subst.c
- quote_escapes_internal: use ifs_cmap instead of iterating through
ifs_value to set skip_ctlesc and skip_ctlnul
+
+ 5/23
+ ----
+parser.h
+ - remove `(' from FUNSUB_CHARS
+
+parse.y
+ - parse_comsub: don't bother with `(' as one of the FUNSUB_CHARS
+
+doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi
+ - command substitution: remove mention of `(' as a valid character
+ following the open brace in nofork command substitution
+
+ 5/24
+ ----
+parse.y
+ - parse_comsub: avoid adding `;' to an empty ${ command substitution
+ - parse_comsub: if open == '{', push back a newline we read into
+ peekc to get PS2 prompting right.
+ From a report by Grisha Levit <grishalevit@gmail.com>
+
+subst.c
+ - skip_double_quoted: pass the SX_COMPLETE flag down to
+ extract_dollar_brace_string in case it contains an unclosed command
+ substitution.
+ From a report by Grisha Levit <grishalevit@gmail.com>
+
+ 5/25
+ ----
+shell.c
+ - make sure shell_initialized is set to 1 before running -c command
+
+make_cmd.c
+ - make_function_def: initialize source_file to something other than
+ `main' or `environment' if the shell is not interactive.
+ From a report from Emanuele Torre <torreemanuele6@gmail.com>
+
+parse.y
+ - save_token_state,restore_token_state: save and restore token_to_read
+ - read_token_word: if we read EOF in an interactive shell, set
+ token_to_read to yacc_EOF and EOF_Reached to 1 so the token will
+ be delimited but the next call to read_token returns yacc_EOF
+ - handle_ignoreeof: broke the code that checks eof_encountered and
+ possibly exceeds the ignoreeof limit out into a separate public
+ function, called from handle_eof_input_unit
+
+eval.c
+ - reader_loop: if EOF_Reached is set in an interactive shell after
+ parse_command and execute_command, and ignoreeof has been enabled,
+ check for ignoreeof with handle_ignoreeof and reset EOF_Reached
+ back to 0 if we should not exit. This can occur when EOF delimits
+ a simple command (simple_command_terminator)
+ From a report by Grisha Levit <grishalevit@gmail.com>
tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
The character _\bc following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline,
- (\b(, or |\b|, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved
- word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semi-
- colon). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining
- characters in the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter
- as a reserved word would usually require.
+ or |\b|, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word
+ may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon).
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
+ the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved
+ word would usually require.
Any side effects of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd take effect immediately in the current exe-
cution environment and persist in the current environment after the
plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the
positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
- If the first character following the open brace is a (\b(, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is exe-
- cuted in a subshell, and _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be terminated by a )\b). This is
- similar to the (\b( compound command (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above). If
- the first character is a |\b|, the construct expands to the value of the
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell variable after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes, without removing any
- trailing newlines, and the standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd remains the same
- as in the calling shell. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY as an initially-unset lo-
- cal variable when _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes, and restores R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to the value it
- had before the command substitution after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd completes, as with
- any local variable.
+ If the first character following the open brace is a |\b|, the construct
+ expands to the value of the R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell variable after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd exe-
+ cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output
+ of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd remains the same as in the calling shell. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates R\bRE\bE-\b-
+ P\bPL\bLY\bY as an initially-unset local variable when _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes, and re-
+ stores R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to the value it had before the command substitution after
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd completes, as with any local variable.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
word splitting and pathname expansion on the results.
A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
- and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
+ Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+ and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
sion is:
$\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
- The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou-
- ble quotes, but double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated
+ The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou-
+ ble quotes, but double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated
specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo param-
- eter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
- The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+ eter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
+ The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
P\bPr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bs S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
- _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be referred
- to using a filename. It takes the form of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The
- process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as
+ _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be referred
+ to using a filename. It takes the form of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The
+ process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as
a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com-
- mand as the result of the expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used,
- writing to the file will provide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form
- is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the
+ mand as the result of the expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used,
+ writing to the file will provide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form
+ is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the
output of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. Process substitution is supported on systems that sup-
port named pipes (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files.
- When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
- parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+ When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+ parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg
- The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
+ The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
- results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
+ The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
+ results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
field terminators.
If I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the de-
- fault, then sequences of s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be, t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be at the beginning and
- end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se-
- quence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit
- words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS has a value other than the default, then sequences of
- the whitespace characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be, t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be are ignored at the
- beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is
- in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in
- I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace, along with any adjacent I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace
- characters, delimits a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters
+ fault, then sequences of s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be, t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be at the beginning and
+ end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se-
+ quence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit
+ words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+ the whitespace characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be, t\bta\bab\bb, and n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be are ignored at the
+ beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is
+ in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace, along with any adjacent I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace
+ characters, delimits a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters
is also treated as a delimiter.
- If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is un-
- set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of
+ If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is un-
+ set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of
<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>.
- Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained and passed to commands
+ Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained and passed to commands
as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the
expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame-
ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument re-
sults and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. When
- a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+ a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' becomes
-d after word splitting and null argument removal.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
- each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
+ After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
+ each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and
- replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the
- pattern (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below). If no matching filenames are
- found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is not enabled, the word is left
- unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and no matches are found,
- the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is set, and no
- matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not
+ replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the
+ pattern (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below). If no matching filenames are
+ found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is not enabled, the word is left
+ unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and no matches are found,
+ the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is set, and no
+ matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not
executed. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the match is per-
- formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a
- pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the
- start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex-
- plicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. In order to match
+ formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a
+ pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the
+ start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex-
+ plicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. In order to match
the filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b', the pattern must begin with ``.'' (for
- example, ``.?''), even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs shell
- option is enabled, the filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' are never matched,
- even if the pattern begins with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b'. When not matching pathnames,
- the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not treated specially. When matching a path-
- name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash
- in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a
- special pattern character as described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg.
- See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a
- description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs, f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and
+ example, ``.?''), even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs shell
+ option is enabled, the filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' are never matched,
+ even if the pattern begins with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b'. When not matching pathnames,
+ the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not treated specially. When matching a path-
+ name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash
+ in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a
+ special pattern character as described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg.
+ See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a
+ description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs, f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and
d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell options.
- The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
- names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
- name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
- from the list of matches. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, the match-
- ing against the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is performed without regard to
+ The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
+ names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
+ name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
+ from the list of matches. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, the match-
+ ing against the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is performed without regard to
case. The filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' are always ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
- N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null
+ N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null
value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option, so all other
- filenames beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' will match. To get the old behavior
- of ignoring filenames beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b', make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the
+ filenames beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' will match. To get the old behavior
+ of ignoring filenames beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b', make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the
patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
is unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
option.
- The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT variable controls how the results of pathname expansion
+ The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT variable controls how the results of pathname expansion
are sorted, as described above.
P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+ occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
- *\b* Matches any string, including the null string. When the
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br shell option is enabled, and *\b* is used in a
- pathname expansion context, two adjacent *\b*s used as a
- single pattern will match all files and zero or more di-
- rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a /\b/, two
- adjacent *\b*s will match only directories and subdirecto-
+ *\b* Matches any string, including the null string. When the
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br shell option is enabled, and *\b* is used in a
+ pathname expansion context, two adjacent *\b*s used as a
+ single pattern will match all files and zero or more di-
+ rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a /\b/, two
+ adjacent *\b*s will match only directories and subdirecto-
ries.
?\b? Matches any single character.
- [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of
- characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\b-
- _\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any character that falls between those two charac-
+ [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of
+ characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\b-
+ _\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any character that falls between those two charac-
ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se-
quence and character set, is matched. If the first char-
- acter following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^ then any character
+ acter following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^ then any character
not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters
- in range expressions, and the characters included in the
- range, are determined by the current locale and the val-
- ues of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE or L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables, if set.
+ in range expressions, and the characters included in the
+ range, are determined by the current locale and the val-
+ ues of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE or L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables, if set.
To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expres-
- sions, where [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b] is equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b], set value of
- the L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variable to C\bC, or enable the g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bi-\b-
+ sions, where [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b] is equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b], set value of
+ the L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variable to C\bC, or enable the g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bi-\b-
i\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs shell option. A -\b- may be matched by including it
- as the first or last character in the set. A ]\b] may be
- matched by including it as the first character in the
+ as the first or last character in the set. A ]\b] may be
+ matched by including it as the first character in the
set.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using
+ Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using
the syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following
classes defined in the POSIX standard:
- a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt
+ a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt
p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
A character class matches any character belonging to that
class. The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits,
and the character _.
Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified us-
- ing the syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with
- the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo-
+ ing the syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with
+ the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo-
cale) as the character _\bc.
Within [\b[ and ]\b], the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b] matches the collat-
ing symbol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
- If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, the
- shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the
+ If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, the
+ shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the
following description, a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a list of one or more patterns
- separated by a |\b|. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
+ separated by a |\b|. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
of the following sub-patterns:
?\b?(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
Matches anything except one of the given patterns
The e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren-
- theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To
- ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure
- that e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat-
+ theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To
+ ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure
+ that e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat-
terns, including shell functions and command substitutions.
When matching filenames, the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option determines the set of
- filenames that are tested: when d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the set of file-
- names includes all files beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..''
- must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot;
- when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning
- with ``.'' unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. As
+ filenames that are tested: when d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the set of file-
+ names includes all files beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..''
+ must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot;
+ when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning
+ with ``.'' unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. As
above, ``.'' only has a special meaning when matching filenames.
Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es-
pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain
- multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or
+ multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or
using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
Q\bQu\buo\bot\bte\be R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bva\bal\bl
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
- ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
+ ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
are removed.
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
- using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _\bR_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows
- commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
+ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
+ using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _\bR_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows
+ commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
- writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
- current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera-
+ writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+ current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera-
tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or may fol-
- low a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
+ low a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
from left to right.
- Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
instead be preceded by a word of the form {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be}. In this case, for
each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
- file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be}, the value of _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be defines
- the file descriptor to close. If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied, the redirect-
- ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro-
+ file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be}, the value of _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be defines
+ the file descriptor to close. If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied, the redirect-
+ ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro-
grammer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually. The
v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be shell option manages this behavior.
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the re-
- direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
+ ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the re-
+ direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+ first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
- The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
- expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
- arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word
+ The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
+ tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+ expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+ arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word
splitting. If it expands to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
- Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
command
ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
- directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+ directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
while the command
ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
- directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
- error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out-
+ directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
+ error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out-
put was redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on
which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these special files, bash will use them;
- otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described
+ otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described
below.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
- If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
+ If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
cated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdi\bin\bn
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/t\btc\bcp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open the corresponding TCP socket.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/u\bud\bdp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open the corresponding UDP socket.
A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
- Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
- care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
+ Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+ care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
nally.
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
[_\bn]<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the ex-
- pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the
+ Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the ex-
+ pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file
- does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+ does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
size.
The general format for redirecting output is:
[_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
- name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
+ If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
+ name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, the re-
direction is attempted even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name re-
+ Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name re-
sults from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for appending on file de-
- scriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
+ scriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
[_\bn]>\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
- the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
+ This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+ the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er-
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er-
ror:
&\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
- When using the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or -\b-. If
- it does, other redirection operators apply (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\be-\b-
+ When using the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or -\b-. If
+ it does, other redirection operators apply (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\be-\b-
s\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below) for compatibility reasons.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
- the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
+ This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+ the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
(see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below).
H\bHe\ber\bre\be D\bDo\boc\bcu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br (with no trailing
- blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
- as the standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a
+ blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+ as the standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a
command.
The format of here-documents is:
_\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
- No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+ No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
If any part of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote re-
moval on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, all lines of the here-
- document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution,
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, all lines of the here-
+ document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is ignored,
and \\b\ must be used to quote the characters \\b\, $\b$, and `\b`.
If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then all leading tab characters are
- stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This al-
- lows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+ stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This al-
+ lows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
fashion.
H\bHe\ber\bre\be S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
[_\bn]<\b<<\b<<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
- command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path-
- name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path-
+ name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is
supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on
its standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified).
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
- more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
- that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file de-
+ more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
+ that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file de-
scriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates
to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, the standard
input (file descriptor 0) is used.
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
- specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
- digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
- direction error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is
- closed. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does not expand
- to one or more digits or -\b-, the standard output and standard error are
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
+ specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
+ digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
+ direction error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is
+ closed. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does not expand
+ to one or more digits or -\b-, the standard output and standard error are
redirected as described previously.
M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified. _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after
being duplicated to _\bn.
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
O\bOp\bpe\ben\bni\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs f\bfo\bor\br R\bRe\bea\bad\bdi\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd W\bWr\bri\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
[_\bn]<\b<>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
- both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
+ causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
+ both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
if _\bn is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi-
- tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command.
- Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us-
- ing the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+ _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi-
+ tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command.
+ Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us-
+ ing the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
below).
- If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks
- the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell
- replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it
+ If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks
+ the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell
+ replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it
had been read instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any char-
acters following the word before attempting alias substitution.
- The characters /\b/, $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or
- quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The
- replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell
- metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for
+ The characters /\b/, $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or
+ quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The
+ replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell
+ metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for
aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not
expanded a second time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for
- instance, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement
+ instance, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement
text.
If the last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, then the next com-
Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with
the u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
arguments are needed, use a shell function (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below).
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input, and
- all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
- commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded
- when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
- definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
- effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following
- the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias.
- This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases
- are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function
- is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a
- consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until af-
- ter that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias defini-
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+ confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input, and
+ all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
+ commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded
+ when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
+ definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+ effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following
+ the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+ This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases
+ are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function
+ is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a
+ consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until af-
+ ter that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias defini-
tions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in compound commands.
For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
- shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
+ A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
+ stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
+ shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed
- in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to in-
- terpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+ in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to in-
+ terpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter #\b# is
- updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0\b0 is unchanged. The
- first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
+ updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0\b0 is unchanged. The
+ first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
tion while the function is executing.
- All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be-
- tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
- R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
- given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin
- below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin (in which case all functions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
- traps), and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not inherited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
+ All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be-
+ tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+ R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
+ given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin
+ below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin (in which case all functions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ traps), and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not inherited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
option has been enabled.
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
- command (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs). Ordinarily, variables and their values are
- shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
+ command (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs). Ordinarily, variables and their values are
+ shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and
its children (including the functions it calls).
In the following description, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\be is a currently- execut-
ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so
- on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any
+ on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any
shell function. Consequently, a local variable at the current scope is
a variable declared using the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins in the function
that is currently executing.
- Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre-
- vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function
- hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
- refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+ Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre-
+ vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+ hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+ refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
- The shell uses _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg to control a variable's visibility
- within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
- values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe-
- cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a
- function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
- that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is
- also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the
+ The shell uses _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg to control a variable's visibility
+ within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
+ values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe-
+ cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a
+ function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
+ that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is
+ also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the
value that is restored when the function returns.
- For example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1,
- and _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1 calls another function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references to _\bv_\ba_\br made from
+ For example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1,
+ and _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1 calls another function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references to _\bv_\ba_\br made from
within _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2 will resolve to the local variable _\bv_\ba_\br from _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1, shadow-
ing any global variable named _\bv_\ba_\br.
The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable
is local to the current scope, u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt will unset it; otherwise the unset
- will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described
- above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re-
- main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until
- the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the
+ will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described
+ above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re-
+ main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until
+ the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the
variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on
- a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that
- name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the l\blo\bo-\b-
+ a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that
+ name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the l\blo\bo-\b-
c\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt shell option changes this behavior).
- The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de-
- fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex-
+ The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de-
+ fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex-
ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
- If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
- completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
+ If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
+ completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
tion call. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed be-
- fore execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the
- positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
+ fore execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the
+ positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
values they had prior to the function's execution.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\be-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
- and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
- may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when exe-
- cuting a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined
+ s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
+ and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
+ may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when exe-
+ cuting a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined
with the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. A function definition may be
deleted using the -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin.
Functions may be recursive. The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable may be used to limit
- the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
+ the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of re-
cursive calls.
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands, the (\b((\b( com-
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+ circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands, the (\b((\b( com-
pound command, and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn). Evaluation is done in fixed-
- width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is
- trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence,
- associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol-
+ width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is
+ trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence,
+ associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol-
lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence op-
erators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
comma
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
- expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
+ variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
+ expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+ it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
attribute using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute turned on
+ to 0. A shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or
character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc-
- tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num-
- bers take the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal num-
- ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a num-
- ber in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When
+ tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num-
+ bers take the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal num-
+ ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a num-
+ ber in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When
specifying _\bn, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are
- represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _,
- in that order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up-
- percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be-
+ represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _,
+ in that order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up-
+ percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be-
tween 10 and 35.
- Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
- parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+ Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+ parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
above.
C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands determine their
- behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+ and arithmetic comparisons. The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands determine their
+ behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
those commands for any other command-specific actions.
- Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres-
+ Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres-
sions. If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these
- special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in-
- ternally with this behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
+ special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in-
+ ternally with this behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then file descriptor _\bn is checked. If
- the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
- _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
+ the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
+ _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
is checked.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
itself.
- When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically using
+ When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically using
the current locale. The t\bte\bes\bst\bt command sorts using ASCII ordering.
-\b-a\ba _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
-\b-L\bL _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a symbolic link.
-\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
read.
-\b-O\bO _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
bers.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
does not.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
- options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ True if the shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
+ options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin below.
-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been assigned a
+ True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been assigned a
value).
-\b-R\bR _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a name refer-
+ True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a name refer-
ence.
-\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b==\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if the strings are equal. =\b= should be used with the t\bte\bes\bst\bt
- command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command,
+ True if the strings are equal. =\b= should be used with the t\bte\bes\bst\bt
+ command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command,
this performs pattern matching as described above (C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bm-\b-
m\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs).
True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically.
_\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
- O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
- binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
- less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
- or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
- or negative integers. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and
- _\bA_\br_\bg_\b2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
+ O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
+ binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
+ less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
+ or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
+ or negative integers. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and
+ _\bA_\br_\bg_\b2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above).
S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following ex-
- pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the
+ pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the
following order.
- 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
- (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
+ (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
for later processing.
- 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
- expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
- is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+ expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+ is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
are the arguments.
3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
able.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists
- only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
- are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added
- to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
+ shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists
+ only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
+ are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added
+ to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a
- value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
+ value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
with a non-zero status.
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
- fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
+ fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+ described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
+ sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
+ is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
zero.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+ command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
lowing actions.
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+ it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+ invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
+ function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to re-
- member the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
- performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
+ member the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
+ performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function
named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be. If that function exists, it is invoked
- in a separate execution environment with the original command and the
- original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit
- status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is
+ in a separate execution environment with the original command and the
+ original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit
+ status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is
not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta-
tus of 127.
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+ and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of
- itself to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the
+ itself to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the
effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with
- the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
- (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS) are retained by the
+ the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
+ (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS) are retained by the
child.
- If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
+ If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
+ line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+ a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+ line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
the command arguments, if any.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
+ The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
ing:
- +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin
- +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
+ +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation
- +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
+ +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
the shell's parent
+\bo current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+\bo shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
+ +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt
+\bo options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+\bo shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
+ +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+ executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+ sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
ited from the shell.
- +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
specified by redirections to the command
+\bo the current working directory
+\bo the file creation mode mask
- +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+\bo traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
A _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is a copy of the shell process.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re-
- set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
+ set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also
executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi-
ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
- the -\b-e\be option from the parent shell. When not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ the -\b-e\be option from the parent shell. When not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
clears the -\b-e\be option in such subshells.
- If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
+ If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
fault standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl. Oth-
- erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
+ erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
ing shell as modified by redirections.
E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
_\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in-
- vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in-
+ vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+ for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+ c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi-
ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, re-
- placing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
- consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
- fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
+ placing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
+ consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
+ fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
- The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
- temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
+ The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
+ temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS. These assignment statements affect only the envi-
ronment seen by that command.
- If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+ If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
+ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
ment.
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
_\bw_\ba_\bi_\bt_\bp_\bi_\bd system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between
- 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+ 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
- exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
+ has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
+ exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of 128+_\bN as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
- turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
+ turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.
If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
- non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
- return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
+ non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
+ return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
valid options or missing arguments.
The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame-
ter $?.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
- less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
+ less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
value. See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
- is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
+ is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ig-
nores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
Non-builtin commands run by b\bba\bas\bsh\bh have signal handlers set to the values
inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in ef-
- fect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
- these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
+ fect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
+ these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bT-\b-
T\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
- an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
+ an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
stopped. Stopped jobs are sent S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to ensure that they receive the
- S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
- job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP us-
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
+ job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP us-
ing d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
- If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
+ If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com-
- mand completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via
- the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+ mand completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+ the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
set will cause the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta-
tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
- When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
+ When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such
- as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
+ as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in
the same process group as the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all pro-
cesses in that process group.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running without job control enabled and receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
- while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running without job control enabled and receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
+ while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground
command terminates and then decides what to do about the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT:
1. If the command terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh concludes that
- the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
+ the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
(e.g., by running a S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT trap or exiting itself);
- 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
- handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
- nal. In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
- nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
- of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
+ 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
+ handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
+ nal. In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
+ nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
+ of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will
- run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
- signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
+ run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
+ signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
mand to complete, for compatibility.
J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
_\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the ex-
- ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
- point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
- terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal
+ ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
+ point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
+ terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal
driver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
- The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
- currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
+ The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
+ currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
line that looks like:
[1] 25647
indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
- the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
- To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
the operating system maintains the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. Members of this process group (processes whose process group
ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
- generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
- the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
+ generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
+ the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
- if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal.
- Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty
- tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal
- by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the
+ if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal.
+ Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty
+ tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal
+ by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the
process.
- If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
+ If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
ically ^\b^Z\bZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
- be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
- character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+ be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
+ character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be re-
- turned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
- using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
+ turned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
+ using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
to continue it in the foreground, or the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it. A ^\b^Z\bZ
takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac-
- ter %\b% introduces a job specification (_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc). Job number _\bn may be
+ ter %\b% introduces a job specification (_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc). Job number _\bn may be
referred to as %\b%n\bn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the
name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command
- line. For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a stopped job whose command name be-
- gins with c\bce\be. If a prefix matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an
+ line. For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a stopped job whose command name be-
+ gins with c\bce\be. If a prefix matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an
error. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the
- string c\bce\be in its command line. If the substring matches more than one
+ string c\bce\be in its command line. If the substring matches more than one
job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. The symbols %\b%%\b% and %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's
- notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last job stopped while it was
- in the foreground or started in the background. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may
- be referenced using %\b%-\b-. If there is only a single job, %\b%+\b+ and %\b%-\b- can
+ notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last job stopped while it was
+ in the foreground or started in the background. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may
+ be referenced using %\b%-\b-. If there is only a single job, %\b%+\b+ and %\b%-\b- can
both be used to refer to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g.,
the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job is always flagged with
- a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-. A single % (with no accompanying
+ a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-. A single % (with no accompanying
job specification) also refers to the current job.
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
- a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
- foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
+ a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+ foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
equivalent to `\b``\b`b\bbg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b'.
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
- in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
+ in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports such changes
- immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that ex-
+ immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that ex-
its.
- If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
+ If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs option
- is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
- then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is
- made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another
+ is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
+ then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is
+ made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another
warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
- When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin,
- and job control is enabled, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt will return when the job changes
- state. The -\b-f\bf option causes w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait until the job or process ter-
+ When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin,
+ and job control is enabled, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt will return when the job changes
+ state. The -\b-f\bf option causes w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait until the job or process ter-
minates before returning.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when
- it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
- needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS0\b0 after it
- reads a command but before executing it. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS4\b4 as de-
- scribed above before tracing each command when the -\b-x\bx option is en-
- abled. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting
- a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as
+ it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
+ needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS0\b0 after it
+ reads a command but before executing it. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS4\b4 as de-
+ scribed above before tracing each command when the -\b-x\bx option is en-
+ abled. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting
+ a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as
follows:
\\b\a\ba an ASCII bell character (07)
- \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
+ \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
26")
\\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is in-
serted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results in
- a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
+ a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
required
\\b\e\be an ASCII escape character (033)
\\b\h\bh the hostname up to the first `.'
\\b\l\bl the basename of the shell's terminal device name
\\b\n\bn newline
\\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
+ \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
following the final slash)
\\b\t\bt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\T\bT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\u\bu the username of the current user
\\b\v\bv the version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh (e.g., 2.00)
\\b\V\bV the release of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
- \\b\w\bw the value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD), with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
- abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the
+ \\b\w\bw the value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD), with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
+ abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM variable)
\\b\W\bW the basename of $\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated with a tilde
\\b\!\b! the history number of this command
\\b\$\b$ if the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$
\\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn
\\b\\\b\ a backslash
- \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
- be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
+ \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
+ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
prompt
\\b\]\b] end a sequence of non-printing characters
- The command number and the history number are usually different: the
- history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
- may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY be-
- low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com-
- mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is
- decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution,
- arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+ The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+ history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+ may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY be-
+ low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com-
+ mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is
+ decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution,
+ arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command under
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). This can have unwanted side effects if
- escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). This can have unwanted side effects if
+ escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or
contain characters special to word expansion.
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
+ This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is given at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the -\b-e\be option to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin.
By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A
vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be
- enabled at any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). To turn off line editing
- after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the
+ enabled at any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). To turn off line editing
+ after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the
s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be N\bNo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
- Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
- larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
- boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
+ Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
+ larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
+ boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
then the _\bx key. This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx
- means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
+ means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
while pressing the _\bx key.)
Readline commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as
- a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
- that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
- acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
- act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
+ a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
+ that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
+ acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
+ act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
deviates from this are noted below.
- When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
+ When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
for possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg). The killed text is saved in a
_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text
separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be I\bIn\bni\bit\bti\bia\bal\bli\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
- (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
+ Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
+ (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\b-
- _\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate
- default is _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline li-
- brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings
- and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed
- in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines
- beginning with a #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate
- conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable
+ _\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate
+ default is _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline li-
+ brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings
+ and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed
+ in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines
+ beginning with a #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate
+ conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable
settings.
- The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
+ The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.
For example, placing
M-Control-u: universal-argument
or
C-Meta-u: universal-argument
- into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
+ into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
_\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
- The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
+ The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
_\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bS_\bP_\bC, _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
- In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
- All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
+ All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b- or
_\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
- In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
- _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
- run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
+ In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
+ _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
+ run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
text ``> output'' into the line).
- In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
- from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
- be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
- Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
+ In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
+ from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
+ be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
+ Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
the symbolic character names are not recognized.
"\C-u": universal-argument
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
In this example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is again bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt.
- _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
+ _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.
The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
\\b\"\b" literal "
\\b\'\b' literal '
- In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
+ In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
backslash escapes is available:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\r\br carriage return
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
- are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
+ tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
+ are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
text, including " and '.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
- fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
- during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
+ fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
+ during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
or using the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
- (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
- When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen-
+ Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
+ (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+ When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen-
sitive), and "1" are equivalent to O\bOn\bn. All other values are equivalent
to O\bOf\bff\bf. The variables and their default values are:
a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
- A string variable that controls the text color and background
- when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip-
- tion of e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn below). This string must not take
+ A string variable that controls the text color and background
+ when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip-
+ tion of e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn below). This string must not take
up any physical character positions on the display, so it should
- consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the
- terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This
- variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal
- type changes. The default value is the string that puts the
- terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter-
+ consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the
+ terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This
+ variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal
+ type changes. The default value is the string that puts the
+ terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter-
minfo description. A sample value might be "\e[01;33m".
a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
- A string variable that "undoes" the effects of a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
- g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br and restores "normal" terminal display appear-
- ance after displaying text in the active region. This string
- must not take up any physical character positions on the dis-
- play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences.
- It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the
- active region. This variable is reset to the default value
- whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the
- string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob-
+ A string variable that "undoes" the effects of a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
+ g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br and restores "normal" terminal display appear-
+ ance after displaying text in the active region. This string
+ must not take up any physical character positions on the dis-
+ play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences.
+ It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the
+ active region. This variable is reset to the default value
+ whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the
+ string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob-
tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value
might be "\e[0m".
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be (\b(a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be)\b)
- Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
+ Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
bell. If set to n\bno\bon\bne\be, readline never rings the bell. If set to
- v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
+ v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd-\b-t\btt\bty\by-\b-s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read-
line equivalents.
b\bbl\bli\bin\bnk\bk-\b-m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg-\b-p\bpa\bar\bre\ben\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, when listing completions, readline displays the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, when listing completions, readline displays the
common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ-
- ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of
+ ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of
the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment variable. If there is a color defini-
- tion in $\b$L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com-
- pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix
+ tion in $\b$L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com-
+ pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix
instead of its default.
c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline displays possible completions using dif-
- ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini-
- tions are taken from the value of the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline displays possible completions using dif-
+ ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini-
+ tions are taken from the value of the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment
variable.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b(`\b``\b`#\b#'\b''\b')\b)
- The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
command is executed. This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode
and to #\b# in vi command mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh (\b(-\b-1\b1)\b)
- The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
- when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less
- than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0
- will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default
+ The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+ when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less
+ than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0
+ will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default
value is -1.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-m\bma\bap\bp-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be is enabled, readline
- treats hyphens (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent when per-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be is enabled, readline
+ treats hyphens (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent when per-
forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh (\b(0\b0)\b)
- The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos-
- sible completions that is displayed without modification. When
- set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than
- this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi-
+ The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos-
+ sible completions that is displayed without modification. When
+ set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than
+ this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi-
ble completions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
- This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
- ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
- or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
- greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline
- will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
- they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means
+ This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
+ ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
+ t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
+ or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
+ greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline
+ will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
+ they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means
readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero.
c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
- prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
- _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx). The default is _\bO_\bn, but readline will set it to
- _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains eight-bit characters. This variable
- is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may change if
+ prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
+ _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx). The default is _\bO_\bn, but readline will set it to
+ _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains eight-bit characters. This variable
+ is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may change if
the locale is changed.
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
- characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
+ characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo-\b-c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, on operating systems that indicate they support
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, on operating systems that indicate they support
it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
ated from the keyboard.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
ilar to _\bE_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs or _\bv_\bi. e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be can be set to either e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or
v\bvi\bi.
e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b(@\b@)\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
- key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes
- and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2
- escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters,
- which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
+ key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes
+ and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2
+ escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters,
+ which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
mode string.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- The _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a
- saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is
- referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn,
- readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _\ba_\bc_\b-
- _\bt_\bi_\bv_\be. When the region is active, readline highlights the text
- in the region using the value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br,
- which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand-
- out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack-
- eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non-
+ The _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a
+ saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is
+ referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn,
+ readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _\ba_\bc_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bv_\be. When the region is active, readline highlights the text
+ in the region using the value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br,
+ which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand-
+ out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack-
+ eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non-
incremental history searches.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, readline configures the terminal to insert each
- paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
- instead of treating each character as if it had been read from
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, readline configures the terminal to insert each
+ paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
+ instead of treating each character as if it had been read from
the keyboard. This prevents readline from executing any editing
commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar-
row keys.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
- key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+ key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at-
tempts word completion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
- same location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
+ same location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
t\bto\bor\bry\by or n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsi\biz\bze\be (\b(u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt)\b)
- Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
- list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
+ Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+ list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero,
- the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the
- number of history entries is set to the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to a
+ the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the
+ number of history entries is set to the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
+ shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to a
non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be
set to 500.
h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
- becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
- new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals
+ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
+ new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals
of height 1.
i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), re-
- gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
- m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf,
- but readline will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains eight-bit
- characters. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale
+ gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
+ m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf,
+ but readline will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains eight-bit
+ characters. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale
category, and may change if the locale is changed.
i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b(`\b``\b`C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-J\bJ'\b''\b')\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
+ mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.
k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
+ Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
+ is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq-\b-t\bti\bim\bme\beo\bou\but\bt (\b(5\b50\b00\b0)\b)
- Specifies the duration _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait for a character when
- reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
+ Specifies the duration _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait for a character when
+ reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
- input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re-
- ceived within the timeout, _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will use the shorter but
- complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds,
- so a value of 1000 means that _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait one second for
- additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than
- or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait
- until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to
+ input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re-
+ ceived within the timeout, _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will use the shorter but
+ complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds,
+ so a value of 1000 means that _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait one second for
+ additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than
+ or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will wait
+ until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to
complete.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
played with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
+ tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
r\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs).
m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
- whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the leading `.' must be
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
+ whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
+ filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the leading `.' must be
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
through the list.
o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but readline will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
- contains eight-bit characters. This variable is dependent on
- the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may change if the locale is
+ contains eight-bit characters. This variable is dependent on
+ the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may change if the locale is
changed.
p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
- sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
+ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
screen.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-a\bat\bt-\b-n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be is executed. By default, his-
- tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
+ tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
across calls to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be.
s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs incremental and non-incremental
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs incremental and non-incremental
history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to O\bOn\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to O\bOn\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
stead of ringing the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-i\bin\bn-\b-p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
- cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
+ cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg).
