminators:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 268)
+                                                              (line 267)
 * keymap:                                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 275)
+                                                              (line 274)
 * LANG:                                  Creating Internationalized Scripts.
                                                               (line  51)
 * LANG <1>:                              Bash Variables.      (line 548)
@@ -12893,15 +12933,15 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  29)
 * MAPFILE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 605)
 * mark-modified-lines:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 305)
+                                                              (line 304)
 * mark-symlinked-directories:            Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 310)
+                                                              (line 309)
 * match-hidden-files:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 315)
+                                                              (line 314)
 * menu-complete-display-prefix:          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 322)
+                                                              (line 321)
 * meta-flag:                             Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 257)
+                                                              (line 256)
 * OLDPWD:                                Bash Variables.      (line 609)
 * OPTARG:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
                                                               (line  36)
@@ -12910,9 +12950,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  40)
 * OSTYPE:                                Bash Variables.      (line 617)
 * output-meta:                           Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 327)
+                                                              (line 326)
 * page-completions:                      Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 336)
+                                                              (line 335)
 * PATH:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
                                                               (line  44)
 * PIPESTATUS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 620)
@@ -12935,21 +12975,21 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * READLINE_POINT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 695)
 * REPLY:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 699)
 * revert-all-at-newline:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 349)
+                                                              (line 348)
 * search-ignore-case:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 356)
+                                                              (line 355)
 * SECONDS:                               Bash Variables.      (line 703)
 * SHELL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 713)
 * SHELLOPTS:                             Bash Variables.      (line 718)
 * SHLVL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 727)
 * show-all-if-ambiguous:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 361)
+                                                              (line 360)
 * show-all-if-unmodified:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 367)
+                                                              (line 366)
 * show-mode-in-prompt:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 376)
+                                                              (line 375)
 * skip-completed-text:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 382)
+                                                              (line 381)
 * SRANDOM:                               Bash Variables.      (line 732)
 * TEXTDOMAIN:                            Creating Internationalized Scripts.
                                                               (line  51)
@@ -12960,11 +13000,11 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * TMPDIR:                                Bash Variables.      (line 792)
 * UID:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 796)
 * vi-cmd-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 395)
+                                                              (line 394)
 * vi-ins-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 406)
+                                                              (line 405)
 * visible-stats:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 417)
+                                                              (line 416)
 
 \1f
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Function Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Variable Index,  Up: Indexes
@@ -12991,29 +13031,29 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * beginning-of-history (M-<):            Commands For History.
                                                               (line  20)
 * beginning-of-line (C-a):               Commands For Moving. (line   6)
-* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  33)
+* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  34)
 * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e):           Keyboard Macros.     (line  13)
-* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  73)
+* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  72)
 * character-search (C-]):                Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  42)
+                                                              (line  41)
 * character-search-backward (M-C-]):     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  47)
+                                                              (line  45)
 * clear-display (M-C-l):                 Commands For Moving. (line  50)
 * clear-screen (C-l):                    Commands For Moving. (line  55)
 * complete (<TAB>):                      Commands For Completion.
                                                               (line   6)
 * complete-command (M-!):                Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  80)
+                                                              (line  81)
 * complete-filename (M-/):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  49)
+                                                              (line  50)
 * complete-hostname (M-@):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  72)
+                                                              (line  73)
 * complete-into-braces (M-{):            Commands For Completion.
                                                               (line 100)
 * complete-username (M-~):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  56)
+                                                              (line  57)
 * complete-variable (M-$):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  64)
+                                                              (line  65)
 * copy-backward-word ():                 Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  62)
 * copy-forward-word ():                  Commands For Killing.
@@ -13024,23 +13064,23 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  95)
 * delete-char (C-d):                     Commands For Text.   (line  12)
 * delete-char-or-list ():                Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  43)
+                                                              (line  44)
 * delete-horizontal-space ():            Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  50)
 * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--):    Numeric Arguments.   (line   6)
 * display-shell-version (C-x C-v):       Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 116)
+                                                              (line 147)
 * do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  14)
-* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  69)
+* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  68)
 * dump-functions ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  74)
+                                                              (line  71)
 * dump-macros ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  83)
 * dump-variables ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  80)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>):    Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  90)
+                                                              (line  91)
 * edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e):    Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 142)
 * end-kbd-macro (C-x )):                 Keyboard Macros.     (line   9)
@@ -13051,20 +13091,20 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x):     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  37)
 * execute-named-command (M-x):           Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 147)
+                                                              (line  90)
 * fetch-history ():                      Commands For History.
-                                                              (line 105)
-* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  21)
+                                                              (line 106)
+* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  22)
 * forward-char (C-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  14)
 * forward-search-history (C-s):          Commands For History.
                                                               (line  33)
 * forward-word (M-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  20)
 * glob-complete-word (M-g):              Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  98)
+                                                              (line 103)
 * glob-expand-word (C-x *):              Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 104)
+                                                              (line 108)
 * glob-list-expansions (C-x g):          Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 110)
+                                                              (line 114)
 * history-and-alias-expand-line ():      Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 136)
 * history-expand-line (M-^):             Miscellaneous Commands.
@@ -13078,9 +13118,9 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * history-substring-search-forward ():   Commands For History.
                                                               (line  71)
 * insert-comment (M-#):                  Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  61)
+                                                              (line  59)
 * insert-completions (M-*):              Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  22)
+                                                              (line  24)
 * insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_):     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 139)
 * kill-line (C-k):                       Commands For Killing.
@@ -13094,9 +13134,9 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * magic-space ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 129)
 * menu-complete ():                      Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  26)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * menu-complete-backward ():             Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  38)
+                                                              (line  39)
 * next-history (C-n):                    Commands For History.
                                                               (line  17)
 * next-screen-line ():                   Commands For Moving. (line  43)
@@ -13105,27 +13145,27 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
                                                               (line  39)
 * operate-and-get-next (C-o):            Commands For History.
-                                                              (line  98)
-* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  77)
+                                                              (line  99)
+* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  76)
 * possible-command-completions (C-x !):  Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  87)
 * possible-completions (M-?):            Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  15)
+                                                              (line  17)
 * possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  52)
+                                                              (line  53)
 * possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  76)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  60)
+                                                              (line  61)
 * possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  68)
+                                                              (line  69)
 * prefix-meta (<ESC>):                   Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  19)
 * previous-history (C-p):                Commands For History.
                                                               (line  13)
 * previous-screen-line ():               Commands For Moving. (line  36)
 * print-last-kbd-macro ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line  17)
-* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  26)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  27)
 * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r):           Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line   6)
 * redraw-current-line ():                Commands For Moving. (line  59)
@@ -13133,7 +13173,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  27)
 * revert-line (M-r):                     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  26)
-* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  30)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  31)
 * set-mark (C-@):                        Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  33)
 * shell-backward-kill-word ():           Commands For Killing.
@@ -13144,16 +13184,16 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * shell-forward-word (M-C-f):            Commands For Moving. (line  28)
 * shell-kill-word (M-C-d):               Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  32)
-* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t):         Commands For Text.   (line  58)
+* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t):         Commands For Text.   (line  57)
 * skip-csi-sequence ():                  Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  52)
+                                                              (line  50)
 * spell-correct-word (C-x s):            Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  92)
+                                                              (line  97)
 * start-kbd-macro (C-x ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line   6)
 * tilde-expand (M-&):                    Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  30)
-* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  47)
-* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  53)
+* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  46)
+* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  52)
 * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u):                 Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  23)
 * universal-argument ():                 Numeric Arguments.   (line  10)
@@ -13163,11 +13203,11 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  16)
 * unix-word-rubout (C-w):                Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  41)
-* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  65)
+* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  64)
 * yank (C-y):                            Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  72)
 * yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_):            Commands For History.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  87)
 * yank-nth-arg (M-C-y):                  Commands For History.
                                                               (line  77)
 * yank-pop (M-y):                        Commands For Killing.
@@ -13261,7 +13301,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 * functions, shell:                      Shell Functions.     (line   6)
 * history builtins:                      Bash History Builtins.
                                                               (line   6)
-* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line  11)
+* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line  10)
 * history expansion:                     History Interaction. (line   6)
 * history list:                          Bash History Facilities.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -13351,138 +13391,138 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 
 \1f
 Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f906
-Node: Introduction\7f2852
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3068
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4204
-Node: Definitions\7f6798
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9977
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f11200
-Node: Shell Operation\7f12230
-Node: Quoting\7f13531
-Node: Escape Character\7f14872
-Node: Single Quotes\7f15410
-Node: Double Quotes\7f15762
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17110
-Node: Locale Translation\7f18498
-Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f19908
-Node: Comments\7f24109
-Node: Shell Commands\7f24879
-Node: Reserved Words\7f25821
-Node: Simple Commands\7f26689
-Node: Pipelines\7f27354
-Node: Lists\7f30584
-Node: Compound Commands\7f32459
-Node: Looping Constructs\7f33471
-Node: Conditional Constructs\7f35993
-Node: Command Grouping\7f50928
-Node: Coprocesses\7f52423
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f55112
-Node: Shell Functions\7f56033
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f64513
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f69254
-Node: Special Parameters\7f70347
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f73811
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f76003
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f78721
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f81666
-Node: Command Substitution\7f101441
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f104977
-Node: Process Substitution\7f105993
-Node: Word Splitting\7f107112
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f109212
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f112483
-Node: Quote Removal\7f117814
-Node: Redirections\7f118121
-Node: Executing Commands\7f128339
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f129009
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f131120
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f133567
-Node: Environment\7f137003
-Node: Exit Status\7f138909
-Node: Signals\7f140970
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f144871
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f148172
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f150286
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f176588
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f213033
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f213378
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f225317
-Node: Special Builtins\7f242366
-Node: Shell Variables\7f243358
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f243795
-Node: Bash Variables\7f246306
-Node: Bash Features\7f284566
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f285583
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f292012
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f297328
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f297739
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f298404
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f299231
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f302995
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f308215
-Node: Aliases\7f311557
-Node: Arrays\7f314522
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f321588
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f322388
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f326836
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f329723
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f332608
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f350870
-Node: Job Control\7f359884
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f360344
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f365655
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f371826
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f372997
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f374704
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f376802
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f377993
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f379814
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f380814
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f382795
-Node: Searching\7f383855
-Node: Readline Init File\7f386087
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f387372
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f413979
-Node: Sample Init File\7f418347
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f421471
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f422699
-Node: Commands For History\7f424929
-Node: Commands For Text\7f430137
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f434274
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f437078
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f438233
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f442552
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f443256
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f449913
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f450868
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f458862
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f470633
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f475981
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f476665
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f480454
-Node: History Interaction\7f486836
-Node: Event Designators\7f491690
-Node: Word Designators\7f493279
-Node: Modifiers\7f495567
-Node: Installing Bash\7f497503
-Node: Basic Installation\7f498622
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f502501
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f503254
-Node: Installation Names\7f505006
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f507243
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f507992
-Node: Operation Controls\7f508709
-Node: Optional Features\7f509731
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f522114
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f523475
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f543213
-Node: Indexes\7f568393
-Node: Builtin Index\7f568847
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f575948
-Node: Variable Index\7f578396
-Node: Function Index\7f595671
-Node: Concept Index\7f609530
+Node: Top\7f902
+Node: Introduction\7f2844
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3060
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4196
+Node: Definitions\7f6809
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9988
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f11215
+Node: Shell Operation\7f12245
+Node: Quoting\7f13539
+Node: Escape Character\7f14880
+Node: Single Quotes\7f15418
+Node: Double Quotes\7f15770
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17118
+Node: Locale Translation\7f18515
+Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f19925
+Node: Comments\7f24126
+Node: Shell Commands\7f24896
+Node: Reserved Words\7f25838
+Node: Simple Commands\7f26706
+Node: Pipelines\7f27371
+Node: Lists\7f30630
+Node: Compound Commands\7f32505
+Node: Looping Constructs\7f33517
+Node: Conditional Constructs\7f36039
+Node: Command Grouping\7f50974
+Node: Coprocesses\7f52469
+Node: GNU Parallel\7f55158
+Node: Shell Functions\7f56079
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f64559
+Node: Positional Parameters\7f69300
+Node: Special Parameters\7f70393
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f73857
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f76049
+Node: Tilde Expansion\7f78780
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f81725
+Node: Command Substitution\7f101500
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f105036
+Node: Process Substitution\7f106052
+Node: Word Splitting\7f107171
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f109271
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f112542
+Node: Quote Removal\7f117879
+Node: Redirections\7f118186
+Node: Executing Commands\7f128404
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f129074
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f131185
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f133632
+Node: Environment\7f137083
+Node: Exit Status\7f138989
+Node: Signals\7f141050
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f144951
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f148252
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f150366
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f176670
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f213121
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f213466
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f225405
+Node: Special Builtins\7f242460
+Node: Shell Variables\7f243452
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f243889
+Node: Bash Variables\7f246400
+Node: Bash Features\7f284660
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f285677
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f292106
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f297422
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f297833
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f298498
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f299325
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f303089
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f308309
+Node: Aliases\7f311651
+Node: Arrays\7f314616
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f321682
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f322482
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f326930
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f329817
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f332702
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f350846
+Node: Job Control\7f359860
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f360320
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f365631
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f371802
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f372973
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f374679
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f377032
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f378223
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f380034
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f381033
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f383059
+Node: Searching\7f384119
+Node: Readline Init File\7f386383
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f387690
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f414413
+Node: Sample Init File\7f418801
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f421925
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f423400
+Node: Commands For History\7f425630
+Node: Commands For Text\7f430886
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f434948
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f437739
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f438894
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f443397
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f444101
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f450657
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f451637
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f459692
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f471360
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f476708
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f477392
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f481130
+Node: History Interaction\7f487604
+Node: Event Designators\7f492561
+Node: Word Designators\7f494142
+Node: Modifiers\7f496453
+Node: Installing Bash\7f498397
+Node: Basic Installation\7f499516
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f503395
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f504148
+Node: Installation Names\7f505900
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f508137
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f508886
+Node: Operation Controls\7f509603
+Node: Optional Features\7f510625
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f523008
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f524369
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f545792
+Node: Indexes\7f570972
+Node: Builtin Index\7f571426
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f578527
+Node: Variable Index\7f580975
+Node: Function Index\7f598391
+Node: Concept Index\7f612250
 \1f
 End Tag Table
 

diff --git a/doc/bashref.log b/doc/bashref.log
index 8af76dd53f7901827271f0f72ab7c9b897fc337a..2206fca32f0bb8d7edd0544dc68f1f81703cd9ce 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.log
+++ b/doc/bashref.log
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+**\nonstopmode \input /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/doc/bashref.texi \input
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+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/doc/texinfo.tex
 Loading texinfo [version 2015-11-22.14]:
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@@ -162,23 +162,20 @@ This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.4 <14 February 2011>
 texinfo.tex: doing @include of version.texi
 
 
-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20240927/doc/version.texi) [1{/opt/local/var/db/texmf
-/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] [2]
-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20240927/doc/bashref.toc [-1] [-2] [-3]) [-4]
-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20240927/doc/bashref.toc)
-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20240927/doc/bashref.toc) Chapter 1
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/doc/version.texi) [1] [2]
+(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20241007/doc/bashref.toc [-1] [-2] [-3]) [-4]
+Chapter 1
 \openout0 = `bashref.toc'.
 
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+ (/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20241007/doc/bashref.aux)
 \openout1 = `bashref.aux'.
 
- Chapter 2 [1] [2]
+ [1] Chapter 2
+[2]
 @cpindfile=@write2
 \openout2 = `bashref.cp'.
 
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+ [3] Chapter 3 [4] [5] [6] [7]
 @vrindfile=@write3
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-[25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]
-[40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] Chapter 4 [49]
+ [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]
+[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
+[39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] Chapter 4 [49]
 @btindfile=@write5
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  []@texttt set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @textttsl option-name@texttt ] [--] [
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@@ -245,7 +241,7 @@ Overfull \hbox (38.26585pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5703--5703
 .etc.
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (38.26585pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5704--5704
+Overfull \hbox (38.26585pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5703--5703
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@@ -265,9 +261,9 @@ Chapter 7 [122] [123] [124] [125]
 texinfo.tex: doing @include of rluser.texi
 
 
-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20240927/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi Chapter 8
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi Chapter 8
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+Underfull \hbox (badness 7540) in paragraph at lines 959--965
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 -tion
 
@@ -280,7 +276,7 @@ Underfull \hbox (badness 7540) in paragraph at lines 919--925
 .etc.
 
 
-Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 919--925
+Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 959--965
  @texttt universal-argument[]@textrm , @textttsl M-DEL[] @textrm is bound to th
 e func-tion
 
@@ -293,7 +289,7 @@ e func-tion
 .etc.
 
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+Overfull \hbox (26.43913pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1204--1204
  []@texttt Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is i
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@@ -314,10 +310,10 @@ gnored[]
 texinfo.tex: doing @include of hsuser.texi
 
 
-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20240927/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
 [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169]) Chapter 10 [170] [171] [172]
 [173] [174]
-Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 10261--10270
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 []@textrm All of the fol-low-ing op-tions ex-cept for `@texttt alt-array-implem
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@@ -330,7 +326,7 @@ entation[]@textrm '[],
 .etc.
 
 
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 @textrm `@texttt disabled-builtins[]@textrm '[], `@texttt direxpand-default[]@t
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@@ -343,40 +339,20 @@ extrm '[], `@texttt strict-posix-default[]@textrm '[], and
 .etc.
 
 [175] [176] [177] [178] Appendix A [179] Appendix B [180] [181] [182] [183]
-[184] [185] Appendix C [186]
+[184] [185] [186] Appendix C [187]
 texinfo.tex: doing @include of fdl.texi
 
- (/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20240927/doc/fdl.texi
-[187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] [193]) Appendix D [194] [195] [196]
-[197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [202] [203] ) 
+
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/doc/fdl.texi [188] [189] [190] [191]
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+Output written on bashref.dvi (210 pages, 880460 bytes).

diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf
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diff --git a/doc/bashref.ps b/doc/bashref.ps
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 dup 80 /P put
 dup 82 /R put
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@@ -3469,9 +3482,7 @@ FontDirectory/CMCSC10 known{/CMCSC10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
 end readonly def
 /Encoding 256 array
 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
-dup 45 /hyphen put
 dup 47 /slash put
-dup 50 /two put
 dup 97 /a put
 dup 98 /b put
 dup 99 /c put
@@ -3481,7 +3492,6 @@ dup 102 /f put
 dup 103 /g put
 dup 105 /i put
 dup 108 /l put
-dup 109 /m put
 dup 110 /n put
 dup 111 /o put
 dup 112 /p put
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 %%EndProlog
 %%BeginSetup
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 %%Page: 8 14
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 %%Page: 9 15
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 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)29
-b Fb(110)150 2174 y(pro)r(cess)e(group)15 b Fc(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
+b Fb(114)150 2174 y(pro)r(cess)e(group)15 b Fc(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)30 b Fb(3)150
 2261 y(pro)r(cess)d(group)e(ID)11 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(3)150 2348 y(pro)r(cess)h(substitution)
 11 b Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(35)150
+(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(36)150
 2435 y(programmable)i(completion)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)23
-b Fb(150)150 2522 y(prompting)15 b Fc(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
+b Fb(155)150 2522 y(prompting)15 b Fc(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30 b Fb(107)146
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30 b Fb(111)146
 2765 y Fs(Q)150 2881 y Fb(quoting)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31
@@ -23222,10 +23732,10 @@ b Fb(6)150 2968 y(quoting,)26 b(ANSI)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34 b Fb(6)146
 3211 y Fs(R)150 3327 y Fb(Readline,)26 b(ho)n(w)g(to)g(use)11
 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(121)150 3414
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(126)150 3414
 y(redirection)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(39)150 3501 y(reserv)n(ed)f(w)n
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(40)150 3501 y(reserv)n(ed)f(w)n
 (ord)13 b Fc(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
 (:)h(:)f(:)28 b Fb(3)150 3589 y(reserv)n(ed)e(w)n(ords)15
@@ -23233,67 +23743,67 @@ b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)30
 b Fb(9)150 3676 y(restricted)c(shell)12 b Fc(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(109)150 3763 y(return)e(status)
+(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(113)150 3763 y(return)e(status)
 10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
 g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2021 294 y Fs(S)2025 418 y Fb(shell)h(arithmetic)15
 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30
-b Fb(101)2025 508 y(shell)c(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
+b Fb(105)2025 508 y(shell)c(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)32 b Fb(19)2025
 597 y(shell)26 b(script)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(47)2025 687
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(48)2025 687
 y(shell)h(v)l(ariable)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(21)2025 777 y(shell,)k(in)n
-(teractiv)n(e)21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)h(:)34 b Fb(98)2025 867 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
+h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(22)2025 777 y(shell,)k(in)n
+(teractiv)n(e)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
+(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
+33 b Fb(102)2025 867 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
+(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28
+b Fb(4)2025 956 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
+(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(47)2025 1046
+y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
+(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(82)2025 1136 y(startup)f(\014les)8
+b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)28 b Fb(4)2025 956 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13
-b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21
-b Fb(46)2025 1046 y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
+g(:)23 b Fb(100)2025 1226 y(string)j(translations)8 b
+Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
+(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)23
+b Fb(8)2025 1313 y(susp)r(ending)i(jobs)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
+(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(123)2021 1610 y Fs(T)2025
+1734 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(80)2025
-1136 y(startup)f(\014les)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(96)2025 1226
-y(string)h(translations)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
+g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(26)2025 1823 y(tok)n(en)17
+b Fc(:)12 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
-f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)23 b Fb(7)2025 1313 y(susp)r(ending)i(jobs)10
-b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25
-b Fb(118)2021 1610 y Fs(T)2025 1734 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7
-b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22
-b Fb(25)2025 1823 y(tok)n(en)17 b Fc(:)12 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
-f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)32
-b Fb(4)2025 1911 y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)c
-Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(7)2021 2207 y Fs(U)2025 2329 y
-Fb(unary)25 b(arithmetic)h(op)r(erators)10 b Fc(:)15
-b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
-(:)g(:)25 b Fb(101)2021 2626 y Fs(V)2025 2750 y Fb(v)l(ariable,)h
-(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
-g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(21)2025 2837 y(v)l(ariables,)f(readline)7
-b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)22
-b Fb(126)2021 3134 y Fs(W)2025 3258 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 b
-Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2025 3345
-y(w)n(ord)h(splitting)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(36)2021 3642 y Fs(Y)2025
-3763 y Fb(y)n(anking)h(text)13 b Fc(:)f(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(124)p eop end
+f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)32 b Fb(4)2025 1911
+y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
+(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34
+b Fb(7)2021 2207 y Fs(U)2025 2329 y Fb(unary)25 b(arithmetic)h(op)r
+(erators)10 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
+(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(106)2021 2626 y Fs(V)2025
+2750 y Fb(v)l(ariable,)h(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
+(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(22)2025 2837
+y(v)l(ariables,)f(readline)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
+h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
+(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(131)2021 3134 y Fs(W)2025 3258 y Fb(w)n(ord)10
+b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
+(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2025
+3345 y(w)n(ord)h(splitting)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
+(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(37)2021 3642 y
+Fs(Y)2025 3763 y Fb(y)n(anking)h(text)13 b Fc(:)f(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
+(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(129)p
+eop end
 %%Trailer
 
 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if

diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi
index e8757324ad4a5396d067dd5ca0a6776482c5bcce..a34220e43e803607f4a26ba9642b1dd19b6706b3 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.texi
+++ b/doc/bashref.texi
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
 
 A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming language.
 As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
-interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities.  The programming
-language features allow these utilities to be combined.
-Files containing commands can be created, and become
+interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities.
+The programming language features allow these utilities to be combined.
+Users can create files containing commands, and these become
 commands themselves. 
 These new commands have the same status as
 system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Shells offer features geared specifically for
 interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. 
 These interactive features include job control, command line
 editing, command history and aliases.
-Each of these features is described in this manual.
+This manual describes how Bash provides all of these features.
 
