From: Chet Ramey Date: Fri, 11 Oct 2024 13:41:57 +0000 (-0400) Subject: next set of documentation updates, includes readline X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/gitweb.cgi?a=commitdiff_plain;h=c7439376a38960d518598178e30003931f74d0c1;p=thirdparty%2Fbash.git next set of documentation updates, includes readline --- diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index 0ae88c93..64d17fcf 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -10289,3 +10289,23 @@ doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi - update builtins documenation: make language and paragraph breaks more consistent between the document formats; update active language + + 10/1 + ---- +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi,lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi + - update more documentation sections to make language consistent + between formats, reduce passive voice + + 10/7 + ---- +lib/readline/doc/history.3 + - update history expansion section to be consistent with hsuser.texi + and bash.1 + +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi,lib/readline/doc/readline.3 +lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi,lib/readline/doc/history.3 + - next set of updates for consistency between formats, update language, + fix formatting conventions + + + diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index c2f6d742..f8d3bde6 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ - _B_A_S_H(1) General Commands Manual _B_A_S_H(1) NNAAMMEE @@ -298,10 +297,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT below under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, ttiimmee may be followed by a newline. In - this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed - by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable specifies the - format of the time information. + When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, ttiimmee may appear by itself as the only + word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total + user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT variable specifies the format of the time information. Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- @@ -695,16 +694,16 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\'' single quote \\"" double quote \\?? question mark - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value - _n_n_n (one to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal - value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) + \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three octal digits). + \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits). + \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits). \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) - \\cc_x a control-_x character + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits). + \\cc_x A control-_x character. The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. @@ -813,6 +812,7 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parame- ters are denoted by one of the following characters. + ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word @@ -1719,34 +1719,34 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN string, expanding left to right. Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string - are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, - a{{d,c,b}}e expands into "ade ace abe". + are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex- + ample, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into "ade ace abe". - A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are - either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is + A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are + either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each - number between _x and _y, inclusive. If the supplied integers are pre- - fixed with _0, each term will have the same width, zero-padding if nec- - essary. When either _x or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to - force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero- + number between _x and _y, inclusive. If the supplied integers are pre- + fixed with _0, each term will have the same width, zero-padding if nec- + essary. When either _x or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to + force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero- padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex- - pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, + pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same - type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used - as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 + type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used + as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- - acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is - strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. - A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex- pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered - part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- + part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}. @@ -1757,67 +1757,67 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} - Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical - versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially - when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. - BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. - For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in - the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after brace expan- - sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in + the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after brace expan- + sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) for strict sshh compatibility. TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn - If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the - characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if - there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of - the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the - tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. - If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the tilde expands - to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- - wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. - If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- + If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub- - stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the - characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number - _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced + stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the + characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number + _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the characters following the - tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following + tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+" or "-", "+" is assumed. - The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so - the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- + The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so + the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- sion. - If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- prefix is unchanged. - BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- - diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in - these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- - signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- + BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- + diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in + these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- + signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- panded value. - BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions + BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they - appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except + appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The "$$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em- - bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- + bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- sion. The basic form of parameter expansion is @@ -1825,120 +1825,124 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} which substitutes the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The braces are required when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as - part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as + part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection. BBaasshh uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in - the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject - to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in + the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject + to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expansion, for compatibility. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The - exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to + exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be- - low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- - pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, and the expansion is + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, and the expansion is the final value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned in this way. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, - the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is - not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if - it is not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An inter- + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + it is not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An inter- active shell does not exit, but does not execute the command as- - sociated with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + sociated with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is - substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not used. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- - _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ - or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- - scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ + or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- + scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value - of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- - sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note - that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at + of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- + sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note + that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expansion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- - ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative - to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- + ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative + to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if - there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error + there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_- - _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one + _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un- defined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- - fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- + fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that - number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- - mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the - end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} @@ -1946,15 +1950,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of - the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern - (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) - deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation - is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- - sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable - subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- - plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) + deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation + is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- + sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable + subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- + plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} @@ -1962,15 +1966,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion - of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- - pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern - (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal - operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- + pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern + (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} @@ -1978,128 +1982,127 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//##_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex- - panded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in the ex- - panded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- + tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex- + panded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in the ex- + panded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- sion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. - In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If + In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two slashes separating _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r and _p_a_t_t_e_r_n (the sec- - ond form above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it - must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must + ond form above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it + must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - If the expansion of _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are + If the expansion of _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. - If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, - any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the + If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, + any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the matching portion of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. Quoting any part of _s_t_r_i_n_g inhibits replacement in the expansion - of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in - shell variables. Backslash will escape && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the back- - slash is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replace- - ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; - \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users - should take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted - interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since - backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern - substitution performs the check for unquoted && after expanding + of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in + shell variables. Backslash will escape && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the back- + slash is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replace- + ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; + \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users + should take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted + interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since + backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern + substitution performs the check for unquoted && after expanding _s_t_r_i_n_g; shell programmers should quote any occurrences of && they want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure any in- stances of && they want to be replaced are unquoted. - Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding + Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding the replacement string quote the expanded characters, while dou- - ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, - since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take + ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, + since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take any enclosing double quotes into account. - If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- + If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to - each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- - sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted - with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- - ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- + sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- + ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in - the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, - if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern + the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, + if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. - The ^^ operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to + The ^^ operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to - lowercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched char- - acter in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and + lowercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched char- + acter in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_- - _t_e_r_n is omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every + _t_e_r_n is omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is ap- + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is ap- plied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is - the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- + the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- scripted with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- - tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a single letter: - - UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- + UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- case. - uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. - LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- + LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- case. - QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the $$''...'' quoting mechanism. PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). - AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment - statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. - KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_- - _m_e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and - associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value + KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_- + _m_e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and + associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs (see AArrrraayyss above). The keys and values are quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. - kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- - ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words + kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- + ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname expansion as described below. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn @@ -2113,46 +2116,46 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are - not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- - mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains - its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first - backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- - tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains + its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first + backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- + tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. There is an alternate form of command substitution: $${{_c _c_o_m_m_a_n_d;;}} - which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- + which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed. The character _c following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline, - or ||, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word - may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon). + or ||, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word + may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon). BBaasshh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in - the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved + the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved word would usually require. Any side effects of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d take effect immediately in the current exe- - cution environment and persist in the current environment after the + cution environment and persist in the current environment after the command completes (e.g., the eexxiitt builtin will exit the shell). - This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an - unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell - function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- - plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the + This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an + unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell + function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- + plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller. - If the first character following the open brace is a ||, the construct - expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- - cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output - of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- + If the first character following the open brace is a ||, the construct + expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- + cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output + of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- PPLLYY as an initially-unset local variable when _c_o_m_m_a_n_d executes, and re- - stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after + stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d completes, as with any local variable. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted @@ -2167,117 +2170,117 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- - ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated - specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para- - meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. - The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- + ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated + specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para- + meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. + The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message - to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu- + to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu- tion, and does not execute the command associated with the expansion. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred - to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The - process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com- mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will provide input for - _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, reading the file will obtain the - output of _l_i_s_t. No space may appear between the << or >> and the left + _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, reading the file will obtain the + output of _l_i_s_t. No space may appear between the << or >> and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirec- tion. - Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes + Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the - results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly <><><>, the de- - fault, then sequences of ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee at the beginning and - end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se- - quence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end delimits words. + fault, then sequences of ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee at the beginning and + end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se- + quence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end delimits words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the white- - space characters ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee present in the value of IIFFSS - (an IIFFSS whitespace character) are ignored at the beginning and end of - the word. Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with - any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence + space characters ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee present in the value of IIFFSS + (an IIFFSS whitespace character) are ignored at the beginning and end of + the word. Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with + any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. - If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. If IIFFSS is un- - set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of + If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. If IIFFSS is un- + set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of <><><>. - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame- ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument re- sults and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. When - a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is - non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word "-d''" be- + a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is + non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word "-d''" be- comes "-d" after word splitting and null argument removal. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with a sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below) subject to the value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell vari- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below) subject to the value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell vari- able. - If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is - not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is - set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb - shell option is set, and no matches are found, bbaasshh prints an error - message and does not execute the command. If the shell option nnooccaassee-- - gglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of + If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is + not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is + set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb + shell option is set, and no matches are found, bbaasshh prints an error + message and does not execute the command. If the shell option nnooccaassee-- + gglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character "." at the - start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- - plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match - the filenames "." and "..", the pattern must begin with "." (for exam- - ple, ".?"), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell option + start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- + plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match + the filenames "." and "..", the pattern must begin with "." (for exam- + ple, ".?"), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell option is enabled, the filenames "." and ".." never match, even if the pattern - begins with a ".". When not matching pathnames, the "." character is + begins with a ".". When not matching pathnames, the "." character is not treated specially. - When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched + When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it - can be matched by a special pattern character as described below under + can be matched by a special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. - See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a - description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and + See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a + description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed - from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- - ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The filenames "." and ".." are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is - set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has + set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other filenames - beginning with a "." will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring - filenames beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in GGLLOO-- + beginning with a "." will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring + filenames beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in GGLLOO-- BBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. @@ -2288,46 +2291,46 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern will match all files and zero or more di- - rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two - adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more di- + rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- ries. ?? Matches any single character. - [[...]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of - characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- - _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + [[...]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se- - quence and character set, matches. If the first charac- + quence and character set, matches. If the first charac- ter following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any character not - within the range matches. A -- may be matched by includ- - ing it as the first or last character in the set. A ]] - may be matched by including it as the first character in + within the range matches. A -- may be matched by includ- + ing it as the first or last character in the set. A ]] + may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and - the characters included in the range, are determined by - the current locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or - LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the tradi- - tional interpretation of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] - is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- + the characters included in the range, are determined by + the current locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or + LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the tradi- + tional interpretation of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] + is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE + or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- iirraannggeess shell option. - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that @@ -2335,17 +2338,17 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN and the character _. Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified us- - ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- + ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with + the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- cale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. - If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the - shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the + If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the + shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns - separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more + separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) @@ -2360,15 +2363,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Matches anything except one of the given patterns. The eexxttgglloobb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren- - theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To - ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure - that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- + theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To + ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure + that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- terns, including shell functions and command substitutions. When matching filenames, the ddoottgglloobb shell option determines the set of - filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- - names includes all files beginning with ".", but "." and ".." must be - matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is + filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- + names includes all files beginning with ".", but "." and ".." must be + matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning with "." un- less the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ".". If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell option is enabled, the filenames "." and ".." never appear in the @@ -2376,64 +2379,64 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es- pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain - multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or + multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows - commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and - writes to. When used with the eexxeecc builtin, redirections modify file - handles in the current shell execution environment. The following - redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e + writes to. When used with the eexxeecc builtin, redirections modify file + handles in the current shell execution environment. The following + redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may follow a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the or- der they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} precedes >&- or <&-, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file - descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirection per- - sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program- + descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirection per- + sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program- mer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using the eexxeecc builtin. The vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee shell option manages this behavior. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the - redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the + redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The _w_o_r_d following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + The _w_o_r_d following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. The order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was directed to the standard output before the standard output + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was directed to the standard output before the standard output was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bbaasshh will use them; - otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described + otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described below. //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d @@ -2446,22 +2449,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt - Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from the expansion - of _w_o_r_d for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file + Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from the expansion + of _w_o_r_d for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -2470,24 +2473,24 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt Redirecting output opens the file whose name results from the expansion - of _w_o_r_d for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file - descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is + of _w_o_r_d for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file + descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and - the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, bbaasshh + the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, bbaasshh attempts the redirection even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results - from the expansion of _w_o_r_d for appending on file descriptor _n, or the + Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results + from the expansion of _w_o_r_d for appending on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. @@ -2496,11 +2499,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1) - and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose + This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1) + and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- ror: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -2512,8 +2515,8 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 - When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If - it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- ssccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr @@ -2532,10 +2535,10 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until it reads a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no - trailing blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become - the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a com- + trailing blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become + the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a com- mand. The format of here-documents is: @@ -2544,27 +2547,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command - substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed + The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote re- moval on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If - _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, and the here-document - text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the - here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is + _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, and the here-document + text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the + here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is treated literally, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``; however, double quote characters have no special meaning. - If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then the shell strips all leading - tab characters from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. - This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a + If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then the shell strips all leading + tab characters from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. + This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. If the delimiter is not quoted, the \\<> sequence is treated as a - line continuation: the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline - is removed. This happens while reading the here-document, before the + line continuation: the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline + is removed. This happens while reading the here-document, before the check for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can form the end delim- iter. @@ -2573,9 +2576,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- - name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). @@ -2585,22 +2588,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, file descriptor _n is made to be a copy of that file de- + more digits, file descriptor _n is made to be a copy of that file de- scriptor. It is a redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not spec- ify a file descriptor open for input. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file de- - scriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, this uses the standard + scriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, this uses the standard input (file descriptor 0). The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a - redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descrip- - tor open for output. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, this redirects the standard output and + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a + redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descrip- + tor open for output. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, this redirects the standard output and standard error as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2608,7 +2611,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2616,7 +2619,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2629,168 +2632,168 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN ified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- - tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. - Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- - ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- + tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. + Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- + ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks - the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell - replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it + If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks + the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell + replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it had been read instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any char- acters following the word before attempting alias substitution. - The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or - quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The - replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell - metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for + The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or + quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The + replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell + metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for - instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement + instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. - If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, the shell checks + If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, the shell checks the next command word following the alias for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below) in- + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below) in- stead. - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and - all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the - commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded - when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias - definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and + all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the + commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded + when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias + definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take effect until the shell reads the next line of input. The commands fol- - lowing the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new - alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. - Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the - function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- - mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- - able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put - alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound + lowing the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- + able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put + alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the shell executes the list of commands associated with that function name. Functions are ex- - ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process - created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell + ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process + created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 00 + updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the function while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- - tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- + tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function are declared with the llooccaall builtin - command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are - shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared - llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and + Variables local to the function are declared with the llooccaall builtin + command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are + shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared + llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions it calls). In the following description, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _s_c_o_p_e is a currently- execut- ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so - on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any - shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable - declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is + on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any + shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable + declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is currently executing. - Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- - vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- + vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function hides variables with the same name declared at previous scopes, includ- - ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local - variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When + ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local + variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. - The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility - within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their - values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- - cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a - function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether - that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is also the value that a local variable declaration shadows, and the value that is restored when the function returns. - For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, - and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow- ing any global variable named _v_a_r. The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset - will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described - above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re- - main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until - the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re- + main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until + the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on - a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that - name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the lloo-- + a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that + name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the lloo-- ccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett shell option changes this behavior). - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- - fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- + fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- tion call. If rreettuurrnn is supplied a numeric argument, that is the func- - tion's return status; otherwise the function's return status is the - exit status of the last command executed before the rreettuurrnn. Any com- - mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- + tion's return status; otherwise the function's return status is the + exit status of the last command executed before the rreettuurrnn. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- sumes. When a function completes, the values of the positional parame- - ters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had + ters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - The --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands will list - function names and definitions. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett - will list the function names only (and optionally the source file and - line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may + The --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands will list + function names and definitions. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett + will list the function names only (and optionally the source file and + line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when executing - a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the - --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. The --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin + a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the + --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. The --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin will delete a function definition. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, bbaasshh imposes no limit on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, bbaasshh imposes no limit on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- - pound command, the arithmetic ffoorr command, the [[[[ conditional command, + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + pound command, the arithmetic ffoorr command, the [[[[ conditional command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). - Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with - no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as - an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val- + Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with + no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as + an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val- ues are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators - is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are + is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2818,63 +2821,63 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. This means you can use "x", where _x is a shell vari- able name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its - value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is + value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc- - tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- - bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- - ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- - ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When + tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- + bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- + ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- + ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are - represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, - in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- - percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- + represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, + in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- + percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- tween 10 and 35. Operators are evaluated in precedence order. Sub-expressions in paren- theses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their - behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their + behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other command-specific actions. Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below. - Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or - shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and + Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or + shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and file attribute comparisons. - BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- sions. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these - special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- - ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- + ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If - the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, + the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the << and >> op- - erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the - shell is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- + When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the << and >> op- + erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the + shell is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- ing. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2913,25 +2916,25 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- cessed. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a - value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set elements. If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an associative array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that key is set. --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2941,8 +2944,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 @@ -2953,260 +2956,260 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and - _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and + _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex- - pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the + pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the following order. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists - only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements - are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added - to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- + shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists + only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements + are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added + to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a - value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits + value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- - fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- + fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta- tus. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- lowing actions. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to re- - member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- - ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If - the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell - function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it - is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- - mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the - function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If + member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- + ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If + the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell + function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it + is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- + mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the + function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re- turns an exit status of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of - itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a - text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be + itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a + text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be binaries. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as - if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- - tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh + if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- + tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by - redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin + +o Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin. - +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or - inherited by the shell at invocation + +o The current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + inherited by the shell at invocation. - +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from - the shell's parent + +o The file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + the shell's parent. - +o current traps set by ttrraapp + +o Current traps set by ttrraapp. - +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett - or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + +o Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the - shell's parent in the environment + +o Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment. - +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- - mand-line arguments) or by sseett + +o Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + mand-line arguments) or by sseett. - +o options enabled by sshhoopptt + +o Options enabled by sshhoopptt. - +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass + +o Shell aliases defined with aalliiaass. - +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the - value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD + +o Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD. - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions - specified by redirections to the command + +o The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command. - +o the current working directory + +o The current working directory. - +o the file creation mode mask + +o The file creation mode mask. - +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with - variables exported for the command, passed in the environment + +o Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + variables exported for the command, passed in the environment. - +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from - the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + +o Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored. - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. A _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l is a copy of the shell process. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re- - set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- - tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except - possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee - shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes - made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution + set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except + possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee + shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes + made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, subshells spawned to execute command - substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent - shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- - shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below + When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent + shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- + shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. Oth- - erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- + erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- ing shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- - vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- + vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt, ddee-- - ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and - deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the - environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of - the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any - executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose - values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- - sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- + ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and + deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the + environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of + the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any + executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose + values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- + sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- ccllaarree --xx commands. - If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear + If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear before a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, the variable assignments are part of that com- mand's environment for as long as it executes. These assignment state- - ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- - signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local + ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- + signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local to the function and exported to that function's children. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a + has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a non-zero exit status indicates failure. - When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of + When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- - turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- + turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- valid options or missing arguments. The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame- ter $?. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- - less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- + less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores - SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and catches and handles SSIIGGIINNTT (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). - When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In + When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ig- nores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. @@ -3215,274 +3218,276 @@ SSIIGGNNAALLSS Non-builtin commands bbaasshh executes have signal handlers set to the val- ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless ttrraapp sets them to be - ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. - When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT + ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. + When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a - result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- + result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- trol signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or - stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they - receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about - running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- - nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they + receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about + running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- + nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- mand completes. If bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the - wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, - the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater + wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, + the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap. - When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground + When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such - as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send + as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in - the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all + the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all processes in that process group. See JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more infor- mation about process groups. - When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT - while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground + When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT + while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground command terminates and then decides what to do about the SSIIGGIINNTT: 1. If the command terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh concludes that - the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT + the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT (e.g., by running a SSIIGGIINNTT trap or exiting itself); - 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program - handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- - nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- - nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part - of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort + 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program + handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- + nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- + nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part + of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, bbaasshh will - run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped - signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- + run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped + signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- mand to complete, for compatibility. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the ex- - ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- + ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri- ver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. - When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- - generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in - the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, - if the user so specifies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. + if the user so specifies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" - is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal by the + is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to - be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d - character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be re- - turned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, - using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + turned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- - ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command - line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped job whose command name be- - gins with ccee. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped job whose command name be- + gins with ccee. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the - string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one + string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was - in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may - be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was + in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may + be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with - a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying + a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current job. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equiva- lent to "bg %1". - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes - in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output, though it - will notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command in - a list completes, before executing the next command. If the --bb option - to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes imme- + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output, though it + will notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command in + a list completes, before executing the next command. If the --bb option + to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes imme- diately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that exits. - If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may - then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is - made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. - When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, - and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes - state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- minates before returning. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it needs more input to complete a command. - BBaasshh examines the value of the array variable PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD just be- - fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just - as if it had been typed on the command line. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after + BBaasshh examines the value of the array variable PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD just be- + fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD + are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just + as if it had been typed on the command line. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it reads a command but before executing it. - BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as described above before tracing each command when + BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is enabled. BBaasshh allows the prompt strings PPSS00, PPSS11, PPSS22, and PPSS44, to be customized - by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are + by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa An ASCII bell character (07). - \\dd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} The _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is in- serted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in - a locale-specific time representation. The braces are + a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. \\ee An ASCII escape character (033). \\hh The hostname up to the first ".". \\HH The hostname. \\jj The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. - \\ll The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g., + \\ll The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g., "ttys0"). \\nn A newline. \\rr A carriage return. - \\ss The name of the shell: the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss The name of the shell: the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash). \\tt The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. \\TT The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. \\@@ The current time in 12-hour am/pm format. \\AA The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format. \\uu The username of the current user. - \\vv The bbaasshh version (e.g., 2.00) + \\vv The bbaasshh version (e.g., 2.00). \\VV The bbaasshh release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww The value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE - abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the + \\ww The value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM variable). - \\WW The basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a + \\WW The basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde. \\!! The history number of this command. \\## The command number of this command. \\$$ If the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$. \\_n_n_n The character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n. \\\\ A backslash. - \\[[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. \\]] End a sequence of non-printing characters. - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- - low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- - mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is - decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- + low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- + mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is + decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under - SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if - escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or + SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if + escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or contain characters special to word expansion. RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- - tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is supplied at shell invoca- - tion. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is supplied at shell invoca- + tion. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of - Emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line - editing can be enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options - to the sseett builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off - line editing after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii op- - tions to the sseett builtin. + emacs; a vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line edit- + ing can be enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to + the sseett builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line + editing after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options + to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn - In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. - Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- - larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. + This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes. Con- + trol keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Similarly, + _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. - On keyboards without a _M_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Es- + On keyboards without a _M_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Es- cape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combina- - tion M-C-_x means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the - Control key while pressing the _x key.) - - On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with - the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy variable to - control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it). On - many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied - key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding + tion M-C-_x means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the + Control key while pressing the _x key. + + On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with + the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy variable to + control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it). On + many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied + key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph. - If the _M_e_t_a key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you - can make M-_k_e_y key bindings you specify (see RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss be- + If your _M_e_t_a key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you + can make M-_k_e_y key bindings you specify (see RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss be- low) do the same thing by setting the ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx variable. Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to - act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments - deviates from this are noted below. + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) makes that command act + in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi- + ates from this are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a - _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one + _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of - the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is _~_/_._i_n_- - _p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate - default is _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline li- - brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings - and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed - in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines - beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate - conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable - settings. - - The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other - programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline + looks for _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library + starts up, rreeaaddlliinnee reads the initialization file and sets the key + bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input. + + There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file. + Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a ## are comments. Lines + beginning with a $$ indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote + key bindings and variable settings. + + The default key-bindings in this section may be changed using key bind- + ing commands in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Programs that use the readline li- + brary, including bbaasshh, may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -3490,21 +3495,26 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, - _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. + Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _D_E_L, + _E_S_C, _E_S_C_A_P_E, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _R_U_B_O_U_T, _S_P_A_C_E, _S_P_C, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a - string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). The differ- + ence between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in sin- + gle or double quotes. RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro - and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- - fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or - _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. + and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The key sequence may + be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with + _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence composed of one or + more characters enclosed in double quotes. The key sequence and name + are separated by a colon. There can be no whitespace between the name + and the colon. When using the form kkeeyynnaammee:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, _k_e_y_n_a_m_e is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: @@ -3513,34 +3523,35 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text "> output" into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but - the symbolic character names are not recognized. + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + none of the symbolic character names are recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text "Function Key 1". - The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is - \\CC-- control prefix - \\MM-- adding the meta prefix or converting the following char- + The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when speci- + fying key sequences is + \\CC-- A control prefix. + \\MM-- Adding the meta prefix or converting the following char- acter to a meta character, as described below under - ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx - \\ee an escape character - \\\\ backslash - \\"" literal " - \\'' literal ' + ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx. + \\ee An escape character. + \\\\ Backslash. + \\"" Literal ", a double quote. + \\'' Literal ', a single quote. In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: @@ -3552,21 +3563,21 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value - _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal - value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three digits). + \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits). When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded in the + macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- - mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + BBaasshh will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the + bbiinndd builtin command. The --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) will change the editing mode during + interactive use. RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav- @@ -3576,11 +3587,16 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e or using the bbiinndd builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case- - insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are - equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: + insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are + equivalent to OOffff. + + The bbiinndd --VV command lists the current readline variable names and val- + ues (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + The variables and their default values are: aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr A string variable that controls the text color and background @@ -3611,12 +3627,12 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn (the default), readline attempts to bind the con- - trol characters that are treated specially by the kernel's ter- - minal driver to their readline equivalents. These override the - default readline bindings described here. Type "stty -a" at a - bbaasshh prompt to see your current terminal settings, including the - special control characters (usually cccchhaarrss). + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to + their readline equivalents. These override the default readline + bindings described here. Type "stty -a" at a bbaasshh prompt to see + your current terminal settings, including the special control + characters (usually cccchhaarrss). bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. @@ -3634,28 +3650,28 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn (("##")) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt - command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode - and to ## in vi command mode. + The string that the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command inserts. + This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi com- + mand mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- - ble completions. + The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list + of possible completions that is displayed without modification. + When set to a value greater than zero, readline replaces common + prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying + possible completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- @@ -3663,17 +3679,17 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise - they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means + readline simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters it reads with the - eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth - bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting the - character to have the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but - readline will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains characters + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters it reads that + have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the + eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting + the character to have the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but + readline will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This - variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may - change if the locale is changed. This variable also affects key + variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may + change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx below. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion @@ -3684,148 +3700,148 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) - Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- - ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or - vvii. + Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar to + _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a - key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes - and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 - escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, - which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the - mode string. + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es- + capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which + can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode + string. eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn ((OOnn)) - The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a - saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is - referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, - readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- - _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text - in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, - which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- - out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- - eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- + The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a + saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is + referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, + readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- + _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text + in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, + which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- + out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- + eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- incremental history searches. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each - paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, - instead of treating each character as if it had been read from - the keyboard. This prevents readline from executing any editing - commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text. + When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each + paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, + instead of treating each character as if it had been read from + the keyboard. This is called _b_r_a_c_k_e_t_e_d_-_p_a_s_t_e _m_o_d_e; it prevents + readline from executing any editing commands bound to key se- + quences appearing in the pasted text. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar- row keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many - terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters; - this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates - the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth - bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the - character is typed (a meta character). + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta + key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks + for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can en- + able and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character + (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed + (a meta character). + eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline performs tilde expansion when it attempts + word completion. ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline modifies its behavior when binding key sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss above) by converting a key sequence of the form \M-_C or Meta-_C to the two- - character sequence EESSCC_C (adding the meta prefix). If + character sequence EESSCC_C (adding the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). If ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx is set to OOffff (the default), readline uses the value of the ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa variable to determine whether to per- form this conversion: if ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa is OOnn, readline performs - the conversion described above; if it is OOffff, Readline converts + the conversion described above; if it is OOffff, readline converts _C to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200). - eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at- - tempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the - number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a - non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be - set to 500. + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, bbaasshh + sets the the maximum number of history entries to the value of + the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE shell variable. Setting _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-nu- + meric value will set the maximum number of history entries to + 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, - scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it - becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a - new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals - of height 1. + Setting this variable to OOnn makes readline use a single line for + display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen + line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than + wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled + for terminals of height 1. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it - will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), re- - gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name - mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, - but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains characters - whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This - variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may - change if the locale is changed. + will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), re- + gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The de- + fault is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale con- + tains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the + eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE lo- + cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes. + The name mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for iinnppuutt--mmeettaa. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss (("CC--[[CC--JJ")) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) - Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when - reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional - input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re- - ceived within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but - complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, - so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for - additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than - or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait - until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to - complete. + input to complete a longer key sequence). If readline does not + receive any input within the timeout, it will use the shorter + but complete key sequence. The value is specified in millisec- + onds, so a value of 1000 means that readline will wait one sec- + ond for additional input. If this variable is set to a value + less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, readline + will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key se- + quence to complete. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- - played with a preceding asterisk (**). + If set to OOnn, readline displays history lines that have been + modified with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- - rreeccttoorriieess). + tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- + rreeccttoorriieess. mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, forces readline to match files - whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the user must include the + This variable, when set to OOnn, forces readline to match files + whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the user must include the leading "." in the filename to be completed. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale - contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the - eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE lo- - cale category, and may change if the locale is changed. + contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the + eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE lo- + cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprreeffeerr--vviissiibbllee--bbeellll See bbeellll--ssttyyllee. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines - before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + before returning when executing aacccceepptt--lliinnee. By default, his- tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sseeaarrcchh--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) @@ -3859,19 +3875,19 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- - trol sequence into the mode string. + control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing + characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se- + quence into the mode string. vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- - trol sequence into the mode string. + control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing + characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se- + quence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- @@ -3881,7 +3897,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There - are four parser directives used. + are four parser directives available. $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using @@ -3901,8 +3917,8 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, - for instance. + first --. This allows _x_t_e_r_m to match both _x_t_e_r_m and + _x_t_e_r_m_-_2_5_6_c_o_l_o_r, for instance. vveerrssiioonn The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons @@ -3912,18 +3928,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE The version number supplied on the right side of the op- erator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11). - If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. - The operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and + If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 00. The + operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and from the version number argument by whitespace. _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n The _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n construct is used to include application- - specific settings. Each program using the readline li- - brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + specific settings. Each program using the readline li- + brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3933,24 +3949,24 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for - readline variables and values. The permitted comparison - operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be + readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the - operator may be separated from the value on the right - hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- - ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested - against the values _o_n and _o_f_f. - - $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff - command. + operator may be separated from the value on the right + hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables + may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against + the values _o_n and _o_f_f. $$eellssee Commands in this branch of the $$iiff directive are executed if the test fails. + $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff + command. + $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- - ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and key bindings from that file. For example, the fol- + lowing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c @@ -3963,37 +3979,45 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an - incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the - search string becomes the current line. - - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- - nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from - the history list. - - Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search - string, readline uses any remembered search string. - - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing + mode, type CC--rr to search backward in the history for a particular + string. Typing CC--ss searches forward through the history. The charac- + ters present in the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used + to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as- + signed a value, _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. _C_-_g + will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When + the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search + string becomes the current line. + + To find other matching entries in the history list, type CC--rr or CC--ss as + appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for + the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key + sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and exe- + cute that command. For instance, a newline will terminate the search + and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history + list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line + found the current line, and begin editing. + + Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two CC--rrs are + typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, + readline uses any remembered search string. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history entries. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- - panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the - point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. + panying key sequence are unbound by default. + + In the following descriptions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor posi- + tion, and _m_a_r_k refers to a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk com- + mand. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_- + _g_i_o_n. Readline has the concept of an _a_c_t_i_v_e _r_e_g_i_o_n: when the region is + active, readline redisplay uses the value of the aaccttiivvee--rree-- + ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr vvaarriiaabbllee ttoo ddeennoottee tthhee rreeggiioonn.. SSeevveerraall ccoommmmaannddss sseett + tthhee rreeggiioonn ttoo aaccttiivvee;; tthhoossee aarree nnootteedd bbeellooww.. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--aa)) @@ -4020,14 +4044,14 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect - if the current readline line does not take up more than one + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef- + fect if the current readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. cclleeaarr--ddiissppllaayy ((MM--CC--ll)) @@ -4045,71 +4069,78 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history - line, then restore the history line to its original state. + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables. If the line is a + modified history line, restore the history line to its original + state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. A - numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to - use instead of the current line. + Accept the current line for execution as if a newline had been + entered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line + from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied, + specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line. ffeettcchh--hhiissttoorryy - With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list + With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up" - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental - search. + Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up" + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. This command sets the region to the matched text and + activates the region. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down" through the history as necessary. This is an incremental - search. + search. This command sets the region to the matched text and + activates the region. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the - user. + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + user. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental - search for a string supplied by the user. + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + search for a string supplied by the user. The search string may + match anywhere in a history line. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a - non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the current cursor po- - sition (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a - history line. This is a non-incremental search. + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- + cremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters + Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search - string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- cremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- - serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the - "!_n" history expansion had been specified. + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- + serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once + the argument _n is computed, this uses the history expansion fa- + cilities to extract the _nth word, as if the "!_n" history expan- + sion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave @@ -4119,9 +4150,9 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches the direction through the history - (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to - extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been - specified. + (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities + to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had + been specified. sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per- forms alias and history expansion, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quot- @@ -4173,15 +4204,31 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ...)) Insert the character typed. + bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee--bbeeggiinn + This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" + escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is + assigned by default. It allows readline to insert the pasted + text as a single unit without treating each character as if it + had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in- + serted as if each one was bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt instead of exe- + cuting any editing commands. + Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti- + vates the region. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + sshheellll--ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--CC--tt)) + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the + end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + Word boundaries are the same as sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd and + sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. @@ -4196,51 +4243,56 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call - to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- - ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than - pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- - wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a - space. By default, this command is unbound, but may be bound to - the Insert key on some keyboards. + to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. + In overwrite mode, characters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the + text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char- + acters bound to bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character be- + fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound, + but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--kk)) - Kill the text from point to the end of the line. + Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a + negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the + beginning of the line. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) - Kill backward to the beginning of the line. + Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. With a neg- + ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end + of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The - killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving + the killed text on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--CC--dd)) + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- - ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + ary, saving the killed text on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on - the kill-ring. + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the + kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. kkiillll--rreeggiioonn Kill the text in the current region. ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll - Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be + yanked immediately. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. @@ -4273,70 +4325,75 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh - attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text - begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname - (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and - functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename - completion is attempted. + attempts completion by first checking for any programmable com- + pletions for the command word (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn be- + low), otherwise treating the text as a variable (if the text be- + gins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname (if + the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases, func- + tions, and builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a + match, it falls back to filename completion. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) - List the possible completions of the text before point. + List the possible completions of the text before point. When + displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used + for display to the value of ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh, the value + of the shell variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, or the screen width, in that or- + der. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have - been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss, separated by a space. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the - list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of - bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n - moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative ar- - gument may be used to move backward through the list. This com- + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat- + edly executing mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + list of completions, mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee rings the bell (subject to + the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and restores the original text. An + argument of _n moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; + a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com- mand is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd - Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the - line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command - is unbound by default. + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). At the end of the line, + it behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is + unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) Attempt filename completion on the text before point. ppoossssiibbllee--ffiilleennaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx //)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion - matches. + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against history list entries for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion @@ -4383,133 +4440,137 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the mark is set to that position. + set the mark to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved - as the mark. + Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position + to the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor posi- + tion. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative argument searches for previous oc- - currences. + Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that + character. A negative argument searches for previous occur- + rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative argument searches for sub- - sequent occurrences. + Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of + that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent oc- + currences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current - line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- - wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re- - moved, the line will be executed by the shell. + Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline + ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable at the beginning of the current line. If + a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: + if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the + value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, insert the value; otherwise delete the + characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn from the beginning of the line. In + either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been + typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn causes this command + to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument + causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be ex- + ecuted by the shell. ssppeellll--ccoorrrreecctt--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx ss)) Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- - pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is - used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com- - pletions. + Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, + with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to + generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- - pansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replac- - ing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is - appended before pathname expansion. + Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, + and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. + If a numeric argument is supplied, append a ** before pathname + expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before - pathname expansion. + Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument + is supplied, append a ** before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the - output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an - _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output to the readline output stream. If a numeric + argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that + it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + eexxeeccuuttee--nnaammeedd--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--xx)) + Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute + the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to + which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is + supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the + function it executes. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn When a user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), Readline in- + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), rreeaaddlliinnee in- vokes the programmable completion facilities. - First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined - for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible - completions for the word. If the command word is the empty string - (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any compspec - defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If the command word is - a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched for - first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion at- - tempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined - with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no - default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as - a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word + First, bbaasshh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de- + fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of + possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty + string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), bbaasshh + uses any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee. If the com- + mand word is a full pathname, bbaasshh searches for a compspec for the full + pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname, bbaasshh + attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no + default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as + a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word from any successful expansion. - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of - matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- - tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. + If a compspec is not found, bbaasshh performs its default completion as de- + scribed above under CCoommpplleettiinngg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been + found, bbaasshh uses it to generate the list of matching words. - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches - which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the - --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the - shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. + First, bbaasshh performs the _a_c_t_i_o_n_s specified by the compspec. Only + matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. + When the --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name comple- + tion, bbaasshh uses the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE to filter the matches. Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG op- - tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not - match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not - used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. - - Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- - ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- - cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is - then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not + match the word being completed. BBaasshh uses the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable to fil- + ter the matches, but does not use the GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable. + + Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the + --WW option. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word + is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words - become the possible completions. - - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command - specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or - function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE - variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are be- - ing completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, - and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- - pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com- - pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or - command has complete freedom in generating the matches. + become possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, bbaasshh executes any shell func- + tion or command specified with the --FF and --CC options. When the command + or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and + CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll + VVaarriiaabblleess. If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and + CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD variables are also set. When the function or command is in- + voked, the first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose argu- + ments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being + completed, and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word + being completed on the current command line. There is no filtering of + the generated completions against the word being completed; the func- + tion or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn and ccoommppoopptt builtins @@ -4539,21 +4600,22 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- - fined, directory name completion is attempted. + fined, bbaasshh attempts directory name completion. If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec - was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are - added to the results of the other actions. - - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The - default bbaasshh completions and the rreeaaddlliinnee default of filename comple- - tion are disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoomm-- - pplleettee when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no - matches, the bbaasshh default completions are attempted. If the --oo ddeeffaauulltt - option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, read- - line's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if - attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. + was defined, bbaasshh attempts directory name completion and adds any + matches to the set of possible completions. + + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + default bbaasshh completions and the rreeaaddlliinnee default of filename comple- + tion are disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoomm-- + pplleettee when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no + matches, bbaasshh attempts its default completions. If the --oo ddeeffaauulltt op- + tion was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, programma- + ble completion will perform readline's default completion if the comp- + spec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no + matches. When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash @@ -4564,7 +4626,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + completion functions to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is @@ -4588,19 +4650,20 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of - commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- - mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the - history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values - of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. + commands to save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the + last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE commands (default 500). The shell stores each command in + the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANN-- + SSIIOONN above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the + values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, bbaasshh initializes the history list by reading history en- tries from the the file named by the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). That file is referred to as the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _f_i_l_e. The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of history entries specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If - HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a nu- - meric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. + number of history entries specified by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE + variable. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric + value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not trun- + cated. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps @@ -4613,17 +4676,17 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY entries from the history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), bbaasshh appends the entries to the history file, other- - wise the history file is overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, or - if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. If the - HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, time stamps are written to the history - file, marked with the history comment character, so they may be pre- - served across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character - to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when us- - ing HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries. - After saving the history, bbaasshh truncates the history file to contain no - more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to - null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the his- - tory file is not truncated. + wise it overwrites the history file. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, or + if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After + saving the history, bbaasshh truncates the history file to contain no more + than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines as described above. + + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp + information associated with each history entry to the history file, + marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are preserved + across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to dis- + tinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using + HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries. The ffcc builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) will list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiissttoorryy builtin @@ -4633,66 +4696,68 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables are used to save only a - subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell option, if enabled, - causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line command - in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to pre- - serve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option modifies ccmmddhhiisstt - by saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. - See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell options. + subset of the commands entered. If the ccmmddhhiisstt shell option is en- + abled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in + the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve + syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option modifies ccmmddhhiisstt by + saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See + the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + for information on setting and unsetting shell options. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features are available. History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can - be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL + be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default, but it can be enabled with "set -H". History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input - stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. - History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each - line individually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each + line individually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines. - It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history - list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select por- - tions of that entry to include into the current one. The entry se- - lected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that entry - that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. The entry is split into words in the - same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-sepa- - rated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The _e_v_e_n_t - _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r selects the event, the optional _w_o_r_d _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r selects - words from the event, and various optional _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to - manipulate the selected words. - - History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex- - pansion character, which is !! by default. History expansions may ap- + It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history + list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select por- + tions of that entry to include into the current one. + + The entry selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of + that entry that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words + in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- + _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The + _e_v_e_n_t _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r selects the event, the optional _w_o_r_d _d_e_s_i_g_n_a_t_o_r se- + lects words from the event, and various optional _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. + + History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex- + pansion character, which is !! by default. History expansions may ap- pear anywhere in the input, but do not nest. - Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion - character, but the history expansion character is also treated as + Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion + character, but the history expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double- quoted string. - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, ==, and the other shell metacharacters + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, ==, and the other shell metacharacters defined above. There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the _q_u_i_c_k - _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character (described above under hhiissttcchhaarrss) is the first - character on the line. It selects the previous history entry, using an - event designator equivalent to !!!!, and substitutes one string for an- - other in that entry. It is described below under EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss. - This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history - expansion character. + _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character (described above under hhiissttcchhaarrss) is the first + character on the line. It selects the previous history list entry, us- + ing an event designator equivalent to !!!!, and substitutes one string + for another in that entry. It is described below under EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaa-- + ttoorrss. This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the + history expansion character. Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin will modify his- tory expansion behavior (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin be- @@ -4721,23 +4786,23 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN events are relative to the current position in the history list. !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, = or, when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is - enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, (. + newline, carriage return, =, or, when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, (. !!_n Refer to history list entry _n. !!--_n Refer to the current entry minus _n. - !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for "!-1". + !!!! Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for "!-1". !!_s_t_r_i_n_g - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position - in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be - omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If - _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, this uses the string from the most recent + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If + _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, this uses the string from the most recent search; it is an error if there is no previous search string. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing - _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^" + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^" (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. @@ -4745,26 +4810,26 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. They are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history expan- sion uses the entire event. A :: separates the event specification from - the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins - with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the - line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are in- + the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins + with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the + line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are in- serted into the current line separated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument: word 1. - $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. - %% The first word matched by the most recent "?_s_t_r_i_n_g?'" search, - if the search string begins with a character that is part of a + %% The first word matched by the most recent "?_s_t_r_i_n_g?" search, if + the search string begins with a character that is part of a word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and proceed to the beginning, so the first word matched is the one closest to the end of the line. _x--_y A range of words; "-_y" abbreviates "0-_y". ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for "_1_-_$". It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the - event; it expands to the empty string in this case. + event; it expands to the empty string in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. If xx is miss- ing, it defaults to 0. @@ -4778,8 +4843,8 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ":". These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the his- tory event. - hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. - tt Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. + hh Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + tt Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. rr Remove a trailing suffix of the form _._x_x_x, leaving the basename. ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. @@ -5078,69 +5143,71 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS [--GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options or _n_a_m_es are supplied, - existing completion specifications are printed in a way that al- - lows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a com- + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. + + If the --pp option is supplied, or if no options or _n_a_m_es are sup- + plied, print existing completion specifications in a way that + allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a com- pletion specification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are sup- - plied, all completion specifications. The --DD option indicates - that other supplied options and actions should apply to the "de- - fault" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a - command for which no completion has previously been defined. - The --EE option indicates that other supplied options and actions - should apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion - attempted on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other - supplied options and actions should apply to completion on the - initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command de- - limiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name comple- - tion. If multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes - precedence over --EE, and both take precedence over --II. If any of - --DD, --EE, or --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- - nored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the - option. - - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraammmmaa-- - bbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + plied, all completion specifications. + + The --DD option indicates that other supplied options and actions + should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, com- + pletion attempted on a command for which no completion has pre- + viously been defined. The --EE option indicates that other sup- + plied options and actions should apply to "empty" command com- + pletion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II + option indicates that other supplied options and actions should + apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the + line, or after a command delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usu- + ally command name completion. If multiple options are supplied, + the --DD option takes precedence over --EE, and both take precedence + over --II. If any of --DD, --EE, or --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e + arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case + specified by the option. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when at- + tempting word completion is described above under PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee + CCoommpplleettiioonn. + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use rreeaaddlliinnee's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with - shell functions. + Tell rreeaaddlliinnee that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (such as adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). This is intended to be + used with shell functions. ffuullllqquuoottee - Tell readline to quote all the completed words + Tell rreeaaddlliinnee to quote all the completed words even if they are not filenames. - nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words - if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + nnooqquuoottee Tell rreeaaddlliinnee not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). - nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + nnoossoorrtt Tell rreeaaddlliinnee not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the de- - fault) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossppaaccee Tell rreeaaddlliinnee not to append a space (the de- + fault) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, attempt directory name completion and + After generating any matches defined by the + compspec, attempt directory name completion and add any matches to the results of the other ac- tions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n @@ -5196,9 +5263,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS guments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being completed on the cur- - rent command line. When _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n finishes, the possible - completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- - PPLLYY array variable. + rent command line. When _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n finishes, programmable + completion retrieves the possible completions from the + value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t Expand the pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t to gener- ate the possible completions. @@ -5209,13 +5276,14 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Append _s_u_f_f_i_x to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word - is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, - in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain - shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. - The possible completions are the members of the resul- - tant list which match the word being completed. + Split the _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting + word. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, in or- + der to provide a mechanism for the words to contain + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- + tant list which match a prefix of the word being com- + pleted. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- @@ -5236,169 +5304,167 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are supplied, display the completion options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de- - scribed above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied op- - tions should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, - completion attempted on a command for which no completion has - previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that other - supplied options should apply to "empty" command completion; - that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option - indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion - on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- - mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name - completion. + scribed above. + + The --DD option indicates that other supplied options should apply + to the "default" command completion; the --EE option indicates + that other supplied options should apply to "empty" command com- + pletion; and the --II option indicates that other supplied options + should apply to completion on the initial word on the line. + These are determined in the same way as the ccoommpplleettee builtin. If multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence over --EE, and both take precedence over --II. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] ccoonnttiinnuuee resumes the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, - uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, bbaasshh resumes the _nth - enclosing loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the num- - ber of enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing - loop (the "top-level" loop). The return value is 0 unless _n is + uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, bbaasshh resumes the _nth + enclosing loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the num- + ber of enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing + loop (the "top-level" loop). The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are given then display the values of variables or functions. The --pp - option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. - When --pp is used with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other + option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. + When --pp is used with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes - specified by the additional options. If no other options are + specified by the additional options. If no other options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values - of all shell variables. The --ff option restricts the display to + of all shell variables. The --ff option restricts the display to shell functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only - the function name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg - shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and - line number where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. + the function name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg + shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and + line number where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies --ff. - The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the + The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function. It is ignored when ddeeccllaarree is not executed in a shell function. - The --II option causes local variables to inherit the attributes - (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute) and value of any existing vari- - able with the same _n_a_m_e at a surrounding scope. If there is no + The --II option causes local variables to inherit the attributes + (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute) and value of any existing vari- + able with the same _n_a_m_e at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset. - The following options can be used to restrict output to vari- - ables with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib- + The following options can be used to restrict output to vari- + ables with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib- utes: - --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). - --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell function. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- - tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. - --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case - characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. - --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name - reference to another variable. That other variable is - defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- - ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those - using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed - on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions in- - herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. + herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. - --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case - characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. - --xx Mark each _n_a_m_e for export to subsequent commands via the + --xx Mark each _n_a_m_e for export to subsequent commands via the environment. - Using "+" instead of "-" turns off the specified attribute in- + Using "+" instead of "-" turns off the specified attribute in- stead, with the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to de- - stroy array variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly at- + stroy array variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly at- tribute. - When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e lo- - cal, as with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is sup- - plied. If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of - the variable is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the com- - pound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional + When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e lo- + cal, as with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is sup- + plied. If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of + the variable is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the com- + pound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, - an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar". an + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, + an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar". an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an at- tempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without us- - ing the compound assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of + ing the compound assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made - to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt - is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an + to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt + is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] Without options, display the list of currently remembered direc- - tories. The default display is on a single line with directory - names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list - with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from - the list. The current directory is always the first directory + tories. The default display is on a single line with directory + names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list + with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from + the list. The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- + --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- tries. - --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. - --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_i_d ...] - Without options, remove each _i_d from the table of active jobs. - Each _i_d may be a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c or a process ID _p_i_d; - if _i_d is a _p_i_d, ddiissoowwnn uses the job containing _p_i_d as _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. - If _i_d is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr option is - supplied, ddiissoowwnn removes the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. If the --hh option is - supplied, the job corresponding to each _i_d is not removed from - the table, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job + Without options, remove each _i_d from the table of active jobs. + Each _i_d may be a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c or a process ID _p_i_d; + if _i_d is a _p_i_d, ddiissoowwnn uses the job containing _p_i_d as _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. + If _i_d is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr option is + supplied, ddiissoowwnn removes the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. If the --hh option is + supplied, the job corresponding to each _i_d is not removed from + the table, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. - If no _i_d is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark all - jobs; the --rr option without an _i_d argument restricts operation + If no _i_d is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark all + jobs; the --rr option without an _i_d argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless an _i_d does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] - Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is specified, the trailing newline is not printed. - If the --ee option is given, eecchhoo interprets the following back- + If the --ee option is given, eecchhoo interprets the following back- slash-escaped characters. The --EE option disables interpretation - of these escape characters, even on systems where they are in- - terpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option determines + of these escape characters, even on systems where they are in- + terpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option determines whether or not eecchhoo interprets any options and expands these es- - cape characters. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of + cape characters. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape sequences: @@ -5413,101 +5479,101 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value - _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal - value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) + \\00_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits). + \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits). + \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits). \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits). - eecchhoo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un- + eecchhoo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un- changed. eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin - allows an executable file which has the same name as a shell - builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows an executable file which has the same name as a shell + builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before files. - If --nn is supplied, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_es are - enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found usin g PPAATTHH + If --nn is supplied, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_es are + enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found usin g PPAATTHH instead of the shell builtin version, run "enable -n test". - If no _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied, or if the --pp option is sup- + If no _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied, or if the --pp option is sup- plied, print a list of shell builtins. With no other option ar- guments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn - is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If --aa is supplied, - the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of + is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If --aa is supplied, + the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. The --ss option means to restrict the output to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, BBaasshh will use the value of - the BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH variable as a colon-separated list of - directories in which to search for _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The default for - BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH is system-dependent, and may include "." to - force a search of the current directory. The --dd option will - delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If _-_s is used with + the BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH variable as a colon-separated list of + directories in which to search for _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The default for + BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH is system-dependent, and may include "." to + force a search of the current directory. The --dd option will + delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If _-_s is used with _-_f, the new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin. - If no options are supplied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, - eennaabbllee will attempt to load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named + If no options are supplied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, + eennaabbllee will attempt to load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named _n_a_m_e, as if the command were "enable -f _n_a_m_e _n_a_m_e". - The return value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or + The return value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - Concatenate the _a_r_gs together into a single command, separating + Concatenate the _a_r_gs together into a single command, separating them with spaces. BBaasshh then reads and execute this command, and - returns its exit status as the return status of eevvaall. If there + returns its exit status as the return status of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell without creating - a new process. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d cannot be a shell builtin or function. + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell without creating + a new process. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d cannot be a shell builtin or function. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the ze- - roth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. - The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with an empty envi- + roth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. + The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with an empty envi- ronment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive - shell exits, unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In - that case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell - returns a non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A + shell exits, unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In + that case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell + returns a non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take effect in the - current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redi- + current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redi- rection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, - the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. - The --nn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from - each _n_a_m_e. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or if the --pp option is sup- - plied, eexxppoorrtt prints a list of names of all exported variables + The --nn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from + each _n_a_m_e. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or if the --pp option is sup- + plied, eexxppoorrtt prints a list of names of all exported variables on the standard output. - eexxppoorrtt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is ex- + eexxppoorrtt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is ex- ported or unexported by following the variable name with =_v_a_l_u_e. This sets the value of the variable to _v_a_l_u_e while modifying the - export attribute. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an - invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid + export attribute. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. @@ -5515,140 +5581,140 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t - from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes - them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate - the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an - index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). When listing, a _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to the current command (usually the ffcc command); oth- - erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not + erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that "fc -l -10" prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. - If the --ll option is supplied, the commands are listed on the - standard output. The --nn option suppresses the command numbers + If the --ll option is supplied, the commands are listed on the + standard output. The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The --rr option reverses the order of the commands. - Otherwise, ffcc invokes the editor named by _e_n_a_m_e on a file con- - taining those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not supplied, ffcc uses the - value of the FFCCEEDDIITT variable, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT - is not set. If neither variable is set, ffcc uses _v_i_. When edit- - ing is complete, ffcc reads the file containing the edited com- + Otherwise, ffcc invokes the editor named by _e_n_a_m_e on a file con- + taining those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not supplied, ffcc uses the + value of the FFCCEEDDIITT variable, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT + is not set. If neither variable is set, ffcc uses _v_i_. When edit- + ing is complete, ffcc reads the file containing the edited com- mands and echoes and executes them. - In the second form, ffcc re-executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d after replacing each - instance of _p_a_t with _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as + In the second form, ffcc re-executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d after replacing each + instance of _p_a_t with _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as _f_i_r_s_t above. - A useful alias to use with ffcc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing "r + A useful alias to use with ffcc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing "r cc" runs the last command beginning with "cc" and typing "r" re- executes the last command. - If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an - invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of + If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of commands, the return value is the value of the last command exe- cuted or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file. If the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-ex- - ecuted command, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history en- + ecuted command, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history en- try, in which case ffcc returns a non-zero status. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, use the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t - _j_o_b. The return value is that of the command placed into the - foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, + _j_o_b. The return value is that of the command placed into the + foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a - valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without + valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g ...] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell scripts and functions to parse posi- - tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _o_p_t_- - _s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recognized; if a + ggeettooppttss is used by shell scripts and functions to parse posi- + tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _o_p_t_- + _s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have - an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. + an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option characters. - Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss places the next option in the + Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable - OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a - shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, + OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a + shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. - The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; it must be manu- - ally reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same + The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; it must be manu- + ally reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation to use a new set of parameters. - When it reaches the end of options, ggeettooppttss exits with a return - value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the + When it reaches the end of options, ggeettooppttss exits with a return + value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more - arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- stead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, ggeettooppttss uses _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting. - In normal operation, ggeettooppttss prints diagnostic messages when it - encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, ggeettooppttss uses _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting. + In normal operation, ggeettooppttss prints diagnostic messages when it + encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If ggeettooppttss detects an invalid option, it places ? into _n_a_m_e and, - if not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If - ggeettooppttss is silent, it assigns the option character found to OOPP-- + if not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, it assigns the option character found to OOPP-- TTAARRGG and does not print a diagnostic message. - If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, it sets the value of _n_a_m_e to a question mark (??), unsets OOPPTTAARRGG, - and prints a diagnostic message. If ggeettooppttss is silent, it sets - the value of _n_a_m_e to a colon (::) and sets OOPPTTAARRGG to the option + and prints a diagnostic message. If ggeettooppttss is silent, it sets + the value of _n_a_m_e to a colon (::) and sets OOPPTTAARRGG to the option character found. - ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] Each time hhaasshh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the - command _n_a_m_e as determined by searching the directories in - $$PPAATTHH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _n_a_m_e - is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, hhaasshh uses _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + command _n_a_m_e as determined by searching the directories in + $$PPAATTHH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _n_a_m_e + is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, hhaasshh uses _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e as the full pathname of the command. - The --rr option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca- - tions. Assigning to the PPAATTHH variable also clears all hashed - filenames. The --dd option causes the shell to forget the remem- + The --rr option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca- + tions. Assigning to the PPAATTHH variable also clears all hashed + filenames. The --dd option causes the shell to forget the remem- bered location of each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, hhaasshh prints the full pathname cor- - responding to each _n_a_m_e. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are sup- - plied with --tt, hhaasshh prints the _n_a_m_e before the corresponding + responding to each _n_a_m_e. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are sup- + plied with --tt, hhaasshh prints the _n_a_m_e before the corresponding hashed full pathname. The --ll option displays output in a format that may be reused as input. - If no arguments are given, or if only --ll is supplied, hhaasshh - prints information about remembered commands. The --tt, --dd, and - --pp options (the options that act on the _n_a_m_e arguments) are mu- + If no arguments are given, or if only --ll is supplied, hhaasshh + prints information about remembered commands. The --tt, --dd, and + --pp options (the options that act on the _n_a_m_e arguments) are mu- tually exclusive. Only one will be active. If more than one is - supplied, --tt has higher priority than --pp, and both have higher + supplied, --tt has higher priority than --pp, and both have higher priority than --dd. - The return status is zero unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an in- + The return status is zero unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an in- valid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] - Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and shell compound commands. --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like @@ -5664,18 +5730,18 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] - With no options, display the command history list with numbers. - Entries prefixed with a ** have been modified. An argument of _n - lists only the last _n entries. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. If hhiissttoorryy uses HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, it does - not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp + With no options, display the command history list with numbers. + Entries prefixed with a ** have been modified. An argument of _n + lists only the last _n entries. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. If hhiissttoorryy uses HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, it does + not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp and the history entry. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is supplied, hhiissttoorryy uses it as the name of the his- - tory file; if not, it uses the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is not supplied and HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the --aa,, --nn,, --rr,, + tory file; if not, it uses the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + is not supplied and HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the --aa,, --nn,, --rr,, and --ww options have no effect. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @@ -5683,41 +5749,42 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS can be used with the other options to replace the history list. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history position, so negative indices count - back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d - Delete the range of history entries between positions - _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values + Delete the range of history entries between positions + _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. - --aa Append the "new" history lines to the history file. - These are history lines entered since the beginning of + --aa Append the "new" history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines ap- - pended to the history file since the beginning of the - current bbaasshh session. + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file and add them to the current history list. These are + lines appended to the history file since the beginning of + the current bbaasshh session. --rr Read the history file and append its contents to the cur- rent history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- - writing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output, without stor- - ing the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + writing the history file. + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output, without stor- + ing the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before adding the _a_r_g_s. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, hhiissttoorryy writes the time + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, hhiissttoorryy writes the time stamp information associated with each history entry to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as - timestamps for the following history entry. + tory file, marked with the history comment character as de- + scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning + with the history comment character followed immediately by a + digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history + entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an @@ -6309,12 +6376,15 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett - builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, dis- - play a list of all settable options, with an indication of - whether or not each is set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the - output is restricted to those options. The --pp option displays - output in a form that may be reused as input. Other options - have the following meanings: + builtin command. + + With no options, or with the --pp option, display a list of all + settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is + set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to + those options. The --pp option displays output in a form that may + be reused as input. + + Other options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status @@ -6395,7 +6465,6 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt5500 These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below). - ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- names and directory names when performing completion. @@ -6410,79 +6479,63 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. - ddiirreexxppaanndd If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. - ddiirrssppeellll If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in the results of pathname expansion. The filenames "." and ".." must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoott-- gglloobb is set. - eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- not execute the file specified as an argument to the eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. - eexxttddeebbuugg If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: - 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above). - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. - eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn. - eexxttqquuoottee If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. - ffaaiillgglloobb If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. - ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell variable cause words to be ignored when performing word @@ -6490,7 +6543,6 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a de- scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. - gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave @@ -6499,169 +6551,139 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS current locale's collating sequence into account, so bb will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. - gglloobbsskkiippddoottss If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- names "." and "..", even if the pattern begins with a ".". This option is enabled by default. - gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- text will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. - ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. - hhiissttaappppeenndd If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- its, rather than overwriting the file. - hhiissttrreeeeddiitt If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- tion. - hhiissttvveerriiffyy If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. - hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. - hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. - iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt If set, command substitution inherits the value of the eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is enabled. - iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. - llaassttppiippee If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. - llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at- tribute is not inherited. - llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function returns. This is identi- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function scope. - llooggiinn__sshheellll The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. - mmaaiillwwaarrnn If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh displays the message "The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read". - nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh does not search PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- tempted on an empty line. - nnooccaasseegglloobb If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). - nnooccaasseemmaattcchh If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. - nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$""..."" quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. - nnuullllgglloobb If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) expand to nothing and are removed, rather than expanding to themselves. - ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement string of pattern substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn above. This option is enabled by default. - pprrooggccoommpp If set, enable the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above). This option is en- abled by default. - pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh treats a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. - pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. - rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll The shell sets this option if it is started in re- stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. - sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. - ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- tion is enabled by default. - vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. - xxppgg__eecchhoo If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also @@ -6744,74 +6766,73 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS cale. If the shell is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the tteesstt and [[ com- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. - The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more - arguments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters - strings that look like primaries. The POSIX standard has - deprecated the --aa and --oo primaries and enclosing expres- - sions within parentheses. Scripts should no longer use - them. It's much more reliable to restrict test invoca- - tions to a single primary, and to replace uses of --aa and - --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators. + The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- + ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that + look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa + and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. + Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to + restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace + uses of --aa and --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. - ttrraapp [--PPllpp] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] + ttrraapp [--llppPP] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] The _a_c_t_i_o_n is a command that is read and executed when the shell - receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and + receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and there is a single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is reset - to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is - the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored + to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is + the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- + If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- ated with each trapped signal as a set of ttrraapp commands that can - be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- - tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp - displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none + be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- + tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp + displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of ttrraapp commands - that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal - dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays - only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- - quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may - be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) - and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a + that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal + dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays + only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- + quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may + be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) + and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps. - The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- - sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined + The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- + sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen- - sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with + sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with no _s_i_g_s_p_e_c arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the - shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every - _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( - arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- - mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function - (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the - eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- - fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the + shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every + _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( + arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- + mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the + eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- + fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline - (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a - compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the - following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline + (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a + compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if the command's return value is being inverted using !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not - being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell - or subshell environment when one is created. The return status + being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell + or subshell environment when one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttrruuee Does nothing, returns a 0 status. @@ -6820,39 +6841,39 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. - If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of - _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, - shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- - spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and + If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of + _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, + shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- + spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and returns a non-zero exit status. - If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of - the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for + If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of + the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for _n_a_m_e or nothing if "type -t name" would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP - option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if "type -t + option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if "type -t name" would not return _f_i_l_e. If _n_a_m_e is present in the table of - hashed commands, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not + hashed commands, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. - If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that - contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved - words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp - and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable - files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when + If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that + contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved + words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp + and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable + files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when using --aa with --pp, and only performs a PPAATTHH search for _n_a_m_e. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoomm-- - mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are + mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control. - The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set - for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a - non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + The --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is + set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by + a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, uulliimmiitt sets both the soft and hard limits. @@ -6864,34 +6885,34 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as follows: - --aa Report all current limits; no limits are set - --bb The maximum socket buffer size - --cc The maximum size of core files created - --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment + --aa Report all current limits; no limits are set. + --bb The maximum socket buffer size. + --cc The maximum size of core files created. + --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment. --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its - children - --ii The maximum number of pending signals - --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated - --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory + children. + --ii The maximum number of pending signals. + --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. + --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory. --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor - this limit) + this limit). --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems - do not allow this value to be set) - --pp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) - --qq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues - --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority - --ss The maximum stack size - --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds + do not allow this value to be set). + --pp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set). + --qq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. + --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority. + --ss The maximum stack size. + --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single - user + user. --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the - shell and, on some systems, to its children - --xx The maximum number of file locks - --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals + shell and, on some systems, to its children. + --xx The maximum number of file locks. + --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals. --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before - blocking, in microseconds - --TT The maximum number of threads + blocking, in microseconds. + --TT The maximum number of threads. If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup- @@ -7282,4 +7303,4 @@ BBUUGGSS Array variables may not (yet) be exported. -GNU Bash 5.3 2024 September 29 _B_A_S_H(1) +GNU Bash 5.3 2024 October 10 _B_A_S_H(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index 95f21cf0..526e05b8 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -\" +.\" .\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to .\" .\" Chet Ramey .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Sun Sep 29 22:28:23 EDT 2024 +.\" Last Change: Thu Oct 10 16:33:40 EDT 2024 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .\" avoid a warning about an undefined register .\" .if !rzY .nr zY 0 .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2024 September 29" "GNU Bash 5.3" +.TH BASH 1 "2024 October 10" "GNU Bash 5.3" .\" .ie \n(.g \{\ .ds ' \(aq @@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ below under .BR "Shell Variables" . .PP When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, \fBtime\fP -may be followed by a newline. +may appear by itself as the only word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The @@ -1256,23 +1256,23 @@ double quote question mark .TP .B \e\fInnn\fP -the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP -(one to three octal digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(one to three octal digits). .TP .B \ex\fIHH\fP -the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP -(one or two hex digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits). .TP .B \eu\fIHHHH\fP -the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits). .TP .B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP -the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits). .TP .B \ec\fIx\fP -a control-\fIx\fP character +A control-\fIx\fP character. .PD .RE .LP @@ -1459,8 +1459,8 @@ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parameters are denoted by one of the following characters. -.PD 0 .TP +.PD 0 .B * (\fB$*\fP) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter @@ -3192,8 +3192,9 @@ The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. .PP -Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded -string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. +Brace expansions may be nested. +The results of each expanded string are not sorted; +brace expansion preserves left to right order. For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into .Q "ade ace abe" . .PP @@ -3418,7 +3419,6 @@ When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below \fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset. .PP -.PD 0 .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP} \fBUse Default Values\fP. If @@ -3465,11 +3465,11 @@ is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of is substituted. The value of \fIparameter\fP is not used. .TP -${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP} .PD 0 +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP} .TP -${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP} .PD +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP} \fBSubstring Expansion\fP. Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. @@ -3520,8 +3520,8 @@ are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is prefixed to the list. .TP -${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} .PD 0 +${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} .TP ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP} .PD @@ -3534,8 +3534,8 @@ special variable. When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. .TP -${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} .PD 0 +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} .TP ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]} .PD @@ -3571,8 +3571,8 @@ interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of \fIparameter\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. .TP -${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP} .PD 0 +${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP} .PD @@ -3612,8 +3612,8 @@ or the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .TP -${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP} .PD 0 +${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP} .PD @@ -3650,8 +3650,8 @@ or the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .TP -${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} .PD 0 +${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB//\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} .TP @@ -3732,8 +3732,8 @@ or the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .TP -${\fIparameter\fP\fB\*^\fP\fIpattern\fP} .PD 0 +${\fIparameter\fP\fB\*^\fP\fIpattern\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB\*^\*^\fP\fIpattern\fP} .TP @@ -3775,6 +3775,7 @@ or the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .TP +.PD 0 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB@\fP\fIoperator\fP} \fBParameter transformation\fP. The expansion is either a transformation of the value of \fIparameter\fP @@ -3782,7 +3783,6 @@ or information about \fIparameter\fP itself, depending on the value of \fIoperator\fP. Each \fIoperator\fP is a single letter: .PP .RS -.PD 0 .TP .B U The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with lowercase @@ -5499,34 +5499,34 @@ arguments, if any. The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the following: .IP \(bu -open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by -redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin +Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin. .IP \(bu -the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or -\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation +The current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or +\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation. .IP \(bu -the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from -the shell's parent +The file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from +the shell's parent. .IP \(bu -current traps set by \fBtrap\fP +Current traps set by \fBtrap\fP. .IP \(bu -shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP -or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. .IP \(bu -shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's -parent in the environment +Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment. .IP \(bu -options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line -arguments) or by \fBset\fP +Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by \fBset\fP. .IP \(bu -options enabled by \fBshopt\fP +Options enabled by \fBshopt\fP. .IP \(bu -shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP +Shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP. .IP \(bu -various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value +Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of \fB$$\fP, and the value of .SM -.B PPID +.BR PPID . .PP When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be executed, it @@ -5534,18 +5534,18 @@ is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell. .IP \(bu -the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified -by redirections to the command +The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command. .IP \(bu -the current working directory +The current working directory. .IP \(bu -the file creation mode mask +The file creation mode mask. .IP \(bu -shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables -exported for the command, passed in the environment +Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment. .IP \(bu -traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the -shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored +Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored. .PP A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. @@ -6124,7 +6124,7 @@ The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format. The username of the current user. .TP .B \ev -The \fBbash\fP version (e.g., 2.00) +The \fBbash\fP version (e.g., 2.00). .TP .B \eV The \fBbash\fP release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) @@ -6202,8 +6202,8 @@ shell, unless the option is supplied at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the \fB\-e\fP option to the \fBread\fP builtin. -By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. -A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs; +a vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time using the .B \-o emacs or @@ -6222,8 +6222,7 @@ options to the .B set builtin. .SS "Readline Notation" -In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote -keystrokes. +This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fP, e.g., C\-n means Control\-N. Similarly, .I meta @@ -6240,7 +6239,7 @@ The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the .I x -key.) +key. .PP On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the \fBenable\-meta\-key\fP variable @@ -6249,7 +6248,7 @@ On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph. .PP -If the \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, +If your \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you can make M-\fIkey\fP key bindings you specify (see .B "Readline Key Bindings" below) do the same thing by setting the \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP variable. @@ -6258,17 +6257,18 @@ Readline commands may be given numeric .IR arguments , which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. -Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward -direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a -backward direction. +Passing a negative argument +to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) +makes that command act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. .PP When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval -(\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a -\fIkill ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be -accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +(\fIyanking\fP). +The killed text is saved in a \fIkill ring\fP. +Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text +into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. .SS "Readline Initialization" @@ -6277,25 +6277,28 @@ file (the \fIinputrc\fP file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the .SM .B INPUTRC -variable. If that variable is unset, the default is +shell variable. +If that variable is unset, the default is .IR \*~/.inputrc . -If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is +If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for .IR /etc/inputrc . -When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the -initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables -are set. -There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the -readline initialization file. +When a program which uses the readline library starts up, +\fBreadline\fP reads the initialization file +and sets the key bindings and variables found there, +before reading any user input. +.PP +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments. Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. .PP -The default key-bindings may be changed with an +The default key-bindings in this section +may be changed using key binding commands in the .I inputrc file. -Other programs that use this library may add their own commands -and bindings. +Programs that use the readline library, including \fBbash\fP, +may add their own commands and bindings. .PP For example, placing .RS @@ -6312,29 +6315,37 @@ into the would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command .IR universal\-argument . .PP -The following symbolic character names are recognized: -.IR RUBOUT , +Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: .IR DEL , .IR ESC , +.IR ESCAPE , .IR LFD , .IR NEWLINE , .IR RET , .IR RETURN , -.IR SPC , +.IR RUBOUT , .IR SPACE , +.IR SPC , and .IR TAB . .PP In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP). +The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is +enclosed in single or double quotes. .SS "Readline Key Bindings" The syntax for controlling key bindings in the .I inputrc -file is simple. All that is required is the name of the -command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which -it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: -as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP -prefixes, or as a key sequence. +file is simple. +All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro +and a key sequence to which it should be bound. +The key sequence may be specified in one of two ways: +as a symbolic key name, +possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP prefixes, +or as a key sequence composed of one or more characters +enclosed in double quotes. +The key sequence and name are separated by a colon. +There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon. .PP When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP, .I keyname @@ -6344,7 +6355,7 @@ is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: .EX .nf Control-u: universal\-argument -Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +Meta-Rubout: backward\-kill\-word Control-o: \*"> output\*" .fi .EE @@ -6371,9 +6382,10 @@ differs from .B keyname above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence -within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be -used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names -are not recognized. +within double quotes. +Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be +used, as in the following example, but none of +the symbolic character names are recognized. .PP .RS .EX @@ -6397,28 +6409,29 @@ and is bound to insert the text .Q "Function Key 1" . .PP -The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is +The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when specifying +key sequences is .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \eC\- -control prefix +A control prefix. .TP .B \eM\- -adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta -character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP +Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta +character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP. .TP .B \ee -an escape character +An escape character. .TP .B \e\e -backslash +Backslash. .TP .B \e\*" -literal \*" +Literal \*", a double quote. .TP .B \e\*' -literal \*' +Literal \*', a single quote. .RE .PD .PP @@ -6452,38 +6465,43 @@ horizontal tab vertical tab .TP .B \e\fInnn\fP -the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP -(one to three digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(one to three digits). .TP .B \ex\fIHH\fP -the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP -(one or two hex digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits). .RE .PD .PP When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. -In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded +in the macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including \*" and \*'. .PP .B Bash -allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified -with the +will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the .B bind -builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive -use by using the -.B \-o -option to the +builtin command. +The +.B \-o emacs +or +.B \-o vi +options to the .B set -builtin command (see +builtin +(see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" -below). +below) +will change the editing mode during interactive use. .SS "Readline Variables" Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its -behavior. A variable may be set in the +behavior. +A variable may be set in the .I inputrc file with a statement of the form .RS @@ -6508,6 +6526,13 @@ When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, are equivalent to \fBOn\fP. All other values are equivalent to \fBOff\fP. +.PP +The \fBbind \-V\fP command lists the current readline variable names +and values (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +.PP The variables and their default values are: .PP .PD 0 @@ -6543,13 +6568,13 @@ A sample value might be .TP .B bell\-style (audible) Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. -If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. If set to -\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. +If set to \fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. .TP .B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On) -If set to \fBOn\fP (the default), readline attempts to bind -the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind +the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline equivalents. These override the default readline bindings described here. Type @@ -6582,9 +6607,9 @@ environment variable. .TP .BR comment\-begin\ ( \c .Q \fB#\fP \fB)\fP -The string that is inserted when the readline +The string that the readline .B insert\-comment -command is executed. +command inserts. This command is bound to .B M\-# in emacs mode and to @@ -6609,10 +6634,12 @@ treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion. .TP .B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0) -The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible -completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a -value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are -replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +The maximum +length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. +When set to a value greater than zero, readline +replaces common prefixes longer than this value +with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. .TP .B completion\-query\-items (100) This determines when the user is queried about viewing @@ -6622,27 +6649,27 @@ It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; -otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. +otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. .TP .B convert\-meta (On) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters it reads -with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence -by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character +that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by +clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting the character to have the \fImeta prefix\fP). The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +may change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below. .TP .B disable\-completion (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion -characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been -mapped to \fBself-insert\fP. +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. +Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they +had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP. .TP .B echo\-control\-characters (On) When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it, @@ -6650,7 +6677,7 @@ readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the keyboard. .TP .B editing\-mode (emacs) -Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar +Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP. .B editing\-mode can be set to either @@ -6660,11 +6687,12 @@ or .TP .B emacs\-mode\-string (@) If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, -this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary -prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the +primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. .TP @@ -6676,8 +6704,7 @@ When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, readline allows certain commands to designate the region as \fIactive\fP. When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the -string that enables -the terminal's standout mode. +string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. .TP @@ -6685,44 +6712,45 @@ matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. When set to \fBOn\fP, readline configures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. -This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key +This is called \fIbracketed\-paste mode\fP; +it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text. .TP .B enable\-keypad (Off) When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application -keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the -arrow keys. +keypad when it is called. +Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. .TP .B enable\-meta\-key (On) When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier -key the terminal claims to support when it is called. +key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed (a meta character). .TP +.B expand\-tilde (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs tilde expansion when it +attempts word completion. +.TP .B force\-meta\-prefix (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline modifies its behavior when binding key sequences containing \eM- or Meta- (see \fBKey Bindings\fP above) by converting a key sequence of the form -\eM-\fIC\fP or Meta-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence -\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the meta prefix). +\eM\-\fIC\fP or Meta\-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence +\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the \fImeta prefix\fP). If .B force\-meta\-prefix -is set to \fBOff\fP (the default), +is set to \fBOff\fP (the default), readline uses the value of the -.B convert\-meta +.B convert\-meta variable to determine whether to perform this conversion: -if \fBconvert\-meta\fP is \fBOn\fP, +if \fBconvert\-meta\fP is \fBOn\fP, readline performs the conversion described above; -if it is \fBOff\fP, Readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by +if it is \fBOff\fP, readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200). .TP -.B expand\-tilde (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline -attempts word completion. -.TP .B history\-preserve\-point (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP @@ -6734,29 +6762,28 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. -By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the -\fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable. -If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value, -the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. +By default, \fBbash\fP sets the the maximum number of history entries to +the value of the \fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable. +Setting \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value will set +the maximum number of history entries to 500. .TP .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off) -When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display, -scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it -becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. +Setting this variable to \fBOn\fP makes readline use a single line +for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line +when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to +a new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1. .TP .B input\-meta (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, -it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it +will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. -The name -.B meta\-flag -is a synonym for this variable. The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP -if the locale contains -characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. +if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes +with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +its value may change if the locale changes. +The name \fBmeta\-flag\fP is a synonym for \fBinput\-meta\fP. .TP .BR isearch\-terminators\ ( \c .Q \fBC\-[C\-J\fP \fB)\fP @@ -6766,42 +6793,41 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters \fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search. .TP .B keymap (emacs) -Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is +Set the current readline keymap. +The set of valid keymap names is \fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, vi\-command\fP, and .IR vi\-insert . -\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is -equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. The default value is -.IR emacs ; +\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; +\fIemacs\fP is equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. +The default value is \fIemacs\fP; the value of .B editing\-mode also affects the default keymap. .TP .B keyseq\-timeout (500) -Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an -ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using -the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer -key sequence). -If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter -but complete key sequence. +Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when +reading an ambiguous key sequence +(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, +or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). +If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the +shorter but complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that -\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input. +readline will wait one second for additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a -non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to +non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. .TP .B mark\-directories (On) -If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash -appended. +If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash appended. .TP .B mark\-modified\-lines (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays history lines that have been modified with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP). .TP .B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories -have a slash appended (subject to the value of -\fBmark\-directories\fP). +have a slash appended, subject to the value of \fBmark\-directories\fP. .TP .B match\-hidden\-files (On) This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, forces readline to match files whose @@ -6822,10 +6848,10 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP -if the locale contains -characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. +if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include +bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +its value may change if the locale changes. .TP .B page\-completions (On) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager @@ -6840,7 +6866,8 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. .TP .B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines -before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed. By default, +before returning when executing \fBaccept\-line\fP. +By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to \fBreadline\fP. .TP @@ -6849,8 +6876,8 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a case\-insensitive fashion. .TP .B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off) -This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If -set to +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. +If set to .BR On , words which have more than one possible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. @@ -6872,20 +6899,19 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP). .TP .B skip\-completed\-text (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when -inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when -performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline -does not insert characters from the completion that match characters -after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word -following the cursor are not duplicated. +inserting a single match into the line. +It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. +If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion +that match characters after point in the word being completed, +so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. .TP .B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd)) If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. -The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of +meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. +The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. .TP @@ -6893,10 +6919,9 @@ sequence into the mode string. If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. -The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of +meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. +The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. .TP @@ -6909,14 +6934,16 @@ completions. Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result -of tests. There are four parser directives used. +of tests. +There are four parser directives available. .TP .B $if The .B $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, +readline. +The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. .RS @@ -6932,15 +6959,17 @@ readline is starting out in emacs mode. .B term The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the -terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the +terminal's function keys. +The word on the right side of the .B = is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion -of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows -.I sun +of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. +This allows +.I xterm to match both -.I sun +.I xterm and -.IR sun\-cmd , +.IR xterm\-256color , for instance. .TP .B version @@ -6959,8 +6988,9 @@ and .BR > . The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional -minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). If the minor version is omitted, it -is assumed to be \fB0\fP. +minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). +If the minor version is omitted, it +defaults to \fB0\fP. The operator may be separated from the string \fBversion\fP and from the version number argument by whitespace. .TP @@ -6971,7 +7001,8 @@ Each program using the readline library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for -a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +a specific program. +For instance, the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP: .PP .RS @@ -6992,22 +7023,23 @@ The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand side by whitespace. -Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +String and boolean variables may be tested. +Boolean variables must be tested against the values \fIon\fP and \fIoff\fP. .RE .TP -.B $endif -This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an -\fB$if\fP command. -.TP .B $else Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if the test fails. .TP +.B $endif +This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +\fB$if\fP command. +.TP .B $include This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands -and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive -would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP: +and key bindings from that file. +For example, the following directive would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP: .PP .RS .nf @@ -7019,7 +7051,8 @@ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see .SM .B HISTORY -below) for lines containing a specified string. +below) +for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: .I incremental and @@ -7031,39 +7064,50 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. +When using emacs editing mode, type \fBC\-r\fP to +search backward in the history for a particular string. +Typing \fBC\-s\fP searches forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP variable are used to terminate an incremental search. -If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and -Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. -Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original -line. +If that variable has not been assigned a value, +\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search. +\fIC\-g\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. .PP -To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or -Control-R as appropriate. +To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-r\fP or +\fBC\-s\fP as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. -For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept +For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found +the current line, and begin editing. .PP -Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two -Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a -new search string, readline uses any remembered search string. +Readline remembers the last incremental search string. +If two \fBC\-r\fPs are typed without any intervening characters defining +a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string. .PP Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting -to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +to search for matching history entries. +The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. .SS "Readline Command Names" The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +.PP In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the \fBset\-mark\fP command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. +Readline has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP: +when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the +value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color variable +to denote the region. +Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below. .SS Commands for Moving .PD 0 .TP @@ -7082,8 +7126,8 @@ Move forward a character. Move back a character. .TP .B forward\-word (M\-f) -Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of -alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). .TP .B backward\-word (M\-b) Move back to the start of the current or previous word. @@ -7099,13 +7143,15 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. .TP .B previous\-screen\-line Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous -physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +physical screen line. +This will not have the desired effect if the current readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. .TP .B next\-screen\-line Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next -physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +physical screen line. +This will not have the desired effect if the current readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. @@ -7129,12 +7175,16 @@ Refresh the current line. .PD 0 .TP .B accept\-line (Newline, Return) -Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is -non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the +Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. +If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the +state of the .SM .B HISTCONTROL -variable. If the line is a modified history -line, then restore the history line to its original state. +and +.B HISTIGNORE +variables. +If the line is a modified history line, +restore the history line to its original state. .TP .B previous\-history (C\-p) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in @@ -7152,8 +7202,10 @@ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. .TP .B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o) -Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line -relative to the current line from the history for editing. +Accept the current line for execution as if a +newline had been entered, +and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history +for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line. .TP @@ -7168,37 +7220,42 @@ Search backward starting at the current line and moving .Q up through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region. .TP .B forward\-search\-history (C\-s) Search forward starting at the current line and moving .Q down through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region. .TP .B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p) Search backward through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. .TP .B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n) -Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for -a string supplied by the user. +Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. .TP .B history\-search\-backward Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards. .TP .B history\-search\-forward Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards. .TP .B history\-substring\-search\-backward Search backward through the history for the string of characters -between the start of the current line and the current cursor -position (the \fIpoint\fP). +between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. .TP @@ -7214,10 +7271,12 @@ the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument .IR n , insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words -in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument -inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command. -Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted -as if the +in the previous command begin with word 0). +A negative argument inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of +the previous command. +Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, +this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the +\fIn\fPth word, as if the .Q !\fIn\fP history expansion had been specified. .TP @@ -7230,10 +7289,11 @@ Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines -the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches -the direction through the history (back or forward). -The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, -as if the +the direction to move through the history. +A negative argument switches the direction through the history +(back or forward). +This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the +last word, as if the .Q !$ history expansion had been specified. .TP @@ -7247,21 +7307,21 @@ word splitting, and quote removal. An explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution. See .SM -.B HISTORY EXPANSION +.B "HISTORY EXPANSION" below for a description of history expansion. .TP .B history\-expand\-line (M\-\*^) Perform history expansion on the current line. See .SM -.B HISTORY EXPANSION +.B "HISTORY EXPANSION" below for a description of history expansion. .TP .B magic\-space Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See .SM -.B HISTORY EXPANSION +.B "HISTORY EXPANSION" below for a description of history expansion. .TP .B alias\-expand\-line @@ -7306,7 +7366,8 @@ same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP commonly is, see above for the effects. .TP .B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout) -Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, +Delete the character behind the cursor. +When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. .TP .B forward\-backward\-delete\-char @@ -7315,8 +7376,8 @@ end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is deleted. .TP .B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v) -Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is -how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example. +Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. +This is how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example. .TP .B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB) Insert a tab character. @@ -7324,6 +7385,19 @@ Insert a tab character. .B "self\-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \fR.\|.\|.\fP)" Insert the character typed. .TP +.B bracketed\-paste\-begin +This function is intended to be bound to the +.Q "bracketed paste" +escape +sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default. +It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating +each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +The pasted characters +are inserted as if each one was bound to \fBself\-insert\fP instead of +executing any editing commands. +.IP +Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and activates the region. +.TP .B transpose\-chars (C\-t) Drag the character before point forward over the character at point, moving point forward as well. @@ -7337,16 +7411,27 @@ moving point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. .TP +.B shell\-transpose\-words (M-C-t) +Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point past that word as well. +If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +Word boundaries are the same as \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP and +\fBshell\-backward\-word\fP. +.TP .B upcase\-word (M\-u) -Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +Uppercase the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. .TP .B downcase\-word (M\-l) -Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +Lowercase the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. .TP .B capitalize\-word (M\-c) -Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +Capitalize the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. .TP .B overwrite\-mode @@ -7356,6 +7441,7 @@ With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only \fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently. Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode. +.IP In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character @@ -7367,14 +7453,18 @@ but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards. .PD 0 .TP .B kill\-line (C\-k) -Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. +With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the +beginning of the line. .TP .B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout) -Kill backward to the beginning of the line. +Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. +With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the +end of the line. .TP .B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u) -Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring. .\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line .TP .B kill\-whole\-line @@ -7389,7 +7479,7 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP. Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP. .TP -.B shell\-kill\-word +.B shell\-kill\-word (M\-C\-d) Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP. @@ -7399,13 +7489,13 @@ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP. .TP .B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w) -Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring. .TP .B unix\-filename\-rubout Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character -as the word boundaries. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +as the word boundaries, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring. .TP .B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. @@ -7414,7 +7504,8 @@ Delete all spaces and tabs around point. Kill the text in the current region. .TP .B copy\-region\-as\-kill -Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. +Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, +so it can be yanked immediately. .TP .B copy\-backward\-word Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. @@ -7428,7 +7519,8 @@ The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP. Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. .TP .B yank\-pop (M\-y) -Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following +Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. +Only works following .B yank or .BR yank\-pop . @@ -7438,7 +7530,8 @@ or .TP .B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, \fR.\|.\|.\fP, M\-\-) Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new -argument. M\-\- starts a negative argument. +argument. +M\-\- starts a negative argument. .TP .B universal\-argument This is another way to specify an argument. @@ -7448,8 +7541,8 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing .B universal\-argument again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a -character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count -for the next command is multiplied by four. +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, +the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. @@ -7460,44 +7553,54 @@ argument count sixteen, and so on. .B complete (TAB) Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. .B Bash -attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the -text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with -\fB\*~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or -command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none -of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +attempts completion by first checking for any programmable +completions for the command word (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below), +otherwise treating the text as a +variable (if the text begins with \fB$\fP), +username (if the text begins with \fB\*~\fP), +hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or +command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn. +If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion. .TP .B possible\-completions (M\-?) List the possible completions of the text before point. +When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used +for display to the value of \fBcompletion-display-width\fP, the value of +the shell variable +.SM +.BR COLUMNS , +or the screen width, in that order. .TP .B insert\-completions (M\-*) Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by -\fBpossible\-completions\fP. +\fBpossible\-completions\fP, +separated by a space. .TP .B menu\-complete Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. -Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list +Repeatedly executing \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. -At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +At the end of the list of completions, +\fBmenu\-complete\fP rings the bell (subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP) -and the original text is restored. +and restores the original text. An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list -of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward -through the list. +of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list. This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound by default. .TP .B menu\-complete\-backward Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a -negative argument. This command is unbound by default. +negative argument. +This command is unbound by default. .TP .B delete\-char\-or\-list Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP). -If at the end of the line, behaves identically to -\fBpossible\-completions\fP. +At the end of the line, it behaves identically to \fBpossible\-completions\fP. This command is unbound by default. .TP .B complete\-filename (M\-/) @@ -7533,7 +7636,8 @@ treating it as a hostname. .TP .B complete\-command (M\-!) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating -it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +it as a command name. +Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. @@ -7544,7 +7648,7 @@ treating it as a command name. .TP .B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB) Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing -the text against lines from the history list for possible +the text against history list entries for possible completion matches. .TP .B dabbrev\-expand @@ -7605,7 +7709,8 @@ is equivalent to Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. .TP .B revert\-line (M\-r) -Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the +Undo all changes made to this line. +This is like executing the .B undo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. .TP @@ -7613,41 +7718,41 @@ command enough times to return the line to its initial state. Perform tilde expansion on the current word. .TP .B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-) -Set the mark to the point. If a -numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +Set the mark to the point. +If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position. .TP .B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x) -Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to -the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +Swap the point with the mark. +Set the current cursor position to the saved position, +then set the mark to the old cursor position. .TP .B character\-search (C\-]) -A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that -character. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. +Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character. +A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. .TP .B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-]) -A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that -character. A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences. +Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character. +A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences. .TP .B skip\-csi\-sequence Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those -defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a -Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[. If this sequence is -bound to -.Q \e[ , -keys producing such sequences will have no effect +defined for keys like Home and End. +CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[. +If this sequence is bound to +.Q \ee[ , +keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting -stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, -but usually bound to ESC\-[. +stray characters into the editing buffer. +This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC\-[. .TP .B insert\-comment (M\-#) -Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline +Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline .B comment\-begin -variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +variable at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value -of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise -the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of -the line. +of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, insert the value; otherwise delete +the characters in \fBcomment-begin\fP from the beginning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of \fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line @@ -7661,41 +7766,52 @@ or filename, in the same way as the \fBcdspell\fP shell option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP. .TP .B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g) -The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to -generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. +Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to +generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. .TP .B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *) -The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word. -If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, append a \fB*\fP before pathname expansion. .TP .B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g) -The list of expansions that would have been generated by +Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by .B glob\-expand\-word -is displayed, and the line is redrawn. -If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +and redisplay the line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, append a \fB*\fP before pathname expansion. .TP .B dump\-functions -Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the -readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +Print all of the functions and their key bindings +to the readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B dump\-variables -Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the -readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +Print all of the settable readline variables and their values +to the readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B dump\-macros Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the -strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +strings they output +to the readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP +.B execute\-named\-command (M-x) +Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was +bound appeared in the input. +If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that +argument to the function it executes. +.TP .B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v) Display version information about the current instance of .BR bash . @@ -7706,17 +7822,17 @@ which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" -below), Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities. +below), \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities. .PP -First, the command name is identified. +First, \fBbash\fP identifies the command name. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the -beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with -the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used. -If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full -pathname is searched for first. -If no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion attempts to +beginning of an empty line), \fBbash\fP uses any compspec defined with +the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP. +If the command word is a full pathname, \fBbash\fP +searches for a compspec for the full pathname first. +If there is no compspec for the full pathname, \fBbash\fP attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default. @@ -7724,38 +7840,39 @@ If there is no default compspec, \fBbash\fP attempts alias expansion on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word from any successful expansion. .PP -Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of -matching words. -If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as -described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed. +If a compspec is not found, \fBbash\fP performs its default completion as +described above under \fBCompleting\fP. +Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, \fBbash\fP uses it to generate +the list of matching words. .PP -First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +First, \fBbash\fP performs the \fIactions\fP specified by the compspec. Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the .B \-f or .B \-d -option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell -variable +option is used for filename or directory name completion, +\fBbash\fP uses the shell variable .SM .B FIGNORE -is used to filter the matches. +to filter the matches. .PP Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the \fB\-G\fP option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. -The -.SM -.B GLOBIGNORE -shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the +\fBBash\fP +uses the .SM .B FIGNORE -variable is used. +variable to filter the matches, but does not use the +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +shell variable. .PP -Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option -is considered. +Next, completion considers +the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option. The string is first split using the characters in the .SM .B IFS @@ -7770,10 +7887,11 @@ as described above under The results are split using the rules described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being -completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +completed, and the matching words become possible completions. .PP -After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command -specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked. +After these matches have been generated, +\fBbash\fP executes any shell function or command +specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options. When the command or function is invoked, the .SM .BR COMP_LINE , @@ -7794,14 +7912,14 @@ and .B COMP_CWORD variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, -the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are -being completed, +the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments +are being completed, the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. -No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed -is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating -the matches. +There is no filtering of the generated completions against the +word being completed; +the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. .PP Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the @@ -7839,11 +7957,11 @@ returned to \fBreadline\fP as the list of possible completions. .PP If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the \fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the -compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +compspec was defined, \fBbash\fP attempts directory name completion. .PP If the \fB\-o plusdirs\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the -compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any -matches are added to the results of the other actions. +compspec was defined, \fBbash\fP attempts directory name completion and +adds any matches to the set of possible completions. .PP By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. @@ -7852,9 +7970,10 @@ default of filename completion are disabled. If the \fB\-o bashdefault\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, -the \fBbash\fP default completions are attempted. +\fBbash\fP attempts its default completions. If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the -compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed +compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform +readline's default completion if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions) generate no matches. .PP @@ -7867,8 +7986,8 @@ of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable. There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified with \fBcomplete \-D\fP. -It's possible for shell functions executed as completion -handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +It's possible for shell functions executed as completion functions +to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being @@ -7916,14 +8035,13 @@ The value of the .SM .B HISTSIZE variable is used as the -number of commands to save in a history list. -The text of the last +number of commands to save in a history list: +the shell saves the text of the last .SM .B HISTSIZE -commands (default 500) is saved. -The shell -stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and -variable expansion (see +commands (default 500). +The shell stores each command in the history list prior to +parameter and variable expansion (see .SM .B EXPANSION above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the @@ -7943,9 +8061,10 @@ variable (default \fI\*~/.bash_history\fP). That file is referred to as the \fIhistory file\fP. The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of history entries -specified by the value of +specified by the value of the .SM -.BR HISTFILESIZE . +.B HISTFILESIZE +variable. If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. .PP @@ -7974,34 +8093,32 @@ under .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below), \fBbash\fP appends the entries to the history file, -otherwise the history file is overwritten. +otherwise it overwrites the history file. If .SM .B HISTFILE is unset or null, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. +After saving the history, \fBbash\fP truncates the history file +to contain no more than +.SM +.B HISTFILESIZE +lines as described above. +.PP If the .SM .B HISTTIMEFORMAT -variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked -with the history comment character, so -they may be preserved across shell sessions. +variable is set, the shell writes +the timestamp information +associated with each history entry to the history file, +marked with the history comment character, so +timestamps are preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using .SM .BR HISTTIMEFORMAT , the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries. -After saving the history, \fBbash\fP truncates the history file -to contain no more than -.SM -.B HISTFILESIZE -lines. -If -.SM -.B HISTFILESIZE -is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, -or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. .PP The .B fc @@ -8025,9 +8142,9 @@ and .SM .B HISTIGNORE variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered. -The +If the .B cmdhist -shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +shell option is enabled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The @@ -8075,8 +8192,10 @@ The first is to determine which history list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that entry to include into the current one. +.PP The entry selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP, and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP. +Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. @@ -8103,7 +8222,7 @@ There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the \fIquick substitution\fP character (described above under .BR histchars ) is the first character on the line. -It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator +It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator equivalent to \fB!!\fP, and substitutes one string for another in that entry. It is described below under \fBEvent Designators\fP. @@ -8170,7 +8289,7 @@ position in the history list. .B ! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a .BR blank , -newline, carriage return, = +newline, carriage return, =, or, when the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin, (. .TP @@ -8183,7 +8302,7 @@ Refer to the current entry minus .IR n . .TP .B !! -Refer to the previous command. +Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for .Q !\-1 . .TP @@ -8253,7 +8372,7 @@ zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. .TP .B % The first word matched by the most recent -.Q ?\fIstring\fP?' +.Q ?\fIstring\fP? search, if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and proceed to the @@ -8273,7 +8392,7 @@ This is a synonym for It is not an error to use .B * if there is just one word in the event; -it expands to the empty string in this case. +it expands to the empty string in that case. .TP .B x* Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP. @@ -8294,10 +8413,10 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. .PD 0 .TP .B h -Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. +Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. .TP .B t -Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. +Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. .TP .B r Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the @@ -8853,13 +8972,14 @@ matches were generated. \fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fIname\fP .\|.\|.] .PD Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed. +.IP If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options or \fIname\fPs -are supplied, -existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows -them to be reused as input. +are supplied, print existing completion specifications +in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all completion specifications. +.IP The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to the .Q default @@ -8880,8 +9000,8 @@ If any of \fB\-D\fP, \fB\-E\fP, or \fB\-I\fP are supplied, any other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the option. .IP -The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion -is attempted is described +The process of applying these completion specifications when +attempting word completion is described .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1). .el above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP. .IP @@ -8906,35 +9026,36 @@ Perform the rest of the default \fBbash\fP completions if the compspec generates no matches. .TP 8 .B default -Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +Use \fBreadline\fP's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. .TP 8 .B dirnames Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. .TP 8 .B filenames -Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any -filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +Tell \fBreadline\fP that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform +any filename\-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). -Intended to be used with shell functions. +This is intended to be used with shell functions. .TP 8 .B fullquote -Tell readline to quote all the completed words even if they are not +Tell \fBreadline\fP to quote all the completed words even if they are not filenames. .TP 8 .B noquote -Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +Tell \fBreadline\fP not to quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). .TP 8 .B nosort -Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. +Tell \fBreadline\fP not to sort the list of possible completions +alphabetically. .TP 8 .B nospace -Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at -the end of the line. +Tell \fBreadline\fP not to append a space (the default) to words completed +at the end of the line. .TP 8 .B plusdirs -After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +After generating any matches defined by the compspec, attempt directory name completion and add any matches to the results of the other actions. .RE @@ -8945,7 +9066,8 @@ completions: .RS .TP 8 .B alias -Alias names. May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP. +Alias names. +May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP. .TP 8 .B arrayvar Array variable names. @@ -8954,13 +9076,16 @@ Array variable names. \fBReadline\fP key binding names. .TP 8 .B builtin -Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP. +Names of shell builtin commands. +May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP. .TP 8 .B command -Command names. May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP. +Command names. +May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP. .TP 8 .B directory -Directory names. May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP. +Directory names. +May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP. .TP 8 .B disabled Names of disabled shell builtins. @@ -8969,16 +9094,19 @@ Names of disabled shell builtins. Names of enabled shell builtins. .TP 8 .B export -Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP. +Names of exported shell variables. +May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP. .TP 8 .B file -File names. May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP. +File names. +May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP. .TP 8 .B function Names of shell functions. .TP 8 .B group -Group names. May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP. +Group names. +May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP. .TP 8 .B helptopic Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin. @@ -8990,16 +9118,19 @@ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the shell variable. .TP 8 .B job -Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP. +Job names, if job control is active. +May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP. .TP 8 .B keyword -Shell reserved words. May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP. +Shell reserved words. +May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP. .TP 8 .B running Names of running jobs, if job control is active. .TP 8 .B service -Service names. May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP. +Service names. +May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP. .TP 8 .B setopt Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin. @@ -9014,10 +9145,12 @@ Signal names. Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. .TP 8 .B user -User names. May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP. +User names. +May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP. .TP 8 .B variable -Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP. +Names of all shell variables. +May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP. .RE .TP 8 \fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP @@ -9031,12 +9164,12 @@ environment. When the function is executed, the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, -the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, -and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being +the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, and +the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. When \fIfunction\fP finishes, -the possible completions are retrieved from the value -of the +programmable completion retrieves +the possible completions from the value of the .SM .B COMPREPLY array variable. @@ -9054,10 +9187,10 @@ Append \fIsuffix\fP to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. .TP 8 \fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP -The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the +Split the \fIwordlist\fP using the characters in the .SM .B IFS -special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is expanded. +special variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word. Shell quoting is honored within \fIwordlist\fP, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters @@ -9065,7 +9198,7 @@ in the value of .SM .BR IFS . The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which -match the word being completed. +match a prefix of the word being completed. .TP 8 \fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP \fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. @@ -9098,19 +9231,18 @@ If no \fIoption\fPs are supplied, display the completion options for each \fIname\fP or the current completion. The possible values of \fIoption\fP are those valid for the \fBcomplete\fP builtin described above. +.IP The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the .Q default -command completion; that is, completion attempted -on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. -The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options should +command completion; +the \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options should apply to .Q empty -command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. -The \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options should -apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, -or after a command delimiter such as \fB;\fP or \fB|\fP, which is usually -command name completion. +command completion; and +the \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to completion on the initial word on the line. +These are determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin. .IP If multiple options are supplied, the \fB\-D\fP option takes precedence over \fB\-E\fP, and both take precedence over \fB\-I\fP. @@ -9436,20 +9568,20 @@ vertical tab backslash .TP .B \e0\fInnn\fP -the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP -(zero to three octal digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(zero to three octal digits). .TP .B \ex\fIHH\fP -the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP -(one or two hex digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits). .TP .B \eu\fIHHHH\fP -the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits). .TP .B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP -the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits). .PD .PP \fBecho\fP writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged. @@ -9635,10 +9767,10 @@ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). .IP -When listing, a \fIfirst\fP or \fIlast\fP of -0 is equivalent to \-1 and \-0 is equivalent to the current -command (usually the \fBfc\fP command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to \-1 -and \-0 is invalid. +When listing, a \fIfirst\fP or \fIlast\fP of 0 is equivalent to \-1 +and \-0 is equivalent to the current command +(usually the \fBfc\fP command); +otherwise 0 is equivalent to \-1 and \-0 is invalid. If .I last is not specified, it is set to @@ -9988,8 +10120,8 @@ These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session, but not already appended to the history file. .TP .B \-n -Read the history lines not already read from the history -file into the current history list. +Read the history lines not already read from the history file +and add them to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session. .TP @@ -9997,8 +10129,8 @@ current \fBbash\fP session. Read the history file and append its contents to the current history list. .TP .B \-w -Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the -history file's contents. +Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting +the history file. .TP .B \-p Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display @@ -10021,7 +10153,7 @@ If the .B HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set, \fBhistory\fP writes the time stamp information associated with each history entry to the history file, -marked with the history comment character. +marked with the history comment character as described above. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. @@ -11152,6 +11284,7 @@ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the option is used, those available with the .B \-o option to the \fBset\fP builtin command. +.IP With no options, or with the .B \-p option, display a list of all settable options, with @@ -11159,6 +11292,7 @@ an indication of whether or not each is set; if any \fIoptnames\fP are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The \fB\-p\fP option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. +.IP Other options have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 @@ -11307,6 +11441,7 @@ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode .B "SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE" .ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash\fP(1)). .el below). +.PD 0 .TP 8 .B complete_fullquote If set, @@ -11827,7 +11962,7 @@ the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort using the current locale. If the shell is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. -.IP +.PP The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like primaries. The POSIX @@ -11844,7 +11979,7 @@ Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. .TP -\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-Plp\fP] [[\fIaction\fP] \fIsigspec\fP .\|.\|.] +\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lpP\fP] [[\fIaction\fP] \fIsigspec\fP .\|.\|.] The .I action is a command that is read and executed when the shell receives @@ -12081,8 +12216,8 @@ any are not found. Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control. .IP -The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is -set for the given resource. +The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify whether +the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified, @@ -12109,73 +12244,73 @@ Other options are interpreted as follows: .PD 0 .TP .B \-a -Report all current limits; no limits are set +Report all current limits; no limits are set. .TP .B \-b -The maximum socket buffer size +The maximum socket buffer size. .TP .B \-c -The maximum size of core files created +The maximum size of core files created. .TP .B \-d -The maximum size of a process's data segment +The maximum size of a process's data segment. .TP .B \-e The maximum scheduling priority (\c .Q nice ). .TP .B \-f -The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children +The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. .TP .B \-i -The maximum number of pending signals +The maximum number of pending signals. .TP .B \-k -The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated +The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. .TP .B \-l -The maximum size that may be locked into memory +The maximum size that may be locked into memory. .TP .B \-m -The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) +The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). .TP .B \-n The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not -allow this value to be set) +allow this value to be set). .TP .B \-p -The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) +The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set). .TP .B \-q -The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues +The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. .TP .B \-r -The maximum real-time scheduling priority +The maximum real-time scheduling priority. .TP .B \-s -The maximum stack size +The maximum stack size. .TP .B \-t -The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds +The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. .TP .B \-u -The maximum number of processes available to a single user +The maximum number of processes available to a single user. .TP .B \-v The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on -some systems, to its children +some systems, to its children. .TP .B \-x -The maximum number of file locks +The maximum number of file locks. .TP .B \-P -The maximum number of pseudoterminals +The maximum number of pseudoterminals. .TP .B \-R -The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds +The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds. .TP .B \-T -The maximum number of threads +The maximum number of threads. .PD .PP If diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 3d9db74e..bd99b64f 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2024 September 29BASH(1) +BASH(1)2024 October 10BASH(1)

