Options
~~~~~~~
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints the usage summary and exits.
-``-j``
+.. option:: -j
+
When loading a zonefile, this option instructs ``named`` to read the journal if it exists.
-``-l``
+.. option:: -l
+
This option lists all the configured zones. Each line of output contains the zone
name, class (e.g. IN), view, and type (e.g. primary or secondary).
-``-c``
+.. option:: -c
+
This option specifies that only the "core" configuration should be checked. This suppresses the loading of
plugin modules, and causes all parameters to ``plugin`` statements to
be ignored.
-``-i``
+.. option:: -i
+
This option ignores warnings on deprecated options.
-``-p``
+.. option:: -p
+
This option prints out the ``named.conf`` and included files in canonical form if
no errors were detected. See also the ``-x`` option.
-``-t directory``
+.. option:: -t directory
+
This option instructs ``named`` to chroot to ``directory``, so that ``include`` directives in the
configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted
``named``.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option prints the version of the ``named-checkconf`` program and exits.
-``-x``
+.. option:: -x
+
When printing the configuration files in canonical form, this option obscures
shared secrets by replacing them with strings of question marks
(``?``). This allows the contents of ``named.conf`` and related files
without compromising private data. This option cannot be used without
``-p``.
-``-z``
+.. option:: -z
+
This option performs a test load of all zones of type ``primary`` found in ``named.conf``.
-``filename``
+.. option:: filename
+
This indicates the name of the configuration file to be checked. If not specified,
it defaults to |named_conf|.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-d``
+.. option:: -d
+
This option enables debugging.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints the usage summary and exits.
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option sets quiet mode, which only sets an exit code to indicate
successful or failed completion.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option prints the version of the ``named-checkzone`` program and exits.
-``-j``
+.. option:: -j
+
When loading a zone file, this option tells ``named`` to read the journal if it exists. The journal
file name is assumed to be the zone file name with the
string ``.jnl`` appended.
-``-J filename``
+.. option:: -J filename
+
When loading the zone file, this option tells ``named`` to read the journal from the given file, if
it exists. This implies ``-j``.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option specifies the class of the zone. If not specified, ``IN`` is assumed.
-``-i mode``
+.. option:: -i mode
+
This option performs post-load zone integrity checks. Possible modes are
``full`` (the default), ``full-sibling``, ``local``,
``local-sibling``, and ``none``.
Mode ``none`` disables the checks.
-``-f format``
+.. option:: -f format
+
This option specifies the format of the zone file. Possible formats are
``text`` (the default), and ``raw``.
-``-F format``
+.. option:: -F format
+
This option specifies the format of the output file specified. For
``named-checkzone``, this does not have any effect unless it dumps
the zone contents.
0, the raw file can be read by any version of ``named``; if N is 1, the
file can only be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
-``-k mode``
+.. option:: -k mode
+
This option performs ``check-names`` checks with the specified failure mode.
Possible modes are ``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-l ttl``
+.. option:: -l ttl
+
This option sets a maximum permissible TTL for the input file. Any record with a
TTL higher than this value causes the zone to be rejected. This
is similar to using the ``max-zone-ttl`` option in ``named.conf``.
-``-L serial``
+.. option:: -L serial
+
When compiling a zone to ``raw`` format, this option sets the "source
serial" value in the header to the specified serial number. This is
expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.
-``-m mode``
+.. option:: -m mode
+
This option specifies whether MX records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are ``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and
``ignore``.
-``-M mode``
+.. option:: -M mode
+
This option checks whether a MX record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-n mode``
+.. option:: -n mode
+
This option specifies whether NS records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are ``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-o filename``
+.. option:: -o filename
+
This option writes the zone output to ``filename``. If ``filename`` is ``-``, then
the zone output is written to standard output.
-``-r mode``
+.. option:: -r mode
+
This option checks for records that are treated as different by DNSSEC but are
semantically equal in plain DNS. Possible modes are ``fail``,
``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-s style``
+.. option:: -s style
+
This option specifies the style of the dumped zone file. Possible styles are
``full`` (the default) and ``relative``. The ``full`` format is most
suitable for processing automatically by a separate script.
the zone contents. It also does not have any meaning if the output format
is not text.
-``-S mode``
+.. option:: -S mode
+
This option checks whether an SRV record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-t directory``
+.. option:: -t directory
+
This option tells ``named`` to chroot to ``directory``, so that ``include`` directives in the
configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted
``named``.
-``-T mode``
+.. option:: -T mode
+
This option checks whether Sender Policy Framework (SPF) records exist and issues a
warning if an SPF-formatted TXT record is not also present. Possible
modes are ``warn`` (the default) and ``ignore``.
-``-w directory``
+.. option:: -w directory
+
This option instructs ``named`` to chdir to ``directory``, so that relative filenames in master file
``$INCLUDE`` directives work. This is similar to the directory clause in
``named.conf``.
-``-D``
+.. option:: -D
+
This option dumps the zone file in canonical format.
-``-W mode``
+.. option:: -W mode
+
This option specifies whether to check for non-terminal wildcards. Non-terminal
wildcards are almost always the result of a failure to understand the
wildcard matching algorithm (:rfc:`4592`). Possible modes are ``warn``
(the default) and ``ignore``.
-``zonename``
+.. option:: zonename
+
This indicates the domain name of the zone being checked.
-``filename``
+.. option:: filename
+
This is the name of the zone file.
Return Values
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-d``
+.. option:: -d
+
This option enables debugging.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints the usage summary and exits.
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option sets quiet mode, which only sets an exit code to indicate
successful or failed completion.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option prints the version of the ``named-checkzone`` program and exits.
-``-j``
+.. option:: -j
+
When loading a zone file, this option tells ``named`` to read the journal if it exists. The journal
file name is assumed to be the zone file name with the
string ``.jnl`` appended.
-``-J filename``
+.. option:: -J filename
+
When loading the zone file, this option tells ``named`` to read the journal from the given file, if
it exists. This implies ``-j``.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option specifies the class of the zone. If not specified, ``IN`` is assumed.
-``-i mode``
+.. option:: -i mode
+
This option performs post-load zone integrity checks. Possible modes are
``full`` (the default), ``full-sibling``, ``local``,
``local-sibling``, and ``none``.
Mode ``none`` disables the checks.
-``-f format``
+.. option:: -f format
+
This option specifies the format of the zone file. Possible formats are
``text`` (the default), and ``raw``.
-``-F format``
+.. option:: -F format
+
This option specifies the format of the output file specified. For
``named-checkzone``, this does not have any effect unless it dumps
the zone contents.
0, the raw file can be read by any version of ``named``; if N is 1, the
file can only be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
-``-k mode``
+.. option:: -k mode
+
This option performs ``check-names`` checks with the specified failure mode.
Possible modes are ``fail`` (the default), ``warn``, and ``ignore``.
-``-l ttl``
+.. option:: -l ttl
+
This option sets a maximum permissible TTL for the input file. Any record with a
TTL higher than this value causes the zone to be rejected. This
is similar to using the ``max-zone-ttl`` option in ``named.conf``.
-``-L serial``
+.. option:: -L serial
+
When compiling a zone to ``raw`` format, this option sets the "source
serial" value in the header to the specified serial number. This is
expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.
-``-m mode``
+.. option:: -m mode
+
This option specifies whether MX records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are ``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and
``ignore``.
-``-M mode``
+.. option:: -M mode
+
This option checks whether a MX record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-n mode``
+.. option:: -n mode
+
This option specifies whether NS records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are ``fail`` (the default), ``warn``, and
``ignore``.
-``-o filename``
+.. option:: -o filename
+
This option writes the zone output to ``filename``. If ``filename`` is ``-``, then
the zone output is written to standard output. This is mandatory for ``named-compilezone``.
-``-r mode``
+.. option:: -r mode
+
This option checks for records that are treated as different by DNSSEC but are
semantically equal in plain DNS. Possible modes are ``fail``,
``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-s style``
+.. option:: -s style
+
This option specifies the style of the dumped zone file. Possible styles are
``full`` (the default) and ``relative``. The ``full`` format is most
suitable for processing automatically by a separate script.
The relative format is more human-readable and is thus
suitable for editing by hand.
-``-S mode``
+.. option:: -S mode
+
This option checks whether an SRV record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
``fail``, ``warn`` (the default), and ``ignore``.
-``-t directory``
+.. option:: -t directory
+
This option tells ``named`` to chroot to ``directory``, so that ``include`` directives in the
configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted
``named``.
-``-T mode``
+.. option:: -T mode
+
This option checks whether Sender Policy Framework (SPF) records exist and issues a
warning if an SPF-formatted TXT record is not also present. Possible
modes are ``warn`` (the default) and ``ignore``.
-``-w directory``
+.. option:: -w directory
+
This option instructs ``named`` to chdir to ``directory``, so that relative filenames in master file
``$INCLUDE`` directives work. This is similar to the directory clause in
``named.conf``.
-``-D``
+.. option:: -D
+
This option dumps the zone file in canonical format. This is always enabled for
``named-compilezone``.
-``-W mode``
+.. option:: -W mode
+
This option specifies whether to check for non-terminal wildcards. Non-terminal
wildcards are almost always the result of a failure to understand the
wildcard matching algorithm (:rfc:`4592`). Possible modes are ``warn``
(the default) and ``ignore``.
-``zonename``
+.. option:: zonename
+
This indicates the domain name of the zone being checked.
-``filename``
+.. option:: filename
+
This is the name of the zone file.
Return Values
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-a algorithm``
+.. option:: -a algorithm
+
This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available
choices are: hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384,
and hmac-sha512. The default is hmac-sha256. Options are
case-insensitive, and the "hmac-" prefix may be omitted.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints a short summary of options and arguments.
-``-k keyname``
+.. option:: -k keyname
+
This option specifies the key name of the DDNS authentication key. The
default is ``ddns-key`` when neither the ``-s`` nor ``-z`` option is
specified; otherwise, the default is ``ddns-key`` as a separate label
The key name must have the format of a valid domain name, consisting of
letters, digits, hyphens, and periods.
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option enables quiet mode, which prints only the key, with no
explanatory text or usage examples. This is essentially identical to
``tsig-keygen``.
-``-s name``
+.. option:: -s name
+
This option generates a configuration example to allow dynamic updates
of a single hostname. The example ``named.conf`` text shows how to set
an update policy for the specified name using the "name" nametype. The
cannot be used, since the name to be updated may differ from the key
name. This option cannot be used with the ``-z`` option.
-``-z zone``
+.. option:: -z zone
+
This option generates a configuration example to allow
dynamic updates of a zone. The example ``named.conf`` text shows how
to set an update policy for the specified zone using the "zonesub"
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-a``
+.. option:: -a
+
This option sets automatic ``rndc`` configuration, which creates a file
|rndc_key| that is read by both ``rndc`` and ``named`` on startup.
The ``rndc.key`` file defines a default command channel and
remotely, run ``rndc-confgen`` without the ``-a`` option
and set up ``rndc.conf`` and ``named.conf`` as directed.
-``-A algorithm``
+.. option:: -A algorithm
+
This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available choices
are: hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384, and
hmac-sha512. The default is hmac-sha256.
-``-b keysize``
+.. option:: -b keysize
+
This option specifies the size of the authentication key in bits. The size must be between
1 and 512 bits; the default is the hash size.
-``-c keyfile``
+.. option:: -c keyfile
+
This option is used with the ``-a`` option to specify an alternate location for
``rndc.key``.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
``rndc-confgen``.
-``-k keyname``
+.. option:: -k keyname
+
This option specifies the key name of the ``rndc`` authentication key. This must be a
valid domain name. The default is ``rndc-key``.
-``-p port``
+.. option:: -p port
+
This option specifies the command channel port where ``named`` listens for
connections from ``rndc``. The default is 953.
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option prevets printing the written path in automatic configuration mode.
-``-s address``
+.. option:: -s address
+
This option specifies the IP address where ``named`` listens for command-channel
connections from ``rndc``. The default is the loopback address
127.0.0.1.
-``-t chrootdir``
+.. option:: -t chrootdir
+
This option is used with the ``-a`` option to specify a directory where ``named``
runs chrooted. An additional copy of the ``rndc.key`` is
written relative to this directory, so that it is found by the
chrooted ``named``.
-``-u user``
+.. option:: -u user
+
This option is used with the ``-a`` option to set the owner of the generated ``rndc.key`` file.
If ``-t`` is also specified, only the file in the chroot
area has its owner changed.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-a algorithm``
+.. option:: -a algorithm
+
This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available
choices are: hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384,
and hmac-sha512. The default is hmac-sha256. Options are
case-insensitive, and the "hmac-" prefix may be omitted.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints a short summary of options and arguments.
See Also
where:
-``server``
+.. option:: server
+
is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an
IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6 address in
colon-delimited notation. When the supplied ``server`` argument is a
sends queries to the localhost addresses (127.0.0.1 for IPv4, ::1
for IPv6).
-``name``
+.. option:: name
+
is the domain name to be looked up.
-``type``
+.. option:: type
+
indicates what type of query is required - ANY, A, MX, etc.
``type`` can be any valid query type. If no ``type`` argument is
supplied, ``delv`` performs a lookup for an A record.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-a anchor-file``
+.. option:: -a anchor-file
+
This option specifies a file from which to read DNSSEC trust anchors. The default
is |bind_keys|, which is included with BIND 9 and contains one
or more trust anchors for the root zone (".").
revoked and rolled over, |bind_keys| must be updated to
use DNSSEC validation in ``delv``.
-``-b address``
+.. option:: -b address
+
This option sets the source IP address of the query to ``address``. This must be
a valid address on one of the host's network interfaces, or ``0.0.0.0``,
or ``::``. An optional source port may be specified by appending
``#<port>``
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option sets the query class for the requested data. Currently, only class
"IN" is supported in ``delv`` and any other value is ignored.
-``-d level``
+.. option:: -d level
+
This option sets the systemwide debug level to ``level``. The allowed range is
from 0 to 99. The default is 0 (no debugging). Debugging traces from
``delv`` become more verbose as the debug level increases. See the
``+mtrace``, ``+rtrace``, and ``+vtrace`` options below for
additional debugging details.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option displays the ``delv`` help usage output and exits.
-``-i``
+.. option:: -i
+
This option sets insecure mode, which disables internal DNSSEC validation. (Note,
however, that this does not set the CD bit on upstream queries. If the
server being queried is performing DNSSEC validation, then it does
is necessary to examine invalid data to debug a DNSSEC problem, use
``dig +cd``.)
-``-m``
+.. option:: -m
+
This option enables memory usage debugging.
-``-p port#``
+.. option:: -p port#
+
This option specifies a destination port to use for queries, instead of the
standard DNS port number 53. This option is used with a name
server that has been configured to listen for queries on a
non-standard port number.
-``-q name``
+.. option:: -q name
+
This option sets the query name to ``name``. While the query name can be
specified without using the ``-q`` option, it is sometimes necessary to
disambiguate names from types or classes (for example, when looking
up the name "ns", which could be misinterpreted as the type NS, or
"ch", which could be misinterpreted as class CH).
-``-t type``
+.. option:: -t type
+
This option sets the query type to ``type``, which can be any valid query type
supported in BIND 9 except for zone transfer types AXFR and IXFR. As
with ``-q``, this is useful to distinguish query-name types or classes
The default query type is "A", unless the ``-x`` option is supplied
to indicate a reverse lookup, in which case it is "PTR".
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option prints the ``delv`` version and exits.
-``-x addr``
+.. option:: -x addr
+
This option performs a reverse lookup, mapping an address to a name. ``addr``
is an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited
IPv6 address. When ``-x`` is used, there is no need to provide the
query type to PTR. IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format
under the IP6.ARPA domain.
-``-4``
+.. option:: -4
+
This option forces ``delv`` to only use IPv4.
-``-6``
+.. option:: -6
+
This option forces ``delv`` to only use IPv6.
Query Options
assign values to options like the timeout interval. They have the form
``+keyword=value``. The query options are:
-``+[no]cdflag``
+.. option:: +[no]cdflag
+
This option controls whether to set the CD (checking disabled) bit in queries
sent by ``delv``. This may be useful when troubleshooting DNSSEC
problems from behind a validating resolver. A validating resolver
to return invalid responses, which ``delv`` can then validate
internally and report the errors in detail.
-``+[no]class``
+.. option:: +[no]class
+
This option controls whether to display the CLASS when printing a record. The
default is to display the CLASS.
-``+[no]ttl``
+.. option:: +[no]ttl
+
This option controls whether to display the TTL when printing a record. The
default is to display the TTL.
-``+[no]rtrace``
+.. option:: +[no]rtrace
+
This option toggles resolver fetch logging. This reports the name and type of each
query sent by ``delv`` in the process of carrying out the resolution
and validation process, including the original query
``-d`` option produces the same output, but affects other
logging categories as well.
-``+[no]mtrace``
+.. option:: +[no]mtrace
+
This option toggles message logging. This produces a detailed dump of the
responses received by ``delv`` in the process of carrying out the
resolution and validation process.
debug level to 10 using the ``-d`` option produces the same
output, but affects other logging categories as well.
-``+[no]vtrace``
+.. option:: +[no]vtrace
+
This option toggles validation logging. This shows the internal process of the
validator as it determines whether an answer is validly signed,
unsigned, or invalid.
systemwide debug level to 3 using the ``-d`` option produces the
same output, but affects other logging categories as well.
-``+[no]short``
+.. option:: +[no]short
+
This option toggles between verbose and terse answers. The default is to print the answer in a
verbose form.
-``+[no]comments``
+.. option:: +[no]comments
+
This option toggles the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to
print comments.
-``+[no]rrcomments``
+.. option:: +[no]rrcomments
+
This option toggles the display of per-record comments in the output (for example,
human-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is
to print per-record comments.
-``+[no]crypto``
+.. option:: +[no]crypto
+
This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The
contents of these fields are unnecessary to debug most DNSSEC
validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the
they are replaced by the string ``[omitted]`` or, in the DNSKEY case, the
key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g. ``[ key id = value ]``.
-``+[no]trust``
+.. option:: +[no]trust
+
This option controls whether to display the trust level when printing a record.
The default is to display the trust level.
-``+[no]split[=W]``
+.. option:: +[no]split[=W]
+
This option splits long hex- or base64-formatted fields in resource records into
chunks of ``W`` characters (where ``W`` is rounded up to the nearest
multiple of 4). ``+nosplit`` or ``+split=0`` causes fields not to be
split at all. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when
multiline mode is active.
-``+[no]all``
+.. option:: +[no]all
+
This option sets or clears the display options ``+[no]comments``,
``+[no]rrcomments``, and ``+[no]trust`` as a group.
-``+[no]multiline``
+.. option:: +[no]multiline
+
This option prints long records (such as RRSIG, DNSKEY, and SOA records) in a
verbose multi-line format with human-readable comments. The default
is to print each record on a single line, to facilitate machine
parsing of the ``delv`` output.
-``+[no]dnssec``
+.. option:: +[no]dnssec
+
This option indicates whether to display RRSIG records in the ``delv`` output.
The default is to do so. Note that (unlike in ``dig``) this does
*not* control whether to request DNSSEC records or to
always occurs unless suppressed by the use of ``-i`` or
``+noroot``.
-``+[no]root[=ROOT]``
+.. option:: +[no]root[=ROOT]
+
This option indicates whether to perform conventional DNSSEC validation, and if so,
specifies the name of a trust anchor. The default is to validate using a
trust anchor of "." (the root zone), for which there is a built-in key. If
specifying a different trust anchor, then ``-a`` must be used to specify a
file containing the key.
-``+[no]tcp``
+.. option:: +[no]tcp
+
This option controls whether to use TCP when sending queries. The default is to
use UDP unless a truncated response has been received.
-``+[no]unknownformat``
+.. option:: +[no]unknownformat
+
This option prints all RDATA in unknown RR-type presentation format (:rfc:`3597`).
The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type's
presentation format.
-``+[no]yaml``
+.. option:: +[no]yaml
+
This option prints response data in YAML format.
Files
where:
-``server``
+.. option:: server
+
is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an
IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6 address in
colon-delimited notation. When the supplied ``server`` argument is a
sends the query to the local host. The reply from the name server
that responds is displayed.
-``name``
+.. option:: name
+
is the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.
-``type``
+.. option:: type
+
indicates what type of query is required - ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc.
``type`` can be any valid query type. If no ``type`` argument is
supplied, ``dig`` performs a lookup for an A record.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-4``
+.. option:: -4
+
This option indicates that only IPv4 should be used.
-``-6``
+.. option:: -6
+
This option indicates that only IPv6 should be used.
-``-b address[#port]``
+.. option:: -b address[#port]
+
This option sets the source IP address of the query. The ``address`` must be a
valid address on one of the host's network interfaces, or "0.0.0.0"
or "::". An optional port may be specified by appending ``#port``.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option sets the query class. The default ``class`` is IN; other classes are
HS for Hesiod records or CH for Chaosnet records.
-``-f file``
+.. option:: -f file
+
This option sets batch mode, in which ``dig`` reads a list of lookup requests to process from
the given ``file``. Each line in the file should be organized in the
same way it would be presented as a query to ``dig`` using the
command-line interface.
-``-k keyfile``
+.. option:: -k keyfile
+
This option tells ``named`` to sign queries using TSIG using a key read from the given file. Key
files can be generated using ``tsig-keygen``. When using TSIG
authentication with ``dig``, the name server that is queried needs to
by providing appropriate ``key`` and ``server`` statements in
``named.conf``.
-``-m``
+.. option:: -m
+
This option enables memory usage debugging.
-``-p port``
+.. option:: -p port
+
This option sends the query to a non-standard port on the server, instead of the
default port 53. This option is used to test a name server that
has been configured to listen for queries on a non-standard port
number.
-``-q name``
+.. option:: -q name
+
This option specifies the domain name to query. This is useful to distinguish the ``name``
from other arguments.
-``-r``
+.. option:: -r
+
This option indicates that options from ``${HOME}/.digrc`` should not be read. This is useful for
scripts that need predictable behavior.
-``-t type``
+.. option:: -t type
+
This option indicates the resource record type to query, which can be any valid query type. If
it is a resource record type supported in BIND 9, it can be given by
the type mnemonic (such as ``NS`` or ``AAAA``). The default query type is
the number of the type. If the resource record type is not supported
in BIND 9, the result is displayed as described in :rfc:`3597`.
-``-u``
+.. option:: -u
+
This option indicates that print query times should be provided in microseconds instead of milliseconds.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option prints the version number and exits.
-``-x addr``
+.. option:: -x addr
+
This option sets simplified reverse lookups, for mapping addresses to names. The
``addr`` is an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a
colon-delimited IPv6 address. When the ``-x`` option is used, there is no
and IN respectively. IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format
under the IP6.ARPA domain.
-``-y [hmac:]keyname:secret``
+.. option:: -y [hmac:]keyname:secret
+
This option signs queries using TSIG with the given authentication key.
``keyname`` is the name of the key, and ``secret`` is the
base64-encoded shared secret. ``hmac`` is the name of the key algorithm;
abbreviation is unambiguous; for example, ``+cd`` is equivalent to
``+cdflag``. The query options are:
-``+[no]aaflag``
+.. option:: +[no]aaflag
+
This option is a synonym for ``+[no]aaonly``.
-``+[no]aaonly``
+.. option:: +[no]aaonly
+
This option sets the ``aa`` flag in the query.
-``+[no]additional``
+.. option:: +[no]additional
+
This option displays [or does not display] the additional section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
-``+[no]adflag``
+.. option:: +[no]adflag
+
This option sets [or does not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. This
requests the server to return whether all of the answer and authority
sections have been validated as secure, according to the security
indicates that some part of the answer was insecure or not validated.
This bit is set by default.
-``+[no]all``
+.. option:: +[no]all
+
This option sets or clears all display flags.
-``+[no]answer``
+.. option:: +[no]answer
+
This option displays [or does not display] the answer section of a reply. The default
is to display it.
-``+[no]authority``
+.. option:: +[no]authority
+
This option displays [or does not display] the authority section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
-``+[no]badcookie``
+.. option:: +[no]badcookie
+
This option retries the lookup with a new server cookie if a BADCOOKIE response is
received.
-``+[no]besteffort``
+.. option:: +[no]besteffort
+
This option attempts to display the contents of messages which are malformed. The
default is to not display malformed answers.
-``+bufsize[=B]``
+.. option:: +bufsize[=B]
+
This option sets the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to
``B`` bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535 and
0, respectively. ``+bufsize`` restores the default buffer size.
-``+[no]cdflag``
+.. option:: +[no]cdflag
+
This option sets [or does not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This
requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.
-``+[no]class``
+.. option:: +[no]class
+
This option displays [or does not display] the CLASS when printing the record.
-``+[no]cmd``
+.. option:: +[no]cmd
+
This option toggles the printing of the initial comment in the output, identifying the
version of ``dig`` and the query options that have been applied. This option
always has a global effect; it cannot be set globally and then overridden on a
per-lookup basis. The default is to print this comment.
-``+[no]comments``
+.. option:: +[no]comments
+
This option toggles the display of some comment lines in the output, with
information about the packet header and OPT pseudosection, and the names of
the response section. The default is to print these comments.
can be controlled using other command-line switches. These include
``+[no]cmd``, ``+[no]question``, ``+[no]stats``, and ``+[no]rrcomments``.