 @node Definitions
 @chapter Definitions
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ It is a @code{newline} or one of the following:
 
 @item exit status
 @cindex exit status
-The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is restricted
-to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+The value returned by a command to its caller.
+The value is restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
 
 @item field
 @cindex field
@@ -309,8 +309,8 @@ Words may not include unquoted @code{metacharacters}.
 Bash is an acronym for @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}.
 The Bourne shell is
 the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
-All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
-The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
+All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and
+the rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
 specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
 
 This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ available for further inspection or processing.
 @subsection Shell Operation
 
 The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
-reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the
-following:
+reads and executes a command.
+Basically, the shell does the following:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
@@ -369,9 +369,9 @@ supplied as an argument to the @option{-c} invocation option
 
 @item
 Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
-described in @ref{Quoting}.  These tokens are separated by
-@code{metacharacters}.  Alias expansion is performed by this step
-(@pxref{Aliases}).
+described in @ref{Quoting}.
+These tokens are separated by @code{metacharacters}.
+This step performs alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}).
 
 @item
 Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ alert (bell)
 backspace
 @item \e
 @itemx \E
-an escape character (not ANSI C)
+An escape character (not in ANSI C).
 @item \f
 form feed
 @item \n
@@ -517,19 +517,19 @@ double quote
 @item \?
 question mark
 @item \@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(one to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(one to three octal digits).
 @item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits).
 @item \u@var{HHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits).
 @item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits).
 @item \c@var{x}
-a control-@var{x} character
+A control-@var{x} character.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
@@ -791,8 +791,8 @@ This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
 performed after any redirections specified by @var{command1},
 consistent with that shorthand.
 
-The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics
-to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
+If the reserved word @code{time} precedes the pipeline,
+Bash prints timing statistics for the pipeline once it finishes.
 The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
 user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
 The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified
@@ -803,12 +803,12 @@ token begins with a @samp{-}.
 The value of the @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable is a format string that
 specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
 @xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats.
-The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
+Providing @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
 shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.
 An external @code{time} command cannot time these easily.
 
-When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), @code{time}
-may be followed by a newline.
+When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+you can use @code{time} by itself as a simple command.
 In this case, the shell displays the
 total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
 The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable specifies the format of the time information.
@@ -1779,7 +1779,7 @@ Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed.
 Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
 @code{alias}, 
 @code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly},
-and @code{local} builtin commands (@dfn{declaration} commands).
+and @code{local} builtin commands (@dfn{declaration commands}).
 When in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), these builtins may appear
 in a command after one or more instances of the @code{command} builtin
 and retain these assignment statement properties.
@@ -2041,8 +2041,8 @@ the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
 to right.
 
 Brace expansions may be nested.
-The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
-is preserved.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted;
+brace expansion preserves left to right order.
 For example,
 @example
 bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e
@@ -3039,7 +3039,7 @@ directories and subdirectories.
 Matches any single character.
 @item [@dots{}]
 Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
-A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression};
+A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a @dfn{range expression};
 any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
 using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches.
 If the first character following the
@@ -3605,42 +3605,41 @@ following:
 
 @itemize @bullet
 @item
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin
+Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin.
 
 @item
-the current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or
-@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+The current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or
+@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 
 @item
-the file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from
-the shell's parent
+The file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from
+the shell's parent.
 
 @item
-current traps set by @code{trap}
+Current traps set by @code{trap}.
 
 @item
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set}
-or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set}
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 
 @item
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
-parent in the environment
+Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment.
 
 @item
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by @code{set}
+Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by @code{set}.
 
 @item
-options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin})
+Options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
 
 @item
-shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases})
+Shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases}).
 
 @item
-various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs
-(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of
-@env{$PPID}
+Various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs
+(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of @env{$PPID}.
 
 @end itemize
 
@@ -3652,22 +3651,22 @@ Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell.
 
 @itemize @bullet
 @item
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
-by redirections to the command
+The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command.
 
 @item
-the current working directory
+The current working directory.
 
 @item
-the file creation mode mask
+The file creation mode mask.
 
 @item
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment})
+Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment}).
 
 @item
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 
 @end itemize
 
@@ -4261,7 +4260,7 @@ supplied as @var{arg} values, @code{getopts} parses those instead.
 
 @code{getopts} can report errors in two ways.
 If the first character of
-@var{optstring} is a colon, @code{getopts} uses @var{silent}
+@var{optstring} is a colon, @code{getopts} uses @emph{silent}
 error reporting.
 In normal operation, @code{getopts} prints diagnostic messages
 when it encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.
@@ -4562,7 +4561,7 @@ The return status is zero.
 @item trap
 @btindex trap
 @example
-trap [-Plp] [@var{action}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
+trap [-lpP] [@var{action}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
 @end example
 
 The @var{action} is a command that is read and executed when the
@@ -5081,17 +5080,17 @@ vertical tab
 @item \\
 backslash
 @item \0@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(zero to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(zero to three octal digits).
 @item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits).
 @item \u@var{HHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits).
 @item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits).
 @end table
 
 @code{echo} writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.
@@ -5301,7 +5300,7 @@ corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
 @code{%q} and @code{%Q}P use the ANSI-C quoting style (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting})
 if any characters
 in the argument string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise.
-If the format string uses the @code{printf} @var{alternate form}, these two
+If the format string uses the @code{printf} @emph{alternate form}, these two
 formats quote the argument string using single quotes.
 
 @item %Q
@@ -6023,11 +6022,13 @@ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
 The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
 @option{-o} option is used, those available with the @option{-o}
 option to the @code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
 With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, display a list of all
 settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
 if any @var{optname}s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
 The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that
 may be reused as input.
+
 Other options have the following meanings:
 
 @table @code
@@ -8816,17 +8817,18 @@ It was merged with the original IEEE 1003.1 Working Group and is
 currently maintained by the Austin Group (a joint working group of the
 IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15).
 Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents that
-make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992)
+make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992)
 is now part of the current unified @sc{posix} standard.
 
 The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
 interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
 the command line or by other programs.
 The standard is freely available on the web at
-@url{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html}.
+@url{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/contents.html}.
 
 Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined
-by the @sc{posix} Shell and Utilities volume.  The shell command
+by the @sc{posix} Shell and Utilities volume.
+The shell command
 language has of course been standardized, including the basic flow
 control and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and
 pipelines, argument handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
@@ -8842,9 +8844,8 @@ be) implemented as builtin commands, such as
 POSIX also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
 behavior, including job control and command
 line editing.
-Only vi-style line editing commands have been
-standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
-objections.
+Only vi-style line editing commands have been standardized;
+emacs editing commands were left out due to objections.
 
 @subsection Bash POSIX Mode
 @cindex POSIX Mode
@@ -8853,7 +8854,8 @@ Although Bash is an implementation of the @sc{posix} shell
 specification, there are areas where the Bash default behavior
 differs from the specification.
 The Bash @dfn{posix mode} changes the Bash
-behavior in these areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely. 
+behavior in these areas so that it conforms more closely
+to the standard.
 
 Starting Bash with the @option{--posix} command-line option or executing
 @samp{set -o posix} while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
@@ -8870,90 +8872,107 @@ The following list is what's changed when `@sc{posix} mode' is in effect:
 Bash ensures that the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} variable is set.
 
 @item
-When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
-@env{$PATH} to find the new location.  This is also available with
-@samp{shopt -s checkhash}.
+Bash reads and executes the @sc{posix} startup files
+(@env{$ENV}) rather than
+the normal Bash files (@pxref{Bash Startup Files}.
 
 @item
-Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
-command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
-from a @env{$PATH} search.
+Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
 
 @item
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
+do not undergo alias expansion.
 
 @item
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
-example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
+Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command substitution.
+The default (non-posix)
+mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command
+substitution is executed.
+This means that command substitution will not
+expand aliases that are defined after the command substitution is initially
+parsed (e.g., as part of a function definition).
 
 @item
-If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job notifications
-between executing commands in lists separated by @samp{;} or newline.
-Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job in
-a list completes.
+The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command.
+When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell
+and its completed children.
+The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format of the timing information.
 
 @item
-If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt before
-printing the status of a background job that changes status or a foreground
-job that terminates due to a signal.
-Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job completes.
+The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a @samp{-}.
 
 @item
-Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the
-user of their termination, whether that is via @code{wait}, @code{jobs},
-or interactive shell notification before prompting.
+When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
 
+@ignore
 @item
-Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+When parsing @code{$()} command substitutions containing here-documents,
+the parser does not allow a here-document to be delimited by the closing
+right parenthesis.
+The newline after the here-document delimiter is required.
+@end ignore
 
 @item
-Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
-do not undergo alias expansion.
+Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+in a redirection unless the shell is interactive.
 
 @item
-Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command substitution.
-The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command
-substitution is executed. This means that command substitution will not
-expand aliases that are defined after the command substitution is initially
-parsed (e.g., as part of a function definition).
+Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in a
+redirection.
 
 @item
-The @sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
-the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!} are enabled,
-and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and
-@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
+Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s.
+That is, they may not
+contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+may not start with a digit.
+Declaring a function with an invalid name in a non-interactive shell
+is a fatal syntax error.
 
 @item
-The @sc{posix} startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than
-the normal Bash files.
+Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special
+builtins.
 
 @item
 Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
 name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
 
 @item
-The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
-default value the shell assigns to @env{$HISTFILE}).
+While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
+@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters.
 
 @item
-Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
-in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+Expanding the @samp{*} special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the @code{$*} as if it were
+double-quoted.
 
 @item
-Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
-redirection.
+A double quote character (@samp{"}) is treated specially when it appears
+in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a here-document that
+undergoes expansion.
+That means, for example, that a backslash preceding a double quote
+character will escape it and the backslash will be removed.
 
 @item
-Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s.  That is, they may not
-contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid name
-causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+Command substitutions don't set the @samp{?} special parameter.
+The exit
+status of a simple command without a command word is still the exit status
+of the last command substitution that occurred while evaluating the variable
+assignments and redirections in that command, but that does not happen until
+after all of the assignments and redirections.
 
 @item
-Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special
-builtins.
+Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+the @env{PATH} variable are not expanded as described above
+under @ref{Tilde Expansion}.
+
+@item
+Command lookup finds @sc{posix} special builtins before shell functions,
+including output printed by the @code{type} and @code{command} builtins.
 
 @item
 Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined before
@@ -8961,66 +8980,79 @@ entering @sc{posix} mode, the shell will not execute a function whose name
 contains one or more slashes.
 
 @item
-@sc{posix} special builtins are found before shell functions
-during command lookup, including output printed by the @code{type}
-and @code{command} builtins.
+When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+@env{$PATH} to find the new location.
+This is also available with @samp{shopt -s checkhash}.
 
 @item
-When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by @code{type}), Bash does
-not print the @code{function} keyword.
+Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
+command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
+from a @env{$PATH} search.
 
 @item
-Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
-the @env{PATH} variable are not expanded as described above
-under @ref{Tilde Expansion}.
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+
+@item
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
+example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
 
 @item
-The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
-used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
-completed children.  The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format
-of the timing information.
+If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job notifications
+between executing commands in lists separated by @samp{;} or newline.
+Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+in a list completes.
 
 @item
-When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
-double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
-quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
-one of those defined to perform pattern removal.  In this case, they do
-not have to appear as matched pairs.
+If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt before
+printing the status of a background job that changes status or a foreground
+job that terminates due to a signal.
+Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+completes.
 
 @item
-The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a @samp{-}.
+Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the
+user of their termination via the @code{wait} or @code{jobs} builtins.
 
-@ignore
 @item
-When parsing @code{$()} command substitutions containing here-documents,
-the parser does not allow a here-document to be delimited by the closing
-right parenthesis. The newline after the here-document delimiter is required.
-@end ignore
+The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when
+the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and
+@code{$EDITOR}.
+
+@item
+Prompt expansion enables the
+@sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
+the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!},
+and Bash performs parameter expansion on the values of @env{PS1} and
+@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
+
+@item
+The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
+default value the shell assigns to @env{$HISTFILE}).
 
 @item
 The @samp{!} character does not introduce history expansion within a
 double-quoted string, even if the @code{histexpand} option is enabled.
 
 @item
-If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
-non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
-the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
-redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
-the command name, and so on.
+When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by @code{type}), Bash does
+not print the @code{function} keyword.
 
 @item
-The @code{unset} builtin with the @option{-v} option specified returns a
-fatal error if it attempts to unset a @code{readonly} or @code{non-unsettable}
-variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid identifier,
-which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
 
 @item
-When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement
-preceding the command, the @code{unset} builtin attempts to unset a variable
-of the same name in the current or previous scope as well.
-This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified
-by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior.
+Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+@item
+If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
+non-interactive shell exits.
+The fatal errors are those listed in
+the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
+the command name, and so on.
 
 @item
 A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
@@ -9032,7 +9064,8 @@ a value to a readonly variable.
 @item
 A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
 assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
-builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+For any other simple
 command, the shell aborts execution of that command, and execution continues
 at the top level ("the shell shall not perform any further processing of the
 command in which the error occurred").
@@ -9046,26 +9079,18 @@ variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
 Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
 is not found.
 
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
-results in an invalid expression.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
-
 @item
 Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
 with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
 the @code{eval} builtin.
 
 @item
-While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
-@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters.
-
-@item
-Expanding the @samp{*} special parameter in a pattern context where the
-expansion is double-quoted does not treat the @code{$*} as if it were
-double-quoted.
+Non-interactive shells exit
+if the @code{export}, @code{readonly} or @code{unset}
+builtin commands get an argument
+that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
+functions.
+These errors force an exit because these are special builtins.
 
 @item
 Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins
@@ -9074,54 +9099,9 @@ persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
 @item
 The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
 statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
-when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+when not in @sc{posix} mode, declaration commands lose their assignment
 statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
 
-@item
-The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
-in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
-is the current or previous job.
-
-@item
-The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
-separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
-
-@item
-The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
-prefix.
-
-@item
-The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
-output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
-
-@item
-If the @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands get an argument
-that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
-functions, they return an error.
-This will cause a non-interactive shell to exit because these are
-special builtins.
-
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
-@code{SIG}.
-
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
-signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
-is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the handler for a given
-signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the
-first argument.
-
-@item
-@code{trap -p} without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are
-set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not
-just trapped signals.
-
-@item
-The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
-for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
-
 @item
 Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
 @code{inherit_errexit} option, so
@@ -9136,19 +9116,23 @@ Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
 that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an
 error message.
 
+@item
+Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
+@code{interactive_comments} option (@pxref{Comments}).
+
+@item
+The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
+
 @item
 When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
 display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option
 is supplied.
 
 @item
-When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
-shell function names and definitions.
-
-@item
-When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays
-variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
-even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
 
 @item
 When the @code{cd} builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
@@ -9164,9 +9148,13 @@ exceeds @code{PATH_MAX} when canonicalized, @code{cd} will
 attempt to use the supplied directory name.
 
 @item
-The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
-current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
-@option{-P} option.
+When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+interpret any arguments to @code{echo} as options.
+@code{echo} displays each argument after converting escape sequences.
+
+@item
+The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
 
 @item
 When listing the history, the @code{fc} builtin does not include an
@@ -9183,28 +9171,24 @@ If there are too many arguments supplied to @code{fc -s}, @code{fc} prints
 an error message and returns failure.
 
 @item
-The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable
-file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
-file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}.
-
-@item
-The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when
-the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and
-@code{$EDITOR}.
+The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
 
 @item
-When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
-any arguments to @code{echo} as options.  Each argument is displayed, after
-escape characters are converted.
+The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
+prefix.
 
 @item
-The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c}
-and @option{-f} options.
+The @code{printf} builtin uses @code{double} (via @code{strtod}) to convert
+arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of
+@code{long double} if it's available.
+The @samp{L} length modifier forces
+@code{printf} to use @code{long double} if it's available.
 
 @item
-The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD}  when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does
-not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately.
-The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
+current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
+@option{-P} option.
 
 @item
 The @code{read} builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
@@ -9213,25 +9197,17 @@ If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing @code{read}, the trap
 handler executes and @code{read} returns an exit status greater than 128.
 
 @item
-The @code{printf} builtin uses @code{double} (via @code{strtod}) to convert
-arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of
-@code{long double} if it's available. The @samp{L} length modifier forces
-@code{printf} to use @code{long double} if it's available.
-
-@item
-Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such
-statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it.
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+shell function names and definitions.
 
 @item
-A double quote character (@samp{"}) is treated specially when it appears
-in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a here-document that
-undergoes expansion.
-That means, for example, that a backslash preceding a double quote
-character will escape it and the backslash will be removed.
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
+even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
 
 @item
 The @code{test} builtin compares strings using the current locale when
-processing the @samp{<} and @samp{>} binary operators.
+evaluating the @samp{<} and @samp{>} binary operators.
 
 @item
 The @code{test} builtin's @option{-t} unary primary requires an argument.
@@ -9239,11 +9215,53 @@ Historical versions of @code{test} made the argument optional in certain
 cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility.
 
 @item
-Command substitutions don't set the @samp{?} special parameter. The exit
-status of a simple command without a command word is still the exit status
-of the last command substitution that occurred while evaluating the variable
-assignments and redirections in that command, but that does not happen until
-after all of the assignments and redirections.
+The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
+@code{SIG}.
+
+@item
+The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
+is a valid signal number.
+If users want to reset the handler for a given
+signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the
+first argument.
+
+@item
+@code{trap -p} without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are
+set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not
+just trapped signals.
+
+@item
+The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable
+file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
+file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}.
+
+@item
+The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c}
+and @option{-f} options.
+
+@item
+The @code{unset} builtin with the @option{-v} option specified returns a
+fatal error if it attempts to unset a @code{readonly} or @code{non-unsettable}
+variable,
+which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+
+@item
+When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement
+preceding the command, the @code{unset} builtin attempts to unset a variable
+of the same name in the current or previous scope as well.
+This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified
+by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior.
+
+@item
+The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD}  when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does
+not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+@item
+Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such
+statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it.
 
 @end enumerate
 
@@ -9256,11 +9274,15 @@ Specifically:
 @item
 The @code{fc} builtin checks @code{$EDITOR} as a program to edit history
 entries if @code{FCEDIT} is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
-@code{ed}.  @code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset.
+@code{ed}.
+@code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset.
 
+@ignore
 @item
 A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment preceding
 the @code{command} builtin or another non-special builtin fails.
+There is ambiguity in @sc{posix} about this.
+@end ignore
 
 @item
 As noted above, Bash requires the @code{xpg_echo} option to be enabled for
@@ -10512,10 +10534,11 @@ Please send all reports concerning this manual to
 Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
 variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. 
 Bash uses the @sc{posix} standard as the specification of
-how these features are to be implemented.  There are some
+how these features are to be implemented and how they should behave.
+There are some
 differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
-section quickly details the differences of significance.  A
-number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
+section quickly details the differences of significance.
+A number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
 previous sections.
 This section uses the version of @code{sh} included in SVR4.2 (the
 last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
@@ -10529,6 +10552,10 @@ differs from traditional @code{sh} behavior (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
 @item
 Bash has multi-character invocation options (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
 
+@item
+The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell});
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
 @item
 Bash has command-line editing (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) and
 the @code{bind} builtin.
@@ -10539,6 +10566,18 @@ Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
 @code{complete}, @code{compgen}, and @code{compopt}, to
 manipulate it.
 
+@item
+Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
+variables (@code{PS0}, @code{PS1}, @code{PS2}, and @code{PS4})
+(@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
+
+@item
+Bash expands and displays the @code{PS0} prompt string variable.
+
+@item
+Bash runs commands from the @code{PROMPT_COMMAND} array variable before
+issuing each primary prompt.
+
 @item
 Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the
 @code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it.
@@ -10550,35 +10589,44 @@ Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion
 (@pxref{History Interaction}).
 
 @item
-Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the
-appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
-Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
-
-@item
-The @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
-backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
-is supported (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}).
+Bash supports the @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes
+(@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}).
 
 @item
-Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax to do
+Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax and performs
 locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
-quotes.  The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings}
+quotes.
+The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings}
 invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
 (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
 
+@item
+Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde
+expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
+builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+
 @item
 Bash implements the @code{!} keyword to negate the return value of
 a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}).
-Very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+This is very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a
+test fails.
 The Bash @samp{-o pipefail} option to @code{set} will cause a pipeline to
-return a failure status if any command fails.
+return a failure status if any command fails
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
 
 @item
 Bash has the @code{time} reserved word and command timing (@pxref{Pipelines}).
 The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
 @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable.
 
+@item
+Bash provides coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word
+(@pxref{Coprocesses}).
+
 @item
 Bash implements the @code{for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} ))}
 arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
@@ -10594,30 +10642,39 @@ optional regular expression matching.
 
 @item
 Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the @code{case} and
-@code{[[} constructs.
+@code{[[} constructs  (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
 
 @item
-Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde
-expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+Bash provides additional @code{case} statement action list terminators:
+@samp{;&} and @samp{;;&} (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
 
 @item
-Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
-builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+Bash provides shell arithmetic,
+the @code{((} compound command (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}),
+the @code{let} builtin,
+and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
 
 @item
-Bash provides shell arithmetic, the @code{((} compound command
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}),
-and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
 
 @item
 Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically
-exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does not normally do
+exported to child processes (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}).
+The Bourne shell does not normally do
 this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the @code{export}
 command.
 
+@item
+Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using
+@code{$@{@var{num}@}} (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
 @item
 Bash supports the @samp{+=} assignment operator, which appends to the value
-of the variable named on the left hand side.
+of the variable named on the left hand side
+(@pxref{Shell Parameters}).
 
 @item
 Bash includes the @sc{posix} pattern removal @samp{%}, @samp{#}, @samp{%%}
@@ -10651,13 +10708,10 @@ Bash has indirect variable expansion using @code{$@{!word@}}
 (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}) and implements the @code{nameref}
 variable attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion.
 
-@item
-Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using
-@code{$@{@var{num}@}}.
-
 @item
 Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of the
-form @code{$@{var@@X@}}, where @samp{X} specifies the transformation.
+form @code{$@{var@@X@}}, where @samp{X} specifies the transformation
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
 
 @item
 The @sc{posix} @code{$()} form of command substitution
@@ -10667,8 +10721,9 @@ is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
 
 @item
 Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the enclosed
-command in the current shell execution environment
-(@code{$@{ @var{command};@}}).
+command in the current shell execution environment:
+@code{$@{ @var{command};@}} or @code{$@{|@var{command};@}}
+(@pxref{Command Substitution}).
 
 @item
 Bash has process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}).
@@ -10685,18 +10740,24 @@ and the instance of Bash that is running (@env{BASH},
 Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize shell
 behavior that the Bourne shell does not.
 Examples include @env{RANDOM}, @env{SRANDOM}, @env{EPOCHSECONDS},
-@env{GLOBSORT}, @env{TIMEFORMAT}, @env{BASHPID}, @env{BASH_XTRACEFD},
+@env{EPOCHREALTIME},
+@env{TIMEFORMAT}, @env{BASHPID}, @env{BASH_XTRACEFD},
 @env{GLOBIGNORE}, @env{HISTIGNORE}, and @env{BASH_VERSION}.
 @xref{Bash Variables}, for a complete list.
 