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-t\bte\bex\bxt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
- inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
- performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
- readline does not insert characters from the completion that
- match characters after point in the word being completed, so
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
+ inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
+ performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
+ readline does not insert characters from the completion that
+ match characters after point in the word being completed, so
portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
v\bvi\bi-\b-c\bcm\bmd\bd-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(c\bcm\bmd\bd)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
- when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
+ when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
- printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con-
+ control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
+ printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con-
trol sequence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bi-\b-i\bin\bns\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(i\bin\bns\bs)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
- printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con-
+ control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
+ printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con-
trol sequence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
pletions.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives used.
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
- extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no
+ extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no
characters are required to isolate it.
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
- stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
+ whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
+ stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
emacs mode.
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
of the =\b= is tested against both the full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
for instance.
v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
- against specific readline versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
- to the current readline version. The set of comparison
- operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
- The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
- erator consists of a major version number, an optional
+ The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
+ against specific readline versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
+ to the current readline version. The set of comparison
+ operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
+ The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
+ erator consists of a major version number, an optional
decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 7\b7.\b.1\b1).
- If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 0\b0.
+ If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 0\b0.
The operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
from the version number argument by whitespace.
a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
The a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn construct is used to include application-
- specific settings. Each program using the readline li-
- brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+ specific settings. Each program using the readline li-
+ brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh:
$\b$i\bif\bf Bash
_\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
The _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be construct provides simple equality tests for
- readline variables and values. The permitted comparison
- operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
+ readline variables and values. The permitted comparison
+ operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
- operator may be separated from the value on the right
- hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari-
- ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested
+ operator may be separated from the value on the right
+ hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari-
+ ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested
against the values _\bo_\bn and _\bo_\bf_\bf.
$\b$e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $\b$i\bif\bf
test fails.
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
- commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
ing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSe\bea\bar\brc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
- Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
(see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
two search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
- the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
+ the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the
- Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
- Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
- line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+ Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+ Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+ line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
- Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
- history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
- Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
- search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+ Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+ history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
+ Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
+ search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
the history list.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control-
- Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+ Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
string, any remembered search string is used.
- Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
- to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+ to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs
- The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+ The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom-
panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip-
- tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
- a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
+ tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
+ a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited
+ Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited
by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
- previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired
- effect if the current readline line does not take up more than
- one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+ previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired
+ effect if the current readline line does not take up more than
+ one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
the prompt plus the screen width.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect
- if the current readline line does not take up more than one
- physical line or if the length of the current readline line is
+ if the current readline line does not take up more than one
+ physical line or if the length of the current readline line is
not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
- buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line
+ Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
+ buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line
at the top of the screen.
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur-
- rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh
+ rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh
the current line without clearing the screen.
r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Refresh the current line.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMa\ban\bni\bip\bpu\bul\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg t\bth\bhe\be H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
- is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
- of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
+ is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
+ of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
line, then restore the history line to its original state.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
the list.
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
Move to the first line in the history.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
- Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
- relative to the current line from the history for editing. A
- numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to
+ Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+ relative to the current line from the history for editing. A
+ numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to
use instead of the current line.
f\bfe\bet\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
- With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
+ With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to
the first entry in the history list.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
+ using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
user.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the current cursor po-
- sition (the _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt). The search string may match anywhere in a
+ sition (the _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt). The search string may match anywhere in a
history line. This is a non-incremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
cremental search.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn,
- insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in-
- serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
- the argument _\bn is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
+ insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in-
+ serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
+ the argument _\bn is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
"!_\bn" history expansion had been specified.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave
- exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
- the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
+ exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
+ the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
- calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
- negative argument switches the direction through the history
+ calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
+ negative argument switches the direction through the history
(back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to
extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been
specified.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per-
+ Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per-
forms alias and history expansion, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quot-
- ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith-
+ ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith-
metic expansion, word splitting, and quote removal. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-^\b^)\b)
- Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bX-\b-
+ Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bX-\b-
P\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
m\bma\bag\bgi\bic\bc-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
+ Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
space. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history
expansion.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
+ Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
for a description of alias expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
A synonym for y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+ Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$V\bVI\bIS\bSU\bUA\bAL\bL, $\b$E\bED\bD-\b-
I\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR, and _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs as the editor, in that order.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br C\bCh\bha\ban\bng\bgi\bin\bng\bg T\bTe\bex\bxt\bt
_\be_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bo_\bf_\b-_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be (\b(u\bus\bsu\bua\bal\bll\bly\by C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
- ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac-
- ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line,
+ The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+ ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac-
+ ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line,
readline interprets it as the end of input and returns E\bEO\bOF\bF.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
same character as the tty E\bEO\bOF\bF character, as C\bC-\b-d\bd commonly is, see
above for the effects.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
- Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
sor is deleted.
q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
to insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-v\bv T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Insert a tab character.
s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
Insert the character typed.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the character before point forward over the character at
- point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
- the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
+ Drag the character before point forward over the character at
+ point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
+ the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
Negative arguments have no effect.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
+ point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
- Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive
numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects
- only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
+ only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac-
- ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
- pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
- w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
+ ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
+ pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
+ w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
space. By default, this command is unbound.
K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
+ Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
is.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
- Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
- Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
- character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+ character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
the kill-ring.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
- Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
+ Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
ing y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
N\bNu\bum\bme\ber\bri\bic\bc A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, .\b..\b..\b.,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
- Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
- followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
+ followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the nu-
meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei-
- ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
+ ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
+ one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
and so on.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
- begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
- (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
+ begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
+ (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename
completion is attempted.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
- Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
- execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
- completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
+ Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
+ a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
+ execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
+ completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and the original text is restored. An argument of _\bn
moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative ar-
gument may be used to move backward through the list. This com-
mand is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by default.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
- of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
+ Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
+ of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
negative argument. This command is unbound by default.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
- Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
- or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
+ or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
line, behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command
is unbound by default.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a filename.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a username.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
shell variable.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
- against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
+ against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a command name.
d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
- against lines from the history list for possible completion
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
d\bda\bab\bbb\bbr\bre\bev\bv-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
+ Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
text against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
- pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+ pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
shell (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
K\bKe\bey\byb\bbo\boa\bar\brd\bd M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
- Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
macro.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and store the definition.
c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
- Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b()\b)
- Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
+ Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
M\bMi\bis\bsc\bce\bel\bll\bla\ban\bne\beo\bou\bus\bs
r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
+ Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
(subject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
d\bdo\bo-\b-l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-A\bA,\b, M\bM-\b-B\bB,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
- If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that
+ If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that
is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The
behavior is undefined if _\bx is already lowercase.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
state.
t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-&\b&)\b)
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the mark is set to that position.
e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
- set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
+ Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
+ set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
as the mark.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
- that character. A negative argument searches for previous oc-
+ that character. A negative argument searches for previous oc-
currences.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
- rence of that character. A negative argument searches for sub-
+ A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
+ rence of that character. A negative argument searches for sub-
sequent occurrences.
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bcs\bsi\bi-\b-s\bse\beq\bqu\bue\ben\bnc\bce\be
- Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
- those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
+ Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+ those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will
- have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
- instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+ sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will
+ have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
+ instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
- Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
+ m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
- toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
- match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
+ toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
+ match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
wise the characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn are deleted from the begin-
- ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
- newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
- causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
- If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re-
+ ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
+ newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
+ causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
+ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re-
moved, the line will be executed by the shell.
s\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl-\b-c\bco\bor\brr\bre\bec\bct\bt-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx s\bs)\b)
- Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as
- a directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
- option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
+ Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as
+ a directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
+ option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex-
- pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is
- used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com-
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex-
+ pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is
+ used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com-
pletions.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex-
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex-
pansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replac-
ing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is
appended before pathname expansion.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
- The list of expansions that would have been generated by
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+ The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
pathname expansion.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
- the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+ the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+ Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
- which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
- the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the program-
+ When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+ which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
+ the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the program-
mable completion facilities are invoked.
- First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the
- empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line),
- any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used. If a
- compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to
+ First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the
+ empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line),
+ any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used. If a
+ compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to
generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command
- word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched
- for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt
- is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
- If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined
- with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used as the default. If there is no
- default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts alias expansion on the command word as
- a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
+ word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched
+ for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt
+ is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+ If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined
+ with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used as the default. If there is no
+ default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts alias expansion on the command word as
+ a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
from any successful expansion.
- Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
- matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
+ Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+ matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
tion as described above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg is performed.
- First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
- which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
- -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
+ First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
+ which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
+ -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is used to filter the matches.
Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG op-
- tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
- match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
+ tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
+ match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
used to filter the matches, but the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable is used.
- Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
- ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
- cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
- then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
- variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
+ Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
+ ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
+ cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
+ then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results are split using the rules
described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are
prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
become the possible completions.
- After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
- specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
+ After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+ specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
function is invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
variables are assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
- If a shell function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
- variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the
- first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose arguments are be-
- ing completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word being completed,
- and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the word being com-
+ If a shell function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
+ variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the
+ first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose arguments are be-
+ ing completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word being completed,
+ and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the word being com-
pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com-
pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or
command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
- Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
- any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
- below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
+ Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
+ any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
+ below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
in the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable, one per array element.
- Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
- ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
- completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
+ Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
+ ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
+ completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
used to escape a newline, if necessary.
- After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
- fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
- tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
- with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
- with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
- Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+ After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
+ fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
+ tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
+ with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
+ with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+ Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
- ing the pattern will be removed. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
+ ing the pattern will be removed. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is
+ enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
betic characters.
Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options are
added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions.
- If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
+ If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+ -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
fined, directory name completion is attempted.
- If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
+ If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
added to the results of the other actions.
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
- to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+ to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of
filename completion is disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was sup-
- plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
+ plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the -\b-o\bo
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
- readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
+ readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions) generate no matches.
- When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
- the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
- to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
- the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
+ When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+ the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+ to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+ the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
setting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable.
- There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
- most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci-
- fied with c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-D\bD. It's possible for shell functions executed as
- completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by
- returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and
+ There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
+ most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci-
+ fied with c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-D\bD. It's possible for shell functions executed as
+ completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by
+ returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and
changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
- being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
+ being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
- attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
- completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
+ attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+ completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
than being loaded all at once.
- For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept
- in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de-
+ For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept
+ in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de-
fault completion function would load completions dynamically:
_completion_loader()
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
+ When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
provides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously
- typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
+ typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
commands to save in a history list. The text of the last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE com-
- mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
- history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
+ mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
+ history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
+ above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari-
- able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
- of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
- number of lines specified by the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE-\b-
- S\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value
- less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history
- file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol-
+ able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
+ of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+ number of lines specified by the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE-\b-
+ S\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value
+ less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history
+ file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol-
lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol-
lowing history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend-
- ing on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When a shell with
- history enabled exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the
- history list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell option is enabled
- (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the
- lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is
- overwritten. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is un-
- writable, the history is not saved. If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is
- set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his-
+ ing on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When a shell with
+ history enabled exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the
+ history list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell option is enabled
+ (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the
+ lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is
+ overwritten. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is un-
+ writable, the history is not saved. If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is
+ set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his-
tory comment character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions.
- This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
- other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is
- truncated to contain no more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less
+ This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+ other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is
+ truncated to contain no more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
+ is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less
than zero, the history file is not truncated.
- The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
+ The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
- t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma-
- nipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
- commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+ t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma-
+ nipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
+ commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
history list.
- The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+ The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list. The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables may be set to cause the
shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell
- option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
- multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
- necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
- causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
+ option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
+ multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
+ necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
+ causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
semicolons. See the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for information on setting and unsetting shell op-
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for information on setting and unsetting shell op-
tions.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
- history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh. This section describes what syntax features
- are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
+ The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
+ history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh. This section describes what syntax features
+ are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
shells, and can be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Non-interactive shells do not
perform history expansion by default.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
- stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
+ stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
commands quickly.
- History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
- read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
- line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into ac-
- count. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which
- line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is
- to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one.
- The line selected from the history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of
- that line that are acted upon are _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
- able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words
- in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\b-
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+ read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
+ line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into ac-
+ count. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which
+ line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is
+ to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one.
+ The line selected from the history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of
+ that line that are acted upon are _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
+ able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words
+ in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\b-
_\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. His-
- tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan-
- sion character, which is !\b! by default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single
- quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history ex-
- pansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes
+ tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan-
+ sion character, which is !\b! by default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single
+ quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history ex-
+ pansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes
the closing double quote in a double-quoted string.
- Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
- tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
+ Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
+ lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
+ tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
enabled, (\b( will also inhibit expansion.
- Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
- tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell op-
- tion is enabled (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below), and
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, history substitutions are not immediately
- passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded
+ Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
+ tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell op-
+ tion is enabled (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below), and
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, history substitutions are not immediately
+ passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- is being used, and the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed
- history substitution will be reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer
- for correction. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be
- used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs
+ is being used, and the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed
+ history substitution will be reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer
+ for correction. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be
+ used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs
option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to add commands to the end of
- the history list without actually executing them, so that they are
+ the history list without actually executing them, so that they are
available for subsequent recall.
- The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
+ The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
expansion mechanism (see the description of h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
+ V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
tory timestamps when writing the history file.
E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
- tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
+ An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
+ tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
the current position in the history list.
- !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
- newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
+ !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
+ newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin).
!\b!_\bn Refer to command line _\bn.
!\b!-\b-_\bn Refer to the current command minus _\bn.
!\b!!\b! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
!\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
- Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
in the history list starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
!\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
- Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
- in the history list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trailing ?\b? may be
- omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a newline. If
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is missing, the string from the most recent search is
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
+ in the history list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trailing ?\b? may be
+ omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a newline. If
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is missing, the string from the most recent search is
used; it is an error if there is no previous search string.
^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
- Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to ``!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^''
+ Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to ``!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^''
(see M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs below).
!\b!#\b# The entire command line typed so far.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
- separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
- omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
- are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
- denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
+ Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
+ separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
+ omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
+ are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
+ denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
rated by single spaces.
0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word.
_\bn The _\bnth word.
^\b^ The first argument. That is, word 1.
- $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex-
+ $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex-
pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
- %\b% The first word matched by the most recent `?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?' search, if
- the search string begins with a character that is part of a
+ %\b% The first word matched by the most recent `?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?' search, if
+ the search string begins with a character that is part of a
word.
_\bx-\b-_\by A range of words; `-_\by' abbreviates `0-_\by'.
- *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
- It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
+ *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
+ It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
x\bx*\b* Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
x\bx-\b- Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word. If x\bx is miss-
ing, it defaults to 0.
- If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs
- After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
+ After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. These mod-
ify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
e\be Remove all but the trailing suffix.
p\bp Print the new command but do not execute it.
q\bq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
- x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
- b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines. The q\bq and x\bx modifiers are mutually exclu-
+ x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
+ b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines. The q\bq and x\bx modifiers are mutually exclu-
sive; the last one supplied is used.
s\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/
- Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
+ Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
- The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
+ The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
the event line. The delimiter may be quoted in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw with
a single backslash. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced by _\bo_\bl_\bd.
- A single backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set
- to the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substi-
- tutions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search.
+ A single backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set
+ to the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substi-
+ tutions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search.
If _\bn_\be_\bw is null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is deleted.
&\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
- used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
- If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
- the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
+ used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
+ If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
+ the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
the event line. An a\ba may be used as a synonym for g\bg.
G\bG Apply the following `s\bs' or `&\b&' modifier once to each word in the
event line.
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the
options. The :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ builtins do not accept options
- and do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bn-\b-
- t\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt, and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
- with -\b- without requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but
- are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
- with -\b- as invalid options and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpreta-
+ and do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bn-\b-
+ t\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt, and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+ with -\b- without requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but
+ are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
+ with -\b- as invalid options and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpreta-
tion.
:\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
and performing any specified redirections. The return status is
zero.
.\b. _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
Read and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the current shell en-
- vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
- cuted from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash,
- filenames in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing
+ vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
+ cuted from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash,
+ filenames in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, but _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not need to be executable. The file
- searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not
- in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, it searches the current directory if no file is
- found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
- command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional parameters when
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are
- unchanged. If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on
+ searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not
+ in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, it searches the current directory if no file is
+ found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
+ command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional parameters when
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are
+ unchanged. If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on
D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it is not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored
- around the call to .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it exe-
+ around the call to .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it exe-
cutes. If -\b-T\bT is not set, and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG
- trap, the new value is retained when .\b. completes. The return
- status is the status of the last command exited within the
+ trap, the new value is retained when .\b. completes. The return
+ status is the status of the last command exited within the
script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
not found or cannot be read.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs with no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option prints the list of
- aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
- arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
+ aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
+ arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
- plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs re-
- turns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
+ plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs re-
+ turns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
defined.
b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
+ Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's
- notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
- run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
- enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
+ notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
+ run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
+ enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
without job control.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\blp\bps\bsv\bvP\bPS\bSV\bVX\bX]
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be
- Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
- sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
+ sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would ap-
- pear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file such as _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but
- each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
- e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied,
+ pear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file such as _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but
+ each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
+ e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied,
have the following meanings:
-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
- is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
+ _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
+ and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
+ is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
-\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
-\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:\b:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is en-
- tered. When _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets
- the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ tered. When _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets
+ the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer and the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT and R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK
- variables to the current location of the insertion point
- and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively.
- The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied
+ variables to the current location of the insertion point
+ and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively.
+ The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied
to the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argu-
- ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command
- changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new values will be
+ ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command
+ changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new values will be
reflected in the editing state.
- -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
+ -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
associated commands in a format that can be reused as in-
put.
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
- Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
- specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
- than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex-
- ited. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than or
+ Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
+ specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
+ than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex-
+ ited. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than or
equal to 1.
b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
+ Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
- whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
+ whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The c\bcd\bd builtin is
- commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins). With-
out _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source filename of
- the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine name,
- and source file corresponding to that position in the current
- execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
- example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
+ and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+ routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL|[-\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be]]] [-@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
- the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is the default. The vari-
+ Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
+ the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is the default. The vari-
able C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for the directory containing
- _\bd_\bi_\br: each directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is searched for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alter-
- native directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:).
- A null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current di-
- rectory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bD-\b-
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical
+ _\bd_\bi_\br: each directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is searched for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alter-
+ native directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:).
+ A null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current di-
+ rectory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bD-\b-
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical
directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing
- _\bd_\bi_\br and before processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the
+ _\bd_\bi_\br and before processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the
-\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command); the -\b-L\bL option forces sym-
- bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process-
- ing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears in _\bd_\bi_\br, it is pro-
- cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component
- from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of _\bd_\bi_\br. If the -\b-e\be
- option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and the current working directory
- cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory
- change, c\bcd\bd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that
+ bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process-
+ ing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears in _\bd_\bi_\br, it is pro-
+ cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component
+ from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of _\bd_\bi_\br. If the -\b-e\be
+ option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and the current working directory
+ cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory
+ change, c\bcd\bd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that
support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended attributes asso-
- ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -\b- is con-
- verted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before the directory change is attempted. If
- a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the
- first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab-
- solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
+ ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -\b- is con-
+ verted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before the directory change is attempted. If
+ a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the
+ first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab-
+ solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
standard output. If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets
- the value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the new directory
- name, and sets the O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the value of
- the current working directory before the change. The return
- value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false
+ the value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the new directory
+ name, and sets the O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the value of
+ the current working directory before the change. The return
+ value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false
otherwise.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
+ Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
- executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv op-
- tion is supplied, a description of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is printed. The -\b-v\bv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
+ executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
+ performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv op-
+ tion is supplied, a description of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is printed. The -\b-v\bv
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be displayed; the -\b-V\bV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [-\b-V\bV _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
builtin with the exceptions of -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, and -\b-I\bI, and write
- the matches to the standard output. If the -\b-V\bV option is sup-
+ the matches to the standard output. If the -\b-V\bV option is sup-
plied, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn stores the generated completions into the indexed
- array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of writing them to the standard
- output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the various shell
- variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while
+ array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of writing them to the standard
+ output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the various shell
+ variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while
available, will not have useful values.
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
- tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
+ tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
[-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
[-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other sup-
- plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com-
- mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
- which no completion has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option
- indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply
- to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
- on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied
- options and actions should apply to completion on the initial
- non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter
- such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name completion. If
- multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
+ plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com-
+ mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
+ which no completion has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option
+ indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply
+ to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
+ on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied
+ options and actions should apply to completion on the initial
+ non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter
+ such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name completion. If
+ multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI. If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or
- -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored; these
+ -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored; these
completions only apply to the case specified by the option.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bm-\b-
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bm-\b-
m\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
+ -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
+ ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
shell functions.
- n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell readline not to quote the completed words
- if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
+ n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell readline not to quote the completed words
+ if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
default).
- n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
+ n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
completions alphabetically.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the de-
- fault) to words completed at the end of the
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the de-
+ fault) to words completed at the end of the
line.
p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
generated, directory name completion is at-
tempted and any matches are added to the results
of the other actions.
-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
Array variable names.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -\b-b\bb.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -\b-v\bv.
-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
- output is used as the possible completions. Arguments
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ output is used as the possible completions. Arguments
are passed as with the -\b-F\bF option.
-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When the function is executed, the
first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose ar-
guments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is
the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is
- the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
- rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com-
- pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
+ the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
+ rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com-
+ pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
array variable.
-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- The pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
+ The pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
_\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
- shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
- The possible completions are the members of the resul-
+ shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
+ The possible completions are the members of the resul-
tant list which match the word being completed.
-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
+ A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an option other than -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI is supplied without a
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci-
fication for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an er-
ror occurs adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
+ Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion op-
- tions for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
- values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
- scribed above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied op-
- tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
- is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
+ supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion op-
+ tions for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
+ values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
+ scribed above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied op-
+ tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
+ is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other
- supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
- that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option
+ supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
+ that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option
indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion
- on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com-
- mand delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name
+ on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com-
+ mand delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name
completion.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
- loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of en-
- closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop)
- is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
+ loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of en-
+ closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop)
+ is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than
or equal to 1.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is used
- with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
- are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
- will display the attributes and values of all variables having
+ with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
+ are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
+ will display the attributes and values of all variables having
the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other
- options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the at-
- tributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option will
+ options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the at-
+ tributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option will
restrict the display to shell functions. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
- the display of function definitions; only the function name and
+ the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled
- using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option implies
+ using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option implies
-\b-f\bf. The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at
the global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell func-
- tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The -\b-I\bI option causes
- local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf
+ tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The -\b-I\bI option causes
+ local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf
attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the
+ at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the
local variable is initially unset. The following options can be
- used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri-
+ used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri-
bute or to give variables attributes:
- -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
- -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
-\b-f\bf Use function names only.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
the variable is assigned a value.
- -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
- characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
+ -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+ characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
- ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
- using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
- on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
+ -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is
+ defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
+ ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
+ using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
+ on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions in-
- herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
+ herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
- characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
+ -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+ characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the en-
+ -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the en-
vironment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
- the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array
- variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When
+ Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+ the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array
+ variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When
used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as
- with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a
- variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable
- is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assign-
- ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do
- not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value
+ with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a
+ variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable
+ is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assign-
+ ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do
+ not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value
is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made
to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to as-
sign a value to an array variable without using the compound as-
- signment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
- valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
- only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
+ signment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
+ valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
+ only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di-
- rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc-
- tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the
- list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries
+ Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di-
+ rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc-
+ tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the
+ list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries
from the list. The current directory is always the first direc-
tory in the stack.
- -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
+ -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
tries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... | _\bp_\bi_\bd ... ]
- Without options, remove each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc from the table of active
- jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
- option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If the -\b-h\bh option
- is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not removed from the table, but is
- marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the shell re-
+ Without options, remove each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc from the table of active
+ jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
+ option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If the -\b-h\bh option
+ is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not removed from the table, but is
+ marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the shell re-
ceives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means
- to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ar-
+ to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ar-
gument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is
0 unless a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+ The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option
- is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
- characters is enabled. The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpreta-
- tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
- interpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used
- to dynamically determine whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these es-
- cape characters by default. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean
- the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape se-
+ is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
+ characters is enabled. The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpreta-
+ tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+ interpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used
+ to dynamically determine whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these es-
+ cape characters by default. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean
+ the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape se-
quences:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
\\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits)
\\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are en-
- abled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are en-
+ abled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
Bash will use the value of the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a
colon-separated list of directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default is system-dependent. The -\b-d\bd option will
- delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of
- shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default is system-dependent. The -\b-d\bd option will
+ delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of
+ shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the
list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn is supplied,
only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the list
- printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or
- not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the output is re-
- stricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. If no options are sup-
- plied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin, e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to
- load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command
- were ``enable -f _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be . The return value is 0 unless a
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new
+ printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or
+ not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the output is re-
+ stricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. If no options are sup-
+ plied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin, e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to
+ load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command
+ were ``enable -f _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be . The return value is 0 unless a
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new
builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\b-
- _\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with
- an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ _\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with
+ an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
- unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that case, it
- returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
- file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take
- effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If
+ not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+ unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that case, it
+ returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
+ file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take
+ effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If
there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
- variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
+ variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable name is followed by
=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns
an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
- of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
+ of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
plied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number). When listing, a
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to
- the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); otherwise 0 is
- equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified,
- it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l
- -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified, it is set to the previous command for
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
+ from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+ them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
+ the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+ index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+ an offset from the current command number). When listing, a
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to
+ the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); otherwise 0 is
+ equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified,
+ it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l
+ -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified, it is set to the previous command for
editing and -16 for listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
- so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
+ so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in-
- valid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in-
+ valid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex-
pected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by
- white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be
- used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be
+ used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an op-
tion requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into the
variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically;
- it must be manually reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is
+ it must be manually reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is
to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a re-
turn value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the
first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
- arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
stead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in O\bOP\bP-\b-
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in O\bOP\bP-\b-
T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remem-
+ is determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remem-
bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the
-\b-p\bp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is used as the full filename of the command. The -\b-r\br option
+ is used as the full filename of the command. The -\b-r\br option
causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd op-
- tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which
- each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
+ tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which
+ each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
are supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
+ mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
+ printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed.
-\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
- Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
+ Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
than the last history position, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
+ back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
-\b-d\bd _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd
- Delete the range of history entries between positions
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values
+ Delete the range of history entries between positions
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values
for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd are interpreted as described above.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
- These are history lines entered since the beginning of
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+ These are history lines entered since the beginning of
the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines ap-
- pended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines ap-
+ pended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
- -\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and append them to
+ -\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and append them to
the current history list.
-\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, over-
writing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
- tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
- history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+ tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
+ history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is
0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
- reading or writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range
- is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history expansion sup-
+ reading or writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range
+ is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history expansion sup-
plied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
-\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. The -\b-L\bL option is
- equivalent to -\b-l\bl. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. The -\b-L\bL option is
+ equivalent to -\b-l\bl. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was
successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid op-
tion is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, the set of shell options
- is made local to the function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: shell
- options changed using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, the set of shell options
+ is made local to the function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: shell
+ options changed using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after
the call to l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl are restored to their original values when the
function returns. The restore is effected as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt
- commands were executed to restore the values that were in place
- before the function. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ commands were executed to restore the values that were in place
+ before the function. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
- plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
- input line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
+ -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
+ input line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
string, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
character.
- -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
+ -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
copied.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
index is 0.
-\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
- -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
+ -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
-\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
_\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is not an indexed array.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
Removes entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
- bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs.
- With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top directory from the
+ bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs.
+ With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top directory from the
stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup-
plied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so that only the stack is ma-
nipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
- example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
+ example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd
+1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
- _\b-_\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
+ If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
+ _\b-_\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
to the directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
returns a non-zero value.
- Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is encoun-
+ Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is encoun-
tered, the directory stack is empty, or a non-existent directory
stack entry is specified.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, bash runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
- final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, bash runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
0.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be
- assigned to the variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than being printed to the
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be
+ assigned to the variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than being printed to the
standard output.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
- objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
- output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
- copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
- of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
+ copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
+ of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcs\bsn\bnd\bdi\bio\bou\bux\bxX\bXe\be-\b-
E\bEf\bfF\bFg\bgG\bGa\baA\bA, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf interprets the following additional format spec-
ifiers:
%\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
- %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
- format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
- the $\b$'\b''\b' quoting style if any characters in the argument
- string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
- the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
+ %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
+ format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
+ the $\b$'\b''\b' quoting style if any characters in the argument
+ string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
+ the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
two formats quote the argument string using single
quotes.
- %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt before quoting it.
%\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
- values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
- -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar-
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar-
gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been
- given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behav-
+ given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behav-
ior.
The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and
precision arguments from the format specification and write that
- many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
- gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
+ many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
+ gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
nal.
The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is
treated as a shell variable name.
- The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
+ The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-char-
acter string and apply any supplied field width and precision in
terms of characters, not bytes.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
is the ASCII value of the following character.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
- value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup-
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup-
plied or a write or assignment error occurs.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
- directory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
- ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ directory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
+ ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating
- or adding directories to the stack, so that only the
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating
+ or adding directories to the stack, so that only the
stack is manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top
After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
- plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
+ plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero
value.
- Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless
- the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
- stack, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a
+ Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless
+ the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
+ stack, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a
non-existent directory stack element is specified.
- If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, bash runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, bash runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
final contents of the directory stack.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in-
valid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp
_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de-
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de-
scriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split into
- words as described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and the first
- word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the sec-
- ond _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
+ words as described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and the first
+ word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the sec-
+ ond _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
- the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
- stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
- ues. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to split the line into
- words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de-
- scribed above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The backslash character
+ the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
+ stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
+ ues. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to split the line into
+ words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de-
+ scribed above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The backslash character
(\\b\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char-
- acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied,
+ acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied,
have the following meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any
- new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
+ new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
nored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the in-
- put line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
- string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
+ put line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
+ string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
character.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line. Read-
- line uses the current (or default, if line editing was
- not previously active) editing settings, but uses read-
+ (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line. Read-
+ line uses the current (or default, if line editing was
+ not previously active) editing settings, but uses read-
line's default filename completion.
-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is
placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
- iter if fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters are read before the
+ iter if fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters are read before the
delimiter.
-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
- EOF is encountered or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Delimiter charac-
- ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
- and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- are read. The result is not split on the characters in
- I\bIF\bFS\bS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
+ EOF is encountered or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Delimiter charac-
+ ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
+ and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ are read. The result is not split on the characters in
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see
the -\b-r\br option below).
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
line continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
- not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a deci-
- mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
- mal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
+ not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a deci-
+ mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
+ mal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
+ reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
+ file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, r\bre\bea\bad\bd saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd re-
- turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The
- exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified
- file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero
- otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the
+ the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd re-
+ turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The
+ exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified
+ file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero
+ otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the
timeout is exceeded.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read, without the ending de-
- limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun-
- tered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out (in which case the status is greater than
- 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read-
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read, without the ending de-
+ limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable
+ R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun-
+ tered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out (in which case the status is greater than
+ 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read-
only variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied
as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
- marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed ar-
- rays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts the variables to associative ar-
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed ar-
+ rays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts the variables to associative ar-
rays. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be
- used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
- names. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a format
- that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
- =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return
- status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
+ used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
+ names. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
+ =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return
+ status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with
a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
- fied by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
- that of the last command executed in the function body. If r\bre\be-\b-
+ Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
+ fied by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
+ that of the last command executed in the function body. If r\bre\be-\b-
t\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to de-
- termine the status is the last command executed before the trap
- handler. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last
- command used to determine the status is the last command exe-
- cuted by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn
- is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by
- the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
- that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of the last
- command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+ termine the status is the last command executed before the trap
+ handler. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last
+ command used to determine the status is the last command exe-
+ cuted by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn
+ is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by
+ the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
+ that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of the last
+ command executed within the script as the exit status of the
script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least signif-
- icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is sup-
- plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and
- not during execution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be. Any command
+ icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is sup-
+ plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and
+ not during execution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be. Any command
associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before execution re-
sumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
- able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
+ Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
+ able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot
- be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed. The
- output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
- are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
- ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
+ be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed. The
+ output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
+ are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
+ ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1,
- $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
+ $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
ings:
-\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
- given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
environment of subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above), exits with a non-zero status.