-``+[no]cookie=####``
+.. option:: +[no]cookie=####
+
This option sends [or does not send] a COOKIE EDNS option, with an optional value. Replaying a COOKIE
from a previous response allows the server to identify a previous
client. The default is ``+cookie``.
``+cookie`` is also set when ``+trace`` is set to better emulate the
default queries from a nameserver.
-``+[no]crypto``
+.. option:: +[no]crypto
+
This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The
contents of these fields are unnecessary for debugging most DNSSEC
validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the
they are replaced by the string ``[omitted]`` or, in the DNSKEY case, the
key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g. ``[ key id = value ]``.
-``+[no]defname``
+.. option:: +[no]defname
+
This option, which is deprecated, is treated as a synonym for ``+[no]search``.
-``+[no]dns64prefix``
+.. option:: +[no]dns64prefix
+
Lookup IPV4ONLY.ARPA AAAA and print any DNS64 prefixes found.
-``+[no]dnssec``
+.. option:: +[no]dnssec
+
This option requests that DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK (DO) bit in
the OPT record in the additional section of the query.
-``+domain=somename``
+.. option:: +domain=somename
+
This option sets the search list to contain the single domain ``somename``, as if
specified in a ``domain`` directive in ``/etc/resolv.conf``, and
enables search list processing as if the ``+search`` option were
given.
-``+dscp=value``
+.. option:: +dscp=value
+
This option sets the DSCP code point to be used when sending the query. Valid DSCP
code points are in the range [0...63]. By default no code point is
explicitly set.
-``+[no]edns[=#]``
+.. option:: +[no]edns[=#]
+
This option specifies the EDNS version to query with. Valid values are 0 to 255.
Setting the EDNS version causes an EDNS query to be sent.
``+noedns`` clears the remembered EDNS version. EDNS is set to 0 by
default.
-``+[no]ednsflags[=#]``
+.. option:: +[no]ednsflags[=#]
+
This option sets the must-be-zero EDNS flags bits (Z bits) to the specified value.
Decimal, hex, and octal encodings are accepted. Setting a named flag
(e.g., DO) is silently ignored. By default, no Z bits are set.
-``+[no]ednsnegotiation``
+.. option:: +[no]ednsnegotiation
+
This option enables/disables EDNS version negotiation. By default, EDNS version
negotiation is enabled.
-``+[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]``
+.. option:: +[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]
+
This option specifies the EDNS option with code point ``code`` and an optional payload
of ``value`` as a hexadecimal string. ``code`` can be either an EDNS
option name (for example, ``NSID`` or ``ECS``) or an arbitrary
numeric value. ``+noednsopt`` clears the EDNS options to be sent.
-``+[no]expire``
+.. option:: +[no]expire
+
This option sends an EDNS Expire option.
-``+[no]fail``
+.. option:: +[no]fail
+
This option indicates that ``named`` should try [or not try] the next server if a SERVFAIL is received. The default is
to not try the next server, which is the reverse of normal stub
resolver behavior.
-``+[no]header-only``
+.. option:: +[no]header-only
+
This option sends a query with a DNS header without a question section. The
default is to add a question section. The query type and query name
are ignored when this is set.
-``+[no]https[=value]``
+.. option:: +[no]https[=value]
+
This option indicates whether to use DNS over HTTPS (DoH) when querying
name servers. When this option is in use, the port number defaults to 443.
The HTTP POST request mode is used when sending the query.
query URI; the default is ``/dns-query``. So, for example, ``dig
@example.com +https`` will use the URI ``https://example.com/dns-query``.
-``+[no]https-get[=value]``
+.. option:: +[no]https-get[=value]
+
Similar to ``+https``, except that the HTTP GET request mode is used
when sending the query.
-``+[no]https-post[=value]``
+.. option:: +[no]https-post[=value]
+
Same as ``+https``.
-``+[no]http-plain[=value]``
+.. option:: +[no]http-plain[=value]
+
Similar to ``+https``, except that HTTP queries will be sent over a
non-encrypted channel. When this option is in use, the port number
defaults to 80 and the HTTP request mode is POST.
-``+[no]http-plain-get[=value]``
+.. option:: +[no]http-plain-get[=value]
+
Similar to ``+http-plain``, except that the HTTP request mode is GET.
-``+[no]http-plain-post[=value]``
+.. option:: +[no]http-plain-post[=value]
+
Same as ``+http-plain``.
-``+[no]identify``
+.. option:: +[no]identify
+
This option shows [or does not show] the IP address and port number that
supplied the answer, when the ``+short`` option is enabled. If short
form answers are requested, the default is not to show the source
address and port number of the server that provided the answer.
-``+[no]idnin``
+.. option:: +[no]idnin
+
This option processes [or does not process] IDN domain names on input. This requires
``IDN SUPPORT`` to have been enabled at compile time.
The IDN processing on input is disabled when ``dig`` output is redirected
to files, pipes, and other non-tty file descriptors.
-``+[no]idnout``
+.. option:: +[no]idnout
+
This option converts [or does not convert] puny code on output. This requires
``IDN SUPPORT`` to have been enabled at compile time.
a tty. The puny code processing on output is disabled when ``dig`` output
is redirected to files, pipes, and other non-tty file descriptors.
-``+[no]ignore``
+.. option:: +[no]ignore
+
This option ignores [or does not ignore] truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP. By
default, TCP retries are performed.
-``+[no]keepalive``
+.. option:: +[no]keepalive
+
This option sends [or does not send] an EDNS Keepalive option.
-``+[no]keepopen``
+.. option:: +[no]keepopen
+
This option keeps [or does not keep] the TCP socket open between queries, and reuses it rather than
creating a new TCP socket for each lookup. The default is
``+nokeepopen``.
-``+[no]multiline``
+.. option:: +[no]multiline
+
This option prints [or does not print] records, like the SOA records, in a verbose multi-line format
with human-readable comments. The default is to print each record on
a single line to facilitate machine parsing of the ``dig`` output.
-``+ndots=D``
+.. option:: +ndots=D
+
This option sets the number of dots (``D``) that must appear in ``name`` for
it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using
the ``ndots`` statement in ``/etc/resolv.conf``, or 1 if no ``ndots``
``search`` or ``domain`` directive in ``/etc/resolv.conf`` if
``+search`` is set.
-``+[no]nsid``
+.. option:: +[no]nsid
+
When enabled, this option includes an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.
-``+[no]nssearch``
+.. option:: +[no]nssearch
+
When this option is set, ``dig`` attempts to find the authoritative
name servers for the zone containing the name being looked up, and
display the SOA record that each name server has for the zone.
Addresses of servers that did not respond are also printed.
-``+[no]onesoa``
+.. option:: +[no]onesoa
+
When enabled, this option prints only one (starting) SOA record when performing an AXFR. The
default is to print both the starting and ending SOA records.
-``+[no]opcode=value``
+.. option:: +[no]opcode=value
+
When enabled, this option sets (restores) the DNS message opcode to the specified value. The
default value is QUERY (0).
-``+padding=value``
+.. option:: +padding=value
+
This option pads the size of the query packet using the EDNS Padding option to
blocks of ``value`` bytes. For example, ``+padding=32`` causes a
48-byte query to be padded to 64 bytes. The default block size is 0,
mandatory. Responses to padded queries may also be padded, but only
if the query uses TCP or DNS COOKIE.
-``+qid=value``
+.. option:: +qid=value
+
This option specifies the query ID to use when sending queries.
-``+[no]qr``
+.. option:: +[no]qr
+
This option toggles the display of the query message as it is sent. By default, the query
is not printed.
-``+[no]question``
+.. option:: +[no]question
+
This option toggles the display of the question section of a query when an answer is
returned. The default is to print the question section as a comment.
-``+[no]raflag``
+.. option:: +[no]raflag
+
This option sets [or does not set] the RA (Recursion Available) bit in the query. The
default is ``+noraflag``. This bit is ignored by the server for
QUERY.
-``+[no]rdflag``
+.. option:: +[no]rdflag
+
This option is a synonym for ``+[no]recurse``.
-``+[no]recurse``
+.. option:: +[no]recurse
+
This option toggles the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query.
This bit is set by default, which means ``dig`` normally sends
recursive queries. Recursion is automatically disabled when the
``+nssearch`` or ``+trace`` query option is used.
-``+retry=T``
+.. option:: +retry=T
+
This option sets the number of times to retry UDP and TCP queries to server to ``T``
instead of the default, 2. Unlike ``+tries``, this does not include
the initial query.
-``+[no]rrcomments``
+.. option:: +[no]rrcomments
+
This option toggles the display of per-record comments in the output (for example,
human-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is
not to print record comments unless multiline mode is active.
-``+[no]search``
+.. option:: +[no]search
+
This option uses [or does not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or domain
directive in ``resolv.conf``, if any. The search list is not used by
default.
``+ndots``, determines whether the name is treated as relative
and hence whether a search is eventually performed.
-``+[no]short``
+.. option:: +[no]short
+
This option toggles whether a terse answer is provided. The default is to print the answer in a verbose
form. This option always has a global effect; it cannot be set globally and
then overridden on a per-lookup basis.
-``+[no]showbadcookie``
+.. option:: +[no]showbadcookie
+
This option toggles whether to show the message containing the
BADCOOKIE rcode before retrying the request or not. The default
is to not show the messages.
-``+[no]showsearch``
+.. option:: +[no]showsearch
+
This option performs [or does not perform] a search showing intermediate results.
-``+[no]sigchase``
+.. option:: +[no]sigchase
+
This feature is now obsolete and has been removed; use ``delv``
instead.
-``+split=W``
+.. option:: +split=W
+
This option splits long hex- or base64-formatted fields in resource records into
chunks of ``W`` characters (where ``W`` is rounded up to the nearest
multiple of 4). ``+nosplit`` or ``+split=0`` causes fields not to be
split at all. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when
multiline mode is active.
-``+[no]stats``
+.. option:: +[no]stats
+
This option toggles the printing of statistics: when the query was made, the size of the
reply, etc. The default behavior is to print the query statistics as a
comment after each lookup.
-``+[no]subnet=addr[/prefix-length]``
+.. option:: +[no]subnet=addr[/prefix-length]
+
This option sends [or does not send] an EDNS CLIENT-SUBNET option with the specified IP
address or network prefix.
prefix-length of zero, which signals a resolver that the client's
address information must *not* be used when resolving this query.
-``+[no]tcflag``
+.. option:: +[no]tcflag
+
This option sets [or does not set] the TC (TrunCation) bit in the query. The default is
``+notcflag``. This bit is ignored by the server for QUERY.
-``+[no]tcp``
+.. option:: +[no]tcp
+
This option indicates whether to use TCP when querying name servers.
The default behavior is to use UDP unless a type ``any`` or ``ixfr=N``
query is requested, in which case the default is TCP. AXFR queries
always use TCP.
-``+timeout=T``
+.. option:: +timeout=T
+
This option sets the timeout for a query to ``T`` seconds. The default timeout is
5 seconds. An attempt to set ``T`` to less than 1 is silently set to 1.
-``+[no]tls``
+.. option:: +[no]tls
+
This option indicates whether to use DNS over TLS (DoT) when querying
name servers. When this option is in use, the port number defaults
to 853.
-``+[no]topdown``
+.. option:: +[no]topdown
+
This feature is related to ``dig +sigchase``, which is obsolete and
has been removed. Use ``delv`` instead.
-``+[no]trace``
+.. option:: +[no]trace
+
This option toggles tracing of the delegation path from the root name servers for
the name being looked up. Tracing is disabled by default. When
tracing is enabled, ``dig`` makes iterative queries to resolve the
``+dnssec`` is also set when ``+trace`` is set, to better emulate the
default queries from a name server.
-``+tries=T``
+.. option:: +tries=T
+
This option sets the number of times to try UDP and TCP queries to server to ``T``
instead of the default, 3. If ``T`` is less than or equal to zero,
the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.
-``+trusted-key=####``
+.. option:: +trusted-key=####
+
This option formerly specified trusted keys for use with ``dig +sigchase``. This
feature is now obsolete and has been removed; use ``delv`` instead.
-``+[no]ttlid``
+.. option:: +[no]ttlid
+
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL when printing the record.
-``+[no]ttlunits``
+.. option:: +[no]ttlunits
+
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL in friendly human-readable time
units of ``s``, ``m``, ``h``, ``d``, and ``w``, representing seconds, minutes,
hours, days, and weeks. This implies ``+ttlid``.
-``+[no]unknownformat``
+.. option:: +[no]unknownformat
+
This option prints all RDATA in unknown RR type presentation format (:rfc:`3597`).
The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type's
presentation format.
-``+[no]vc``
+.. option:: +[no]vc
+
This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate
syntax to ``+[no]tcp`` is provided for backwards compatibility. The
``vc`` stands for "virtual circuit."
-``+[no]yaml``
+.. option:: +[no]yaml
+
When enabled, this option prints the responses (and, if ``+qr`` is in use, also the
outgoing queries) in a detailed YAML format.
-``+[no]zflag``
+.. option:: +[no]zflag
+
This option sets [or does not set] the last unassigned DNS header flag in a DNS query.
This flag is off by default.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-4``
+.. option:: -4
+
This option specifies that only IPv4 should be used for query transport. See also the ``-6`` option.
-``-6``
+.. option:: -6
+
This option specifies that only IPv6 should be used for query transport. See also the ``-4`` option.
-``-a``
+.. option:: -a
+
The ``-a`` ("all") option is normally equivalent to ``-v -t ANY``. It
also affects the behavior of the ``-l`` list zone option.
-``-A``
+.. option:: -A
+
The ``-A`` ("almost all") option is equivalent to ``-a``, except that RRSIG,
NSEC, and NSEC3 records are omitted from the output.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option specifies the query class, which can be used to lookup HS (Hesiod) or CH (Chaosnet)
class resource records. The default class is IN (Internet).
-``-C``
+.. option:: -C
+
This option indicates that ``named`` should check consistency, meaning that ``host`` queries the SOA records for zone
``name`` from all the listed authoritative name servers for that
zone. The list of name servers is defined by the NS records that are
found for the zone.
-``-d``
+.. option:: -d
+
This option prints debugging traces, and is equivalent to the ``-v`` verbose option.
-``-l``
+.. option:: -l
+
This option tells ``named`` to list the zone, meaning the ``host`` command performs a zone transfer of zone
``name`` and prints out the NS, PTR, and address records (A/AAAA).
Together, the ``-l -a`` options print all records in the zone.
-``-N ndots``
+.. option:: -N ndots
+
This option specifies the number of dots (``ndots``) that have to be in ``name`` for it to be
considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the
``ndots`` statement in ``/etc/resolv.conf``, or 1 if no ``ndots`` statement
and are searched for in the domains listed in the ``search`` or
``domain`` directive in ``/etc/resolv.conf``.
-``-p port``
+.. option:: -p port
+
This option specifies the port to query on the server. The default is 53.
-``-r``
+.. option:: -r
+
This option specifies a non-recursive query; setting this option clears the RD (recursion
desired) bit in the query. This means that the name server
receiving the query does not attempt to resolve ``name``. The ``-r``
making non-recursive queries, and expecting to receive answers to
those queries that can be referrals to other name servers.
-``-R number``
+.. option:: -R number
+
This option specifies the number of retries for UDP queries. If ``number`` is negative or zero,
the number of retries is silently set to 1. The default value is 1, or
the value of the ``attempts`` option in ``/etc/resolv.conf``, if set.
-``-s``
+.. option:: -s
+
This option tells ``named`` *not* to send the query to the next nameserver if any server responds
with a SERVFAIL response, which is the reverse of normal stub
resolver behavior.
-``-t type``
+.. option:: -t type
+
This option specifies the query type. The ``type`` argument can be any recognized query type:
CNAME, NS, SOA, TXT, DNSKEY, AXFR, etc.
specified by appending an equals sign (=), followed by the starting serial
number, e.g., ``-t IXFR=12345678``.
-``-T``; ``-U``
+.. option:: -T``; ``-U
+
This option specifies TCP or UDP. By default, ``host`` uses UDP when making queries; the
``-T`` option makes it use a TCP connection when querying the name
server. TCP is automatically selected for queries that require
it, such as zone transfer (AXFR) requests. Type ``ANY`` queries default
to TCP, but can be forced to use UDP initially via ``-U``.
-``-m flag``
+.. option:: -m flag
+
This option sets memory usage debugging: the flag can be ``record``, ``usage``, or
``trace``. The ``-m`` option can be specified more than once to set
multiple flags.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option sets verbose output, and is equivalent to the ``-d`` debug option. Verbose output
can also be enabled by setting the ``debug`` option in
``/etc/resolv.conf``.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints the version number and exits.
-``-w``
+.. option:: -w
+
This option sets "wait forever": the query timeout is set to the maximum possible. See
also the ``-W`` option.
-``-W wait``
+.. option:: -W wait
+
This options sets the length of the wait timeout, indicating that ``named`` should wait for up to ``wait`` seconds for a reply. If ``wait`` is
less than 1, the wait interval is set to 1 second.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-a algorithm``
+.. option:: -a algorithm
+
When converting CDS records to DS records, this option specifies
the acceptable digest algorithms. This option can be repeated, so
that multiple digest types are allowed. If none of the CDS records
are case-insensitive, and the hyphen may be omitted. If no algorithm
is specified, the default is SHA-256 only.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option specifies the DNS class of the zones.
-``-D``
+.. option:: -D
+
This option generates DS records from CDNSKEY records if both CDS and CDNSKEY
records are present in the child zone. By default CDS records are
preferred.
-``-d path``
+.. option:: -d path
+
This specifies the location of the parent DS records. The path can be the name of a file
containing the DS records; if it is a directory, ``dnssec-cds``
looks for a ``dsset-`` file for the domain inside the directory.
were signed earlier than the modification time of the ``dsset-``
file. This can be adjusted with the ``-s`` option.
-``-f child-file``
+.. option:: -f child-file
+
This option specifies the file containing the child's CDS and/or CDNSKEY records, plus its
DNSKEY records and the covering RRSIG records, so that they can be
authenticated.
The examples below describe how to generate this file.
-``-iextension``
+.. option:: -iextension
+
This option updates the ``dsset-`` file in place, instead of writing DS records to
the standard output.
child records, provided that it is later than the file's current
modification time.
-``-s start-time``
+.. option:: -s start-time
+
This option specifies the date and time after which RRSIG records become
acceptable. This can be either an absolute or a relative time. An
absolute start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
If no start-time is specified, the modification time of the
``dsset-`` file is used.
-``-T ttl``
+.. option:: -T ttl
+
This option specifies a TTL to be used for new DS records. If not specified, the
default is the TTL of the old DS records. If they had no explicit TTL,
the new DS records also have no explicit TTL.
-``-u``
+.. option:: -u
+
This option writes an ``nsupdate`` script to the standard output, instead of
printing the new DS reords. The output is empty if no change is
needed.
original ``dsset-`` file, with the ``-T`` option, or using the
``nsupdate`` ``ttl`` command.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level. Level 1 is intended to be usefully verbose
for general users; higher levels are intended for developers.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-1``
+.. option:: -1
+
This option is an abbreviation for ``-a SHA1``.
-``-2``
+.. option:: -2
+
This option is an abbreviation for ``-a SHA-256``.
-``-a algorithm``
+.. option:: -a algorithm
+
This option specifies a digest algorithm to use when converting DNSKEY records to
DS records. This option can be repeated, so that multiple DS records
are created for each DNSKEY record.
are case-insensitive, and the hyphen may be omitted. If no algorithm
is specified, the default is SHA-256.
-``-A``
+.. option:: -A
+
This option indicates that ZSKs are to be included when generating DS records. Without this option, only
keys which have the KSK flag set are converted to DS records and
printed. This option is only useful in ``-f`` zone file mode.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option specifies the DNS class; the default is IN. This option is only useful in ``-s`` keyset
or ``-f`` zone file mode.
-``-C``
+.. option:: -C
+
This option generates CDS records rather than DS records.
-``-f file``
+.. option:: -f file
+
This option sets zone file mode, in which the final dnsname argument of ``dnssec-dsfromkey`` is the
DNS domain name of a zone whose master file can be read from
``file``. If the zone name is the same as ``file``, then it may be
``dig dnskey example.com | dnssec-dsfromkey -f - example.com``
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints usage information.
-``-K directory``
+.. option:: -K directory
+
This option tells BIND 9 to look for key files or ``keyset-`` files in ``directory``.
-``-s``
+.. option:: -s
+
This option enables keyset mode, in which the final dnsname argument from ``dnssec-dsfromkey`` is the DNS
domain name used to locate a ``keyset-`` file.
-``-T TTL``
+.. option:: -T TTL
+
This option specifies the TTL of the DS records. By default the TTL is omitted.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
Example
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-f filename``
+.. option:: -f filename
+
This option indicates the zone file mode. Instead of a public keyfile name, the argument is the
DNS domain name of a zone master file, which can be read from
``filename``. If the domain name is the same as ``filename``, then it may be
If ``filename`` is set to ``"-"``, then the zone data is read from the
standard input.
-``-K directory``
+.. option:: -K directory
+
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.
-``-L ttl``
+.. option:: -L ttl
+
This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone,
unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
place, in which case the existing TTL takes precedence. Setting the default TTL to ``0`` or ``none``
removes it from the key.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option emits a usage message and exits.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
Timing Options
respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds. To
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use ``none`` or ``never``.
-``-P date/offset``
+.. option:: -P date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it.
-``-P sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -P sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
-``-D date/offset``
+.. option:: -D date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
-``-D sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -D sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-a algorithm``
+.. option:: -a algorithm
+
This option selects the cryptographic algorithm. The value of ``algorithm`` must
be one of RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASHA1, RSASHA256, RSASHA512,
ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, or ED448.
``-S`` option, which copies the algorithm from the predecessory key.
Previously, the default for newly generated keys was RSASHA1.
-``-3``
+.. option:: -3
+
This option uses an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this
option is used with an algorithm that has both NSEC and NSEC3
versions, then the NSEC3 version is used; for example,
``dnssec-keygen -3a RSASHA1`` specifies the NSEC3RSASHA1 algorithm.
-``-E engine``
+.. option:: -E engine
+
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use.
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually ``pkcs11``).
-``-l label``
+.. option:: -l label
+
This option specifies the label for a key pair in the crypto hardware.
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL-based PKCS#11 support, the label is
preceded by an optional OpenSSL engine name, followed by a colon, as
in ``pkcs11:keylabel``.
-``-n nametype``
+.. option:: -n nametype
+
This option specifies the owner type of the key. The value of ``nametype`` must
either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY
(for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key associated
with a user (KEY)), or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are
case-insensitive.
-``-C``
+.. option:: -C
+
This option enables compatibility mode, which generates an old-style key, without any metadata.
By default, ``dnssec-keyfromlabel`` includes the key's creation
date in the metadata stored with the private key; other dates may
that include this data may be incompatible with older versions of
BIND; the ``-C`` option suppresses them.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the
specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
-``-f flag``
+.. option:: -f flag
+
This option sets the specified flag in the ``flag`` field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
The only recognized flags are KSK (Key-Signing Key) and REVOKE.
-``-G``
+.. option:: -G
+
This option generates a key, but does not publish it or sign with it. This option is
incompatible with ``-P`` and ``-A``.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
``dnssec-keyfromlabel``.
-``-K directory``
+.. option:: -K directory
+
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
-``-k``
+.. option:: -k
+
This option generates KEY records rather than DNSKEY records.
``-L`` ttl
place, in which case the existing TTL would take precedence. Setting
the default TTL to ``0`` or ``none`` removes it.
-``-p protocol``
+.. option:: -p protocol
+
This option sets the protocol value for the key. The protocol is a number between
0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this
argument are listed in :rfc:`2535` and its successors.
-``-S key``
+.. option:: -S key
+
This option generates a key as an explicit successor to an existing key. The name,
algorithm, size, and type of the key are set to match the
predecessor. The activation date of the new key is set to the
set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval, which
defaults to 30 days.
-``-t type``
+.. option:: -t type
+
This option indicates the type of the key. ``type`` must be one of AUTHCONF,
NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers
to the ability to authenticate data, and CONF to the ability to encrypt
data.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
-``-y``
+.. option:: -y
+
This option allows DNSSEC key files to be generated even if the key ID would
collide with that of an existing key, in the event of either key
being revoked. (This is only safe to enable if
respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds. To
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use ``none`` or ``never``.
-``-P date/offset``
+.. option:: -P date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it. If not set, and if the ``-G`` option has not been used, the
default is the current date.
-``-P sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -P sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
-``-A date/offset``
+.. option:: -A date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
the key is included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set,
and if the ``-G`` option has not been used, the default is the current date.
-``-R date/offset``
+.. option:: -R date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the
key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and
is used to sign it.
-``-I date/offset``
+.. option:: -I date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the
key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to
sign it.
-``-D date/offset``
+.. option:: -D date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
-``-D sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -D sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
-``-i interval``
+.. option:: -i interval
+
This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-3``
+.. option:: -3
+
This option uses an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this
option is used with an algorithm that has both NSEC and NSEC3
versions, then the NSEC3 version is selected; for example,
``dnssec-keygen -3a RSASHA1`` specifies the NSEC3RSASHA1 algorithm.
-``-a algorithm``
+.. option:: -a algorithm
+
This option selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value of
``algorithm`` must be one of RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASHA1, RSASHA256,
RSASHA512, ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, or ED448. For
keys, but that feature was removed in BIND 9.13.0. Use
``tsig-keygen`` to generate TSIG keys.