 @item
-The @env{IFS} variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+Bash uses the @code{GLOBSORT} shell variable to control how to sort
+the results of filename expansion (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash uses the @env{IFS} variable to split only the results of expansion,
 not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}).
 This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
 
 @item
 The filename expansion bracket expression code uses @samp{!} and @samp{^}
-to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
+to negate the set of characters between the brackets
+(@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
 The Bourne shell uses only @samp{!}.
 
 @item
@@ -10708,22 +10769,20 @@ collating symbols (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
 Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the @code{extglob}
 shell option is enabled (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
 
+@item
+The @code{globstar} shell option extends filename expansion to recursively
+scan directories and subdirectories for matching filenames
+(@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
+
 @item
 It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
 @code{sh} does not separate the two name spaces.
 
 @item
 Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-@code{local} builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+@code{local} builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive functions
 (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
-@item
-Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
-builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}).
-In @code{sh}, all variable assignments 
-preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
-file system.
-
 @item
 Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
 to input and output redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
@@ -10746,6 +10805,12 @@ redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
 Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
 used in redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
 
+@item
+Bash provides the @{@var{var}@}<@var{word} capability to have the
+shell allocate file descriptors for redirections and assign them
+to @var{var} (@pxref{Redirections}).
+This works with multiple redirection operators.
+
 @item
 Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
 with the redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
@@ -10756,9 +10821,28 @@ files with output redirection (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
 The @samp{>|} redirection operator may be used to override @code{noclobber}.
 
 @item
-The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
-each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and
-physical modes.
+Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}).
+In @code{sh}, all variable assignments 
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+@item
+Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+shell scripts:
+variables (@code{BASH_ARGC}, @code{BASH_ARGV}, @code{BASH_LINENO},
+@code{BASH_SOURCE}),
+the @code{DEBUG}, @code{RETURN}, and @code{ERR} traps,
+@samp{declare -F},
+and
+the @code{caller} builtin.
+
+@item
+Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the
+@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it
+(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
 
 @item
 Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
@@ -10766,42 +10850,50 @@ access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the
 @code{builtin} and @code{command} builtins (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands from
-shared objects.
+Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}), which displays the context of
+any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
+the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).
+This supports the Bash debugger.
 
 @item
-The @code{command} builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
 
 @item
-Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the @code{enable}
-builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The @code{command} builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions
+when performing command lookup (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users
-to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
-command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+Bash uses the @code{declare} builtin to modify the full set of variable
+and function attributes, and to assign values to variables.
 
 @item
-Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
-using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress sending
+@code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+@code{SIGHUP}.
 
 @item
-Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
-variables (@code{PS0}, @code{PS1}, @code{PS2}, and @code{PS4}).
+The @code{enable} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) can enable or disable
+individual builtins
+and implements support for dynamically loading
+builtin commands from shared objects.
 
 @item
-Bash expands and displays the @code{PS0} prompt string variable.
+The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users
+to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
 
 @item
-Bash runs commands from the @code{PROMPT_COMMAND} array variable before
-issuing each primary prompt.
+Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}).
 
 @item
-Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters 
-@item
-The Bash @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{declare} builtins can
+The Bash @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtins
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins} can
 take a @option{-f} option to act on shell functions, a @option{-p} option to
 display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
 used as shell input, a @option{-n} option to remove various variable
@@ -10820,21 +10912,27 @@ facilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
 Bash includes the @code{mapfile} builtin to quickly read the contents
-of a file into an indexed array variable.
+of a file into an indexed array variable (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
 The @code{printf} builtin is available to display formatted output
-(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
+and has additional custom format specifiers and an option to assign
+the formatted output directly to a shell variable.
 
 @item
 The Bash @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
 will read a line ending in @samp{\} with
 the @option{-r} option, and will use the @env{REPLY} variable as a
 default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
-The Bash @code{read} builtin
-also accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use
+
+@item
+The @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
+accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use
 Readline to obtain the line when given the @option{-e} or @option{-E}
-options.
+options,
+with the ability to insert text into the line using the @option{-i}
+option.
 The @code{read} builtin also has additional options to control input:
 the @option{-s} option will turn off echoing of input characters as
 they are read, the @option{-t} option will allow @code{read} to time out
@@ -10848,11 +10946,6 @@ The @code{return} builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
 executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins
 (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
 
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell
-optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options
-to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
-
 @item
 Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set}
 builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
@@ -10862,23 +10955,16 @@ The @option{-x} (@option{xtrace}) option displays commands other than
 simple commands when performing an execution trace
 (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
 
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+
 @item
 The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
 is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm,
 which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
 
-@item
-The Bash @code{wait} builtin has a @option{-n} option to wait for the
-next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
-and the @option{-p} option to store information about a terminated
-child process in a shell variable.
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin, which displays the context of
-any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).  This supports the Bash
-debugger.
-
 @item
 The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
 @code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}.
@@ -10914,34 +11000,23 @@ The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information
 about the names it finds (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-The Bash @code{umask} builtin permits a @option{-p} option to cause
-the output to be displayed in the form of a @code{umask} command
-that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+The @code{ulimit} builtin provides control over many more per-process
+resources (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the
-@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it
-(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
-Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
-@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
-
-@item
-Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-strings when interactive (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
-
-@item
-The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell});
-the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+The Bash @code{umask} builtin uses the @option{-p} option to display
+the output in the form of a @code{umask} command
+that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
 
 @item
-The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
-job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress the sending
-of @code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
-@code{SIGHUP}.
+The Bash @code{wait} builtin has a @option{-n} option to wait for the
+next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
+and the @option{-p} option to store information about a terminated
+child process in a shell variable.
 
-@item
-Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
-shell scripts.
+@item 
+The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh}
+(it turns on job control).
 
 @item
 The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
@@ -11015,10 +11090,6 @@ The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
 a script only if one of the @sc{posix} special builtins fails, and
 only for certain failures, as enumerated in the @sc{posix} standard.
 
-@item 
-The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh}
-(it turns on job control).
-
 @item
 If the @code{lastpipe} option is enabled, and job control is not active,
 Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell execution

diff --git a/doc/bashref.toc b/doc/bashref.toc
index aac5ea899913571d72c49db0b5d66ee202288d49..10a7c11a2457600b541dd77bbf03f714f63ca008 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.toc
+++ b/doc/bashref.toc
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{128}
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{129}
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{129}
-@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{129}
+@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{130}
 @numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{130}
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{130}
 @numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{140}
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 @numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{150}
 @numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{152}
 @numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{152}
-@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{154}
+@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{155}
 @numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{155}
 @numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{157}
 @numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{161}
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 @numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{167}
 @numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{168}
 @numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{169}
-@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{169}
+@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{170}
 @numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{171}
 @numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{171}
 @numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{172}
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@
 @appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{180}
 @appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{181}
 @appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{186}
-@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{187}
-@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{195}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{195}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{196}
-@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{197}
-@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{199}
-@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{201}
+@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{188}
+@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{196}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{196}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{197}
+@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{198}
+@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{200}
+@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{202}

diff --git a/doc/bashref.vr b/doc/bashref.vr
index 0d2150c36074ecc2bb52efd6657c7f30656f6026..4bb7aaf83d7aa3cbc111d7661dbb49976fb010e6 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.vr
+++ b/doc/bashref.vr
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 \entry{active-region-start-color}{131}{\code {active-region-start-color}}
 \entry{active-region-end-color}{131}{\code {active-region-end-color}}
 \entry{bell-style}{131}{\code {bell-style}}
-\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{131}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
+\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{132}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
 \entry{blink-matching-paren}{132}{\code {blink-matching-paren}}
 \entry{colored-completion-prefix}{132}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}
 \entry{colored-stats}{132}{\code {colored-stats}}
@@ -143,18 +143,19 @@
 \entry{completion-ignore-case}{132}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
 \entry{completion-map-case}{132}{\code {completion-map-case}}
 \entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{132}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
-\entry{completion-query-items}{132}{\code {completion-query-items}}
+\entry{completion-query-items}{133}{\code {completion-query-items}}
 \entry{convert-meta}{133}{\code {convert-meta}}
 \entry{disable-completion}{133}{\code {disable-completion}}
 \entry{echo-control-characters}{133}{\code {echo-control-characters}}
 \entry{editing-mode}{133}{\code {editing-mode}}
 \entry{emacs-mode-string}{133}{\code {emacs-mode-string}}
-\entry{enable-active-region}{133}{\code {enable-active-region}}
+\entry{enable-active-region The}{134}{\code {enable-active-region The}}
 \entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{134}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}
 \entry{enable-keypad}{134}{\code {enable-keypad}}
+\entry{enable-meta-key}{134}{\code {enable-meta-key}}
 \entry{expand-tilde}{134}{\code {expand-tilde}}
 \entry{force-meta-prefix}{134}{\code {force-meta-prefix}}
-\entry{history-preserve-point}{134}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
+\entry{history-preserve-point}{135}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
 \entry{history-size}{135}{\code {history-size}}
 \entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{135}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
 \entry{input-meta}{135}{\code {input-meta}}

diff --git a/doc/bashref.vrs b/doc/bashref.vrs
index 01af45ebd5e10949e5be0214ce97cae780bfb984..fe4c7ca6dd24452d07aa7350b23e9692c5f09ca5 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bashref.vrs
+++ b/doc/bashref.vrs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 \entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{85}
 \entry{\code {BASHPID}}{85}
 \entry{\code {bell-style}}{131}
-\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{131}
+\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{132}
 \entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{132}
 \initial {C}
 \entry{\code {CDPATH}}{84}
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 \entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{132}
 \entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{132}
 \entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{132}
-\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{132}
+\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{133}
 \entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{89}
 \entry{\code {convert-meta}}{133}
 \entry{\code {COPROC}}{89}
@@ -85,9 +85,10 @@
 \entry{\code {editing-mode}}{133}
 \entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{133}
 \entry{\code {EMACS}}{89}
-\entry{\code {enable-active-region}}{133}
+\entry{\code {enable-active-region The}}{134}
 \entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{134}
 \entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{134}
+\entry{\code {enable-meta-key}}{134}
 \entry{\code {ENV}}{89}
 \entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{90}
 \entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{90}
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@
 \entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{92}
 \entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{92}
 \entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{92}
-\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{134}
+\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{135}
 \entry{\code {history-size}}{135}
 \entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{92}
 \entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{93}

diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0
index 632eeccef9081a4ee58814188f9d35e5e13dde52..c4dd76dedfd059ff0c0ac3b86ab1e8d368a172d5 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/builtins.0
+++ b/doc/builtins.0
@@ -280,67 +280,70 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
               [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
        c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
-              Specify  how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.  If the
-              -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes  are  supplied,
-              existing completion specifications are printed in a way that al-
-              lows  them  to be reused as input.  The -\b-r\br option removes a com-
+              Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.
+
+              If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
+              plied,  print  existing  completion specifications in a way that
+              allows them to be reused as input.  The -\b-r\br option removes a com-
               pletion specification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes  are  sup-
-              plied,  all  completion specifications.  The -\b-D\bD option indicates
-              that other supplied options and actions should apply to the com-
-              mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command  for
-              which  no completion has previously been defined.  The -\b-E\bE option
-              indicates that other supplied options and actions  should  apply
-              to  command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank
-              line.  The -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied  options  and
-              actions should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment
-              word  on  the line, or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|,
-              which is usually command name completion.  If  multiple  options
-              are  supplied,  the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence over -\b-E\bE, and both
-              take precedence over -\b-I\bI.  If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are  supplied,
-              any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored; these completions only ap-
-              ply to the case specified by the option.
-
-              The  process  of  applying  these completion specifications when
-              word completion is attempted is described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
-
-              Other options, if specified, have the following  meanings.   The
-              arguments  to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
-              -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from  expan-
+              plied, all completion specifications.
+
+              The  -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+              should apply to the command completion; that is, completion  at-
+              tempted on a command for which no completion has previously been
+              defined.   The  -\b-E\bE  option indicates that other supplied options
+              and actions should apply to command completion; that is, comple-
+              tion attempted on a blank line.  The -\b-I\bI  option  indicates  that
+              other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on
+              the  initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command
+              delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name  comple-
+              tion.   If  multiple  options  are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes
+              precedence over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.  If any of
+              -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  arguments  are  ig-
+              nored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the
+              option.
+
+              The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
+              tempting word completion  is described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
+
+              Other  options,  if specified, have the following meanings.  The
+              arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary,  the
+              -\b-P\bP  and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
               sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
 
               -\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
-                      The  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  controls  several aspects of the comp-
-                      spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of  comple-
+                      The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects  of  the  comp-
+                      spec's  behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
                       tions.  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
                       b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
                               Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
                               if the compspec generates no matches.
-                      d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use  readline's  default  filename completion if
+                      d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default  filename  completion  if
                               the compspec generates no matches.
                       d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
-                              Perform directory name completion if  the  comp-
+                              Perform  directory  name completion if the comp-
                               spec generates no matches.
                       f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
-                              Tell  readline that the compspec generates file-
-                              names, so it can perform  any  filename-specific
-                              processing  (like  adding  a  slash to directory
-                              names, quoting special characters, or  suppress-
-                              ing  trailing spaces).  Intended to be used with
-                              shell functions.
+                              Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates  file-
+                              names,  so  it can perform any filename-specific
+                              processing (such as adding a slash to  directory
+                              names,  quoting special characters, or suppress-
+                              ing trailing spaces).  This is  intended  to  be
+                              used with shell functions.
                       f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
-                              Tell readline to quote all the  completed  words
+                              Tell  r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be  to quote all the completed words
                               even if they are not filenames.
-                      n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell  readline  not to quote the completed words
-                              if they are filenames (quoting filenames is  the
+                      n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the  completed  words
+                              if  they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
                               default).
-                      n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt  Tell  readline  not to sort the list of possible
+                      n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt  Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list  of  possible
                               completions alphabetically.
-                      n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append  a  space  (the  de-
-                              fault)  to  words  completed  at  the end of the
+                      n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell  r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be  not  to  append a space (the de-
+                              fault) to words completed  at  the  end  of  the
                               line.
                       p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
-                              After any matches defined by  the  compspec  are
-                              generated, attempt directory name completion and
+                              After  generating  any  matches  defined  by the
+                              compspec, attempt directory name completion  and
                               add  any matches to the results of the other ac-
                               tions.
               -\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
@@ -396,9 +399,9 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       guments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is
                       the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is
                       the word preceding the word being completed on the  cur-
-                      rent command line.  When _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, the possible
-                      completions  are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bE-\b-
-                      P\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
+                      rent command line.  When _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, programmable
+                      completion  retrieves  the possible completions from the
+                      value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
               -\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
                       Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to  gener-
                       ate the possible completions.
@@ -409,13 +412,14 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to  each  possible  completion  after  all
                       other options have been applied.
               -\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
-                      The  _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt  is  split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
-                      special variable as delimiters, and each resulting  word
-                      is  expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
-                      in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
-                      shell metacharacters or characters in the value of  I\bIF\bFS\bS.
-                      The  possible  completions are the members of the resul-
-                      tant list which match the word being completed.
+                      Split  the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
+                      cial variable as delimiters, and expand  each  resulting
+                      word.   Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in or-
+                      der to provide a mechanism  for  the  words  to  contain
+                      shell  metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
+                      The possible completions are the members of  the  resul-
+                      tant  list  which  match a prefix of the word being com-
+                      pleted.
               -\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
                       _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for  pathname  expansion.
                       It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
@@ -436,167 +440,166 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               supplied.   If  no  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion
               options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion.   The  possible
               values  of  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
-              scribed above.  The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied  op-
-              tions  should  apply to the command completion; that is, comple-
-              tion attempted on a command for which no completion  has  previ-
-              ously been defined.  The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other supplied
-              options  should apply to command completion; that is, completion
-              attempted on a blank line.  The -\b-I\bI option indicates  that  other
-              supplied  options should apply to completion on the initial non-
-              assignment word on the line, or after a command  delimiter  such
-              as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name completion.
+              scribed above.
+
+              The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options should apply
+              to the command completion; the -\b-E\bE option  indicates  that  other
+              supplied  options should apply to command completion; and the -\b-I\bI
+              option indicates that other supplied  options  should  apply  to
+              completion  on  the  initial word on the line.  These are deter-
+              mined in the same way as the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin.
 
               If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
               over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.
 
-              The  return  value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
               an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
               completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
 
        c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
               c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be resumes the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be,
-              u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop.  If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the  _\bnth
-              enclosing  loop.  _\bn must be >= 1.  If _\bn is greater than the num-
-              ber of enclosing loops, the shell  resumes  the  last  enclosing
-              loop  (the loop).  The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
+              u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl,  or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop.  If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth
+              enclosing loop.  _\bn must be >= 1.  If _\bn is greater than the  num-
+              ber  of  enclosing  loops,  the shell resumes the last enclosing
+              loop (the loop).  The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not  greater
               than or equal to 1.
 
        d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
        t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
-              Declare variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes  are
+              Declare  variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
               given then display the values of variables or functions.  The -\b-p\bp
-              option  will  display  the  attributes  and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-              When -\b-p\bp is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional  options,  other
+              option will display the attributes  and  values  of  each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+              When  -\b-p\bp  is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other
               than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF, are ignored.
 
               When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display
               the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes
-              specified  by  the  additional options.  If no other options are
+              specified by the additional options.  If no  other  options  are
               supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the attributes and values
-              of all shell variables.  The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display  to
+              of  all shell variables.  The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to
               shell functions.
 
               The -\b-F\bF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
-              the  function  name and attributes are printed.  If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
-              shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source  file  name  and
-              line  number  where  each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well.
+              the function name and attributes are printed.  If  the  e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
+              shell  option  is  enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and
+              line number where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are  displayed  as  well.
               The -\b-F\bF option implies -\b-f\bf.
 
-              The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at  the
+              The  -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
               global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell function.
               It is ignored when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is not executed in a shell function.
 
-              The  -\b-I\bI  option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
-              (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any  existing  vari-
-              able  with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope.  If there is no
+              The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit  the  attributes
+              (except  the  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing vari-
+              able with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope.  If there is  no
               existing variable, the local variable is initially unset.
 
-              The following options can be used to restrict  output  to  vari-
-              ables  with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib-
+              The  following  options  can be used to restrict output to vari-
+              ables with the specified attribute or to give variables  attrib-
               utes:
-              -\b-a\ba     Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array  variable  (see  A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs  in
+              -\b-a\ba     Each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  is  an  indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in
                      _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
               -\b-A\bA     Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in
                      _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
               -\b-f\bf     Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function.
               -\b-i\bi     The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
-                     tion  (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) is performed
+                     tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) is  performed
                      when the variable is assigned a value.
-              -\b-l\bl     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  upper-case
-                     characters  are  converted to lower-case.  The upper-case
+              -\b-l\bl     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all upper-case
+                     characters are converted to lower-case.   The  upper-case
                      attribute is disabled.
-              -\b-n\bn     Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making  it  a  name
-                     reference  to  another  variable.  That other variable is
-                     defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.   All  references,  assign-
-                     ments,  and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
-                     using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are  performed
-                     on  the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value.  The nameref
+              -\b-n\bn     Give  each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
+                     reference to another variable.  That  other  variable  is
+                     defined  by  the  value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  All references, assign-
+                     ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except  those
+                     using  or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
+                     on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value.  The  nameref
                      attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
               -\b-r\br     Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
                      values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
               -\b-t\bt     Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute.  Traced functions in-
-                     herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling  shell.
+                     herit  the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
                      The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
-              -\b-u\bu     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all lower-case
-                     characters are converted to upper-case.   The  lower-case
+              -\b-u\bu     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  lower-case
+                     characters  are  converted to upper-case.  The lower-case
                      attribute is disabled.
-              -\b-x\bx     Mark  each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the
+              -\b-x\bx     Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via  the
                      environment.
 
               Using instead of turns off the specified attribute instead, with
-              the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to  destroy  array
+              the  exceptions  that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array
               variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute.
 
-              When  used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be lo-
-              cal, as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the  -\b-g\bg  option  is  sup-
-              plied.   If  a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of
-              the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.  When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the  com-
-              pound  assignment  syntax  to create array variables, additional
+              When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  lo-
+              cal,  as  with  the  l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is sup-
+              plied.  If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the  value  of
+              the  variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.  When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the com-
+              pound assignment syntax to create  array  variables,  additional
               attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments.
 
-              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option  is  encountered,
+              The  return  value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
               an attempt is made to define a function using an attempt is made
-              to  assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
-              assign a value to an array variable without using  the  compound
-              assignment  syntax  (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is
-              not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn  off
-              readonly  status  for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
-              turn off array status for an array variable, or  an  attempt  is
+              to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made  to
+              assign  a  value to an array variable without using the compound
+              assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), one of the  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs  is
+              not  a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off
+              readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is  made  to
+              turn  off  array  status for an array variable, or an attempt is
               made to display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
 
        d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
               Without options, display the list of currently remembered direc-
-              tories.   The default display is on a single line with directory
-              names separated by spaces.  Directories are added  to  the  list
-              with  the  p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd  command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from
-              the list.  The current directory is always the  first  directory
+              tories.  The default display is on a single line with  directory
+              names  separated  by  spaces.  Directories are added to the list
+              with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command  removes  entries  from
+              the  list.   The current directory is always the first directory
               in the stack.
 
               Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-              -\b-c\bc     Clears  the  directory  stack  by deleting all of the en-
+              -\b-c\bc     Clears the directory stack by deleting  all  of  the  en-
                      tries.
-              -\b-l\bl     Produces a listing  using  full  pathnames;  the  default
+              -\b-l\bl     Produces  a  listing  using  full  pathnames; the default
                      listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
               -\b-p\bp     Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-              -\b-v\bv     Print  the  directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+              -\b-v\bv     Print the directory stack with one entry per  line,  pre-
                      fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
               +\b+_\bn     Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
                      shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
                      zero.
-              -\b-_\bn     Displays the _\bnth entry counting from  the  right  of  the
+              -\b-_\bn     Displays  the  _\bnth  entry  counting from the right of the
                      list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
                      with zero.
 
-              The  return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or  _\bn
               indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
 
        d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bi_\bd ...]
-              Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of  active  jobs.
-              Each  _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd;
-              if _\bi_\bd is a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd  as  _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
-              If  _\bi_\bd  is  not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is
-              supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn removes the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb.  If the -\b-h\bh  option  is
-              supplied,  the  job corresponding to each _\bi_\bd is not removed from
-              the table, but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to  the  job
+              Without  options,  remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs.
+              Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID  _\bp_\bi_\bd;
+              if  _\bi_\bd  is a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd as _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
+              If _\bi_\bd is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the  -\b-r\br  option  is
+              supplied,  d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn  removes the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb.  If the -\b-h\bh option is
+              supplied, the job corresponding to each _\bi_\bd is not  removed  from
+              the  table,  but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job
               if the shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.
 
-              If  no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
-              jobs; the -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument  restricts  operation
+              If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark  all
+              jobs;  the  -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument restricts operation
               to running jobs.
 