- The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
- part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
- or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
- e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
- &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
+ The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
+ part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
+ or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
+ e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+ &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
- command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
- compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
- zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
- ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
- set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
+ command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
+ compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
+ zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
+ ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
+ set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
- ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
all the commands in the subshell.
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
+ executed within the compound command or function body
+ will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
+ and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
+ command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
+ any effect until the compound command or the command
containing the function call completes.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
in a separate process group. When a background job com-
pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
tus.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
nored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
+ the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command ``IG-
- NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ The effect is as if the shell command ``IG-
+ NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
- match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
below for a reference to a document that details
how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for
r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they ap-
- pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
- started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
- the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not sup-
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they ap-
+ pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
+ started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
+ the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not sup-
plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
- is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
- plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
+ is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+ plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and
group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un-
set once it has been set.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
- scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
- parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
- unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
- message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+ cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
+ scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
+ parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
+ unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
+ message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
- and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
standard error.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
+ shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
+ turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are un-
- set. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#.
- If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are un-
+ set. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#.
+ If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is
assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional param-
- eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero
+ eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero
if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+ ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list
- of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of
+ of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of
whether or not each is set; if _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output
- is restricted to those options. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to
- be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op-
+ is restricted to those options. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to
+ be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op-
tions have the following meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+ Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
+ tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
- sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression
- evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform
- variable assignments, and while executing builtins that
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
+ sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression
+ evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform
+ variable assignments, and while executing builtins that
perform array dereferencing.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a
- second exit is attempted without an intervening command
+ second exit is attempted without an intervening command
(see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones ex-
iting if any jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS. This option is enabled by
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
+ values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS. This option is enabled by
default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
+ enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
history is enabled, as described above under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
+ pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
- fer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
+ fer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
- the results of pathname expansion. The filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b'
- and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' must always be matched explicitly, even if
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ the results of pathname expansion. The filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b'
+ and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' must always be matched explicitly, even if
d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
+ ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
is enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above).
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a de-
- scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
+ ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a de-
+ scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
fault.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
- parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se-
- quence is not taken into account, so b\bb will not collate
- between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se-
+ quence is not taken into account, so b\bb will not collate
+ between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII
characters will collate together.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
+ If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
names `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b', even if the pattern begins with
a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b'. This option is enabled by default.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
only directories and subdirectories match.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
its, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is
enabled.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This op-
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This op-
tion is enabled by default.
l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
tribute is not inherited.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
- them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
+ function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
+ them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
+ cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
current function scope.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not at-
- tempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not at-
+ tempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
pletions as part of programmable completion.
n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $"..."
- quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $"..."
+ quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
the string is not translated, this has no effect.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
- string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
- the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
+ the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above. This option is enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
- as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
- has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
+ If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
+ as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
+ has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
- moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
+ moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
- stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
+ stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see R\bRE\bE-\b-
- D\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
+ D\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
command completes.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
quences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
- cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option can be used to override this
- and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the
- shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
+ cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option can be used to override this
+ and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the
+ shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is
not supplied.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and op-
- erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of
- the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+ erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of
+ the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
- pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
+ pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
+ there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
+ the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
+ is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
wise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. the two-argument test using the second and
- third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and
- the fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-
- argument test of the second and third arguments. Other-
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ arguments. the two-argument test using the second and
+ third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and
+ the fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-
+ argument test of the second and third arguments. Other-
wise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- When used with t\bte\bes\bst\bt or [\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexico-
+ When used with t\bte\bes\bst\bt or [\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexico-
graphically using ASCII ordering.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and there is a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the null string the signal specified by
- each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in-
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the null string the signal specified by
+ each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in-
vokes.
- If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
+ If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
- be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
- tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
+ be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
+ tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+ displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
- that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
- dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
- only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
- quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options to
- t\btr\bra\bap\bp may be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command sub-
- stitution) and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to
- change a signal's handling, will display the state of its par-
+ that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+ dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
+ only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
+ quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options to
+ t\btr\bra\bap\bp may be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command sub-
+ stitution) and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to
+ change a signal's handling, will display the state of its par-
ent's traps.
- The -\b-l\bl option causes t\btr\bra\bap\bp to print a list of signal names and
- their corresponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal
- name defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names
+ The -\b-l\bl option causes t\btr\bra\bap\bp to print a list of signal names and
+ their corresponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal
+ name defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names
are case insensitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit
- from the shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit
+ from the shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
executed before every _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command,
- _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, (( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command,
+ _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, (( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command,
arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the de-
- scription of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for de-
- tails of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN,
- the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed each time a shell function or a
- script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes execut-
+ a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the de-
+ scription of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for de-
+ tails of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN,
+ the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed each time a shell function or a
+ script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes execut-
ing.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, the command _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a
pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
- the following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
+ the following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using
+ following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+ last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using
!\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) op-
tion.
When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not
- being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
- or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
+ being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
+ or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or executable disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- not found, then nothing is printed, and t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns a non-zero
- exit status. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
- name of the executable file that would be found by searching
- $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were specified as a command name, or nothing if
- ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if ``type -t name'' would not
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or executable disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ not found, then nothing is printed, and t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns a non-zero
+ exit status. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
+ name of the executable file that would be found by searching
+ $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were specified as a command name, or nothing if
+ ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if ``type -t name'' would not
return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed
- value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places
- that contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, re-
- served words, functions, and builtins, but the path search op-
+ value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places
+ that contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, re-
+ served words, functions, and builtins, but the path search op-
tions (-\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to exe-
- cutable files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed com-
+ cutable files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed com-
mands when using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with
- the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with
+ the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments
are found, false if any are not found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
- non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
+ non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt
can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the
- current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re-
- spectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft
+ current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re-
+ spectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft
limit of the resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given.
- When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and
- unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op-
+ When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and
+ unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op-
tions are interpreted as follows:
-\b-a\ba All current limits are reported; no limits are set
-\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals
-\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
-\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set)
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks
-\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
blocking, in microseconds
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
- new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
- then -\b-f\bf is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
- for -\b-t\bt, which is in seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp,
- which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and
- -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and
- -\b-f\bf, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0
- unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
+ new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
+ then -\b-f\bf is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
+ for -\b-t\bt, which is in seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp,
+ which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and
+ -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and
+ -\b-f\bf, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0
+ unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn option
- is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute,
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references. -\b-n\bn
- has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. If no options are
- supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
- able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset.
- Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
- passed to subsequent commands. If any of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS,
+ and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn option
+ is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute,
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references. -\b-n\bn
+ has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. If no options are
+ supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
+ able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset.
+ Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+ passed to subsequent commands. If any of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS,
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD,
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bC-\b-
- N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bC-\b-
+ N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are
unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is read-
only or may not be unset.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd _\b._\b._\b.]
Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
- status. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID or a job specification; if
- a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _\bi_\bd is not given, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
+ status. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID or a job specification; if
+ a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _\bi_\bd is not given, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
+ background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for a single job from
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for a single job from
the list of _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job, to complete
- and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments
+ and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments
is a child of the shell, or if no arguments are supplied and the
- shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If
- the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the
- job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the
- variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The variable
- will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful
- only when the -\b-n\bn option is supplied. Supplying the -\b-f\bf option,
- when job control is enabled, forces w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for _\bi_\bd to ter-
+ shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If
+ the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the
+ job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the
+ variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The variable
+ will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful
+ only when the -\b-n\bn option is supplied. Supplying the -\b-f\bf option,
+ when job control is enabled, forces w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for _\bi_\bd to ter-
minate before returning its status, instead of returning when it
- changes status. If _\bi_\bd specifies a non-existent process or job,
- the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by a signal,
- the return status will be greater than 128, as described under
- S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status
+ changes status. If _\bi_\bd specifies a non-existent process or job,
+ the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by a signal,
+ the return status will be greater than 128, as described under
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status
of the last process or job waited for.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
- Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
- fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2,
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibil-
- ity level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility
- level is intended to allow users to select behavior from previous ver-
- sions that is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate
- scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to be a
+ Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
+ fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2,
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibil-
+ ity level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility
+ level is intended to allow users to select behavior from previous ver-
+ sions that is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate
+ scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to be a
temporary solution.
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the rhs of the
- regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word,
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
+ lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the rhs of the
+ regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word,
which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions).
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
+ compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
+ level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
+ that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
+ present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
+ based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
+ ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
+ cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
+ levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
find out the current behavior.
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
+ ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
patibility level.
- Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility
- levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
+ Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility
+ levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
P\bPA\bAT\bT.
- Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual
- shopt option for the previous version. Users should use B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT on
+ Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual
+ shopt option for the previous version. Users should use B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT on
bash-5.0 and later versions.
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
+ nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
+ set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
+ later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
ator (=~) has no special effect
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes
- the execution of the next command in the list (in
- bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re-
- ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a
+ +\bo interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes
+ the execution of the next command in the list (in
+ bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re-
+ ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a
list aborts the execution of the entire list)
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo the <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo the <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+ lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
+ +\bo in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
tation 267)
+\bo in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
+ quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
+ that characters within the single quotes are considered
quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221)
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+\bo the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
+ tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
sions after bash-4.2
- +\bo in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
+ +\bo in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
+ expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
+ expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
+ other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
+ tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
special within double-quoted word expansions
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt
- is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu-
- ment to declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later
+ +\bo the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt
+ is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu-
+ ment to declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later
versions warn that this usage is deprecated
- +\bo word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
+ +\bo word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
+ mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
that cause the shell to exit)
- +\bo when executing a shell function, the loop state
+ +\bo when executing a shell function, the loop state
(while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
that function will break or continue loops in the calling
- context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
+ context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
vent this
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo the shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
+ +\bo the shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled
- +\bo a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
+ +\bo a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
+ Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
exit
- +\bo variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ +\bo variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
with the same name in the calling environment even if the
shell is not in posix mode
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
+ +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility
- level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
+ level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
+ from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
+ dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
+ +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
+ to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
+ fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
+ input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
tion is supplied.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
- +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
- scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
- ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
+ +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
+ scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
+ ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
previous versions.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+\bo changing directories with c\bcd\bd
- +\bo setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
+ +\bo setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
or B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
+\bo specifying command names containing /\b/
- +\bo specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command
- +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command
- +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command
- +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup
+\bo redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
+\bo using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command
- +\bo using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+\bo specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command
- +\bo turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
+ +\bo turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl.
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
_\bB_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bR_\be_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bR_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
+ _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\be_\bs, IEEE --
http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by
- The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the
+ The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the
command history
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh,\b, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bp_\bu_\bb_\b/_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b/ and _\bh_\bt_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bg_\bi_\bt_\b._\bs_\ba_\bv_\ba_\bn_\b-
_\bn_\ba_\bh_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bc_\bg_\bi_\bt_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b._\bg_\bi_\bt_\b/_\bs_\bn_\ba_\bp_\bs_\bh_\bo_\bt_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b-_\bm_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be_\br_\b._\bt_\ba_\br_\b._\bg_\bz.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
- be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
+ be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
ALL bug reports should include:
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
- parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
+ handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
+ process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+ the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+ parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
unit.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash 5.2 2023 May 14 BASH(1)
+GNU Bash 5.2 2023 May 23 BASH(1)
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Sun May 14 15:32:59 EDT 2023
+.\" Last Change: Tue May 23 11:29:30 EDT 2023
.\"
.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2023 May 14" "GNU Bash 5.2"
+.TH BASH 1 "2023 May 23" "GNU Bash 5.2"
.\"
.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
and captures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
.PP
The character \fIc\fP following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, \fB(\fP, or \fB|\fP, and the close brace must be in a position
+newline, or \fB|\fP, and the close brace must be in a position
where a reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator
such as semicolon).
\fBBash\fP allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
however, the rest of the execution environment,
including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
.PP
-If the first character following the open brace is a \fB(\fP,
-\fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell, and \fIcommand\fP must be
-terminated by a \fB)\fP. This is similar to the \fB(\fP compound
-command (see \fBCompound Commands\fP above).
-If the first character is a \fB|\fP, the construct expands to the
+If the first character following the open brace
+is a \fB|\fP, the construct expands to the
value of the \fBREPLY\fP shell variable after \fIcommand\fP executes,
without removing any trailing newlines,
and the standard output of \fIcommand\fP remains the same as in the
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2023 May 14<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2023 May 23<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<P>
The character <I>c</I> following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, <B>(</B>, or <B>|</B>, and the close brace must be in a position
+newline, or <B>|</B>, and the close brace must be in a position
where a reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator
such as semicolon).
<B>Bash</B> allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
<P>
-If the first character following the open brace is a <B>(</B>,
-<I>command</I> is executed in a subshell, and <I>command</I> must be
-terminated by a <B>)</B>. This is similar to the <B>(</B> compound
-command (see <B>Compound Commands</B> above).
-If the first character is a <B>|</B>, the construct expands to the
+If the first character following the open brace
+is a <B>|</B>, the construct expands to the
value of the <B>REPLY</B> shell variable after <I>command</I> executes,
without removing any trailing newlines,
and the standard output of <I>command</I> remains the same as in the
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2023 May 14<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2023 May 23<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<DT><A HREF="#lbDI">BUGS</A><DD>
</DL>
<HR>
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20230515/doc/bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 20 May 2023 11:02:33 EDT
+This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20230522/doc/bash.1.<BR>
+Time: 23 May 2023 11:31:51 EDT
</BODY>
</HTML>
This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.2, 14 May 2023).
+Bash shell (version 5.2, 23 May 2023).
- This is Edition 5.2, last updated 14 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.2, last updated 23 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2.
Copyright (C) 1988-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.2, 14 May 2023). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.2, 23 May 2023). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.2, last updated 14 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.2, last updated 23 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
The character C following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, '(', or '|', and the close brace must be in a position where a
+newline, or '|', and the close brace must be in a position where a
reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as
semicolon). Bash allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining
characters in the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter
complete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the
positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
- If the first character following the open brace is a '(', COMMAND is
-executed in a subshell, and COMMAND must be terminated by a ')'. This
-is similar to the '(' compound command (*note Command Grouping::). If
-the first character is a '|', the construct expands to the value of the
-'REPLY' shell variable after COMMAND executes, without removing any
-trailing newlines, and the standard output of COMMAND remains the same
-as in the calling shell. Bash creates 'REPLY' as an initially-unset
-local variable when COMMAND executes, and restores 'REPLY' to the value
-it had before the command substitution after COMMAND completes, as with
-any local variable.
+ If the first character following the open brace is a '|', the
+construct expands to the value of the 'REPLY' shell variable after
+COMMAND executes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the
+standard output of COMMAND remains the same as in the calling shell.
+Bash creates 'REPLY' as an initially-unset local variable when COMMAND
+executes, and restores 'REPLY' to the value it had before the command
+substitution after COMMAND completes, as with any local variable.
For example, this construct expands to '12345', and leaves the shell
variable 'X' unchanged in the current execution environment:
+
${ local X=12345 ; echo $X; }
(not declaring 'X' as local would modify its value in the current
Node: Tilde Expansion\7f75270
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f77888
Node: Command Substitution\7f96287
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f99936
-Node: Process Substitution\7f100901
-Node: Word Splitting\7f102018
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f104063
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f106993
-Node: Quote Removal\7f111992
-Node: Redirections\7f112284
-Node: Executing Commands\7f121974
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f122641
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f124748
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f127132
-Node: Environment\7f130164
-Node: Exit Status\7f131824
-Node: Signals\7f133605
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f137051
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f140075
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f142110
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f164441
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f196437
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f196779
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f207374
-Node: Special Builtins\7f223283
-Node: Shell Variables\7f224259
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f224693
-Node: Bash Variables\7f226794
-Node: Bash Features\7f260856
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f261866
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f267876
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f273004
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f273412
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f274058
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f274870
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f278496
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f283135
-Node: Aliases\7f286093
-Node: Arrays\7f288984
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f295544
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f296325
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f300582
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f303544
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f306151
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f321941
-Node: Job Control\7f330182
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f330639
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f335638
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f341430
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f342583
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f344251
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f345871
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f347059
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f348845
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f349802
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f351720
-Node: Searching\7f352761
-Node: Readline Init File\7f354944
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f356202
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f379990
-Node: Sample Init File\7f384183
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f387304
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f388505
-Node: Commands For History\7f390553
-Node: Commands For Text\7f395544
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f399190
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f402220
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f403356
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f407544
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f408229
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f414264
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f415168
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f422945
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f433930
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f439175
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f439856
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f442858
-Node: History Interaction\7f447879
-Node: Event Designators\7f451496
-Node: Word Designators\7f452847
-Node: Modifiers\7f454604
-Node: Installing Bash\7f456409
-Node: Basic Installation\7f457543
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f461262
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f462000
-Node: Installation Names\7f463689
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f465795
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f466509
-Node: Operation Controls\7f467179
-Node: Optional Features\7f468134
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f479350
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f480681
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f497527
-Node: Indexes\7f522701
-Node: Builtin Index\7f523152
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f530250
-Node: Variable Index\7f532695
-Node: Function Index\7f549680
-Node: Concept Index\7f563461
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f99748
+Node: Process Substitution\7f100713
+Node: Word Splitting\7f101830
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f103875
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f106805
+Node: Quote Removal\7f111804
+Node: Redirections\7f112096
+Node: Executing Commands\7f121786
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f122453
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f124560
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f126944
+Node: Environment\7f129976
+Node: Exit Status\7f131636
+Node: Signals\7f133417
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f136863
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f139887
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f141922
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f164253
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f196249
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f196591
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f207186
+Node: Special Builtins\7f223095
+Node: Shell Variables\7f224071
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f224505
+Node: Bash Variables\7f226606
+Node: Bash Features\7f260668
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f261678
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f267688
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f272816
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f273224
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f273870
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f274682
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f278308
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f282947
+Node: Aliases\7f285905
+Node: Arrays\7f288796
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f295356
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f296137
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f300394
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f303356
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f305963
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f321753
+Node: Job Control\7f329994
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f330451
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f335450
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f341242
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f342395
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f344063
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f345683
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f346871
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f348657
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f349614
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f351532
+Node: Searching\7f352573
+Node: Readline Init File\7f354756
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f356014
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f379802
+Node: Sample Init File\7f383995
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f387116
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f388317
+Node: Commands For History\7f390365
+Node: Commands For Text\7f395356
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f399002
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f402032
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f403168
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f407356
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f408041
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f414076
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f414980
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f422757
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f433742
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f438987
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f439668
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f442670
+Node: History Interaction\7f447691
+Node: Event Designators\7f451308
+Node: Word Designators\7f452659
+Node: Modifiers\7f454416
+Node: Installing Bash\7f456221
+Node: Basic Installation\7f457355
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f461074
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f461812
+Node: Installation Names\7f463501
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f465607
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f466321
+Node: Operation Controls\7f466991
+Node: Optional Features\7f467946
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f479162
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f480493
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f497339
+Node: Indexes\7f522513
+Node: Builtin Index\7f522964
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f530062
+Node: Variable Index\7f532507
+Node: Function Index\7f549492
+Node: Concept Index\7f563273
\1f
End Tag Table
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-108 252 R 1.152(ed w)-.15 F 1.152
-(ord may appear \(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semi-)
--.1 F(colon\).)108 264 Q F1(Bash)5.226 E F0(allo)2.726 E .227
+F(ne)108 223.2 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .27
+(The character)108 240 R F2(c)2.771 E F0(follo)2.771 E .271
+(wing the open brace must be a space, tab, ne)-.25 F .271(wline, or)-.25
+F F1(|)2.771 E F0 2.771(,a)C .271(nd the close brace must be in)-2.771 F
+2.822(ap)108 252 S .322(osition where a reserv)-2.822 F .321(ed w)-.15 F
+.321(ord may appear \(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as se\
+micolon\).)-.1 F F1(Bash)108 264 Q F0(allo)2.709 E .209
(ws the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in the w)
--.25 F .227(ord without being fol-)-.1 F(lo)108 276 Q
-(wed by a shell metacharacter as a reserv)-.25 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E
+-.25 F .21(ord without being follo)-.1 F .21(wed by)-.25 F 2.5(as)108
+276 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E
(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 292.8 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef)
-3.384 F .884(fects of)-.25 F F2(command)3.384 E F0(tak)3.384 E 3.384
(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.384 G .884(ect immediately in the current e).25 F
-.25 G 2.52 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.72(he rest of the e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.721(cution en).15 F 1.721
(vironment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the)-.4
-F(caller)108 357.6 Q(.)-.55 E .183(If the \214rst character follo)108
-374.4 R .183(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F1(\()2.683 E F0(,)A F2
-(command)2.683 E F0 .182(is e)2.683 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .182
-(cuted in a subshell, and).15 F F2(command)2.682 E F0(must)2.682 E .497
-(be terminated by a)108 386.4 R F1(\))2.997 E F0 2.997(.T)C .497
-(his is similar to the)-2.997 F F1(\()2.997 E F0 .497
-(compound command \(see)2.997 F F1 .497(Compound Commands)2.997 F F0
-(abo)2.997 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.998(\). If).15 F .152
-(the \214rst character is a)108 398.4 R F1(|)2.652 E F0 2.652(,t)C .152
-(he construct e)-2.652 F .152(xpands to the v)-.15 F .151(alue of the)
--.25 F F1(REPL)2.651 E(Y)-.92 E F0 .151(shell v)2.651 F .151
-(ariable after)-.25 F F2(command)2.651 E F0 -.15(exe)2.651 G(-).15 E
-.336(cutes, without remo)108 410.4 R .336(ving an)-.15 F 2.836(yt)-.15 G
-.336(railing ne)-2.836 F .336(wlines, and the standard output of)-.25 F
-F2(command)2.836 E F0 .337(remains the same as in)2.836 F .126
-(the calling shell.)108 422.4 R F1(Bash)5.126 E F0(creates)2.626 E F1
-(REPL)2.626 E(Y)-.92 E F0 .125(as an initially-unset local v)2.625 F
-.125(ariable when)-.25 F F2(command)2.625 E F0 -.15(exe)2.625 G .125
-(cutes, and re-).15 F(stores)108 434.4 Q F1(REPL)3.11 E(Y)-.92 E F0 .61
-(to the v)3.11 F .61(alue it had before the command substitution after)
--.25 F F2(command)3.11 E F0 .61(completes, as with an)3.11 F(y)-.15 E
-(local v)108 446.4 Q(ariable.)-.25 E .894
-(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 463.2 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
-.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
-(quotes with backslashes.)108 475.2 Q .004
-(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 492 R F1(bash)
+F(caller)108 357.6 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108
+374.4 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F1(|)2.892 E F0 2.892(,t)C
+.392(he construct e)-2.892 F .392(xpands to the v)-.15 F .392
+(alue of the)-.25 F F1(REPL)2.892 E(Y)-.92 E F0(shell)2.892 E -.25(va)
+108 386.4 S .505(riable after).25 F F2(command)3.005 E F0 -.15(exe)3.005
+G .505(cutes, without remo).15 F .505(ving an)-.15 F 3.005(yt)-.15 G
+.505(railing ne)-3.005 F .505(wlines, and the standard output of)-.25 F
+F2(com-)3.005 E(mand)108 398.4 Q F0 1.208
+(remains the same as in the calling shell.)3.709 F F1(Bash)6.208 E F0
+(creates)3.708 E F1(REPL)3.708 E(Y)-.92 E F0 1.208
+(as an initially-unset local v)3.708 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 410.4 Q
+F2(command)3.514 E F0 -.15(exe)3.514 G 1.014(cutes, and restores).15 F
+F1(REPL)3.514 E(Y)-.92 E F0 1.014(to the v)3.514 F 1.014
+(alue it had before the command substitution after)-.25 F F2(command)108
+422.4 Q F0(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E
+(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 439.2 R
+2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894
+(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
+(quotes with backslashes.)108 451.2 Q .004
+(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 468 R F1(bash)
2.504 E F0 .004(does not perform w)2.504 F .004
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion on the results.)
-108 504 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 520.8 Q F0 1.035(Arithmetic e)108
-532.8 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G
+108 480 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 496.8 Q F0 1.035(Arithmetic e)108
+508.8 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G
1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034
(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
-(The format for arithmetic e)108 544.8 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()
-144 561.6 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 578.4
+(The format for arithmetic e)108 520.8 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()
+144 537.6 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 554.4
Q F2 -.2(ex)2.735 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.975 E .235
(goes the same e)-.18 F .236
(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .236
-(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .421(ters in)108 590.4 R F2 -.2(ex)2.921
+(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .421(ters in)108 566.4 R F2 -.2(ex)2.921
G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .421(are not treated specially and are remo)
2.921 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.921(d. All).15 F(tok)2.92 E .42(ens in the e)
-.1 F .42(xpression under)-.15 F .42(go parame-)-.18 F 1.209(ter and v)
-108 602.4 R 1.209(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209
+108 578.4 R 1.209(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209
(xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G
3.709(l. The).25 F 1.21(result is treated as the arith-)3.709 F(metic e)
-108 614.4 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5
+108 590.4 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5
(luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E
-1.379(The e)108 631.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
+1.379(The e)108 607.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
-(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 643.2 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E
+(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 619.2 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)
-2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 660 Q
-(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 672 Q .405(ocess substitution)-.45
+2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 636 Q
+(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 648 Q .405(ocess substitution)-.45
F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405
(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405
-(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 684 Q F1(<\()3.251 E F2
+(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 660 Q F1(<\()3.251 E F2
(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F1(>\()3.251 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E
F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751
(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751
(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147
-(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 696 R .148
+(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 672 R .148
(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648
(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F1(>\()2.648 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E
-F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 708 R .56
+F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 684 R .56
(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G
(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.059 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .559
-(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 720 Q 1.56
-(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)4.06 E F0
-6.56(.P)C 1.56(rocess substitution is supported on systems that)-6.56 F
-(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 696 Q .308
+(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0
+5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-)
+-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 708 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt)
+-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0
+(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 724.8 R -.25(va)
+-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\
+h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
+(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 28 28
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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-(support named pipes \()108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(FIFOs)A F0 2.5
-(\)o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15
-E F0(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 100.8 R -.25
-(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously\
- with parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
-(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 112.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2
--.75(Wo)87 129.6 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142
-(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 141.6 R 1.143
+(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 84 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E/F1 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)87 100.8 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142
+(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 112.8 R 1.143
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143
-(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 153.6 Q
-F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
-(The shell treats each character of)108 170.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
-(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w)
--.15 F(ords)-.1 E(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)108
-182.4 Q(If)108 199.2 Q F3(IFS)3.082 E F0 .582(is unset, or its v)2.832 F
-.582(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(<space><tab><newline>)3.082 E F0
-3.082(,t)C .582(he def)-3.082 F .583(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F2
-(space)3.083 E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.083 E F0(,)A(and)108 211.2 Q F2(newline)
-3.627 E F0 1.126(at the be)3.627 F 1.126
-(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F 1.126(vious e)-.25 F
-1.126(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 3.626(ys)-.15 G(e-)-3.626 E
-.428(quence of)108 223.2 R F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428
+(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 124.8 Q
+/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.)
+.22 E .063(The shell treats each character of)108 141.6 R/F3 9
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4
+G .063(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063
+(xpansions into w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E
+(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)108 153.6 Q(If)108 170.4
+Q F3(IFS)3.082 E F0 .582(is unset, or its v)2.832 F .582(alue is e)-.25
+F(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)3.082 E F0 3.082(,t)C .582
+(he def)-3.082 F .583(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1(space)3.083 E F0
+(,)A F1(tab)3.083 E F0(,)A(and)108 182.4 Q F1(newline)3.627 E F0 1.126
+(at the be)3.627 F 1.126(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15
+F 1.126(vious e)-.25 F 1.126(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 3.626
+(ys)-.15 G(e-)-3.626 E .428(quence of)108 194.4 R F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428
(characters not at the be)2.678 F .428(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .428
(es to delimit w)-.15 F 2.928(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428
-(has a v)2.678 F .429(alue other than)-.25 F .582(the def)108 235.2 R
-.582(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F2(space)
-3.081 E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.081 E F0 3.081(,a)C(nd)-3.081 E F2(newline)3.081
+(has a v)2.678 F .429(alue other than)-.25 F .582(the def)108 206.4 R
+.582(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)
+3.081 E F0(,)A F1(tab)3.081 E F0 3.081(,a)C(nd)-3.081 E F1(newline)3.081
E F0 .581(are ignored at the be)3.081 F(gin-)-.15 E .007
-(ning and end of the w)108 247.2 R .007
+(ning and end of the w)108 218.4 R .007
(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .007
(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.508 E F0(\(an)2.258 E F3(IFS)2.508 E F0 .008
-(whitespace char)2.258 F(-)-.2 E 2.815(acter\). An)108 259.2 R 2.815(yc)
+(whitespace char)2.258 F(-)-.2 E 2.815(acter\). An)108 230.4 R 2.815(yc)
-.15 G .315(haracter in)-2.815 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315(that is not)
2.565 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315(whitespace, along with an)2.565 F 2.815
(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.815 E F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .314
-(whitespace characters,)2.564 F(delimits a \214eld.)108 271.2 Q 2.5(As)5
+(whitespace characters,)2.564 F(delimits a \214eld.)108 242.4 Q 2.5(As)5
G(equence of)-2.5 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0
(whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter)2.25 E(.)-.55 E
-.161(If the v)108 288 R .161(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.661 E F0 .161
+.161(If the v)108 259.2 R .161(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.661 E F0 .161
(is null, no w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 F(If)5.161 E F3
(IFS)2.661 E F0 .161(is unset, w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting beha)-.1 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.661(sa).15 G 2.661(si)-2.661 G 2.661(fi)-2.661 G 2.662
-(tc)-2.661 G(ontained)-2.662 E(the def)108 300 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue of)
--.25 E F2(<space><tab><newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .783(Explicit null ar)108
-316.8 R .783(guments \()-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F2 .833
+(tc)-2.661 G(ontained)-2.662 E(the def)108 271.2 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue of)
+-.25 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .783(Explicit null ar)108
+288 R .783(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F1 .833
<0808>4.115 G F0 3.282(\)a)C .782
(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .782
-(Unquoted im-)5.782 F .178(plicit null ar)108 328.8 R .179
+(Unquoted im-)5.782 F .178(plicit null ar)108 300 R .179
(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179
(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15
G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.679(d. If).15 F 2.679
-(ap)2.679 G(a-)-2.679 E .319(rameter with no v)108 340.8 R .319
-(alue is e)-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F
-.319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F
-(to a command as an empty string.)108 352.8 Q(When a quoted null ar)5 E
+(ap)2.679 G(a-)-2.679 E .319(rameter with no v)108 312 R .319(alue is e)
+-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F .319
+(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F
+(to a command as an empty string.)108 324 Q(When a quoted null ar)5 E
.001(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F .001(ord whose e)-.1 F
-(xpansion)-.15 E .984(is non-null, the null ar)108 364.8 R .984
+(xpansion)-.15 E .984(is non-null, the null ar)108 336 R .984
(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F .983
(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -5.167<ad64082008>3.483
F F0(becomes)3.483 E F4<ad64>3.483 E F0 .983(after w)3.483 F .983
-(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 376.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)
--.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 393.6 Q
-(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 410.4 S
-(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 422.4 R .37
-(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F
2<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
-(option has been set,)2.87 F F2(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
-.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F2(?)2.871 E F0
-2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F2([)2.871 E F0(.)A .634
+(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 348 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)
+-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 364.8 Q
+(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 381.6 S
+(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 393.6 R .37
+(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F
1<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
+(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
+.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0
+2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .634
(If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108
-434.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .633(rded as a).05 F F1
+405.6 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .633(rded as a).05 F F2
(pattern)4.383 E F0 3.133(,a).24 G .633(nd replaced)-3.133 F 1.34(with \
an alphabetically sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)
-108 446.4 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E
+108 417.6 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E
F0(belo)3.59 E 3.84(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.84 E .534
-(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 458.4 R F2
+(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 429.6 R F1
(nullglob)3.034 E F0 .534(is not enabled, the w)3.034 F .534
-(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.534 E(the)108 470.4 Q F2(nullglob)
+(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.534 E(the)108 441.6 Q F1(nullglob)
3.284 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.284 F
-.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.285 E F2
+.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.285 E F1
(failglob)3.285 E F0 .785(shell option is)3.285 F .754(set, and no matc\
hes are found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108
-482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.254(cuted. If).15 F .754(the shell)3.254 F
-(option)108 494.4 Q F2(nocaseglob)3.263 E F0 .763
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(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.263 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
.764(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039
-(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 506.4 R .039
-(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08
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E F0 .039(at the start of a name or immediately fol-)5.039 F(lo)108
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-(,u)-.65 G .19(nless the shell option)-2.69 F F2(dotglob)2.691 E F0 .191
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(is set.)2.691 F .191(In order to match the \214le-)5.191 F(names)108
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(``)3.645 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.645(,t).63 G 1.145
(he pattern must be)-3.645 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625
-.74('' \()-.7 H 1.145(for e).74 F 1.145(xample, `)-.15 F(`.?')-.74 E
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-108 542.4 Q F0 .153(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.653 F F2
--.63(``)2.653 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.153 E F2 -.63(``)2.654 G
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+108 513.6 Q F0 .153(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.653 F F1
+-.63(``)2.653 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.153 E F1 -.63(``)2.654 G
(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .154(are ne)5.784 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(rm)
.15 G .154(atched, e)-2.654 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(ni).15 G 2.654(ft)
--2.654 G .154(he pattern be-)-2.654 F .12(gins with a)108 554.4 R F2
+-2.654 G .154(he pattern be-)-2.654 F .12(gins with a)108 525.6 R F1
-.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 5.12(.W)C .12
-(hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F2 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G
+(hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F1 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G
(')-.08 E F0 .12(character is not treated specially)5.12 F 5.12(.W)-.65
-G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.54(ap)108 566.4 S 1.04
+G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.54(ap)108 537.6 S 1.04
(athname, the slash character must al)-3.54 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.04
(ys be matched e).1 F 1.041(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15
-F 1.041(ut in other)-.2 F .132(matching conte)108 578.4 R .132
+F 1.041(ut in other)-.2 F .132(matching conte)108 549.6 R .132
(xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo)
-.15 F 2.631(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.631 E F3 -.09(Pa)2.631 G(tter).09 E 2.381
-(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.381 E(ing)108 590.4 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
-.605(See the description of)5.105 F F2(shopt)3.105 E F0(belo)3.105 E
+(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.381 E(ing)108 561.6 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
+.605(See the description of)5.105 F F1(shopt)3.105 E F0(belo)3.105 E
3.106(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.106 E F3 .606(SHELL B)3.106 F(UIL)-.09 E .606
-(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .606(for a description of the)2.856 F F2(no-)
-3.106 E(caseglob)108 602.4 Q F0(,)A F2(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F2
-(globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2
-(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 619.2 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)
+(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .606(for a description of the)2.856 F F1(no-)
+3.106 E(caseglob)108 573.6 Q F0(,)A F1(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F1
+(globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1
+(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 590.4 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)
2.562 E F0 .062(shell v)2.312 F .061
(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25
-F F1(pattern)3.811 E F0 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F3(GLO-)2.561 E
-(BIGNORE)108 631.2 Q F0 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\
+F F2(pattern)3.811 E F0 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F3(GLO-)2.561 E
+(BIGNORE)108 602.4 Q F0 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\
so matches one of the patterns in)3.346 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.597 E F0 1.097
-(is re-)3.347 F(mo)108 643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.851(df).15 G .351
-(rom the list of matches.)-2.851 F .351(If the)5.351 F F2(nocaseglob)
+(is re-)3.347 F(mo)108 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.851(df).15 G .351
+(rom the list of matches.)-2.851 F .351(If the)5.351 F F1(nocaseglob)
2.851 E F0 .351(option is set, the matching ag)2.851 F .351
-(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLO-)2.85 E(BIGNORE)108 655.2 Q F0 1.48
+(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLO-)2.85 E(BIGNORE)108 626.4 Q F0 1.48
(is performed without re)3.73 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.48(rd to case.).05 F
-1.48(The \214lenames)6.48 F F2 -.63(``)3.98 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
-(and)6.48 E F2 -.63(``)3.98 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 1.481(are al)
-7.11 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.481(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 667.2 Q
+1.48(The \214lenames)6.48 F F1 -.63(``)3.98 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
+(and)6.48 E F1 -.63(``)3.98 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 1.481(are al)
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F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827
(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F
-.682(enabling the)108 679.2 R F2(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682
+.682(enabling the)108 650.4 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682
(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a)
--.15 F F2 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.)