-``-b keysize``
+.. option:: -b keysize
+
This option specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key size
depends on the algorithm used: RSA keys must be between 1024 and 4096
bits; Diffie-Hellman keys must be between 128 and 4096 bits. Elliptic
have a default size of 1024 bits; RSA keys for use as key-signing
keys (KSKs, generated with ``-f KSK``) default to 2048 bits.
-``-C``
+.. option:: -C
+
This option enables compatibility mode, which generates an old-style key, without any timing
metadata. By default, ``dnssec-keygen`` includes the key's
creation date in the metadata stored with the private key; other
etc. Keys that include this data may be incompatible with older
versions of BIND; the ``-C`` option suppresses them.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the
specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
-``-d bits``
+.. option:: -d bits
+
This option specifies the key size in bits. For the algorithms RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASA1, RSASHA256, and
RSASHA512 the key size must be between 1024 and 4096 bits; DH size is between 128
and 4096 bits. This option is ignored for algorithms ECDSAP256SHA256,
ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, and ED448.
-``-E engine``
+.. option:: -E engine
+
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually ``pkcs11``).
-``-f flag``
+.. option:: -f flag
+
This option sets the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
The only recognized flags are KSK (Key-Signing Key) and REVOKE.
-``-G``
+.. option:: -G
+
This option generates a key, but does not publish it or sign with it. This option is
incompatible with ``-P`` and ``-A``.
-``-g generator``
+.. option:: -g generator
+
This option indicates the generator to use if generating a Diffie-Hellman key. Allowed
values are 2 and 5. If no generator is specified, a known prime from
:rfc:`2539` is used if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
``dnssec-keygen``.
-``-K directory``
+.. option:: -K directory
+
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
-``-k policy``
+.. option:: -k policy
+
This option creates keys for a specific ``dnssec-policy``. If a policy uses multiple keys,
``dnssec-keygen`` generates multiple keys. This also
creates a ".state" file to keep track of the key state.
it cannot be used at the same time as many of the other options that
``dnssec-keygen`` provides.
-``-L ttl``
+.. option:: -L ttl
+
This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone,
unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
defaults to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to ``0`` or ``none``
is the same as leaving it unset.
-``-l file``
+.. option:: -l file
+
This option provides a configuration file that contains a ``dnssec-policy`` statement
(matching the policy set with ``-k``).
-``-n nametype``
+.. option:: -n nametype
+
This option specifies the owner type of the key. The value of ``nametype`` must
either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY
(for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key associated
with a user (KEY)), or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are
case-insensitive. The default is ZONE for DNSKEY generation.
-``-p protocol``
+.. option:: -p protocol
+
This option sets the protocol value for the generated key, for use with
``-T KEY``. The protocol is a number between 0 and 255. The default
is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this argument are listed in
:rfc:`2535` and its successors.
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option sets quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output, including progress
indication. Without this option, when ``dnssec-keygen`` is run
interactively to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it prints a
round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; and a space ( ) means that the
number has passed all the tests and is a satisfactory key.
-``-S key``
+.. option:: -S key
+
This option creates a new key which is an explicit successor to an existing key.
The name, algorithm, size, and type of the key are set to match
the existing key. The activation date of the new key is set to
set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval,
which defaults to 30 days.
-``-s strength``
+.. option:: -s strength
+
This option specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is a number
between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined purpose in DNSSEC.
-``-T rrtype``
+.. option:: -T rrtype
+
This option specifies the resource record type to use for the key. ``rrtype``
must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The default is DNSKEY when using a
DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be overridden to KEY for use with
SIG(0).
-``-t type``
+.. option:: -t type
+
This option indicates the type of the key for use with ``-T KEY``. ``type``
must be one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default
is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate data, and
CONF to the ability to encrypt data.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
Timing Options
respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds. To
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use ``none`` or ``never``.
-``-P date/offset``
+.. option:: -P date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it. If not set, and if the ``-G`` option has not been used, the
default is the current date.
-``-P sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -P sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
-``-A date/offset``
+.. option:: -A date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
the key is included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set,
and if the ``-G`` option has not been used, the default is the current date. If set,
and ``-P`` is not set, the publication date is set to the
activation date minus the prepublication interval.
-``-R date/offset``
+.. option:: -R date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the
key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and
is used to sign it.
-``-I date/offset``
+.. option:: -I date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the
key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to
sign it.
-``-D date/offset``
+.. option:: -D date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
-``-D sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -D sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
-``-i interval``
+.. option:: -i interval
+
This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option emits a usage message and exits.
-``-K directory``
+.. option:: -K directory
+
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.
-``-r``
+.. option:: -r
+
This option indicates to remove the original keyset files after writing the new keyset files.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
-``-E engine``
+.. option:: -E engine
+
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually ``pkcs11``).
-``-f``
+.. option:: -f
+
This option indicates a forced overwrite and causes ``dnssec-revoke`` to write the new key pair,
even if a file already exists matching the algorithm and key ID of
the revoked key.
-``-R``
+.. option:: -R
+
This option prints the key tag of the key with the REVOKE bit set, but does not
revoke the key.
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-f``
+.. option:: -f
+
This option forces an update of an old-format key with no metadata fields. Without
this option, ``dnssec-settime`` fails when attempting to update a
legacy key. With this option, the key is recreated in the new
specified, then the key's publication and activation dates are also
set to the present time.
-``-K directory``
+.. option:: -K directory
+
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.
-``-L ttl``
+.. option:: -L ttl
+
This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone,
unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
defaults to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to ``0`` or ``none``
removes it from the key.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option emits a usage message and exits.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
-``-E engine``
+.. option:: -E engine
+
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds. To
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use ``none`` or ``never``.
-``-P date/offset``
+.. option:: -P date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it.
-``-P ds date/offset``
+.. option:: -P ds date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which DS records that match this key have been
seen in the parent zone.
-``-P sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -P sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
-``-A date/offset``
+.. option:: -A date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
the key is included in the zone and used to sign it.
-``-R date/offset``
+.. option:: -R date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the
key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and
is used to sign it.
-``-I date/offset``
+.. option:: -I date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the
key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to
sign it.
-``-D date/offset``
+.. option:: -D date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
-``-D ds date/offset``
+.. option:: -D ds date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the DS records that match this key have
been seen removed from the parent zone.
-``-D sync date/offset``
+.. option:: -D sync date/offset
+
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
-``-S predecessor key``
+.. option:: -S predecessor key
+
This option selects a key for which the key being modified is an explicit
successor. The name, algorithm, size, and type of the predecessor key
must exactly match those of the key being modified. The activation
predecessor. The publication date is set to the activation date
minus the prepublication interval, which defaults to 30 days.
-``-i interval``
+.. option:: -i interval
+
This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
Known key states are HIDDEN, RUMOURED, OMNIPRESENT, and UNRETENTIVE.
-``-s``
+.. option:: -s
+
This option indicates that when setting key timing data, the state file should also be updated.
-``-g state``
+.. option:: -g state
+
This option sets the goal state for this key. Must be HIDDEN or OMNIPRESENT.
-``-d state date/offset``
+.. option:: -d state date/offset
+
This option sets the DS state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
-``-k state date/offset``
+.. option:: -k state date/offset
+
This option sets the DNSKEY state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
-``-r state date/offset``
+.. option:: -r state date/offset
+
This option sets the RRSIG (KSK) state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
-``-z state date/offset``
+.. option:: -z state date/offset
+
This option sets the RRSIG (ZSK) state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
Printing Options
``dnssec-settime`` can also be used to print the timing metadata
associated with a key.
-``-u``
+.. option:: -u
+
This option indicates that times should be printed in Unix epoch format.
-``-p C/P/Pds/Psync/A/R/I/D/Dds/Dsync/all``
+.. option:: -p C/P/Pds/Psync/A/R/I/D/Dds/Dsync/all
+
This option prints a specific metadata value or set of metadata values.
The ``-p`` option may be followed by one or more of the following letters or
strings to indicate which value or values to print: ``C`` for the
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-a``
+.. option:: -a
+
This option verifies all generated signatures.
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option specifies the DNS class of the zone.
-``-C``
+.. option:: -C
+
This option sets compatibility mode, in which a ``keyset-zonename`` file is generated in addition
to ``dsset-zonename`` when signing a zone, for use by older versions
of ``dnssec-signzone``.
-``-d directory``
+.. option:: -d directory
+
This option indicates the directory where BIND 9 should look for ``dsset-`` or ``keyset-`` files.
-``-D``
+.. option:: -D
+
This option indicates that only those record types automatically managed by
``dnssec-signzone``, i.e., RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records, should be included in the output.
If smart signing (``-S``) is used, DNSKEY records are also included.
``$INCLUDE``. This option cannot be combined with ``-O raw``
or serial-number updating.
-``-E engine``
+.. option:: -E engine
+
This option specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic
operations, such as a secure key store used for signing, when applicable.
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually ``pkcs11``).
-``-g``
+.. option:: -g
+
This option indicates that DS records for child zones should be generated from a ``dsset-`` or ``keyset-``
file. Existing DS records are removed.
-``-K directory``
+.. option:: -K directory
+
This option specifies the directory to search for DNSSEC keys. If not
specified, it defaults to the current directory.
-``-k key``
+.. option:: -k key
+
This option tells BIND 9 to treat the specified key as a key-signing key, ignoring any key flags. This
option may be specified multiple times.
-``-M maxttl``
+.. option:: -M maxttl
+
This option sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone. Any TTL higher than ``maxttl``
in the input zone is reduced to ``maxttl`` in the output. This
provides certainty as to the largest possible TTL in the signed zone,
``named.conf``. (Note: This option is incompatible with ``-D``,
because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
-``-s start-time``
+.. option:: -s start-time
+
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records become
valid. This can be either an absolute or relative time. An absolute
start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation;
time. If no ``start-time`` is specified, the current time minus 1
hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
-``-e end-time``
+.. option:: -e end-time
+
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records expire. As
with ``start-time``, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with ``+N``,
specified, 30 days from the start time is the default.
``end-time`` must be later than ``start-time``.
-``-X extended end-time``
+.. option:: -X extended end-time
+
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records for the
DNSKEY RRset expire. This is to be used in cases when the DNSKEY
signatures need to persist longer than signatures on other records;
as the default. (``end-time``, in turn, defaults to 30 days from the
start time.) ``extended end-time`` must be later than ``start-time``.
-``-f output-file``
+.. option:: -f output-file
+
This option indicates the name of the output file containing the signed zone. The default
is to append ``.signed`` to the input filename. If ``output-file`` is
set to ``-``, then the signed zone is written to the standard
output, with a default output format of ``full``.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
``dnssec-signzone``.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
-``-i interval``
+.. option:: -i interval
+
This option indicates that, when a previously signed zone is passed as input, records may be
re-signed. The ``interval`` option specifies the cycle interval as an
offset from the current time, in seconds. If a RRSIG record expires
days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records are due to expire in
less than 7.5 days, they are replaced.
-``-I input-format``
+.. option:: -I input-format
+
This option sets the format of the input zone file. Possible formats are
``text`` (the default), and ``raw``. This option is primarily
intended to be used for dynamic signed zones, so that the dumped zone
file in a non-text format containing updates can be signed directly.
This option is not useful for non-dynamic zones.
-``-j jitter``
+.. option:: -j jitter
+
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all RRSIG
records issued at the time of signing expire simultaneously. If the
zone is incrementally signed, i.e., a previously signed zone is passed
less congestion than if all validators need to refetch at around the
same time.
-``-L serial``
+.. option:: -L serial
+
When writing a signed zone to "raw" format, this option sets the "source
serial" value in the header to the specified ``serial`` number. (This is
expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.)
-``-n ncpus``
+.. option:: -n ncpus
+
This option specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one thread is
started for each detected CPU.
-``-N soa-serial-format``
+.. option:: -N soa-serial-format
+
This option sets the SOA serial number format of the signed zone. Possible formats are
``keep`` (the default), ``increment``, ``unixtime``, and
``date``.
than or equal to that value, in which case it is simply
incremented by one.
-``-o origin``
+.. option:: -o origin
+
This option sets the zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is
assumed to be the origin.
-``-O output-format``
+.. option:: -O output-format
+
This option sets the format of the output file containing the signed
zone. Possible formats are ``text`` (the default), which is the standard
textual representation of the zone; ``full``, which is text output in a
if N is 0, the raw file can be read by any version of ``named``; if N is
1, the file can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
-``-P``
+.. option:: -P
+
This option disables post-sign verification tests.
The post-sign verification tests ensure that for each algorithm in
revoked KSK keys are self-signed, and that all records in the zone
are signed by the algorithm. This option skips these tests.
-``-Q``
+.. option:: -Q
+
This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer active.
Normally, when a previously signed zone is passed as input to the
active. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
:rfc:`4641#4.2.1.1` ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option enables quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output. Without this option, when
``dnssec-signzone`` is run it prints three pieces of information to standard output: the number of
keys in use; the algorithms used to verify the zone was signed correctly and
other status information; and the filename containing the signed
zone. With the option that output is suppressed, leaving only the filename.
-``-R``
+.. option:: -R
+
This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer published.
This option is similar to ``-Q``, except it forces
:rfc:`4641#4.2.1.2` ("Double Signature Zone Signing Key
Rollover").
-``-S``
+.. option:: -S
+
This option enables smart signing, which instructs ``dnssec-signzone`` to search the key
repository for keys that match the zone being signed, and to include
them in the zone if appropriate.
If the key's sync deletion date is set and is in the past,
synchronization records (type CDS and/or CDNSKEY) are removed.
-``-T ttl``
+.. option:: -T ttl
+
This option specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported into the
zone from the key repository. If not specified, the default is the
TTL value from the zone's SOA record. This option is ignored when
conflict between TTL values in imported keys, the shortest one is
used.
-``-t``
+.. option:: -t
+
This option prints statistics at completion.
-``-u``
+.. option:: -u
+
This option updates the NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed zone.
With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be switched to NSEC3,
or a zone signed with NSEC3 can be switched to NSEC or to NSEC3 with
different parameters. Without this option, ``dnssec-signzone``
retains the existing chain when re-signing.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
-``-x``
+.. option:: -x
+
This option indicates that BIND 9 should only sign the DNSKEY, CDNSKEY, and CDS RRsets with key-signing keys,
and should omit signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
``dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;`` zone option in ``named``.)
-``-z``
+.. option:: -z
+
This option indicates that BIND 9 should ignore the KSK flag on keys when determining what to sign. This causes
KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the DNSKEY RRset.
(This is similar to the ``update-check-ksk no;`` zone option in
``named``.)
-``-3 salt``
+.. option:: -3 salt
+
This option generates an NSEC3 chain with the given hex-encoded salt. A dash
(-) can be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when
generating the NSEC3 chain.
-``-H iterations``
+.. option:: -H iterations
+
This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should use this many iterations. The default
is 10.
-``-A``
+.. option:: -A
+
This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should set the OPTOUT flag on all NSEC3
records and should not generate NSEC3 records for insecure delegations.
all records. This is useful when using the ``-u`` option to modify an
NSEC3 chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
-``zonefile``
+.. option:: zonefile
+
This option sets the file containing the zone to be signed.
-``key``
+.. option:: key
+
This option specifies which keys should be used to sign the zone. If no keys are
specified, the zone is examined for DNSKEY records at the
zone apex. If these records are found and there are matching private keys in
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option specifies the DNS class of the zone.
-``-E engine``
+.. option:: -E engine
+
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually ``pkcs11``).
-``-I input-format``
+.. option:: -I input-format
+
This option sets the format of the input zone file. Possible formats are ``text``
(the default) and ``raw``. This option is primarily intended to be used
for dynamic signed zones, so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
format containing updates can be verified independently.
This option is not useful for non-dynamic zones.
-``-o origin``
+.. option:: -o origin
+
This option indicates the zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is
assumed to be the origin.
-``-v level``
+.. option:: -v level
+
This option sets the debugging level.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints version information.
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option sets quiet mode, which suppresses output. Without this option, when ``dnssec-verify``
is run it prints to standard output the number of keys in use, the
algorithms used to verify the zone was signed correctly, and other status
information. With this option, all non-error output is suppressed, and only the exit
code indicates success.
-``-x``
+.. option:: -x
+
This option verifies only that the DNSKEY RRset is signed with key-signing keys.
Without this flag, it is assumed that the DNSKEY RRset is signed
by all active keys. When this flag is set, it is not an error if
the DNSKEY RRset is not signed by zone-signing keys. This corresponds
to the ``-x`` option in ``dnssec-signzone``.
-``-z``
+.. option:: -z
+
This option indicates that the KSK flag on the keys should be ignored when determining whether the zone is
correctly signed. Without this flag, it is assumed that there is
a non-revoked, self-signed DNSKEY with the KSK flag set for each
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-4``
+.. option:: -4
+
This option tells ``named`` to use only IPv4, even if the host machine is capable of IPv6. ``-4`` and
``-6`` are mutually exclusive.
-``-6``
+.. option:: -6
+
This option tells ``named`` to use only IPv6, even if the host machine is capable of IPv4. ``-4`` and
``-6`` are mutually exclusive.
-``-c config-file``
+.. option:: -c config-file
+
This option tells ``named`` to use ``config-file`` as its configuration file instead of the default,
|named_conf|. To ensure that the configuration file
can be reloaded after the server has changed its working directory
due to to a possible ``directory`` option in the configuration file,
``config-file`` should be an absolute pathname.
-``-d debug-level``
+.. option:: -d debug-level
+
This option sets the daemon's debug level to ``debug-level``. Debugging traces from
``named`` become more verbose as the debug level increases.
-``-D string``
+.. option:: -D string
+
This option specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of ``named``
in a process listing. The contents of ``string`` are not examined.
-``-E engine-name``
+.. option:: -E engine-name
+
When applicable, this option specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic
operations, such as a secure key store used for signing.
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually ``pkcs11``).
-``-f``
+.. option:: -f
+
This option runs the server in the foreground (i.e., do not daemonize).
-``-g``
+.. option:: -g
+
This option runs the server in the foreground and forces all logging to ``stderr``.
-``-L logfile``
+.. option:: -L logfile
+
This option sets the log to the file ``logfile`` by default, instead of the system log.
-``-M option``
+.. option:: -M option
+
This option sets the default memory context options. If set to ``external``,
the internal memory manager is bypassed in favor of
system-provided memory allocation functions. If set to ``fill``, blocks
and is the default unless ``named`` has been compiled with developer
options.
-``-m flag``
+.. option:: -m flag
+
This option turns on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are ``usage``,
``trace``, ``record``, ``size``, and ``mctx``. These correspond to the
``ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX`` flags described in ``<isc/mem.h>``.
-``-n #cpus``
+.. option:: -n #cpus
+
This option creates ``#cpus`` worker threads to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If
not specified, ``named`` tries to determine the number of CPUs
present and creates one thread per CPU. If it is unable to determine
the number of CPUs, a single worker thread is created.
-``-p value``
+.. option:: -p value
+
This option specifies the port(s) on which the server will listen
for queries. If ``value`` is of the form ``<portnum>`` or
``dns=<portnum>``, the server will listen for DNS queries on
listen for HTTPS queries on ``portnum``; the default is 443.
If ``value`` is of the form ``http=<portnum>``, the server will
listen for HTTP queries on ``portnum``; the default is 80.
-
-``-s``
+
+.. option:: -s
+
This option writes memory usage statistics to ``stdout`` on exit.
.. note::
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers and may be
removed or changed in a future release.
-``-S #max-socks``
+.. option:: -S #max-socks
+
This option is deprecated and no longer has any function.
.. warning::
specified value, because ``named`` reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
-``-t directory``
+.. option:: -t directory
+
This option tells ``named`` to chroot to ``directory`` after processing the command-line arguments, but
before reading the configuration file.
most systems; the way ``chroot`` is defined allows a process
with root privileges to escape a chroot jail.
-``-U #listeners``
+.. option:: -U #listeners
+
This option tells ``named`` the number of ``#listeners`` worker threads to listen on, for incoming UDP packets on
each address. If not specified, ``named`` calculates a default
value based on the number of detected CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, and the
CPUs, then ``-U`` may be increased as high as that value, but no
higher.
-``-u user``
+.. option:: -u user
+
This option sets the setuid to ``user`` after completing privileged operations, such as
creating sockets that listen on privileged ports.
previous kernels did not allow privileges to be retained after
``setuid``.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option reports the version number and exits.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option reports the version number and build options, and exits.
-``-X lock-file``
+.. option:: -X lock-file
+
This option acquires a lock on the specified file at runtime; this helps to
prevent duplicate ``named`` instances from running simultaneously.
Use of this option overrides the ``lock-file`` option in
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-4``
+.. option:: -4
+
This option sets use of IPv4 only.
-``-6``
+.. option:: -6
+
This option sets use of IPv6 only.
-``-C``
+.. option:: -C
+
Overrides the default `resolv.conf` file. This is only intended for testing.
-``-d``
+.. option:: -d
+
This option sets debug mode, which provides tracing information about the update
requests that are made and the replies received from the name server.
-``-D``
+.. option:: -D
+
This option sets extra debug mode.
-``-i``
+.. option:: -i
+
This option forces interactive mode, even when standard input is not a terminal.
-``-k keyfile``
+.. option:: -k keyfile
+
This option indicates the file containing the TSIG authentication key. Keyfiles may be in
two formats: a single file containing a ``named.conf``-format ``key``
statement, which may be generated automatically by ``ddns-confgen``;
key used to authenticate Dynamic DNS update requests. In this case,
the key specified is not an HMAC-MD5 key.
-``-l``
+.. option:: -l
+
This option sets local-host only mode, which sets the server address to localhost
(disabling the ``server`` so that the server address cannot be
overridden). Connections to the local server use a TSIG key
``update-policy`` to ``local``. The location of this key file can be
overridden with the ``-k`` option.
-``-L level``
+.. option:: -L level
+
This option sets the logging debug level. If zero, logging is disabled.
-``-p port``
+.. option:: -p port
+
This option sets the port to use for connections to a name server. The default is
53.
-``-P``
+.. option:: -P
+
This option prints the list of private BIND-specific resource record types whose
format is understood by ``nsupdate``. See also the ``-T`` option.
-``-r udpretries``
+.. option:: -r udpretries
+
This option sets the number of UDP retries. The default is 3. If zero, only one update
request is made.
-``-t timeout``
+.. option:: -t timeout
+
This option sets the maximum time an update request can take before it is aborted. The
default is 300 seconds. If zero, the timeout is disabled.
-``-T``
+.. option:: -T
+
This option prints the list of IANA standard resource record types whose format is
understood by ``nsupdate``. ``nsupdate`` exits after the lists
are printed. The ``-T`` option can be combined with the ``-P``
present, is parsed using the UNKNOWN rdata format, (<backslash>
<hash> <space> <length> <space> <hexstring>).
-``-u udptimeout``
+.. option:: -u udptimeout
+
This option sets the UDP retry interval. The default is 3 seconds. If zero, the
interval is computed from the timeout interval and number of UDP
retries.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option specifies that TCP should be used even for small update requests. By default, ``nsupdate`` uses
UDP to send update requests to the name server unless they are too
large to fit in a UDP request, in which case TCP is used. TCP may
be preferable when a batch of update requests is made.
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option prints the version number and exits.
-``-y [hmac:]keyname:secret``
+.. option:: -y [hmac:]keyname:secret
+
This option sets the literal TSIG authentication key. ``keyname`` is the name of the key,
and ``secret`` is the base64 encoded shared secret. ``hmac`` is the
name of the key algorithm; valid choices are ``hmac-md5``,
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-4``
+.. option:: -4
+
This option indicates use of IPv4 only.
-``-6``
+.. option:: -6
+
This option indicates use of IPv6 only.
-``-b source-address``
+.. option:: -b source-address
+
This option indicates ``source-address`` as the source address for the connection to the
server. Multiple instances are permitted, to allow setting of both the
IPv4 and IPv6 source addresses.
-``-c config-file``
+.. option:: -c config-file
+
This option indicates ``config-file`` as the configuration file instead of the default,
|rndc_conf|.
-``-k key-file``
+.. option:: -k key-file
+
This option indicates ``key-file`` as the key file instead of the default,
|rndc_key|. The key in |rndc_key| is used to
authenticate commands sent to the server if the config-file does not
exist.
-``-s server``
+.. option:: -s server
+
``server`` is the name or address of the server which matches a server
statement in the configuration file for ``rndc``. If no server is
supplied on the command line, the host named by the default-server
clause in the options statement of the ``rndc`` configuration file
is used.
-``-p port``
+.. option:: -p port
+
This option instructs BIND 9 to send commands to TCP port ``port`` instead of its default control
channel port, 953.
-``-q``
+.. option:: -q
+
This option sets quiet mode, where message text returned by the server is not printed
unless there is an error.
-``-r``
+.. option:: -r
+
This option instructs ``rndc`` to print the result code returned by ``named``
after executing the requested command (e.g., ISC_R_SUCCESS,
ISC_R_FAILURE, etc.).
-``-V``
+.. option:: -V
+
This option enables verbose logging.