               The return value is 0 unless an _\bi_\bd does not specify a valid job.
 
        e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              Output  the  _\ba_\br_\bgs,  separated  by spaces, followed by a newline.
-              The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.   If  -\b-n\bn  is
+              Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces,  followed  by  a  newline.
+              The  return  status  is 0 unless a write error occurs.  If -\b-n\bn is
               specified, the trailing newline is not printed.
 
-              If  the  -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following back-
+              If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the  following  back-
               slash-escaped characters.  The -\b-E\bE option disables interpretation
-              of these escape characters, even on systems where they  are  in-
-              terpreted  by  default.   The  x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo  shell option determines
+              of  these  escape characters, even on systems where they are in-
+              terpreted by default.   The  x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo  shell  option  determines
               whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets any options and expands these es-
-              cape characters.  e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end  of
+              cape  characters.  e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of
               options.
 
               e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape sequences:
@@ -611,101 +614,101 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               \\b\t\bt     horizontal tab
               \\b\v\bv     vertical tab
               \\b\\\b\     backslash
-              \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn  the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
-                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
-              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
-                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
-              \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits)
+              \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn  The eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
+                     _\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits).
+              \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH   The  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
+                     value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
+              \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
+                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
               \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
-                     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
-                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits)
+                     The  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+                     hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
 
-              e\bec\bch\bho\bo  writes  any  unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un-
+              e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized  backslash-escaped  characters  un-
               changed.
 
        e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
-              Enable and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a  builtin
-              allows  an  executable  file  which has the same name as a shell
-              builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,  even
+              Enable  and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
+              allows an executable file which has the same  name  as  a  shell
+              builtin  to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even
               though the shell normally searches for builtins before files.
 
-              If  -\b-n\bn  is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
-              enabled.  For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found usin g  P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+              If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise,  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes  are
+              enabled.   For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found usin g P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
               instead of the shell builtin version, run
 
-              If  no  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+              If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option  is  sup-
               plied, print a list of shell builtins.  With no other option ar-
               guments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins.  If -\b-n\bn
-              is supplied, print only disabled builtins.  If -\b-a\ba  is  supplied,
-              the  list  printed  includes all builtins, with an indication of
+              is  supplied,  print only disabled builtins.  If -\b-a\ba is supplied,
+              the list printed includes all builtins, with  an  indication  of
               whether or not each is enabled.  The -\b-s\bs option means to restrict
               the output to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins.
 
-              The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin  command  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  from
+              The  -\b-f\bf  option  means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
               shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
               If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will use the value of
-              the  B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  variable  as a colon-separated list of
-              directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.   The  default  for
-              B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  is  system-dependent,  and  may  include to
-              force a search of the current directory.   The  -\b-d\bd  option  will
-              delete  a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.  If _\b-_\bs is used with
+              the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a  colon-separated  list  of
+              directories  in  which  to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  The default for
+              B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is  system-dependent,  and  may  include  to
+              force  a  search  of  the current directory.  The -\b-d\bd option will
+              delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.  If _\b-_\bs is used  with
               _\b-_\bf, the new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin.
 
-              If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not  a  shell  builtin,
-              e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be  will  attempt  to  load  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named
+              If  no  options  are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin,
+              e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  from  a  shared  object  named
               _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command were
 
-              The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a  shell  builtin  or
+              The  return  value  is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or
               there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
 
        e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              Concatenate  the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating
+              Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command,  separating
               them with spaces.  B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then reads and execute this command, and
-              returns its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl.  If  there
+              returns  its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl.  If there
               are no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
 
        e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
-              If  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating
-              a new process.  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin  or  function.
+              If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without  creating
+              a  new  process.  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function.
               The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.  If the -\b-l\bl option
               is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the ze-
-              roth  argument  passed  to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.  This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does.
-              The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty  envi-
+              roth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.  This is  what  _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1)  does.
+              The  -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty envi-
               ronment.  If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the zeroth
               argument to the executed command.
 
               If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
-              shell  exits,  unless  the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled.  In
-              that case, it returns a non-zero status.  An  interactive  shell
-              returns  a  non-zero  status  if the file cannot be executed.  A
+              shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option  is  enabled.   In
+              that  case,  it returns a non-zero status.  An interactive shell
+              returns a non-zero status if the file  cannot  be  executed.   A
               subshell exits unconditionally if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
 
               If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
-              current shell, and the return status is 0.  If there is a  redi-
+              current  shell, and the return status is 0.  If there is a redi-
               rection error, the return status is 1.
 
        e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
-              Cause  the  shell  to exit with a status of _\bn.  If _\bn is omitted,
-              the exit status is that of the last command executed.  Any  trap
+              Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn.  If  _\bn  is  omitted,
+              the  exit status is that of the last command executed.  Any trap
               on E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
 
        e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]] ...
        e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
-              The  supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
-              ronment of subsequently executed commands.  If the -\b-f\bf option  is
+              The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the  envi-
+              ronment  of subsequently executed commands.  If the -\b-f\bf option is
               given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions.
 
-              The  -\b-n\bn  option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from
-              each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option  is  sup-
-              plied,  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt  prints a list of names of all exported variables
+              The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export  attribute,  from
+              each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.   If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+              plied, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt prints a list of names of all  exported  variables
               on the standard output.
 
-              e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it  is  ex-
+              e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt  allows  the value of a variable to be set when it is ex-
               ported or unexported by following the variable name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
               This sets the value of the variable to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the
-              export  attribute.  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an
-              invalid option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not  a  valid
+              export attribute.  e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless  an
+              invalid  option  is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid
               shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a
               function.
 
@@ -713,139 +716,139 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
 
        f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
        f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
-              The  first  form  selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
-              from the history list and  displays  or  edits  and  re-executes
-              them.   _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt  and  _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
-              the last command beginning with that string) or as a number  (an
-              index  into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+              The first form selects a range of commands from  _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt  to  _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
+              from  the  history  list  and  displays or edits and re-executes
+              them.  _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a  string  (to  locate
+              the  last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+              index into the history list, where a negative number is used  as
               an offset from the current command number).
 
               When listing, a _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
               equivalent to the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); oth-
-              erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.  If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is  not
+              erwise  0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.  If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
               specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
-              prints  the  last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise.  If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
-              is not specified, it is set to the previous command for  editing
+              prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise.   If  _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+              is  not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing
               and -16 for listing.
 
-              If  the  -\b-l\bl  option  is supplied, the commands are listed on the
-              standard output.  The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the  command  numbers
+              If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands  are  listed  on  the
+              standard  output.   The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers
               when listing.  The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands.
 
-              Otherwise,  f\bfc\bc  invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file con-
-              taining those commands.  If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc  uses  the
-              value  of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
-              is not set.  If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When  edit-
-              ing  is  complete,  f\bfc\bc reads the file containing the edited com-
+              Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a  file  con-
+              taining  those  commands.  If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the
+              value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if  F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+              is  not set.  If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When edit-
+              ing is complete, f\bfc\bc reads the file containing  the  edited  com-
               mands and echoes and executes them.
 
-              In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing  each
-              instance  of  _\bp_\ba_\bt  with _\br_\be_\bp.  _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
+              In  the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each
+              instance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp.  _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted  the  same  as
               _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above.
 
-              A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is so that typing  runs  the  last
+              A  useful  alias  to use with f\bfc\bc is so that typing runs the last
               command beginning with and typing re-executes the last command.
 
-              If  the  first  form is used, the return value is zero unless an
-              invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt  specify  history
-              lines  out  of  range.   When editing and re-executing a file of
+              If the first form is used, the return value is  zero  unless  an
+              invalid  option  is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+              lines out of range.  When editing and  re-executing  a  file  of
               commands, the return value is the value of the last command exe-
               cuted or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file.  If
               the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-ex-
-              ecuted command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history  en-
+              ecuted  command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history en-
               try, in which case f\bfc\bc returns a non-zero status.
 
        f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
-              Resume  _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+              Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the  current  job.
               If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, use the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt
-              _\bj_\bo_\bb.  The return value is that of the command  placed  into  the
-              foreground,  or  failure if run when job control is disabled or,
+              _\bj_\bo_\bb.   The  return  value is that of the command placed into the
+              foreground, or failure if run when job control is  disabled  or,
               when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a
-              valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that  was  started  without
+              valid  job  or  _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started without
               job control.
 
        g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  is  used  by shell scripts and functions to parse posi-
-              tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments.   _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
-              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  contains  the  option  characters to be recognized; if a
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions  to  parse  posi-
+              tional  parameters and obtain options and their arguments.  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
+              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to  be  recognized;  if  a
               character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have
-              an argument, which should be separated from it by  white  space.
+              an  argument,  which should be separated from it by white space.
               The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option
               characters.
 
-              Each  time  it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the
+              Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option  in  the
               shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and
               the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable
-              O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD.  O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time  the  shell  or  a
-              shell  script  is invoked.  When an option requires an argument,
+              O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD.   O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD  is  initialized  to 1 each time the shell or a
+              shell script is invoked.  When an option requires  an  argument,
               g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.
 
-              The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be  manu-
-              ally  reset  between  multiple  calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same
+              The  shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manu-
+              ally reset between multiple calls to  g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  within  the  same
               shell invocation to use a new set of parameters.
 
-              When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a  return
-              value  greater  than  zero.   O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD  is set to the index of the
+              When  it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
+              value greater than zero.  O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set  to  the  index  of  the
               first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
 
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but  if  more
-              arguments  are  supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  normally  parses the positional parameters, but if more
+              arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses  those  in-
               stead.
 
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways.  If the  first  character
-              of  _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg  is  a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
-              In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when  it
-              encounters  invalid options or missing option arguments.  If the
-              variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no  error  messages  will  be  dis-
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  can  report errors in two ways.  If the first character
+              of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses  _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt  error  reporting.
+              In  normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
+              encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.  If  the
+              variable  O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR  is  set  to  0, no error messages will be dis-
               played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
 
               If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and,
-              if  not  silent,  prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.  If
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to  O\bOP\bP-\b-
+              if not silent, prints an error message and  unsets  O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.   If
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
               T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does not print a diagnostic message.
 
-              If  a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+              If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not  silent,
               it sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG,
-              and prints a diagnostic message.  If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it  sets
-              the  value  of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
+              and  prints a diagnostic message.  If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
+              the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to  the  option
               character found.
 
-              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified,  is
+              g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs  returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
               found.  It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
               an error occurs.
 
        h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
               Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
-              command  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  as  determined  by  searching  the directories in
-              $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.  Any previously-remembered pathname associated with  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-              is  discarded.  If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+              command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as  determined  by  searching  the  directories  in
+              $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.   Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+              is discarded.  If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
               as the full pathname of the command.
 
-              The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget  all  remembered  loca-
-              tions.   Assigning  to  the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
-              filenames.  The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the  remem-
+              The  -\b-r\br  option  causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
+              tions.  Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also  clears  all  hashed
+              filenames.   The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
               bered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
 
               If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname cor-
-              responding  to  each  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
-              plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the  _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  before  the  corresponding
+              responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  arguments  are  sup-
+              plied  with  -\b-t\bt,  h\bha\bas\bsh\bh  prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
               hashed full pathname.  The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format
               that may be reused as input.
 
-              If  no  arguments  are  given,  or  if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
-              prints information about remembered commands.  The -\b-t\bt,  -\b-d\bd,  and
-              -\b-p\bp  options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
+              If no arguments are given, or  if  only  -\b-l\bl  is  supplied,  h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+              prints  information  about remembered commands.  The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
+              -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are  mu-
               tually exclusive.  Only one will be active.  If more than one is
-              supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both  have  higher
+              supplied,  -\b-t\bt  has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
               priority than -\b-d\bd.
 
-              The  return  status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
+              The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or  an  in-
               valid option is supplied.
 
        h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
-              Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If  _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-              is  specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
-              _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise it displays a list of all  the  builtins  and
+              Display  helpful information about builtin commands.  If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+              is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands  matching
+              _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn;  otherwise  it  displays a list of all the builtins and
               shell compound commands.
               -\b-d\bd     Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
               -\b-m\bm     Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
@@ -861,18 +864,18 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
        h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
-              With  no options, display the command history list with numbers.
-              Entries prefixed with a *\b* have been modified.  An argument of  _\bn
-              lists  only the last _\bn entries.  If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
-              F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a  format  string  for
-              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)  to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
-              played history entry.  If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT,  it  does
-              not  print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
+              With no options, display the command history list with  numbers.
+              Entries  prefixed with a *\b* have been modified.  An argument of _\bn
+              lists only the last _\bn entries.  If the shell variable  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+              F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT  is  set  and not null, it is used as a format string for
+              _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each  dis-
+              played  history  entry.  If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does
+              not print an intervening space between the formatted time  stamp
               and the history entry.
 
               If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the his-
-              tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE.   If  _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-              is  not  supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
+              tory  file;  if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE.  If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+              is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b,  -\b-n\bn,\b,  -\b-r\br,\b,
               and -\b-w\bw options have no effect.
 
               Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
@@ -880,41 +883,42 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                      can be used with the other options to replace the history
                      list.
               -\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
-                     Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.   If  _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
+                     Delete  the  history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.  If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
                      is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
                      than the last history position, so negative indices count
-                     back  from  the  end  of  the history, and an index of -1
+                     back from the end of the history,  and  an  index  of  -1
                      refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
               -\b-d\bd _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd
-                     Delete the range of  history  entries  between  positions
-                     _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt  and  _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive.  Positive and negative values
+                     Delete  the  range  of  history entries between positions
+                     _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive.  Positive and  negative  values
                      for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd are interpreted as described above.
-              -\b-a\ba     Append the history lines to the history file.  These  are
-                     history  lines entered since the beginning of the current
-                     b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already  appended  to  the  history
+              -\b-a\ba     Append  the history lines to the history file.  These are
+                     history lines entered since the beginning of the  current
+                     b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  session,  but  not  already appended to the history
                      file.
-              -\b-n\bn     Read  the history lines not already read from the history
-                     file into the current history list.  These are lines  ap-
-                     pended  to  the  history  file since the beginning of the
-                     current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
+              -\b-n\bn     Read the history lines not already read from the  history
+                     file and add them to the current history list.  These are
+                     lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
+                     the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
               -\b-r\br     Read the history file and append its contents to the cur-
                      rent history list.
               -\b-w\bw     Write the current history list to the history file, over-
-                     writing the history file's contents.
-              -\b-p\bp     Perform history substitution on the  following  _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs  and
-                     display  the result on the standard output, without stor-
-                     ing the results in the history list.  Each  _\ba_\br_\bg  must  be
+                     writing the history file.
+              -\b-p\bp     Perform  history  substitution  on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+                     display the result on the standard output, without  stor-
+                     ing  the  results  in the history list.  Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
                      quoted to disable normal history expansion.
-              -\b-s\bs     Store  the  _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs  in  the history list as a single entry.
-                     The last command in the history list  is  removed  before
+              -\b-s\bs     Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list  as  a  single  entry.
+                     The  last  command  in the history list is removed before
                      adding the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
 
-              If  the  H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
+              If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes  the  time
               stamp information associated with each history entry to the his-
-              tory file, marked with the history comment character.  When  the
-              history  file  is read, lines beginning with the history comment
-              character followed immediately by a  digit  are  interpreted  as
-              timestamps for the following history entry.
+              tory  file,  marked  with  the  history comment character as de-
+              scribed above.  When the history file is read,  lines  beginning
+              with  the  history  comment  character followed immediately by a
+              digit are interpreted as timestamps for  the  following  history
+              entry.
 
               The  return  value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
               an error occurs while reading or writing the  history  file,  an
@@ -1501,12 +1505,15 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               Toggle  the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
               ior.  The settings can be either those listed below, or, if  the
               -\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
-              builtin  command.   With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, dis-
-              play a list of all  settable  options,  with  an  indication  of
-              whether  or  not  each is set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the
-              output is restricted to those options.  The -\b-p\bp  option  displays
-              output  in  a  form  that may be reused as input.  Other options
-              have the following meanings:
+              builtin command.
+
+              With  no  options,  or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
+              settable options, with an indication of whether or not  each  is
+              set;  if  any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
+              those options.  The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
+              be reused as input.
+
+              Other options have the following meanings:
               -\b-s\bs     Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
               -\b-u\bu     Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
               -\b-q\bq     Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return  status
@@ -1588,7 +1595,6 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
                       These control aspects of the shell's compatibility  mode
                       (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
-
               c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
                       If  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
                       names and directory names  when  performing  completion.
@@ -1603,78 +1609,62 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       slashes to quote completed filenames.  This variable  is
                       set  by  default,  which is the default bash behavior in
                       versions through 4.2.
-
               d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with  the  results
                       of  word  expansion when performing filename completion.
                       This  changes  the  contents  of  the  readline  editing
                       buffer.   If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
                       user typed.
-
               d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction  on  directory
                       names  during word completion if the directory name ini-
                       tially supplied does not exist.
-
               d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a in  the
                       results  of  pathname expansion.  The filenames and must
                       always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.
-
               e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
                       If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
                       not execute the file specified as  an  argument  to  the
                       e\bex\bxe\bec\bc  builtin.   An  interactive  shell does not exit if
                       e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
-
               e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
                       If set, aliases are expanded as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) un-
                       der A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS.  This option is enabled by default for  in-
                       teractive shells.
-
               e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
                       If  set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
                       arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
                       starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option.  If set  af-
                       ter  invocation,  behavior intended for use by debuggers
                       is enabled:
-
                       1\b1.\b.     The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
                              source file name and line number corresponding to
                              each function name supplied as an argument.
-
                       2\b2.\b.     If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG  trap  returns  a
                              non-zero  value,  the next command is skipped and
                              not executed.
-
                       3\b3.\b.     If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG  trap  returns  a
                              value  of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
                              routine (a shell function or a shell script  exe-
                              cuted  by  the  .\b.  or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
                              simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
-
                       4\b4.\b.     B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as  described
                              in their descriptions in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
-
                       5\b5.\b.     Function  tracing  is  enabled: command substitu-
                              tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
                              (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
-
                       6\b6.\b.     Error tracing is enabled:  command  substitution,
                              shell  functions,  and  subshells  invoked with (\b(
                              _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
-
               e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended  pattern  matching  features
                       described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
-
               e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
                       If  set, $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg and $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg quoting is performed within
                       $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double quotes.  This
                       option is enabled by default.
-
               f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
                       If set, patterns which fail to  match  filenames  during
                       pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
-
               f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
                       If  set,  the  suffixes  specified  by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
                       variable cause words to be ignored when performing  word
@@ -1682,7 +1672,6 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       ble  completions.   See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a
                       description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.  This option is enabled  by  de-
                       fault.
-
               g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
                       If  set,  range  expressions  used  in  pattern matching
                       bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn  M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg  in  _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1))
@@ -1691,168 +1680,138 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
                       the current locale's collating sequence into account, so
                       b\bb will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and  upper-case  and
                       lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
-
               g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
                       If  set,  pathname  expansion will never match the file-
                       names and even if the pattern begins with a This  option
                       is enabled by default.
-
               g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
                       If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
                       text  will  match all files and zero or more directories
                       and subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a  /\b/,
                       only directories and subdirectories match.
-
               g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
                       If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
                       GNU error message format.
-
               h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
                       If  set,  the history list is appended to the file named
                       by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
                       its, rather than overwriting the file.
-
               h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the  user  is  given
                       the  opportunity  to  re-edit a failed history substitu-
                       tion.
-
               h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of  his-
                       tory  substitution  are  not  immediately  passed to the
                       shell parser.  Instead, the  resulting  line  is  loaded
                       into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
                       fication.
-
               h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
                       perform  hostname  completion when a word containing a @\b@
                       is being completed (see  C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg  under  R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE  in
                       _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).  This is enabled by default.
-
               h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
                       active login shell exits.
-
               i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
                       If  set,  command substitution inherits the value of the
                       e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the  subshell
                       environment.   This option is enabled when _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is
                       enabled.
-
               i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
                       In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b#  causes
                       that  word  and all remaining characters on that line to
                       be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see  C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
                       in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).  This option is enabled by default.
-
               l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
                       If  set,  and  job control is not active, the shell runs
                       the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
                       ground in the current shell environment.
-
               l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option  is  enabled,  multi-line
                       commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
                       rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
-
               l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
                       If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
                       of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
                       scope before any new value is assigned.  The nameref at-
                       tribute is not inherited.
-
               l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
                       If  set,  calling  u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt  on local variables in previous
                       function scopes marks them so  subsequent  lookups  find
                       them unset until that function returns.  This is identi-
                       cal  to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
                       current function scope.
-
               l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
                       The shell sets this option if it is started as  a  login
                       shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).  The value may not be
                       changed.
-
               m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
                       If  set,  and  a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
                       been accessed since the last time it was  checked,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
                       displays the message
-
               n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
                       If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
                       P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  for  possible  completions  when completion is at-
                       tempted on an empty line.
-
               n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches  filenames  in  a  case-insensitive
                       fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
                       E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
-
               n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
                       If  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  matches  patterns  in a case-insensitive
                       fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
                       [\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
                       tution word expansions, or when filtering possible  com-
                       pletions as part of programmable completion.
-
               n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
                       If  set,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh  encloses  the translated results of $\b$...
                       quoting in single quotes instead of double  quotes.   If
                       the string is not translated, this has no effect.
-
               n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
                       If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
                       (see  P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be  E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn  in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) expand to nothing
                       and are removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
-
               p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
                       If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
                       string of pattern substitution to the  text  matched  by
                       the  pattern,  as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in
                       _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).  This option is enabled by default.
-
               p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
                       If set, enable the  programmable  completion  facilities
                       (see  P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be  C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).  This option
                       is enabled by default.
-
               p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
                       If set, and programmable  completion  is  enabled,  b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
                       treats  a command name that doesn't have any completions
                       as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion.  If it
                       has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion  us-
                       ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
-
               p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
                       If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
                       mand  substitution,  arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
                       moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG  in
                       _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).  This option is enabled by default.
-
               r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
                       The  shell  sets  this  option  if  it is started in re-
                       stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL  in  _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).   The
                       value  may  not  be changed.  This is not reset when the
                       startup files are executed, allowing the  startup  files
                       to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
-
               s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
                       If  set,  the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
                       the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
                       ters.
-
               s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
                       If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
                       find the directory containing the file  supplied  as  an
                       argument  when  the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied.  This op-
                       tion is enabled by default.
-
               v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
                       If set, the shell automatically closes file  descriptors
                       assigned  using  the  _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b}  redirection syntax (see
                       R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) instead  of  leaving  them  open
                       when the command completes.
-
               x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
                       If  set,  the  e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
                       quences by default.  If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option  is  also
@@ -1935,74 +1894,73 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               cale.  If the shell is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt  and  [\b[  com-
               mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
 
-                     The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more
-                     arguments  can  lead  to  ambiguities  when it encounters
-                     strings that look like primaries.  The POSIX standard has
-                     deprecated the -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing  expres-
-                     sions  within  parentheses.  Scripts should no longer use
-                     them.  It's much more reliable to restrict  test  invoca-
-                     tions  to a single primary, and to replace uses of -\b-a\ba and
-                     -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
+              The  historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
+              ments can lead to ambiguities when it  encounters  strings  that
+              look  like  primaries.  The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
+              and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions  within  parentheses.
+              Scripts  should  no longer use them.  It's much more reliable to
+              restrict test invocations to a single primary,  and  to  replace
+              uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
 