Index @@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ below under

When the shell is in posix mode, time -may be followed by a newline. +may appear by itself as the only word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The @@ -1578,27 +1578,27 @@ question mark

\nnn
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn -(one to three octal digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(one to three octal digits).
\xHH
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH -(one or two hex digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits).
\uHHHH
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHH (one to four hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits).
\UHHHHHHHH
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).
\cx
-a control-x character +A control-x character. @@ -1839,11 +1839,11 @@ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parameters are denoted by one of the following characters. -
-
* - +
+* + ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter expands to a separate word. @@ -4003,8 +4003,9 @@ within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right.

-Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded -string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. +Brace expansions may be nested. +The results of each expanded string are not sorted; +brace expansion preserves left to right order. For example, a{d,c,b}e expands into

@@ -4279,7 +4280,6 @@ When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.

-

${parameter:-word}
Use Default Values. If @@ -4333,10 +4333,12 @@ is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of is substituted. The value of parameter is not used. -
${parameter:offset}
- -
${parameter:offset:length}
- +
+
+${parameter:offset} +
+
+${parameter:offset:length} Substring Expansion. Expands to up to length characters of the value of parameter starting at the character specified by offset. @@ -4386,8 +4388,9 @@ Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If offset is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $0 is prefixed to the list. -
${!prefix*}
- +
+
+${!prefix*}
${!prefix@}
Names matching prefix. @@ -4399,8 +4402,9 @@ separated by the first character of the special variable. When @ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. -
${!name[@]}
- +
+
+${!name[@]}
${!name[*]}
List of array keys. @@ -4440,8 +4444,9 @@ is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of parameter, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. -
${parameter#word}
- +
+
+${parameter#word}
${parameter##word}
Remove matching prefix pattern. @@ -4490,8 +4495,9 @@ or the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -
${parameter%word}
- +
+
+${parameter%word}
${parameter%%word}
Remove matching suffix pattern. @@ -4536,8 +4542,9 @@ or the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -
${parameter/pattern/string}
- +
+
+${parameter/pattern/string}
${parameter//pattern/string}
${parameter/#pattern/string}
${parameter/%pattern/string}
@@ -4622,8 +4629,9 @@ or the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -
${parameter^pattern}
- +
+
+${parameter^pattern}
${parameter^^pattern}
${parameter,pattern}
${parameter,,pattern}
@@ -4667,7 +4675,9 @@ or the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -
${parameter@operator}
+
+
+${parameter@operator} Parameter transformation. The expansion is either a transformation of the value of parameter or information about parameter itself, depending on the value of @@ -4676,7 +4686,6 @@ or information about parameter itself, depending on the value of

-
U @@ -6877,33 +6886,33 @@ The shell has an execution environment, which consists of the following:
*
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by -redirections supplied to the exec builtin +Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the exec builtin.
*
-the current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or -popd, or inherited by the shell at invocation +The current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or +popd, or inherited by the shell at invocation.
*
-the file creation mode mask as set by umask or inherited from -the shell's parent +The file creation mode mask as set by umask or inherited from +the shell's parent.
*
-current traps set by trap +Current traps set by trap.
*
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set -or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
*
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's -parent in the environment +Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment.
*
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line -arguments) or by set +Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by set.
*
-options enabled by shopt +Options enabled by shopt.
*
-shell aliases defined with alias +Shell aliases defined with alias.
*
-various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value +Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$, and the value of -PPID +PPID.
@@ -6916,18 +6925,18 @@ the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell.
*
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified -by redirections to the command +The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command.
*
-the current working directory +The current working directory.
*
-the file creation mode mask +The file creation mode mask.
*
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables -exported for the command, passed in the environment +Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment.
*
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the -shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored +Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.

@@ -7689,7 +7698,7 @@ The username of the current user.

\v
-The bash version (e.g., 2.00) +The bash version (e.g., 2.00).
\V
@@ -7791,8 +7800,8 @@ shell, unless the option is supplied at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the -e option to the read builtin. -By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. -A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs; +a vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time using the -o emacs @@ -7820,8 +7829,7 @@ builtin.  

Readline Notation

-In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote -keystrokes. +This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-key, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Similarly, meta @@ -7843,7 +7851,7 @@ or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the x -key.) +key.

On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with @@ -7854,7 +7862,7 @@ key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph.

-If the Meta key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, +If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you can make M-key key bindings you specify (see Readline Key Bindings @@ -7866,18 +7874,19 @@ Readline commands may be given numeric which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. -Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward -direction (e.g., kill-line) causes that command to act in a -backward direction. +Passing a negative argument +to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., kill-line) +makes that command act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below.

When a command is described as killing text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval -(yanking). The killed text is saved in a -kill ring. Consecutive kills cause the text to be -accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +(yanking). +The killed text is saved in a kill ring. +Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text +into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.   @@ -7889,29 +7898,33 @@ The name of this file is taken from the value of the INPUTRC -variable. If that variable is unset, the default is +shell variable. +If that variable is unset, the default is ~/.inputrc. -If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is +If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for /etc/inputrc. -When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the -initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables -are set. -There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the -readline initialization file. +When a program which uses the readline library starts up, +readline reads the initialization file +and sets the key bindings and variables found there, +before reading any user input. +

+ +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a # are comments. Lines beginning with a $ indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.

-The default key-bindings may be changed with an +The default key-bindings in this section +may be changed using key binding commands in the inputrc file. -Other programs that use this library may add their own commands -and bindings. +Programs that use the readline library, including bash, +may add their own commands and bindings.

For example, placing @@ -7936,13 +7949,13 @@ would make M-C-u execute the readline command

-The following symbolic character names are recognized: -RUBOUT, - +Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: DEL, ESC, +ESCAPE, + LFD, NEWLINE, @@ -7951,10 +7964,12 @@ The following symbolic character names are recognized: RETURN, -SPC, +RUBOUT, SPACE, +SPC, + and TAB. @@ -7962,17 +7977,24 @@ and In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro). +The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is +enclosed in single or double quotes.  

Readline Key Bindings

The syntax for controlling key bindings in the inputrc -file is simple. All that is required is the name of the -command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which -it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: -as a symbolic key name, possibly with Meta- or Control- -prefixes, or as a key sequence. +file is simple. +All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro +and a key sequence to which it should be bound. +The key sequence may be specified in one of two ways: +as a symbolic key name, +possibly with Meta- or Control- prefixes, +or as a key sequence composed of one or more characters +enclosed in double quotes. +The key sequence and name are separated by a colon. +There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon.

When using the form keyname:function-name or macro, @@ -8027,9 +8049,10 @@ differs from above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence -within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be -used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names -are not recognized. +within double quotes. +Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be +used, as in the following example, but none of +the symbolic character names are recognized.

@@ -8071,36 +8094,37 @@ is bound to insert the text

-The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is +The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when specifying +key sequences is

\C-
-control prefix +A control prefix.
\M-
-adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta -character, as described below under force-meta-prefix +Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta +character, as described below under force-meta-prefix.
\e
-an escape character +An escape character.
\\
-backslash +Backslash.
\
-literal " - +Literal " +, a double quote.
\'
-literal ' +Literal ', a single quote.
@@ -8146,13 +8170,13 @@ vertical tab
\nnn
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn -(one to three digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(one to three digits).
\xHH
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH -(one or two hex digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits).
@@ -8161,7 +8185,8 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. -In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded +in the macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. @@ -8169,27 +8194,32 @@ including " Bash -allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified -with the +will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the bind -builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive -use by using the --o +builtin command. +The +-o emacs -option to the +or +-o vi + +options to the set -builtin command (see +builtin +(see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS -below). +below) +will change the editing mode during interactive use.  

Readline Variables

Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its -behavior. A variable may be set in the +behavior. +A variable may be set in the inputrc file with a statement of the form @@ -8221,6 +8251,16 @@ When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values, are equivalent to On. All other values are equivalent to Off. +

+ +The bind -V command lists the current readline variable names +and values (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +

+ The variables and their default values are:

@@ -8261,14 +8301,14 @@ A sample value might be

Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. -If set to none, readline never rings the bell. If set to -visible, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to none, readline never rings the bell. +If set to visible, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to audible, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
bind-tty-special-chars (On)
-If set to On (the default), readline attempts to bind -the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's +If set to On, readline attempts to bind +the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline equivalents. These override the default readline bindings described here. Type @@ -8305,10 +8345,10 @@ environment variable.
-The string that is inserted when the readline +The string that the readline insert-comment -command is executed. +command inserts. This command is bound to M-# @@ -8339,10 +8379,12 @@ performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
completion-prefix-display-length (0)
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible -completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a -value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are -replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +The maximum +length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. +When set to a value greater than zero, readline +replaces common prefixes longer than this value +with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
completion-query-items (100)
@@ -8353,29 +8395,29 @@ It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; -otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. +otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero.
convert-meta (On)
If set to On, readline will convert characters it reads -with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence -by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character +that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by +clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting the character to have the meta prefix). The default is On, but readline will set it to Off if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +may change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of force-meta-prefix below.
disable-completion (Off)
-If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion -characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been -mapped to self-insert. +If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion. +Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they +had been mapped to self-insert.
echo-control-characters (On)
@@ -8385,7 +8427,7 @@ keyboard.
editing-mode (emacs)
-Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar +Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar to Emacs or vi. editing-mode @@ -8399,11 +8441,12 @@ or
If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, -this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary -prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the +primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.
enable-active-region (On) @@ -8416,8 +8459,7 @@ When this variable is set to On, readline allows certain commands to designate the region as active. When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using the value of the active-region-start-color, which defaults to the -string that enables -the terminal's standout mode. +string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
enable-bracketed-paste (On) @@ -8426,49 +8468,50 @@ matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. When set to On, readline configures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. -This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key +This is called bracketed-paste mode; +it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text.
enable-keypad (Off)
When set to On, readline will try to enable the application -keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the -arrow keys. +keypad when it is called. +Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
enable-meta-key (On)
When set to On, readline will try to enable any meta modifier -key the terminal claims to support when it is called. +key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed (a meta character). +
expand-tilde (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline performs tilde expansion when it +attempts word completion.
force-meta-prefix (Off)
If set to On, readline modifies its behavior when binding key sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see Key Bindings above) by converting a key sequence of the form -\M-C or Meta-C to the two-character sequence -ESCC (adding the meta prefix). +\M-C or Meta-C to the two-character sequence +ESCC (adding the meta prefix). If force-meta-prefix -is set to Off (the default), +is set to Off (the default), readline uses the value of the -convert-meta +convert-meta variable to determine whether to perform this conversion: -if convert-meta is On, +if convert-meta is On, readline performs the conversion described above; -if it is Off, Readline converts C to a meta character by +if it is Off, readline converts C to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200). -
expand-tilde (Off) - -
-If set to On, tilde expansion is performed when readline -attempts word completion.
history-preserve-point (Off)
@@ -8483,32 +8526,30 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. -By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the -HISTSIZE shell variable. -If an attempt is made to set history-size to a non-numeric value, -the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. +By default, bash sets the the maximum number of history entries to +the value of the HISTSIZE shell variable. +Setting history-size to a non-numeric value will set +the maximum number of history entries to 500.
horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)
-When set to On, makes readline use a single line for display, -scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it -becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. +Setting this variable to On makes readline use a single line +for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line +when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to +a new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
input-meta (Off)
-If set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, -it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), +If set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it +will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. -The name -meta-flag - -is a synonym for this variable. The default is Off, but readline will set it to On -if the locale contains -characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. +if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes +with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +its value may change if the locale changes. +The name meta-flag is a synonym for input-meta.
isearch-terminators (
@@ -8520,15 +8561,15 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
keymap (emacs)
-Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is +Set the current readline keymap. +The set of valid keymap names is emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-command, and vi-insert. -vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is -equivalent to emacs-standard. The default value is -emacs; - +vi is equivalent to vi-command; +emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. +The default value is emacs; the value of editing-mode @@ -8536,33 +8577,31 @@ also affects the default keymap.
keyseq-timeout (500)
-Specifies the duration readline will wait for a character when reading an -ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using -the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer -key sequence). -If no input is received within the timeout, readline will use the shorter -but complete key sequence. +Specifies the duration readline will wait for a character when +reading an ambiguous key sequence +(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, +or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). +If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the +shorter but complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that -readline will wait one second for additional input. +readline will wait one second for additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a -non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to +non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete.
mark-directories (On)
-If set to On, completed directory names have a slash -appended. +If set to On, completed directory names have a slash appended.
mark-modified-lines (Off)
-If set to On, history lines that have been modified are displayed +If set to On, readline displays history lines that have been modified with a preceding asterisk (*).
mark-symlinked-directories (Off)
If set to On, completed names which are symbolic links to directories -have a slash appended (subject to the value of -mark-directories). +have a slash appended, subject to the value of mark-directories.
match-hidden-files (On)
@@ -8586,10 +8625,10 @@ If set to On, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is Off, but readline will set it to On -if the locale contains -characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. +if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include +bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +its value may change if the locale changes.
page-completions (On)
@@ -8608,7 +8647,8 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
If set to On, readline will undo all changes to history lines -before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, +before returning when executing accept-line. +By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to readline.
search-ignore-case (Off) @@ -8619,8 +8659,8 @@ history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
show-all-if-ambiguous (Off)
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If -set to +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. +If set to On, words which have more than one possible completion cause the @@ -8647,21 +8687,20 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., emacs-mode-string).
If set to On, this alters the default completion behavior when -inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when -performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline -does not insert characters from the completion that match characters -after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word -following the cursor are not duplicated. +inserting a single match into the line. +It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. +If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion +that match characters after point in the word being completed, +so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd))
If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. -The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of +meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. +The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.
vi-ins-mode-string ((ins)) @@ -8670,10 +8709,9 @@ sequence into the mode string. If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. -The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of +meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. +The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.
visible-stats (Off) @@ -8690,7 +8728,8 @@ completions. Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result -of tests. There are four parser directives used. +of tests. +There are four parser directives available.
$if @@ -8700,7 +8739,8 @@ The construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, +readline. +The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
@@ -8719,18 +8759,20 @@ readline is starting out in emacs mode.
The term= form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the -terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the +terminal's function keys. +The word on the right side of the = is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion -of the terminal name before the first -. This allows -sun +of the terminal name before the first -. +This allows +xterm to match both -sun +xterm and -sun-cmd, +xterm-256color, for instance.
version @@ -8758,8 +8800,9 @@ and The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional -minor version (e.g., 7.1). If the minor version is omitted, it -is assumed to be 0. +minor version (e.g., 7.1). +If the minor version is omitted, it +defaults to 0. The operator may be separated from the string version and from the version number argument by whitespace.
application @@ -8771,7 +8814,8 @@ Each program using the readline library sets the application name, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for -a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +a specific program. +For instance, the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bash:

@@ -8804,26 +8848,27 @@ The permitted comparison operators are =, ==, and !=. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand side by whitespace. -Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +String and boolean variables may be tested. +Boolean variables must be tested against the values on and off.

-
$endif - -
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an -$if command.
$else
Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if the test fails. +
$endif + +
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +$if command.
$include
This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands -and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive -would read /etc/inputrc: +and key bindings from that file. +For example, the following directive would read /etc/inputrc:

@@ -8842,7 +8887,8 @@ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history HISTORY -below) for lines containing a specified string. +below) +for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: incremental @@ -8857,33 +8903,38 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. +When using emacs editing mode, type C-r to +search backward in the history for a particular string. +Typing C-s searches forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators variable are used to terminate an incremental search. -If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and -Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. -Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original -line. +If that variable has not been assigned a value, +ESC and C-J will terminate an incremental search. +C-g will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line.

-To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or -Control-R as appropriate. +To find other matching entries in the history list, type C-r or +C-s as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. -For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept +For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found +the current line, and begin editing.

-Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two -Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a -new search string, readline uses any remembered search string. +Readline remembers the last incremental search string. +If two C-rs are typed without any intervening characters defining +a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.

Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting -to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +to search for matching history entries. +The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.  

Readline Command Names

@@ -8891,11 +8942,18 @@ typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +

+ In the following descriptions, point refers to the current cursor position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the set-mark command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. -  +Readline has the concept of an active region: +when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the +value of the active-region-start-color variable +to denote the region. +Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below. + 

Commands for Moving

@@ -8921,8 +8979,8 @@ Move back a character.
forward-word (M-f)
-Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of -alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
backward-word (M-b)
@@ -8942,14 +9000,16 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous -physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +physical screen line. +This will not have the desired effect if the current readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
next-screen-line
Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next -physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +physical screen line. +This will not have the desired effect if the current readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. @@ -8981,13 +9041,18 @@ Refresh the current line.
accept-line (Newline, Return)
-Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is -non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the +Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. +If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the +state of the HISTCONTROL -variable. If the line is a modified history -line, then restore the history line to its original state. +and +HISTIGNORE + +variables. +If the line is a modified history line, +restore the history line to its original state.
previous-history (C-p)
@@ -9010,8 +9075,10 @@ entered.
operate-and-get-next (C-o)
-Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line -relative to the current line from the history for editing. +Accept the current line for execution as if a +newline had been entered, +and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history +for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line.
fetch-history @@ -9027,6 +9094,7 @@ Search backward starting at the current line and moving through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
forward-search-history (C-s)
@@ -9034,21 +9102,25 @@ Search forward starting at the current line and moving through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
Search backward through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)
-Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for -a string supplied by the user. +Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
history-search-backward
Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards.
history-search-forward @@ -9056,14 +9128,14 @@ This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards.
Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards.
history-substring-search-backward
Search backward through the history for the string of characters -between the start of the current line and the current cursor -position (the point). +between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search.
history-substring-search-forward @@ -9082,10 +9154,12 @@ With an argument n, insert the nth word from the previous command (the words -in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument -inserts the nth word from the end of the previous command. -Once the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted -as if the +in the previous command begin with word 0). +A negative argument inserts the nth word from the end of +the previous command. +Once the argument n is computed, +this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the +nth word, as if the history expansion had been specified.
yank-last-arg (M-., M-_) @@ -9098,10 +9172,11 @@ Successive calls to yank-last-arg move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines -the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches -the direction through the history (back or forward). -The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, -as if the +the direction to move through the history. +A negative argument switches the direction through the history +(back or forward). +This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the +last word, as if the history expansion had been specified.
shell-expand-line (M-C-e) @@ -9198,7 +9273,8 @@ commonly is, see above for the effects.
backward-delete-char (Rubout)
-Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, +Delete the character behind the cursor. +When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
forward-backward-delete-char @@ -9209,8 +9285,8 @@ deleted.
quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)
-Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is -how to insert characters like C-q, for example. +Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. +This is how to insert characters like C-q, for example.
tab-insert (C-v TAB)
@@ -9219,6 +9295,20 @@ Insert a tab character.
Insert the character typed. +
bracketed-paste-begin + +
+This function is intended to be bound to the + +escape +sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default. +It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating +each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +The pasted characters +are inserted as if each one was bound to self-insert instead of +executing any editing commands. +
+Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and activates the region.
transpose-chars (C-t)
@@ -9234,20 +9324,32 @@ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. +
shell-transpose-words (M-C-t) + +
+Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point past that word as well. +If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +Word boundaries are the same as shell-forward-word and +shell-backward-word.
upcase-word (M-u)
-Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +Uppercase the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
downcase-word (M-l)
-Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +Lowercase the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
capitalize-word (M-c)
-Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +Capitalize the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
overwrite-mode @@ -9258,6 +9360,7 @@ With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently. Each call to readline() starts in insert mode. +
In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to backward-delete-char replace the character @@ -9274,16 +9377,20 @@ but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
kill-line (C-k)
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. +With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the +beginning of the line.
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
-Kill backward to the beginning of the line. +Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. +With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the +end of the line.
unix-line-discard (C-u)
-Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
kill-whole-line @@ -9300,7 +9407,7 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by forward-word.
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by backward-word. -
shell-kill-word +
shell-kill-word (M-C-d)
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between @@ -9314,14 +9421,14 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-backward-word.
unix-word-rubout (C-w)
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
unix-filename-rubout
Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character -as the word boundaries. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +as the word boundaries, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
delete-horizontal-space (M-\)
@@ -9333,7 +9440,8 @@ Kill the text in the current region.
copy-region-as-kill
-Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. +Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, +so it can be yanked immediately.
copy-backward-word
@@ -9351,7 +9459,8 @@ Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
yank-pop (M-y)
-Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following +Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. +Only works following yank or @@ -9368,7 +9477,8 @@ or
Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new -argument. M-- starts a negative argument. +argument. +M-- starts a negative argument.
universal-argument
@@ -9380,8 +9490,8 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a -character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count -for the next command is multiplied by four. +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, +the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. @@ -9398,34 +9508,45 @@ argument count sixteen, and so on. Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. Bash -attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the -text begins with $), username (if the text begins with -~), hostname (if the text begins with @), or -command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none -of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +attempts completion by first checking for any programmable +completions for the command word (see Programmable Completion below), +otherwise treating the text as a +variable (if the text begins with $), +username (if the text begins with ~), +hostname (if the text begins with @), or +command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn. +If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
possible-completions (M-?)
List the possible completions of the text before point. +When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used +for display to the value of completion-display-width, the value of +the shell variable +COLUMNS, + + +or the screen width, in that order.
insert-completions (M-*)
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by -possible-completions. +possible-completions, +separated by a space.
menu-complete
Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. -Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list +Repeatedly executing menu-complete steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. -At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +At the end of the list of completions, +menu-complete rings the bell (subject to the setting of bell-style) -and the original text is restored. +and restores the original text. An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list -of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward -through the list. +of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list. This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound by default.
menu-complete-backward @@ -9433,14 +9554,14 @@ by default.
Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the list of possible completions, as if menu-complete had been given a -negative argument. This command is unbound by default. +negative argument. +This command is unbound by default.
delete-char-or-list
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like delete-char). -If at the end of the line, behaves identically to -possible-completions. +At the end of the line, it behaves identically to possible-completions. This command is unbound by default.
complete-filename (M-/) @@ -9485,7 +9606,8 @@ treating it as a hostname.
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating -it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +it as a command name. +Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. @@ -9498,7 +9620,7 @@ treating it as a command name.
Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing -the text against lines from the history list for possible +the text against history list entries for possible completion matches.
dabbrev-expand @@ -9584,7 +9706,8 @@ Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
revert-line (M-r)
-Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the +Undo all changes made to this line. +This is like executing the undo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. @@ -9595,47 +9718,47 @@ Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
set-mark (C-@, M-<space>)
-Set the mark to the point. If a -numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +Set the mark to the point. +If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
-Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to -the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +Swap the point with the mark. +Set the current cursor position to the saved position, +then set the mark to the old cursor position.
character-search (C-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that -character. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. +Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character. +A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
character-search-backward (M-C-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that -character. A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences. +Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character. +A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
skip-csi-sequence
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those -defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a -Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is -bound to +defined for keys like Home and End. +CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. +If this sequence is bound to -keys producing such sequences will have no effect +keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting -stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, -but usually bound to ESC-[. +stray characters into the editing buffer. +This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
insert-comment (M-#)
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline +Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline comment-begin -variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +variable at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value -of comment-begin, the value is inserted, otherwise -the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of -the line. +of comment-begin, insert the value; otherwise delete +the characters in comment-begin from the beginning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of comment-begin causes this command to make the current line @@ -9651,46 +9774,58 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-forward-word.
glob-complete-word (M-g)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to -generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. +Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to +generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
glob-expand-word (C-x *)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word. -If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, append a * before pathname expansion.
glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
-The list of expansions that would have been generated by +Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by glob-expand-word -is displayed, and the line is redrawn. -If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +and redisplay the line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, append a * before pathname expansion.
dump-functions
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the -readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +Print all of the functions and their key bindings +to the readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file.
dump-variables
-Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the -readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +Print all of the settable readline variables and their values +to the readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file.
dump-macros
Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the -strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +strings they output +to the readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file. +
execute-named-command (M-x) + +
+Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was +bound appeared in the input. +If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that +argument to the function it executes.
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
@@ -9708,18 +9843,18 @@ using the complete builtin (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS -below), Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities. +below), readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.

-First, the command name is identified. +First, bash identifies the command name. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the -beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with -the -E option to complete is used. -If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full -pathname is searched for first. -If no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion attempts to +beginning of an empty line), bash uses any compspec defined with +the -E option to complete. +If the command word is a full pathname, bash +searches for a compspec for the full pathname first. +If there is no compspec for the full pathname, bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with the -D option to complete is used as the default. @@ -9728,13 +9863,13 @@ on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word from any successful expansion.

-Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of -matching words. -If a compspec is not found, the default bash completion as -described above under Completing is performed. +If a compspec is not found, bash performs its default completion as +described above under Completing. +Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, bash uses it to generate +the list of matching words.

-First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +First, bash performs the actions specified by the compspec. Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the @@ -9743,31 +9878,32 @@ When the or -d -option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell -variable +option is used for filename or directory name completion, +bash uses the shell variable FIGNORE -is used to filter the matches. +to filter the matches.

Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the -G option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. -The -GLOBIGNORE +Bash +uses the +FIGNORE -shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the -FIGNORE +variable to filter the matches, but does not use the +GLOBIGNORE -variable is used. +shell variable.

-Next, the string specified as the argument to the -W option -is considered. +Next, completion considers +the string specified as the argument to the -W option. The string is first split using the characters in the IFS @@ -9784,11 +9920,12 @@ as described above under The results are split using the rules described above under Word Splitting. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being -completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +completed, and the matching words become possible completions.

-After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command -specified with the -F and -C options is invoked. +After these matches have been generated, +bash executes any shell function or command +specified with the -F and -C options. When the command or function is invoked, the COMP_LINE, @@ -9815,14 +9952,14 @@ and variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, -the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are -being completed, +the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments +are being completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. -No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed -is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating -the matches. +There is no filtering of the generated completions against the +word being completed; +the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.

Any function specified with -F is invoked first. @@ -9867,12 +10004,12 @@ returned to readline as the list of possible completions. If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the -o dirnames option was supplied to complete when the -compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +compspec was defined, bash attempts directory name completion.

If the -o plusdirs option was supplied to complete when the -compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any -matches are added to the results of the other actions. +compspec was defined, bash attempts directory name completion and +adds any matches to the set of possible completions.

By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned @@ -9882,9 +10019,10 @@ default of filename completion are disabled. If the -o bashdefault option was supplied to complete when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, -the bash default completions are attempted. +bash attempts its default completions. If the -o default option was supplied to complete when the -compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed +compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform +readline's default completion if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bash completions) generate no matches.

@@ -9899,8 +10037,8 @@ of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories readline variable. There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified with complete -D. -It's possible for shell functions executed as completion -handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +It's possible for shell functions executed as completion functions +to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being @@ -9958,15 +10096,14 @@ The value of the variable is used as the -number of commands to save in a history list. -The text of the last +number of commands to save in a history list: +the shell saves the text of the last HISTSIZE -commands (default 500) is saved. -The shell -stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and -variable expansion (see +commands (default 500). +The shell stores each command in the history list prior to +parameter and variable expansion (see EXPANSION @@ -9991,10 +10128,11 @@ variable (default ~/.bash_history). That file is referred to as the history file. The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of history entries -specified by the value of -HISTFILESIZE. +specified by the value of the +HISTFILESIZE +variable. If HISTFILESIZE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.

@@ -10031,20 +10169,30 @@ under below), bash appends the entries to the history file, -otherwise the history file is overwritten. +otherwise it overwrites the history file. If HISTFILE is unset or null, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. +After saving the history, bash truncates the history file +to contain no more than +HISTFILESIZE + + +lines as described above. +

+ If the HISTTIMEFORMAT -variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked -with the history comment character, so -they may be preserved across shell sessions. +variable is set, the shell writes +the timestamp information +associated with each history entry to the history file, +marked with the history comment character, so +timestamps are preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using @@ -10052,18 +10200,6 @@ As above, when using the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries. -After saving the history, bash truncates the history file -to contain no more than -HISTFILESIZE - - -lines. -If -HISTFILESIZE - - -is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, -or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.

The @@ -10094,10 +10230,10 @@ and variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered. -The +If the cmdhist -shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +shell option is enabled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The @@ -10158,8 +10294,11 @@ The first is to determine which history list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that entry to include into the current one. +

+ The entry selected from the history is the event, and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are words. +Various modifiers are available to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several metacharacter-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. @@ -10191,7 +10330,7 @@ There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the histchars) is the first character on the line. -It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator +It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator equivalent to !!, and substitutes one string for another in that entry. It is described below under Event Designators. @@ -10281,7 +10420,7 @@ position in the history list. Start a history substitution, except when followed by a blank, -newline, carriage return, = +newline, carriage return, =, or, when the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin, (.

!n @@ -10299,7 +10438,7 @@ Refer to the current entry minus
!!
-Refer to the previous command. +Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for
!string @@ -10417,7 +10556,7 @@ It is not an error to use * if there is just one word in the event; -it expands to the empty string in this case. +it expands to the empty string in that case.
x*
@@ -10447,11 +10586,11 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
h
-Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. +Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
t
-Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. +Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
r
@@ -11118,13 +11257,14 @@ matches were generated.
complete -pr [-DEI] [name ...]
Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. +
If the -p option is supplied, or if no options or names -are supplied, -existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows -them to be reused as input. +are supplied, print existing completion specifications +in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifications. +
The -D option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to the @@ -11145,8 +11285,8 @@ If any of -D, -E, or -I are supplied, any other name arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the option.
-The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion -is attempted is described +The process of applying these completion specifications when +attempting word completion is described above under Programmable Completion.
@@ -11175,7 +11315,7 @@ generates no matches.
default
-Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches.
dirnames @@ -11184,33 +11324,34 @@ Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
filenames
-Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any -filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform +any filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). -Intended to be used with shell functions. +This is intended to be used with shell functions.
fullquote
-Tell readline to quote all the completed words even if they are not +Tell readline to quote all the completed words even if they are not filenames.
noquote
-Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default).
nosort
-Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. +Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions +alphabetically.
nospace
-Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at -the end of the line. +Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed +at the end of the line.
plusdirs
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +After generating any matches defined by the compspec, attempt directory name completion and add any matches to the results of the other actions.
@@ -11223,7 +11364,8 @@ completions:
alias
-Alias names. May also be specified as -a. +Alias names. +May also be specified as -a.
arrayvar
@@ -11235,15 +11377,18 @@ Array variable names.
builtin
-Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. +Names of shell builtin commands. +May also be specified as -b.
command
-Command names. May also be specified as -c. +Command names. +May also be specified as -c.
directory
-Directory names. May also be specified as -d. +Directory names. +May also be specified as -d.
disabled
@@ -11255,11 +11400,13 @@ Names of enabled shell builtins.
export
-Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. +Names of exported shell variables. +May also be specified as -e.
file
-File names. May also be specified as -f. +File names. +May also be specified as -f.
function
@@ -11267,7 +11414,8 @@ Names of shell functions.
group
-Group names. May also be specified as -g. +Group names. +May also be specified as -g.
helptopic
@@ -11283,11 +11431,13 @@ shell variable.
job
-Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. +Job names, if job control is active. +May also be specified as -j.
keyword
-Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. +Shell reserved words. +May also be specified as -k.
running
@@ -11295,7 +11445,8 @@ Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
service
-Service names. May also be specified as -s. +Service names. +May also be specified as -s.
setopt
@@ -11315,11 +11466,13 @@ Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
user
-User names. May also be specified as -u. +User names. +May also be specified as -u.
variable
-Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. +Names of all shell variables. +May also be specified as -v.
-C command
@@ -11332,12 +11485,12 @@ environment. When the function is executed, the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, -the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, -and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being +the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and +the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. When function finishes, -the possible completions are retrieved from the value -of the +programmable completion retrieves +the possible completions from the value of the COMPREPLY @@ -11352,11 +11505,11 @@ after all other options have been applied. Append suffix to each possible completion after all other options have been applied.
-W wordlist
-The wordlist is split using the characters in the +Split the wordlist using the characters in the IFS -special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is expanded. +special variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word. Shell quoting is honored within wordlist, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters @@ -11365,7 +11518,7 @@ in the value of The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which -match the word being completed. +match a prefix of the word being completed.
-X filterpat
filterpat is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the @@ -11404,19 +11557,18 @@ If no options are supplied, display the completion options for each name or the current completion. The possible values of option are those valid for the complete builtin described above. +
The -D option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the -command completion; that is, completion attempted -on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. -The -E option indicates that other supplied options should +command completion; +the -E option indicates that other supplied options should apply to -command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. -The -I option indicates that other supplied options should -apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, -or after a command delimiter such as ; or |, which is usually -command name completion. +command completion; and +the -I option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to completion on the initial word on the line. +These are determined in the same way as the complete builtin.
If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence over -E, and both take precedence over -I. @@ -11811,23 +11963,23 @@ backslash
\0nnn
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn -(zero to three octal digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(zero to three octal digits).
\xHH
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH -(one or two hex digits) +The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits).
\uHHHH
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHH (one to four hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits).
\UHHHHHHHH
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).