-``-y key_id``
+.. option:: -y key_id
+
This option indicates use of the key ``key_id`` from the configuration file. For control message validation to succeed, ``key_id`` must be known
by ``named`` with the same algorithm and secret string. If no ``key_id`` is specified,
``rndc`` first looks for a key clause in the server statement of
Currently supported commands are:
-``addzone`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]] *configuration*
+.. option:: addzone zone [class [view]] configuration
+
This command adds a zone while the server is running. This command requires the
``allow-new-zones`` option to be set to ``yes``. The configuration
string specified on the command line is the zone configuration text
See also ``rndc delzone`` and ``rndc modzone``.
-``delzone`` [**-clean**] *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: delzone [-clean] zone [class [view]]
+
This command deletes a zone while the server is running.
If the ``-clean`` argument is specified, the zone's master file (and
See also ``rndc addzone`` and ``rndc modzone``.
-``dnssec`` ( **-status** | **-rollover** **-key** id [**-alg** *algorithm*] [**-when** *time*] | **-checkds** [**-key** *id* [**-alg** *algorithm*]] [**-when** *time*] ( *published* | *withdrawn* )) *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: dnssec (-status | -rollover -key id [-alg algorithm] [-when time] | -checkds [-key id [-alg algorithm]] [-when time] published | withdraw)) zone [class [view]]
+
This command allows you to interact with the "dnssec-policy" of a given
zone.
select the correct algorithm). The time that the DS has been published or
withdrawn is set to now, unless otherwise specified with the argument ``-when time``.
-``dnstap`` ( **-reopen** | **-roll** [*number*] )
+.. option:: dnstap (-reopen | -roll [number])
+
This command closes and re-opens DNSTAP output files. ``rndc dnstap -reopen`` allows
the output file to be renamed externally, so that ``named`` can
truncate and re-open it. ``rndc dnstap -roll`` causes the output file
output file is moved to ".1", and so on. If ``number`` is specified, then
the number of backup log files is limited to that number.
-``dumpdb`` [**-all** | **-cache** | **-zones** | **-adb** | **-bad** | **-expired** | **-fail**] [*view ...*]
+.. option:: dumpdb [-all | -cache | -zones | -adb | -bad | -expired | -fail] [view ...]
+
This command dumps the server's caches (default) and/or zones to the dump file for
the specified views. If no view is specified, all views are dumped.
(See the ``dump-file`` option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference
Manual.)
-``flush``
+.. option:: flush
+
This command flushes the server's cache.
-``flushname`` *name* [*view*]
+.. option:: flushname name [view]
+
This command flushes the given name from the view's DNS cache and, if applicable,
from the view's nameserver address database, bad server cache, and
SERVFAIL cache.
-``flushtree`` *name* [*view*]
+.. option:: flushtree name [view]
+
This command flushes the given name, and all of its subdomains, from the view's
DNS cache, address database, bad server cache, and SERVFAIL cache.
-``freeze`` [*zone* [*class* [*view*]]]
+.. option:: freeze [zone [class [view]]]
+
This command suspends updates to a dynamic zone. If no zone is specified, then all
zones are suspended. This allows manual edits to be made to a zone
normally updated by dynamic update, and causes changes in the
See also ``rndc thaw``.
-``halt`` [**-p**]
+.. option:: halt [-p]
+
This command stops the server immediately. Recent changes made through dynamic
update or IXFR are not saved to the master files, but are rolled
forward from the journal files when the server is restarted. If
See also ``rndc stop``.
-``loadkeys`` [*zone* [*class* [*view*]]]
+.. option:: loadkeys [zone [class [view]]]
+
This command fetches all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory. If
they are within their publication period, they are merged into the
zone's DNSKEY RRset. Unlike ``rndc sign``, however, the zone is not
zone to be configured to allow dynamic DNS. (See "Dynamic Update Policies" in
the Administrator Reference Manual for more details.)
-``managed-keys`` (*status* | *refresh* | *sync* | *destroy*) [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: managed-keys (status | refresh | sync | destroy) [class [view]]
+
This command inspects and controls the "managed-keys" database which handles
:rfc:`5011` DNSSEC trust anchor maintenance. If a view is specified, these
commands are applied to that view; otherwise, they are applied to all
keys in the event of a trust anchor rollover, or as a brute-force
repair for key maintenance problems.
-``modzone`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]] *configuration*
+.. option:: modzone zone [class [view]] configuration
+
This command modifies the configuration of a zone while the server is running. This
command requires the ``allow-new-zones`` option to be set to ``yes``.
As with ``addzone``, the configuration string specified on the
See also ``rndc addzone`` and ``rndc delzone``.
-``notify`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: notify zone [class [view]]
+
This command resends NOTIFY messages for the zone.
-``notrace``
+.. option:: notrace
+
This command sets the server's debugging level to 0.
See also ``rndc trace``.
-``nta`` [( **-class** *class* | **-dump** | **-force** | **-remove** | **-lifetime** *duration*)] *domain* [*view*]
+.. option:: nta [(-class class | -dump | -force | -remove | -lifetime duration)] domain [view]
+
This command sets a DNSSEC negative trust anchor (NTA) for ``domain``, with a
lifetime of ``duration``. The default lifetime is configured in
``named.conf`` via the ``nta-lifetime`` option, and defaults to one
view name that begins with a hyphen, use a double-hyphen (--) on the
command line to indicate the end of options.
-``querylog`` [(*on* | *off*)]
+.. option:: querylog [(on | off)]
+
This command enables or disables query logging. For backward compatibility, this
command can also be used without an argument to toggle query logging
on and off.
of ``named.conf``, or by specifying ``querylog yes;`` in the
``options`` section of ``named.conf``.
-``reconfig``
+.. option:: reconfig
+
This command reloads the configuration file and loads new zones, but does not reload
existing zone files even if they have changed. This is faster than a
full ``reload`` when there is a large number of zones, because it
avoids the need to examine the modification times of the zone files.
-``recursing``
+.. option:: recursing
+
This command dumps the list of queries ``named`` is currently
recursing on, and the list of domains to which iterative queries
are currently being sent.
and the next time a fetch is sent to that domain, it is recreated
with the counters set to zero).
-``refresh`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: refresh zone [class [view]]
+
This command schedules zone maintenance for the given zone.
-``reload``
+.. option:: reload
+
This command reloads the configuration file and zones.
-``reload`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: reload zone [class [view]]
+
This command reloads the given zone.
-``retransfer`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: retransfer zone [class [view]]
+
This command retransfers the given secondary zone from the primary server.
If the zone is configured to use ``inline-signing``, the signed
unsigned version is complete, the signed version is regenerated
with new signatures.
-``scan``
+.. option:: scan
+
This command scans the list of available network interfaces for changes, without
performing a full ``reconfig`` or waiting for the
``interface-interval`` timer.
-``secroots`` [**-**] [*view* ...]
+.. option:: secroots [-] [view ...]
+
This command dumps the security roots (i.e., trust anchors configured via
``trust-anchors``, or the ``managed-keys`` or ``trusted-keys`` statements
[both deprecated], or ``dnssec-validation auto``) and negative trust anchors
See also ``rndc managed-keys``.
-``serve-stale`` (**on** | **off** | **reset** | **status**) [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: serve-stale (on | off | reset | status) [class [view]]
+
This command enables, disables, resets, or reports the current status of
the serving of stale answers as configured in ``named.conf``.
answers is currently enabled or disabled. It also reports the values of
``stale-answer-ttl`` and ``max-stale-ttl``.
-``showzone`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: showzone zone [class [view]]
+
This command prints the configuration of a running zone.
See also ``rndc zonestatus``.
-``sign`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: sign zone [class [view]]
+
This command fetches all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory (see
the ``key-directory`` option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference
Manual). If they are within their publication period, they are merged into
See also ``rndc loadkeys``.
-``signing`` [(**-list** | **-clear** *keyid/algorithm* | **-clear** *all* | **-nsec3param** ( *parameters* | none ) | **-serial** *value* ) *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: signing [(-list | -clear keyid/algorithm | -clear all | -nsec3param (parameters | none) | -serial value) zone [class [view]]
+
This command lists, edits, or removes the DNSSEC signing-state records for the
specified zone. The status of ongoing DNSSEC operations, such as
signing or generating NSEC3 chains, is stored in the zone in the form
is rejected. The primary use of this parameter is to set the serial number on inline
signed zones.
-``stats``
+.. option:: stats
+
This command writes server statistics to the statistics file. (See the
``statistics-file`` option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference
Manual.)
-``status``
+.. option:: status
+
This command displays the status of the server. Note that the number of zones includes
the internal ``bind/CH`` zone and the default ``./IN`` hint zone, if
there is no explicit root zone configured.
-``stop`` **-p**
+.. option:: stop -p
+
This command stops the server, making sure any recent changes made through dynamic
update or IXFR are first saved to the master files of the updated
zones. If ``-p`` is specified, ``named(8)`'s process ID is returned.
See also ``rndc halt``.
-``sync`` **-clean** [*zone* [*class* [*view*]]]
+.. option:: sync -clean [zone [class [view]]]
+
This command syncs changes in the journal file for a dynamic zone to the master
file. If the "-clean" option is specified, the journal file is also
removed. If no zone is specified, then all zones are synced.
-``tcp-timeouts`` [*initial* *idle* *keepalive* *advertised*]
+.. option:: tcp-timeouts [initial idle keepalive advertised]
+
When called without arguments, this command displays the current values of the
``tcp-initial-timeout``, ``tcp-idle-timeout``,
``tcp-keepalive-timeout``, and ``tcp-advertised-timeout`` options.
denial-of-service (DoS) attack. See the descriptions of these options in the BIND 9
Administrator Reference Manual for details of their use.
-``thaw`` [*zone* [*class* [*view*]]]
+.. option:: thaw [zone [class [view]]]
+
This command enables updates to a frozen dynamic zone. If no zone is specified,
then all frozen zones are enabled. This causes the server to reload
the zone from disk, and re-enables dynamic updates after the load has
See also ``rndc freeze``.
-``trace``
+.. option:: trace
+
This command increments the server's debugging level by one.
-``trace`` *level*
+.. option:: trace level
+
This command sets the server's debugging level to an explicit value.
See also ``rndc notrace``.
-``tsig-delete`` *keyname* [*view*]
+.. option:: tsig-delete keyname [view]
+
This command deletes a given TKEY-negotiated key from the server. This does not
apply to statically configured TSIG keys.
-``tsig-list``
+.. option:: tsig-list
+
This command lists the names of all TSIG keys currently configured for use by
``named`` in each view. The list includes both statically configured keys and
dynamic TKEY-negotiated keys.
-``validation`` (**on** | **off** | **status**) [*view* ...]``
+.. option:: validation (on | off | status) [view ...]
+
This command enables, disables, or checks the current status of DNSSEC validation. By
default, validation is enabled.
The cache is flushed when validation is turned on or off to avoid using data
that might differ between states.
-``zonestatus`` *zone* [*class* [*view*]]
+.. option:: zonestatus zone [class [view]]
+
This command displays the current status of the given zone, including the master
file name and any include files from which it was loaded, when it was
most recently loaded, the current serial number, the number of nodes,
See also ``rndc showzone``.
-``rndc`` commands that specify zone names, such as ``reload``,
+``rndc`` commands that specify zone names, such as ``reload``
``retransfer``, or ``zonestatus``, can be ambiguous when applied to zones
of type ``redirect``. Redirect zones are always called ``.``, and can be
confused with zones of type ``hint`` or with secondary copies of the root
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-m``
+.. option:: -m
+
This option indicates trace memory allocations, and is used for debugging memory leaks.
-``-p``
+.. option:: -p
+
This option prints the text form of the DNS
message that was encapsulated in the ``dnstap`` frame, after printing the ``dnstap`` data.
-``-x``
+.. option:: -x
+
This option prints a hex dump of the wire form
of the DNS message that was encapsulated in the ``dnstap`` frame, after printing the ``dnstap`` data.
-``-y``
+.. option:: -y
+
This option prints ``dnstap`` data in a detailed YAML format.
See Also
Anywhere Options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-``-f``
+.. option:: -f
+
This option makes ``mdig`` operate in batch mode by reading a list
of lookup requests to process from the file ``filename``. The file
contains a number of queries, one per line. Each entry in the file
should be organized in the same way they would be presented as queries
to ``mdig`` using the command-line interface.
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option causes ``mdig`` to print detailed help information, with the full list
of options, and exit.
-``-v``
+.. option:: -v
+
This option causes ``mdig`` to print the version number and exit.
Global Options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-``-4``
+.. option:: -4
+
This option forces ``mdig`` to only use IPv4 query transport.
-``-6``
+.. option:: -6
+
This option forces ``mdig`` to only use IPv6 query transport.
-``-b address``
+.. option:: -b address
+
This option sets the source IP address of the query to
``address``. This must be a valid address on one of the host's network
interfaces or "0.0.0.0" or "::". An optional port may be specified by
appending "#<port>"
-``-m``
+.. option:: -m
+
This option enables memory usage debugging.
-``-p port#``
+.. option:: -p port#
+
This option is used when a non-standard port number is to be
queried. ``port#`` is the port number that ``mdig`` sends its
queries to, instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option is
The global query options are:
-``+[no]additional``
+.. option:: +[no]additional
+
This option displays [or does not display] the additional section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
-``+[no]all``
+.. option:: +[no]all
+
This option sets or clears all display flags.
-``+[no]answer``
+.. option:: +[no]answer
+
This option displays [or does not display] the answer section of a reply. The default
is to display it.
-``+[no]authority``
+.. option:: +[no]authority
+
This option displays [or does not display] the authority section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
-``+[no]besteffort``
+.. option:: +[no]besteffort
+
This option attempts to display [or does not display] the contents of messages which are malformed. The
default is to not display malformed answers.
-``+burst``
+.. option:: +burst
+
This option delays queries until the start of the next second.
-``+[no]cl``
+.. option:: +[no]cl
+
This option displays [or does not display] the CLASS when printing the record.
-``+[no]comments``
+.. option:: +[no]comments
+
This option toggles the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to
print comments.
-``+[no]continue``
+.. option:: +[no]continue
+
This option toggles continuation on errors (e.g. timeouts).
-``+[no]crypto``
+.. option:: +[no]crypto
+
This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The
contents of these fields are unnecessary to debug most DNSSEC
validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the
they are replaced by the string "[omitted]"; in the DNSKEY case, the
key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g., ``[ key id = value ]``.
-``+dscp[=value]``
+.. option:: +dscp[=value]
+
This option sets the DSCP code point to be used when sending the query. Valid DSCP
code points are in the range [0...63]. By default no code point is
explicitly set.
-``+[no]multiline``
+.. option:: +[no]multiline
+
This option toggles printing of records, like the SOA records, in a verbose multi-line format
with human-readable comments. The default is to print each record on
a single line, to facilitate machine parsing of the ``mdig`` output.
-``+[no]question``
+.. option:: +[no]question
+
This option prints [or does not print] the question section of a query when an answer
is returned. The default is to print the question section as a
comment.
-``+[no]rrcomments``
+.. option:: +[no]rrcomments
+
This option toggles the display of per-record comments in the output (for example,
human-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is
not to print record comments unless multiline mode is active.
-``+[no]short``
+.. option:: +[no]short
+
This option provides [or does not provide] a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a
verbose form.
-``+split=W``
+.. option:: +split=W
+
This option splits long hex- or base64-formatted fields in resource records into
chunks of ``W`` characters (where ``W`` is rounded up to the nearest
multiple of 4). ``+nosplit`` or ``+split=0`` causes fields not to be
split. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when
multiline mode is active.
-``+[no]tcp``
+.. option:: +[no]tcp
+
This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. The default behavior
is to use UDP.
-``+[no]ttlid``
+.. option:: +[no]ttlid
+
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL when printing the record.
-``+[no]ttlunits``
+.. option:: +[no]ttlunits
+
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL in friendly human-readable time
units of "s", "m", "h", "d", and "w", representing seconds, minutes,
hours, days, and weeks. This implies +ttlid.
-``+[no]vc``
+.. option:: +[no]vc
+
This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate
syntax to ``+[no]tcp`` is provided for backwards compatibility. The
``vc`` stands for "virtual circuit".
Local Options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-``-c class``
+.. option:: -c class
+
This option sets the query class to ``class``. It can be any valid
query class which is supported in BIND 9. The default query class is
"IN".
-``-t type``
+.. option:: -t type
+
This option sets the query type to ``type``. It can be any valid
query type which is supported in BIND 9. The default query type is "A",
unless the ``-x`` option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup with
the "PTR" query type.
-``-x addr``
+.. option:: -x addr
+
Reverse lookups - mapping addresses to names - are simplified by
this option. ``addr`` is an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal
notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address. ``mdig`` automatically
The local query options are:
-``+[no]aaflag``
+.. option:: +[no]aaflag
+
This is a synonym for ``+[no]aaonly``.
-``+[no]aaonly``
+.. option:: +[no]aaonly
+
This sets the ``aa`` flag in the query.
-``+[no]adflag``
+.. option:: +[no]adflag
+
This sets [or does not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. This
requests the server to return whether all of the answer and authority
sections have all been validated as secure, according to the security
indicates that some part of the answer was insecure or not validated.
This bit is set by default.
-``+bufsize=B``
+.. option:: +bufsize=B
+
This sets the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to ``B``
bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535 and 0
respectively. Values outside this range are rounded up or down
appropriately. Values other than zero cause a EDNS query to be
sent.
-``+[no]cdflag``
+.. option:: +[no]cdflag
+
This sets [or does not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This
requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.
-``+[no]cookie=####``
+.. option:: +[no]cookie=####
+
This sends [or does not send] a COOKIE EDNS option, with an optional value. Replaying a COOKIE
from a previous response allows the server to identify a previous
client. The default is ``+nocookie``.
-``+[no]dnssec``
+.. option:: +[no]dnssec
+
This requests that DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK (DO) bit in
the OPT record in the additional section of the query.
-``+[no]edns[=#]``
+.. option:: +[no]edns[=#]
+
This specifies [or does not specify] the EDNS version to query with. Valid values are 0 to 255.
Setting the EDNS version causes an EDNS query to be sent.
``+noedns`` clears the remembered EDNS version. EDNS is set to 0 by
default.
-``+[no]ednsflags[=#]``
+.. option:: +[no]ednsflags[=#]
+
This sets the must-be-zero EDNS flag bits (Z bits) to the specified value.
Decimal, hex, and octal encodings are accepted. Setting a named flag
(e.g. DO) is silently ignored. By default, no Z bits are set.
-``+[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]``
+.. option:: +[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]
+
This specifies [or does not specify] an EDNS option with code point ``code`` and an optional payload
of ``value`` as a hexadecimal string. ``+noednsopt`` clears the EDNS
options to be sent.
-``+[no]expire``
+.. option:: +[no]expire
+
This toggles sending of an EDNS Expire option.
-``+[no]nsid``
+.. option:: +[no]nsid
+
This toggles inclusion of an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.
-``+[no]recurse``
+.. option:: +[no]recurse
+
This toggles the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query.
This bit is set by default, which means ``mdig`` normally sends
recursive queries.
-``+retry=T``
+.. option:: +retry=T
+
This sets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to ``T``
instead of the default, 2. Unlike ``+tries``, this does not include
the initial query.
-``+[no]subnet=addr[/prefix-length]``
+.. option:: +[no]subnet=addr[/prefix-length]
+
This sends [or does not send] an EDNS Client Subnet option with the specified IP
address or network prefix.
prefix-length of zero, which signals a resolver that the client's
address information must *not* be used when resolving this query.
-``+timeout=T``
+.. option:: +timeout=T
+
This sets the timeout for a query to ``T`` seconds. The default timeout is
5 seconds for UDP transport and 10 for TCP. An attempt to set ``T``
to less than 1 results in a query timeout of 1 second being
applied.
-``+tries=T``
+.. option:: +tries=T
+
This sets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to ``T``
instead of the default, 3. If ``T`` is less than or equal to zero,
the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.
-``+udptimeout=T``
+.. option:: +udptimeout=T
+
This sets the timeout between UDP query retries to ``T``.
-``+[no]unknownformat``
+.. option:: +[no]unknownformat
+
This prints [or does not print] all RDATA in unknown RR-type presentation format (see :rfc:`3597`).
The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type's
presentation format.
-``+[no]yaml``
+.. option:: +[no]yaml
+
This toggles printing of the responses in a detailed YAML format.
-``+[no]zflag``
+.. option:: +[no]zflag
+
This sets [or does not set] the last unassigned DNS header flag in a DNS query.
This flag is off by default.
Arguments
~~~~~~~~~
-``filename``
+.. option:: filename
+
This is the name of the ``.nzd`` file whose contents should be printed.
See Also
Options
~~~~~~~
-``-h``
+.. option:: -h
+
This option prints out the help menu.
-``-o origin``
+.. option:: -o origin
+
This option specifies the origin to be used when interpreting
the record.
-``-p``
+.. option:: -p
+
This option prints out the resulting record in canonical form. If there
is no canonical form defined, the record is printed in unknown
record format.
-``-u``
+.. option:: -u
+
This option prints out the resulting record in unknown record form.
-``-C``, ``-T``, and ``-P``
+.. option:: -C, -T, -P
+
These options print out the known class, standard type,
and private type mnemonics, respectively.
Arguments
~~~~~~~~~
-``salt``
+.. option:: salt
+
This is the salt provided to the hash algorithm.
-``algorithm``
+.. option:: algorithm
+
This is a number indicating the hash algorithm. Currently the only supported
hash algorithm for NSEC3 is SHA-1, which is indicated by the number
1; consequently "1" is the only useful value for this argument.
-``flags``
+.. option:: flags
+
This is provided for compatibility with NSEC3 record presentation format, but
is ignored since the flags do not affect the hash.
-``iterations``
+.. option:: iterations
+
This is the number of additional times the hash should be performed.
-``domain``
+.. option:: domain
+
This is the domain name to be hashed.
See Also
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a algorithm\fP
+.B \-a algorithm
This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available
choices are: hmac\-md5, hmac\-sha1, hmac\-sha224, hmac\-sha256, hmac\-sha384,
and hmac\-sha512. The default is hmac\-sha256. Options are
case\-insensitive, and the "hmac\-" prefix may be omitted.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints a short summary of options and arguments.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k keyname\fP
+.B \-k keyname
This option specifies the key name of the DDNS authentication key. The
default is \fBddns\-key\fP when neither the \fB\-s\fP nor \fB\-z\fP option is
specified; otherwise, the default is \fBddns\-key\fP as a separate label
followed by the argument of the option, e.g., \fBddns\-key.example.com.\fP
The key name must have the format of a valid domain name, consisting of
letters, digits, hyphens, and periods.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option enables quiet mode, which prints only the key, with no
explanatory text or usage examples. This is essentially identical to
\fBtsig\-keygen\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s name\fP
+.B \-s name
This option generates a configuration example to allow dynamic updates
of a single hostname. The example \fBnamed.conf\fP text shows how to set
an update policy for the specified name using the "name" nametype. The
default key name is \fBddns\-key.name\fP\&. Note that the "self" nametype
cannot be used, since the name to be updated may differ from the key
name. This option cannot be used with the \fB\-z\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-z zone\fP
+.B \-z zone
This option generates a configuration example to allow
dynamic updates of a zone. The example \fBnamed.conf\fP text shows how
to set an update policy for the specified zone using the "zonesub"
where:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBserver\fP
+.B server
is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an
IPv4 address in dotted\-decimal notation or an IPv6 address in
colon\-delimited notation. When the supplied \fBserver\fP argument is a
transport are tried. If no usable addresses are found, \fBdelv\fP
sends queries to the localhost addresses (127.0.0.1 for IPv4, ::1
for IPv6).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBname\fP
+.B name
is the domain name to be looked up.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBtype\fP
+.B type
indicates what type of query is required \- ANY, A, MX, etc.
\fBtype\fP can be any valid query type. If no \fBtype\fP argument is
supplied, \fBdelv\fP performs a lookup for an A record.
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a anchor\-file\fP
+.B \-a anchor\-file
This option specifies a file from which to read DNSSEC trust anchors. The default
is \fB@sysconfdir@/bind.keys\fP, which is included with BIND 9 and contains one
or more trust anchors for the root zone (".").
\fBnamed\fP, which means that if either of the keys in \fB@sysconfdir@/bind.keys\fP is
revoked and rolled over, \fB@sysconfdir@/bind.keys\fP must be updated to
use DNSSEC validation in \fBdelv\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-b address\fP
+.B \-b address
This option sets the source IP address of the query to \fBaddress\fP\&. This must be
a valid address on one of the host\(aqs network interfaces, or \fB0.0.0.0\fP,
or \fB::\fP\&. An optional source port may be specified by appending
\fB#<port>\fP
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option sets the query class for the requested data. Currently, only class
"IN" is supported in \fBdelv\fP and any other value is ignored.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d level\fP
+.B \-d level
This option sets the systemwide debug level to \fBlevel\fP\&. The allowed range is
from 0 to 99. The default is 0 (no debugging). Debugging traces from
\fBdelv\fP become more verbose as the debug level increases. See the
\fB+mtrace\fP, \fB+rtrace\fP, and \fB+vtrace\fP options below for
additional debugging details.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option displays the \fBdelv\fP help usage output and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i\fP
+.B \-i
This option sets insecure mode, which disables internal DNSSEC validation. (Note,
however, that this does not set the CD bit on upstream queries. If the
server being queried is performing DNSSEC validation, then it does
not return invalid data; this can cause \fBdelv\fP to time out. When it
is necessary to examine invalid data to debug a DNSSEC problem, use
\fBdig +cd\fP\&.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m\fP
+.B \-m
This option enables memory usage debugging.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p port#\fP
+.B \-p port#
This option specifies a destination port to use for queries, instead of the
standard DNS port number 53. This option is used with a name
server that has been configured to listen for queries on a
non\-standard port number.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q name\fP
+.B \-q name
This option sets the query name to \fBname\fP\&. While the query name can be
specified without using the \fB\-q\fP option, it is sometimes necessary to
disambiguate names from types or classes (for example, when looking
up the name "ns", which could be misinterpreted as the type NS, or
"ch", which could be misinterpreted as class CH).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t type\fP
+.B \-t type
This option sets the query type to \fBtype\fP, which can be any valid query type
supported in BIND 9 except for zone transfer types AXFR and IXFR. As
with \fB\-q\fP, this is useful to distinguish query\-name types or classes
.sp
The default query type is "A", unless the \fB\-x\fP option is supplied
to indicate a reverse lookup, in which case it is "PTR".