-       t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs  Print the accumulated user and system times for  the  shell  and
+       t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs  Print  the  accumulated  user and system times for the shell and
               for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
 
-       t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-P\bPl\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
+       t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
               The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
-              receives  any  of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.  If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
+              receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.  If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is  absent  (and
               there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
-              to the value it had when the shell was started.   If  _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  is
-              the  null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
+              to  the  value  it had when the shell was started.  If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+              the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is  ignored
               by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
 
-              If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions  associ-
+              If  no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
               ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
-              be  reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
-              tions.  If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is  not  present,  then  t\btr\bra\bap\bp
-              displays  the  actions  associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
+              be reused as shell input to restore the current signal  disposi-
+              tions.   If  -\b-p\bp  is  given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+              displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  or,  if  none
               are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
-              that can be reused as shell input to restore the current  signal
-              dispositions.   The  -\b-P\bP  option  behaves similarly, but displays
-              only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  -\b-P\bP  re-
-              quires  at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
-              be used in a subshell environment (e.g.,  command  substitution)
-              and,  as  long  as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
+              that  can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+              dispositions.  The -\b-P\bP option  behaves  similarly,  but  displays
+              only  the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  -\b-P\bP re-
+              quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument.  The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options  may
+              be  used  in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
+              and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used  to  change  a
               signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
 
-              The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal  names  and  their  corre-
-              sponding  numbers.  Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
+              The  -\b-l\bl  option  prints  a list of signal names and their corre-
+              sponding numbers.  Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name  defined
               in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number.  Signal names are case insen-
-              sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional.  If -\b-l\bl is  supplied  with
+              sitive  and  the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional.  If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
               no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
 
-              If  a  _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
-              shell.  If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed  before  every
-              _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be  _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,  _\bf_\bo_\br  command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
-              arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br  com-
-              mand,  and before the first command executes in a shell function
+              If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on  exit  from  the
+              shell.   If  a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
+              _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command,  _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt  command,  ((
+              arithmetic  command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
+              mand, and before the first command executes in a shell  function
               (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).  Refer to the description of the
-              e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) for details of  its
+              e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg  shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) for details of its
               effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap.  If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is ex-
-              ecuted  each time a shell function or a script executed with the
+              ecuted each time a shell function or a script executed with  the
               .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
 
-              If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn  is  executed  whenever  a  pipeline
-              (which  may  consist  of  a single simple command), a list, or a
-              compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to  the
-              following  conditions.   The  E\bER\bRR\bR  trap  is  not executed if the
+              If  a  _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc  is  E\bER\bRR\bR,  _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
+              (which may consist of a single simple command),  a  list,  or  a
+              compound  command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+              following conditions.  The E\bER\bRR\bR  trap  is  not  executed  if  the
               failed command is part of the command list immediately following
-              a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an  _\bi_\bf  statement,
+              a  w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be  or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
               part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
-              following  the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
-              last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or  if
+              following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but  the
+              last  (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
               the command's return value is being inverted using !\b!.  These are
               the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
 
               When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
               the shell cannot be trapped or reset.  Interactive shells permit
               trapping signals ignored on entry.  Trapped signals that are not
-              being  ignored  are reset to their original values in a subshell
-              or subshell environment when one is created.  The return  status
+              being ignored are reset to their original values in  a  subshell
+              or  subshell environment when one is created.  The return status
               is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
 
        t\btr\bru\bue\be   Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
@@ -2011,39 +1969,39 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
               name.
 
-              If  the  -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
-              _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an  alias,
-              shell  reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
-              spectively.  If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints  nothing  and
+              If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is  one  of
+              _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs,  _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
+              shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file,  re-
+              spectively.   If  the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
               returns a non-zero exit status.
 
-              If  the  -\b-p\bp  option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
-              the executable file that would be found by searching  $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH  for
-              _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be  or nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be.  The -\b-P\bP option forces
-              a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be.   If
+              If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns  the  pathname  of
+              the  executable  file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
+              _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be.  The -\b-P\bP option  forces
+              a  P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be.  If
               _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print
               the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
               first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
 
-              If  the  -\b-a\ba  option  is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
-              contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  This includes  aliases,  reserved
-              words,  functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
-              and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict  the  output  to  executable
-              files.   t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
+              If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all  of  the  places  that
+              contain  a  command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  This includes aliases, reserved
+              words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options  (-\b-p\bp
+              and  -\b-P\bP)  can  be  supplied to restrict the output to executable
+              files.  t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands  when
               using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
 
               The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
-              m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin.  t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all  of  the  arguments  are
+              m\bma\ban\bnd\bd  builtin.   t\bty\byp\bpe\be  returns  true if all of the arguments are
               found, false if any are not found.
 
        u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
        u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
-              Provides  control  over the resources available to the shell and
+              Provides control over the resources available to the  shell  and
               to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
 
-              The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
-              for the given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased  by  a
-              non-root  user  once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+              The  -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
+              set for the given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased by
+              a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
               to the value of the hard limit.  If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is  speci-
               fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
 
@@ -2055,34 +2013,34 @@ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
               -\b-H\bH  option  is given.  When more than one resource is specified,
               the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before  the
               value.  Other options are interpreted as follows:
-              -\b-a\ba     Report all current limits; no limits are set
-              -\b-b\bb     The maximum socket buffer size
-              -\b-c\bc     The maximum size of core files created
-              -\b-d\bd     The maximum size of a process's data segment
+              -\b-a\ba     Report all current limits; no limits are set.
+              -\b-b\bb     The maximum socket buffer size.
+              -\b-c\bc     The maximum size of core files created.
+              -\b-d\bd     The maximum size of a process's data segment.
               -\b-e\be     The maximum scheduling priority (
               -\b-f\bf     The  maximum  size  of files written by the shell and its
-                     children
-              -\b-i\bi     The maximum number of pending signals
-              -\b-k\bk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-              -\b-l\bl     The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+                     children.
+              -\b-i\bi     The maximum number of pending signals.
+              -\b-k\bk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+              -\b-l\bl     The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
               -\b-m\bm     The maximum resident set size (many systems do not  honor
-                     this limit)
+                     this limit).
               -\b-n\bn     The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
-                     do not allow this value to be set)
-              -\b-p\bp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-              -\b-q\bq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-              -\b-r\br     The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-              -\b-s\bs     The maximum stack size
-              -\b-t\bt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+                     do not allow this value to be set).
+              -\b-p\bp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
+              -\b-q\bq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+              -\b-r\br     The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+              -\b-s\bs     The maximum stack size.
+              -\b-t\bt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
               -\b-u\bu     The  maximum  number  of  processes available to a single
-                     user
+                     user.
               -\b-v\bv     The maximum amount of virtual  memory  available  to  the
-                     shell and, on some systems, to its children
-              -\b-x\bx     The maximum number of file locks
-              -\b-P\bP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+                     shell and, on some systems, to its children.
+              -\b-x\bx     The maximum number of file locks.
+              -\b-P\bP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
               -\b-R\bR     The  maximum  time  a  real-time  process  can run before
-                     blocking, in microseconds
-              -\b-T\bT     The maximum number of threads
+                     blocking, in microseconds.
+              -\b-T\bT     The maximum number of threads.
 
               If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not  used,  _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt  is
               the  new  value of the specified resource.  If no option is sup-

diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi
index 033724680c5ed1c15ca5d031ca153ab1c6bd94c0..7c32887467d2ac7cdbd2d59889002f28ed303d27 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/version.texi
+++ b/doc/version.texi
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 Copyright (C) 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 @end ignore
 
-@set LASTCHANGE Sun Sep 29 22:28:43 EDT 2024
+@set LASTCHANGE Thu Oct 10 10:31:59 EDT 2024
 
 @set EDITION 5.3
 @set VERSION 5.3
 
-@set UPDATED 29 September 2024
-@set UPDATED-MONTH September 2024
+@set UPDATED 10 October 2024
+@set UPDATED-MONTH October 2024

diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/history.3 b/lib/readline/doc/history.3
index 481cb2ee7fbc2e1640150fc0cc3548cf81bdb2cb..04ea7d3908d2855942cdb276f0cc974a09d45c9b 100644 (file)
--- a/lib/readline/doc/history.3
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/history.3
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 .\"    Case Western Reserve University
 .\"    chet.ramey@case.edu
 .\"
-.\"    Last Change: Tue Aug 13 14:29:23 EDT 2024
+.\"    Last Change: Thu Oct 10 16:50:53 EDT 2024
 .\"
-.TH HISTORY 3 "2024 August 13" "GNU History 8.3"
+.TH HISTORY 3 "2024 October 10" "GNU History 8.3"
 .\"
 .ie \n(.g \{\
 .ds ' \(aq
@@ -76,10 +76,19 @@ history \- GNU History Library
 .if t The GNU History Library is Copyright \(co 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 .if n The GNU History Library is Copyright (C) 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 .SH DESCRIPTION
-Many programs read input from the user a line at a time.  The GNU
+Many programs read input from the user a line at a time.
+The GNU
 History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
 data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
 composing new ones.
+.PP
+The History library provides functions that allow applications to their
+\fIhistory\fP, the set of previously-typed lines,
+which it keeps in a list.
+Applications can choose which lines to save into a history list, how
+many commands to save, save a history list to a file, read a history
+list from a file, and display lines from the history in various
+formats.
 .SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
 The history library supports a history expansion feature that
 is identical to the history expansion in
@@ -94,21 +103,28 @@ fix errors in previous commands quickly.
 History expansion is usually performed immediately after a complete line
 is read.
 It takes place in two parts.
-The first is to determine which line from the history list
+The first is to determine which history list entry
 to use during substitution.
-The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
+The second is to select portions of that entry to include into
 the current one.
-The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
-and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
+.PP
+The entry selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
+and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
 Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
-The line is broken into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
+The entry is split into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
 does when reading input,
 so that several words that would otherwise be separated
 are considered one word when surrounded by quotes (see the
 description of \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP below).
+The \fIevent designator\fP selects the event, the optional
+\fIword designator\fP selects words from the event, and
+various optional \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the
+selected words.
 .PP
 History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
 history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
+History expansions may appear anywhere in the input, but do not nest.
+.PP
 Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
 the history expansion character.
 .PP
@@ -117,13 +133,16 @@ There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
 is the first character on the line.
 It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
 equivalent to \fB!!\fP,
-and substitutes one string for another in that line.
+and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
 It is described below under \fBEvent Designators\fP.
 This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history
 expansion character.
 .SS Event Designators
-An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
-history list.
+An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
+The event designator
+consists of the portion of the word beginning with the history
+expansion character and ending with the word designator if present,
+or the end of the word.
 Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
 position in the history list.
 .PP
@@ -132,18 +151,20 @@ position in the history list.
 .B !
 Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
 .BR blank ,
-newline, = or (.
+newline, carriage return, =,
+or (.
 .TP
 .B !\fIn\fP
-Refer to command line
+Refer to history list entry
 .IR n .
 .TP
 .B !\-\fIn\fP
-Refer to the current command minus
+Refer to the current entry minus
 .IR n .
 .TP
 .B !!
-Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for
+Refer to the previous entry.
+This is a synonym for
 .Q !\-1 .
 .TP
 .B !\fIstring\fP
@@ -158,16 +179,20 @@ history list containing
 The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
 .I string
 is followed immediately by a newline.
-If \fIstring\fP is missing, the string from the most recent search is used;
+If \fIstring\fP is missing, this uses
+the string from the most recent search;
 it is an error if there is no previous search string.
 .TP
-.B \*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
-Quick substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing
+.B \d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u
+.\" was .B \*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
+Quick substitution.
+Repeat the previous command, replacing
 .I string1
 with
 .IR string2 .
 Equivalent to
-.Q !!:s\*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
+.Q !!:s\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u
+.\" was .Q !!:s\*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
 (see \fBModifiers\fP below).
 .TP
 .B !#
@@ -175,6 +200,8 @@ The entire command line typed so far.
 .PD
 .SS Word Designators
 Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+They are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history
+expansion uses the entire event.
 A
 .B :
 separates the event specification from the word designator.
@@ -192,17 +219,18 @@ Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B 0 (zero)
-The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command
-word.
+The zeroth word.
+For the shell, and many other applications, this is the command word.
 .TP
 .I n
 The \fIn\fPth word.
 .TP
 .B \*^
-The first argument.  That is, word 1.
+The first argument: word 1.
 .TP
 .B $
-The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+The last word.
+This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
 zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 .TP
 .B %
@@ -226,8 +254,8 @@ This is a synonym for
 .Q \fI1\-$\fP .
 It is not an error to use
 .B *
-if there is just one
-word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+if there is just one word in the event;
+it expands to the empty string in that case.
 .TP
 .B x*
 Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
@@ -238,21 +266,20 @@ If \fBx\fP is missing, it defaults to 0.
 .PD
 .PP
 If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
-previous command is used as the event.
+previous command is used as the event, equivalent to \fB!!\fP.
 .SS Modifiers
-After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
-one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
+After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a
+sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
 .Q : .
 These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 .PP
 .PD 0
-.PP
 .TP
 .B h
-Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
+Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 .TP
 .B t
-Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail.
+Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 .TP
 .B r
 Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
@@ -273,8 +300,8 @@ Quote the substituted words as with
 but break into words at
 .B blanks
 and newlines.
-The \fBq\fP and \fBx\fP modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one
-supplied is used.
+The \fBq\fP and \fBx\fP modifiers are mutually exclusive;
+expansion uses the last one supplied.
 .TP
 .B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
 Substitute
@@ -285,13 +312,13 @@ in the event line.
 Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
 The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
 event line.
-The delimiter may be quoted in
+A single backslash will quote the delimiter in
 .I old
 and
-.I new
-with a single backslash.  If & appears in
+.IR new .
+If & appears in
 .IR new ,
-it is replaced by
+it is replaced with
 .IR old .
 A single backslash will quote the &.
 If
@@ -337,7 +364,7 @@ modifier once to each word in the event line.
 .PD
 .SH "PROGRAMMING WITH HISTORY FUNCTIONS"
 This section describes how to use the History library in other programs.
-.SS Introduction to History
+.SS "Introduction to History"
 A programmer using the History library has available functions
 for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
 with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list

diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi b/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
index 4c99bc3639a87fc85000915e3bc2fa725b9156c5..04f74dbd16c21cdae9313d8ceecc682ef59ebff7 100644 (file)
--- a/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ is enabled (@pxref{The Set Builtin}),
 the shell provides access to the @dfn{command history},
 the list of commands previously typed.
 The value of the @env{HISTSIZE} shell variable is used as the
-number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last @env{$HISTSIZE}
-commands (default 500) is saved.
+number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last @env{$HISTSIZE}
+commands (default 500).
 The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
 parameter and variable expansion
 but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list
 by reading history entries from the
 file named by the @env{HISTFILE} variable (default @file{~/.bash_history}).
 This is referred to as the @dfn{history file}.
-That file is truncated, if necessary,
-to contain no more than the number of history entries specified by
-the value of the @env{HISTFILESIZE} variable.
+The history file is truncated, if necessary,
+to contain no more than the number of history entries
+specified by the value of the @env{HISTFILESIZE} variable.
 If @env{HISTFILESIZE} is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
 or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
 
@@ -103,36 +103,37 @@ When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last
 named by @env{$HISTFILE}.
 If the @code{histappend} shell option is set (@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
 Bash appends the entries to the history file,
-otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+otherwise it overwrites the history file.
 If @env{HISTFILE} is unset or null,
 or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
 After saving the history, Bash truncates the history file
-to contain no more than @env{$HISTFILESIZE} lines.
-If @env{HISTFILESIZE} is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or
-a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+to contain no more than @env{$HISTFILESIZE}
+lines as described above.
 
-If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT} is set, the time stamp information
-associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character.
-When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
-comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
-as timestamps for the following history entry.
+If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT}
+variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp information
+associated with each history entry to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character,
+so timestamps are preserved across shell sessions.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with
+the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are
+interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
 As above, when using @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT},
 the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
 
-The @code{fc} builtin command will list or edit and re-execute
-a portion of the history list.
-The @code{history} builtin can display or modify the history
-list and manipulate the history file.
+The @code{fc} builtin command will list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list.
+The @code{history} builtin can display or
+modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
 When using command-line editing, search commands
 are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
-history list (@pxref{Commands For History}).
+history list (@pxref{Commands For History}). 
 
-The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list.
+The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. 
 The @env{HISTCONTROL} and @env{HISTIGNORE}
 variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered.
-The @code{cmdhist}
-shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+If the @code{cmdhist} shell option is
+enabled, the shell attempts to save each
 line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
 semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
 The @code{lithist}
@@ -157,9 +158,9 @@ history list and history file.
 @code{fc -s [@var{pat}=@var{rep}] [@var{command}]}
 @end example
 
-The first form selects a range of commands from @var{first} to
-@var{last} from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
-them.
+The first form selects a range of commands from
+@var{first} to @var{last}
+from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.
 Both @var{first} and
 @var{last} may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
 command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
@@ -171,7 +172,8 @@ and -0 is equivalent to the current command (usually the @code{fc}
 command);
 otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
 
-If @var{last} is not specified, it is set to @var{first}.
+If @var{last} is not specified, it is set to
+the current command for listing and to @var{first} otherwise.
 If @var{first} is not specified, it is set to the previous
 command for editing and @minus{}16 for listing.
 
@@ -234,8 +236,7 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 @table @code
 @item -c
 Clear the history list.
-This may be combined
-with the other options to replace the history list.
+This may be combined with the other options to replace the history list.
 
 @item -d @var{offset}
 Delete the history entry at position @var{offset}.
@@ -258,8 +259,8 @@ These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
 Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
 
 @item -n
-Append the history lines not already read from the history file
-to the current history list.
+Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+and add them to the current history list.
 These are lines appended to the history
 file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
 
@@ -267,7 +268,8 @@ file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
 Read the history file and append its contents to the history list.
 
 @item -w
-Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting it.
+Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting
+the history file.
 
 @item -p
 Perform history substitution on the @var{arg}s and display the result
@@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ If @env{HISTFILE} is unset or null, these options have no effect.
 If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT}
 variable is set, @code{history} writes the time stamp information
 associated with each history entry to the history file,  
-marked with the history comment character.
+marked with the history comment character as described above.
 When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
 comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
 as timestamps for the following history entry.
@@ -345,10 +347,11 @@ The second is to select portions of that entry to include into the
 current one.
 
 The entry selected from the history is called the @dfn{event},
-and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are called @dfn{words}.
-The history entry is broken into words in the same fashion
-that Bash does, so that several words
-surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
+and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are @dfn{words}.
+Various @dfn{modifiers} are available to manipulate the selected words.
+The entry is split into words in the same fashion that Bash
+does when reading input,
+so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
 The @dfn{event designator} selects the event, the optional
 @dfn{word designator} selects words from the event, and
 various optional @dfn{modifiers} are available to manipulate the
@@ -380,9 +383,15 @@ and the other shell metacharacters.
 @end ifset
 
 There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
-@var{quick substitution} character (default @samp{^})
+@var{quick substitution} character
+@ifset BashFeatures
+(described above under @code{histchars})
+@end ifset
+@ifclear BashFeatures
+(default @samp{^})
+@end ifclear
 is the first character on the line.
-It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator
+It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
 equivalent to @code{!!},
 and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
 It is described below (@pxref{Event Designators}).
@@ -427,11 +436,11 @@ timestamps when writing the history file.
 @cindex event designators
 
 An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.
 The event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning
 with the history expansion character, and ending with the word designator
 if one is present, or the end of the word.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
 @cindex history events
 
 @table @asis
@@ -452,10 +461,10 @@ the end of the line, or @samp{=}.
 Refer to history list entry @var{n}.
 
 @item @code{!-@var{n}}
-Refer to the history entry @var{n} entries back.
+Refer to the history entry minus @var{n}.
 
 @item @code{!!}
-Refer to the previous command.
+Refer to the previous entry.
 This is a synonym for @samp{!-1}.
 
 @item @code{!@var{string}}
@@ -521,7 +530,7 @@ Here are the word designators:
 
 @item 0 (zero)
 The @code{0}th word.
-For many applications, this is the command word.
+For the shell, and many other, applications, this is the command word.
 
 @item @var{n}
 The @var{n}th word.
@@ -530,7 +539,7 @@ The @var{n}th word.
 The first argument: word 1.
 
 @item $
-The last argument.
+The last word.
 This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
 zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 
@@ -548,7 +557,7 @@ A range of words; @samp{-@var{y}} abbreviates @samp{0-@var{y}}.
 All of the words, except the @code{0}th.
 This is a synonym for @samp{1-$}.
 It is not an error to use @samp{*} if there is just one word in the event;
-it expands to the empty string in this case.
+it expands to the empty string in that case.
 
 @item @var{x}*
 Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$}.
@@ -572,10 +581,10 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 @table @code
 
 @item h
-Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 
 @item t
-Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 
 @item r
 Remove a trailing suffix of the form @samp{.@var{suffix}}, leaving
@@ -621,7 +630,8 @@ Repeat the previous substitution.
 @item g
 @itemx a
 Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.
-Used in conjunction with @samp{s}, as in @code{gs/@var{old}/@var{new}/},
+This is used in conjunction with
+@samp{s}, as in @code{gs/@var{old}/@var{new}/},
 or with @samp{&}.
 