-5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 691.2 Q
+-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.)
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1.185(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F
-F2 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e)
--.1 E F2 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184
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(one of the patterns in)6.184 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E F5(.)A F0(The)108
-703.2 Q F2(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631(option is disabled when)3.131 F F3
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(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .632
-(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 715.2 Q F2
-(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)
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%%Page: 29 29
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBSOR)2.5 E(T)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
-(riable controls ho).25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E
-(xpansion are sorted, as described abo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F2
-10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(Pa)108 100.8 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)
--2.5 E F0(An)108 117.6 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \
-a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)
--3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.721(itself. The)108 129.6
-R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.721 F 2.721(Ab)5.221
-G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .222(wing character; the es-)
--.25 F .418(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 141.6 R
-.418(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.918
-(ya)-.15 G .418(re to)-2.918 F(be matched literally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E
-(The special pattern characters ha)108 170.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2(*)144 187.2 Q F0 .376
-(Matches an)180 187.2 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376
-(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F2
-(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 199.2
-Q F2(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(An)108 84 Q 3.138
+(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the spec\
+ial pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H
+(atches).65 E 2.721(itself. The)108 96 R .221
+(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.721 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221
+(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .222(wing character; the es-)-.25 F
+.418(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 108 R .418
+(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.918(ya)
+-.15 G .418(re to)-2.918 F(be matched literally)108 120 Q(.)-.65 E
+(The special pattern characters ha)108 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)144 153.6
+Q F0 .376(Matches an)180 153.6 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376
+(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1
+(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 165.6
+Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775
(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275
-E F2(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058
+E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058
(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\
-.)180 211.2 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)3.558 E
-F0(,)A(tw)180 223.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
-(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F2(?)144 235.2 Q
-F0(Matches an)180 235.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E
-F2([...])144 247.2 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 247.2 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579
+.)180 177.6 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E
+F0(,)A(tw)180 189.6 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
+(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 201.6 Q
+F0(Matches an)180 201.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E
+F1([...])144 213.6 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 213.6 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579
(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578
(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684
-(denotes a)180 259.2 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E
+(denotes a)180 225.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E
3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)
-3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F
-3.185(oc)-.1 G .685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 271.2 Q -.15(ve)
+3.185(oc)-.1 G .685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 237.6 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)
-.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F
-1.212(If the)6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 283.2 R 1.123
-(wing the)-.25 F F2([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F2(!)3.623 E F0
-1.124(or a)6.123 F F2(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G
+1.212(If the)6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 249.6 R 1.123
+(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0
+1.124(or a)6.123 F F1(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G
1.124(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F 1.045
-(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 295.2 R 1.044
+(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 261.6 R 1.044
(xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34
-(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 307.2 R 2.341
-(alues of the)-.25 F F1(LC_COLLA)4.841 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)4.591 E F1
-(LC_ALL)180 319.2 Q F0 1.079(shell v)3.329 F 1.079(ariables, if set.)
--.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079
+(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 273.6 R 2.341
+(alues of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)4.841 E(TE)-.855 E F0
+(or)4.591 E F3(LC_ALL)180 285.6 Q F0 1.079(shell v)3.329 F 1.079
+(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079
(btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .392
-(sions, where)180 331.2 R F2([a\255d])2.892 E F0 .392(is equi)2.892 F
--.25(va)-.25 G .392(lent to).25 F F2([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393
-(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LC_ALL)2.893 E F0 .393
-(shell v)2.893 F .393(ariable to)-.25 F F2(C)2.893 E F0(,)A .9
-(or enable the)180 343.2 R F2(globasciiranges)3.4 E F0 .9(shell option.)
-3.4 F(A)5.899 E F
2<ad>3.399 E F0 .899
+(sions, where)180 297.6 R F1([a\255d])2.892 E F0 .392(is equi)2.892 F
+-.25(va)-.25 G .392(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393
+(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_ALL)2.893 E F0 .393
+(shell v)2.893 F .393(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.893 E F0(,)A .9
+(or enable the)180 309.6 R F1(globasciiranges)3.4 E F0 .9(shell option.)
+3.4 F(A)5.899 E F
1<ad>3.399 E F0 .899
(may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405
-(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 355.2 R(A)5.405 E F2(])2.905
+(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 321.6 R(A)5.405 E F1(])2.905
E F0 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905
-F(in the set.)180 367.2 Q -.4(Wi)180 385.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)3.071 E F0
-(and)3.071 E F2(])3.071 E F0(,)A F3 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571
+F(in the set.)180 333.6 Q -.4(Wi)180 351.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0
+(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571
(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071
-F F2([:)3.07 E F3(class)A F2(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F3(class)
-3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)180 397.2 Q
-(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F2 5.889
-(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 409.2 R 5.889
-(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 421.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F
-F0 4.29(Ac)180 433.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)
--.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F2
+F F1([:)3.07 E F2(class)A F1(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F2(class)
+3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)180 363.6 Q
+(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.889
+(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 375.6 R 5.889
+(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 387.6 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F
+F0 4.29(Ac)180 399.6 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)
+-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1
-.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E
-(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 445.2 Q -.4(Wi)
-180 463.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F2(])4.536 E F0 4.536
-(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F3 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037
-(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F2([=)4.537 E F3(c)A F2(=])
+(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 411.6 Q -.4(Wi)
+180 429.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536
+(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F2 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037
+(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F2(c)A F1(=])
A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\
- collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 475.2 R
-(the character)180 487.2 Q F3(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 505.2 S(thin).4
-E F2([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F2([.)
-2.5 E F3(symbol)A F2(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F3
-(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .539(If the)108 522 R F2(extglob)3.039 E F0 .539
-(shell option is enabled using the)3.039 F F2(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu)
+ collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 441.6 R
+(the character)180 453.6 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 471.6 S(thin).4
+E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)
+2.5 E F2(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2
+(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .539(If the)108 488.4 R F1(extglob)3.039 E F0 .539
+(shell option is enabled using the)3.039 F F1(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.039 G .54(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .54
-(ral e).15 F .54(xtended pattern)-.15 F .038(matching operators.)108 534
-R .038(In the follo)5.038 F .038(wing description, a)-.25 F F3
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(omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E
-(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 570 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F2
-(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 582 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 594 Q F3(pattern-list)
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-(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 630 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
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(gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15
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-(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 132 Q .969
-(Complicated e)108 148.8 R .969(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .969
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(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968
(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .09
-(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 160.8 R .091
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(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .091(ainst shorter strings, or us-)
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(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E(ected)-.37 E F0 .545
(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .429(by the shell.)108
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' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)-.25
-F(dif)108 266.4 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les the \
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command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02(Redirection may also be)
6.02 F .215(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108
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(follo)2.715 E .215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862
-(may precede or appear an)108 290.4 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F3
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(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirection that may be p\
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.293(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108
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F0 .599(}, the v)B .599(alue of)-.25 F F3(varname)3.099 E F0 .599
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--.25 F(s)-.55 E(lifetime manually)108 379.2 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1
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tions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst char\
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E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
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(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
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(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
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(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
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R F2(n)2.944 E F0 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.583 F F2(n)2.943 E F0
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-(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 316.8 Q
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(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
-(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 333.6 Q([)144 350.4 Q
+(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 297.6 Q([)144 314.4 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
-(If the redirection operator is)108 367.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
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-(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 379.2 R
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(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
-5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 391.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
+5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 355.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
-403.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
+367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
-420 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
-(Redirection of output in this f)108 432 R .642
+384 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
+(Redirection of output in this f)108 396 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .454
-(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 444 R F2(n)3.315 E F0
+(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 408 R F2(n)3.315 E F0
2.955(,o).24 G 2.955(rt)-2.955 G .455
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F2(n)3.315 E F0
.455(is not speci\214ed.)3.195 F(If)5.455 E(the \214le does not e)108
-456 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
-(The general format for appending output is:)108 472.8 Q([)144 489.6 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 506.4 Q
+420 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
+(The general format for appending output is:)108 436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q
+F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 470.4 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
-(This construct allo)108 518.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
+(This construct allo)108 482.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108
-530.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
-(There are tw)108 547.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+494.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
+(There are tw)108 511.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
-(&>)144 564 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 576 Q F1(>&)144 588 Q F2(wor)
-A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 604.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+(&>)144 528 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 540 Q F1(>&)144 552 Q F2(wor)
+A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 568.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
--.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 621.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
-E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 638.4 R F2(wor)
+-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 585.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
+E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 602.4 R F2(wor)
2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)
-.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G
-.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 650.4 Q
+.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 614.4 Q
F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
-(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 667.2 S
+(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 631.2 S
(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
-(This construct allo)108 679.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
+(This construct allo)108 643.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108
-691.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
-(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 708
-Q F1(&>>)144 724.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
-(2023 May 14)148.175 E(31)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+655.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
+(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 672
+Q F1(&>>)144 688.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(This is semantically equi)108
+705.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>>)144 722.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
-(This is semantically equi)108 84 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(>>)144 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 117.6 Q F1
-(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87
-134.4 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\
-nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\
-ontaining only)108 146.4 R F2(delimiter)108.35 158.4 Q F0 .615
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(\(see)108 84 Q/F1
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
+(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 100.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(Thi\
+s type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the curren\
+t source until a line containing only)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
+SF(delimiter)108.35 124.8 Q F0 .615
(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
-F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 170.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E
+F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 136.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E
F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
-(The format of here-documents is:)108 187.2 Q([)144 204 Q F2(n)A F0(])A
-F1(<<)A F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 216 Q
-(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 228 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108
-244.8 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
+(The format of here-documents is:)108 153.6 Q([)144 170.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])
+A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 182.4 Q
+(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 194.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108
+211.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E(is performed on)108
-256.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E .053(If an)108 273.6 R 2.553
-(yp)-.15 G .053(art of)-2.553 F F2(wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F0 .053
+223.2 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E .053(If an)108 240 R 2.553(yp)
+-.15 G .053(art of)-2.553 F F2(wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F0 .053
(is quoted, the)3.323 F F2(delimiter)2.902 E F0 .052
(is the result of quote remo)3.282 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n)
-2.552 E F2(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.552(,a).77 G .052
-(nd the lines in the here-)-2.552 F .027(document are not e)108 285.6 R
+(nd the lines in the here-)-2.552 F .027(document are not e)108 252 R
2.527(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)2.527 E(d)-.37 E F0 .028
(is unquoted, the)2.527 F F2(delimiter)2.878 E F0(is)3.258 E F2(wor)
2.528 E(d)-.37 E F0 .028(itself, all lines of the here-document)2.528 F
-1.195(are subjected to parameter e)108 297.6 R 1.194
+1.195(are subjected to parameter e)108 264 R 1.194
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.194
-(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 309.6 Q F1(\\<newline>)
-2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0
+(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 276 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5
+E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0
(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5
E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
-(If the redirection operator is)108 326.4 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
+(If the redirection operator is)108 292.8 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
- and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 338.4 Q F2(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5
+ and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 304.8 Q F2(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5
(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
--.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 355.2 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
-2.5(Av)108 367.2 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)
-144 384 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 400.8 Q F2
-(wor)3.292 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.292 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792
+-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 321.6 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
+2.5(Av)108 333.6 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)
+144 350.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 367.2 Q
+F2(wor)3.292 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.292 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .791
-(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 412.8 S
+(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 379.2 S
1.187(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F
1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187
(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.188(The result is)6.187 F .375
-(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 424.8 R .374(wline appended\
+(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 391.2 R .374(wline appended\
, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor)
-108 436.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E
-F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 453.6 Q F0(The redirection operator)
-108 465.6 Q([)144 482.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
-.126(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 499.2 R(If)5.127
-E F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
+108 403.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E
+F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 420 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
+432 Q([)144 448.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
+(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 465.6 R(If)5.127 E
+F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
-511.2 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
+477.6 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
-(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 523.2 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
+(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 489.6 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E
F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
-(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 535.2 Q
-(The operator)108 552 Q([)144 568.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A(d)
--.37 E F0 .444
-(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 585.6 R
-(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443
+(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 501.6 Q
+(The operator)108 518.4 Q([)144 535.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
+(d)-.37 E F0 .444
+(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 552 R(If)
+5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F .565
-(tor 1\) is used.)108 597.6 R .565(If the digits in)5.565 F F2(wor)3.406
-E(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, \
-a redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.204(curs. If)108 609.6 R F2(wor)3.544
-
E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.974 G .704(luates to).25 F F1<ad>3.204 E F0
+(tor 1\) is used.)108 564 R .565(If the digits in)5.565 F F2(wor)3.406 E
+(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, a\
+ redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.204(curs. If)108 576 R F2(wor)3.544 E
+(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.974 G .704(luates to).25 F F1<ad>3.204 E F0
3.204<2c8c>C .704(le descriptor)-3.204 F F2(n)3.563 E F0 .703
(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F2(n)3.203 E F0
.703(is omitted, and)3.203 F F2(wor)3.203 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.203 E
-.965(not e)108
621.6 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
+.965(not e)108
588 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966
(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
--3.466 F(pre)108 633.6 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 650.4 Q
-(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 662.4 Q([)
-144 679.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 696 Q
+-3.466 F(pre)108 600 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 616.8 Q
+(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 628.8 Q([)
+144 645.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 662.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.018(st).15 G .518(he \214le descriptor)-3.018 F F2
(digit)3.018 E F0 .518(to \214le descriptor)3.018 F F2(n)3.378 E F0
3.018(,o).24 G 3.018(rt)-3.018 G .517
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.018 F F2(n)3.017 E F0
-.517(is not speci-)3.017 F(\214ed.)108 708 Q F2(digit)5 E F0
+.517(is not speci-)3.017 F(\214ed.)108 674.4 Q F2(digit)5 E F0
(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly)
-108 724.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
-768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E(32)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+108 691.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 708 Q F2
+(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 724.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G
+4.17(st).15 G 1.67(he \214le descriptor)-4.17 F F2(digit)4.17 E F0 1.67
+(to \214le descriptor)4.17 F F2(n)4.53 E F0 4.17(,o).24 G 4.17(rt)-4.17
+G 1.67(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-4.17 F F2(n)4.17 E
+F0 1.67(is not)4.17 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(32)
+197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F1(digit)A F2
-<ad>A F0(mo)108 100.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.767(st).15 G .267
-(he \214le descriptor)-2.767 F F1(digit)2.767 E F0 .267
-(to \214le descriptor)2.767 F F1(n)3.127 E F0 2.767(,o).24 G 2.767(rt)
--2.767 G .268(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.767 F F1
-(n)2.768 E F0 .268(is not speci-)2.768 F(\214ed.)108 112.8 Q F2
-(Opening File Descriptors f)87 129.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
-(The redirection operator)108 141.6 Q([)144 158.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)
-A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
-175.2 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(speci\214ed.)108
+84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87 100.8 Q
+(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 112.8 Q
+([)144 129.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A F2(wor)A(d)
+-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 146.4 R .518
+(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le de-)3.788 F
-(scriptor)108 187.2 Q F1(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5
-<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0
+(scriptor)108 158.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5
+<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(If the \214le does not e)5 E
-(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 204 Q
-F1(Aliases)108 216 Q F0(allo)3.001 E 3.001(was)-.25 G .501
+(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 175.2 Q
+F2(Aliases)108 187.2 Q F0(allo)3.001 E 3.001(was)-.25 G .501
(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.001 F .502
(ord that is in a position in the input where it can be the \214rst)-.1
-F -.1(wo)108 228 S .556(rd of a simple command. Aliases ha).1 F .855
+F -.1(wo)108 199.2 S .556(rd of a simple command. Aliases ha).1 F .855
-.15(ve n)-.2 H .555(ames and corresponding v).15 F .555
-(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 240 Q F0
-(and)2.5 E F2(unalias)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4
+(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F1(alias)108 211.2 Q F0
+(and)2.5 E F1(unalias)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4
9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
-2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.033(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 256.8 R
+2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.033(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 228 R
1.033(ord in the right position, it checks the w)-.1 F 1.034
(ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F .657
-(name. If it matches, the shell replaces the w)108 268.8 R .657
+(name. If it matches, the shell replaces the w)108 240 R .657
(ord with the alias v)-.1 F .657(alue, and reads that v)-.25 F .657
-(alue as if it had been)-.25 F 1.081(read instead of the w)108 280.8 R
+(alue as if it had been)-.25 F 1.081(read instead of the w)108 252 R
3.582(ord. The)-.1 F 1.082(shell doesn')3.582 F 3.582(tl)-.18 G 1.082
(ook at an)-3.582 F 3.582(yc)-.15 G 1.082(haracters follo)-3.582 F 1.082
(wing the w)-.25 F 1.082(ord before attempting)-.1 F
-(alias substitution.)108 292.8 Q .265(The characters)108 309.6 R F2(/)
-2.765 E F0(,)A F2($)2.765 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.765 E F0 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764
-E F2(=)2.764 E F0 .264(and an)2.764 F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G
-.264(he shell)-2.764 F F1(metac)2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E
+(alias substitution.)108 264 Q .265(The characters)108 280.8 R F1(/)
+2.765 E F0(,)A F1($)2.765 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.765 E F0 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764
+E F1(=)2.764 E F0 .264(and an)2.764 F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G
+.264(he shell)-2.764 F F2(metac)2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E
F0 .264(or quoting characters listed abo)2.764 F .564 -.15(ve m)-.15 H
-.264(ay not).15 F .298(appear in an alias name.)108 321.6 R .298
+.264(ay not).15 F .298(appear in an alias name.)108 292.8 R .298
(The replacement te)5.298 F .298(xt may contain an)-.15 F 2.798(yv)-.15
G .298(alid shell input, including shell metachar)-3.048 F(-)-.2 E 2.626
-(acters. The)108 333.6 R .126(\214rst w)2.626 F .126
+(acters. The)108 304.8 R .126(\214rst w)2.626 F .126
(ord of the replacement te)-.1 F .125(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F
.125(ut a w)-.2 F .125(ord that is identical to an alias be-)-.1 F .666
-(ing e)108 345.6 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666
+(ing e)108 316.8 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666
(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .666(This means that one may alias)5.666
-F F2(ls)3.166 E F0(to)3.166 E F2 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F0 3.166(,f)C
-.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F2(bash)108 357.6 Q F0
+F F1(ls)3.166 E F0(to)3.166 E F1 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F0 3.166(,f)C
+.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F1(bash)108 328.8 Q F0
(does not try to recursi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly e).15 E
(xpand the replacement te)-.15 E(xt.)-.15 E .858
-(If the last character of the alias v)108 374.4 R .858(alue is a)-.25 F
-F1(blank)3.628 E F0 3.358(,t).67 G .858(hen the ne)-3.358 F .858
+(If the last character of the alias v)108 345.6 R .858(alue is a)-.25 F
+F2(blank)3.628 E F0 3.358(,t).67 G .858(hen the ne)-3.358 F .858
(xt command w)-.15 F .858(ord follo)-.1 F .858(wing the alias is also)
--.25 F(check)108 386.4 Q(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
-(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 403.2 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
-(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2
+-.25 F(check)108 357.6 Q(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
+(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 374.4 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
+(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .741
-(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 420 R .741
+(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 391.2 R .741
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E
-.742(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 432 Q F4
-(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .283(Aliases are not e)108
-448.8 R .283(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25
-G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F2(expand_aliases)2.782 E F0
-.282(shell option is set us-)2.782 F(ing)108 460.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
+.742(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 403.2 Q
+F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .283(Aliases are not e)108
+420 R .283(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F1(expand_aliases)2.782 E F0 .282
+(shell option is set us-)2.782 F(ing)108 432 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .435
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
-477.6 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
+448.8 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .67
-(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 489.6 R 3.17(eu)
+(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 460.8 R 3.17(eu)
-.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E
-1.058(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 501.6 R 1.059
+1.058(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 472.8 R 1.059
(Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.059(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F
-.075(when it is e)108 513.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuted. Therefore,).15
+.075(when it is e)108 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuted. Therefore,).15
F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\
-and does not)2.575 F(tak)108 525.6 Q 2.837(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.837 G
+and does not)2.575 F(tak)108 496.8 Q 2.837(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.837 G
.337(ect until the ne).25 F .337(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337
(The commands follo)5.337 F .338
(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .552(not af)108
-537.6 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This)
+508.8 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This)
-3.051 F(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e)
-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .551(are e)3.051 F(x-)
-.15 E .425(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\
-unction is e)108 549.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .426
+unction is e)108 520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .426
(cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .404(is itself a command.)
-108 561.6 R .403
+108 532.8 R .403
(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.404 F
-.25(va)-.2 G .403(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e)
-108 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es)
+108 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es)
-3.362 G .862(afe, al)-3.362 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .862
-(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F2
-(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 585.6 Q -.15
-(Fo)108 602.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F1
+(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 556.8 Q -.15
+(Fo)108 573.6 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3
-(FUNCTIONS)72 619.2 Q F0 3.468(As)108 631.2 S .968
+(FUNCTIONS)72 590.4 Q F0 3.468(As)108 602.4 S .968
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
-.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 643.2 R
+.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 614.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316
-(mands associated with that function name is e)108 655.2 R -.15(xe)-.15
+(mands associated with that function name is e)108 626.4 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315
(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035
-(shell; no ne)108 667.2 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
+(shell; no ne)108 638.4 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036
-F .64(function is e)108 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
+F .64(function is e)108 650.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
--.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 691.2
-R F2(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532
-(Special parameter)5.532 F F2(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F
-.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 703.2 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E
+-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 662.4
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+(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F
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(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108
-720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
+691.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F
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--.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F2(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E
-.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 108 R F1(declar)2.92
-E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)-.25 F
-F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
-(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 120 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2
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-(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321
-F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 132 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0
-(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 148.8 S .368
-(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local)
-2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3 10
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-(ily)108 160.8 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(bu)108 84 S
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+/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E
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+.071(trap is not inher)2.321 F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 96 Q F1
+(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)
+108 112.8 S .368(riables local to the function may be declared with the)
+1.11 F F1(local)2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3
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+E(ily)108 124.8 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38
(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.38(.I)
--.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F2(local)2.88 E
-F0(,)A(the v)108 172.8 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \
+-.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F1(local)2.88 E
+F0(,)A(the v)108 136.8 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \
restricted to that function and its children \(including the functions \
-it calls\).)-2.5 E .726(In the follo)108 189.6 R .726
+it calls\).)-2.5 E .726(In the follo)108 153.6 R .726
(wing description, the)-.25 F F3(curr)3.226 E .726(ent scope)-.37 F F0
.727(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .727(cuting function.).15
F(Pre)5.727 E .727(vious scopes consist)-.25 F 1.004(of that function')
-108 201.6 R 3.504(sc)-.55 G 1.004
+108 165.6 R 3.504(sc)-.55 G 1.004
(aller and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not e)
-3.504 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.003(cuting an).15 F 3.503(ys)-.15 G(hell)
--3.503 E 3.409(function. Consequently)108 213.6 R 3.409(,al)-.65 G .909
+-3.503 E 3.409(function. Consequently)108 177.6 R 3.409(,al)-.65 G .909
(ocal v)-3.409 F .909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .91
-(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F2(local)3.41 E F0(or)3.41 E F2(de-)
-3.41 E(clar)108 225.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F1(local)3.41 E F0(or)3.41 E F1(de-)
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(iltins in the function that is currently e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.)
-.15 E .636(Local v)108 242.4 R .636(ariables "shado)-.25 F .636(w" v)
+.15 E .636(Local v)108 206.4 R .636(ariables "shado)-.25 F .636(w" v)
-.25 F .635(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .635
(vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.635 G 3.135(ri).15 G .635
-(nstance, a local)-3.135 F -.25(va)108 254.4 S .58
+(nstance, a local)-3.135 F -.25(va)108 218.4 S .58
(riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .581
(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .183
-(to the local v)108 266.4 R .183(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183
+(to the local v)108 230.4 R .183(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183
(ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .182
(When the function returns, the global v)5.183 F(ariable)-.25 E
-(is once ag)108 278.4 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .726(The shell uses)108
-295.2 R F3 .726(dynamic scoping)3.226 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.226 F
+(is once ag)108 242.4 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .726(The shell uses)108
+259.2 R F3 .726(dynamic scoping)3.226 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.226 F
(ariable')-.25 E 3.227(sv)-.55 G .727(isibility within functions.)-3.227
-F -.4(Wi)5.727 G .727(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .008(visible v)108 307.2
+F -.4(Wi)5.727 G .727(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .008(visible v)108 271.2
R .008(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007
(alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .007(cution to reach).15 F .813(the current function.)
-108 319.2 R .813(The v)5.813 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813
+108 283.2 R .813(The v)5.813 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813
(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .814
-(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.314(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.314 E(an)108 331.2 Q
+(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.314(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.314 E(an)108 295.2 Q
2.117 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .817
(hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65
F .816(This is also the v)5.816 F .816(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va)
-108 343.2 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E
-(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 360
+108 307.2 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E
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S 2.723(re).15 G .223(xample, if a v)-2.873 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)
2.723 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.723 F F3(func1)2.723
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F3(func2)2.964 E F0 .464(will resolv)2.964 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.963(ot)
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-(y)-.15 E(global v)108 384 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A
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(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .483
-(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.983 E F0 .19
-(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 412.8 R .19
+(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F1(unset)2.983 E F0 .19
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(ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19
(alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f)
--5.19 E 3.324(av)108 424.8 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\
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-hat)-3.574 F 1.142(scope or until the function returns.)108 436.8 R
+hat)-3.574 F 1.142(scope or until the function returns.)108 400.8 R
1.141(Once the function returns, an)6.141 F 3.641(yi)-.15 G 1.141
(nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.141(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E
-.976(scope will become visible.)108 448.8 R .976
+.976(scope will become visible.)108 412.8 R .976
(If the unset acts on a v)5.976 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .977
(vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.477(yi)-.15 G .977(nstance of a v)-3.477 F
-(ariable)-.25 E .008(with that name that had been shado)108 460.8 R .007
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-E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 288 Q 1.849(The w)144 288 R 1.849
+(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 213.6 Q(wing order)-.25
+E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 230.4 Q 1.849(The w)144 230.4 R 1.849
(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848
(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F
-(name\) and redirections are sa)144 300 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G
-(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 316.8 Q .179(The w)144 316.8 R .179
+(name\) and redirections are sa)144 242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G
+(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 259.2 Q .179(The w)144 259.2 R .179
(ords that are not v)-.1 F .179
(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.68(xpanded. If)-.15
F(an)2.68 E 2.68(yw)-.15 G .18(ords remain af-)-2.78 F .347(ter e)144
-328.8 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347
+271.2 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347
(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .346
-(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 340.8 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 357.6 Q
-(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 357.6 Q .3 -.15(ve u)
--.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.)