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option prints the \fBdelv\fP version and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-x addr\fP
+.B \-x addr
This option performs a reverse lookup, mapping an address to a name. \fBaddr\fP
is an IPv4 address in dotted\-decimal notation, or a colon\-delimited
IPv6 address. When \fB\-x\fP is used, there is no need to provide the
lookup for a name like \fB11.12.13.10.in\-addr.arpa\fP and sets the
query type to PTR. IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format
under the IP6.ARPA domain.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-4\fP
+.B \-4
This option forces \fBdelv\fP to only use IPv4.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-6\fP
+.B \-6
This option forces \fBdelv\fP to only use IPv6.
.UNINDENT
.SH QUERY OPTIONS
\fB+keyword=value\fP\&. The query options are:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]cdflag\fP
+.B +[no]cdflag
This option controls whether to set the CD (checking disabled) bit in queries
sent by \fBdelv\fP\&. This may be useful when troubleshooting DNSSEC
problems from behind a validating resolver. A validating resolver
for analysis. Setting the CD flag on queries causes the resolver
to return invalid responses, which \fBdelv\fP can then validate
internally and report the errors in detail.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]class\fP
+.B +[no]class
This option controls whether to display the CLASS when printing a record. The
default is to display the CLASS.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ttl\fP
+.B +[no]ttl
This option controls whether to display the TTL when printing a record. The
default is to display the TTL.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]rtrace\fP
+.B +[no]rtrace
This option toggles resolver fetch logging. This reports the name and type of each
query sent by \fBdelv\fP in the process of carrying out the resolution
and validation process, including the original query
logging category. Setting the systemwide debug level to 1 using the
\fB\-d\fP option produces the same output, but affects other
logging categories as well.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]mtrace\fP
+.B +[no]mtrace
This option toggles message logging. This produces a detailed dump of the
responses received by \fBdelv\fP in the process of carrying out the
resolution and validation process.
module of the "resolver" logging category. Setting the systemwide
debug level to 10 using the \fB\-d\fP option produces the same
output, but affects other logging categories as well.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]vtrace\fP
+.B +[no]vtrace
This option toggles validation logging. This shows the internal process of the
validator as it determines whether an answer is validly signed,
unsigned, or invalid.
"validator" module of the "dnssec" logging category. Setting the
systemwide debug level to 3 using the \fB\-d\fP option produces the
same output, but affects other logging categories as well.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]short\fP
+.B +[no]short
This option toggles between verbose and terse answers. The default is to print the answer in a
verbose form.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]comments\fP
+.B +[no]comments
This option toggles the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to
print comments.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]rrcomments\fP
+.B +[no]rrcomments
This option toggles the display of per\-record comments in the output (for example,
human\-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is
to print per\-record comments.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]crypto\fP
+.B +[no]crypto
This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The
contents of these fields are unnecessary to debug most DNSSEC
validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the
common failures. The default is to display the fields. When omitted,
they are replaced by the string \fB[omitted]\fP or, in the DNSKEY case, the
key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g. \fB[ key id = value ]\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]trust\fP
+.B +[no]trust
This option controls whether to display the trust level when printing a record.
The default is to display the trust level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]split[=W]\fP
+.B +[no]split[=W]
This option splits long hex\- or base64\-formatted fields in resource records into
chunks of \fBW\fP characters (where \fBW\fP is rounded up to the nearest
multiple of 4). \fB+nosplit\fP or \fB+split=0\fP causes fields not to be
split at all. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when
multiline mode is active.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]all\fP
+.B +[no]all
This option sets or clears the display options \fB+[no]comments\fP,
\fB+[no]rrcomments\fP, and \fB+[no]trust\fP as a group.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]multiline\fP
+.B +[no]multiline
This option prints long records (such as RRSIG, DNSKEY, and SOA records) in a
verbose multi\-line format with human\-readable comments. The default
is to print each record on a single line, to facilitate machine
parsing of the \fBdelv\fP output.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]dnssec\fP
+.B +[no]dnssec
This option indicates whether to display RRSIG records in the \fBdelv\fP output.
The default is to do so. Note that (unlike in \fBdig\fP) this does
\fInot\fP control whether to request DNSSEC records or to
validate them. DNSSEC records are always requested, and validation
always occurs unless suppressed by the use of \fB\-i\fP or
\fB+noroot\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]root[=ROOT]\fP
+.B +[no]root[=ROOT]
This option indicates whether to perform conventional DNSSEC validation, and if so,
specifies the name of a trust anchor. The default is to validate using a
trust anchor of "." (the root zone), for which there is a built\-in key. If
specifying a different trust anchor, then \fB\-a\fP must be used to specify a
file containing the key.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]tcp\fP
+.B +[no]tcp
This option controls whether to use TCP when sending queries. The default is to
use UDP unless a truncated response has been received.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]unknownformat\fP
+.B +[no]unknownformat
This option prints all RDATA in unknown RR\-type presentation format (\fI\%RFC 3597\fP).
The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type\(aqs
presentation format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]yaml\fP
+.B +[no]yaml
This option prints response data in YAML format.
.UNINDENT
.SH FILES
where:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBserver\fP
+.B server
is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an
IPv4 address in dotted\-decimal notation or an IPv6 address in
colon\-delimited notation. When the supplied \fBserver\fP argument is a
transport are tried. If no usable addresses are found, \fBdig\fP
sends the query to the local host. The reply from the name server
that responds is displayed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBname\fP
+.B name
is the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBtype\fP
+.B type
indicates what type of query is required \- ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc.
\fBtype\fP can be any valid query type. If no \fBtype\fP argument is
supplied, \fBdig\fP performs a lookup for an A record.
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-4\fP
+.B \-4
This option indicates that only IPv4 should be used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-6\fP
+.B \-6
This option indicates that only IPv6 should be used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-b address[#port]\fP
+.B \-b address[#port]
This option sets the source IP address of the query. The \fBaddress\fP must be a
valid address on one of the host\(aqs network interfaces, or "0.0.0.0"
or "::". An optional port may be specified by appending \fB#port\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option sets the query class. The default \fBclass\fP is IN; other classes are
HS for Hesiod records or CH for Chaosnet records.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f file\fP
+.B \-f file
This option sets batch mode, in which \fBdig\fP reads a list of lookup requests to process from
the given \fBfile\fP\&. Each line in the file should be organized in the
same way it would be presented as a query to \fBdig\fP using the
command\-line interface.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k keyfile\fP
+.B \-k keyfile
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to sign queries using TSIG using a key read from the given file. Key
files can be generated using \fBtsig\-keygen\fP\&. When using TSIG
authentication with \fBdig\fP, the name server that is queried needs to
know the key and algorithm that is being used. In BIND, this is done
by providing appropriate \fBkey\fP and \fBserver\fP statements in
\fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m\fP
+.B \-m
This option enables memory usage debugging.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p port\fP
+.B \-p port
This option sends the query to a non\-standard port on the server, instead of the
default port 53. This option is used to test a name server that
has been configured to listen for queries on a non\-standard port
number.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q name\fP
+.B \-q name
This option specifies the domain name to query. This is useful to distinguish the \fBname\fP
from other arguments.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r\fP
+.B \-r
This option indicates that options from \fB${HOME}/.digrc\fP should not be read. This is useful for
scripts that need predictable behavior.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t type\fP
+.B \-t type
This option indicates the resource record type to query, which can be any valid query type. If
it is a resource record type supported in BIND 9, it can be given by
the type mnemonic (such as \fBNS\fP or \fBAAAA\fP). The default query type is
All resource record types can be expressed as \fBTYPEnn\fP, where \fBnn\fP is
the number of the type. If the resource record type is not supported
in BIND 9, the result is displayed as described in \fI\%RFC 3597\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u\fP
+.B \-u
This option indicates that print query times should be provided in microseconds instead of milliseconds.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option prints the version number and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-x addr\fP
+.B \-x addr
This option sets simplified reverse lookups, for mapping addresses to names. The
\fBaddr\fP is an IPv4 address in dotted\-decimal notation, or a
colon\-delimited IPv6 address. When the \fB\-x\fP option is used, there is no
\fB94.2.0.192.in\-addr.arpa\fP and sets the query type and class to PTR
and IN respectively. IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format
under the IP6.ARPA domain.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-y [hmac:]keyname:secret\fP
+.B \-y [hmac:]keyname:secret
This option signs queries using TSIG with the given authentication key.
\fBkeyname\fP is the name of the key, and \fBsecret\fP is the
base64\-encoded shared secret. \fBhmac\fP is the name of the key algorithm;
\fB+cdflag\fP\&. The query options are:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]aaflag\fP
+.B +[no]aaflag
This option is a synonym for \fB+[no]aaonly\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]aaonly\fP
+.B +[no]aaonly
This option sets the \fBaa\fP flag in the query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]additional\fP
+.B +[no]additional
This option displays [or does not display] the additional section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]adflag\fP
+.B +[no]adflag
This option sets [or does not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. This
requests the server to return whether all of the answer and authority
sections have been validated as secure, according to the security
validated as secure and the answer is not from a OPT\-OUT range. \fBAD=0\fP
indicates that some part of the answer was insecure or not validated.
This bit is set by default.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]all\fP
+.B +[no]all
This option sets or clears all display flags.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]answer\fP
+.B +[no]answer
This option displays [or does not display] the answer section of a reply. The default
is to display it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]authority\fP
+.B +[no]authority
This option displays [or does not display] the authority section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]badcookie\fP
+.B +[no]badcookie
This option retries the lookup with a new server cookie if a BADCOOKIE response is
received.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]besteffort\fP
+.B +[no]besteffort
This option attempts to display the contents of messages which are malformed. The
default is to not display malformed answers.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+bufsize[=B]\fP
+.B +bufsize[=B]
This option sets the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to
\fBB\fP bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535 and
0, respectively. \fB+bufsize\fP restores the default buffer size.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]cdflag\fP
+.B +[no]cdflag
This option sets [or does not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This
requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]class\fP
+.B +[no]class
This option displays [or does not display] the CLASS when printing the record.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]cmd\fP
+.B +[no]cmd
This option toggles the printing of the initial comment in the output, identifying the
version of \fBdig\fP and the query options that have been applied. This option
always has a global effect; it cannot be set globally and then overridden on a
per\-lookup basis. The default is to print this comment.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]comments\fP
+.B +[no]comments
This option toggles the display of some comment lines in the output, with
information about the packet header and OPT pseudosection, and the names of
the response section. The default is to print these comments.
Other types of comments in the output are not affected by this option, but
can be controlled using other command\-line switches. These include
\fB+[no]cmd\fP, \fB+[no]question\fP, \fB+[no]stats\fP, and \fB+[no]rrcomments\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]cookie=####\fP
+.B +[no]cookie=####
This option sends [or does not send] a COOKIE EDNS option, with an optional value. Replaying a COOKIE
from a previous response allows the server to identify a previous
client. The default is \fB+cookie\fP\&.
.sp
\fB+cookie\fP is also set when \fB+trace\fP is set to better emulate the
default queries from a nameserver.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]crypto\fP
+.B +[no]crypto
This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The
contents of these fields are unnecessary for debugging most DNSSEC
validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the
common failures. The default is to display the fields. When omitted,
they are replaced by the string \fB[omitted]\fP or, in the DNSKEY case, the
key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g. \fB[ key id = value ]\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]defname\fP
+.B +[no]defname
This option, which is deprecated, is treated as a synonym for \fB+[no]search\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]dns64prefix\fP
+.B +[no]dns64prefix
Lookup IPV4ONLY.ARPA AAAA and print any DNS64 prefixes found.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]dnssec\fP
+.B +[no]dnssec
This option requests that DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK (DO) bit in
the OPT record in the additional section of the query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+domain=somename\fP
+.B +domain=somename
This option sets the search list to contain the single domain \fBsomename\fP, as if
specified in a \fBdomain\fP directive in \fB/etc/resolv.conf\fP, and
enables search list processing as if the \fB+search\fP option were
given.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+dscp=value\fP
+.B +dscp=value
This option sets the DSCP code point to be used when sending the query. Valid DSCP
code points are in the range [0...63]. By default no code point is
explicitly set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]edns[=#]\fP
+.B +[no]edns[=#]
This option specifies the EDNS version to query with. Valid values are 0 to 255.
Setting the EDNS version causes an EDNS query to be sent.
\fB+noedns\fP clears the remembered EDNS version. EDNS is set to 0 by
default.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ednsflags[=#]\fP
+.B +[no]ednsflags[=#]
This option sets the must\-be\-zero EDNS flags bits (Z bits) to the specified value.
Decimal, hex, and octal encodings are accepted. Setting a named flag
(e.g., DO) is silently ignored. By default, no Z bits are set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ednsnegotiation\fP
+.B +[no]ednsnegotiation
This option enables/disables EDNS version negotiation. By default, EDNS version
negotiation is enabled.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]\fP
+.B +[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]
This option specifies the EDNS option with code point \fBcode\fP and an optional payload
of \fBvalue\fP as a hexadecimal string. \fBcode\fP can be either an EDNS
option name (for example, \fBNSID\fP or \fBECS\fP) or an arbitrary
numeric value. \fB+noednsopt\fP clears the EDNS options to be sent.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]expire\fP
+.B +[no]expire
This option sends an EDNS Expire option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]fail\fP
+.B +[no]fail
This option indicates that \fBnamed\fP should try [or not try] the next server if a SERVFAIL is received. The default is
to not try the next server, which is the reverse of normal stub
resolver behavior.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]header\-only\fP
+.B +[no]header\-only
This option sends a query with a DNS header without a question section. The
default is to add a question section. The query type and query name
are ignored when this is set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]https[=value]\fP
+.B +[no]https[=value]
This option indicates whether to use DNS over HTTPS (DoH) when querying
name servers. When this option is in use, the port number defaults to 443.
The HTTP POST request mode is used when sending the query.
If \fBvalue\fP is specified, it will be used as the HTTP endpoint in the
query URI; the default is \fB/dns\-query\fP\&. So, for example, \fBdig
@example.com +https\fP will use the URI \fBhttps://example.com/dns\-query\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]https\-get[=value]\fP
+.B +[no]https\-get[=value]
Similar to \fB+https\fP, except that the HTTP GET request mode is used
when sending the query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]https\-post[=value]\fP
+.B +[no]https\-post[=value]
Same as \fB+https\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]http\-plain[=value]\fP
+.B +[no]http\-plain[=value]
Similar to \fB+https\fP, except that HTTP queries will be sent over a
non\-encrypted channel. When this option is in use, the port number
defaults to 80 and the HTTP request mode is POST.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]http\-plain\-get[=value]\fP
+.B +[no]http\-plain\-get[=value]
Similar to \fB+http\-plain\fP, except that the HTTP request mode is GET.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]http\-plain\-post[=value]\fP
+.B +[no]http\-plain\-post[=value]
Same as \fB+http\-plain\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]identify\fP
+.B +[no]identify
This option shows [or does not show] the IP address and port number that
supplied the answer, when the \fB+short\fP option is enabled. If short
form answers are requested, the default is not to show the source
address and port number of the server that provided the answer.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]idnin\fP
+.B +[no]idnin
This option processes [or does not process] IDN domain names on input. This requires
\fBIDN SUPPORT\fP to have been enabled at compile time.
.sp
The default is to process IDN input when standard output is a tty.
The IDN processing on input is disabled when \fBdig\fP output is redirected
to files, pipes, and other non\-tty file descriptors.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]idnout\fP
+.B +[no]idnout
This option converts [or does not convert] puny code on output. This requires
\fBIDN SUPPORT\fP to have been enabled at compile time.
.sp
The default is to process puny code on output when standard output is
a tty. The puny code processing on output is disabled when \fBdig\fP output
is redirected to files, pipes, and other non\-tty file descriptors.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ignore\fP
+.B +[no]ignore
This option ignores [or does not ignore] truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP. By
default, TCP retries are performed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]keepalive\fP
+.B +[no]keepalive
This option sends [or does not send] an EDNS Keepalive option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]keepopen\fP
+.B +[no]keepopen
This option keeps [or does not keep] the TCP socket open between queries, and reuses it rather than
creating a new TCP socket for each lookup. The default is
\fB+nokeepopen\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]multiline\fP
+.B +[no]multiline
This option prints [or does not print] records, like the SOA records, in a verbose multi\-line format
with human\-readable comments. The default is to print each record on
a single line to facilitate machine parsing of the \fBdig\fP output.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+ndots=D\fP
+.B +ndots=D
This option sets the number of dots (\fBD\fP) that must appear in \fBname\fP for
it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using
the \fBndots\fP statement in \fB/etc/resolv.conf\fP, or 1 if no \fBndots\fP
relative names, and are searched for in the domains listed in the
\fBsearch\fP or \fBdomain\fP directive in \fB/etc/resolv.conf\fP if
\fB+search\fP is set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]nsid\fP
+.B +[no]nsid
When enabled, this option includes an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]nssearch\fP
+.B +[no]nssearch
When this option is set, \fBdig\fP attempts to find the authoritative
name servers for the zone containing the name being looked up, and
display the SOA record that each name server has for the zone.
Addresses of servers that did not respond are also printed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]onesoa\fP
+.B +[no]onesoa
When enabled, this option prints only one (starting) SOA record when performing an AXFR. The
default is to print both the starting and ending SOA records.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]opcode=value\fP
+.B +[no]opcode=value
When enabled, this option sets (restores) the DNS message opcode to the specified value. The
default value is QUERY (0).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+padding=value\fP
+.B +padding=value
This option pads the size of the query packet using the EDNS Padding option to
blocks of \fBvalue\fP bytes. For example, \fB+padding=32\fP causes a
48\-byte query to be padded to 64 bytes. The default block size is 0,
expected to be powers of two, such as 128; however, this is not
mandatory. Responses to padded queries may also be padded, but only
if the query uses TCP or DNS COOKIE.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+qid=value\fP
+.B +qid=value
This option specifies the query ID to use when sending queries.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]qr\fP
+.B +[no]qr
This option toggles the display of the query message as it is sent. By default, the query
is not printed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]question\fP
+.B +[no]question
This option toggles the display of the question section of a query when an answer is
returned. The default is to print the question section as a comment.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]raflag\fP
+.B +[no]raflag
This option sets [or does not set] the RA (Recursion Available) bit in the query. The
default is \fB+noraflag\fP\&. This bit is ignored by the server for
QUERY.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]rdflag\fP
+.B +[no]rdflag
This option is a synonym for \fB+[no]recurse\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]recurse\fP
+.B +[no]recurse
This option toggles the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query.
This bit is set by default, which means \fBdig\fP normally sends
recursive queries. Recursion is automatically disabled when the
\fB+nssearch\fP or \fB+trace\fP query option is used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+retry=T\fP
+.B +retry=T
This option sets the number of times to retry UDP and TCP queries to server to \fBT\fP
instead of the default, 2. Unlike \fB+tries\fP, this does not include
the initial query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]rrcomments\fP
+.B +[no]rrcomments
This option toggles the display of per\-record comments in the output (for example,
human\-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is
not to print record comments unless multiline mode is active.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]search\fP
+.B +[no]search
This option uses [or does not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or domain
directive in \fBresolv.conf\fP, if any. The search list is not used by
default.
\fBndots\fP from \fBresolv.conf\fP (default 1), which may be overridden by
\fB+ndots\fP, determines whether the name is treated as relative
and hence whether a search is eventually performed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]short\fP
+.B +[no]short
This option toggles whether a terse answer is provided. The default is to print the answer in a verbose
form. This option always has a global effect; it cannot be set globally and
then overridden on a per\-lookup basis.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]showbadcookie\fP
+.B +[no]showbadcookie
This option toggles whether to show the message containing the
BADCOOKIE rcode before retrying the request or not. The default
is to not show the messages.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]showsearch\fP
+.B +[no]showsearch
This option performs [or does not perform] a search showing intermediate results.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]sigchase\fP
+.B +[no]sigchase
This feature is now obsolete and has been removed; use \fBdelv\fP
instead.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+split=W\fP
+.B +split=W
This option splits long hex\- or base64\-formatted fields in resource records into
chunks of \fBW\fP characters (where \fBW\fP is rounded up to the nearest
multiple of 4). \fB+nosplit\fP or \fB+split=0\fP causes fields not to be
split at all. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when
multiline mode is active.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]stats\fP
+.B +[no]stats
This option toggles the printing of statistics: when the query was made, the size of the
reply, etc. The default behavior is to print the query statistics as a
comment after each lookup.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]subnet=addr[/prefix\-length]\fP
+.B +[no]subnet=addr[/prefix\-length]
This option sends [or does not send] an EDNS CLIENT\-SUBNET option with the specified IP
address or network prefix.
.sp
sends an EDNS CLIENT\-SUBNET option with an empty address and a source
prefix\-length of zero, which signals a resolver that the client\(aqs
address information must \fInot\fP be used when resolving this query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]tcflag\fP
+.B +[no]tcflag
This option sets [or does not set] the TC (TrunCation) bit in the query. The default is
\fB+notcflag\fP\&. This bit is ignored by the server for QUERY.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]tcp\fP
+.B +[no]tcp
This option indicates whether to use TCP when querying name servers.
The default behavior is to use UDP unless a type \fBany\fP or \fBixfr=N\fP
query is requested, in which case the default is TCP. AXFR queries
always use TCP.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+timeout=T\fP
+.B +timeout=T
This option sets the timeout for a query to \fBT\fP seconds. The default timeout is
5 seconds. An attempt to set \fBT\fP to less than 1 is silently set to 1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]tls\fP
+.B +[no]tls
This option indicates whether to use DNS over TLS (DoT) when querying
name servers. When this option is in use, the port number defaults
to 853.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]topdown\fP
+.B +[no]topdown
This feature is related to \fBdig +sigchase\fP, which is obsolete and
has been removed. Use \fBdelv\fP instead.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]trace\fP
+.B +[no]trace
This option toggles tracing of the delegation path from the root name servers for
the name being looked up. Tracing is disabled by default. When
tracing is enabled, \fBdig\fP makes iterative queries to resolve the
.sp
\fB+dnssec\fP is also set when \fB+trace\fP is set, to better emulate the
default queries from a name server.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+tries=T\fP
+.B +tries=T
This option sets the number of times to try UDP and TCP queries to server to \fBT\fP
instead of the default, 3. If \fBT\fP is less than or equal to zero,
the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+trusted\-key=####\fP
+.B +trusted\-key=####
This option formerly specified trusted keys for use with \fBdig +sigchase\fP\&. This
feature is now obsolete and has been removed; use \fBdelv\fP instead.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ttlid\fP
+.B +[no]ttlid
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL when printing the record.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ttlunits\fP
+.B +[no]ttlunits
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL in friendly human\-readable time
units of \fBs\fP, \fBm\fP, \fBh\fP, \fBd\fP, and \fBw\fP, representing seconds, minutes,
hours, days, and weeks. This implies \fB+ttlid\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]unknownformat\fP
+.B +[no]unknownformat
This option prints all RDATA in unknown RR type presentation format (\fI\%RFC 3597\fP).
The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type\(aqs
presentation format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]vc\fP
+.B +[no]vc
This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate
syntax to \fB+[no]tcp\fP is provided for backwards compatibility. The
\fBvc\fP stands for "virtual circuit."
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]yaml\fP
+.B +[no]yaml
When enabled, this option prints the responses (and, if \fB+qr\fP is in use, also the
outgoing queries) in a detailed YAML format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]zflag\fP
+.B +[no]zflag
This option sets [or does not set] the last unassigned DNS header flag in a DNS query.
This flag is off by default.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a algorithm\fP
+.B \-a algorithm
When converting CDS records to DS records, this option specifies
the acceptable digest algorithms. This option can be repeated, so
that multiple digest types are allowed. If none of the CDS records
The algorithm must be one of SHA\-1, SHA\-256, or SHA\-384. These values
are case\-insensitive, and the hyphen may be omitted. If no algorithm
is specified, the default is SHA\-256 only.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option specifies the DNS class of the zones.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D\fP
+.B \-D
This option generates DS records from CDNSKEY records if both CDS and CDNSKEY
records are present in the child zone. By default CDS records are
preferred.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d path\fP
+.B \-d path
This specifies the location of the parent DS records. The path can be the name of a file
containing the DS records; if it is a directory, \fBdnssec\-cds\fP
looks for a \fBdsset\-\fP file for the domain inside the directory.