 @item G

diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/readline.3 b/lib/readline/doc/readline.3
index b31fa313a12d7752d0a63c475cb210596760168c..e11d13acca9c53bef5ef8e99b5c26281362d3f3b 100644 (file)
--- a/lib/readline/doc/readline.3
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/readline.3
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 .\"    Case Western Reserve University
 .\"    chet.ramey@case.edu
 .\"
-.\"    Last Change: Fri Aug 23 09:04:51 EDT 2024
+.\"    Last Change: Thu Oct 10 16:33:40 EDT 2024
 .\"
-.TH READLINE 3 "2024 August 23" "GNU Readline 8.3"
+.TH READLINE 3 "2024 October 10" "GNU Readline 8.3"
 .\"
 .ie \n(.g \{\
 .ds ' \(aq
@@ -63,12 +63,14 @@ readline \- get a line from a user with editing
 will read a line from the terminal
 and return it, using
 .B prompt
-as a prompt.  If
+as a prompt.
+If
 .B prompt
-is \fBNULL\fP or the empty string, no prompt is issued.
+is \fBNULL\fP or the empty string, \fBreadline\fP does not issue a prompt.
 The line returned is allocated with
 .IR malloc (3);
-the caller must free it when finished.  The line returned
+the caller must free it when finished.
+The line returned
 has the final newline removed, so only the text of the line
 remains.
 Since it's possible to enter characters into the line while quoting
@@ -89,19 +91,20 @@ for additional information.
 .SH RETURN VALUE
 .LP
 .B readline
-returns the text of the line read.  A blank line
-returns the empty string.  If
+returns the text of the line read.
+A blank line returns the empty string.
+If
 .B EOF
 is encountered while reading a line, and the line is empty,
-.B NULL
-is returned.  If an
+.B readline
+returns
+.BR NULL .
+If an
 .B EOF
-is read with a non\-empty line, it is
-treated as a newline.
+is read with a non\-empty line, it is treated as a newline.
 .SH NOTATION
 .LP
-An Emacs-style notation is used to denote
-keystrokes.
+This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes.
 Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fP, e.g., C\-n means Control\-N.
 Similarly,
 .I meta
@@ -124,28 +127,30 @@ On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
 the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the \fBenable\-meta\-key\fP variable
 to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it).
 On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
-key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the      
-preceding paragraph. 
+key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the
+preceding paragraph.
 .PP
-If the \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
+If your \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
 you can make M-\fIkey\fP key bindings you specify (see
-.B "Readline Key Bindings"    
-below) do the same thing by setting the \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP variable. 
+.B "Readline Key Bindings"
+below) do the same thing by setting the \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP variable.
 .PP
 Readline commands may be given numeric
 .IR arguments ,
-which normally act as a repeat count.  Sometimes, however, it is the
-sign of the argument that is significant.  Passing a negative argument
+which normally act as a repeat count.
+Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
+Passing a negative argument
 to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP)
-causes that command to act in a backward direction.
+makes that command act in a backward direction.
 Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
 below.
 .PP
 When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
 deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
-(\fIyanking\fP).  The killed text is saved in a
-\fIkill ring\fP.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be
-accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+(\fIyanking\fP).
+The killed text is saved in a \fIkill ring\fP.
+Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text 
+into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
 Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
 on the kill ring.
 .SH INITIALIZATION FILE
@@ -154,19 +159,28 @@ Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization
 file (the \fIinputrc\fP file).
 The name of this file is taken from the value of the
 .B INPUTRC
-environment variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+environment variable.
+If that variable is unset, the default is
 .IR \*~/.inputrc .
-If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for
 .IR /etc/inputrc .
-When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
-init file is read, and the key bindings and variables are set.
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-readline init file.  Blank lines are ignored.
+When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+\fBreadline\fP reads the initialization file
+and sets the key bindings and variables found there,
+before reading any user input.
+.PP
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
 Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments.
 Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs.
 Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
-Each program using this library may add its own commands
-and bindings.
+.PP
+The default key-bindings in this document
+may be changed using key binding commands in the
+.I inputrc
+file.
+Programs that use this library
+may add their own commands and bindings.
 .PP
 For example, placing
 .RS
@@ -183,8 +197,7 @@ into the
 would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
 .IR universal\-argument .
 .PP
-The following symbolic character names are recognized while
-processing key bindings:
+Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names:
 .IR DEL ,
 .IR ESC ,
 .IR ESCAPE ,
@@ -200,19 +213,23 @@ and
 .PP
 In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
 to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP).
-.PP
+The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+enclosed in single or double quotes.
 .SS Key Bindings
 The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
 .I inputrc
-file is simple.  All that is required is the name of the
-command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
-it should be bound.  The name may be specified in one of two ways:
-as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
-prefixes, or as a key sequence.
-The name and key sequence are separated by a colon.  There can be no
-whitespace between the name and the colon.
+file is simple.
+All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+and a key sequence to which it should be bound.
+The key sequence may be specified in one of two ways:
+as a symbolic key name,
+possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP prefixes,
+or as a key sequence composed of one or more characters
+enclosed in double quotes.
+The key sequence and name are separated by a colon.
+There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon.
 .PP
-When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
+When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
 .I keyname
 is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
 .PP
@@ -230,7 +247,7 @@ In the above example,
 .I C\-u
 is bound to the function
 .BR universal\-argument ,
-.I M-DEL
+.I M\-DEL
 is bound to the function
 .BR backward\-kill\-word ,
 and
@@ -247,9 +264,10 @@ differs from
 .B keyname
 above in that strings denoting
 an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
-within double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
-used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
-are not recognized.
+within double quotes.
+Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
+used, as in the following example, but none of
+the symbolic character names are recognized.
 .PP
 .RS
 .EX
@@ -262,10 +280,10 @@ are not recognized.
 .RE
 .PP
 In this example,
-.I C-u
+.I C\-u
 is again bound to the function
 .BR universal\-argument .
-.I "C-x C-r"
+.I "C\-x C\-r"
 is bound to the function
 .BR re\-read\-init\-file ,
 and
@@ -279,23 +297,23 @@ key sequences is
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B \eC\-
-control prefix
+A control prefix.
 .TP
 .B \eM\-
-adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
-character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP
+Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP.
 .TP
 .B \ee
-an escape character
+An escape character.
 .TP
 .B \e\e
-backslash
+Backslash.
 .TP
 .B \e\*"
-literal \*", a double quote
+Literal \*", a double quote.
 .TP
 .B \e\*'
-literal \*', a single quote
+Literal \*', a single quote.
 .RE
 .PD
 .PP
@@ -329,39 +347,44 @@ horizontal tab
 vertical tab
 .TP
 .B \e\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(one to three digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three digits).
 .TP
 .B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits).
 .RE
 .PD
 .PP
-When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes should
-be used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text
-is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+be used to indicate a macro definition.
+Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
+Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+in the macro body.
 Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
 including \*" and \*'.
 .PP
 .B Bash
-allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
-with the
+will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the
 .B bind
-builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched during interactive
-use by using the
-.B \-o
-option to the
+builtin command.
+The
+.B \-o emacs
+or
+.B \-o vi
+options to the
 .B set
-builtin command.  Other programs using this library provide
-similar mechanisms.  The
+builtin
+will change the editing mode during interactive use.
+Other programs using this library provide similar mechanisms.
+A user may always edit the
 .I inputrc
-file may be edited and re-read if a program does not provide
+file and have readline re-read it if a program does not provide
 any other means to incorporate new bindings.
 .SS Variables
 Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
-behavior.  A variable may be set in the
+behavior.
+A variable may be set in the
 .I inputrc
 file with a statement of the form
 .RS
@@ -382,6 +405,7 @@ When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values,
 are equivalent to \fBOn\fP.
 All other values are equivalent to
 \fBOff\fP.
+.PP
 The variables and their default values are:
 .PP
 .PD 0
@@ -417,17 +441,17 @@ A sample value might be
 .TP
 .B bell\-style (audible)
 Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.
+If set to \fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
 If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
 .TP
 .B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP (the default), readline attempts to bind
-the control  characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind
+the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
 terminal driver to their readline equivalents.
 These override the default readline bindings described here.
 Type
-.Q "stty -a"
+.Q "stty \-a"
 at a \fBbash\fP prompt to see your current terminal settings,
 including the special control characters (usually \fBcchars\fP).
 .TP
@@ -456,9 +480,9 @@ environment variable.
 .TP
 .BR comment\-begin\ ( \c
 .Q \fB#\fP \fB)\fP
-The string that is inserted when the
+The string that the readline
 .B insert\-comment
-command is executed.
+command inserts.
 This command is bound to
 .B M\-#
 in emacs mode and to
@@ -483,10 +507,12 @@ treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when
 performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion.
 .TP
 .B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0)
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+The maximum
+length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.
+When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+replaces common prefixes longer than this value
+with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 .TP
 .B completion\-query\-items (100)
 This determines when the user is queried about viewing
@@ -496,27 +522,27 @@ It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
 If the number of possible completions is greater than
 or equal to the value of this variable,
 readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
-otherwise they are simply listed
-on the terminal.
-A negative value causes readline to never ask.
+otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal.
+A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are
+treated as zero.
 .TP
 .B convert\-meta (On)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters it reads
-with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
-by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
+that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
+clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
 (converting the character to have the \fImeta prefix\fP).
 The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP
 if the locale contains
 characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+may change if the locale changes.
 This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
-\fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below. 
+\fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below.
 .TP
 .B disable\-completion (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
-characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
-mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
 .TP
 .B echo\-control\-characters (On)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
@@ -524,7 +550,7 @@ readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
 keyboard.
 .TP
 .B editing\-mode (emacs)
-Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
+Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar
 to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
 .B editing\-mode
 can be set to either
@@ -534,11 +560,12 @@ or
 .TP
 .B emacs\-mode\-string (@)
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
-this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
-prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the
+primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
 backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -550,8 +577,7 @@ When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, readline allows certain commands
 to designate the region as \fIactive\fP.
 When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using
 the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the
-string that enables
-the terminal's standout mode.
+string that enables the terminal's standout mode.
 The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
 matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 .TP
@@ -559,17 +585,18 @@ matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline configures the terminal to insert each
 paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead
 of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
-This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
+This is called \fIbracketed\-paste mode\fP;
+it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
 sequences appearing in the pasted text.
 .TP
 .B enable\-keypad (Off)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.
+keypad when it is called.
+Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
 .TP
 .B enable\-meta\-key (On)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+key the terminal claims to support.
 On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
 this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
 terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a
@@ -577,15 +604,15 @@ character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is
 typed (a meta character).
 .TP
 .B expand\-tilde (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs tilde expansion when it
 attempts word completion.
 .TP
 .B force\-meta\-prefix (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline modifies its behavior when binding key
 sequences containing \eM- or Meta-
 (see \fBKey Bindings\fP above) by converting a key sequence of the form
-\eM-\fIC\fP or Meta-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence
-\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the meta prefix).
+\eM\-\fIC\fP or Meta\-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence
+\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the \fImeta prefix\fP).
 If
 .B force\-meta\-prefix
 is set to \fBOff\fP (the default),
@@ -594,7 +621,7 @@ readline uses the value of the
 variable to determine whether to perform this conversion:
 if \fBconvert\-meta\fP is \fBOn\fP,
 readline performs the conversion described above;
-if it is \fBOff\fP, Readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by
+if it is \fBOff\fP, readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by
 setting the eighth bit (0200).
 .TP
 .B history\-preserve\-point (Off)
@@ -609,27 +636,26 @@ are saved.
 If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
 limited.
 By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value,
-the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+Setting \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value will set
+the maximum number of history entries to 500.
 .TP
 .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
-scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
-becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
+Setting this variable to \fBOn\fP makes readline use a single line
+for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line
+when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to
+a new line.
 This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
 .TP
 .B input\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
-it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
 regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The name
-.B meta\-flag
-is a synonym for this variable.
 The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
+The name \fBmeta\-flag\fP is a synonym for \fBinput\-meta\fP.
 .TP
 .BR isearch\-terminators\ ( \c
 .Q \fBC\-[C\-J\fP \fB)\fP
@@ -639,42 +665,41 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
 \fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
 .TP
 .B keymap (emacs)
-Set the current readline keymap.  The set of legal keymap names is
-\fIemacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
-vi-command\fP, and
-.IR vi-insert .
-\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
-equivalent to \fIemacs-standard\fP.  The default value is
-.IR emacs .
-The value of
+Set the current readline keymap.
+The set of valid keymap names is
+\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
+vi\-command\fP, and
+.IR vi\-insert .
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP;
+\fIemacs\fP is equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
+The default value is \fIemacs\fP;
+the value of
 .B editing\-mode
 also affects the default keymap.
 .TP
 .B keyseq\-timeout (500)
-Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
+Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when
+reading an ambiguous key sequence
+(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
+or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
+If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+shorter but complete key sequence.
 The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
-\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input.
+readline will wait one second for additional input.
 If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to
 decide which key sequence to complete.
 .TP
 .B mark\-directories (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.
+If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash appended.
 .TP
 .B mark\-modified\-lines (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays history lines that have been modified
 with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP).
 .TP
 .B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
-have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-\fBmark\-directories\fP).
+have a slash appended, subject to the value of \fBmark\-directories\fP.
 .TP
 .B match\-hidden\-files (On)
 This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, forces readline to match files whose
@@ -695,10 +720,10 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
 eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
 sequence.
 The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
 .TP
 .B page\-completions (On)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
@@ -713,17 +738,18 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
 .TP
 .B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed.  By default,
+before returning when executing \fBaccept\-line\fP.
+By default,
 history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
-calls to \fBreadline\fP.
+calls to \fBreadline()\fP.
 .TP
 .B search\-ignore\-case (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs incremental and non-incremental
 history list searches in a case\-insensitive fashion.
 .TP
 .B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+If set to
 .BR On ,
 words which have more than one possible completion cause the
 matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
@@ -745,20 +771,19 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP).
 .TP
 .B skip\-completed\-text (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
+inserting a single match into the line.
+It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
+If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion
+that match characters after point in the word being completed,
+so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
 .TP
 .B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd))
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -766,10 +791,9 @@ sequence into the mode string.
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -782,14 +806,16 @@ completions.
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
 bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+of tests.
+There are four parser directives available.
 .TP
 .B $if
 The
 .B $if
 construct allows bindings to be made based on the
 editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+readline.
+The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
 extends to the end of the line;
 unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
 .RS
@@ -799,21 +825,23 @@ The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test
 whether readline is in emacs or vi mode.
 This may be used in conjunction
 with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in
-the \fIemacs-standard\fP and \fIemacs-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
+the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
 readline is starting out in emacs mode.
 .TP
 .B term
 The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
 key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+terminal's function keys.
+The word on the right side of the
 .B =
-is tested against the full name of the terminal and the portion
-of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.  This allows
-.I sun
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.
+This allows
+.I xterm
 to match both
-.I sun
+.I xterm
 and
-.IR sun\-cmd ,
+.IR xterm\-256color ,
 for instance.
 .TP
 .B version
@@ -832,8 +860,9 @@ and
 .BR > .
 The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
 of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
-minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). If the minor version is omitted, it
-is assumed to be \fB0\fP.
+minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP).
+If the minor version is omitted, it
+defaults to \fB0\fP.
 The operator may be separated from the string \fBversion\fP
 and from the version number argument by whitespace.
 .TP
@@ -844,7 +873,8 @@ Each program using the readline
 library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
 file can test for a particular value.
 This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+a specific program.
+For instance, the following command adds a
 key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP:
 .PP
 .RS
@@ -865,24 +895,25 @@ The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP.
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values \fIon\fP and \fIoff\fP.
 .RE
 .TP
-.B $endif
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-\fB$if\fP command.
-.TP
 .B $else
 Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if
 the test fails.
 .TP
+.B $endif
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+\fB$if\fP command.
+.TP
 .B $include
 This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.  For example, the following directive
-would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
-.RS
+and key bindings from that file.
+For example, the following directive would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
 .PP
+.RS
 .nf
 \fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP
 .fi
@@ -901,21 +932,21 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
 the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
 An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
 find the desired history entry.
-To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
-\fBC\-r\fP.  Typing \fBC\-s\fP searches forward through the history.
+When using emacs editing mode, type \fBC\-r\fP to
+search backward in the history for a particular string.
+Typing \fBC\-s\fP searches forward through the history.
 The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
 variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
-If that variable has not been assigned a value the \fIEscape\fP and
-\fBC\-J\fP characters will terminate an incremental search.
-\fBC\-G\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original
-line.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value,
+\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
+\fIC\-g\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
 When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
 search string becomes the current line.
 .PP
-To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-s\fP or
-\fBC\-r\fP as appropriate.
+To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-r\fP or
+\fBC\-s\fP as appropriate.
 This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
-line matching the search string typed so far.
+entry matching the search string typed so far.
 Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
 the search and execute that command.
 For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept
@@ -923,8 +954,13 @@ the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
 A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
 the current line, and begin editing.
 .PP
+Readline remembers the last incremental search string.
+If two \fBC\-r\fPs are typed without any intervening characters defining
+a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.
+.PP
 Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+to search for matching history entries.
+The search string may be
 typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 .SH EDITING COMMANDS
 The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
@@ -935,6 +971,11 @@ In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor
 position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the
 \fBset\-mark\fP command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
+Readline has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP:
+when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the
+value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 .SS Commands for Moving
 .PD 0
 .TP
@@ -953,22 +994,24 @@ Move forward a character.
 Move back a character.
 .TP
 .B forward\-word (M\-f)
-Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
-alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
 .TP
 .B backward\-word (M\-b)
-Move back to the start of the current or previous word.  Words are
-composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
 .TP
 .B previous\-screen\-line
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
 greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
 .TP
 .B next\-screen\-line
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
 of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
 plus the screen width.
@@ -993,10 +1036,11 @@ Refresh the current line.
 .TP
 .B accept\-line (Newline, Return)
 Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
-If this line is
-non-empty, it may be added to the history list for future recall with
+If this line is non-empty,
+it may be added to the history list for future recall with
 \fBadd_history()\fP.
-If the line is a modified history line, the history line is restored to its original state.
+If the line is a modified history line,
+restore the history line to its original state.
 .TP
 .B previous\-history (C\-p)
 Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
@@ -1013,8 +1057,7 @@ Move to the first line in the history.
 Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
 entered.
 .TP
-.B
-operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
+.B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
 Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if a
 newline had been entered,
 and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
@@ -1033,25 +1076,28 @@ Search backward starting at the current line and moving
 .Q up
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 .TP
 .B forward\-search\-history (C\-s)
 Search forward starting at the current line and moving
 .Q down
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 .TP
 .B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p)
 Search backward through the history starting at the current line
 using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 .TP
 .B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n)
 Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search
 for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 .TP
 .B history\-search\-backward
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the current cursor
-position (the \fIpoint\fP).
+between the start of the current line and the point.
 The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards.
@@ -1065,8 +1111,7 @@ This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards.
 .TP
 .B history\-substring\-search\-backward
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the current cursor
-position (the \fIpoint\fP).
+between the start of the current line and the point.
 The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 .TP
@@ -1082,10 +1127,12 @@ the second word on the previous line) at point.
 With an argument
 .IR n ,
 insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the
+in the previous command begin with word 0).
+A negative argument inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of
+the previous command.
+Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed,
+this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+\fIn\fPth word, as if the
 .Q !\fIn\fP
 history expansion had been specified.
 .TP
@@ -1098,10 +1145,11 @@ Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history
 list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
 the first call) of each line in turn.
 Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-as if the
+the direction to move through the history.
+A negative argument switches the direction through the history
+(back or forward).
+This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+last word, as if the
 .Q !$
 history expansion had been specified.
 .PD
@@ -1124,7 +1172,8 @@ same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP
 commonly is, see above for the effects.
 .TP
 .B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout)
-Delete the character behind the cursor.  When given a numeric argument,
+Delete the character behind the cursor.
+When given a numeric argument,
 save the deleted text on the kill ring.
 .TP
 .B forward\-backward\-delete\-char
@@ -1133,8 +1182,8 @@ end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
 deleted.
 .TP
 .B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v)
-Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.
+This is how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
 .TP
 .B tab\-insert (M-TAB)
 Insert a tab character.
@@ -1142,6 +1191,19 @@ Insert a tab character.
 .B "self\-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \fR.\|.\|.\fP)"
 Insert the character typed.
 .TP
+.B bracketed\-paste\-begin
+This function is intended to be bound to the
+.Q "bracketed paste"
+escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
+The pasted characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to \fBself\-insert\fP instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+.IP
+Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and activates the region.
+.TP
 .B transpose\-chars (C\-t)
 Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
 moving point forward as well.
@@ -1156,15 +1218,18 @@ If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
 the last two words on the line.
 .TP
 .B upcase\-word (M\-u)
-Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B downcase\-word (M\-l)
-Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B capitalize\-word (M\-c)
-Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B overwrite\-mode
@@ -1174,6 +1239,7 @@ With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode.
 This command affects only \fBemacs\fP mode;
 \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently.
 Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode.
+.IP
 In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace
 the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
 Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character
@@ -1185,46 +1251,50 @@ but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B kill\-line (C\-k)
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+beginning of the line.
 .TP
 .B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout)
-Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+Kill backward to the beginning of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
+end of the line.
 .TP
 .B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u)
-Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line
 .TP
 .B kill\-whole\-line
 Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
 .TP
 .B kill\-word (M\-d)
-Kill from point the end of the current word, or if between
-words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same as
-those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
 .TP
 .B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout)
 Kill the word behind point.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
 .TP
 .B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w)
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .TP
 .B unix\-filename\-rubout
 Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+as the word boundaries,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .TP
 .B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e)
 Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
 .TP
 .B kill\-region
-Kill the text between the point and \fImark\fP (saved cursor position).
-This text is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
+Kill the text in the current region.
 .TP
 .B copy\-region\-as\-kill
-Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer,
+so it can be yanked immediately.
 .TP
 .B copy\-backward\-word
 Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
@@ -1238,7 +1308,8 @@ The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP.
 Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
 .TP
 .B yank\-pop (M\-y)
-Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works following
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.
+Only works following
 .B yank
 or
 .BR yank\-pop .
@@ -1248,7 +1319,8 @@ or
 .TP
 .B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, \fR.\|.\|.\fP, M\-\-)
 Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  M\-\- starts a negative argument.
+argument.
+M\-\- starts a negative argument.
 .TP
 .B universal\-argument
 This is another way to specify an argument.
@@ -1258,8 +1330,8 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing
 .B universal\-argument
 again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
 As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
-for the next command is multiplied by four.
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign,
+the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four.
 The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
 first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
 argument count sixteen, and so on.
@@ -1271,54 +1343,58 @@ argument count sixteen, and so on.
 Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
 The actual completion performed is application-specific.
 .BR Bash ,
-for instance, attempts completion treating the text as a variable
-(if the text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with
-\fB\*~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+for instance, attempts programmable completion first,
+otherwise treating the text as a
+variable (if the text begins with \fB$\fP),
+username (if the text begins with \fB\*~\fP),
+hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
+command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
 .BR Gdb ,
 on the other hand,
 allows completion of program functions and variables, and
 only attempts filename completion under certain circumstances.
+The default readline completion is filename completion.
 .TP
 .B possible\-completions (M\-?)
 List the possible completions of the text before point.
 When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used
 for display to the value of \fBcompletion-display-width\fP, the value of
 the environment variable
-.SM
 .BR COLUMNS ,
 or the screen width, in that order.
 .TP
 .B insert\-completions (M\-*)
 Insert all completions of the text before point
 that would have been generated by
-\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+\fBpossible\-completions\fP,
+separated by a space.
 .TP
 .B menu\-complete
 Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed
 with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
+Repeatedly executing \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
 of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+At the end of the list of completions,
+\fBmenu\-complete\fP rings the bell
 (subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP)
-and the original text is restored.
+and restores the original text.
 An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
+of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list.
 This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound
 by default.
 .TP
 .B menu\-complete\-backward
 Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list
 of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a
-negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
+negative argument.
+This command is unbound by default.
 .TP
 .B delete\-char\-or\-list
 Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
-end of the line (like \fBdelete-char\fP).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-\fBpossible-completions\fP.
+end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP).
+At the end of the line, it behaves identically to \fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+This command is unbound by default.
 .PD
 .SS "Keyboard Macros"
 .PD 0
@@ -1367,85 +1443,97 @@ is equivalent to
 Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 .TP
 .B revert\-line (M\-r)
-Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+Undo all changes made to this line.
+This is like executing the
 .B undo
 command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
 .TP
-.B tilde\-expand (M\-&)
+.B tilde\-expand (M\-~)
 Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 .TP
 .B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-<space>)
-Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+Set the mark to the point.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
 .TP
 .B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x)
-Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+Swap the point with the mark.
+Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
+then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 .TP
 .B character\-search (C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 .TP
 .B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
 .TP
 .B skip\-csi\-sequence
 Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to
-.Q \e[ ,
-keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+defined for keys like Home and End.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.
+If this sequence is bound to
+.Q \ee[ ,
+keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
 unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC\-[.
+stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC\-[.
 .TP
 .B insert\-comment (M\-#)
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
+Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline
 .B comment\-begin
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+variable at the beginning of the current line.
 If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
 the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in \fBcomment-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of
-the line.
+of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, insert the value; otherwise delete
+the characters in \fBcomment-begin\fP from the beginning of the line.
 In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
 The default value of
-.B comment\-begin
-makes the current line a shell comment.
+\fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line
+a shell comment.
 If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
 will be executed by the shell.
 .TP
 .B dump\-functions
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
 .B dump\-variables
-Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the settable variables and their values
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
 .B dump\-macros
 Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+strings they output
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
+.B execute\-named\-command (M-x)
+Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
+function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+bound appeared in the input.
+If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
+argument to the function it executes.
+.TP
 .B emacs\-editing\-mode (C\-e)
 When in
 .B vi
-command mode, this causes a switch to
+command mode, this switches readline to
 .B emacs
 editing mode.
 .TP
 .B vi\-editing\-mode (M\-C\-j)
 When in
 .B emacs
-editing mode, this causes a switch to
+editing mode, this switches to
 .B vi
 editing mode.
 .PD
@@ -1552,6 +1640,7 @@ Emacs Meta bindings
 "M-R"  revert-line
 "M-T"  transpose-words
 "M-U"  upcase-word
+"M-X"  execute-named-command
 "M-Y"  yank-pop
 "M-\e"  delete-horizontal-space
 "M-\*~"  tilde-expand

diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi b/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
index 52a128549e19c47e88e73bd034d69b3161200678..f8080719bacd2c3425ccb2fa8db614fb09a39c1d 100644 (file)
--- a/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
 unless the @option{--noediting} option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the @option{-e} option to the
 @code{read} builtin command (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
-A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs;
+a vi-style line editing interface is also available.
 Line editing can be enabled at any time using the @option{-o emacs} or
 @option{-o vi} options to the @code{set} builtin command
 (@pxref{The Set Builtin}), or disabled using the @option{+o emacs} or 
@@ -101,8 +101,9 @@ Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
 Compose key for typing accented characters.
 