-108 374.4 Q .716(The te)144 374.4 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217
-E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717
+(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 283.2 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 300 Q
+(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15
+H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.)108
+316.8 Q .716(The te)144 316.8 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0
+.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717
(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
-.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 386.4 R .339
+.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 328.8 R .339
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339
-(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 398.4 Q
-.586(If no command name results, the v)108 415.2 R .586
+(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 340.8 Q
+.586(If no command name results, the v)108 357.6 R .586
(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
3.087(vironment. In)-.4 F .587(the case of)3.087 F .371(such a command \
\(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\
-ssignment statements)108 427.2 R .835
-(are performed before redirections.)108 439.2 R .835(Otherwise, the v)
+ssignment statements)108 369.6 R .835
+(are performed before redirections.)108 381.6 R .835(Otherwise, the v)
5.835 F .835(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835
(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .839
-(command and do not af)108 451.2 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
+(command and do not af)108 393.6 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E 3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G
-.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 463.2 S
+.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 405.6 S
(lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e)
-.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149
-(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 480 R
+(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 422.4 R
.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65
-(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 492 Q
-(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
-(If there is a command name left after e)108 508.8 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
+(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 434.4
+Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
+(If there is a command name left after e)108 451.2 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F
4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108
-520.8 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069
+463.2 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069
(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069
-(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 532.8 R .466
+(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 475.2 R .466
(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466
-(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 544.8
-Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 561.6 Q F0
-.546(After a command has been split into w)108 573.6 R .547
+(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 487.2
+Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 504 Q F0
+.546(After a command has been split into w)108 516 R .547
(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1
-F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 585.6 Q
+F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 528 Q
(wing actions.)-.25 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the\
- shell attempts to locate it.)108 602.4 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379
+ shell attempts to locate it.)108 544.8 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379
(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in)
-108 614.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G
+108 556.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G
.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)
2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F
-(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 626.4 Q 2.5
+(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 568.8 Q 2.5
(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E
(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31
-(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 643.2 R .309
+(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 585.6 R .309
(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.809 E F0 .309
-(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 655.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.162 G
+(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 597.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.162 G
(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .663
(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915(the full pathnames of e)108
-667.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E
+609.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E
F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E 4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719
-(search of the directories in)108 679.2 R F3 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E
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F0 .72(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)
2.969 F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell search\
-es for a de\214ned shell function named)108 691.2 R F2(command_not_f)
-3.455 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 703.2 Q F0 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G
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+3.455 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 645.6 Q F0 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G
1.005(hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
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(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .256
-(and the original command')108 715.2 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G
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.256(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.755
(se)-.55 G .255(xit status becomes the e)-2.905 F .255(xit sta-)-.15 F
-1.168(tus of that subshell.)108 727.2 R 1.169(If that function is not d\
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+(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 681.6 Q 1.089(If the search is success\
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+(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198
+(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 722.4 Q
+(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15
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--.15 G .197(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198
-(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198
-(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 124.8 Q
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-(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.049(If this e)108 141.6 R
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--2.643 F 2.643(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108
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+.143(le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne)-2.643 F
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(This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)5.137 F .136
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(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see)
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(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0
(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be)
-108 206.4 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(h\
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+-2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 160.8 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\
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(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .206
(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .267
-(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 242.4 R
+(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 184.8 R
.268(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .268(wed by the com-)
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-(The shell has an)108 283.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E
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+(The shell has an)108 225.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E
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-E<83>108 300 Q 1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 300 R
--.2(vo)-.4 G 1.405
+E<83>108 242.4 Q 1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144
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(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F2(exec)
-3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)144 312 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 328.8 Q(the current w)144
-328.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(pushd)2.5
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-E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83>
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(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F2(set)2.756 E F0 .257
(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E
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-(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
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-(options enabled at in)144 424.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def)
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+(options enabled at in)144 367.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def)
.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F2(set)
-2.5 E F0<83>108 441.6 Q(options enabled by)144 441.6 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
-<83>108 458.4 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 458.4 Q F2(alias)2.5 E
-F0<83>108 475.2 Q -.25(va)144 475.2 S
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(rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E
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(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas)
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+-2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 446.4 S .133(cution en).15 F .133
(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F
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-(the shell.)108 516 Q<83>108 532.8 Q 1.056(the shell')144 532.8 R 3.556
-(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056
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(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-)
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-578.4 Q<83>108 595.2 Q .856(shell v)144 595.2 R .857
+-3.556 F(mand)144 487.2 Q<83>108 504 Q(the current w)144 504 Q
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(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857
(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857
-(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 607.2 Q(vironment)
--.4 E<83>108 624 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)144
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-(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 636 Q
-2.5(Ac)108 652.8 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G
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+-.4 E<83>108 566.4 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)
+144 566.4 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G
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+(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E
(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E
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+(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 612 Q F1(subshell)2.5 E F0(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5
(yo)-.1 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he shell process.)-2.5 E .577(Command substitut\
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-(as)108 698.4 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245
+n)108 628.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745
+(as)108 640.8 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245
(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244(vironment, e)
-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .358
-(reset to the v)108 710.4 R .358
+(reset to the v)108 652.8 R .358
(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4
G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo)
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(xe)-.15 G .165(cution at a later point.).15 F 2.665(Au)5.165 G .165
(ser typically emplo)-2.665 F .165(ys this f)-.1 F .164
(acility via an interacti)-.1 F .464 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E .164
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-(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .325(listed with the)108 511.2 R F3
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-F 1.538(tion of a)108 609.6 R F5(curr)4.038 E 1.538(ent terminal pr)-.37
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-(board-generated signals such as).15 F F1(SIG-)2.523 E(INT)108 633.6 Q
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+(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 237.6 R
(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for)
-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C
(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
-309.6 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473
+249.6 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473
(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F
-(equi)108 321.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1')
-.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 338.4
+(equi)108 261.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1')
+.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 278.4
R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F
(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13
(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157
-(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 350.4 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G
+(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 290.4 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G
.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158
(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F1<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158
-(option to)2.658 F(the)108 362.4 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148
+(option to)2.658 F(the)108 302.4 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148
(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.648 E F0 .148
(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.147(.A)-.65 G .447 -.15
(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0
.147(is e)2.397 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108
-374.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 391.2 R(xit)-.15 E F1
+314.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 331.2 R(xit)-.15 E F1
(bash)2.532 E F0 .032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533
(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033
-(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 1.003(using the)108 403.2 R F1
+(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 1.003(using the)108 343.2 R F1
(shopt)3.503 E F0 -.2(bu)3.503 G 1.003
(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 1.002
(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)3.502 E F0 1.002
(option is en-)3.502 F .955(abled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)
-108 415.2 R(The)5.955 E F1(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955
+108 355.2 R(The)5.955 E F1(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955
(command may then be used to inspect their status.)3.455 F .956(If a)
-5.956 F .604(second attempt to e)108 427.2 R .604
+5.956 F .604(second attempt to e)108 367.2 R .604
(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
-(and an)108 439.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E
-.644(When the shell is w)108 456 R .644
+(and an)108 379.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E
+.644(When the shell is w)108 396 R .644
(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0
-(will)3.145 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 468 R F1
+(will)3.145 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 408 R F1
<ad66>2.782 E F0 .282(option causes)2.782 F F1(wait)2.782 E F0 .282
(to w)2.782 F .282(ait until the job or process terminates be-)-.1 F
-(fore returning.)108 480 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 496.8 Q
-(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 508.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644
+(fore returning.)108 420 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 436.8 Q
+(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 448.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644
(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E
F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645
(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428
-(and the secondary prompt)108 520.8 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427
+(and the secondary prompt)108 460.8 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427
(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F1(Bash)5.427 E
F0(displays)2.927 E F3(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037
-(it reads a command b)108 532.8 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(it reads a command b)108 472.8 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.037(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.538 E
F0 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038
-(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108
544.8 R F1<ad78>
+(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108
484.8 R F1<ad78>
3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo)
3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a)
-.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \
-as follo)108 556.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 568.8 Q F0
-(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 568.8 Q F1(\\d)144 580.8 Q F0
-(the date in "W)180 580.8 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
-(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 592.8 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180
-604.8 Q F2(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F F2(strftime)
+as follo)108 496.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 508.8 Q F0
+(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 508.8 Q F1(\\d)144 520.8 Q F0
+(the date in "W)180 520.8 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
+(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 532.8 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180
+544.8 Q F2(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F F2(strftime)
3.926 E F0 1.427
(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
-616.8 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0
+556.8 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
-(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 628.8 Q F0
-(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 628.8 Q F1(\\h)144 640.8 Q F0
-(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 640.8 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 652.8
-Q F0(the hostname)180 652.8 Q F1(\\j)144 664.8 Q F0
-(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 664.8 Q F1(\\l)
-144 676.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 676.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
-(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 688.8 Q F0(ne)180 688.8 Q
-(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 700.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 700.8 Q F1(\\s)
-144 712.8 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 712.8 Q F1($0)
-2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E
-(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E(41)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 568.8 Q F0
+(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 568.8 Q F1(\\h)144 580.8 Q F0
+(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 580.8 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 592.8
+Q F0(the hostname)180 592.8 Q F1(\\j)144 604.8 Q F0
+(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 604.8 Q F1(\\l)
+144 616.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 616.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
+(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 628.8 Q F0(ne)180 628.8 Q
+(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 640.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 640.8 Q F1(\\s)
+144 652.8 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 652.8 Q F1($0)
+2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1
+(\\t)144 664.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180
+664.8 Q F1(\\T)144 676.8 Q F0
+(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 676.8 Q F1(\\@)144
+688.8 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 688.8 Q F1(\\A)
+144 700.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 700.8 Q F1
+(\\u)144 712.8 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 712.8 Q
+(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(41)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 42 42
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(\\t)144 84 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 84 Q
-F1(\\T)144 96 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 96 Q
-F1(\\@)144 108 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 108 Q
-F1(\\A)144 120 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 120 Q
-F1(\\u)144 132 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 132 Q F1(\\v)
-144 144 Q F0(the v)180 144 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
-(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 156 Q F0(the release of)180 156 Q F1
+SF(\\v)144 84 Q F0(the v)180 84 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 96 Q F0(the release of)180 96 Q F1
(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 168 Q F0 .12(the v)180 168 R
+(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 108 Q F0 .12(the v)180 108 R
.119(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)2.619 E F0 .119(shell v)2.619 F .119
(ariable \()-.25 F F1($PWD)A F0 .119(\), with)B/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
($HOME)2.619 E F0(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F
-(the v)180 180 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)
--.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 192 Q F0
-(the basename of)180 192 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2
-($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 204 Q
-F0(the history number of this command)180 204 Q F1(\\#)144 216 Q F0
-(the command number of this command)180 216 Q F1(\\$)144 228 Q F0
-(if the ef)180 228 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
-F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 240 Q/F3 10
+(the v)180 120 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)
+-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 132 Q F0
+(the basename of)180 132 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2
+($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 144 Q
+F0(the history number of this command)180 144 Q F1(\\#)144 156 Q F0
+(the command number of this command)180 156 Q F1(\\$)144 168 Q F0
+(if the ef)180 168 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
+F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 180 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0
-(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 240 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E
-F1(\\\\)144 252 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 252 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 264 Q
-F0(be)180 264 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \
+(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 180 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E
+F1(\\\\)144 192 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 192 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 204 Q
+F0(be)180 204 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \
could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
-(control sequence into the prompt)180 276 Q F1(\\])144 288 Q F0
-(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 288 Q .12
-(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 304.8 R
+(control sequence into the prompt)180 216 Q F1(\\])144 228 Q F0
+(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 228 Q .12
+(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 244.8 R
.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(positio\
n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\
-tory \214le \(see)108 316.8 R F2(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
-(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 328.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\
+tory \214le \(see)108 256.8 R F2(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
+(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 268.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\
osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .354
-(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 340.8 R .822
+(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 280.8 R .822
(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.822 F .822
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .823(xpansion, command substitution,)
--.15 F .683(arithmetic e)108 352.8 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15
+-.15 F .683(arithmetic e)108 292.8 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15
F -.25(va)-.15 G .683(l, subject to the v).25 F .682(alue of the)-.25 F
F1(pr)3.182 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .682(shell option \(see the de-)
-3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 364.8 R F1(shopt)3.697 E F0 1.197
+3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 304.8 R F1(shopt)3.697 E F0 1.197
(command under)3.697 F F2 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.448 E 3.698(w\). This)-.25 F 1.198
(can ha)3.698 F 1.498 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef)
-108 376.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \
+108 316.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \
command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108
-388.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
-72 405.6 Q F0 .15
+328.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
+72 345.6 Q F0 .15
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
-108 417.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1
-(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 429.6 R -.15
+108 357.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1
+(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 369.6 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.885(na).15 G 2.885(ts)-2.885 G .385(hell in)-2.885 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G 2.885(cation. Line).2 F .385
(editing is also used when using the)2.885 F F1<ad65>2.884 E F0 .384
(option to the)2.884 F F1 -.18(re)2.884 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.884 G
-2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 441.6 S 1.406
+2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 381.6 S 1.406
(ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F
3.907(Av)6.407 G 1.407(i-style line editing interf)-3.907 F 1.407
-(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 453.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
+(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 393.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
-(\(see)108 465.6 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS)
+(\(see)108 405.6 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E
-(emacs)108 477.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
-(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 494.4 Q
+(emacs)108 417.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
+(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 434.4 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
-108 506.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
+108 446.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A
-1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 518.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,)
+1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 458.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,)
-.65 E F3(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)
-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153
-(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 530.4 S .831
+(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 470.4 S .831
(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65
(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F3(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F3(x)3.331 E F0
3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83
(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83
-(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 542.4 R F3 .599(meta pr)3.099 F
+(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 482.4 R F3 .599(meta pr)3.099 F
(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F3
(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099
(rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6
-(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
+(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 494.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
-.65 E .596(Readline commands may be gi)108 571.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096
+.65 E .596(Readline commands may be gi)108 511.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096
(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F3(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G
.596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.595 E
-(ho)108 583.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti)
+(ho)108 523.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti)
.4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
-(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 595.2 R 1.018
+(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 535.2 R 1.018
(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018
-(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 607.2 Q
+(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 547.2 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
--.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 624 R F3
+-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 564 R F3
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812
(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F3
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-(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 278.4 Q(c)-.37 E
-F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 295.2 Q F2
-(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 307.2 Q F1(bind)2.5 E
+(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 218.4 Q(c)-.37 E
+F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 235.2 Q F2
+(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 247.2 Q F1(bind)2.5 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .79
-(Except where noted, readline v)108 324 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F
+(Except where noted, readline v)108 264 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F
3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1
(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).)
-.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)108 336 R .448
+.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)108 276 R .448
(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)
-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449
-(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468
+(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468
(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On)
2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25
F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467
(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108
-3
60 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 376.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
-(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.729(As)144 388.8 S .229(tring v)
+3
00 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 316.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
+(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.729(As)144 328.8 S .229(tring v)
-2.729 F .229(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229
(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .23
-(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 400.8 Q 1.527
+(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 340.8 Q 1.527
(gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F1(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve)
-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion)-.18 E F0(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F
1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.026(eu)-.1 G 4.026(pa)-4.026 G -.15
-(ny)-4.026 G(ph)144 412.8 Q .283
+(ny)-4.026 G(ph)144 352.8 Q .283
(ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.783(,s)-.65 G 2.784
(oi)-2.783 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .284
(hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45
-(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 424.8 R .45
+(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 364.8 R .45
(xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95
(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .378
-(the def)144 436.8 R .378(ault v)-.1 F .378(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)
+(the def)144 376.8 R .378(ault v)-.1 F .378(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.878(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.878 F .379
(The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .379
(alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .655
-(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 448.8 R
+(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 388.8 R
3.154(st)-.55 G .654(erminfo description.)-3.154 F 3.154(As)5.654 G .654
-(ample v)-3.154 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 460.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
-("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 4
72.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
-(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.908(As)144 484.8 S 1.408(tring v)
+(ample v)-3.154 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 400.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
+("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 4
12.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
+(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.908(As)144 424.8 S 1.408(tring v)
-3.908 F 1.408(ariable that "undoes" the ef)-.25 F 1.408(fects of)-.25 F
F1(acti)3.908 E -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0
1.409(and restores "normal")3.908 F .216
-(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 496.8 R .216
+(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 436.8 R .216
(xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716
(ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p)
--2.716 E(an)144 508.8 Q 3.737(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.737 G 1.237
+-2.716 E(an)144 448.8 Q 3.737(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.737 G 1.237
(sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737
(oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.238
(hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.928(quences. It)
-144 520.8 R .428(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.928
+144 460.8 R .428(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.928
F .427(xt in the acti)-.15 F .727 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.927
(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.927 G .427(riable is).25 F .518
-(reset to the def)144 532.8 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F
+(reset to the def)144 472.8 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.018(rt).15 G .518(he terminal type changes.)-3.018 F
.518(The def)5.518 F .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue is the string that)-.25
F .252(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\
-erminal')144 544.8 R 2.751(st)-.55 G .251(erminfo description.)-2.751 F
-(A)5.251 E(sample v)144 556.8 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 568.8 Q F0 .01
-(Controls what happens when readline w)144 580.8 R .011
+erminal')144 484.8 R 2.751(st)-.55 G .251(erminfo description.)-2.751 F
+(A)5.251 E(sample v)144 496.8 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 508.8 Q F0 .01
+(Controls what happens when readline w)144 520.8 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none)
2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E
-.94(rings the bell.)144 592.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E
+.94(rings the bell.)144 532.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E
F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25
(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0
-(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 604.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
-(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 616.8 Q F0
-.055(If set to)144 628.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
+(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 544.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
+(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 556.8 Q F0
+.055(If set to)144 568.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F
-(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 640.8 Q -.15
+(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 580.8 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)
--.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 652.8 Q(en \(Off\))
--.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 664.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21
+-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 592.8 Q(en \(Off\))
+-.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 604.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21
(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21
(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F
-(parenthesis is inserted.)144 676.8 Q F1(color)108 688.8 Q
+(parenthesis is inserted.)144 616.8 Q F1(color)108 628.8 Q
(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to)
-144 700.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\
+144 640.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\
eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F
-2.936(completions using a dif)144 712.8 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F
+2.936(completions using a dif)144 652.8 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F
7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935
-(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 724.8 Q
-F0(en)4.721 E 2.221(vironment v)-.4 F 4.721(ariable. If)-.25 F 2.222
-(there is a color de\214nition in)4.721 F F1($LS_COLORS)4.722 E F0 2.222
-(for the)4.722 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E(44)197.335
-E 0 Cg EP
+(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 664.8 Q
+F0(en)3.076 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577
+(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F1($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F0 .577
+(for the cus-)3.077 F .135(tom suf)144 676.8 R .135(\214x "readline-col\
+ored-completion-pre\214x", readline uses this color for the common pre\
+\214x in-)-.25 F(stead of its def)144 688.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(color)108
+700.8 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 712.8 R F1(On)
+4.079 E F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579
+(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.079 F 1.58
+(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 724.8 R
+(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25
+E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E
+(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(44)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 45 45
%%BeginPageSetup
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .176(custom suf)
-144 84 R .176(\214x "readline-colored-completion-pre\214x", readline us\
-es this color for the common pre\214x)-.25 F(instead of its def)144 96 Q
-(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(color)108 108 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))
--.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)4.079 E F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579
-(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.079 F 1.58
-(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 132 R
-(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25
-E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(comment\255begin \(`)108 144 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .885
-(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 156 R F1
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(comment\255begin \(`)108 84 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .885
+(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 96 R F1
(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 168 Q F1
+3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 108 Q F1
(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\))
-108 180 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\
-e matches when performing completion.)144 192 R .194(The v)144 204 R
+108 120 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\
+e matches when performing completion.)144 132 R .194(The v)144 144 R
.193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \
screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F
-(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 216 Q(The def)5 E
-(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 228 Q
-(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 240 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C
+(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 156 Q(The def)5 E
+(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 168 Q
+(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 180 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C
(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\
siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1
-(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 252 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 264 R
+(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 192 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 204 R
F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E
(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093
(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF<ad>A F0 2.593(\)a)C .094
-(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 276 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
+(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 216 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E
.3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1
-(completion\255pr)108 288 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0
+(completion\255pr)108 228 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0
.829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\
-ble completions that is displayed)144 300 R 1.274
-(without modi\214cation.)144 312 R 1.274(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274
+ble completions that is displayed)144 240 R 1.274
+(without modi\214cation.)144 252 R 1.274(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274
(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.275
-(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 324 S(lue are replaced with an \
+(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 264 S(lue are replaced with an \
ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1
-(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 336 Q F0 .53
-(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 348 R .529
+(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 276 Q F0 .53
+(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 288 R .529
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the)
-144 360 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F
+144 300 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F
.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v)
--.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 372 R
+-.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 312 R
.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
-the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 384 S .367
+the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 324 S .367
(riable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to vie).25 F
2.868(wt)-.25 G .368(hem; otherwise the)-2.868 F 2.868(ya)-.15 G .368
-(re simply)-2.868 F .673(listed on the terminal.)144 396 R 3.173(Az)
+(re simply)-2.868 F .673(listed on the terminal.)144 336 R 3.173(Az)
5.673 G .673(ero v)-3.173 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.172(ra).15 G .672(sk; ne)-3.172 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05
-E .972 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .672(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 408 Q
-F1(con)108 420 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)
-144 432 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F
+E .972 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .672(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 348 Q
+F1(con)108 360 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)
+144 372 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k)
.15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
-144 444 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F
-(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 456 Q F0 3.75(\). The)B(def)3.75 E 1.25(ault is)-.1
+144 384 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F
+(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 396 Q F0 3.75(\). The)B(def)3.75 E 1.25(ault is)-.1
F F2(On)3.75 E F0 3.75(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to)-3.95 F F2
(Of)3.751 E(f)-.18 E F0 1.251
(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.751 F 1.142(This v)144
-468 R 1.142(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0
+408 R 1.142(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0
1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.141
-(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 480 Q F1
-(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 492 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 504 R F1
+(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 420 Q F1
+(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 432 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 444 R F1
(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
-144 516 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
-(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 528 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211
-(When set to)144 540 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G
+144 456 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
+(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 468 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211
+(When set to)144 480 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G
1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21
(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
-(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 552 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 564 Q F0 .141
-(Controls whether readline be)144 576 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
+(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 492 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 504 Q F0 .141
+(Controls whether readline be)144 516 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0
(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0
-(can be set to either)144 588 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 600 Q F0 .518(If the)144 612
+(can be set to either)144 528 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 540 Q F0 .518(If the)144 552
R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G
.517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the)
.25 F .622
-(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 624
+(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 564
R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622(alue is e)-.25 F
-.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 636 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G
+.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 576 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G
.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F
-.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 648 S 2.798
+.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 588 S 2.798
(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298
(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F
(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)
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60 Q F1(enable\255acti)108 672 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
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00 Q F1(enable\255acti)108 612 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
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-(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 228 Q
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-(characters it reads\), re)144 444 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335
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(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)
-108 540 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 552
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R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021
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+(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 108 R .456
(If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.)
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--4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 216 Q
-(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 228 Q F0
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-ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 252 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884
+ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 192 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884
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(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C .884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On)
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-(eight-bit characters.)144 264 R 1.867(This v)6.867 F 1.867
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(locale cate)4.366 F(gory)-.15 E 4.366(,a)-.65 G 1.866(nd may)-4.366 F
-(change if the locale is changed.)144 276 Q F1
-(page\255completions \(On\))108 288 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 300 R F1(On)
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3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor)
3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808
(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F
-(tions at a time.)144 312 Q F1
-(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 324 Q F0 .228
-(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\
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+(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 264 Q F0 .228
+(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\
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--2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 348 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E
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F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699
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2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186
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-(This alters the def)144 456 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304
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-(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 355.2 R
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(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
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79.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
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(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
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2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
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-108 295.2 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\
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-(search backw)108 307.2 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675
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(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674
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H .174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E
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+.541(instance, a)108 249.6 R F3(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
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-(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 343.2
-Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 360 R
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-(The follo)108 429.6 R 1.391
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(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
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-(history\255substring\255sear)108 168 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0
-.249(Search forw)144 180 R .249(ard through the history for the string \
-of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318
-(and the point.)144 192 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F
+SF(history\255substring\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0
+.249(Search forw)144 96 R .249(ard through the history for the string o\
+f characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318
+(and the point.)144 108 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F
.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .319(This is a non-incremental)
-5.319 F(search.)144 204 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 216 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G
-<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 228 R .622
+5.319 F(search.)144 120 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 132 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G
+<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 144 R .622
(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25
F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .772(at point.)144
-240 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)3.633 E F0
-3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F F2(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773
-(ord from the pre)-.1 F .773(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773
-(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 252 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292
-(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)
--2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291
-(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291
-(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 264 R .281(vious command.)
--.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281
-(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282
-(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 276 Q
-(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 288 Q
+156 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.633 E F0 3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F
+F2(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773(ord from the pre)-.1 F .773
+(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 168 Q .292
+(vious command be)-.25 F .292(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F
+2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
+-.18(rg).15 G .291(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B
+.291(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 180 R .281
+(vious command.)-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781
+E F0 .281(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282
+(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 192 Q
+(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 204 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308
-(Insert the last ar)144 300 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307
+(Insert the last ar)144 216 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307
(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307
-(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 312 S .203(th a numeric ar).4
+(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 228 S .203(th a numeric ar).4
F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e)
-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204
E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E
-(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 324 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507
+(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 240 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507
(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507
(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E
-.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 336 R(An)5.416 E
+.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 252 R(An)5.416 E
2.916(yn)-.15 G .416(umeric ar)-2.916 F .416
(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .716 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .416
-(alls de-).15 F 1.218(termines the direction to mo)144 348 R 1.518 -.15
+(alls de-).15 F 1.218(termines the direction to mo)144 264 R 1.518 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 1.218(hrough the history).15 F 6.218(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.517 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.217
(ument switches the direction).18 F .494
-(through the history \(back or forw)144 360 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
+(through the history \(back or forw)144 276 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494
(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144
-372 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)
--.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 384 Q F0 .368
-(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 396 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868
+288 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)
+-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 300 Q F0 .368
+(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 312 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868
(xpansions. This)-.15 F .367(performs alias and history e)2.868 F
-(xpansion,)-.15 E F1($)144 408 Q F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 3.357<0861>C(nd)
+(xpansion,)-.15 E F1($)144 324 Q F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 3.357<0861>C(nd)
-3.357 E F1($)3.357 E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 3.357("q)C .857
(uoting, tilde e)-3.357 F .857(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .858
(ariable e)-.25 F .858(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .882
-(pansion, w)144 420 R .882(ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va)
+(pansion, w)144 336 R .882(ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va)
-.15 G 3.382(l. See).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.382 E(OR)-.162 E
3.132(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.132 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.132 E 3.382(wf)
--.25 G .882(or a description)-3.382 F(of history e)144 432 Q(xpansion.)
--.15 E F1(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 444 Q F0 .938
-(Perform history e)144 456 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
+-.25 G .882(or a description)-3.382 F(of history e)144 348 Q(xpansion.)
+-.15 E F1(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 360 Q F0 .938
+(Perform history e)144 372 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-)
--3.439 F(tion of history e)144 468 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
-108 480 Q F0 .438(Perform history e)144 492 R .438
+-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 384 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
+108 396 Q F0 .438(Perform history e)144 408 R .438
(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.437 E F3
(HIST)2.937 E(OR)-.162 E 2.687(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.687 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
-(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 504 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)
--2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 516 Q F0 .394
-(Perform alias e)144 528 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
+(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 420 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)
+-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 432 Q F0 .394
+(Perform alias e)144 444 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
-.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 540 Q F1
-(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 552 Q F0
-(Perform history and alias e)144 564 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 576 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
-.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 588 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
+.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 456 Q F1
+(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 468 Q F0
+(Perform history and alias e)144 480 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 492 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
+.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 504 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
-(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 600 Q F0(In)144
-612 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146
+(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 516 Q F0(In)144
+528 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146
(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146
(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.146 E F0(at-)2.646 E
-(tempts to in)144 624 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54
+(tempts to in)144 540 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54
E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and)
2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G
-(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 640.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E
-(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 652.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5
-E F0 .798(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 664.8
+(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 556.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E
+(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 568.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5
+E F0 .798(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 580.8
R .799(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C
3.299(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .167
-(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 676.8 R
+(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 592.8 R
.167(ginning of the line, readline interprets it as)-.15 F
-(the end of input and returns)144 688.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1
-(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 700.8 Q F0 .441
-(Delete the character at point.)144 712.8 R .442
+(the end of input and returns)144 604.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1
+(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 616.8 Q F0 .441
+(Delete the character at point.)144 628.8 R .442
(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1
-(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 724.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
+(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 640.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
-(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175
-E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))
+108 652.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 664.8 R
+5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
+(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552
+(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 676.8 Q F1
+-.25(fo)108 688.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
+(Delete the character under the cursor)144 700.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
+(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
+(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768
+Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 84 Q F0 .553
-(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 96 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553
-(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F
-.552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552(he deleted te).15 F
-.552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 108 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 120 S
-(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
-(Delete the character under the cursor)144 132 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
-(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
-(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 144 Q F1
-(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 156 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
-168 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This)
+SF(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 84 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
+96 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This)
-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779
(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278(,f)C
-(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 180 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)
-108 192 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 204 Q(.)-.55 E F1
-(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 216 Q F0
-(Insert the character typed.)144 228 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))
-108 240 Q F0 .321(Drag the character before point forw)144 252 R .321
+(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 108 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)
+108 120 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 132 Q(.)-.55 E F1
+(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 144 Q F0
+(Insert the character typed.)144 156 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))
+108 168 Q F0 .321(Drag the character before point forw)144 180 R .321
(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321
(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322(ving point forw)-.15 F .322
(ard as well.)-.1 F .372
-(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 264
+(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 192
R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .372(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.372 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .672 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144
-276 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
-(transpose\255w)108 288 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
-300 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
+204 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
+(transpose\255w)108 216 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
+228 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)
-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F
-(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 312 Q 2.5
-(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 324 Q
-(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 336
+(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 240 Q 2.5
+(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 252 Q
+(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 264
R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698
-(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1 E
-(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 360 Q
-(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 372 Q 1.647
+(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 276 S(rd, b).1 E
+(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 288 Q
+(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 300 Q 1.647
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
--.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
--.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 396 Q
-(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 408
+-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 312 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
+-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 324 Q
+(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 336
R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
-(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1
-E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 432
-S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 444 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
+(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1
+E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 360
+S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 372 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)144 456 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
+(Wi)144 384 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
-(fects)-.25 E(only)144 468 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
+(fects)-.25 E(only)144 396 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895
-(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 480 R -.15(ove)3.969 G
+(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 408 R -.15(ove)3.969 G
1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E
F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F
-.957(pushing the te)144 492 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
+.957(pushing the te)144 420 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0
-.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 504 Q
+.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 432 Q
(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
-520.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F0
-(Kill the te)144 544.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 556.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
-144 568.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 580.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 592.8
+448.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 460.8 Q F0
+(Kill the te)144 472.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 484.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
+144 496.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 508.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 520.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
--2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 604.8 Q F0
+-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 532.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
-616.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
-(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 640.8 R .728
+544.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 556.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
+(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 568.8 R .728
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
-(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 652.8 S
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 580.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
-(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 664.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 676.8 Q(ord behind point.)
+(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 592.8 Q
+(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 604.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
-(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 688.8 Q
-(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 700.8
+(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 616.8 Q
+(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 628.8
R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F
-.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 712.8 S
+.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 640.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
-(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)
-148.175 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
+108 652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 664.8 R 3.025
+(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
+5.525 E(ward\255w)144 676.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 688.8 Q
+(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 700.8 R .364
+(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
+F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
+(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
+712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025
-(Kill the w)144 96 R 3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
-(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
-5.525 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 120 Q
-(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 132 R .364
-(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
-F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
-(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
-144 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 156 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)144
-168 R .166
+SF(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 84 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)144 96 R
+.166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 180 Q
+-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 108 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
--2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 192 Q F0
-(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 204 Q F1(kill\255r)108 216
-Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 228 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
-(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 240 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
-144 252 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
+-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 120 Q F0
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 132 Q F1(kill\255r)108 144
+Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 156 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
+(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 168 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
+144 180 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(copy\255backward\255w)108 264 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 276 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G
+(copy\255backward\255w)108 192 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 204 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G
2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)
-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
-(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 288
-Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 300 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
-F0(Cop)144 312 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 216
+Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 228 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
+F0(Cop)144 240 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1
F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)
-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1
--.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
-(yank \(C\255y\))108 336 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 348 S
+-.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 252 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
+(yank \(C\255y\))108 264 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 276 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
-E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 360 Q F0
-(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 372 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 288 Q F0
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 300 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
-F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 388.8 Q
-(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 400.8 Q
+F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 316.8 Q
+(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 328.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 412.8 R .367
+(Add this digit to the ar)144 340.8 R .367
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
-(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
-(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 436.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
-E F0 .779(This is another w)144 448.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
+(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 352.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
+(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 364.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
+E F0 .779(This is another w)144 376.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
-460.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
-472.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
+388.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+400.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 484.8 R .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 412.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
-(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 496.8 R 1.23
+(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 424.8 R 1.23
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 508.8 R .822
+-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 436.8 R .822
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F
-(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 520.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
+(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 448.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
-87 537.6 Q(complete \(T)108 549.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
-(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 561.6 R 1.137
+87 465.6 Q(complete \(T)108 477.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 489.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
-(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 573.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 501.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
-144 585.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
+144 513.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
-(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 597.6 Q F1
-(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 609.6 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 621.6 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 633.6 Q F0 .783
-(Insert all completions of the te)144 645.6 R .783
+(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 525.6 Q F1
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 537.6 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 549.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 561.6 Q F0 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 573.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
-657.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 669.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
-681.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
+585.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 597.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
+609.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
-1.193(possible completions.)144 693.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
+1.193(possible completions.)144 621.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829
-(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 705.6 R .828
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 633.6 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
-(\(subject to the setting of)144 717.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
+(\(subject to the setting of)144 645.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73
-(positions forw)144 729.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
+(positions forw)144 657.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
-E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E(53)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+E(through the list.)144 669.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
+5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
+(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 681.6 Q F0 .82
+(Identical to)144 693.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
+(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
+(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
+(menu\255complete)144 705.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
+.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
+(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(53)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(through the list.)