To protect against replay attacks, child records are rejected if they
were signed earlier than the modification time of the \fBdsset\-\fP
file. This can be adjusted with the \fB\-s\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f child\-file\fP
+.B \-f child\-file
This option specifies the file containing the child\(aqs CDS and/or CDNSKEY records, plus its
DNSKEY records and the covering RRSIG records, so that they can be
authenticated.
.sp
The examples below describe how to generate this file.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-iextension\fP
+.B \-iextension
This option updates the \fBdsset\-\fP file in place, instead of writing DS records to
the standard output.
.sp
\fBdsset\-\fP file is set to match the signature inception time of the
child records, provided that it is later than the file\(aqs current
modification time.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s start\-time\fP
+.B \-s start\-time
This option specifies the date and time after which RRSIG records become
acceptable. This can be either an absolute or a relative time. An
absolute start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
.sp
If no start\-time is specified, the modification time of the
\fBdsset\-\fP file is used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T ttl\fP
+.B \-T ttl
This option specifies a TTL to be used for new DS records. If not specified, the
default is the TTL of the old DS records. If they had no explicit TTL,
the new DS records also have no explicit TTL.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u\fP
+.B \-u
This option writes an \fBnsupdate\fP script to the standard output, instead of
printing the new DS reords. The output is empty if no change is
needed.
Note: The TTL of new records needs to be specified: it can be done in the
original \fBdsset\-\fP file, with the \fB\-T\fP option, or using the
\fBnsupdate\fP \fBttl\fP command.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level. Level 1 is intended to be usefully verbose
for general users; higher levels are intended for developers.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fBdomain\fP
This indicates the name of the delegation point/child zone apex.
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-1\fP
+.B \-1
This option is an abbreviation for \fB\-a SHA1\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-2\fP
+.B \-2
This option is an abbreviation for \fB\-a SHA\-256\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a algorithm\fP
+.B \-a algorithm
This option specifies a digest algorithm to use when converting DNSKEY records to
DS records. This option can be repeated, so that multiple DS records
are created for each DNSKEY record.
The algorithm must be one of SHA\-1, SHA\-256, or SHA\-384. These values
are case\-insensitive, and the hyphen may be omitted. If no algorithm
is specified, the default is SHA\-256.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-A\fP
+.B \-A
This option indicates that ZSKs are to be included when generating DS records. Without this option, only
keys which have the KSK flag set are converted to DS records and
printed. This option is only useful in \fB\-f\fP zone file mode.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option specifies the DNS class; the default is IN. This option is only useful in \fB\-s\fP keyset
or \fB\-f\fP zone file mode.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-C\fP
+.B \-C
This option generates CDS records rather than DS records.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f file\fP
+.B \-f file
This option sets zone file mode, in which the final dnsname argument of \fBdnssec\-dsfromkey\fP is the
DNS domain name of a zone whose master file can be read from
\fBfile\fP\&. If the zone name is the same as \fBfile\fP, then it may be
command as input, as in:
.sp
\fBdig dnskey example.com | dnssec\-dsfromkey \-f \- example.com\fP
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints usage information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-K directory\fP
+.B \-K directory
This option tells BIND 9 to look for key files or \fBkeyset\-\fP files in \fBdirectory\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s\fP
+.B \-s
This option enables keyset mode, in which the final dnsname argument from \fBdnssec\-dsfromkey\fP is the DNS
domain name used to locate a \fBkeyset\-\fP file.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T TTL\fP
+.B \-T TTL
This option specifies the TTL of the DS records. By default the TTL is omitted.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
.UNINDENT
.SH EXAMPLE
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f filename\fP
+.B \-f filename
This option indicates the zone file mode. Instead of a public keyfile name, the argument is the
DNS domain name of a zone master file, which can be read from
\fBfilename\fP\&. If the domain name is the same as \fBfilename\fP, then it may be
.sp
If \fBfilename\fP is set to \fB"\-"\fP, then the zone data is read from the
standard input.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-K directory\fP
+.B \-K directory
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L ttl\fP
+.B \-L ttl
This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone,
unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
place, in which case the existing TTL takes precedence. Setting the default TTL to \fB0\fP or \fBnone\fP
removes it from the key.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option emits a usage message and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
.UNINDENT
.SH TIMING OPTIONS
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use \fBnone\fP or \fBnever\fP\&.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P date/offset\fP
+.B \-P date/offset
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-P sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D date/offset\fP
+.B \-D date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-D sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a algorithm\fP
+.B \-a algorithm
This option selects the cryptographic algorithm. The value of \fBalgorithm\fP must
be one of RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASHA1, RSASHA256, RSASHA512,
ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, or ED448.
Since BIND 9.12.0, this option is mandatory except when using the
\fB\-S\fP option, which copies the algorithm from the predecessory key.
Previously, the default for newly generated keys was RSASHA1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-3\fP
+.B \-3
This option uses an NSEC3\-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this
option is used with an algorithm that has both NSEC and NSEC3
versions, then the NSEC3 version is used; for example,
\fBdnssec\-keygen \-3a RSASHA1\fP specifies the NSEC3RSASHA1 algorithm.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-E engine\fP
+.B \-E engine
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually \fBpkcs11\fP).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-l label\fP
+.B \-l label
This option specifies the label for a key pair in the crypto hardware.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL\-based PKCS#11 support, the label is
an arbitrary string that identifies a particular key. It may be
preceded by an optional OpenSSL engine name, followed by a colon, as
in \fBpkcs11:keylabel\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-n nametype\fP
+.B \-n nametype
This option specifies the owner type of the key. The value of \fBnametype\fP must
either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY
(for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key associated
with a user (KEY)), or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are
case\-insensitive.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-C\fP
+.B \-C
This option enables compatibility mode, which generates an old\-style key, without any metadata.
By default, \fBdnssec\-keyfromlabel\fP includes the key\(aqs creation
date in the metadata stored with the private key; other dates may
be set there as well, including publication date, activation date, etc. Keys
that include this data may be incompatible with older versions of
BIND; the \fB\-C\fP option suppresses them.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the
specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f flag\fP
+.B \-f flag
This option sets the specified flag in the \fBflag\fP field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
The only recognized flags are KSK (Key\-Signing Key) and REVOKE.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-G\fP
+.B \-G
This option generates a key, but does not publish it or sign with it. This option is
incompatible with \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-A\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
\fBdnssec\-keyfromlabel\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-K directory\fP
+.B \-K directory
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k\fP
+.B \-k
This option generates KEY records rather than DNSKEY records.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fB\-L\fP ttl
This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
place, in which case the existing TTL would take precedence. Setting
the default TTL to \fB0\fP or \fBnone\fP removes it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p protocol\fP
+.B \-p protocol
This option sets the protocol value for the key. The protocol is a number between
0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this
argument are listed in \fI\%RFC 2535\fP and its successors.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-S key\fP
+.B \-S key
This option generates a key as an explicit successor to an existing key. The name,
algorithm, size, and type of the key are set to match the
predecessor. The activation date of the new key is set to the
inactivation date of the existing one. The publication date is
set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval, which
defaults to 30 days.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t type\fP
+.B \-t type
This option indicates the type of the key. \fBtype\fP must be one of AUTHCONF,
NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers
to the ability to authenticate data, and CONF to the ability to encrypt
data.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-y\fP
+.B \-y
This option allows DNSSEC key files to be generated even if the key ID would
collide with that of an existing key, in the event of either key
being revoked. (This is only safe to enable if
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use \fBnone\fP or \fBnever\fP\&.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P date/offset\fP
+.B \-P date/offset
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it. If not set, and if the \fB\-G\fP option has not been used, the
default is the current date.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-P sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-A date/offset\fP
+.B \-A date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
the key is included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set,
and if the \fB\-G\fP option has not been used, the default is the current date.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-R date/offset\fP
+.B \-R date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the
key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and
is used to sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-I date/offset\fP
+.B \-I date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the
key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to
sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D date/offset\fP
+.B \-D date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-D sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i interval\fP
+.B \-i interval
This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-3\fP
+.B \-3
This option uses an NSEC3\-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this
option is used with an algorithm that has both NSEC and NSEC3
versions, then the NSEC3 version is selected; for example,
\fBdnssec\-keygen \-3a RSASHA1\fP specifies the NSEC3RSASHA1 algorithm.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a algorithm\fP
+.B \-a algorithm
This option selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value of
\fBalgorithm\fP must be one of RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASHA1, RSASHA256,
RSASHA512, ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, or ED448. For
In prior releases, HMAC algorithms could be generated for use as TSIG
keys, but that feature was removed in BIND 9.13.0. Use
\fBtsig\-keygen\fP to generate TSIG keys.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-b keysize\fP
+.B \-b keysize
This option specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key size
depends on the algorithm used: RSA keys must be between 1024 and 4096
bits; Diffie\-Hellman keys must be between 128 and 4096 bits. Elliptic
defaults. For example, RSA keys for use as DNSSEC zone\-signing keys
have a default size of 1024 bits; RSA keys for use as key\-signing
keys (KSKs, generated with \fB\-f KSK\fP) default to 2048 bits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-C\fP
+.B \-C
This option enables compatibility mode, which generates an old\-style key, without any timing
metadata. By default, \fBdnssec\-keygen\fP includes the key\(aqs
creation date in the metadata stored with the private key; other
dates may be set there as well, including publication date, activation date,
etc. Keys that include this data may be incompatible with older
versions of BIND; the \fB\-C\fP option suppresses them.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the
specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d bits\fP
+.B \-d bits
This option specifies the key size in bits. For the algorithms RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASA1, RSASHA256, and
RSASHA512 the key size must be between 1024 and 4096 bits; DH size is between 128
and 4096 bits. This option is ignored for algorithms ECDSAP256SHA256,
ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, and ED448.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-E engine\fP
+.B \-E engine
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually \fBpkcs11\fP).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f flag\fP
+.B \-f flag
This option sets the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
The only recognized flags are KSK (Key\-Signing Key) and REVOKE.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-G\fP
+.B \-G
This option generates a key, but does not publish it or sign with it. This option is
incompatible with \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-A\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-g generator\fP
+.B \-g generator
This option indicates the generator to use if generating a Diffie\-Hellman key. Allowed
values are 2 and 5. If no generator is specified, a known prime from
\fI\%RFC 2539\fP is used if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
\fBdnssec\-keygen\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-K directory\fP
+.B \-K directory
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k policy\fP
+.B \-k policy
This option creates keys for a specific \fBdnssec\-policy\fP\&. If a policy uses multiple keys,
\fBdnssec\-keygen\fP generates multiple keys. This also
creates a ".state" file to keep track of the key state.
This option creates keys according to the \fBdnssec\-policy\fP configuration, hence
it cannot be used at the same time as many of the other options that
\fBdnssec\-keygen\fP provides.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L ttl\fP
+.B \-L ttl
This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone,
unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
value is not set and there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the TTL
defaults to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to \fB0\fP or \fBnone\fP
is the same as leaving it unset.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-l file\fP
+.B \-l file
This option provides a configuration file that contains a \fBdnssec\-policy\fP statement
(matching the policy set with \fB\-k\fP).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-n nametype\fP
+.B \-n nametype
This option specifies the owner type of the key. The value of \fBnametype\fP must
either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY
(for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key associated
with a user (KEY)), or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are
case\-insensitive. The default is ZONE for DNSKEY generation.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p protocol\fP
+.B \-p protocol
This option sets the protocol value for the generated key, for use with
\fB\-T KEY\fP\&. The protocol is a number between 0 and 255. The default
is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this argument are listed in
\fI\%RFC 2535\fP and its successors.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option sets quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output, including progress
indication. Without this option, when \fBdnssec\-keygen\fP is run
interactively to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it prints a
passed an initial sieve test; \fB+\fP means a number has passed a single
round of the Miller\-Rabin primality test; and a space ( ) means that the
number has passed all the tests and is a satisfactory key.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-S key\fP
+.B \-S key
This option creates a new key which is an explicit successor to an existing key.
The name, algorithm, size, and type of the key are set to match
the existing key. The activation date of the new key is set to
the inactivation date of the existing one. The publication date is
set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval,
which defaults to 30 days.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s strength\fP
+.B \-s strength
This option specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is a number
between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined purpose in DNSSEC.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T rrtype\fP
+.B \-T rrtype
This option specifies the resource record type to use for the key. \fBrrtype\fP
must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The default is DNSKEY when using a
DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be overridden to KEY for use with
SIG(0).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t type\fP
+.B \-t type
This option indicates the type of the key for use with \fB\-T KEY\fP\&. \fBtype\fP
must be one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default
is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate data, and
CONF to the ability to encrypt data.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
.UNINDENT
.SH TIMING OPTIONS
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use \fBnone\fP or \fBnever\fP\&.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P date/offset\fP
+.B \-P date/offset
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it. If not set, and if the \fB\-G\fP option has not been used, the
default is the current date.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-P sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-A date/offset\fP
+.B \-A date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
the key is included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set,
and if the \fB\-G\fP option has not been used, the default is the current date. If set,
and \fB\-P\fP is not set, the publication date is set to the
activation date minus the prepublication interval.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-R date/offset\fP
+.B \-R date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the
key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and
is used to sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-I date/offset\fP
+.B \-I date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the
key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to
sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D date/offset\fP
+.B \-D date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-D sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i interval\fP
+.B \-i interval
This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option emits a usage message and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-K directory\fP
+.B \-K directory
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r\fP
+.B \-r
This option indicates to remove the original keyset files after writing the new keyset files.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-E engine\fP
+.B \-E engine
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually \fBpkcs11\fP).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f\fP
+.B \-f
This option indicates a forced overwrite and causes \fBdnssec\-revoke\fP to write the new key pair,
even if a file already exists matching the algorithm and key ID of
the revoked key.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-R\fP
+.B \-R
This option prints the key tag of the key with the REVOKE bit set, but does not
revoke the key.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f\fP
+.B \-f
This option forces an update of an old\-format key with no metadata fields. Without
this option, \fBdnssec\-settime\fP fails when attempting to update a
legacy key. With this option, the key is recreated in the new
date is set to the present time. If no other values are
specified, then the key\(aqs publication and activation dates are also
set to the present time.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-K directory\fP
+.B \-K directory
This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L ttl\fP
+.B \-L ttl
This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a
DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone,
unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in
value is not set and there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the TTL
defaults to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to \fB0\fP or \fBnone\fP
removes it from the key.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option emits a usage message and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-E engine\fP
+.B \-E engine
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use \fBnone\fP or \fBnever\fP\&.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P date/offset\fP
+.B \-P date/offset
This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used
to sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P ds date/offset\fP
+.B \-P ds date/offset
This option sets the date on which DS records that match this key have been
seen in the parent zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-P sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-A date/offset\fP
+.B \-A date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
the key is included in the zone and used to sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-R date/offset\fP
+.B \-R date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the
key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and
is used to sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-I date/offset\fP
+.B \-I date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the
key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to
sign it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D date/offset\fP
+.B \-D date/offset
This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the
key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key
repository.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D ds date/offset\fP
+.B \-D ds date/offset
This option sets the date on which the DS records that match this key have
been seen removed from the parent zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D sync date/offset\fP
+.B \-D sync date/offset
This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-S predecessor key\fP
+.B \-S predecessor key
This option selects a key for which the key being modified is an explicit
successor. The name, algorithm, size, and type of the predecessor key
must exactly match those of the key being modified. The activation
date of the successor key is set to the inactivation date of the
predecessor. The publication date is set to the activation date
minus the prepublication interval, which defaults to 30 days.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i interval\fP
+.B \-i interval
This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
Known key states are HIDDEN, RUMOURED, OMNIPRESENT, and UNRETENTIVE.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s\fP
+.B \-s
This option indicates that when setting key timing data, the state file should also be updated.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-g state\fP
+.B \-g state
This option sets the goal state for this key. Must be HIDDEN or OMNIPRESENT.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d state date/offset\fP
+.B \-d state date/offset
This option sets the DS state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k state date/offset\fP
+.B \-k state date/offset
This option sets the DNSKEY state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r state date/offset\fP
+.B \-r state date/offset
This option sets the RRSIG (KSK) state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-z state date/offset\fP
+.B \-z state date/offset
This option sets the RRSIG (ZSK) state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.
.UNINDENT
.SH PRINTING OPTIONS
associated with a key.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u\fP
+.B \-u
This option indicates that times should be printed in Unix epoch format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p C/P/Pds/Psync/A/R/I/D/Dds/Dsync/all\fP
+.B \-p C/P/Pds/Psync/A/R/I/D/Dds/Dsync/all
This option prints a specific metadata value or set of metadata values.
The \fB\-p\fP option may be followed by one or more of the following letters or
strings to indicate which value or values to print: \fBC\fP for the
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a\fP
+.B \-a
This option verifies all generated signatures.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option specifies the DNS class of the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-C\fP
+.B \-C
This option sets compatibility mode, in which a \fBkeyset\-zonename\fP file is generated in addition
to \fBdsset\-zonename\fP when signing a zone, for use by older versions
of \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d directory\fP
+.B \-d directory
This option indicates the directory where BIND 9 should look for \fBdsset\-\fP or \fBkeyset\-\fP files.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D\fP
+.B \-D
This option indicates that only those record types automatically managed by
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP, i.e., RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records, should be included in the output.
If smart signing (\fB\-S\fP) is used, DNSKEY records are also included.
The resulting file can be included in the original zone file with
\fB$INCLUDE\fP\&. This option cannot be combined with \fB\-O raw\fP
or serial\-number updating.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-E engine\fP
+.B \-E engine
This option specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic
operations, such as a secure key store used for signing, when applicable.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually \fBpkcs11\fP).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-g\fP
+.B \-g
This option indicates that DS records for child zones should be generated from a \fBdsset\-\fP or \fBkeyset\-\fP
file. Existing DS records are removed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-K directory\fP
+.B \-K directory
This option specifies the directory to search for DNSSEC keys. If not
specified, it defaults to the current directory.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k key\fP
+.B \-k key
This option tells BIND 9 to treat the specified key as a key\-signing key, ignoring any key flags. This
option may be specified multiple times.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-M maxttl\fP
+.B \-M maxttl
This option sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone. Any TTL higher than \fBmaxttl\fP
in the input zone is reduced to \fBmaxttl\fP in the output. This
provides certainty as to the largest possible TTL in the signed zone,
option should be configured to use a matching \fBmax\-zone\-ttl\fP in
\fBnamed.conf\fP\&. (Note: This option is incompatible with \fB\-D\fP,
because it modifies non\-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s start\-time\fP
+.B \-s start\-time
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records become
valid. This can be either an absolute or relative time. An absolute
start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation;
start time is indicated by \fB+N\fP, which is N seconds from the current
time. If no \fBstart\-time\fP is specified, the current time minus 1
hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-e end\-time\fP
+.B \-e end\-time
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records expire. As
with \fBstart\-time\fP, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with \fB+N\fP,
current time is indicated with \fBnow+N\fP\&. If no \fBend\-time\fP is
specified, 30 days from the start time is the default.
\fBend\-time\fP must be later than \fBstart\-time\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-X extended end\-time\fP
+.B \-X extended end\-time
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records for the
DNSKEY RRset expire. This is to be used in cases when the DNSKEY
signatures need to persist longer than signatures on other records;
\fBextended end\-time\fP is specified, the value of \fBend\-time\fP is used
as the default. (\fBend\-time\fP, in turn, defaults to 30 days from the
start time.) \fBextended end\-time\fP must be later than \fBstart\-time\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f output\-file\fP
+.B \-f output\-file
This option indicates the name of the output file containing the signed zone. The default
is to append \fB\&.signed\fP to the input filename. If \fBoutput\-file\fP is
set to \fB\-\fP, then the signed zone is written to the standard
output, with a default output format of \fBfull\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i interval\fP
+.B \-i interval
This option indicates that, when a previously signed zone is passed as input, records may be
re\-signed. The \fBinterval\fP option specifies the cycle interval as an
offset from the current time, in seconds. If a RRSIG record expires
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle interval of 7.5
days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records are due to expire in
less than 7.5 days, they are replaced.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-I input\-format\fP
+.B \-I input\-format
This option sets the format of the input zone file. Possible formats are
\fBtext\fP (the default), and \fBraw\fP\&. This option is primarily
intended to be used for dynamic signed zones, so that the dumped zone
file in a non\-text format containing updates can be signed directly.
This option is not useful for non\-dynamic zones.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-j jitter\fP
+.B \-j jitter
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all RRSIG
records issued at the time of signing expire simultaneously. If the
zone is incrementally signed, i.e., a previously signed zone is passed
RRSIGs do not expire at the same time from all caches, there is
less congestion than if all validators need to refetch at around the
same time.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L serial\fP
+.B \-L serial
When writing a signed zone to "raw" format, this option sets the "source
serial" value in the header to the specified \fBserial\fP number. (This is
expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-n ncpus\fP
+.B \-n ncpus
This option specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one thread is
started for each detected CPU.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-N soa\-serial\-format\fP
+.B \-N soa\-serial\-format
This option sets the SOA serial number format of the signed zone. Possible formats are
\fBkeep\fP (the default), \fBincrement\fP, \fBunixtime\fP, and
\fBdate\fP\&.
than or equal to that value, in which case it is simply
incremented by one.
.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-o origin\fP
+.B \-o origin
This option sets the zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is
assumed to be the origin.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-O output\-format\fP
+.B \-O output\-format
This option sets the format of the output file containing the signed
zone. Possible formats are \fBtext\fP (the default), which is the standard
textual representation of the zone; \fBfull\fP, which is text output in a
\fBnamed\fP\&. \fBraw=N\fP specifies the format version of the raw zone file:
if N is 0, the raw file can be read by any version of \fBnamed\fP; if N is
1, the file can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P\fP
+.B \-P
This option disables post\-sign verification tests.
.sp
The post\-sign verification tests ensure that for each algorithm in
use there is at least one non\-revoked self\-signed KSK key, that all
revoked KSK keys are self\-signed, and that all records in the zone
are signed by the algorithm. This option skips these tests.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-Q\fP
+.B \-Q
This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer active.
.sp
Normally, when a previously signed zone is passed as input to the
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP to remove signatures from keys that are no longer
active. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
\fI\%RFC 4641#4.2.1.1\fP ("Pre\-Publish Key Rollover").
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option enables quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output. Without this option, when
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP is run it prints three pieces of information to standard output: the number of
keys in use; the algorithms used to verify the zone was signed correctly and
other status information; and the filename containing the signed
zone. With the option that output is suppressed, leaving only the filename.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-R\fP
+.B \-R
This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer published.
.sp
This option is similar to \fB\-Q\fP, except it forces
published. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
\fI\%RFC 4641#4.2.1.2\fP ("Double Signature Zone Signing Key
Rollover").
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-S\fP
+.B \-S
This option enables smart signing, which instructs \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP to search the key
repository for keys that match the zone being signed, and to include
them in the zone if appropriate.
synchronization records (type CDS and/or CDNSKEY) are removed.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T ttl\fP
+.B \-T ttl
This option specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported into the
zone from the key repository. If not specified, the default is the
TTL value from the zone\(aqs SOA record. This option is ignored when
imported DNSKEY records had a default TTL value. In the event of a
conflict between TTL values in imported keys, the shortest one is
used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t\fP
+.B \-t
This option prints statistics at completion.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u\fP
+.B \-u
This option updates the NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re\-signing a previously signed zone.
With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be switched to NSEC3,
or a zone signed with NSEC3 can be switched to NSEC or to NSEC3 with
different parameters. Without this option, \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP
retains the existing chain when re\-signing.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-x\fP
+.B \-x
This option indicates that BIND 9 should only sign the DNSKEY, CDNSKEY, and CDS RRsets with key\-signing keys,
and should omit signatures from zone\-signing keys. (This is similar to the
\fBdnssec\-dnskey\-kskonly yes;\fP zone option in \fBnamed\fP\&.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-z\fP
+.B \-z
This option indicates that BIND 9 should ignore the KSK flag on keys when determining what to sign. This causes
KSK\-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the DNSKEY RRset.
(This is similar to the \fBupdate\-check\-ksk no;\fP zone option in
\fBnamed\fP\&.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-3 salt\fP
+.B \-3 salt
This option generates an NSEC3 chain with the given hex\-encoded salt. A dash
(\-) can be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when
generating the NSEC3 chain.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-H iterations\fP
+.B \-H iterations
This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should use this many iterations. The default
is 10.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-A\fP
+.B \-A
This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should set the OPTOUT flag on all NSEC3
records and should not generate NSEC3 records for insecure delegations.
.sp
Using this option twice (i.e., \fB\-AA\fP) turns the OPTOUT flag off for
all records. This is useful when using the \fB\-u\fP option to modify an
NSEC3 chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBzonefile\fP
+.B zonefile
This option sets the file containing the zone to be signed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBkey\fP
+.B key
This option specifies which keys should be used to sign the zone. If no keys are
specified, the zone is examined for DNSKEY records at the
zone apex. If these records are found and there are matching private keys in
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option specifies the DNS class of the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-E engine\fP
+.B \-E engine
This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually \fBpkcs11\fP).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-I input\-format\fP
+.B \-I input\-format
This option sets the format of the input zone file. Possible formats are \fBtext\fP
(the default) and \fBraw\fP\&. This option is primarily intended to be used
for dynamic signed zones, so that the dumped zone file in a non\-text
format containing updates can be verified independently.