 On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
-the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the @code{enable-meta-key} variable
-to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it).
+the eighth bit (0200) set.
+You can use the @code{enable-meta-key} variable
+to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it.
 On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
 key to a key sequence beginning with @key{ESC} as described in the
 next paragraph.
@@ -114,15 +115,21 @@ The @key{ESC} character is known as the @dfn{meta prefix}).
 
 Either process is known as @dfn{metafying} the @key{k} key.
 
+If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the @key{ESC} meta prefix,
+you can make @kbd{M-key} key bindings you specify
+(see @code{Key Bindings} in @ref{Readline Init File Syntax})
+do the same thing by setting the @code{force-meta-prefix} variable.
+
 The text @kbd{M-C-k} is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the
 character produced by metafying @kbd{C-k}.
 
-In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically,
+In addition, several keys have their own names.
+Specifically,
 @key{DEL}, @key{ESC}, @key{LFD}, @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, and @key{TAB} all
 stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file
 (@pxref{Readline Init File}).
 If your keyboard lacks a @key{LFD} key, typing @key{C-j} will
-produce the desired character.
+output the appropriate character.
 The @key{RET} key may be labeled @key{Return} or @key{Enter} on
 some keyboards.
 
@@ -131,13 +138,15 @@ some keyboards.
 @cindex interaction, readline
 
 Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
-only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.  The
-Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.
+The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
 as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
-you to retype the majority of the line.  Using these editing commands,
+you to retype the majority of the line.
+Using these editing commands,
 you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
-insert the text of the corrections.  Then, when you are satisfied with
-the line, you simply press @key{RET}.  You do not have to be at the
+insert the text of the corrections.
+Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press @key{RET}.
+You do not have to be at the
 end of the line to press @key{RET}; the entire line is accepted
 regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
 
@@ -155,23 +164,27 @@ regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
 @cindex command editing
 @cindex editing command lines
 
-In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.  The typed
+In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.
+The typed
 character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
-space to the right.  If you mistype a character, you can use your
+space to the right.
+If you mistype a character, you can use your
 erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
 
 Sometimes you may mistype a character, and
-not notice the error until you have typed several other characters.  In
-that case, you can type @kbd{C-b} to move the cursor to the left, and then
-correct your mistake.  Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right
-with @kbd{C-f}.
+not notice the error until you have typed several other characters.
+In that case, you can type @kbd{C-b} to move the cursor to the left,
+and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with @kbd{C-f}.
 
 When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters
 to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text
-that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
+that you have inserted.
+Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
 characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the
-blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of the bare
-essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+blank space created by the removal of the text.
+These are the bare
+essentials for editing the text of an input line:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-b}
@@ -185,25 +198,24 @@ Delete the character underneath the cursor.
 @item @w{Printing characters}
 Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
 @item @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x C-u}
-Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
-empty line.
+Undo the last editing command.
+You can undo all the way back to an empty line.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
-(Depending on your configuration, the @key{Backspace} key might be set to
+Depending on your configuration, the @key{Backspace} key might be set to
 delete the character to the left of the cursor and the @key{DEL} key set
 to delete the character underneath the cursor, like @kbd{C-d}, rather
-than the character to the left of the cursor.)
+than the character to the left of the cursor.
 
 @node Readline Movement Commands
 @subsection Readline Movement Commands
 
-
 The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
-in order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many
-other commands have been added in addition to @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-f},
-@kbd{C-d}, and @key{DEL}.  Here are some commands for moving more rapidly
-about the line.
+in order to do editing of the input line.
+For your convenience, many other commands are available in
+addition to @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-d}, and @key{DEL}.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly within the line.
 
 @table @kbd
 @item C-a
@@ -219,7 +231,8 @@ Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
 @end table
 
 Notice how @kbd{C-f} moves forward a character, while @kbd{M-f} moves
-forward a word.  It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
+forward a word.
+It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
 operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
 
 @node Readline Killing Commands
@@ -239,8 +252,8 @@ place later.
 
 When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a @dfn{kill-ring}.
 Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
-that when you yank it back, you get it all.  The kill
-ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
+that when you yank it back, you get it all.
+The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
 typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing
 another line.
 @cindex kill ring
@@ -262,38 +275,45 @@ words, to the start of the previous word.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by @kbd{M-b}.
 
 @item C-w
-Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.  This is different than
+Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.
+This is different than
 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} because the word boundaries differ.
 
 @end table
 
 Here is how to @dfn{yank} the text back into the line.  Yanking
-means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer
+into the line at the current cursor position.
 
 @table @kbd
 @item C-y
 Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
 
 @item M-y
-Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
-the prior command is @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{M-y}.
+Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.
+You can only do this if the prior command is @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{M-y}.
 @end table
 
 @node Readline Arguments
 @subsection Readline Arguments
 
-You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.  Sometimes the
+You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.
+Sometimes the
 argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the @i{sign} of the
-argument that is significant.  If you pass a negative argument to a
+argument that is significant.
+If you pass a negative argument to a
 command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
-act in a backward direction.  For example, to kill text back to the
+act in a backward direction.
+For example, to kill text back to the
 start of the line, you might type @samp{M-- C-k}.
 
 The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
-digits before the command.  If the first `digit' typed is a minus
-sign (@samp{-}), then the sign of the argument will be negative.  Once
-you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type
-the remainder of the digits, and then the command.  For example, to give
+digits before the command.
+If the first `digit' typed is a minus
+sign (@samp{-}), then the sign of the argument will be negative.
+Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can
+type the remainder of the digits, and then the command.
+For example, to give
 the @kbd{C-d} command an argument of 10, you could type @samp{M-1 0 C-d},
 which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
 
@@ -313,8 +333,9 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays
 the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
 An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
 find the desired history entry.
-To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
-@kbd{C-r}.  Typing @kbd{C-s} searches forward through the history.
+When using emacs editing mode, type @kbd{C-r}
+to search backward in the history for a particular string.
+Typing @kbd{C-s} searches forward through the history.
 The characters present in the value of the @code{isearch-terminators} variable
 are used to terminate an incremental search.
 If that variable has not been assigned a value, the @key{ESC} and
@@ -339,7 +360,7 @@ If two @kbd{C-r}s are typed without any intervening characters defining
 a new search string, Readline uses any remembered search string.
 
 Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.
+to search for matching history entries.
 The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of
 the current line.
 
@@ -351,17 +372,16 @@ Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
 keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
 of keybindings.
 Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
-commands in an @dfn{inputrc} file,
-conventionally in their home directory.
-The name of this
+commands in an @dfn{inputrc} file, conventionally in their home directory.
+The name of this file is taken from the value of the
 @ifset BashFeatures
-file is taken from the value of the shell variable @env{INPUTRC}.  If
+shell variable @env{INPUTRC}.
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
-file is taken from the value of the environment variable @env{INPUTRC}.  If
+environment variable @env{INPUTRC}.
 @end ifclear
-that variable is unset, the default is @file{~/.inputrc}.  If that
-file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+If that variable is unset, the default is @file{~/.inputrc}.
+If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for
 @file{/etc/inputrc}.
 @ifset BashFeatures
 The @w{@code{bind}} builtin command can also be used to set Readline
@@ -369,17 +389,15 @@ keybindings and variables.
 @xref{Bash Builtins}.
 @end ifset
 
-When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
-init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
+the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
 
 In addition, the @code{C-x C-r} command re-reads this init file, thus
 incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
 
 @menu
 * Readline Init File Syntax::  Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
-
 * Conditional Init Constructs::        Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
-
 * Sample Init File::           An example inputrc file.
 @end menu
 
@@ -387,11 +405,12 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
 @subsection Readline Init File Syntax
 
 There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-Readline init file.  Blank lines are ignored.
+Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
 Lines beginning with a @samp{#} are comments.
 Lines beginning with a @samp{$} indicate conditional
-constructs (@pxref{Conditional Init Constructs}).  Other lines
-denote variable settings and key bindings.
+constructs (@pxref{Conditional Init Constructs}).
+Other lines denote variable settings and key bindings.
 
 @table @asis
 @item Variable Settings
@@ -413,8 +432,8 @@ change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
 set editing-mode vi
 @end example
 
-Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard
-to case.
+Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without
+regard to case.
 Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
 
 Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if
@@ -461,8 +480,8 @@ A sample value might be @samp{\e[0m}.
 @item bell-style
 @vindex bell-style
 Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to @samp{none}, Readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-@samp{visible}, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to @samp{none}, Readline never rings the bell.
+If set to @samp{visible}, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
 If set to @samp{audible} (the default), Readline attempts to ring
 the terminal's bell.
 
@@ -479,8 +498,8 @@ including the special control characters (usually @code{cchars}).
 @item blink-matching-paren
 @vindex blink-matching-paren
 If set to @samp{on}, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
-opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.  The default
-is @samp{off}.
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item colored-completion-prefix
 @vindex colored-completion-prefix
@@ -503,9 +522,9 @@ The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item comment-begin
 @vindex comment-begin
-The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
-@code{insert-comment} command is executed.  The default value
-is @code{"#"}.
+The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the
+@code{insert-comment} command.
+The default value is @code{"#"}.
 
 @item completion-display-width
 @vindex completion-display-width
@@ -531,81 +550,87 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 
 @item completion-prefix-display-length
 @vindex completion-prefix-display-length
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+The maximum
+length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.
+When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+replaces common prefixes longer than this value
+with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 
 @item completion-query-items
 @vindex completion-query-items
-The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
-asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
-If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to this value,
-Readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
-otherwise, they are simply listed.
+The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked
+whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
+If the number of possible completions is greater than
+or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
+the user wishes to view them;
+otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions.
 This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
-A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative values are
-treated as zero.
+A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative
+values are treated as zero.
 The default limit is @code{100}.
 
 @item convert-meta
 @vindex convert-meta
 If set to @samp{on}, Readline will convert characters it reads
-with the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence
-by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
+that have the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence by
+clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
 converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
 The default value is @samp{on}, but Readline will set it to @samp{off}
 if the locale contains
 characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
-This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
-@code{force-meta-prefix} below.
+may change if the locale changes.
+This variable also affects key bindings;
+see the description of @code{force-meta-prefix} below.
 
 @item disable-completion
 @vindex disable-completion
 If set to @samp{On}, Readline will inhibit word completion.
-Completion  characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
-been mapped to @code{self-insert}.  The default is @samp{off}.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+had been mapped to @code{self-insert}.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item echo-control-characters
 @vindex echo-control-characters
 When set to @samp{on}, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
 Readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
-keyboard.  The default is @samp{on}.
+keyboard.
+The default is @samp{on}.
 
 @item editing-mode
 @vindex editing-mode
-The @code{editing-mode} variable controls which default set of
-key bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
-mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.  This variable can be
-set to either @samp{emacs} or @samp{vi}.
+The @code{editing-mode} variable controls the default set of
+key bindings.
+By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing mode, where
+the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
+This variable can be set to either @samp{emacs} or @samp{vi}.
 
 @item emacs-mode-string
 @vindex emacs-mode-string
 If the @var{show-mode-in-prompt} variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
-prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
 backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is @samp{@@}.
 
 @item enable-active-region
-@vindex enable-active-region
-The @dfn{point} is the current cursor position, and @dfn{mark} refers
-to a saved cursor position (@pxref{Commands For Moving}).
+@vindex enable-active-region The
+@dfn{point} is the current cursor position, and @dfn{mark} refers to a
+saved cursor position (@pxref{Commands For Moving}).
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the @dfn{region}.
 When this variable is set to @samp{On}, Readline allows certain commands
 to designate the region as @dfn{active}.
 When the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using
 the value of the @code{active-region-start-color}, which defaults to the
-string that enables
-the terminal's standout mode.
+string that enables the terminal's standout mode. 
 The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
-matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
+matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. 
 The default is @samp{On}.
 
 @item enable-bracketed-paste
@@ -614,19 +639,21 @@ When set to @samp{On}, Readline configures the terminal to insert each
 paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead
 of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
 This is called putting the terminal into @dfn{bracketed paste mode};
-it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
-sequences appearing in the pasted text.
-The default is @samp{On}.
+it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound
+to key sequences appearing in the pasted text.
+The default is @samp{On}. 
 
 @item enable-keypad
 @vindex enable-keypad
 When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.  The default is @samp{off}.
+keypad when it is called.
+Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item enable-meta-key
-When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+@vindex enable-meta-key
+When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable any meta
+modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
 On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
 this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
 terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a
@@ -636,8 +663,9 @@ The default is @samp{on}.
 
 @item expand-tilde
 @vindex expand-tilde
-If set to @samp{on}, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
-attempts word completion.  The default is @samp{off}.
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it
+attempts word completion.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item force-meta-prefix
 @vindex force-meta-prefix
@@ -661,7 +689,8 @@ The default is @samp{off}.
 If set to @samp{on}, the history code attempts to place the point (the
 current cursor position) at the
 same location on each history line retrieved with @code{previous-history}
-or @code{next-history}.  The default is @samp{off}.
+or @code{next-history}.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item history-size
 @vindex history-size
@@ -670,31 +699,37 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
 are saved.
 If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
 limited.
+@ifset BashFeatures
+By default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries to
+the value of the @code{HISTSIZE} shell variable.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear BashFeatures
 By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-If an attempt is made to set @var{history-size} to a non-numeric value,
+@end ifclear
+If you try to set @var{history-size} to a non-numeric value,
 the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
 
 @item horizontal-scroll-mode
 @vindex horizontal-scroll-mode
-This variable can be set to either @samp{on} or @samp{off}.  Setting it
-to @samp{on} means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
-horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
-of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.
+Setting this variable to @samp{on} means that the text of the lines
+being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when
+the lines are longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping
+onto a new screen line.
 This variable is automatically set to @samp{on} for terminals of height 1.
 By default, this variable is set to @samp{off}.
 
 @item input-meta
 @vindex input-meta
 @vindex meta-flag
-If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
 will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
-regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
-default value is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
-The name @code{meta-flag} is a synonym for this variable.
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
+The default value is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
+The name @code{meta-flag} is a synonym for @code{input-meta}.
 
 @item isearch-terminators
 @vindex isearch-terminators
@@ -718,17 +753,17 @@ Built-in @code{keymap} names are
 @code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command} (@code{vi-move} is also a
 synonym); @code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
 Applications may add additional names.
-The default value is @code{emacs}.
-The value of the @code{editing-mode} variable also affects the
+The default value is @code{emacs};
+the value of the @code{editing-mode} variable also affects the
 default keymap.
 
 @item keyseq-timeout
-Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
+Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+reading an ambiguous key sequence
+(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
+or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
+If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+shorter but complete key sequence.
 Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
 available on the current input source (@code{rl_instream} by default).
 The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
@@ -739,20 +774,19 @@ decide which key sequence to complete.
 The default value is @code{500}.
 
 @item mark-directories
-If set to @samp{on}, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.  The default is @samp{on}.
+If set to @samp{on}, completed directory names have a slash appended.
+The default is @samp{on}.
 
 @item mark-modified-lines
 @vindex mark-modified-lines
-This variable, when set to @samp{on}, causes Readline to display an
+When this variable is set to @samp{on}, Readline will to display an
 asterisk (@samp{*}) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
 This variable is @samp{off} by default.
 
 @item mark-symlinked-directories
 @vindex mark-symlinked-directories
-If set to @samp{on}, completed names which are symbolic links
-to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-@code{mark-directories}).
+If set to @samp{on}, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
+have a slash appended, subject to the value of @code{mark-directories}.
 The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item match-hidden-files
@@ -768,7 +802,8 @@ This variable is @samp{on} by default.
 @vindex menu-complete-display-prefix
 If set to @samp{on}, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
 list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
-the list.  The default is @samp{off}.
+the list.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item output-meta
 @vindex output-meta
@@ -776,10 +811,10 @@ If set to @samp{on}, Readline will display characters with the
 eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
 sequence.
 The default is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
 
 @item page-completions
 @vindex page-completions
@@ -798,9 +833,11 @@ The default is @samp{off}.
 @item revert-all-at-newline
 @vindex revert-all-at-newline
 If set to @samp{on}, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when @code{accept-line} is executed.  By default,
+before returning when executing @code{accept-line}.
+By default,
 history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
-calls to @code{readline()}.  The default is @samp{off}.
+calls to @code{readline()}.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item search-ignore-case
 @vindex search-ignore-case
@@ -810,8 +847,8 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 
 @item show-all-if-ambiguous
 @vindex show-all-if-ambiguous
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to @samp{on}, 
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+If set to @samp{on}, 
 words which have more than one possible completion cause the
 matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
 The default value is @samp{off}.
@@ -837,15 +874,15 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 @item skip-completed-text
 @vindex skip-completed-text
 If set to @samp{on}, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, Readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
+inserting a single match into the line.
+It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
+If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion
+that match characters after point in the word being completed,
+so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
 For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor
-is after the @samp{e} in @samp{Makefile} will result in @samp{Makefile}
-rather than @samp{Makefilefile}, assuming there is a single possible
-completion.
+is after the first @samp{e} in @samp{Makefile} will result in
+@samp{Makefile} rather than @samp{Makefilefile},
+assuming there is a single possible completion.
 The default value is @samp{off}.
 
 @item vi-cmd-mode-string
@@ -853,10 +890,9 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 If the @var{show-mode-in-prompt} variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is @samp{(cmd)}.
@@ -866,10 +902,9 @@ The default is @samp{(cmd)}.
 If the @var{show-mode-in-prompt} variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is @samp{(ins)}.
@@ -878,14 +913,16 @@ The default is @samp{(ins)}.
 @vindex visible-stats
 If set to @samp{on}, a character denoting a file's type
 is appended to the filename when listing possible
-completions.  The default is @samp{off}.
+completions.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @end table
 
 @item Key Bindings
-The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
-simple.  First you need to find the name of the command that you
-want to change.  The following sections contain tables of the command
+The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+First you need to find the name of the command that you
+want to change.
+The following sections contain tables of the command
 name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what
 the command does.
 
@@ -900,6 +937,8 @@ what you find most comfortable.
 
 In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound
 to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a @var{macro}).
+The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+enclosed in single or double quotes.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
 The @w{@code{bind -p}} command displays Readline function names and
@@ -909,7 +948,8 @@ bindings in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @w{@var{keyname}: @var{function-name} or @var{macro}}
-@var{keyname} is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+@var{keyname} is the name of a key spelled out in English.
+For example:
 @example
 Control-u: universal-argument
 Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
@@ -923,8 +963,7 @@ In the example above, @kbd{C-u} is bound to the function
 expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
 @samp{> output} into the line).
 
-A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
-processing this key binding syntax:
+This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic character names:
 @var{DEL},
 @var{ESC},
 @var{ESCAPE},
@@ -941,9 +980,10 @@ and
 @item @w{"@var{keyseq}": @var{function-name} or @var{macro}}
 @var{keyseq} differs from @var{keyname} above in that strings
 denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
-the key sequence in double quotes.  Some @sc{gnu} Emacs style key
-escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the
-special character names are not recognized.
+the key sequence in double quotes.
+Some @sc{gnu} Emacs style key escapes can be used,
+as in the following example, but none of the
+special character names are recognized.
 
 @example
 "\C-u": universal-argument
@@ -964,19 +1004,19 @@ specifying key sequences:
 
 @table @code
 @item @kbd{\C-}
-control prefix
+A control prefix.
 @item @kbd{\M-}
-adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
 character, as described above under @code{force-meta-prefix}
 (see @code{Variable Settings} in @ref{Readline Init File Syntax}).
 @item @kbd{\e}
-an escape character
+An escape character.
 @item @kbd{\\}
-backslash
+Backslash.
 @item @kbd{\"}
-@key{"}, a double quotation mark
+@key{"}, a double quotation mark.
 @item @kbd{\'}
-@key{'}, a single quote or apostrophe
+@key{'}, a single quote or apostrophe.
 @end table
 
 In addition to the @sc{gnu} Emacs style escape sequences, a second
@@ -1000,17 +1040,18 @@ horizontal tab
 @item \v
 vertical tab
 @item \@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(one to three digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(one to three digits).
 @item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits).
 @end table
 
 When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
 be used to indicate a macro definition.
 Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+in the macro body.
 Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
 including @samp{"} and @samp{'}.
 For example, the following binding will make @samp{@kbd{C-x} \}
@@ -1027,13 +1068,15 @@ insert a single @samp{\} into the line:
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
 bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+of tests.
+There are four parser directives available.
 
 @table @code
 @item $if
 The @code{$if} construct allows bindings to be made based on the
 editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-Readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+Readline.
+The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
 extends to the end of the line;
 unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
 
@@ -1049,11 +1092,13 @@ Readline is starting out in @code{emacs} mode.
 @item term
 The @code{term=} form may be used to include terminal-specific
 key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
-@samp{=} is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
-the portion of the terminal name before the first @samp{-}.  This
-allows @code{sun} to match both @code{sun} and @code{sun-cmd},
-for instance.
+terminal's function keys.
+The word on the right side of the
+@samp{=}
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first @samp{-}.
+This allows @code{xterm} to match both @code{xterm} and
+@code{xterm-256color}, for instance.
 