-144 84 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1
-E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 96 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 108 R
-F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
-(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
-(menu\255complete)144 120 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan)
-.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
-2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
-(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 132 Q F0 .234
-(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 144 R .234
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 84 Q F0 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 96 R .234
(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.734
-E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 156 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
+E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 108 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions)
2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144
-168 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 180 Q F0
-(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 192 Q(xt before point.)-.15
-E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 204 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q
+120 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 132 Q F0
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 144 Q(xt before point.)-.15
+E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 156 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255user)108 228 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q
+(complete\255user)108 180 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
-108 252 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q
+108 204 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
-276 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 Q
+228 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(possible\255v)108 300 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 312 Q
+(possible\255v)108 252 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 324 Q F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 336 Q
+(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 276 Q F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 348 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 360 Q
+(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 300 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 312 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 372 Q F0 .581
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 384 R .581
+(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 324 Q F0 .581
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 336 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
-(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 396 R
+(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 348 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
-(\214nally e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(\214nally e)144 360 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 420 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q
+(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 372 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 384 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
-(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 444 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 456 R .425
+(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 396 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 408 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
-(for possible completion matches.)144 468 Q F1(dab)108 480 Q(br)-.1 E
+(for possible completion matches.)144 420 Q F1(dab)108 432 Q(br)-.1 E
-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61
-(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 492 R .611
+(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 444 R .611
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
-(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1
-(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 516 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
+(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 456 Q F1
+(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 468 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
-in braces so)144 528 R(the list is a)144 540 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+in braces so)144 480 R(the list is a)144 492 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 556.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
-E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
-.833 E F0(Be)144 580.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 508.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
+E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 520.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
+.833 E F0(Be)144 532.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 592.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
-(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 604.8 Q
+(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 544.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
+(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 556.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
-(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 616.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
-E F0(Re-e)144 628.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
+(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
+E F0(Re-e)144 580.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
- appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 640.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
-E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 652.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E
-F0(Print the last k)144 664.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
+ appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 592.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
+E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 604.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E
+F0(Print the last k)144 616.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1
-(Miscellaneous)87 6
81.6 Q -.18(re)108 693.6 S<ad72>.18 E
+(Miscellaneous)87 6
33.6 Q -.18(re)108 645.6 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777
-(Read in the contents of the)144 705.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0
+(Read in the contents of the)144 657.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0
1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776
(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
-717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E(54)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+669.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 681.6 Q F0 3.248
+(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 693.6 R
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(abort \(C\255g\))108 84 Q F0 3.248
-(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 96 R 5.749
-(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1
-(bell\255style)144 108 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 120 Q(wer)-.1 E
-(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739
-(If the meta\214ed character)144 132 R F2(x)4.239 E F0 1.739
+SF(do\255lo)108 84 Q(wer)-.1 E(case\255v)-.18 E
+(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5
+(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 96 R F2(x)
+4.239 E F0 1.739
(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239
-F(meta\214ed lo)144 144 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha)
+F(meta\214ed lo)144 108 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha)
-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)2.5 E
-(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 156 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0
-(Metafy the ne)144 168 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 120 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0
+(Metafy the ne)144 132 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
-(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 180 Q F0
-(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 192 Q F1
--2.29 -.18(re v)108 204 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .23
-(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 216 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F
+(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 144 Q F0
+(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 156 Q F1
+-2.29 -.18(re v)108 168 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .23
+(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 180 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F
2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.731 E F0
.231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F
-(turn the line to its initial state.)144 228 Q F1
-(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 240 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 252 Q
+(turn the line to its initial state.)144 192 Q F1
+(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 204 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 216 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
-(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 264 Q F0
-(Set the mark to the point.)144 276 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
+(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 228 Q F0
+(Set the mark to the point.)144 240 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
-(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 288 Q F0(Sw)144
-300 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
+(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 252 Q F0(Sw)144
+264 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
-144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
-(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.111(Ac)144 336 S
+144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
+(character\255sear)108 288 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.111(Ac)144 300 S
.611(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.111 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.112(dt)
.15 G 3.112(ot)-3.112 G .612(he ne)-3.112 F .612
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.612(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .912 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E
-(ment searches for pre)144 348 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1
-(character\255sear)108 360 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0
-2.695(Ac)144 372 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.695 F -.15
+(ment searches for pre)144 312 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1
+(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0
+2.695(Ac)144 336 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.695 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.694(dt).15 G 2.694(ot)-2.694 G .194(he pre)-2.694 F .194
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .494 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G
-(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 384 Q F1
-(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 396 Q F0 1.826
-(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 408 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
+(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 348 Q F1
+(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 360 Q F0 1.826
+(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 372 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
-4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 420 R .791
+4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 384 R .791
(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791
(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
-.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 432 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
+.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 396 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n)
-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)
-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\
-y characters into the editing b)144 444 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)
--.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 456 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
+y characters into the editing b)144 408 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)
+-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 420 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108
-468 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 480 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)
+432 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 444 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)
-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0
--.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 492 Q .245
+-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 456 Q .245
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321
-(the characters at the be)144 504 R .321
+(the characters at the be)144 468 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is)
--.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 516 R F1
+-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 480 R F1
(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468
-(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 528 R 1.468
+(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 492 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F
-1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 540 Q F0 .84
+1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 504 Q F0 .84
(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F
-(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 552 Q -.15
+(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 516 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 564 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E
+(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 528 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E
(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .42
-(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 576 R .421
+(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 540 R .421
(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1
-(wa)144 588 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F1(cdspell)
+(wa)144 552 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F1(cdspell)
4.718 E F0 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.717 E
-(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 600 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
-(glob\255complete\255w)108 612 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144
-624 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F
+(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 564 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
+(glob\255complete\255w)108 576 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144
+588 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F
.792(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144
-636 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\
-ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 648 Q
-(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 660 R .176
+600 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\
+ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 612 Q
+(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 624 R .176
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
-(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 672 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
+(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 636 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
-144 684 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
-108 696 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 708 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
+144 648 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
+108 660 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 672 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
-.872(the line is redra)144 720 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
+.872(the line is redra)144 684 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
-(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F
-(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E(55)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
+(ex)144 696 S(pansion.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E
+(55)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S
-(pansion.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dump\255functions)108 96 Q F0 .627
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 108 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(dump\255functions)108 84 Q F0 .627
+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 96 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 120 Q
+(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 108 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
-2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 132 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
-.762(Print all of the settable readline v)144 144 R .762
+2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 120 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
+.762(Print all of the settable readline v)144 132 R .762
(ariables and their v)-.25 F .763(alues to the readline output stream.)
--.25 F .763(If a nu-)5.763 F .109(meric ar)144 156 R .109
+-.25 F .763(If a nu-)5.763 F .109(meric ar)144 144 R .109
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .108
-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.608 E(putr)144 168 Q
-(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 180 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
-(Print all of the readline k)144 192 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
+(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.608 E(putr)144 156 Q
+(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 168 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
+(Print all of the readline k)144 180 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G
-3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 204 Q
+3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 192 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0
-(\214le.)144 216 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 228 Q
-(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 240 Q
+(\214le.)144 204 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 216 Q
+(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 228 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 256.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
-268.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
+F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 244.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
+256.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
-F2(compspec)108 280.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
+F2(compspec)108 268.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the)
--.25 F(programmable completion f)108 292.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
+-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 280.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497
-(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 309.6 R .497
+(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 297.6 R .497
(If the command w)5.497 F .498
(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108
-321.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
+309.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to)
2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-)
5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \
-used to generate the list of possible completions)108 333.6 R .823
-(for the w)108 345.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F
+used to generate the list of possible completions)108 321.6 R .823
+(for the w)108 333.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F
.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\
-ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 357.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\
+ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 345.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\
r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\
-rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 369.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
+rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 357.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15
G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0 .056
-(option to)108 381.6 R F1(complete)2.556 E F0 .056(is used as the def)
+(option to)108 369.6 R F1(complete)2.556 E F0 .056(is used as the def)
2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056
(ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F
-.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 393.6 R .332(ord as a \
+.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 381.6 R .332(ord as a \
\214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1
F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.832(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.832 E(cessful e)108
-405.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\
-d to generate the list of matching w)108 422.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F
-3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 434.4 Q
+393.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\
+d to generate the list of matching w)108 410.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F
+3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 422.4 Q
(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
-(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 451.2 R
+(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 439.2 R
.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F
-.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 463.2 R .595
+.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 451.2 R .595
(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
-(shell v)108 475.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
-(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 492 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G
+(shell v)108 463.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
+(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 480 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G
1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
-(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 504 S
+(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 492 S
.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555
(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555
(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E
-(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 516 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
-(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 532.8 Q
+(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 504 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
+(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 520.8 Q
.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18
F F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
-544.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
+532.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092
-(using brace e)108 556.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
+(using brace e)108 544.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091
(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108
-568.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
+556.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
-580.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21
+568.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21
(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209
-(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 592.8 Q
+(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 580.8 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .233
-(After these matches ha)108 609.6 R .533 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .233
+(After these matches ha)108 597.6 R .533 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .233
(een generated, an).15 F 2.733(ys)-.15 G .234
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.733 F F1<ad46>2.734 E
F0(and)2.734 E F1<ad43>2.734 E F0(op-)2.734 E 4.209(tions is in)108
-621.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.709(d. When).1 F 4.208
+609.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.709(d. When).1 F 4.208
(the command or function is in)6.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.208
(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.708 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.458 E F4(,)A F3
-(COMP_KEY)108 633.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
+(COMP_KEY)108 621.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158
(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108
-645.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+633.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346
-(the function or command is in)108 657.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346
+(the function or command is in)108 645.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C
2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments)
--.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 669.6 R .264
+-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 657.6 R .264
(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w)
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-(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 681.6
+(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 669.6
R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629
-(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 693.6 R
+(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 681.6 R
.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\
tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.)
-108 705.6 Q(An)108 722.4 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437
+108 693.6 Q(An)108 710.4 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437
(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F
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+(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 722.4 Q F1
+(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756
+-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
+(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768
+Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(56)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the)108 84 Q/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457
-(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456
-(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
-(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(COMPREPL)108 96 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E
-(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 112.8 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F
-2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1<ad43>2.58 E F0
-.081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581
-(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F
--.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108
-124.8 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the s\
-tandard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F
-(to escape a ne)108 136.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376
-(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 153.6 R
-2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.877
-E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 165.6 R
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF(COMPREPL)108 84 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E
+(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 100.8 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F
+2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F/F2 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
+-.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)
+-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .081
+(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 112.8 R .359(should\
+ print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard output.)
+2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 124.8 Q
+(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376
+(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 141.6 R
+2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F2<ad58>2.877
+E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 153.6 R
.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681
-(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681
+(xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)3.181 E F0 .681
(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522
-(the w)108 177.6 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
-(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523
+(the w)108 165.6 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
+(iteral)-3.022 E F2(&)3.022 E F0 .523
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 189.6 R
+-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 177.6 R
(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading)
--3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 201.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764
+-3.349 E F2(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 189.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 213.6 Q F0
+3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F2(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 201.6 Q F0
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108
-230.4 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15
-F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F
1<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E
-F
1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)
+218.4 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15
+F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F
2<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E
+F
2<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)
3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\
-tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 242.4 Q .246
-(If the pre)108 259.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)
--.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)
+tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 230.4 Q .246
+(If the pre)108 247.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)
+-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir)
2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F
-F1(complete)108 271.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E
+F2(complete)108 259.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462
-(If the)108 288 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)2.962
-F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
+(If the)108 276 R F2 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)2.962
+F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
-F(pletion is attempted and an)108 300 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
+F(pletion is attempted and an)108 288 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559
-(By def)108 316.8 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
+(By def)108 304.8 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
-.632(of possible completions.)108 328.8 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
-E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
+.632(of possible completions.)108 316.8 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
+E F2(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631
-(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 340.8 R
-.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
-3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
-(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 352.8 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
-(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
+(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 328.8 R
+.558(If the)5.558 F F2 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
+3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
+(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 340.8 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
+(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F2(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
--.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 364.8 Q F0 1.207
-(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
+-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F2<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 352.8 Q F0 1.207
+(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F
(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
-376.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
+364.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
-desired, the programmable completion func-)108 393.6 R .632(tions force\
+desired, the programmable completion func-)108 381.6 R .632(tions force\
readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\
- to directories, subject)108 405.6 R 2.762(to the v)108 417.6 R 2.762
-(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
+ to directories, subject)108 393.6 R 2.762(to the v)108 405.6 R 2.762
+(alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761
-(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 429.6
+(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F2(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 417.6
Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E
.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108
-446.4 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172
-(tion with a def)108 458.4 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1
-F F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)
+434.4 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172
+(tion with a def)108 446.4 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1
+F F2 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)
-.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172
(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\
-uld be retried by returning an e)108 470.4 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15
+uld be retried by returning an e)108 458.4 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15
F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compsp\
-ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 482.4 R .665
-(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 494.4 R .666
+ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 470.4 R .665
+(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 482.4 R .666
(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666
(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108
-506.4 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)
+494.4 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)
-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F
-.083(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 518.4 Q(uilt dynamicall\
+.083(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 506.4 Q(uilt dynamicall\
y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2
-E -.15(Fo)108 535.2 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137
+E -.15(Fo)108 523.2 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137
(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F
.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F
-(the command, the follo)108 547.2 Q(wing def)-.25 E
+(the command, the follo)108 535.2 Q(wing def)-.25 E
(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1
-E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 564 Q({)108 576 Q 6(.")
-144 588 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6
-E(})108 600 Q
-(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 612 Q
-/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 640.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .372
-(When the)108 652.8 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372
-(option to the)2.872 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
+E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 552 Q({)108 564 Q 6(.")
+144 576 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6
+E(})108 588 Q
+(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 600 Q
+/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 628.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .372
+(When the)108 640.8 R F2 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372
+(option to the)2.872 F F2(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F5
10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304
-(the list of commands pre)108 664.8 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304
-(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va)
+(the list of commands pre)108 652.8 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304
+(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va)
2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .43(mands to sa)
-108 676.8 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F
-.43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429
+108 664.8 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F
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(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929
(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287
(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
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-ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 266.4 R
-F2(string)144.34 278.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 290.4 Q F2(string)A F1
+108 254.4 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\
+ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 254.4 R
+F2(string)144.34 266.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 278.4 Q F2(string)A F1
([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current \
-position in the history list containing)144 302.4 R F2(string)144.34
-314.4 Q F0 5.497(.T).22 G .497(he trailing)-5.497 F F1(?)2.997 E F0 .497
+position in the history list containing)144 290.4 R F2(string)144.34
+302.4 Q F0 5.497(.T).22 G .497(he trailing)-5.497 F F1(?)2.997 E F0 .497
(may be omitted if)2.997 F F2(string)3.337 E F0 .496(is follo)3.216 F
.496(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.996(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string)
2.996 E F0(is)2.996 E .39(missing, the string from the most recent sear\
-ch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 326.4 R .391
-(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 338.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108
-355.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .753
-(Quick substitution.)144 362.4 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753
+ch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 314.4 R .391
+(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 326.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108
+343.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .753
+(Quick substitution.)144 350.4 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753
(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.593 E F0(with)3.253 E F2
(string2)3.592 E F0 5.752(.E).02 G(qui)-5.752 E -.25(va)-.25 G .752
-(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 374.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5
+(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 362.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5
I F2(string1)-5 I F4(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F4(^)5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \()
-5 L(see).74 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108
-386.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 386.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)
--.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 403.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 415.2 S
+374.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 374.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)
+-.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 391.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 403.2 S
1.313(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314
(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0
1.314(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation)
-.15 F .53(from the w)108 427.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55
+.15 F .53(from the w)108 415.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55
G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F1<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E .515
-(are numbered from the be)108 439.2 R .516
+(are numbered from the be)108 427.2 R .516
(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .516
(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.516 G .516(rds are in-)
-.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 451.2
-Q F1 2.5(0\()108 468 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 480 Q
+.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 439.2
+Q F1 2.5(0\()108 456 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 468 Q
2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
-F2(n)108.36 492 Q F0(The)144 492 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)
-108 504 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 504 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5
-E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 516 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 516 R 2.564
+F2(n)108.36 480 Q F0(The)144 480 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)
+108 492 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 492 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5
+E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 504 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 504 R 2.564
(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064(gument, b)-.18
F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063
-(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 528 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)
-108 540 Q F0 1.419(The \214rst w)144 540 R 1.419
+(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 516 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)
+108 528 Q F0 1.419(The \214rst w)144 528 R 1.419
(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.42
(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.42(gins with a)-.15 F
-(character that is part of a w)144 552 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 564 Q F1
-<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 564 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2
+(character that is part of a w)144 540 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 552 Q F1
+<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 552 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2
(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)
-108 576 Q F0 .316(All of the w)144 576 R .316(ords b)-.1 F .316
+108 564 Q F0 .316(All of the w)144 564 R .316(ords b)-.1 F .316
(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F
F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)
-2.815 E F0 .315(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 588 Q(ord in the e)
+2.815 E F0 .315(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 576 Q(ord in the e)
-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15
-E F1(x*)108 600 Q F0(Abbre)144 600 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)
-A F1<78ad>108 612 Q F0(Abbre)144 612 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0
+E F1(x*)108 588 Q F0(Abbre)144 588 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)
+A F1<78ad>108 600 Q F0(Abbre)144 600 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0
(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E
2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1
-E(If a w)108 628.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15
+E(If a w)108 616.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E
(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1
-(Modi\214ers)87 645.6 Q F0 .183(After the optional w)108 657.6 R .183
+(Modi\214ers)87 633.6 Q F0 .183(After the optional w)108 645.6 R .183
(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G .184
(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F .184
-(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 669.6 Q
+(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 657.6 Q
(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E
(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)144 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
+(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 674.4 Q F0(Remo)144 674.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
-108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)144 698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)144 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
-108 710.4 Q F0(Remo)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
+108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)144 698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
-(ving the basename.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 14)148.175 E
-(59)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 710.4 Q F0(Remo)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15
+(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E
+(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 May 23)148.175 E(59)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 60 60
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(e)108 84 Q F0(Remo)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E
-(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 96 Q F0(Print the ne)
-144 96 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 108 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)144 108 Q
-(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 120 Q F0 .386
-(Quote the substituted w)144 120 R .386(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.886 E
-F0 2.886(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.086 F .385(ords at)-.1 F F1
-(blanks)2.885 E F0 .385(and ne)2.885 F 2.885(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q)
-2.885 E F0(and)2.885 E F1(x)2.885 E F0(modi\214ers are mutually e)144
-132 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G
-(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 144 Q/F2 10
+SF(p)108 84 Q F0(Print the ne)144 84 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E
+(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 96 Q F0
+(Quote the substituted w)144 96 Q(ords, escaping further substitutions.)
+-.1 E F1(x)108 108 Q F0 .386(Quote the substituted w)144 108 R .386
+(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.886 E F0 2.886(,b)C .386(ut break into w)
+-3.086 F .385(ords at)-.1 F F1(blanks)2.885 E F0 .385(and ne)2.885 F
+2.885(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q)2.885 E F0(and)2.885 E F1(x)2.885 E F0
+(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 120 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(;t).15 G(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 132 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)
-144 156 Q F2(ne)3.328 E(w)-.15 E F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)
+144 144 Q F2(ne)3.328 E(w)-.15 E F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)
3.278 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469
(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969(yc)-.15 G .469
(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .954(delimiter in place of /.)144
-168 R .953
+156 R .953
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .953(nt line.).15 F .131
-(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 180 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E
+(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 168 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E
F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131
(If & appears in)5.131 F F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631
-(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .62(placed by)144 192 R F2
+(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .62(placed by)144 180 R F2
(old)3.349 E F0 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.)
-2.5 F(If)5.619 E F2(old)3.349 E F0 .619(is null, it is set to the last)
-3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.889 E .486(tuted, or)144 204 R 2.986
+3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.889 E .486(tuted, or)144 192 R 2.986
(,i)-.4 G 2.986(fn)-2.986 G 2.986(op)-2.986 G(re)-2.986 E .486
(vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F2(string)3.326
E F0 .487(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.987 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.987
-(search. If)5.487 F F2(ne)144.36 216 Q(w)-.15 E F0
+(search. If)5.487 F F2(ne)144.36 204 Q(w)-.15 E F0
(is null, each matching)2.81 E F2(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E F1(&)
-108 228 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 228 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)
-108 240 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 240 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
+108 216 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 216 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)
+108 228 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 228 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897
-('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 252 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
+('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 240 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
-.15 E F1(/)A F0 .35('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.85('. If)B .35(used with `)
2.85 F F1(:s)A F0 .35(', an)B 2.85(yd)-.15 G .351
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.85 F
-(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 264 Q -.15
+(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 252 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0(may be used as a synon)
-2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 276 Q F0(Apply the follo)
-144 276 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0
+2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 264 Q F0(Apply the follo)
+144 264 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0
2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25
-G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 292.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E
-(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 304.8
+G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 280.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E
+(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 292.8
R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
-receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 3
16.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F1<adad>3.077 E F0
+receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 3
04.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F1<adad>3.077 E F0
.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E
F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E
F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577
-(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 328.8 R F1
+(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 316.8 R F1
<adad>2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit)
2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n)
-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A
F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu)
-2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 340.8 R .26
+2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 328.8 R .26
(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.76 E F0 .261
(without requiring)2.76 F F1<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)
-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261
(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)
-108 3
52.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>
+108 3
40.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154
(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108
-364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 382.8 Q F0
-([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 394.8 R .451
+352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 370.8 Q F0
+([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 382.8 R .451
(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F
-2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 406.8 R
-(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 423.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E
-F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 435.6 Q(ce)-.18 E
+2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 394.8 R
+(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 411.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E
+F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 423.6 Q(ce)-.18 E
F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02
-(Read and e)144 447.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2
+(Read and e)144 435.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2
(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02
(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.33
-(status of the last command e)144 459.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331
+(status of the last command e)144 447.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331
(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2
(\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.331(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F
-.023(names in)144 471.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.523 G(TH)-.189
+.023(names in)144 459.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.523 G(TH)-.189
E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.273 F F2
(\214lename)4.432 E F0 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F2(\214lename)2.522 E
-F0 .022(does not need to be)2.522 F -.15(exe)144 483.6 S 3.86
+F0 .022(does not need to be)2.522 F -.15(exe)144 471.6 S 3.86
(cutable. The).15 F 1.36(\214le searched for in)3.86 F F4 -.666(PA)3.86
G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.61 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.861
(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.861 E F0 1.361(is not in)3.861 F F2
-(posix)3.861 E(mode)144 495.6 Q F0 2.772(,i)C 2.772(ts)-2.772 G .272
+(posix)3.861 E(mode)144 483.6 Q F0 2.772(,i)C 2.772(ts)-2.772 G .272
(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.772 F F4
-.666(PA)2.771 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .271(If the)
4.771 F F1(sour)2.771 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .271(option to the)2.771 F F1
-(shopt)144 507.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.659 G 1.159(iltin command is turned of).2
+(shopt)144 495.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.659 G 1.159(iltin command is turned of).2
F 1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.159
(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.16(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)3.66 E
-(guments)-.37 E F0 1.16(are supplied,)3.66 F(the)144 519.6 Q 3.692(yb)
+(guments)-.37 E F0 1.16(are supplied,)3.66 F(the)144 507.6 Q 3.692(yb)
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end
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.2, 14 May 2023).
+the Bash shell (version 5.2, 23 May 2023).
-This is Edition 5.2, last updated 14 May 2023,
+This is Edition 5.2, last updated 23 May 2023,
of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
for Bash, Version 5.2.
<span id="Bash-Features-1"></span><h1 class="top">Bash Features</h1>
<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.2, 14 May 2023).
+the Bash shell (version 5.2, 23 May 2023).
The Bash home page is <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
</p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.2, last updated 14 May 2023,
+<p>This is Edition 5.2, last updated 23 May 2023,
of <cite>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
for <code>Bash</code>, Version 5.2.
</p>
and captures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
</p>
<p>The character <var>c</var> following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, ‘<samp>(</samp>’, or ‘<samp>|</samp>’, and the close brace must be in a position
+newline, or ‘<samp>|</samp>’, and the close brace must be in a position
where a reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator
such as semicolon).
Bash allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
however, the rest of the execution environment,
including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
</p>
-<p>If the first character following the open brace is a ‘<samp>(</samp>’,
-<var>command</var> is executed in a subshell, and <var>command</var> must be
-terminated by a ‘<samp>)</samp>’. This is similar to the <code>(</code> compound
-command (see <a href="#Command-Grouping">Grouping Commands</a>).
-If the first character is a ‘<samp>|</samp>’, the construct expands to the
+<p>If the first character following the open brace
+is a ‘<samp>|</samp>’, the construct expands to the
value of the <code>REPLY</code> shell variable after <var>command</var> executes,
without removing any trailing newlines,
and the standard output of <var>command</var> remains the same as in the
shell variable <code>X</code> unchanged in the current execution environment:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">${ local X=12345 ; echo $X; }
+<pre class="example">
+
+${ local X=12345 ; echo $X; }
</pre></div>
<p>(not declaring <code>X</code> as local would modify its value in the current
bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.2, 14 May 2023).
+Bash shell (version 5.2, 23 May 2023).
- This is Edition 5.2, last updated 14 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.2, last updated 23 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2.
Copyright (C) 1988-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.2, 14 May 2023). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.2, 23 May 2023). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.2, last updated 14 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.2, last updated 23 May 2023, of 'The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
The character C following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, '(', or '|', and the close brace must be in a position where a
+newline, or '|', and the close brace must be in a position where a
reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as
semicolon). Bash allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining
characters in the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter
complete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the
positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
- If the first character following the open brace is a '(', COMMAND is
-executed in a subshell, and COMMAND must be terminated by a ')'. This
-is similar to the '(' compound command (*note Command Grouping::). If
-the first character is a '|', the construct expands to the value of the
-'REPLY' shell variable after COMMAND executes, without removing any
-trailing newlines, and the standard output of COMMAND remains the same
-as in the calling shell. Bash creates 'REPLY' as an initially-unset
-local variable when COMMAND executes, and restores 'REPLY' to the value
-it had before the command substitution after COMMAND completes, as with
-any local variable.
+ If the first character following the open brace is a '|', the
+construct expands to the value of the 'REPLY' shell variable after
+COMMAND executes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the
+standard output of COMMAND remains the same as in the calling shell.
+Bash creates 'REPLY' as an initially-unset local variable when COMMAND
+executes, and restores 'REPLY' to the value it had before the command
+substitution after COMMAND completes, as with any local variable.
For example, this construct expands to '12345', and leaves the shell
variable 'X' unchanged in the current execution environment:
+
${ local X=12345 ; echo $X; }
(not declaring 'X' as local would modify its value in the current
Node: Tilde Expansion\7f75372
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f77993
Node: Command Substitution\7f96395
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f100047
-Node: Process Substitution\7f101015
-Node: Word Splitting\7f102135
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f104183
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f107116
-Node: Quote Removal\7f112118
-Node: Redirections\7f112413
-Node: Executing Commands\7f122106
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f122776
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f124886
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f127273
-Node: Environment\7f130308
-Node: Exit Status\7f131971
-Node: Signals\7f133755
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f137204
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f140231
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f142269
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f164603
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f196602
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f196947
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f207545
-Node: Special Builtins\7f223457
-Node: Shell Variables\7f224436
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f224873
-Node: Bash Variables\7f226977
-Node: Bash Features\7f261042
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f262055
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f268068
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f273199
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f273610
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eop end
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597 y(shell)26 b(script)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
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%%Trailer
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
and captures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
The character @var{c} following the open brace must be a space, tab,
-newline, @samp{(}, or @samp{|}, and the close brace must be in a position
+newline, or @samp{|}, and the close brace must be in a position
where a reserved word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator
such as semicolon).
Bash allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
however, the rest of the execution environment,
including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
-If the first character following the open brace is a @samp{(},
-@var{command} is executed in a subshell, and @var{command} must be
-terminated by a @samp{)}. This is similar to the @code{(} compound
-command (@pxref{Command Grouping}).
-If the first character is a @samp{|}, the construct expands to the
+If the first character following the open brace
+is a @samp{|}, the construct expands to the
value of the @code{REPLY} shell variable after @var{command} executes,
without removing any trailing newlines,
and the standard output of @var{command} remains the same as in the
shell variable @code{X} unchanged in the current execution environment:
@example
+
$@{ local X=12345 ; echo $X; @}
@end example
of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
plied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
+ f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.
+
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
+ t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
+
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
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-(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 168 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242
+(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 184.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242
(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F
F2(last)2.832 E F0 .242
(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F
-.093(ing \(so that)144 180 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .093(fc \255l \25510)
+.093(ing \(so that)144 196.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .093(fc \255l \25510)
2.593 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.593 F F2<8c72>
4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E
-F0 .092(is not speci-)3.272 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 192 Q
-(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 216 Q
-F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
+F0 .092(is not speci-)3.272 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 208.8 Q
+(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 232.8
+
Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
-(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 228 R .438(If the)5.438
-F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
+(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 244.8 R .438(If the)
+
5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
-.334(the editor gi)144 240 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E F2
-(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do)
-.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F
-(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 252 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25
-F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4
-(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .005(ther v)
-144 264 R .005(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)
-4.171 F .005
+.334(the editor gi)144 256.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E
+F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835
+(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835
+F(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 268.8 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631
+(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)
+-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63(is not set.)2.88 F .63
+(If nei-)5.63 F .005(ther v)144 280.8 R .005(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2
+(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005
(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F
-(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 276 Q .789(In the second form,)144 300 R F2
+(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 292.8 Q .789(In the second form,)144 316.8 R F2
(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.788
-E(mand)144 312 Q F0 .171(is interpreted the same as)2.671 F F2<8c72>
+E(mand)144 328.8 Q F0 .171(is interpreted the same as)2.671 F F2<8c72>
2.671 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.671 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.171(.A).15 G .172
(useful alias to use with this is)-2.499 F F3 .172(r='fc \255s')2.672 F
-F0 2.672(,s)C 2.672(ot)-2.672 G(hat)-2.672 E(typing)144 324 Q F3 7.166
+F0 2.672(,s)C 2.672(ot)-2.672 G(hat)-2.672 E(typing)144 340.8 Q F3 7.166
(rc)3.666 G(c)-7.166 E F0 1.166(runs the last command be)3.666 F 1.166
(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666 E F0 1.165(and typing)3.666 F F3(r)
3.665 E F0(re-e)3.665 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165(cutes the last com-).15 F
-(mand.)144 336 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 360
-R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
+(mand.)144 352.8 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144
+376.8 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
-E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 372 R
-.454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
+E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 388.8
+
R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454
-(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 384 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787
+(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 400.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787
(cuted or f).15 F .788
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136
(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
-396 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135
-(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 408 Q
+412.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135
+(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 424.8 Q
(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E
-(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 424.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)
-144 436.8 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413
+(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)
+144 453.6 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413
(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413
(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0
-1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 448.8 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G
+1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 465.6 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G
.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617
(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616
-(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 460.8 Q
+(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 477.6 Q
.362(ground, or f)-.15 F .362
(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363
-(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 472.8 Q
+(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 489.6 Q
F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0
(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E
-F1(getopts)108 489.6 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5
-(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 501.6 Q F0 .793
+F1(getopts)108 506.4 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5
+(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 518.4 Q F0 .793
(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149
-(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 513.6 R .15
+(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 530.4 R .15
(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45
--.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 525.6 Q .579
+-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 542.4 Q .579
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636
-(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 537.6 R .636
+(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 554.4 R .636
(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts)
3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .636(xt op-)-.15 F .03
-(tion in the shell v)144 549.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.89 E F0 2.53
+(tion in the shell v)144 566.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.89 E F0 2.53
(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.53 E F2(name)2.89 E F0 .029(if it does not e)
2.71 F .029(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.529(xo)-.15 G 2.529(ft)-2.529 G
.029(he ne)-2.529 F .029(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .065
-(ment to be processed into the v)144 561.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)
+(ment to be processed into the v)144 578.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)
2.565 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.565 E F0 .066
(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885
-(shell script is in)144 573.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When)
+(shell script is in)144 590.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When)
.1 F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F1(getopts)
3.385 E F0 .885(places that ar)3.385 F .885(gument into)-.18 F .566
-(the v)144 585.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.066 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0
+(the v)144 602.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.066 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0
.566(The shell does not reset)5.066 F F4(OPTIND)3.066 E F0 .567
(automatically; it must be manually reset)2.816 F .39
-(between multiple calls to)144 597.6 R F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 .39
+(between multiple calls to)144 614.4 R F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 .39
(within the same shell in)2.89 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .389(cation if a ne).2 F
-2.889(ws)-.25 G .389(et of parameters is to)-2.889 F(be used.)144 609.6
-Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 633.6 R F1(getopts)
+2.889(ws)-.25 G .389(et of parameters is to)-2.889 F(be used.)144 626.4
+Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 650.4 R F1(getopts)
4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044
-(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 645.6 Q F0
+(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 662.4 Q F0
(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
-(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 669.6 Q F0 .485
+(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 686.4 Q F0 .485
(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485
(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F2(ar)3.315 E
-(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 681.6 Q F1(getopts)2.5 E
-F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 705.6 Q F0 .345
-(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F
-.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F2(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345
-(is a colon,)3.065 F F2(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.669
-(porting is used.)144 717.6 R 1.668
-(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.669 F
--.25(va)-.4 G 1.668(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144
-729.6 R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F
-(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394
-(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
-(2023 January 27)141.79 E(9)195.95 E 0 Cg EP
+(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 698.4 Q F1(getopts)2.5 E
+F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 722.4 Q F0 1.165
+(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F
+1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.166
+(is a colon,)3.886 F F2(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
+768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(9)195.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(will be displayed, e)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25
-G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E/F1 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667
-(If an in)144 108 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F/F2 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 1.071(reporting is used.)144 84 R 1.071
+(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.071 F
+-.25(va)-.4 G 1.07(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 96 R
+.393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)-.25
+E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394
+(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 108 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E
+/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667
+(If an in)144 132 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F/F3 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)
3.527 E F0 .666(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399
-(and unsets)144 120 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399
-(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899
-E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 132
-Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 156 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F
-F2(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F2
+(and unsets)144 144 R F1(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
+A F0(If)4.899 E F3(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399
+(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F1(OPT)2.899
+E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 156
+Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 180 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F
+F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F3
(?).833 E F0 3.741(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F
-F1(name)144.36 168 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.713 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .213
-(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F(If)5.213 E F2
-(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 F F2(:).833 E
-F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 180 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT)
-2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F2
-(getopts)144 204 Q F0 .902
+F2(name)144.36 192 Q F0(,).18 E F1(OPT)2.713 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .213
+(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F(If)5.213 E F3
+(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 F F3(:).833 E
+F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 204 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F1(OPT)
+2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F3
+(getopts)144 228 Q F0 .902
(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F
-(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 216 Q F2(hash)108 232.8
-Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E
-F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858
-(Each time)144 244.8 R F2(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4
-G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F1(name)
+(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 240 Q F3(hash)108 256.8
+Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E
+F0 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858
+(Each time)144 268.8 R F3(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4
+G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name)
3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956
-(the directories in)144 256.8 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
+(the directories in)144 280.8 R F3($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956
-(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 268.8
-R F
2<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243
-(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F1
+(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 292.8
+R F
3<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243
+(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2
(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .615
-(of the command.)144
280.8 R(The)5.615 E F2<ad72>3.115 E F0 .615
+(of the command.)144
304.8 R(The)5.615 E F3<ad72>3.115 E F0 .615
(option causes the shell to for)3.115 F .615
-(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F
2<ad64>3.115 E F0
-(op-)3.115 E .293(tion causes the shell to for)144 292.8 R .293
-(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F1(name)2.794 E F0 5.294(.I)
-C 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F
2<ad74>2.794 E F0 .294
+(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F
3<ad64>3.115 E F0
+(op-)3.115 E .293(tion causes the shell to for)144 316.8 R .293
+(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)2.794 E F0 5.294(.I)
+C 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F
3<ad74>2.794 E F0 .294
(option is supplied,)2.794 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144
-304.8 R F1(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028
-(If multiple)5.028 F F1(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028
-(guments are sup-)-.18 F .175(plied with)144 3
16.8 R F2<ad74>2.675 E F0
-2.675(,t)C(he)-2.675 E F1(name)2.675 E F0 .175
-(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.675 F(The)5.175 E F2
+328.8 R F2(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028
+(If multiple)5.028 F F2(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028
+(guments are sup-)-.18 F .175(plied with)144 3
40.8 R F3<ad74>2.675 E F0
+2.675(,t)C(he)-2.675 E F2(name)2.675 E F0 .175
+(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.675 F(The)5.175 E F3
<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176(option causes output to)2.676 F .783
-(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 328.8 R .783
+(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 352.8 R .783
(If no ar)5.783 F .783(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .783
-(n, or if only).15 F F
2<ad6c>3.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807
-(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 340.8 R
-.807(The return status is true unless a)5.807 F F1(name)144.36 352.8 Q
+(n, or if only).15 F F
3<ad6c>3.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807
+(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 364.8 R
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F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.)