This option is not useful for non\-dynamic zones.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-o origin\fP
+.B \-o origin
This option indicates the zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is
assumed to be the origin.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v level\fP
+.B \-v level
This option sets the debugging level.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints version information.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option sets quiet mode, which suppresses output. Without this option, when \fBdnssec\-verify\fP
is run it prints to standard output the number of keys in use, the
algorithms used to verify the zone was signed correctly, and other status
information. With this option, all non\-error output is suppressed, and only the exit
code indicates success.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-x\fP
+.B \-x
This option verifies only that the DNSKEY RRset is signed with key\-signing keys.
Without this flag, it is assumed that the DNSKEY RRset is signed
by all active keys. When this flag is set, it is not an error if
the DNSKEY RRset is not signed by zone\-signing keys. This corresponds
to the \fB\-x\fP option in \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-z\fP
+.B \-z
This option indicates that the KSK flag on the keys should be ignored when determining whether the zone is
correctly signed. Without this flag, it is assumed that there is
a non\-revoked, self\-signed DNSKEY with the KSK flag set for each
non\-revoked key for the same algorithm that includes the self\-signed
key; the same key may be used for both purposes. This corresponds to
the \fB\-z\fP option in \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fBzonefile\fP
This option indicates the file containing the zone to be signed.
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m\fP
+.B \-m
This option indicates trace memory allocations, and is used for debugging memory leaks.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p\fP
+.B \-p
This option prints the text form of the DNS
message that was encapsulated in the \fBdnstap\fP frame, after printing the \fBdnstap\fP data.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-x\fP
+.B \-x
This option prints a hex dump of the wire form
of the DNS message that was encapsulated in the \fBdnstap\fP frame, after printing the \fBdnstap\fP data.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-y\fP
+.B \-y
This option prints \fBdnstap\fP data in a detailed YAML format.
.UNINDENT
.SH SEE ALSO
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-4\fP
+.B \-4
This option specifies that only IPv4 should be used for query transport. See also the \fB\-6\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-6\fP
+.B \-6
This option specifies that only IPv6 should be used for query transport. See also the \fB\-4\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a\fP
+.B \-a
The \fB\-a\fP ("all") option is normally equivalent to \fB\-v \-t ANY\fP\&. It
also affects the behavior of the \fB\-l\fP list zone option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-A\fP
+.B \-A
The \fB\-A\fP ("almost all") option is equivalent to \fB\-a\fP, except that RRSIG,
NSEC, and NSEC3 records are omitted from the output.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option specifies the query class, which can be used to lookup HS (Hesiod) or CH (Chaosnet)
class resource records. The default class is IN (Internet).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-C\fP
+.B \-C
This option indicates that \fBnamed\fP should check consistency, meaning that \fBhost\fP queries the SOA records for zone
\fBname\fP from all the listed authoritative name servers for that
zone. The list of name servers is defined by the NS records that are
found for the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d\fP
+.B \-d
This option prints debugging traces, and is equivalent to the \fB\-v\fP verbose option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-l\fP
+.B \-l
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to list the zone, meaning the \fBhost\fP command performs a zone transfer of zone
\fBname\fP and prints out the NS, PTR, and address records (A/AAAA).
.sp
Together, the \fB\-l \-a\fP options print all records in the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-N ndots\fP
+.B \-N ndots
This option specifies the number of dots (\fBndots\fP) that have to be in \fBname\fP for it to be
considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the
\fBndots\fP statement in \fB/etc/resolv.conf\fP, or 1 if no \fBndots\fP statement
is present. Names with fewer dots are interpreted as relative names,
and are searched for in the domains listed in the \fBsearch\fP or
\fBdomain\fP directive in \fB/etc/resolv.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p port\fP
+.B \-p port
This option specifies the port to query on the server. The default is 53.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r\fP
+.B \-r
This option specifies a non\-recursive query; setting this option clears the RD (recursion
desired) bit in the query. This means that the name server
receiving the query does not attempt to resolve \fBname\fP\&. The \fB\-r\fP
option enables \fBhost\fP to mimic the behavior of a name server by
making non\-recursive queries, and expecting to receive answers to
those queries that can be referrals to other name servers.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-R number\fP
+.B \-R number
This option specifies the number of retries for UDP queries. If \fBnumber\fP is negative or zero,
the number of retries is silently set to 1. The default value is 1, or
the value of the \fBattempts\fP option in \fB/etc/resolv.conf\fP, if set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s\fP
+.B \-s
This option tells \fBnamed\fP \fInot\fP to send the query to the next nameserver if any server responds
with a SERVFAIL response, which is the reverse of normal stub
resolver behavior.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t type\fP
+.B \-t type
This option specifies the query type. The \fBtype\fP argument can be any recognized query type:
CNAME, NS, SOA, TXT, DNSKEY, AXFR, etc.
.sp
If a query type of IXFR is chosen, the starting serial number can be
specified by appending an equals sign (=), followed by the starting serial
number, e.g., \fB\-t IXFR=12345678\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T\fP; \fB\-U\fP
+.B \-T\(ga\(ga; \(ga\(ga\-U
This option specifies TCP or UDP. By default, \fBhost\fP uses UDP when making queries; the
\fB\-T\fP option makes it use a TCP connection when querying the name
server. TCP is automatically selected for queries that require
it, such as zone transfer (AXFR) requests. Type \fBANY\fP queries default
to TCP, but can be forced to use UDP initially via \fB\-U\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m flag\fP
+.B \-m flag
This option sets memory usage debugging: the flag can be \fBrecord\fP, \fBusage\fP, or
\fBtrace\fP\&. The \fB\-m\fP option can be specified more than once to set
multiple flags.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option sets verbose output, and is equivalent to the \fB\-d\fP debug option. Verbose output
can also be enabled by setting the \fBdebug\fP option in
\fB/etc/resolv.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints the version number and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-w\fP
+.B \-w
This option sets "wait forever": the query timeout is set to the maximum possible. See
also the \fB\-W\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-W wait\fP
+.B \-W wait
This options sets the length of the wait timeout, indicating that \fBnamed\fP should wait for up to \fBwait\fP seconds for a reply. If \fBwait\fP is
less than 1, the wait interval is set to 1 second.
.sp
.SH ANYWHERE OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f\fP
+.B \-f
This option makes \fBmdig\fP operate in batch mode by reading a list
of lookup requests to process from the file \fBfilename\fP\&. The file
contains a number of queries, one per line. Each entry in the file
should be organized in the same way they would be presented as queries
to \fBmdig\fP using the command\-line interface.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option causes \fBmdig\fP to print detailed help information, with the full list
of options, and exit.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option causes \fBmdig\fP to print the version number and exit.
.UNINDENT
.SH GLOBAL OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-4\fP
+.B \-4
This option forces \fBmdig\fP to only use IPv4 query transport.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-6\fP
+.B \-6
This option forces \fBmdig\fP to only use IPv6 query transport.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-b address\fP
+.B \-b address
This option sets the source IP address of the query to
\fBaddress\fP\&. This must be a valid address on one of the host\(aqs network
interfaces or "0.0.0.0" or "::". An optional port may be specified by
appending "#<port>"
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m\fP
+.B \-m
This option enables memory usage debugging.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p port#\fP
+.B \-p port#
This option is used when a non\-standard port number is to be
queried. \fBport#\fP is the port number that \fBmdig\fP sends its
queries to, instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option is
The global query options are:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]additional\fP
+.B +[no]additional
This option displays [or does not display] the additional section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]all\fP
+.B +[no]all
This option sets or clears all display flags.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]answer\fP
+.B +[no]answer
This option displays [or does not display] the answer section of a reply. The default
is to display it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]authority\fP
+.B +[no]authority
This option displays [or does not display] the authority section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]besteffort\fP
+.B +[no]besteffort
This option attempts to display [or does not display] the contents of messages which are malformed. The
default is to not display malformed answers.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+burst\fP
+.B +burst
This option delays queries until the start of the next second.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]cl\fP
+.B +[no]cl
This option displays [or does not display] the CLASS when printing the record.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]comments\fP
+.B +[no]comments
This option toggles the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to
print comments.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]continue\fP
+.B +[no]continue
This option toggles continuation on errors (e.g. timeouts).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]crypto\fP
+.B +[no]crypto
This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The
contents of these fields are unnecessary to debug most DNSSEC
validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the
common failures. The default is to display the fields. When omitted,
they are replaced by the string "[omitted]"; in the DNSKEY case, the
key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g., \fB[ key id = value ]\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+dscp[=value]\fP
+.B +dscp[=value]
This option sets the DSCP code point to be used when sending the query. Valid DSCP
code points are in the range [0...63]. By default no code point is
explicitly set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]multiline\fP
+.B +[no]multiline
This option toggles printing of records, like the SOA records, in a verbose multi\-line format
with human\-readable comments. The default is to print each record on
a single line, to facilitate machine parsing of the \fBmdig\fP output.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]question\fP
+.B +[no]question
This option prints [or does not print] the question section of a query when an answer
is returned. The default is to print the question section as a
comment.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]rrcomments\fP
+.B +[no]rrcomments
This option toggles the display of per\-record comments in the output (for example,
human\-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is
not to print record comments unless multiline mode is active.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]short\fP
+.B +[no]short
This option provides [or does not provide] a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a
verbose form.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+split=W\fP
+.B +split=W
This option splits long hex\- or base64\-formatted fields in resource records into
chunks of \fBW\fP characters (where \fBW\fP is rounded up to the nearest
multiple of 4). \fB+nosplit\fP or \fB+split=0\fP causes fields not to be
split. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when
multiline mode is active.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]tcp\fP
+.B +[no]tcp
This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. The default behavior
is to use UDP.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ttlid\fP
+.B +[no]ttlid
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL when printing the record.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ttlunits\fP
+.B +[no]ttlunits
This option displays [or does not display] the TTL in friendly human\-readable time
units of "s", "m", "h", "d", and "w", representing seconds, minutes,
hours, days, and weeks. This implies +ttlid.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]vc\fP
+.B +[no]vc
This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate
syntax to \fB+[no]tcp\fP is provided for backwards compatibility. The
\fBvc\fP stands for "virtual circuit".
.SH LOCAL OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option sets the query class to \fBclass\fP\&. It can be any valid
query class which is supported in BIND 9. The default query class is
"IN".
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t type\fP
+.B \-t type
This option sets the query type to \fBtype\fP\&. It can be any valid
query type which is supported in BIND 9. The default query type is "A",
unless the \fB\-x\fP option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup with
the "PTR" query type.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-x addr\fP
+.B \-x addr
Reverse lookups \- mapping addresses to names \- are simplified by
this option. \fBaddr\fP is an IPv4 address in dotted\-decimal
notation, or a colon\-delimited IPv6 address. \fBmdig\fP automatically
The local query options are:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]aaflag\fP
+.B +[no]aaflag
This is a synonym for \fB+[no]aaonly\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]aaonly\fP
+.B +[no]aaonly
This sets the \fBaa\fP flag in the query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]adflag\fP
+.B +[no]adflag
This sets [or does not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. This
requests the server to return whether all of the answer and authority
sections have all been validated as secure, according to the security
validated as secure and the answer is not from a OPT\-OUT range. AD=0
indicates that some part of the answer was insecure or not validated.
This bit is set by default.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+bufsize=B\fP
+.B +bufsize=B
This sets the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to \fBB\fP
bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535 and 0
respectively. Values outside this range are rounded up or down
appropriately. Values other than zero cause a EDNS query to be
sent.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]cdflag\fP
+.B +[no]cdflag
This sets [or does not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This
requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]cookie=####\fP
+.B +[no]cookie=####
This sends [or does not send] a COOKIE EDNS option, with an optional value. Replaying a COOKIE
from a previous response allows the server to identify a previous
client. The default is \fB+nocookie\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]dnssec\fP
+.B +[no]dnssec
This requests that DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK (DO) bit in
the OPT record in the additional section of the query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]edns[=#]\fP
+.B +[no]edns[=#]
This specifies [or does not specify] the EDNS version to query with. Valid values are 0 to 255.
Setting the EDNS version causes an EDNS query to be sent.
\fB+noedns\fP clears the remembered EDNS version. EDNS is set to 0 by
default.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ednsflags[=#]\fP
+.B +[no]ednsflags[=#]
This sets the must\-be\-zero EDNS flag bits (Z bits) to the specified value.
Decimal, hex, and octal encodings are accepted. Setting a named flag
(e.g. DO) is silently ignored. By default, no Z bits are set.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]\fP
+.B +[no]ednsopt[=code[:value]]
This specifies [or does not specify] an EDNS option with code point \fBcode\fP and an optional payload
of \fBvalue\fP as a hexadecimal string. \fB+noednsopt\fP clears the EDNS
options to be sent.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]expire\fP
+.B +[no]expire
This toggles sending of an EDNS Expire option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]nsid\fP
+.B +[no]nsid
This toggles inclusion of an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]recurse\fP
+.B +[no]recurse
This toggles the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query.
This bit is set by default, which means \fBmdig\fP normally sends
recursive queries.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+retry=T\fP
+.B +retry=T
This sets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to \fBT\fP
instead of the default, 2. Unlike \fB+tries\fP, this does not include
the initial query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]subnet=addr[/prefix\-length]\fP
+.B +[no]subnet=addr[/prefix\-length]
This sends [or does not send] an EDNS Client Subnet option with the specified IP
address or network prefix.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fBmdig +subnet=0.0.0.0/0\fP, or simply \fBmdig +subnet=0\fP
This sends an EDNS client\-subnet option with an empty address and a source
prefix\-length of zero, which signals a resolver that the client\(aqs
address information must \fInot\fP be used when resolving this query.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+timeout=T\fP
+.B +timeout=T
This sets the timeout for a query to \fBT\fP seconds. The default timeout is
5 seconds for UDP transport and 10 for TCP. An attempt to set \fBT\fP
to less than 1 results in a query timeout of 1 second being
applied.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+tries=T\fP
+.B +tries=T
This sets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to \fBT\fP
instead of the default, 3. If \fBT\fP is less than or equal to zero,
the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+udptimeout=T\fP
+.B +udptimeout=T
This sets the timeout between UDP query retries to \fBT\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]unknownformat\fP
+.B +[no]unknownformat
This prints [or does not print] all RDATA in unknown RR\-type presentation format (see \fI\%RFC 3597\fP).
The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type\(aqs
presentation format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]yaml\fP
+.B +[no]yaml
This toggles printing of the responses in a detailed YAML format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB+[no]zflag\fP
+.B +[no]zflag
This sets [or does not set] the last unassigned DNS header flag in a DNS query.
This flag is off by default.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints the usage summary and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-j\fP
+.B \-j
When loading a zonefile, this option instructs \fBnamed\fP to read the journal if it exists.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-l\fP
+.B \-l
This option lists all the configured zones. Each line of output contains the zone
name, class (e.g. IN), view, and type (e.g. primary or secondary).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c\fP
+.B \-c
This option specifies that only the "core" configuration should be checked. This suppresses the loading of
plugin modules, and causes all parameters to \fBplugin\fP statements to
be ignored.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i\fP
+.B \-i
This option ignores warnings on deprecated options.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p\fP
+.B \-p
This option prints out the \fBnamed.conf\fP and included files in canonical form if
no errors were detected. See also the \fB\-x\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t directory\fP
+.B \-t directory
This option instructs \fBnamed\fP to chroot to \fBdirectory\fP, so that \fBinclude\fP directives in the
configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted
\fBnamed\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option prints the version of the \fBnamed\-checkconf\fP program and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-x\fP
+.B \-x
When printing the configuration files in canonical form, this option obscures
shared secrets by replacing them with strings of question marks
(\fB?\fP). This allows the contents of \fBnamed.conf\fP and related files
to be shared \- for example, when submitting bug reports \-
without compromising private data. This option cannot be used without
\fB\-p\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-z\fP
+.B \-z
This option performs a test load of all zones of type \fBprimary\fP found in \fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBfilename\fP
+.B filename
This indicates the name of the configuration file to be checked. If not specified,
it defaults to \fB@sysconfdir@/named.conf\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d\fP
+.B \-d
This option enables debugging.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints the usage summary and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option sets quiet mode, which only sets an exit code to indicate
successful or failed completion.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option prints the version of the \fBnamed\-checkzone\fP program and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-j\fP
+.B \-j
When loading a zone file, this option tells \fBnamed\fP to read the journal if it exists. The journal
file name is assumed to be the zone file name with the
string \fB\&.jnl\fP appended.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-J filename\fP
+.B \-J filename
When loading the zone file, this option tells \fBnamed\fP to read the journal from the given file, if
it exists. This implies \fB\-j\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option specifies the class of the zone. If not specified, \fBIN\fP is assumed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i mode\fP
+.B \-i mode
This option performs post\-load zone integrity checks. Possible modes are
\fBfull\fP (the default), \fBfull\-sibling\fP, \fBlocal\fP,
\fBlocal\-sibling\fP, and \fBnone\fP\&.
respectively.
.sp
Mode \fBnone\fP disables the checks.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f format\fP
+.B \-f format
This option specifies the format of the zone file. Possible formats are
\fBtext\fP (the default), and \fBraw\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-F format\fP
+.B \-F format
This option specifies the format of the output file specified. For
\fBnamed\-checkzone\fP, this does not have any effect unless it dumps
the zone contents.
\fBraw=N\fP specifies the format version of the raw zone file: if \fBN\fP is
0, the raw file can be read by any version of \fBnamed\fP; if N is 1, the
file can only be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k mode\fP
+.B \-k mode
This option performs \fBcheck\-names\fP checks with the specified failure mode.
Possible modes are \fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-l ttl\fP
+.B \-l ttl
This option sets a maximum permissible TTL for the input file. Any record with a
TTL higher than this value causes the zone to be rejected. This
is similar to using the \fBmax\-zone\-ttl\fP option in \fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L serial\fP
+.B \-L serial
When compiling a zone to \fBraw\fP format, this option sets the "source
serial" value in the header to the specified serial number. This is
expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m mode\fP
+.B \-m mode
This option specifies whether MX records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are \fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and
\fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-M mode\fP
+.B \-M mode
This option checks whether a MX record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
\fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-n mode\fP
+.B \-n mode
This option specifies whether NS records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are \fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-o filename\fP
+.B \-o filename
This option writes the zone output to \fBfilename\fP\&. If \fBfilename\fP is \fB\-\fP, then
the zone output is written to standard output.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r mode\fP
+.B \-r mode
This option checks for records that are treated as different by DNSSEC but are
semantically equal in plain DNS. Possible modes are \fBfail\fP,
\fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s style\fP
+.B \-s style
This option specifies the style of the dumped zone file. Possible styles are
\fBfull\fP (the default) and \fBrelative\fP\&. The \fBfull\fP format is most
suitable for processing automatically by a separate script.
suitable for editing by hand. This does not have any effect unless it dumps
the zone contents. It also does not have any meaning if the output format
is not text.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-S mode\fP
+.B \-S mode
This option checks whether an SRV record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
\fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t directory\fP
+.B \-t directory
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to chroot to \fBdirectory\fP, so that \fBinclude\fP directives in the
configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted
\fBnamed\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T mode\fP
+.B \-T mode
This option checks whether Sender Policy Framework (SPF) records exist and issues a
warning if an SPF\-formatted TXT record is not also present. Possible
modes are \fBwarn\fP (the default) and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-w directory\fP
+.B \-w directory
This option instructs \fBnamed\fP to chdir to \fBdirectory\fP, so that relative filenames in master file
\fB$INCLUDE\fP directives work. This is similar to the directory clause in
\fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D\fP
+.B \-D
This option dumps the zone file in canonical format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-W mode\fP
+.B \-W mode
This option specifies whether to check for non\-terminal wildcards. Non\-terminal
wildcards are almost always the result of a failure to understand the
wildcard matching algorithm (\fI\%RFC 4592\fP). Possible modes are \fBwarn\fP
(the default) and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBzonename\fP
+.B zonename
This indicates the domain name of the zone being checked.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBfilename\fP
+.B filename
This is the name of the zone file.
.UNINDENT
.SH RETURN VALUES
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d\fP
+.B \-d
This option enables debugging.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints the usage summary and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option sets quiet mode, which only sets an exit code to indicate
successful or failed completion.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option prints the version of the \fBnamed\-checkzone\fP program and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-j\fP
+.B \-j
When loading a zone file, this option tells \fBnamed\fP to read the journal if it exists. The journal
file name is assumed to be the zone file name with the
string \fB\&.jnl\fP appended.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-J filename\fP
+.B \-J filename
When loading the zone file, this option tells \fBnamed\fP to read the journal from the given file, if
it exists. This implies \fB\-j\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c class\fP
+.B \-c class
This option specifies the class of the zone. If not specified, \fBIN\fP is assumed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i mode\fP
+.B \-i mode
This option performs post\-load zone integrity checks. Possible modes are
\fBfull\fP (the default), \fBfull\-sibling\fP, \fBlocal\fP,
\fBlocal\-sibling\fP, and \fBnone\fP\&.
respectively.
.sp
Mode \fBnone\fP disables the checks.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f format\fP
+.B \-f format
This option specifies the format of the zone file. Possible formats are
\fBtext\fP (the default), and \fBraw\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-F format\fP
+.B \-F format
This option specifies the format of the output file specified. For
\fBnamed\-checkzone\fP, this does not have any effect unless it dumps
the zone contents.
\fBraw=N\fP specifies the format version of the raw zone file: if \fBN\fP is
0, the raw file can be read by any version of \fBnamed\fP; if N is 1, the
file can only be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k mode\fP
+.B \-k mode
This option performs \fBcheck\-names\fP checks with the specified failure mode.
Possible modes are \fBfail\fP (the default), \fBwarn\fP, and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-l ttl\fP
+.B \-l ttl
This option sets a maximum permissible TTL for the input file. Any record with a
TTL higher than this value causes the zone to be rejected. This
is similar to using the \fBmax\-zone\-ttl\fP option in \fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L serial\fP
+.B \-L serial
When compiling a zone to \fBraw\fP format, this option sets the "source
serial" value in the header to the specified serial number. This is
expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m mode\fP
+.B \-m mode
This option specifies whether MX records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are \fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and
\fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-M mode\fP
+.B \-M mode
This option checks whether a MX record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
\fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-n mode\fP
+.B \-n mode
This option specifies whether NS records should be checked to see if they are
addresses. Possible modes are \fBfail\fP (the default), \fBwarn\fP, and
\fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-o filename\fP
+.B \-o filename
This option writes the zone output to \fBfilename\fP\&. If \fBfilename\fP is \fB\-\fP, then
the zone output is written to standard output. This is mandatory for \fBnamed\-compilezone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r mode\fP
+.B \-r mode
This option checks for records that are treated as different by DNSSEC but are
semantically equal in plain DNS. Possible modes are \fBfail\fP,
\fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s style\fP
+.B \-s style
This option specifies the style of the dumped zone file. Possible styles are
\fBfull\fP (the default) and \fBrelative\fP\&. The \fBfull\fP format is most
suitable for processing automatically by a separate script.
The relative format is more human\-readable and is thus
suitable for editing by hand.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-S mode\fP
+.B \-S mode
This option checks whether an SRV record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are
\fBfail\fP, \fBwarn\fP (the default), and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t directory\fP
+.B \-t directory
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to chroot to \fBdirectory\fP, so that \fBinclude\fP directives in the
configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted
\fBnamed\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T mode\fP
+.B \-T mode
This option checks whether Sender Policy Framework (SPF) records exist and issues a
warning if an SPF\-formatted TXT record is not also present. Possible
modes are \fBwarn\fP (the default) and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-w directory\fP
+.B \-w directory
This option instructs \fBnamed\fP to chdir to \fBdirectory\fP, so that relative filenames in master file
\fB$INCLUDE\fP directives work. This is similar to the directory clause in
\fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D\fP
+.B \-D
This option dumps the zone file in canonical format. This is always enabled for
\fBnamed\-compilezone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-W mode\fP
+.B \-W mode
This option specifies whether to check for non\-terminal wildcards. Non\-terminal
wildcards are almost always the result of a failure to understand the
wildcard matching algorithm (\fI\%RFC 4592\fP). Possible modes are \fBwarn\fP
(the default) and \fBignore\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBzonename\fP
+.B zonename
This indicates the domain name of the zone being checked.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBfilename\fP
+.B filename
This is the name of the zone file.
.UNINDENT
.SH RETURN VALUES
.SH ARGUMENTS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBfilename\fP
+.B filename
This is the name of the \fB\&.nzd\fP file whose contents should be printed.