 @item version
 The @code{version} test may be used to perform comparisons against
@@ -1064,8 +1109,9 @@ The set of comparison operators includes
 and @samp{>}.
 The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
 of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
-minor version (e.g., @samp{7.1}). If the minor version is omitted, it
-is assumed to be @samp{0}.
+minor version (e.g., @samp{7.1}).
+If the minor version is omitted, it
+defaults to @samp{0}.
 The operator may be separated from the string @code{version} and
 from the version number argument by whitespace.
 The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used
@@ -1078,11 +1124,13 @@ $endif
 
 @item application
 The @var{application} construct is used to include
-application-specific settings.  Each program using the Readline
+application-specific settings.
+Each program using the Readline
 library sets the @var{application name}, and you can test for
 a particular value. 
 This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+a specific program.
+For instance, the following command adds a
 key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
 @example
 $if Bash
@@ -1098,7 +1146,8 @@ The permitted comparison operators are @samp{=}, @samp{==}, and @samp{!=}.
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values @var{on} and @var{off}.
 The following example is equivalent to the @code{mode=emacs} test described
 above:
@@ -1109,17 +1158,17 @@ $endif
 @end example
 @end table
 
-@item $endif
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-@code{$if} command.
-
 @item $else
 Commands in this branch of the @code{$if} directive are executed if
 the test fails.
 
+@item $endif
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+@code{$if} command.
+
 @item $include
 This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.
+and key bindings from that file.
 For example, the following directive reads from @file{/etc/inputrc}:
 @example
 $include /etc/inputrc
@@ -1262,6 +1311,11 @@ In the following descriptions, @dfn{point} refers to the current cursor
 position, and @dfn{mark} refers to a cursor position saved by the
 @code{set-mark} command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the @dfn{region}.
+Readline has the concept of an @emph{active region}:
+when the region is active, Readline redisplay uses the
+value of the @code{active-region-start-color} variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 
 @node Commands For Moving
 @subsection Commands For Moving
@@ -1300,13 +1354,15 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
 
 @item previous-screen-line ()
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
 greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
 
 @item next-screen-line ()
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
 of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
 plus the screen width.
@@ -1336,17 +1392,14 @@ Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
 If this line is
 non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
 the @env{HISTCONTROL} and @env{HISTIGNORE} variables.
-If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
-to its original state.
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
-If this line is
-non-empty, it may be added to the history list for future recall with
+If this line is non-empty, you can add it to the history list using
 @code{add_history()}.
-If this line is a modified history line, the history line is restored
-to its original state.
 @end ifclear
+If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
+to its original state.
 
 @item previous-history (C-p)
 Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
@@ -1363,13 +1416,15 @@ being entered.
 
 @item reverse-search-history (C-r)
 Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
+the history as necessary.
+This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 
 @item forward-search-history (C-s)
 Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
+the history as necessary.
+This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 
 @item non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
 Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
@@ -1418,10 +1473,13 @@ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
 the second word on the previous line) at point.
 With an argument @var{n},
 insert the @var{n}th word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the @var{n}th word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument @var{n} is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the @samp{!@var{n}} history expansion had been specified.
+in the previous command begin with word 0).
+A negative argument inserts the @var{n}th word from the end of
+the previous command.
+Once the argument @var{n} is computed,
+this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+@var{n}th word, as if the
+@samp{!@var{n}} history expansion had been specified.
 
 @item yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)
 Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
@@ -1431,18 +1489,20 @@ Successive calls to @code{yank-last-arg} move back through the history
 list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
 the first call) of each line in turn.
 Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-as if the @samp{!$} history expansion had been specified.
+the direction to move through the history.
+A negative argument switches the direction through the history
+(back or forward).
+This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+last  word, as if the
+@samp{!$} history expansion had been specified.
 
 @item operate-and-get-next (C-o)
 Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if a
 newline had been entered,
 and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
 for editing.
-A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
-of the current line.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry
+to use instead of the current line.
 
 @item fetch-history ()
 With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
@@ -1458,27 +1518,32 @@ Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list.
 
 @item @i{end-of-file} (usually C-d)
 The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
-@code{stty}.  If this character is read when there are no characters
+@code{stty}.
+If this character is read when there are no characters
 on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
 interprets it as the end of input and returns @sc{eof}.
 
 @item delete-char (C-d)
-Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
+Delete the character at point.
+If this function is bound to the
 same character as the tty @sc{eof} character, as @kbd{C-d}
 commonly is, see above for the effects.
 
 @item backward-delete-char (Rubout)
-Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
-to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+Delete the character behind the cursor.
+A numeric argument means
+to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring,
+instead of deleting them.
 
 @item forward-backward-delete-char ()
 Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
 end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
-deleted.  By default, this is not bound to a key.
+deleted.
+By default, this is not bound to a key.
 
 @item quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)
-Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert key sequences like @kbd{C-q}, for example.
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.
+This is how to insert key sequences like @kbd{C-q}, for example.
 
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 @item tab-insert (M-@key{TAB})
@@ -1486,25 +1551,26 @@ Insert a tab character.
 @end ifclear
 
 @item self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, @dots{})
-Insert yourself.
+Insert the character typed.
 
 @item bracketed-paste-begin ()
 This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" escape
 sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
 It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
-each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.  The characters
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
+The characters
 are inserted as if each one was bound to @code{self-insert} instead of
 executing any editing commands.
 
 Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and the mark)
-to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an @emph{active mark}: when the
-mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the terminal's standout mode to
-denote the region.
+to the inserted text.
+It sets the @emph{active region}.
 
 @item transpose-chars (C-t)
 Drag the character before the cursor forward over
 the character at the cursor, moving the
-cursor forward as well.  If the insertion point
+cursor forward as well.
+If the insertion point
 is at the end of the line, then this
 transposes the last two characters of the line.
 Negative arguments have no effect.
@@ -1526,22 +1592,26 @@ Word boundaries are the same as @code{shell-forward-word} and
 @end ifset
 
 @item upcase-word (M-u)
-Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 
 @item downcase-word (M-l)
-Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 
 @item capitalize-word (M-c)
-Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 
 @item overwrite-mode ()
-Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
-switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
-argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
-@code{emacs} mode; @code{vi} mode does overwrite differently.
+Toggle overwrite mode.
+With an explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite mode.
+With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode.
+This command affects only @code{emacs} mode;
+@code{vi} mode does overwrite differently.
 Each call to @code{readline()} starts in insert mode.
 
 In overwrite mode, characters bound to @code{self-insert} replace
@@ -1560,14 +1630,14 @@ key on some keyboards.
 @ftable @code
 
 @item kill-line (C-k)
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.
 With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
-beginning of the current line.
+beginning of the line.
 
 @item backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
 Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
 With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
-end of the current line.
+end of the line.
 
 @item unix-line-discard (C-u)
 Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
@@ -1597,16 +1667,17 @@ Word boundaries are the same as @code{shell-backward-word}.
 @end ifset
 
 @item unix-word-rubout (C-w)
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 @item unix-filename-rubout ()
 Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+as the word boundaries,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 @item delete-horizontal-space ()
-Delete all spaces and tabs around point.  By default, this is unbound.
+Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+By default, this is unbound.
 
 @item kill-region ()
 Kill the text in the current region.
@@ -1614,7 +1685,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
 
 @item copy-region-as-kill ()
 Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
-right away.  By default, this command is unbound.
+right away.
+By default, this command is unbound.
 
 @item copy-backward-word ()
 Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
@@ -1630,7 +1702,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
 Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
 
 @item yank-pop (M-y)
-Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
+Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.
+You can only do this if
 the prior command is @code{yank} or @code{yank-pop}.
 @end ftable
 
@@ -1640,7 +1713,8 @@ the prior command is @code{yank} or @code{yank-pop}.
 
 @item digit-argument (@kbd{M-0}, @kbd{M-1}, @dots{} @kbd{M--})
 Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  @kbd{M--} starts a negative argument.
+argument.
+@kbd{M--} starts a negative argument.
 
 @item universal-argument ()
 This is another way to specify an argument.
@@ -1665,11 +1739,14 @@ By default, this is not bound to a key.
 Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
 The actual completion performed is application-specific.
 @ifset BashFeatures
-Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
-text begins with @samp{$}), username (if the text begins with
-@samp{~}), hostname (if the text begins with @samp{@@}), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none 
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+Bash attempts completion by first checking for any programmable
+completions for the command word (@pxref{Programmable Completion}),
+otherwise treating the text as a
+variable (if the text begins with @samp{$}),
+username (if the text begins with @samp{~}),
+hostname (if the text begins with @samp{@@}), or
+command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+If none  of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 The default is filename completion.
@@ -1683,19 +1760,20 @@ the environment variable @env{COLUMNS}, or the screen width, in that order.
 
 @item insert-completions (M-*)
 Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
-been generated by @code{possible-completions}.
+been generated by @code{possible-completions},
+separated by a space.
 
 @item menu-complete ()
 Similar to @code{complete}, but replaces the word to be completed
 with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of @code{menu-complete} steps through the list
+Repeatedly executing @code{menu-complete} steps through the list
 of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+At the end of the list of completions,
+@code{menu-complete} rings the bell
 (subject to the setting of @code{bell-style})
-and the original text is restored.
+and restores the original text.
 An argument of @var{n} moves @var{n} positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
+of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list.
 This command is intended to be bound to @key{TAB}, but is unbound
 by default.
 
@@ -1703,12 +1781,12 @@ by default.
 Identical to @code{menu-complete}, but moves backward through the list
 of possible completions, as if @code{menu-complete} had been given a
 negative argument.
+This command is unbound by default.
 
 @item delete-char-or-list ()
 Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
 end of the line (like @code{delete-char}).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-@code{possible-completions}.
+At the end of the line, it behaves identically to @code{possible-completions}.
 This command is unbound by default.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
@@ -1745,7 +1823,8 @@ treating it as a hostname.
 
 @item complete-command (M-!)
 Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+it as a command name.
+Command completion attempts to
 match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
 functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
 in that order.
@@ -1756,7 +1835,7 @@ treating it as a command name.
 
 @item dynamic-complete-history (M-@key{TAB})
 Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
-the text against lines from the history list for possible
+the text against history list entries for possible
 completion matches.
 
 @item dabbrev-expand ()
@@ -1812,16 +1891,16 @@ that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
 The behavior is undefined if @var{x} is already lower case.
 
 @item prefix-meta (@key{ESC})
-Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards
-without a meta key.  Typing @samp{@key{ESC} f} is equivalent to typing
-@kbd{M-f}.
+Metafy the next character typed.
+Typing @samp{@key{ESC} f} is equivalent to typing @kbd{M-f}.
 
 @item undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)
 Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 
 @item revert-line (M-r)
-Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the @code{undo}
-command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+Undo all changes made to this line.
+This is like executing the @code{undo}
+command enough times to get back to the initial state.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
 @item tilde-expand (M-&)
@@ -1832,39 +1911,39 @@ command enough times to get back to the beginning.
 Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 
 @item set-mark (C-@@)
-Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+Set the mark to the point.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
 
 @item exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
-Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+Swap the point with the mark.
+Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
+then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 
 @item character-search (C-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 
 @item character-search-backward (M-C-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
-of that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
-occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
 
 @item skip-csi-sequence ()
 Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+defined for keys like Home and End.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+If this sequence is bound to "\e[",
+keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
 unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC-[.
+stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
 
 @item insert-comment (M-#)
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the @code{comment-begin}
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the @code{comment-begin}
+variable at the beginning of the current line.
 If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:  if
 the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of @code{comment-begin}, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in @code{comment-begin} are deleted from the beginning of
-the line.
+of @code{comment-begin}, insert the value; otherwise delete
+the characters in @code{comment-begin} from the beginning of the line.
 In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
 @ifset BashFeatures
 The default value of @code{comment-begin} causes this command
@@ -1874,22 +1953,36 @@ will be executed by the shell.
 @end ifset
 
 @item dump-functions ()
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an @var{inputrc} file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an @var{inputrc} file.
+This command is unbound by default.
 
 @item dump-variables ()
-Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
-Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the settable variables and their values
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an @var{inputrc} file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an @var{inputrc} file.
+This command is unbound by default.
 
 @item dump-macros ()
 Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+strings they output
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an @var{inputrc} file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an @var{inputrc} file.
+This command is unbound by default.
+
+@item execute-named-command (M-x)
+Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
+function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+bound appeared in the input.
+If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
+argument to the function it executes.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
 @item spell-correct-word (C-x s)
@@ -1898,25 +1991,22 @@ or filename, in the same way as the @code{cdspell} shell option.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by @code{shell-forward-word}.
 
 @item glob-complete-word (M-g)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
 generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 
 @item glob-expand-word (C-x *)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a @samp{*} is appended before
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a @samp{*} before
 pathname expansion.
 
 @item glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
-The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-@code{glob-expand-word} is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a @samp{*} is appended before
+Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+@code{glob-expand-word}, and redisplay the line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a @samp{*} before
 pathname expansion.
 
-@item display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
-Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
-
 @item shell-expand-line (M-C-e)
 Expand the line by performing shell word expansions.  
 This performs alias and history expansion,
@@ -1949,6 +2039,9 @@ Bash attempts to invoke
 @code{$VISUAL}, @code{$EDITOR}, and @code{emacs}
 as the editor, in that order.
 
+@item display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
+Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+
 @end ifset
 
 @ifclear BashFeatures
@@ -1962,13 +2055,6 @@ editing mode.
 
 @end ifclear
 
-@item execute-named-command (M-x)
-Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
-function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
-bound appeared in the input.
-If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
-argument to the function it executes.
-
 @end ftable
 
 @node Readline vi Mode
@@ -1976,13 +2062,15 @@ argument to the function it executes.
 
 While the Readline library does not have a full set of @code{vi}
 editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
-of the line.  The Readline @code{vi} mode behaves as specified in
-the @sc{posix} standard.
+of the line.
+The Readline @code{vi} mode behaves as specified in the
+@code{sh} description in the @sc{posix} standard.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
-In order to switch interactively between @code{emacs} and @code{vi}
-editing modes, use the @samp{set -o emacs} and @samp{set -o vi}
-commands (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+You can use the @samp{set -o emacs} and @samp{set -o vi}
+commands (@pxref{The Set Builtin})
+to switch interactively between @code{emacs} and @code{vi}
+editing modes,
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 In order to switch interactively between @code{emacs} and @code{vi}
@@ -2004,19 +2092,19 @@ so forth.
 @cindex programmable completion
 
 When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a @var{compspec}) has been defined
+which a completion specification (a @dfn{compspec}) has been defined
 using the @code{complete} builtin (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}),
 \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities. 
 
-First, the command name is identified.
+First, Bash identifies the command name.
 If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
 compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
 If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
-beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
-the @option{-E} option to @code{complete} is used.
-If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
-pathname is searched for first.
-If no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion attempts to
+beginning of an empty line), Bash uses any compspec defined with
+the @option{-E} option to @code{complete}.
+If the command word is a full pathname, Bash
+searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
+If there is no compspec for the full pathname, Bash attempts to
 find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
 If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
 the @option{-D} option to @code{complete} is used as the default.
@@ -2024,27 +2112,28 @@ If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
 on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
 for the command word from any successful expansion.
 
-Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.
-If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (@pxref{Commands For Completion}) is performed.
+If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
+described above (@pxref{Commands For Completion}).
+Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate
+the list of matching words.
 
-First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+First, Bash performs the @var{actions} specified by the compspec.
 Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
 returned.
 When the @option{-f} or @option{-d} option is used for filename or
-directory name completion, the shell variable @env{FIGNORE} is
-used to filter the matches.
+directory name completion, Bash uses shell the variable @env{FIGNORE}
+to filter the matches.
 @xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}.
 
 Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
 @option{-G} option are generated next.
 The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
-The @env{GLOBIGNORE} shell variable is not used to filter the matches,
-but the @env{FIGNORE} shell variable is used.
+Bash uses the @env{FIGNORE} 
+variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
+@env{GLOBIGNORE} shell variable.
 
-Next, the string specified as the argument to the @option{-W} option
-is considered.
+Next, completion considers
+the string specified as the argument to the @option{-W} option.
 The string is first split using the characters in the @env{IFS}
 special variable as delimiters.
 Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a
@@ -2057,23 +2146,26 @@ as described above (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
 The results are split using the rules described above
 (@pxref{Word Splitting}).
 The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
-completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+completed, and the matching words become possible completions.
 
-After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-specified with the @option{-F} and @option{-C} options is invoked.
+After these matches have been generated,
+Bash executes any shell function or command
+any shell function or command
+specified with the @option{-F} and @option{-C} options.
 When the command or function is invoked, the @env{COMP_LINE},
 @env{COMP_POINT}, @env{COMP_KEY}, and @env{COMP_TYPE} variables are
 assigned values as described above (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
 If a shell function is being invoked, the @env{COMP_WORDS} and
 @env{COMP_CWORD} variables are also set.
-When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the
-name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
-second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument
-($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
-line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+When the function or command is invoked,
+the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments
+are being completed,
+the second argument ($2) is the word being completed,
+and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being
+completed on the current command line.
+There is no filtering of the generated completions against the 
+word being completed;
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 
 Any function specified with @option{-F} is invoked first.
 The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
@@ -2109,11 +2201,11 @@ returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
 
 If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
 @option{-o dirnames} option was supplied to @code{complete} when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. 
+compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion. 
 
 If the @option{-o plusdirs} option was supplied to @code{complete} when
-the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+the compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion
+and adds any  matches to the set of possible completions.
 
 By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
 the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
@@ -2121,9 +2213,10 @@ The default Bash completions and the Readline default
 of filename completion are disabled.
 If the @option{-o bashdefault} option was supplied to @code{complete} when
 the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
-the default Bash completions are attempted.
+Bash attempts its default completions.
 If the @option{-o default} option was supplied to @code{complete} when the
-compspec was defined, Readline's default completion will be performed
+compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
+Readline's default completion
 if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
 generate no matches.
 
@@ -2136,8 +2229,8 @@ of the setting of the @var{mark-symlinked-directories} Readline variable.
 There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
 This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
 specified with @option{-D}.
-It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+It's possible for shell functions executed as completion functions
+to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
 exit status of 124.
 If a shell function returns 124, and changes
 the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
@@ -2213,13 +2306,14 @@ matches were generated.
 @end example
 
 Specify how arguments to each @var{name} should be completed.
+
 If the @option{-p} option is supplied, or if no options or @var{name}s
-are supplied, existing
-completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
-reused as input.
+are supplied, print existing completion specifications
+in a way that allows them to be reused as input.
 The @option{-r} option removes a completion specification for
 each @var{name}, or, if no @var{name}s are supplied, all
 completion specifications.
+
 The @option{-D} option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
 apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
 on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
@@ -2265,8 +2359,8 @@ no matches.
 Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
 
 @item filenames
-Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
-filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform
+any filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names,
 quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
 This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified
 with @option{-F}.
@@ -2287,7 +2381,7 @@ Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
 the end of the line.
 
 @item plusdirs
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, 
+After generating any matches defined by the compspec, 
 attempt directory name completion and add any
 matches to the results of the other actions.
 @end table
@@ -2298,7 +2392,8 @@ completions:
 
 @table @code
 @item alias
-Alias names.  May also be specified as @option{-a}.
+Alias names.
+May also be specified as @option{-a}.
 
 @item arrayvar
 Array variable names.
@@ -2307,13 +2402,16 @@ Array variable names.
 Readline key binding names (@pxref{Bindable Readline Commands}).
 
 @item builtin
-Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as @option{-b}.
+Names of shell builtin commands.
+May also be specified as @option{-b}.
 
 @item command
-Command names.  May also be specified as @option{-c}.
+Command names.
+May also be specified as @option{-c}.
 
 @item directory
-Directory names.  May also be specified as @option{-d}.
+Directory names.
+May also be specified as @option{-d}.
 
 @item disabled
 Names of disabled shell builtins.
@@ -2322,16 +2420,19 @@ Names of disabled shell builtins.
 Names of enabled shell builtins.
 
 @item export
-Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as @option{-e}.
+Names of exported shell variables.
+May also be specified as @option{-e}.
 
 @item file
-File names.  May also be specified as @option{-f}.
+File names.
+May also be specified as @option{-f}.
 
 @item function
 Names of shell functions.
 
 @item group
-Group names.  May also be specified as @option{-g}.
+Group names.
+May also be specified as @option{-g}.
 
 @item helptopic
 Help topics as accepted by the @code{help} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
@@ -2341,16 +2442,19 @@ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
 @env{HOSTFILE} shell variable (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
 
 @item job
-Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as @option{-j}.
+Job names, if job control is active.
+May also be specified as @option{-j}.
 
 @item keyword
-Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as @option{-k}.
+Shell reserved words.
+May also be specified as @option{-k}.
 
 @item running
 Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
 
 @item service
-Service names.  May also be specified as @option{-s}.
+Service names.
+May also be specified as @option{-s}.
 
 @item setopt
 Valid arguments for the @option{-o} option to the @code{set} builtin
@@ -2367,10 +2471,12 @@ Signal names.
 Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
 
 @item user
-User names.  May also be specified as @option{-u}.
+User names.
+May also be specified as @option{-u}.
 
 @item variable
-Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as @option{-v}.
+Names of all shell variables.
+May also be specified as @option{-v}.
 @end table
 
 @item -C @var{command}
@@ -2381,12 +2487,15 @@ Arguments are passed as with the @option{-F} option.
 @item -F @var{function}
 The shell function @var{function} is executed in the current shell
 environment.
-When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are
-being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word
-preceding the word being completed, as described above
-(@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+When it is executed,
+the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed,
+the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and
+the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed,
+as described above (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
 When @code{function} finishes,
-the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+programmable completion retrieves
+the possible completions from the value
 of the @env{COMPREPLY} array variable.
 
 @item -G @var{globpat}
@@ -2402,15 +2511,15 @@ Append @var{suffix} to each possible completion
 after all other options have been applied.
 
 @item -W @var{wordlist}
-The @var{wordlist} is split using the characters in the
-@env{IFS} special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word
-is expanded.
+Split the @var{wordlist} using the characters in the
+@env{IFS} special variable as delimiters, and expand
+each resulting word.
 Shell quoting is honored within @var{wordlist}
 in order to provide a
 mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
 in the value of @env{IFS}.
 The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
+match a prefix of the word being completed.
 
 @item -X @var{filterpat}
 @var{filterpat} is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
@@ -2446,16 +2555,14 @@ If no @var{option}s are given, display the completion options for each
 @var{name} or the current completion.
 The possible values of @var{option} are those valid for the @code{complete}
 builtin described above.
+
 The @option{-D} option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
-on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The @option{-E} option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a 
-blank line.
-The @option{-I} option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a
-command delimiter such as @samp{;} or @samp{|}, which is usually command
-name completion.
+apply to the ``default'' command completion;
+the @option{-E} option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to ``empty'' command completion; and
+the @option{-I} option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
+These are determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.
 
 If multiple options are supplied, the @option{-D} option takes precedence
 over @option{-E}, and both take precedence over @option{-I}
@@ -2474,8 +2581,10 @@ a shell function and bind it to a particular command using @code{complete -F}.
 
 The following function provides completions for the @code{cd} builtin.
 It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
-used for completion.  This function uses the word passed as @code{$2}
-to determine the directory name to complete.  You can also use the
+used for completion.
+This function uses the word passed as @code{$2} to determine the
+directory name to complete.
+You can also use the
 @code{COMP_WORDS} array variable; the current word is indexed by the
 @code{COMP_CWORD} variable.
 

diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi
index 9093f37145c68f1c60543a74f4c39d06fcb83311..d838538464f6e2e8bcdc69bbe632d4f3d2831802 100644 (file)
--- a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Copyright (C) 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 @set EDITION 8.3
 @set VERSION 8.3
 
-@set UPDATED 23 August 2024
-@set UPDATED-MONTH August 2024
+@set UPDATED 10 October 2024
+@set UPDATED-MONTH October 2024
 
-@set LASTCHANGE Fri Aug 23 09:46:18 EDT 2024
+@set LASTCHANGE Thu Oct 10 16:33:55 EDT 2024