-.25 E F2(help)108 369.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
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(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144
-381.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F1(pattern)4.617 E F0
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G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .223(help on all commands matching)144
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(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .224
-(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 405.6 Q F2
-<ad64>144 417.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 417.6 Q F1
-(pattern)2.5 E F2<ad6d>144 429.6 Q F0(Display the description of each)
-180 429.6 Q F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G
-(ormat)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 441.6 Q F0
-(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 441.6 Q F1(pattern)2.5
-E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 458.4 Q F1
-(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F2(history [)108 475.2 Q F1(n)A F2(])A
-(history \255c)108 487.2 Q(history \255d)108 499.2 Q F1(of)2.5 E(fset)
--.18 E F2(history \255d)108 511.2 Q F1(start)2.5 E F0(-)A F1(end)A F2
-(history \255anrw)108 523.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\214lename)A F0(])A F2
-(history \255p)108 535.2 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A 2.5
-(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(history \255s)108 547.2 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)
--.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144
-559.2 S .752
+(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 429.6 Q F3
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+(ormat)-2.5 E F3<ad73>144 465.6 Q F0
+(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 465.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5
+E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 482.4 Q F2
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+(history \255c)108 511.2 Q(history \255d)108 523.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)
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+(history \255anrw)108 547.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F3
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(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
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-G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 571.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F
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-(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 595.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G
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3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019
(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176
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2.676 E F0 .176
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2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad63>144 631.2 Q F0
-(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 631.2 Q F2
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-(Delete the history entry at position)180 655.2 R F1(of)2.889 E(fset)
--.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F1(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)
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+(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 655.2 Q F3
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+(Delete the history entry at position)180 679.2 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)
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-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598
-(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 679.2 Q 2.5(,a)
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-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G
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(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(10)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 11 11
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-(Append the `)180 84 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564
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(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F .564
-(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 96 Q
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(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E
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+(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 144 Q
F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\
- into the current history list.)180 108 R .773
-(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 120 R
+ into the current history list.)180 144 R .773
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-\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 1
44 Q F1<ad77>
-144 156 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180
-156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
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-(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 168 R(wing)-.25 E/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626
-(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180
-180 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475
-E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
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-(Store the)180 204 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
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80 Q F1<ad77>
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-(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 216 Q -.15(ve)
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(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
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(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669
-(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 256.8 R .956
+(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 292.8 R .956
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .832
-(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 268.8 R .832
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(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.833(.T)-.65 G .833(he return v)-5.833 F
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is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \
\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.668 E(f-)-.18 E(set)
-144 292.8 Q F0 .34(or range is supplied as an ar)2.84 F .34(gument to)
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-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 357.6 Q F0
-(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 357.6 Q F1
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381.6 Q F1<ad70>
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--.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 405.6 Q F0
-(Display only running jobs.)180 405.6 Q F1<ad73>144 417.6 Q F0
-(Display only stopped jobs.)180 417.6 Q(If)144 434.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553
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+(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 393.6 Q F1
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417.6 Q F1<ad70>
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+(Display only running jobs.)180 441.6 Q F1<ad73>144 453.6 Q F0
+(Display only stopped jobs.)180 453.6 Q(If)144 470.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553
E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
--.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 446.4 Q -.25
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(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 463.2 R F1
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<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
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3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
-(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 475.2 Q
+(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 511.2 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15
-E F1(kill)108
492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
+E F1(kill)108
528 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
-(kill \255l)108 5
04 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5
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40 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5
E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017(Send the signal named by)
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(to the processes named by)2.837 F F2(pid)3.767 E F0(or)3.287 E F2
(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.828 E .319
-(either a case-insensiti)144 528 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
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(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 540 Q F2(signum)3.267 E F0
+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 576 Q F2(signum)3.267 E F0
.427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F2(sigspec)
3.267 E F0 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F3(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 .427
-(is assumed.)2.677 F .428(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .314(gument of)144 552 R
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F1<ad6c>2.814 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314
F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>2.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
-(n, the names of).15 F .119(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 564
+(n, the names of).15 F .119(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 600
R .119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.12 E
F2 -.2(ex)2.62 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.62 E(-)-.2 E .8(gument to)144
-
576 R F1<ad6c>3.3 E F0 .8
+
612 R F1<ad6c>3.3 E F0 .8
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.3 F .799
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 588 R
+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 624 R
(The)5.962 E F1<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25
G .962(lent to).25 F F1<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962
(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E
-(successfully sent, or f)144 600 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1
-E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 616.8 Q F2
+(successfully sent, or f)144 636 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1
+E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 652.8 Q F2
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144
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-(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 264 R .693
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(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar)3.193
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.21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 G 2.71
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(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F F2
-(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 288 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, %q, a\
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-(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 316.8 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G
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(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144
-328.8 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 345.6 Q
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(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .394
(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144
-362.4 R 2.893(,w)-.4 G .393(hich forces them to con)-2.893 F -.15(ve)-.4
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G .393(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .32
-(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 374.4 R 2.821
+(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 410.4 R 2.821
(ys)-.15 G .321(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F
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-(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 415.2
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R 1.259
(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v)
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--.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 444 Q F1(format)2.515 E F0
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.015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F1(ar)2.515 E
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-456 Q F0 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566
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(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si)
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--.25 F .542(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 468 R .541
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(The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in)
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-(pushd)108
496.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0
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532.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0
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<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the t\
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R 3.14(wt)-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .089(stack the current w)144
-532.8 R .089(orking directory)-.1 F 5.089(.W)-.65 G .089(ith no ar)
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.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6e>144
-556.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\
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-(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 568.8 Q F2(+)144
-580.8 Q F1(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 580.8 R F1(n)
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-(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2<ad>144 604.8 Q F1(n)A F0
-.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 604.8 R F1(n)3.42 E F0 .92
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(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .435
-(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 6
45.6 R F2<ad6e>2.935 E
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81.6 R F2<ad6e>2.935 E
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F2(cd)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F2(pushd)2.5 E F0
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--.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 698.4 Q 1.277
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-(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.778 F(stack.)144 727.2 Q
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(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(13)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 14 14
%%BeginPageSetup
%%EndPageSetup
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+(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.778 F(stack.)144 112.8 Q F1
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144 120 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
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+
(enabled. If)144 165.6 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
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--.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 144 Q F1 -.18(re)108
-
160.8 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817
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+-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 189.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108
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206.4 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817
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F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816
(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1
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F1<ad75>2.754 E F0 .254(option, split into w)2.754 F .254
(ords as described in)-.1 F F2(bash\(1\))2.754 E F0(under)2.753 E F1
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-(assigned to the \214rst)144 208.8 R F2(name)4.285 E F0 3.925(,t).18 G
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1.425(he second w)-3.925 F 1.425(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)4.285 E
F0 3.925(,a).18 G 1.425(nd so on.)-3.925 F 1.425(If there are more)6.425
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+F -.1(wo)144 266.4 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112
(ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112
-(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144.36 232.8 Q
+(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144.36 278.4 Q
F0 5.7(.I).18 G 3.2(ft)-5.7 G .7(here are fe)-3.2 F .7(wer w)-.25 F .7
(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1
-F .532(assigned empty v)144 244.8 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532
+F .532(assigned empty v)144 290.4 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532
(characters in)3.032 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.032 E F0 .531
(are used to split the line into w)2.782 F .531(ords using the same)-.1
-F 1.325(rules the shell uses for e)144 256.8 R 1.325
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(xpansion \(described in)-.15 F F2(bash\(1\))3.825 E F0(under)3.826 E F1
-.75(Wo)3.826 G 1.326(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.826(\). The)B(backslash)
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(ay be used to remo)-3.239 F 1.039 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 1.039 -.15(ny s).15
H .739(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .738
(xt character read and for line)-.15 F 2.5(continuation. Options,)144
-280.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 292.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.025
-(The w)180 304.8 R 1.026
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(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
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-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
-(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 328.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E
-F0 .281(The \214rst character of)180 340.8 R F2(delim)2.781 E F0 .281
+(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 374.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E
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2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0
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-<ad65>144 364.8 Q F0 .628
-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 364.8 R F1 -.18
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(re)3.129 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)3.129 E F3(READLINE)3.129 E F0(in)
2.879 E F2(bash\(1\))3.129 E F0 3.129(\)i)C(s)-3.129 E .049
-(used to obtain the line.)180 376.8 R .049
+(used to obtain the line.)180 422.4 R .049
(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.049 F .049
(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .048(as not pre)-.1 F(vi-)-.25 E
-(ously acti)180 388.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)
+(ously acti)180 434.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)
-2.5 E(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E
-(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1<ad69>144 400.8 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)
--.2 E F0(If)180 400.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
+(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1<ad69>144 446.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)
+-.2 E F0(If)180 446.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-)
--.25 F(ing be)180 412.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 424.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E
-(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 436.8 S(ad).18 E F0 .323
+-.25 F(ing be)180 458.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 470.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E
+(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 482.4 S(ad).18 E F0 .323
(returns after reading)2.823 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323
(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323
-(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 448.8 Q
+(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 494.4 Q
(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15
E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
-<ad4e>144 460.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 472.8 S
+<ad4e>144 506.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 518.4 S
(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)
3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F
1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
-(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 484.8 R F1 -.18(re)
+(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 530.4 R F1 -.18(re)
2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274
(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002
-(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 496.8
+(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 542.4
R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)
-3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 508.8 R .608
+3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 554.4 R .608
(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0
-3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 520.8 S .669
+3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 566.4 S .669
(riable is assigned e).25 F .669
(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67
-(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 532.8 Q F0
-(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 544.8 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45
-E F0(Display)180 556.8 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161
+(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 578.4 Q F0
+(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 590.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45
+E F0(Display)180 602.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161
(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)
--3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 568.8 Q
+-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 614.4 Q
2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 580.8 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
-180 580.8 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544
+<ad72>144 626.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
+180 626.4 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544
(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .493(the line.)180
-592.8 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E
+638.4 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E
.493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)
-180 604.8 Q F1<ad73>144 616.8 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 616.8 Q
+180 650.4 Q F1<ad73>144 662.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 662.4 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 628.8 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 640.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928
+<ad74>144 674.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 686.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928
G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428
(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561
-(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 652.8 R F2(timeout)3.061 E
+(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 698.4 R F2(timeout)3.061 E
F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number)
-3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 664.8 Q
+3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 710.4 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
-676.8 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 688.8 R .589
-(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
-(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
--.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
-(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 700.8 S
-(riable).25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0
-.27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)
-2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15
-G(ata.)-2.77 E .227(The e)180 712.8 R .228
-(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228
-(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.728
-(rt)-2.728 G .228(he read will re-)-2.728 F 2.393(turn EOF)180 724.8 R
-4.893(,n)-.8 G 2.392(on-zero otherwise.)-4.893 F 2.392(The e)7.392 F
-2.392(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is)-.15 F
-(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(14)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
+722.4 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
+(2023 January 27)141.79 E(14)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 15 15
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -.15(ex)180 84 S(ceeded.).15 E/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad75>144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fd)2.5 E F0
-(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 96 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522
-(If no)144 112.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .589(from re)180 84 R .589(gular \214les.)
+-.15 F(If)5.589 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
+(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
+-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
+(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 96 S(riable)
+.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2
+(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27
+(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)
+-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G(ata.)-2.77 E .227(The e)180 108 R .228
+(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228
+(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.728
+(rt)-2.728 G .228(he read will re-)-2.728 F 1.225(turn EOF)180 120 R
+3.725(,n)-.8 G 1.225(on-zero otherwise.)-3.725 F 1.225(The e)6.225 F
+1.225(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15
+E(ceeded.)180 132 Q F1<ad75>144 144 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
+(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 144 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522
+(If no)144 160.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522
(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F
.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144
-124.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9
+172.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186
(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18
(re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F0 .96
(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144
-136.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707
-(signing to a readonly v)144 148.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in)
+184.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707
+(signing to a readonly v)144 196.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in)
-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)
-.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F1<ad75>144 160.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108
-
177.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E
+.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F1<ad75>144 208.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108
+
225.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])
--2.5 E .77(The gi)144 189.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0
+-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0
.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25
F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097
-(quent assignment.)144 2
01.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0
+(quent assignment.)144 2
49.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0
1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2
-(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 213.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 261.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 225.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
+-.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 273.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name)
-3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)
+3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
-to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 249.6 R(The)5.295 E F1
+to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 297.6 R(The)5.295 E F1
<ad70>2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
-144 261.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
-273.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
+144 309.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
+321.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
-144 285.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
+144 333.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
-(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 297.6 Q F0
-(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 314.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 326.4 R
+(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 345.6 Q F0
+(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 362.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 374.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02
(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596
-(the return status is that of the last command e)144 338.4 R -.15(xe)
+(the return status is that of the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E
F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 350.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267
+G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 398.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267
(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
-2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .267(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler)
-144 362.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+144 410.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15
E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52
E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E
-.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 374.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 422.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.385 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.385 G 3.385(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.385 H -.1(ke)
-.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 386.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627
+.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 434.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627
(is used outside a function, b)3.127 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.128 E F0(\()5.628 E
F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.128(\)c)C .628(ommand, it)-3.128 F .589
-(causes the shell to stop e)144 398.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589
+(causes the shell to stop e)144 446.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589
(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588
(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e)
-144 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
+144 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326
(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445
-(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 422.4 R .444
+(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 470.4 R .444
(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
-(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 434.4 R -.15
+(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 482.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15
-E .75(mand associated with the)144 446.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
+E .75(mand associated with the)144 494.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 458.4 Q F1
-(set)108 475.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
+G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 506.4 Q F1
+(set)108 523.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<adad>-2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1<ad>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1
-(set)108 487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)
+(set)108 535.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)
-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<adad>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144
-499.2 S .573(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573
+547.2 S .573(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573
(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .574
(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113
-(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 511.2 R 2.613
+(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 559.2 R 2.613
(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113
-(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 523.2
+(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 571.2
R F0 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.)
-.25 F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032
-F .581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 535.2 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G
+F .581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 583.2 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G
.581(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.08(ya)-.15
G -.18(rg)-3.08 G .58(uments remaining after op-).18 F .16
-(tion processing are treated as v)144 547.2 R .161
+(tion processing are treated as v)144 595.2 R .161
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F
-2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F1($1)2.661 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 559.2 Q F0(,)A
+2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F1($1)2.661 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 607.2 Q F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
--.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 571.2 Q
-F0 1.378(Each v)184 571.2 R 1.377
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+A F1(xtrace)184 264 Q F0(Same as)224 264 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184
+282 Q F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F2
+(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552
(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184
-234 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F2(option\255name)3.571 E F0
+294 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F2(option\255name)3.571 E F0
3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072
(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F
-(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184
246 Q F1<ad70>
-144 258 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 258 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.822 E -.1
+(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184
306 Q F1<ad70>
+144 318 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 318 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.822 E -.1
(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071
(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5
-(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 270 R 1.501
+(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 330 R 1.501
(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A
-F3 -.27(BA)184 282 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
+F3 -.27(BA)184 342 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.775 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G
.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F
-(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 294 R .379
+(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 354 R .379
(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462
-(user \(group\) id, and the)184 3
06 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
+(user \(group\) id, and the)184 3
66 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461
-(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 318 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394
+(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 378 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 330 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G
+E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 390 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G
.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886
F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F
-(set to the real user and group ids.)184 342 Q F1<ad72>144 354 Q F0
-(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 354 Q
-(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1<ad74>144 366 Q
-F0(Exit after reading and e)184 366 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 378 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 378 S .773
+(set to the real user and group ids.)184 402 Q F1<ad72>144 414 Q F0
+(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 414 Q
+(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1<ad74>144 426 Q
+F0(Exit after reading and e)184 426 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 438 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 438 S .773
(eat unset v).35 F .773(ariables and parameters other than the special \
-parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .46(array v)184 390 R .459(ariables s\
+parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .46(array v)184 450 R .459(ariables s\
ubscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter e)-.25
-F(x-)-.15 E 2.89(pansion. If)184 402 R -.15(ex)2.89 G .391
+F(x-)-.15 E 2.89(pansion. If)184 462 R -.15(ex)2.89 G .391
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391(ariable or parameter)-.25
F 2.891(,t)-.4 G .391(he shell prints an)-2.891 F
-(error message, and, if not interacti)184 414 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e)
-.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1<ad76>144 426 Q F0
-(Print shell input lines as the)184 426 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E
-F1<ad78>144 438 Q F0 .315(After e)184 438 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2
+(error message, and, if not interacti)184 474 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e)
+.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1<ad76>144 486 Q F0
+(Print shell input lines as the)184 486 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E
+F1<ad78>144 498 Q F0 .315(After e)184 498 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2
.315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0
(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E
-F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 450 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r)
+F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 510 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r)
.25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F
1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236
-(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 462 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E
+(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 522 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E
(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list, to standard error)-.1 E(.)-.55
-E F1<ad42>144 474 Q F0 1.053(The shell performs brace e)184 474 R 1.053
+E F1<ad42>144 534 Q F0 1.053(The shell performs brace e)184 534 R 1.053
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 1.053(Brace Expansion)3.553 F F0(in)3.553 E F2
(bash\(1\))3.553 E F0 3.553(\). This)B 1.053(is on by)3.553 F(def)184
-486 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 498 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 498 R F1(bash)
+546 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 558 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 558 R F1(bash)
2.713 E F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F
.214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
-3.054(tors. This)184 510 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
+3.054(tors. This)184 570 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
-.15 F(tor)184 522 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-<ad45>144 534 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 534 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103
+.15 F(tor)184 582 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+<ad45>144 594 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 594 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103
(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
-F .839(mands e)184 546 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F .839(mands e)184 606 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 558 Q F1
-<ad48>144 570 Q F0(Enable)184 570 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 618 Q F1
+<ad48>144 630 Q F0(Enable)184 630 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
-F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 582 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 594 Q F0 .96
-(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 594 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
+F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 642 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 654 Q F0 .96
+(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 654 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 1.452
-(that change the current w)184 606 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452
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(.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453
-(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 618 R(def)
+(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 678 R(def)
3.335 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184 6
30 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-642 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 642 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
+(mands which change the current directory)184 6
90 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
+702 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 702 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
-(substitutions, and commands e)184 654 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
+(substitutions, and commands e)184 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 666 Q F0
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 678 Q
-F0 .4(If no ar)184 678 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
-(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 690 Q
-F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
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-702 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 702 R
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-(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no)
-3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .522(s, the positional pa-)B
-(rameters remain unchanged.)184 726 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
-(2023 January 27)141.79 E(17)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 726 Q F0
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
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%%Page: 18 18
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .425(The options are of)144 84 R 2.925(fb)
--.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425(ault unless otherwise noted.)
--.1 F .425(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
-(to be turned of)144 96 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<adad>144 84 Q F0 .4
+(If no ar)184 84 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
+(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
+(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 96 Q/F2
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni)
+.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1<ad>144 108 Q F0 .797
+(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 108 R F2(ar)3.297 E
+(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.296(ea)-3.297 G .796
+(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.296 F 3.021(rameters. The)184 120 R F1
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+(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no)
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+(rameters remain unchanged.)184 132 Q .425(The options are of)144 148.8
+R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
+(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
+(to be turned of)144 160.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 108 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)
--.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 120 Q F1(shift)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144
-148.8 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)
-2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G .429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F
-(bers)144 160.8 Q F1($#)2.583 E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)
-2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083
-(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H
-.082(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)
--5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 172.8
-R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06
-(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06
-(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144
-(positional parameters are not changed.)144 184.8 R .144
-(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 .143
-(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 196.8 Q F1(shopt)108 213.6 Q F0([)
+(current set of options may be found in)144 172.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
+5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
+(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
+(is encountered.)144 184.8 Q F1(shift)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 213.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
+.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
+.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 225.6 Q F1($#)2.583
+E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
+(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
+.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
+(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 237.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
+.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
+(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 249.6 R
+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
+.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
+(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 261.6 Q F1(shopt)108 278.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 225.6 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639
+-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 290.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639
(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375
-(listed belo)144 237.6 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H
+(listed belo)144 302.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H
2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375
(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 249.6 R .065
+(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 314.4 R .065
(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>2.566 E F0 .066
(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566
-F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 261.6 R F2
+F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 326.4 R F2
(optnames)2.574 E F0 .074
(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105
-(tions. The)144
273.6 R F1<ad70>3.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\
+(tions. The)144
338.4 R F1<ad70>3.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\
be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605
-E(options ha)144 285.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 297.6 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180
-297.6 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 309.6 Q F0
-(Disable \(unset\) each)180 3
09.6 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
-321.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
-tus indicates whether the)180 321.6 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E
-.255(set or unset.)180 333.6 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755
+E(options ha)144 350.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 362.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180
+362.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 374.4 Q F0
+(Disable \(unset\) each)180 3
74.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
+386.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
+tus indicates whether the)180 386.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E
+.255(set or unset.)180 398.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755
E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256
-(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 345.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
-F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 357.6 Q F0
-(Restricts the v)180 357.6 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
+(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 410.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
+F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 422.4 Q F0
+(Restricts the v)180 422.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
-E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 374.4 R F1
+E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 439.2 R F1
<ad73>3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124
E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983
-(set or unset, respecti)144 386.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U)
+(set or unset, respecti)144 451.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U)
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--.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 285.6 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
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06.4 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0
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59.2 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0
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--.18 F(gument.)-.18 E(Otherwise, the e)180 288 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E
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(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .43
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--.15 E F1(\()2.81 E F0 .31(and the fourth ar)2.81 F .31(gument is e)-.18
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(the e)2.684 F .184(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .184
-(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 372
-Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 384 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E
-(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 396 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)
--.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635
-(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 408
-Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 426 Q F1(test)2.5 E F0(or)
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-E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15
-E F1(times)108 442.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system t\
-imes for the shell and for processes run from the shell.)144 442.8 R
-(The return status is 0.)144 454.8 Q F1(trap)108 471.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
-(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F2(action)A F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(The)144 483.6 Q F2(action)3.734 E F0 .903
-(is a command that is read and e)3.644 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .903
-(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.403(ss).15 G
-(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F2(sigspec)3.743 E F0 5.903(.I).31 G(f)-5.903 E F2
-(action)144.33 495.6 Q F0 .105(is absent \(and there is a single)2.845 F
-F
2(sigspec)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)o)C(r)-2.605 E F1<ad>2.605 E F0 2.605(,e)C
+(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180
+442.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 454.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)
+-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 466.8 R 1.635
+(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635
+(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180
+478.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 496.8 Q F2(test)2.5 E
+F0(or)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2
+(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
+(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 513.6 Q F0
+1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\
+ processes run from the shell.)144 513.6 R(The return status is 0.)144
+525.6 Q F2(trap)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E
+F1(action)A F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 554.4 Q F1
+(action)3.734 E F0 .903(is a command that is read and e)3.644 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .903(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.403(ss).15
+G(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F1(sigspec)3.743 E F0 5.903(.I).31 G(f)-5.903 E F1
+(action)144.33 566.4 Q F0 .105(is absent \(and there is a single)2.845 F
+F
1(sigspec)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)o)C(r)-2.605 E F2<ad>2.605 E F0 2.605(,e)C
.106(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original dis-)-2.605 F .627
-(position \(the v)144 507.6 R .626
-(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)-.25 F(If)5.626 E F2(action)
+(position \(the v)144 578.4 R .626
+(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)-.25 F(If)5.626 E F1(action)
3.456 E F0 .626(is the null string the signal speci-)3.366 F
-(\214ed by each)144 519.6 Q F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0
+(\214ed by each)144 590.4 Q F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0
(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)2.81 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
--.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 537.6 R .165
-(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(trap)2.665 E F0 .165
+-.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 608.4 R .165
+(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(trap)2.665 E F0 .165
(displays the actions associated with each trapped signal as a set)2.665
-F(of)144 549.6 Q F1(trap)2.57 E F0 .069(commands that can be reused as \
+F(of)144 620.4 Q F2(trap)2.57 E F0 .069(commands that can be reused as \
shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.57 F(If)5.069
-E F1<ad70>2.569 E F0 .473(is gi)144 561.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .473(n, and)
-.15 F F2(action)3.303 E F0 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F1(trap)
-2.973 E F0 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F2
+E F2<ad70>2.569 E F0 .473(is gi)144 632.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .473(n, and)
+.15 F F1(action)3.303 E F0 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F2(trap)
+2.973 E F0 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F1
(sigspec)3.314 E F0(or)3.284 E(,)-.4 E .364
-(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 573.6 R
-F1(trap)2.864 E F0 .363(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F
-.207(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 585.6 R(The)
-5.207 E F
1<ad50>2.707 E F0 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707
+(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 644.4 R
+F2(trap)2.864 E F0 .363(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F
+.207(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 656.4 R(The)
+5.207 E F
2<ad50>2.707 E F0 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707
(ss).15 G(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .208(ut displays only)-2.907
-F 1.553(the actions associated with each)144 597.6 R F2(sigspec)4.052 E
-F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F
1<ad50>6.552 E F0 1.552
-(requires at least one)4.052 F F2(sigspec)4.052 E F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)
--.18 E(The)144 6
09.6 Q F1<ad50>2.726 E F0(or)2.726 E F1<ad70>2.727 E F0
-.227(options to)2.727 F F1(trap)2.727 E F0 .227
+F 1.553(the actions associated with each)144 668.4 R F1(sigspec)4.052 E
+F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F
2<ad50>6.552 E F0 1.552
+(requires at least one)4.052 F F1(sigspec)4.052 E F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)
+-.18 E(The)144 6
80.4 Q F2<ad50>2.726 E F0(or)2.726 E F2<ad70>2.727 E F0
+.227(options to)2.727 F F2(trap)2.727 E F0 .227
(may be used in a subshell en)2.727 F .227
(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\))-.4 F .993
-(and, as long as the)144 621.6 R 3.493(ya)-.15 G .993(re used before)
--3.493 F F1(trap)3.493 E F0 .993(is used to change a signal')3.493 F
+(and, as long as the)144 692.4 R 3.493(ya)-.15 G .993(re used before)
+-3.493 F F2(trap)3.493 E F0 .993(is used to change a signal')3.493 F
3.492(sh)-.55 G .992(andling, will display the)-3.492 F
-(state of its parent')144 633.6 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144
-651.6 Q F1<ad6c>3.216 E F0 .716(option causes)3.216 F F1(trap)3.216 E F0
+(state of its parent')144 704.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144
+722.4 Q F2<ad6c>3.216 E F0 .716(option causes)3.216 F F2(trap)3.216 E F0
.716(to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.)
-3.216 F(Each)5.717 E F2(sigspec)144.34 663.6 Q F0 .709
-(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.519 F F2(signal.h)A F0 .709
-(>, or a signal number)B 5.708(.S)-.55 G .708(ignal names are case)
--5.708 F(insensiti)144 675.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E F3(SIG)
-2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .091(If a)144 693.6 R F2(sigspec)
-2.931 E F0(is)2.901 E F3(EXIT)2.591 E F0 .091(\(0\) the command)2.341 F
-F2(action)2.921 E F0 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e)
-.15 F .092(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .092(If a)5.092 F F2(sigspec)2.932
-E F0(is)2.902 E F3(DE-)2.592 E -.09(BU)144 705.6 S(G).09 E F4(,)A F0
-1.245(the command)3.495 F F2(action)4.075 E F0 1.245(is e)3.985 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 1.244(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.244
-(simple command)3.744 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.744 E F0(command,)3.744 E F2
-(case)3.744 E F0(com-)3.744 E(mand,)144 717.6 Q F2(select)2.696 E F0
-.196
-(command, \(\( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic)
-2.696 F F2(for)2.697 E F0(command,)2.697 E 1.105
-(and before the \214rst command e)144 729.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.105
-(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 1.105(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.605 F F0
-(in)3.355 E F2(bash\(1\))3.604 E F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
-(2023 January 27)141.79 E(23)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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%%Page: 24 24
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .556(Refer to the description of the)144 84
-R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)3.056 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .556(option to the)
-3.056 F F1(shopt)3.056 E F0 -.2(bu)3.056 G .556
-(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .557(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)144 96
-Q(UG)-.1 E F0 2.515(trap. If)2.515 F(a)2.515 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-(sigspec)2.855 E F0(is)2.825 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)2.515 E/F4 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .015(the command)2.265 F F2(action)2.844 E F0
-.014(is e)2.754 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .014(cuted each time a shell function)
-.15 F(or a script e)144 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with the).15 E F1(.)