.UNINDENT
.SH SEE ALSO
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints out the help menu.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-o origin\fP
+.B \-o origin
This option specifies the origin to be used when interpreting
the record.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p\fP
+.B \-p
This option prints out the resulting record in canonical form. If there
is no canonical form defined, the record is printed in unknown
record format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u\fP
+.B \-u
This option prints out the resulting record in unknown record form.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-C\fP, \fB\-T\fP, and \fB\-P\fP
+.B \-C, \-T, \-P
These options print out the known class, standard type,
and private type mnemonics, respectively.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-4\fP
+.B \-4
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to use only IPv4, even if the host machine is capable of IPv6. \fB\-4\fP and
\fB\-6\fP are mutually exclusive.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-6\fP
+.B \-6
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to use only IPv6, even if the host machine is capable of IPv4. \fB\-4\fP and
\fB\-6\fP are mutually exclusive.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c config\-file\fP
+.B \-c config\-file
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to use \fBconfig\-file\fP as its configuration file instead of the default,
\fB@sysconfdir@/named.conf\fP\&. To ensure that the configuration file
can be reloaded after the server has changed its working directory
due to to a possible \fBdirectory\fP option in the configuration file,
\fBconfig\-file\fP should be an absolute pathname.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d debug\-level\fP
+.B \-d debug\-level
This option sets the daemon\(aqs debug level to \fBdebug\-level\fP\&. Debugging traces from
\fBnamed\fP become more verbose as the debug level increases.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D string\fP
+.B \-D string
This option specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of \fBnamed\fP
in a process listing. The contents of \fBstring\fP are not examined.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-E engine\-name\fP
+.B \-E engine\-name
When applicable, this option specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic
operations, such as a secure key store used for signing.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually \fBpkcs11\fP).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-f\fP
+.B \-f
This option runs the server in the foreground (i.e., do not daemonize).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-g\fP
+.B \-g
This option runs the server in the foreground and forces all logging to \fBstderr\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L logfile\fP
+.B \-L logfile
This option sets the log to the file \fBlogfile\fP by default, instead of the system log.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-M option\fP
+.B \-M option
This option sets the default memory context options. If set to \fBexternal\fP,
the internal memory manager is bypassed in favor of
system\-provided memory allocation functions. If set to \fBfill\fP, blocks
assist debugging of memory problems. \fBnofill\fP disables this behavior,
and is the default unless \fBnamed\fP has been compiled with developer
options.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-m flag\fP
+.B \-m flag
This option turns on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are \fBusage\fP,
\fBtrace\fP, \fBrecord\fP, \fBsize\fP, and \fBmctx\fP\&. These correspond to the
\fBISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX\fP flags described in \fB<isc/mem.h>\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-n #cpus\fP
+.B \-n #cpus
This option creates \fB#cpus\fP worker threads to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If
not specified, \fBnamed\fP tries to determine the number of CPUs
present and creates one thread per CPU. If it is unable to determine
the number of CPUs, a single worker thread is created.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p value\fP
+.B \-p value
This option specifies the port(s) on which the server will listen
for queries. If \fBvalue\fP is of the form \fB<portnum>\fP or
\fBdns=<portnum>\fP, the server will listen for DNS queries on
listen for HTTPS queries on \fBportnum\fP; the default is 443.
If \fBvalue\fP is of the form \fBhttp=<portnum>\fP, the server will
listen for HTTP queries on \fBportnum\fP; the default is 80.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s\fP
+.B \-s
This option writes memory usage statistics to \fBstdout\fP on exit.
.UNINDENT
.sp
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-S #max\-socks\fP
+.B \-S #max\-socks
This option is deprecated and no longer has any function.
.UNINDENT
.sp
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t directory\fP
+.B \-t directory
This option tells \fBnamed\fP to chroot to \fBdirectory\fP after processing the command\-line arguments, but
before reading the configuration file.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-U #listeners\fP
+.B \-U #listeners
This option tells \fBnamed\fP the number of \fB#listeners\fP worker threads to listen on, for incoming UDP packets on
each address. If not specified, \fBnamed\fP calculates a default
value based on the number of detected CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, and the
If \fB\-n\fP has been set to a higher value than the number of detected
CPUs, then \fB\-U\fP may be increased as high as that value, but no
higher.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u user\fP
+.B \-u user
This option sets the setuid to \fBuser\fP after completing privileged operations, such as
creating sockets that listen on privileged ports.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option reports the version number and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option reports the version number and build options, and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-X lock\-file\fP
+.B \-X lock\-file
This option acquires a lock on the specified file at runtime; this helps to
prevent duplicate \fBnamed\fP instances from running simultaneously.
Use of this option overrides the \fBlock\-file\fP option in
.SH ARGUMENTS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBsalt\fP
+.B salt
This is the salt provided to the hash algorithm.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBalgorithm\fP
+.B algorithm
This is a number indicating the hash algorithm. Currently the only supported
hash algorithm for NSEC3 is SHA\-1, which is indicated by the number
1; consequently "1" is the only useful value for this argument.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBflags\fP
+.B flags
This is provided for compatibility with NSEC3 record presentation format, but
is ignored since the flags do not affect the hash.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBiterations\fP
+.B iterations
This is the number of additional times the hash should be performed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBdomain\fP
+.B domain
This is the domain name to be hashed.
.UNINDENT
.SH SEE ALSO
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-4\fP
+.B \-4
This option sets use of IPv4 only.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-6\fP
+.B \-6
This option sets use of IPv6 only.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-C\fP
+.B \-C
Overrides the default \fIresolv.conf\fP file. This is only intended for testing.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-d\fP
+.B \-d
This option sets debug mode, which provides tracing information about the update
requests that are made and the replies received from the name server.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-D\fP
+.B \-D
This option sets extra debug mode.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-i\fP
+.B \-i
This option forces interactive mode, even when standard input is not a terminal.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k keyfile\fP
+.B \-k keyfile
This option indicates the file containing the TSIG authentication key. Keyfiles may be in
two formats: a single file containing a \fBnamed.conf\fP\-format \fBkey\fP
statement, which may be generated automatically by \fBddns\-confgen\fP;
\fBdnssec\-keygen\fP\&. The \fB\-k\fP option can also be used to specify a SIG(0)
key used to authenticate Dynamic DNS update requests. In this case,
the key specified is not an HMAC\-MD5 key.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-l\fP
+.B \-l
This option sets local\-host only mode, which sets the server address to localhost
(disabling the \fBserver\fP so that the server address cannot be
overridden). Connections to the local server use a TSIG key
generated by \fBnamed\fP if any local \fBprimary\fP zone has set
\fBupdate\-policy\fP to \fBlocal\fP\&. The location of this key file can be
overridden with the \fB\-k\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-L level\fP
+.B \-L level
This option sets the logging debug level. If zero, logging is disabled.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p port\fP
+.B \-p port
This option sets the port to use for connections to a name server. The default is
53.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-P\fP
+.B \-P
This option prints the list of private BIND\-specific resource record types whose
format is understood by \fBnsupdate\fP\&. See also the \fB\-T\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r udpretries\fP
+.B \-r udpretries
This option sets the number of UDP retries. The default is 3. If zero, only one update
request is made.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t timeout\fP
+.B \-t timeout
This option sets the maximum time an update request can take before it is aborted. The
default is 300 seconds. If zero, the timeout is disabled.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-T\fP
+.B \-T
This option prints the list of IANA standard resource record types whose format is
understood by \fBnsupdate\fP\&. \fBnsupdate\fP exits after the lists
are printed. The \fB\-T\fP option can be combined with the \fB\-P\fP
decimal value of the type with no leading zeros. The rdata, if
present, is parsed using the UNKNOWN rdata format, (<backslash>
<hash> <space> <length> <space> <hexstring>).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u udptimeout\fP
+.B \-u udptimeout
This option sets the UDP retry interval. The default is 3 seconds. If zero, the
interval is computed from the timeout interval and number of UDP
retries.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-v\fP
+.B \-v
This option specifies that TCP should be used even for small update requests. By default, \fBnsupdate\fP uses
UDP to send update requests to the name server unless they are too
large to fit in a UDP request, in which case TCP is used. TCP may
be preferable when a batch of update requests is made.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option prints the version number and exits.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-y [hmac:]keyname:secret\fP
+.B \-y [hmac:]keyname:secret
This option sets the literal TSIG authentication key. \fBkeyname\fP is the name of the key,
and \fBsecret\fP is the base64 encoded shared secret. \fBhmac\fP is the
name of the key algorithm; valid choices are \fBhmac\-md5\fP,
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a\fP
+.B \-a
This option sets automatic \fBrndc\fP configuration, which creates a file
\fB@sysconfdir@/rndc.key\fP that is read by both \fBrndc\fP and \fBnamed\fP on startup.
The \fBrndc.key\fP file defines a default command channel and
\fBrndc\-confgen \-a\fP is required, for example if rndc is to be used
remotely, run \fBrndc\-confgen\fP without the \fB\-a\fP option
and set up \fBrndc.conf\fP and \fBnamed.conf\fP as directed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-A algorithm\fP
+.B \-A algorithm
This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available choices
are: hmac\-md5, hmac\-sha1, hmac\-sha224, hmac\-sha256, hmac\-sha384, and
hmac\-sha512. The default is hmac\-sha256.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-b keysize\fP
+.B \-b keysize
This option specifies the size of the authentication key in bits. The size must be between
1 and 512 bits; the default is the hash size.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c keyfile\fP
+.B \-c keyfile
This option is used with the \fB\-a\fP option to specify an alternate location for
\fBrndc.key\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
\fBrndc\-confgen\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k keyname\fP
+.B \-k keyname
This option specifies the key name of the \fBrndc\fP authentication key. This must be a
valid domain name. The default is \fBrndc\-key\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p port\fP
+.B \-p port
This option specifies the command channel port where \fBnamed\fP listens for
connections from \fBrndc\fP\&. The default is 953.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option prevets printing the written path in automatic configuration mode.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s address\fP
+.B \-s address
This option specifies the IP address where \fBnamed\fP listens for command\-channel
connections from \fBrndc\fP\&. The default is the loopback address
127.0.0.1.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-t chrootdir\fP
+.B \-t chrootdir
This option is used with the \fB\-a\fP option to specify a directory where \fBnamed\fP
runs chrooted. An additional copy of the \fBrndc.key\fP is
written relative to this directory, so that it is found by the
chrooted \fBnamed\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-u user\fP
+.B \-u user
This option is used with the \fB\-a\fP option to set the owner of the generated \fBrndc.key\fP file.
If \fB\-t\fP is also specified, only the file in the chroot
area has its owner changed.
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-4\fP
+.B \-4
This option indicates use of IPv4 only.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-6\fP
+.B \-6
This option indicates use of IPv6 only.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-b source\-address\fP
+.B \-b source\-address
This option indicates \fBsource\-address\fP as the source address for the connection to the
server. Multiple instances are permitted, to allow setting of both the
IPv4 and IPv6 source addresses.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-c config\-file\fP
+.B \-c config\-file
This option indicates \fBconfig\-file\fP as the configuration file instead of the default,
\fB@sysconfdir@/rndc.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-k key\-file\fP
+.B \-k key\-file
This option indicates \fBkey\-file\fP as the key file instead of the default,
\fB@sysconfdir@/rndc.key\fP\&. The key in \fB@sysconfdir@/rndc.key\fP is used to
authenticate commands sent to the server if the config\-file does not
exist.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-s server\fP
+.B \-s server
\fBserver\fP is the name or address of the server which matches a server
statement in the configuration file for \fBrndc\fP\&. If no server is
supplied on the command line, the host named by the default\-server
clause in the options statement of the \fBrndc\fP configuration file
is used.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-p port\fP
+.B \-p port
This option instructs BIND 9 to send commands to TCP port \fBport\fP instead of its default control
channel port, 953.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-q\fP
+.B \-q
This option sets quiet mode, where message text returned by the server is not printed
unless there is an error.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-r\fP
+.B \-r
This option instructs \fBrndc\fP to print the result code returned by \fBnamed\fP
after executing the requested command (e.g., ISC_R_SUCCESS,
ISC_R_FAILURE, etc.).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-V\fP
+.B \-V
This option enables verbose logging.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-y key_id\fP
+.B \-y key_id
This option indicates use of the key \fBkey_id\fP from the configuration file. For control message validation to succeed, \fBkey_id\fP must be known
by \fBnamed\fP with the same algorithm and secret string. If no \fBkey_id\fP is specified,
\fBrndc\fP first looks for a key clause in the server statement of
Currently supported commands are:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBaddzone\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]] \fIconfiguration\fP
+.B addzone zone [class [view]] configuration
This command adds a zone while the server is running. This command requires the
\fBallow\-new\-zones\fP option to be set to \fByes\fP\&. The configuration
string specified on the command line is the zone configuration text
text.)
.sp
See also \fBrndc delzone\fP and \fBrndc modzone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBdelzone\fP [\fB\-clean\fP] \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B delzone [\-clean] zone [class [view]]
This command deletes a zone while the server is running.
.sp
If the \fB\-clean\fP argument is specified, the zone\(aqs master file (and
\fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
.sp
See also \fBrndc addzone\fP and \fBrndc modzone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBdnssec\fP ( \fB\-status\fP | \fB\-rollover\fP \fB\-key\fP id [\fB\-alg\fP \fIalgorithm\fP] [\fB\-when\fP \fItime\fP] | \fB\-checkds\fP [\fB\-key\fP \fIid\fP [\fB\-alg\fP \fIalgorithm\fP]] [\fB\-when\fP \fItime\fP] ( \fIpublished\fP | \fIwithdrawn\fP )) \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B dnssec (\-status | \-rollover \-key id [\-alg algorithm] [\-when time] | \-checkds [\-key id [\-alg algorithm]] [\-when time] published | withdraw)) zone [class [view]]
This command allows you to interact with the "dnssec\-policy" of a given
zone.
.sp
there are multiple keys with the same tag, use \fB\-alg algorithm\fP to
select the correct algorithm). The time that the DS has been published or
withdrawn is set to now, unless otherwise specified with the argument \fB\-when time\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBdnstap\fP ( \fB\-reopen\fP | \fB\-roll\fP [\fInumber\fP] )
+.B dnstap (\-reopen | \-roll [number])
This command closes and re\-opens DNSTAP output files. \fBrndc dnstap \-reopen\fP allows
the output file to be renamed externally, so that \fBnamed\fP can
truncate and re\-open it. \fBrndc dnstap \-roll\fP causes the output file
output file has ".0" appended to its name; the previous most recent
output file is moved to ".1", and so on. If \fBnumber\fP is specified, then
the number of backup log files is limited to that number.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBdumpdb\fP [\fB\-all\fP | \fB\-cache\fP | \fB\-zones\fP | \fB\-adb\fP | \fB\-bad\fP | \fB\-expired\fP | \fB\-fail\fP] [\fIview ...\fP]
+.B dumpdb [\-all | \-cache | \-zones | \-adb | \-bad | \-expired | \-fail] [view ...]
This command dumps the server\(aqs caches (default) and/or zones to the dump file for
the specified views. If no view is specified, all views are dumped.
(See the \fBdump\-file\fP option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference
Manual.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBflush\fP
+.B flush
This command flushes the server\(aqs cache.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBflushname\fP \fIname\fP [\fIview\fP]
+.B flushname name [view]
This command flushes the given name from the view\(aqs DNS cache and, if applicable,
from the view\(aqs nameserver address database, bad server cache, and
SERVFAIL cache.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBflushtree\fP \fIname\fP [\fIview\fP]
+.B flushtree name [view]
This command flushes the given name, and all of its subdomains, from the view\(aqs
DNS cache, address database, bad server cache, and SERVFAIL cache.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBfreeze\fP [\fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]]
+.B freeze [zone [class [view]]]
This command suspends updates to a dynamic zone. If no zone is specified, then all
zones are suspended. This allows manual edits to be made to a zone
normally updated by dynamic update, and causes changes in the
attempts are refused while the zone is frozen.
.sp
See also \fBrndc thaw\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBhalt\fP [\fB\-p\fP]
+.B halt [\-p]
This command stops the server immediately. Recent changes made through dynamic
update or IXFR are not saved to the master files, but are rolled
forward from the journal files when the server is restarted. If
halting.
.sp
See also \fBrndc stop\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBloadkeys\fP [\fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]]
+.B loadkeys [zone [class [view]]]
This command fetches all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory. If
they are within their publication period, they are merged into the
zone\(aqs DNSKEY RRset. Unlike \fBrndc sign\fP, however, the zone is not
that the \fBauto\-dnssec\fP zone option be set to \fBmaintain\fP, and also requires the
zone to be configured to allow dynamic DNS. (See "Dynamic Update Policies" in
the Administrator Reference Manual for more details.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBmanaged\-keys\fP (\fIstatus\fP | \fIrefresh\fP | \fIsync\fP | \fIdestroy\fP) [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B managed\-keys (status | refresh | sync | destroy) [class [view]]
This command inspects and controls the "managed\-keys" database which handles
\fI\%RFC 5011\fP DNSSEC trust anchor maintenance. If a view is specified, these
commands are applied to that view; otherwise, they are applied to all
keys in the event of a trust anchor rollover, or as a brute\-force
repair for key maintenance problems.
.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBmodzone\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]] \fIconfiguration\fP
+.B modzone zone [class [view]] configuration
This command modifies the configuration of a zone while the server is running. This
command requires the \fBallow\-new\-zones\fP option to be set to \fByes\fP\&.
As with \fBaddzone\fP, the configuration string specified on the
\fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
.sp
See also \fBrndc addzone\fP and \fBrndc delzone\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBnotify\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B notify zone [class [view]]
This command resends NOTIFY messages for the zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBnotrace\fP
+.B notrace
This command sets the server\(aqs debugging level to 0.
.sp
See also \fBrndc trace\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBnta\fP [( \fB\-class\fP \fIclass\fP | \fB\-dump\fP | \fB\-force\fP | \fB\-remove\fP | \fB\-lifetime\fP \fIduration\fP)] \fIdomain\fP [\fIview\fP]
+.B nta [(\-class class | \-dump | \-force | \-remove | \-lifetime duration)] domain [view]
This command sets a DNSSEC negative trust anchor (NTA) for \fBdomain\fP, with a
lifetime of \fBduration\fP\&. The default lifetime is configured in
\fBnamed.conf\fP via the \fBnta\-lifetime\fP option, and defaults to one
Unrecognized options are treated as errors. To refer to a domain or
view name that begins with a hyphen, use a double\-hyphen (\-\-) on the
command line to indicate the end of options.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBquerylog\fP [(\fIon\fP | \fIoff\fP)]
+.B querylog [(on | off)]
This command enables or disables query logging. For backward compatibility, this
command can also be used without an argument to toggle query logging
on and off.
\fBqueries\fP \fBcategory\fP to a \fBchannel\fP in the \fBlogging\fP section
of \fBnamed.conf\fP, or by specifying \fBquerylog yes;\fP in the
\fBoptions\fP section of \fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBreconfig\fP
+.B reconfig
This command reloads the configuration file and loads new zones, but does not reload
existing zone files even if they have changed. This is faster than a
full \fBreload\fP when there is a large number of zones, because it
avoids the need to examine the modification times of the zone files.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBrecursing\fP
+.B recursing
This command dumps the list of queries \fBnamed\fP is currently
recursing on, and the list of domains to which iterative queries
are currently being sent.
a domain drops to zero, the counter for that domain is deleted,
and the next time a fetch is sent to that domain, it is recreated
with the counters set to zero).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBrefresh\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B refresh zone [class [view]]
This command schedules zone maintenance for the given zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBreload\fP
+.B reload
This command reloads the configuration file and zones.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBreload\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B reload zone [class [view]]
This command reloads the given zone.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBretransfer\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B retransfer zone [class [view]]
This command retransfers the given secondary zone from the primary server.
.sp
If the zone is configured to use \fBinline\-signing\fP, the signed
version of the zone is discarded; after the retransfer of the
unsigned version is complete, the signed version is regenerated
with new signatures.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBscan\fP
+.B scan
This command scans the list of available network interfaces for changes, without
performing a full \fBreconfig\fP or waiting for the
\fBinterface\-interval\fP timer.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBsecroots\fP [\fB\-\fP] [\fIview\fP ...]
+.B secroots [\-] [view ...]
This command dumps the security roots (i.e., trust anchors configured via
\fBtrust\-anchors\fP, or the \fBmanaged\-keys\fP or \fBtrusted\-keys\fP statements
[both deprecated], or \fBdnssec\-validation auto\fP) and negative trust anchors
option in \fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
.sp
See also \fBrndc managed\-keys\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBserve\-stale\fP (\fBon\fP | \fBoff\fP | \fBreset\fP | \fBstatus\fP) [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B serve\-stale (on | off | reset | status) [class [view]]
This command enables, disables, resets, or reports the current status of
the serving of stale answers as configured in \fBnamed.conf\fP\&.
.sp
\fBrndc serve\-stale status\fP reports whether caching and serving of stale
answers is currently enabled or disabled. It also reports the values of
\fBstale\-answer\-ttl\fP and \fBmax\-stale\-ttl\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBshowzone\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B showzone zone [class [view]]
This command prints the configuration of a running zone.
.sp
See also \fBrndc zonestatus\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBsign\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B sign zone [class [view]]
This command fetches all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory (see
the \fBkey\-directory\fP option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference
Manual). If they are within their publication period, they are merged into
details.)
.sp
See also \fBrndc loadkeys\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBsigning\fP [(\fB\-list\fP | \fB\-clear\fP \fIkeyid/algorithm\fP | \fB\-clear\fP \fIall\fP | \fB\-nsec3param\fP ( \fIparameters\fP | none ) | \fB\-serial\fP \fIvalue\fP ) \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B signing [(\-list | \-clear keyid/algorithm | \-clear all | \-nsec3param (parameters | none) | \-serial value) zone [class [view]]
This command lists, edits, or removes the DNSSEC signing\-state records for the
specified zone. The status of ongoing DNSSEC operations, such as
signing or generating NSEC3 chains, is stored in the zone in the form
\fBvalue\fP\&. If the value would cause the serial number to go backwards, it
is rejected. The primary use of this parameter is to set the serial number on inline
signed zones.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBstats\fP
+.B stats
This command writes server statistics to the statistics file. (See the
\fBstatistics\-file\fP option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference
Manual.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBstatus\fP
+.B status
This command displays the status of the server. Note that the number of zones includes
the internal \fBbind/CH\fP zone and the default \fB\&./IN\fP hint zone, if
there is no explicit root zone configured.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBstop\fP \fB\-p\fP
+.B stop \-p
This command stops the server, making sure any recent changes made through dynamic
update or IXFR are first saved to the master files of the updated
zones. If \fB\-p\fP is specified, \fBnamed(8)\(ga\(aqs process ID is returned.
completed stopping.
.sp
See also \fBrndc halt\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBsync\fP \fB\-clean\fP [\fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]]
+.B sync \-clean [zone [class [view]]]
This command syncs changes in the journal file for a dynamic zone to the master
file. If the "\-clean" option is specified, the journal file is also
removed. If no zone is specified, then all zones are synced.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBtcp\-timeouts\fP [\fIinitial\fP \fIidle\fP \fIkeepalive\fP \fIadvertised\fP]
+.B tcp\-timeouts [initial idle keepalive advertised]
When called without arguments, this command displays the current values of the
\fBtcp\-initial\-timeout\fP, \fBtcp\-idle\-timeout\fP,
\fBtcp\-keepalive\-timeout\fP, and \fBtcp\-advertised\-timeout\fP options.
administrator to make rapid adjustments when under a
denial\-of\-service (DoS) attack. See the descriptions of these options in the BIND 9
Administrator Reference Manual for details of their use.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBthaw\fP [\fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]]
+.B thaw [zone [class [view]]]
This command enables updates to a frozen dynamic zone. If no zone is specified,
then all frozen zones are enabled. This causes the server to reload
the zone from disk, and re\-enables dynamic updates after the load has
journal file is removed.
.sp
See also \fBrndc freeze\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBtrace\fP
+.B trace
This command increments the server\(aqs debugging level by one.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBtrace\fP \fIlevel\fP
+.B trace level
This command sets the server\(aqs debugging level to an explicit value.
.sp
See also \fBrndc notrace\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBtsig\-delete\fP \fIkeyname\fP [\fIview\fP]
+.B tsig\-delete keyname [view]
This command deletes a given TKEY\-negotiated key from the server. This does not
apply to statically configured TSIG keys.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBtsig\-list\fP
+.B tsig\-list
This command lists the names of all TSIG keys currently configured for use by
\fBnamed\fP in each view. The list includes both statically configured keys and
dynamic TKEY\-negotiated keys.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-\fBvalidation\fP (\fBon\fP | \fBoff\fP | \fBstatus\fP) [\fIview\fP ...]\(ga\(ga
+.B validation (on | off | status) [view ...]
This command enables, disables, or checks the current status of DNSSEC validation. By
default, validation is enabled.
.sp
The cache is flushed when validation is turned on or off to avoid using data
that might differ between states.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fBzonestatus\fP \fIzone\fP [\fIclass\fP [\fIview\fP]]
+.B zonestatus zone [class [view]]
This command displays the current status of the given zone, including the master
file name and any include files from which it was loaded, when it was
most recently loaded, the current serial number, the number of nodes,
See also \fBrndc showzone\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
-\fBrndc\fP commands that specify zone names, such as \fBreload\fP,
+\fBrndc\fP commands that specify zone names, such as \fBreload\fP
\fBretransfer\fP, or \fBzonestatus\fP, can be ambiguous when applied to zones
of type \fBredirect\fP\&. Redirect zones are always called \fB\&.\fP, and can be
confused with zones of type \fBhint\fP or with secondary copies of the root
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-a algorithm\fP
+.B \-a algorithm
This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available
choices are: hmac\-md5, hmac\-sha1, hmac\-sha224, hmac\-sha256, hmac\-sha384,
and hmac\-sha512. The default is hmac\-sha256. Options are
case\-insensitive, and the "hmac\-" prefix may be omitted.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
.TP
-.B \fB\-h\fP
+.B \-h
This option prints a short summary of options and arguments.
.UNINDENT
.SH SEE ALSO
projects / thirdparty / bind9.git / commitdiff