-2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .284(If a)144 126
-R F2(sigspec)3.124 E F0(is)3.094 E F3(ERR)2.784 E F4(,)A F0 .284
-(the command)2.534 F F2(action)3.114 E F0 .284(is e)3.024 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G .284(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.784(rap).15 G .285
-(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 F .185(single simple command\)\
-, a list, or a compound command returns a non\255zero e)144 138 R .184
-(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 150 R .451
-(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F3(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)144.34 84 Q
+F0 .709(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.519 F F1(signal.h)A F0
+.709(>, or a signal number)B 5.708(.S)-.55 G .708(ignal names are case)
+-5.708 F(insensiti)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F2 9
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .091(If a)144
+114 R F1(sigspec)2.931 E F0(is)2.901 E F2(EXIT)2.591 E F0 .091
+(\(0\) the command)2.341 F F1(action)2.921 E F0 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e).15 F .092(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .092
+(If a)5.092 F F1(sigspec)2.932 E F0(is)2.902 E F2(DE-)2.592 E -.09(BU)
+144 126 S(G).09 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.245(the command)3.495 F
+F1(action)4.075 E F0 1.245(is e)3.985 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.244
+(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.244(simple command)
+3.744 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.744 E F0(command,)3.744 E F1(case)3.744 E F0
+(com-)3.744 E(mand,)144 138 Q F1(select)2.696 E F0 .196
+(command, \(\( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic)
+2.696 F F1(for)2.697 E F0(command,)2.697 E 1.105
+(and before the \214rst command e)144 150 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.105
+(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F2 1.105(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.605 F F0
+(in)3.355 E F1(bash\(1\))3.604 E F0(\).)A .556
+(Refer to the description of the)144 162 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)
+3.056 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .556(option to the)3.056 F F4(shopt)3.056 E F0 -.2
+(bu)3.056 G .556(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .557(fect on the)-.25
+F F4(DEB)144 174 Q(UG)-.1 E F0 2.515(trap. If)2.515 F(a)2.515 E F1
+(sigspec)2.855 E F0(is)2.825 E F2(RETURN)2.515 E F3(,)A F0 .015
+(the command)2.265 F F1(action)2.844 E F0 .014(is e)2.754 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G .014(cuted each time a shell function).15 F(or a script e)144 186 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with the).15 E F4(.)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F4(sour)2.5 E
+(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuting.).15 E .284(If a)144 204 R F1(sigspec)3.124 E F0(is)3.094 E F2
+(ERR)2.784 E F3(,)A F0 .284(the command)2.534 F F1(action)3.114 E F0
+.284(is e)3.024 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .284(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+2.784(rap).15 G .285(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 F .185(sin\
+gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\
+ro e)144 216 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 228
+R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F2(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451
(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452
(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388
-(mand list immediately follo)144 162 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.888
-E F0(or)2.888 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388
-(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.897 E F0 .387
-(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 174 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778
+(mand list immediately follo)144 240 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F4(while)2.888
+E F0(or)2.888 E F4(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388
+(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)2.897 E F0 .387
+(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 252 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.778(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0 .778
(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778
-(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0
-3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 186 R 1.28
+(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0
+3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 264 R 1.28
(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78
-F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F1(!)
-3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 198 Q(yed by the)
--.15 E F
1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0 2.5(\)o)C
-(ption.)-2.5 E .069(When the shell is not interacti)144 216 R -.15(ve)
+F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F4(!)
+3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 276 Q(yed by the)
+-.15 E F
4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F4<ad65>A F0 2.5(\)o)C
+(ption.)-2.5 E .069(When the shell is not interacti)144 294 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.569(,s).15 G .07
(ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)
--2.569 F(Interacti)144 228 Q .952 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .652
+-2.569 F(Interacti)144 306 Q .952 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .652
(hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G
.651(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .576
-(nored are reset to their original v)144 240 R .576
+(nored are reset to their original v)144 318 R .576
(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .577
-(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 252 Q
-(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4
-G(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108
-268.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2
-(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 280.8 S .174
-(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name)
+(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 330 Q
+(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4
+G(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F4(true)108
+346.8 Q F0(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 346.8 Q F4(type)108
+363.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1
+(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 375.6 S .174
+(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F1(name)
3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173
(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F
-F1<ad74>144 292.8 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F1(type)3.215 E F0
-.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F2(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E
-F2 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)5.185 E F0
-(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F2
-(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F2(name)144.36 304.8 Q F0 .378
+F4<ad74>144 387.6 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F4(type)3.215 E F0
+.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F1(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E
+F1 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)5.185 E F0
+(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F1
+(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F1(name)144.36 399.6 Q F0 .378
(is an alias, shell reserv)3.058 F .377(ed w)-.15 F .377
(ord, function, b)-.1 F .377(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .377
(cutable disk \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.377(.I)
--.65 G 2.877(ft)-5.377 G(he)-2.877 E F2(name)144.36 316.8 Q F0 .645
-(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.325 F F1(type)3.146 E F0
+-.65 G 2.877(ft)-5.377 G(he)-2.877 E F1(name)144.36 411.6 Q F0 .645
+(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.325 F F4(type)3.146 E F0
.646(returns a non-zero e)3.146 F .646(xit status.)-.15 F .646(If the)
-5.646 F F1<ad70>3.146 E F0(op-)3.146 E .642(tion is used,)144 328.8 R F1
+5.646 F F4<ad70>3.146 E F0(op-)3.146 E .642(tion is used,)144 423.6 R F4
(type)3.142 E F0 .642(either returns the name of the e)3.142 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .642(cutable \214le that w).15 F .641(ould be found by searching)
--.1 F F1($P)144 340.8 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(if)2.615 E F2(name)
+-.1 F F4($P)144 435.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(if)2.615 E F1(name)
2.975 E F0 .116(were speci\214ed as a command name, or nothing if)2.796
F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .116(type -t name)2.616 F F0 -.1(wo)2.616 G .116
-(uld not re-).1 F(turn)144 352.8 Q F2(\214le)4.5 E F0 5.09(.T).18 G(he)
--5.09 E F1<ad50>2.59 E F0 .09(option forces a)2.59 F F3 -.666(PA)2.59 G
-(TH)-.189 E F0 .089(search for each)2.339 F F2(name)2.589 E F0 2.589(,e)
+(uld not re-).1 F(turn)144 447.6 Q F1(\214le)4.5 E F0 5.09(.T).18 G(he)
+-5.09 E F4<ad50>2.59 E F0 .09(option forces a)2.59 F F2 -.666(PA)2.59 G
+(TH)-.189 E F0 .089(search for each)2.339 F F1(name)2.589 E F0 2.589(,e)
C -.15(ve)-2.839 G 2.589(ni).15 G(f)-2.589 E F5 .089(type -t name)2.589
-F F0 -.1(wo)2.589 G .089(uld not).1 F(return)144 364.8 Q F2(\214le)5.245
+F F0 -.1(wo)2.589 G .089(uld not).1 F(return)144 459.6 Q F1(\214le)5.245
E F0 5.835(.I).18 G 3.336(fac)-5.835 G .836(ommand is hashed,)-3.336 F
-F
1<ad70>3.336 E F0(and)3.336 E F1<ad50>3.336 E F0 .836
+F
4<ad70>3.336 E F0(and)3.336 E F4<ad50>3.336 E F0 .836
(print the hashed v)3.336 F .836(alue, which is not necessarily)-.25 F
-.033(the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 376.8 R F3 -.666(PA)2.533 G
-(TH)-.189 E F
4(.)A F0 .033(If the)4.533 F F1<ad61>2.533 E F0 .033
-(option is used,)2.533 F F1(type)2.533 E F0 .033
-(prints all of the places that contain)2.533 F 3.55(ac)144 388.8 S 1.05
-(ommand named)-3.55 F F2(name)3.91 E F0 6.051(.T).18 G 1.051
+.033(the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 471.6 R F2 -.666(PA)2.533 G
+(TH)-.189 E F
3(.)A F0 .033(If the)4.533 F F4<ad61>2.533 E F0 .033
+(option is used,)2.533 F F4(type)2.533 E F0 .033
+(prints all of the places that contain)2.533 F 3.55(ac)144 483.6 S 1.05
+(ommand named)-3.55 F F1(name)3.91 E F0 6.051(.T).18 G 1.051
(his includes aliases, reserv)-6.051 F 1.051(ed w)-.15 F 1.051
(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F 1.051(uiltins, b)-.2 F 1.051(ut the)-.2 F
-1.178(path search options \()144 400.8 R F1<ad70>A F0(and)3.678 E F1
+1.178(path search options \()144 495.6 R F4<ad70>A F0(and)3.678 E F4
<ad50>3.678 E F0 3.678(\)c)C 1.177
(an be supplied to restrict the output to e)-3.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-1.177(cutable \214les.).15 F F1(type)6.177 E F0 .035
-(does not consult the table of hashed commands when using)144 412.8 R F1
-<ad61>2.535 E F0(with)2.535 E F
1<ad70>2.535 E F0 2.535(,a)C .036
-(nd only performs a)-2.535 F F3 -.666(PA)2.536 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .912
-(search for)144 424.8 R F2(name)3.412 E F0 5.912(.T)C(he)-5.912 E F1
+1.177(cutable \214les.).15 F F4(type)6.177 E F0 .035
+(does not consult the table of hashed commands when using)144 507.6 R F4
+<ad61>2.535 E F0(with)2.535 E F
4<ad70>2.535 E F0 2.535(,a)C .036
+(nd only performs a)-2.535 F F2 -.666(PA)2.536 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .912
+(search for)144 519.6 R F1(name)3.412 E F0 5.912(.T)C(he)-5.912 E F4
<ad66>3.412 E F0 .911
-(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.412 F F1
-(command)3.411 E F0 -.2(bu)3.411 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)144 436.8 Q F0
+(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.412 F F4
+(command)3.411 E F0 -.2(bu)3.411 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type)144 531.6 Q F0
(returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E
-(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 453.6
-Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HS)A F0(])A F1<ad61>2.5 E(ulimit)108 465.6 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F1(\255HS)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4
-E F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 477.6 Q .243(vides control o)
+(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F4(ulimit)108 548.4
+Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255HS)A F0(])A F4<ad61>2.5 E(ulimit)108 560.4 Q F0([)
+2.5 E F4(\255HS)A F0 2.5(][)C F4(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4
+E F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 572.4 Q .243(vides control o)
-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25
(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.944(that allo)144 489.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
-(The)5.944 E F
1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
+.944(that allo)144 584.4 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
+(The)5.944 E F
4<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F4<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
+144 596.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
-ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 513.6 R .426
-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F
1<ad48>2.925 E
-F0(nor)2.925 E F
1<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
+ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 608.4 R .426
+(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F
4<ad48>2.925 E
+F0(nor)2.925 E F
4<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
-525.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
+620.4 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
-.742(of the special v)144 537.6 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1
-(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
+.742(of the special v)144 632.4 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F4
+(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023
-(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 549.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
-5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F2(limit)2.613 E F0 .023
+(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 644.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F1(limit)2.613 E F0 .023
(is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023
(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985
-(source is printed, unless the)144
561.6 R F1<ad48>3.485 E F0 .984
+(source is printed, unless the)144
656.4 R F4<ad48>3.485 E F0 .984
(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7
-(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 573.6
+(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 668.4
R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144
-585.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 597.6 Q F0
-(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 597.6 Q F1<ad62>
-144 609.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 609.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
-(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 621.6 Q F0
-(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 621.6 Q F1<ad64>144 633.6
-Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 633.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
--2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 645.6 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 645.6 Q F1<ad66>144
-657.6 Q F0
-(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
-657.6 Q F1<ad69>144 669.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
-669.6 Q F1<ad6b>144 681.6 Q F0
-(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 681.6 Q F1
-<ad6c>144 693.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 693.6 Q
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 705.6 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 705.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 717.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
-e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-180 717.6 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F
-(be set\))180 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(24)
-190.95 E 0 Cg EP
+680.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4<ad61>144 692.4 Q F0
+(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 692.4 Q F4<ad62>
+144 704.4 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 704.4 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer size)-.25 E F4<ad63>144 716.4 Q F0
+(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 716.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72
+768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(24)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 25 25
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>144 84 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 84 Q F1
-<ad71>144 96 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
-180 96 Q F1<ad72>144 108 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)
-180 108 Q F1<ad73>144 120 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 120 Q F1<ad74>
-144 132 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 132 Q F1
-<ad75>144 144 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 144 Q -.25(va)
--.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 156 Q F0 .47
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 156 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
-(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 168
-Q F1<ad78>144 180 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 180 Q F1
-<ad50>144 192 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 192 Q F1
-<ad52>144 204 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \
-blocking, in microseconds)180 204 Q F1<ad54>144 216 Q F0
-(The maximum number of threads)180 216 Q(If)144 232.8 Q/F2 10
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q F0
+(The maximum size of a process')180 84 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E
+(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 96 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 96 Q F1<ad66>144 108 Q
+F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
+108 Q F1<ad69>144 120 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 120
+Q F1<ad6b>144 132 Q F0
+(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 132 Q F1<ad6c>
+144 144 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 144 Q(ed into memory)
+-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 156 Q F0(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 156 Q
+2.5(ys)-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 168 Q
+F0 .791(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do\
+ not allo)180 168 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F
+(be set\))180 180 Q F1<ad70>144 192 Q F0
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 192 Q F1
+<ad71>144 204 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
+180 204 Q F1<ad72>144 216 Q F0
+(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 216 Q F1<ad73>144 228 Q
+F0(The maximum stack size)180 228 Q F1<ad74>144 240 Q F0
+(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 240 Q F1<ad75>144 252 Q
+F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 252 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 264 Q F0 .47
+(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 264 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
+(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 276
+Q F1<ad78>144 288 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 288 Q F1
+<ad50>144 300 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 300 Q F1
+<ad52>144 312 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \
+blocking, in microseconds)180 312 Q F1<ad54>144 324 Q F0
+(The maximum number of threads)180 324 Q(If)144 340.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968
F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044
-(no option is gi)144
244.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
+(no option is gi)144
352.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1
<ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144
-
256.8 R F1<ad52>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F
+
364.8 R F1<ad52>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F
F1<ad70>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)
-3.17 F F1<ad50>3.17 E F0(,)A F1<ad54>3.17 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>3.17 E F0(,)
-A F1<ad6b>144
268.8 Q F0(,)A F1<ad6e>3.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E
+A F1<ad6b>144
376.8 Q F0(,)A F1<ad6e>3.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E
F1<ad75>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236
(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.736 E F0(and)3.736 E
F1<ad66>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239
-(512-byte increments.)144 280.8 R .238
+(512-byte increments.)144 388.8 R .238
(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238
(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F
-(error occurs while setting a ne)144 292.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
-F1(umask)108
309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0
+(error occurs while setting a ne)144 400.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
+F1(umask)108
417.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 321.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0
+(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 429.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0
5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 333.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-345.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+pted by)144 441.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+453.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 357.6 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 465.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 369.6 Q F0 .551
+(mode)144.38 477.6 Q F0 .551
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
-F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 381.6 Q
+F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 489.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
-(unalias)108 398.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 410.4 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
+(unalias)108 506.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 518.4 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
3.258 E F0 .758(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E
F1<ad61>3.258 E F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)
-3.258 F(mo)144 422.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+3.258 F(mo)144 530.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 439.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 547.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 451.2 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0
+2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 559.2 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0
3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303
(If the)6.303 F F1<ad76>3.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 463.2 Q F0 .465
+-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 571.2 Q F0 .465
(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464
(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
-2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 475.2 R F1
+2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 583.2 R F1
<ad66>2.768 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F2(name)3.129 E F0
.269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)
-2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144
487.2 R F1<ad6e>2.904 E
+2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144
595.2 R F1<ad6e>2.904 E
F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v)
2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0
(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F
-.719(rather than the v)144 499.2 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1
+.719(rather than the v)144 607.2 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1
<ad6e>5.719 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1<ad66>
3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737
-(are supplied, each)144 511.2 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v)
+(are supplied, each)144 619.2 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v)
3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736
(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144
-523.2 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F
+631.2 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F
1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172
-(passed to subsequent commands.)144 535.2 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672
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-titution does not under)180 96 R 1.055(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 108 Q
--.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v).25 E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E
-<83>144 120 Q .021
-(in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 120 R
-.021(xpanding the)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.521 E(d)-.37 E F0
-.021(portion of a)2.521 F .018(double-quoted parameter e)180 132 R .017
+nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\))180 208.8 Q F1
+(compat42)108 225.6 Q F0<83>144 237.6 Q 1.056(the replacement string in\
+ double-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 237.6 R 1.055
+(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 249.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v)
+.25 E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E<83>144 261.6 Q .021
+(in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 261.6 R
+.021(xpanding the)-.15 F F2(wor)2.521 E(d)-.37 E F0 .021(portion of a)
+2.521 F .018(double-quoted parameter e)180 273.6 R .017
(xpansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other spe-)-.15 F
.998(cial character \(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221\); in la\
-ter v)180 144 R .999(ersions, single quotes)-.15 F
-(are not special within double-quoted w)180 156 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansions)
--.15 E F1(compat43)108 172.8 Q F0<83>144 184.8 Q 1.071
-(the shell does not print a w)180 184.8 R 1.07
+ter v)180 285.6 R .999(ersions, single quotes)-.15 F
+(are not special within double-quoted w)180 297.6 Q(ord e)-.1 E
+(xpansions)-.15 E F1(compat43)108 314.4 Q F0<83>144 326.4 Q 1.071
+(the shell does not print a w)180 326.4 R 1.07
(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .71
-(pound assignment as an ar)180 196.8 R .711
+(pound assignment as an ar)180 338.4 R .711
(gument to declare \(e.g., declare -a foo=\010\(1 2\)\010\). Later v)
--.18 F(ersions)-.15 E -.1(wa)180 208.8 S
-(rn that this usage is deprecated).1 E<83>144 220.8 Q -.1(wo)180 220.8 S
+-.18 F(ersions)-.15 E -.1(wa)180 350.4 S
+(rn that this usage is deprecated).1 E<83>144 362.4 Q -.1(wo)180 362.4 S
.501(rd e).1 F .501(xpansion errors are considered non-f)-.15 F .501
-(atal errors that cause the current command to)-.1 F -.1(fa)180 232.8 S
+(atal errors that cause the current command to)-.1 F -.1(fa)180 374.4 S
.605(il, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(ni).15 G 3.105(np)-3.105 G .605
(osix mode \(the def)-3.105 F .605(ault beha)-.1 F .605(vior is to mak)
-.2 F 3.105(et)-.1 G .605(hem f)-3.105 F .605
-(atal errors that cause the)-.1 F(shell to e)180 244.8 Q(xit\))-.15 E
-<83>144 256.8 Q .355(when e)180 256.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .354
+(atal errors that cause the)-.1 F(shell to e)180 386.4 Q(xit\))-.15 E
+<83>144 398.4 Q .355(when e)180 398.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .354
(cuting a shell function, the loop state \(while/until/etc.\)).15 F .354
(is not reset, so)5.354 F F1(br)2.854 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.854 E F1
-(continue)180 268.8 Q F0 .052
+(continue)180 410.4 Q F0 .052
(in that function will break or continue loops in the calling conte)
2.552 F .053(xt. Bash-4.4 and)-.15 F(later reset the loop state to pre)
-180 280.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this).15 E F1(compat44)108 297.6 Q F0<83>
-144 309.6 Q .719(the shell sets up the v)180 309.6 R .719(alues used by)
+180 422.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this).15 E F1(compat44)108 439.2 Q F0<83>
+144 451.2 Q .719(the shell sets up the v)180 451.2 R .719(alues used by)
-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)3.219 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0(and)2.969 E
F3 -.27(BA)3.219 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 .719(so the)2.969 F 3.218(yc)-.15 G
-.718(an e)-3.218 F(xpand)-.15 E(to the shell')180 321.6 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G
+.718(an e)-3.218 F(xpand)-.15 E(to the shell')180 463.2 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G
(ositional parameters e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fe)-2.5 G
-(xtended deb)-2.65 E(ugging mode is not enabled)-.2 E<83>144 333.6 Q
-2.634(as)180 333.6 S .134(ubshell inherits loops from its parent conte)
+(xtended deb)-2.65 E(ugging mode is not enabled)-.2 E<83>144 475.2 Q
+2.634(as)180 475.2 S .134(ubshell inherits loops from its parent conte)
-2.634 F .135(xt, so)-.15 F F1(br)2.635 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.635 E F1
(continue)2.635 E F0 .135(will cause the sub-)2.635 F(shell to e)180
-345.6 Q 2.5(xit. Bash-5.0)-.15 F(and later reset the loop state to pre)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt the e).15 E(xit)-.15 E<83>144 357.6 Q -.25(va)
-180 357.6 S .619(riable assignments preceding b).25 F .618(uiltins lik)
+487.2 Q 2.5(xit. Bash-5.0)-.15 F(and later reset the loop state to pre)
+2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt the e).15 E(xit)-.15 E<83>144 499.2 Q -.25(va)
+180 499.2 S .619(riable assignments preceding b).25 F .618(uiltins lik)
-.2 F(e)-.1 E F1(export)3.118 E F0(and)3.118 E F1 -.18(re)3.118 G
(adonly).18 E F0 .618(that set attrib)3.118 F .618(utes con-)-.2 F .119
-(tinue to af)180 369.6 R .119(fect v)-.25 F .119
+(tinue to af)180 511.2 R .119(fect v)-.25 F .119
(ariables with the same name in the calling en)-.25 F .12(vironment e)
-.4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(ni).15 G 2.62(ft)-2.62 G .12(he shell is)-2.62
-F(not in posix mode)180 381.6 Q F1(compat50)108 398.4 Q F0<83>144 410.4
-Q 1.209(Bash-5.1 changed the w)180 410.4 R(ay)-.1 E F3($RANDOM)3.709 E
-F0 1.209(is generated to introduce slightly more random-)3.459 F 1.018
-(ness. If the shell compatibility le)180 422.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.518
-(li).15 G 3.518(ss)-3.518 G 1.018(et to 50 or lo)-3.518 F(wer)-.25 E
-3.518(,i)-.4 G 3.518(tr)-3.518 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-3.518 H 1.019
-(rts to the method from).25 F .733(bash-5.0 and pre)180 434.4 R .733
+F(not in posix mode)180 523.2 Q F1(compat50)108 540 Q F0<83>144 552 Q
+1.209(Bash-5.1 changed the w)180 552 R(ay)-.1 E F3($RANDOM)3.709 E F0
+1.209(is generated to introduce slightly more random-)3.459 F 1.018
+(ness. If the shell compatibility le)180 564 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.518(li)
+.15 G 3.518(ss)-3.518 G 1.018(et to 50 or lo)-3.518 F(wer)-.25 E 3.518
+(,i)-.4 G 3.518(tr)-3.518 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-3.518 H 1.019
+(rts to the method from).25 F .733(bash-5.0 and pre)180 576 R .733
(vious v)-.25 F .732
(ersions, so seeding the random number generator by assigning a)-.15 F
--.25(va)180 446.4 S(lue to).25 E F3(RANDOM)2.5 E F0
-(will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0)2.25 E<83>144 458.4 Q
-.695(If the command hash table is empty)180 458.4 R 3.196(,b)-.65 G .696
+-.25(va)180 588 S(lue to).25 E F3(RANDOM)2.5 E F0
+(will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0)2.25 E<83>144 600 Q .695
+(If the command hash table is empty)180 600 R 3.196(,b)-.65 G .696
(ash v)-3.196 F .696(ersions prior to bash-5.1 printed an informa-)-.15
-F 1.321(tional message to that ef)180 470.4 R 1.321(fect, e)-.25 F -.15
+F 1.321(tional message to that ef)180 612 R 1.321(fect, e)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.821(nw).15 G 1.321
(hen producing output that can be reused as input.)-3.821 F
-(Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the)180
482.4 Q F1<ad6c>2.5 E F0
-(option is supplied.)2.5 E F1(compat51)108 499.2 Q F0<83>144 511.2 Q
-(The)180 511.2 Q F1(unset)2.954 E F0 -.2(bu)2.954 G .454
+(Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the)180
624 Q F1<ad6c>2.5 E F0
+(option is supplied.)2.5 E F1(compat51)108 640.8 Q F0<83>144 652.8 Q
+(The)180 652.8 Q F1(unset)2.954 E F0 -.2(bu)2.954 G .454
(iltin treats attempts to unset array subscripts).2 F F1(@)2.955 E F0
(and)2.955 E F1(*)2.955 E F0(dif)2.955 E .455(ferently depending)-.25 F
-(on whether the array is inde)180 523.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G
+(on whether the array is inde)180 664.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G
2.5(ra)-2.5 G(ssociati)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,a).15 G(nd dif)-2.5 E
(ferently than in pre)-.25 E(vious v)-.25 E(ersions.)-.15 E/F4 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 540 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 552 Q
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 681.6 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 693.6 Q
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2023 January 27)141.79 E(27)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.22.4
-%%CreationDate: Tue Apr 18 10:26:00 2023
+%%CreationDate: Mon May 22 09:42:13 2023
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 4
Copyright (C) 1988-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
-@set LASTCHANGE Sun May 14 15:33:30 EDT 2023
+@set LASTCHANGE Tue May 23 11:29:48 EDT 2023
@set EDITION 5.2
@set VERSION 5.2
-@set UPDATED 14 May 2023
+@set UPDATED 23 May 2023
@set UPDATED-MONTH May 2023
current_command = (COMMAND *)NULL;
}
}
+ if (EOF_Reached && interactive && ignoreeof && parse_and_execute_level == 0)
+ {
+ if (handle_ignoreeof (1))
+ EOF_Reached = 0;
+ }
}
else
{
extern COMMAND *parse_string_to_command (char *, int);
extern void reset_parser (void);
extern void reset_readahead_token (void);
+extern void unset_readahead_token (void);
extern WORD_LIST *parse_string_to_word_list (char *, int, const char *);
extern int parser_will_prompt (void);
extern int parser_expanding_alias (void);
extern void parser_save_alias (void);
extern void parser_restore_alias (void);
-
extern void clear_shell_input_line (void);
+extern int handle_ignoreeof (int);
+
extern char *decode_prompt_string (char *);
extern int get_current_prompt_level (void);
extern int _rl_strnicmp (const char *, const char *, int);
#endif
-#if defined (HAVE_STRPBRK) && !defined (HAVE_MULTIBYTE)
+#if defined (HAVE_STRPBRK) && !defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
# define _rl_strpbrk(a,b) strpbrk((a),(b))
#else
extern char *_rl_strpbrk (const char *, const char *);
return ((char *)NULL);
}
-#ifndef HAVE_STRPBRK
+#if !defined (HAVE_STRPBRK) || defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
/* Find the first occurrence in STRING1 of any character from STRING2.
- Return a pointer to the character in STRING1. */
+ Return a pointer to the character in STRING1. Understands multibyte
+ characters. */
char *
_rl_strpbrk (const char *string1, const char *string2)
{
temp->flags = 0;
command->line = lstart;
- /* Information used primarily for debugging. */
+ /* Information used primarily for debugging and error messages. */
temp->source_file = 0;
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("BASH_SOURCE", bash_source_v, bash_source_a);
initialized come from the environment. Otherwise default to "main"
(usually functions being defined interactively) */
if (temp->source_file == 0)
- temp->source_file = shell_initialized ? "main" : "environment";
+ {
+ if (shell_initialized == 0)
+ temp->source_file = "environment";
+ else if (interactive_shell)
+ temp->source_file = "main";
+ else if (interactive == 0) /* assume -c command */
+ temp->source_file = dollar_vars[0];
+ else
+ temp->source_file = shell_name; /* this clause is never hit */
+ }
#if defined (DEBUGGER)
bind_function_def (name->word, temp, 0);
/* Either zero or EOF. */
static int shell_input_line_terminator;
+/* This implements one-character lookahead/lookbehind across physical input
+ lines, to avoid something being lost because it's pushed back with
+ shell_ungetc when we're at the start of a line. */
+static int eol_ungetc_lookahead = 0;
+
/* The line number in a script on which a function definition starts. */
static int function_dstart;
static int save_dstart = -1;
%type <word_list> word_list pattern
%type <pattern> pattern_list case_clause_sequence case_clause
%type <number> timespec
-%type <number> list_terminator
+%type <number> list_terminator simple_list_terminator
%start inputunit
;
simple_list_terminator: '\n'
+ { $$ = '\n'; }
| yacc_EOF
+ { $$ = yacc_EOF; }
;
list_terminator:'\n'
{
int *ret;
- ret = (int *)xmalloc (4 * sizeof (int));
+ ret = (int *)xmalloc (5 * sizeof (int));
ret[0] = last_read_token;
ret[1] = token_before_that;
ret[2] = two_tokens_ago;
ret[3] = current_token;
+ ret[4] = token_to_read;
return ret;
}
token_before_that = ts[1];
two_tokens_ago = ts[2];
current_token = ts[3];
+ token_to_read = ts[4];
}
/*
read the next line. This is called by read_token when the shell is
processing normal command input. */
-/* This implements one-character lookahead/lookbehind across physical input
- lines, to avoid something being lost because it's pushed back with
- shell_ungetc when we're at the start of a line. */
-static int eol_ungetc_lookahead = 0;
-
static int unquoted_backslash = 0;
static int
token_to_read = 0;
}
+void
+unset_readahead_token (void)
+{
+ token_to_read = 0;
+}
+
/* Read the next token. Command can be READ (normal operation) or
RESET (to normalize state). */
static int
if (FUNSUB_CHAR (peekc))
{
dolbrace_spec = peekc;
+#if 0
if (dolbrace_spec == '(') /* ksh93 compatibility ) */
shell_ungetc (peekc);
+#else
+ if (dolbrace_spec == '\n')
+ shell_ungetc (peekc); /* get PS2 prompting right */
+#endif
}
else
{
r = yyparse ();
+#if 0
if (open == '{')
{
if (current_token == shell_eof_token &&
(token_before_that == WORD || token_before_that == ASSIGNMENT_WORD))
was_word = 1;
}
+#endif
if (need_here_doc > 0)
{
else
strcpy (ret, tcmd);
}
+ else if (retlen == 0) /* open == '{' }, empty command */
+ {
+ ret = xmalloc (3);
+ ret[retlen++] = ' ';
+ }
else /* open == '{' } */
{
int lastc;
ret = xmalloc (retlen + 4);
ret[0] = (dolbrace_spec == '|') ? '|' : ' ';
strcpy (ret + 1, tcmd); /* ( */
- if (lastc != '\n' && lastc != ';' && lastc != '&' && lastc != ')')
- ret[retlen++] = ';';
- else if (lastc == ')' && was_word) /* right paren can end a word */
+ if (lastc != '\n' && lastc != ';' && lastc != '&')
ret[retlen++] = ';';
ret[retlen++] = ' ';
}
for (;;)
{
if (character == EOF)
- goto got_token;
+ {
+ /* delimit the current token, then return EOF if the shell is
+ interactive. */
+ if (interactive)
+ {
+ EOF_Reached = 1;
+ token_to_read = yacc_EOF;
+ }
+ goto got_token;
+ }
if (pass_next_character)
{
/* The limit for eof_encountered. */
int eof_encountered_limit = 10;
+int
+handle_ignoreeof (int reset_prompt)
+{
+ if (eof_encountered < eof_encountered_limit)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, _("Use \"%s\" to leave the shell.\n"),
+ login_shell ? "logout" : "exit");
+ eof_encountered++;
+ /* Reset the parsing state. */
+ last_read_token = current_token = '\n';
+ if (reset_prompt)
+ /* Reset the prompt string to be $PS1. */
+ prompt_string_pointer = (char **)NULL;
+ prompt_again (0);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
/* If we have EOF as the only input unit, this user wants to leave
the shell. If the shell is not interactive, then just leave.
Otherwise, if ignoreeof is set, and we haven't done this the
EOF_Reached = 0;
/* If the user wants to "ignore" eof, then let her do so, kind of. */
- if (ignoreeof)
- {
- if (eof_encountered < eof_encountered_limit)
- {
- fprintf (stderr, _("Use \"%s\" to leave the shell.\n"),
- login_shell ? "logout" : "exit");
- eof_encountered++;
- /* Reset the parsing state. */
- last_read_token = current_token = '\n';
- /* Reset the prompt string to be $PS1. */
- prompt_string_pointer = (char **)NULL;
- prompt_again (0);
- return;
- }
- }
+ if (ignoreeof && handle_ignoreeof (1))
+ return;
/* In this case EOF should exit the shell. Do it now. */
reset_parser ();
#define DOLBRACE_QUOTE 0x40 /* single quote is special in double quotes */
#define DOLBRACE_QUOTE2 0x80 /* single quote is semi-special in double quotes */
-/* characters that can appear following ${ to introduce a function or value
- substitution (this is mksh terminology and needs to be changed). */
+/* characters that can appear following ${ to introduce a nofork command
+ substitution. */
+#if 0
#define FUNSUB_CHAR(n) ((n) == ' ' || (n) == '\t' || (n) == '\n' || (n) == '|' || (n) == '(') /* ) */
+#else
+#define FUNSUB_CHAR(n) ((n) == ' ' || (n) == '\t' || (n) == '\n' || (n) == '|')
+#endif
/* variable declarations from parse.y */
extern struct dstack dstack;
start_debugger ();
#if defined (ONESHOT)
- executing = 1;
+ executing = shell_initialized = 1;
run_one_command (command_execution_string);
exit_shell (last_command_exit_value);
#else /* ONESHOT */
/* shell.h -- The data structures used by the shell */
-/* Copyright (C) 1993-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1993-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
else if (string[i + 1] == LBRACE && FUNSUB_CHAR (string[si]))
ret = extract_function_subst (string, &si, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, (flags & SX_COMPLETE));
else
- ret = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, SX_NOALLOC);
+ ret = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, SX_NOALLOC|(flags&SX_COMPLETE));
/* These can consume the entire string if they are unterminated */
CHECK_STRING_OVERRUN (i, si, slen, c);
xx=${ unset -f func; }
declare -f func
-echo ${( echo abcde )} # works in ksh93
+echo ${ ( echo abcde );}
echo ${| echo 67890; REPLY=12345; } # works in mksh
x=${| REPLY= ;}
set -- 1 2
echo before: "$@"
-: "${( shift)}"
+: "${ ( shift) }" # parse_comsub adds the closing semicolon anyway
echo after: "$@"
# nested funsubs
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