@@ -12061,10 +12213,10 @@ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number).

-When listing, a first or last of -0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to the current -command (usually the fc command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 -and -0 is invalid. +When listing, a first or last of 0 is equivalent to -1 +and -0 is equivalent to the current command +(usually the fc command); +otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If last @@ -12491,8 +12643,8 @@ These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
-n
-Read the history lines not already read from the history -file into the current history list. +Read the history lines not already read from the history file +and add them to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bash session.
-r @@ -12502,8 +12654,8 @@ Read the history file and append its contents to the current history list.
-w
-Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the -history file's contents. +Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting +the history file.
-p
@@ -12532,7 +12684,7 @@ If the variable is set, history writes the time stamp information associated with each history entry to the history file, -marked with the history comment character. +marked with the history comment character as described above. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. @@ -13912,6 +14064,7 @@ option is used, those available with the -o option to the set builtin command. +
With no options, or with the -p @@ -13920,6 +14073,7 @@ an indication of whether or not each is set; if any optnames are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The -p option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. +
Other options have the following meanings:
@@ -14111,6 +14265,7 @@ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode below). +
complete_fullquote
@@ -14735,8 +14890,8 @@ the < and > operators sort using the current locale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the test and [ commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. -
-
+

+ The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like primaries. The POSIX @@ -14746,7 +14901,7 @@ Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace uses of -a and -o with the shell's && and || list operators. -

+
times @@ -14754,7 +14909,7 @@ and to replace uses of -a and -o with the shell's Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. -
trap [-Plp] [[action] sigspec ...]
+
trap [-lpP] [[action] sigspec ...]
The action @@ -15054,8 +15209,8 @@ any are not found. Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
-The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is -set for the given resource. +The -H and -S options specify whether +the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If neither -H nor -S is specified, @@ -15089,19 +15244,19 @@ Other options are interpreted as follows:
-a
-Report all current limits; no limits are set +Report all current limits; no limits are set.
-b
-The maximum socket buffer size +The maximum socket buffer size.
-c
-The maximum size of core files created +The maximum size of core files created.
-d
-The maximum size of a process's data segment +The maximum size of a process's data segment.
-e
@@ -15110,73 +15265,73 @@ The maximum scheduling priority (
-f
-The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children +The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
-i
-The maximum number of pending signals +The maximum number of pending signals.
-k
-The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated +The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
-l
-The maximum size that may be locked into memory +The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
-m
-The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) +The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
-n
The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not -allow this value to be set) +allow this value to be set).
-p
-The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) +The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
-q
-The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues +The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
-r
-The maximum real-time scheduling priority +The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
-s
-The maximum stack size +The maximum stack size.
-t
-The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds +The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
-u
-The maximum number of processes available to a single user +The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
-v
The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on -some systems, to its children +some systems, to its children.
-x
-The maximum number of file locks +The maximum number of file locks.
-P
-The maximum number of pseudoterminals +The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
-R
-The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds +The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds.
-T
-The maximum number of threads +The maximum number of threads.

@@ -16010,7 +16165,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.

-
GNU Bash 5.32024 September 29BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.32024 October 10BASH(1)
@@ -16119,7 +16274,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
BUGS
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20240927/doc/bash.1.
-Time: 07 October 2024 17:23:36 EDT +This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241007/doc/bash.1.
+Time: 10 October 2024 17:47:42 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index f931200a..41304858 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ expanded to create larger expressions. A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language -features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing -commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new +features allow these utilities to be combined. Users can create files +containing commands, and these become commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as ‘/bin’, allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common tasks. @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ constructs, quoting, and functions. Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. These interactive features include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases. -Each of these features is described in this manual. +This manual describes how Bash provides all of these features.  File: bash.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Pr Bash is an acronym for ‘Bourne-Again SHell’. The Bourne shell is the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the -Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for +Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and the rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the 'standard' Unix shell. @@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following: 2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by - ‘metacharacters’. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note + ‘metacharacters’. This step performs alias expansion (*note Aliases::). 3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell @@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ follows: backspace ‘\e’ ‘\E’ - an escape character (not ANSI C) + An escape character (not in ANSI C). ‘\f’ form feed ‘\n’ @@ -454,19 +454,19 @@ follows: ‘\?’ question mark ‘\NNN’ - the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to - three octal digits) + The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to + three octal digits). ‘\xHH’ - the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH - (one or two hex digits) + The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH + (one or two hex digits). ‘\uHHHH’ - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits). ‘\UHHHHHHHH’ - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits). ‘\cX’ - a control-X character + A control-X character. The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. @@ -690,23 +690,24 @@ redirection of the standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirections specified by COMMAND1, consistent with that shorthand. - The reserved word ‘time’ causes timing statistics to be printed for -the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of -elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the -command's execution. The ‘-p’ option changes the output format to that -specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX -Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next -token begins with a ‘-’. The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is a -format string that specifies how the timing information should be + If the reserved word ‘time’ precedes the pipeline, Bash prints timing +statistics for the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently +consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed +by the command's execution. The ‘-p’ option changes the output format +to that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash +POSIX Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the +next token begins with a ‘-’. The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is +a format string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available -formats. The use of ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of +formats. Providing ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external ‘time’ command cannot time these easily. - When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), ‘time’ may -be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total -user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The -‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time information. + When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), you can +use ‘time’ by itself as a simple command. In this case, the shell +displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its +children. The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time +information. If a pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. @@ -1496,7 +1497,7 @@ if the ‘$((...))’ expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the ‘alias’, ‘declare’, ‘typeset’, ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘local’ builtin commands -(“declaration” commands). When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), +(“declaration commands”). When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the ‘command’ builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. For example, @@ -1709,7 +1710,8 @@ each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string -are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, +are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For +example, bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e ade ace abe @@ -2544,7 +2546,7 @@ characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. Matches any single character. ‘[...]’ Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters - separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character + separated by a hyphen denotes a “range expression”; any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches. If the first character following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any @@ -3008,51 +3010,51 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev The shell has an “execution environment”, which consists of the following: - • open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by - redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin + • Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin. - • the current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’, - or inherited by the shell at invocation + • The current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’, + or inherited by the shell at invocation. - • the file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the - shell's parent + • The file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the + shell's parent. - • current traps set by ‘trap’ + • Current traps set by ‘trap’. - • shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’ - or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + • Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’ + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - • shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the - shell's parent in the environment + • Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment. - • options enabled at invocation (either by default or with - command-line arguments) or by ‘set’ + • Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with + command-line arguments) or by ‘set’. - • options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::) + • Options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::). - • shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::) + • Shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::). - • various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note - Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’ + • Various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note + Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’. When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell. - • the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions - specified by redirections to the command + • The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command. - • the current working directory + • The current working directory. - • the file creation mode mask + • The file creation mode mask. - • shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + • Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment - (*note Environment::) + (*note Environment::). - • traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from - the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + • Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored. A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. @@ -3554,7 +3556,7 @@ standard. instead. ‘getopts’ can report errors in two ways. If the first character of - OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses SILENT error reporting. In + OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses _silent_ error reporting. In normal operation, ‘getopts’ prints diagnostic messages when it encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, @@ -3789,7 +3791,7 @@ standard. children. The return status is zero. ‘trap’ - trap [-Plp] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...] + trap [-lpP] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...] The ACTION is a command that is read and executed when the shell receives any of the signals SIGSPEC. If ACTION is absent (and @@ -4218,17 +4220,17 @@ standard. ‘\\’ backslash ‘\0NNN’ - the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN - (zero to three octal digits) + The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (zero to three octal digits). ‘\xHH’ - the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value - HH (one or two hex digits) + The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits). ‘\uHHHH’ - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits). ‘\UHHHHHHHH’ - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the - hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits). ‘echo’ writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged. @@ -4399,7 +4401,7 @@ standard. the ANSI-C quoting style (*note ANSI-C Quoting::) if any characters in the argument string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If the format string uses the ‘printf’ - ALTERNATE FORM, these two formats quote the argument string + _alternate form_, these two formats quote the argument string using single quotes. ‘%Q’ @@ -5053,11 +5055,14 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior. Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the ‘-o’ option is used, those available with the ‘-o’ option to the ‘set’ - builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or - with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all settable options, with - an indication of whether or not each is set; if any OPTNAMEs are - supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The ‘-p’ - option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. + builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). + + With no options, or with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all + settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is set; + if any OPTNAMEs are supplied, the output is restricted to those + options. The ‘-p’ option displays output in a form that may be + reused as input. + Other options have the following meanings: ‘-s’ @@ -7504,14 +7509,14 @@ standard was published in 1992. It was merged with the original IEEE 1003.1 Working Group and is currently maintained by the Austin Group (a joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15). Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents -that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from +that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992) is now part of the current unified POSIX standard. The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from the command line or by other programs. The standard is freely available on the web at -. +. Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined by the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume. The shell command language has of @@ -7535,7 +7540,7 @@ editing commands were left out due to objections. Although Bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell specification, there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the specification. The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these -areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely. +areas so that it conforms more closely to the standard. Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more @@ -7549,132 +7554,148 @@ startup files. 1. Bash ensures that the ‘POSIXLY_CORRECT’ variable is set. - 2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will - re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location. This is also available - with ‘shopt -s checkhash’. - - 3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the - command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result - from a ‘$PATH’ search. + 2. Bash reads and executes the POSIX startup files (‘$ENV’) rather + than the normal Bash files (*note Bash Startup Files::. - 4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job - exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. + 3. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. - 5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job - is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, - ‘SIGTSTP’. + 4. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + recognized do not undergo alias expansion. - 6. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job - notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’ - or newline. Non-interactive shells print status messages after a - foreground job in a list completes. + 5. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command + substitution. The default (non-posix) mode generally defers it, + when enabled, until the command substitution is executed. This + means that command substitution will not expand aliases that are + defined after the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., + as part of a function definition). - 7. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt - before printing the status of a background job that changes status - or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal. - Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job - completes. + 6. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command. + When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell + and its completed children. The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the + format of the timing information. - 8. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying - the user of their termination, whether that is via ‘wait’, ‘jobs’, - or interactive shell notification before prompting. + 7. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next + token begins with a ‘-’. - 9. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + 8. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be + used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless + the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. + In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. - 10. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are - recognized do not undergo alias expansion. + 9. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word + in a redirection unless the shell is interactive. - 11. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command - substitution. The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, - until the command substitution is executed. This means that - command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after - the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a - function definition). + 10. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + a redirection. - 12. The POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of ‘!’ to the history number - and ‘!!’ to ‘!’ are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed - on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of the setting of the - ‘promptvars’ option. + 11. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s. That is, they may not + contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and + may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid + name in a non-interactive shell is a fatal syntax error. - 13. The POSIX startup files are executed (‘$ENV’) rather than the - normal Bash files. + 12. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + builtins. - 14. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + 13. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. - 15. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default - value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’). + 14. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters. - 16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the - word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + 15. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the + expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were + double-quoted. - 17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in - the redirection. + 16. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it + appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a + here-document that undergoes expansion. That means, for example, + that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it + and the backslash will be removed. - 18. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s. That is, they may not - contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and - may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid - name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + 17. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter. The + exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the + exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while + evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that + command, but that does not happen until after all of the + assignments and redirections. + + 18. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note + Tilde Expansion::. - 19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + 19. Command lookup finds POSIX special builtins before shell + functions, including output printed by the ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins. 20. Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined before entering POSIX mode, the shell will not execute a function whose name contains one or more slashes. - 21. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during - command lookup, including output printed by the ‘type’ and - ‘command’ builtins. + 21. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location. This is also available + with ‘shopt -s checkhash’. - 22. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash - does not print the ‘function’ keyword. + 22. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into + the command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) + result from a ‘$PATH’ search. - 23. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of - the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note - Tilde Expansion::. + 23. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a + job exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. - 24. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When - used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and - its completed children. The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the - format of the timing information. + 24. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a + job is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for + example, ‘SIGTSTP’. - 25. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within - double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be - used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless - the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. - In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. + 25. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job + notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’ + or newline. Non-interactive shells print status messages after a + foreground job in a list completes. + + 26. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt + before printing the status of a background job that changes status + or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal. + Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job + completes. + + 27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying + the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins. - 26. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the - next token begins with a ‘-’. + 28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when + the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and + ‘$EDITOR’. + + 29. Prompt expansion enables the POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of + ‘!’ to the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’, and Bash performs + parameter expansion on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of + the setting of the ‘promptvars’ option. - 27. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a + 30. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default + value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’). + + 31. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled. - 28. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + 32. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash + does not print the ‘function’ keyword. + + 33. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + expansion results in an invalid expression. + + 34. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + + 35. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. - 29. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal - error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ - variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid - identifier, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. - - 30. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment - statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to - unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope - as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is - further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the - utility shall persist" behavior. - - 31. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 36. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. - 32. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 37. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command, @@ -7682,171 +7703,156 @@ startup files. perform any further processing of the command in which the error occurred"). - 33. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + 38. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration variable in a ‘for’ statement or the selection variable in a ‘select’ statement is a readonly variable or has an invalid name. - 34. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not + 39. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not found. - 35. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic - expansion results in an invalid expression. - - 36. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. - - 37. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + 40. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins, or in a string processed by the ‘eval’ builtin. - 38. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to - the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters. + 41. Non-interactive shells exit if the ‘export’, ‘readonly’ or ‘unset’ + builtin commands get an argument that is not a valid identifier, + and they are not operating on shell functions. These errors force + an exit because these are special builtins. - 39. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the - expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were - double-quoted. - - 40. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + 42. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. - 41. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take + 43. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as - assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins + assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, declaration commands lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded by ‘command’. - 42. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job - placed in the background, which does not include an indication of - whether the job is the current or previous job. - - 43. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single - line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. - - 44. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ - prefix. - - 45. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output - in the format required by POSIX. - - 46. If the ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands get an argument - that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell - functions, they return an error. This will cause a non-interactive - shell to exit because these are special builtins. - - 47. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading - ‘SIG’. - - 48. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible - signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original - disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of - digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the - handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should - use ‘-’ as the first argument. - - 49. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions - are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell - started, not just trapped signals. - - 50. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory - for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’. - - 51. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘inherit_errexit’ option, so subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the ‘-e’ option from the parent shell. When the ‘inherit_errexit’ option is not enabled, Bash clears the ‘-e’ option in such subshells. - 52. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’ + 45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’ option, so numeric arguments to ‘shift’ that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an error message. - 53. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + 46. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + ‘interactive_comments’ option (*note Comments::). + + 47. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory + for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’. + + 48. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the ‘-p’ option is supplied. - 54. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not - display shell function names and definitions. - - 55. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays - variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell - metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + 49. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job + placed in the background, which does not include an indication of + whether the job is the current or previous job. - 56. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname + 50. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an argument does not refer to an existing directory, ‘cd’ will fail instead of falling back to physical mode. - 57. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length + 51. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length of the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’ will attempt to use the supplied directory name. - 58. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as - the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file - system with the ‘-P’ option. + 52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options. ‘echo’ displays each + argument after converting escape sequences. - 59. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an + 53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output + in the format required by POSIX. + + 54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 60. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. + 55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’. - 61. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. + 56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them. - 62. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints + 57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints an error message and returns failure. - 63. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable - file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute - such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. - - 64. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when - the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and - ‘$EDITOR’. + 58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single + line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. - 65. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to - interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options. Each argument is - displayed, after escape characters are converted. + 59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ + prefix. - 66. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ - and ‘-f’ options. + 60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert + arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, + instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length + modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - 67. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not - interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. - The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + 61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file + system with the ‘-P’ option. - 68. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status greater than 128. - 69. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert - arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, - instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length - modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - - 70. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list - of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it. + 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not + display shell function names and definitions. - 71. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it - appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a - here-document that undergoes expansion. That means, for example, - that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it - and the backslash will be removed. + 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays + variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell + metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 72. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when - processing the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. + 65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when + evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. - 73. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. + 66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility. - 74. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter. The - exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the - exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while - evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that - command, but that does not happen until after all of the - assignments and redirections. + 67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading + ‘SIG’. + + 68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original + disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of + digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the + handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should + use ‘-’ as the first argument. + + 69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions + are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell + started, not just trapped signals. + + 70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable + file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute + such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. + + 71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ + and ‘-f’ options. + + 72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal + error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ + variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. + + 73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment + statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to + unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope + as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is + further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the + utility shall persist" behavior. + + 74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not + interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. + The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + + 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: @@ -7855,11 +7861,7 @@ even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to ‘ed’. ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset. - 2. A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment - preceding the ‘command’ builtin or another non-special builtin - fails. - - 3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled + 2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant. Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by @@ -8321,7 +8323,7 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell, unless the ‘--noediting’ option is supplied at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the ‘-e’ option to the ‘read’ builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing -commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing +commands are similar to those of Emacs; a vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time using the ‘-o emacs’ or ‘-o vi’ options to the ‘set’ builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the ‘+o emacs’ or ‘+o vi’ @@ -8365,9 +8367,9 @@ configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters. On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters -with the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the ‘enable-meta-key’ +with the eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the ‘enable-meta-key’ variable to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows -it). On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the +it. On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied key to a key sequence beginning with as described in the next paragraph. @@ -8378,13 +8380,18 @@ prefix”). Either process is known as “metafying” the key. + If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the meta prefix, +you can make ‘M-key’ key bindings you specify (see ‘Key Bindings’ in +*note Readline Init File Syntax::) do the same thing by setting the +‘force-meta-prefix’ variable. + The text ‘M-C-k’ is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the character produced by metafying ‘C-k’. In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, , , , , , and all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your -keyboard lacks a key, typing will produce the desired +keyboard lacks a key, typing will output the appropriate character. The key may be labeled or on some keyboards. @@ -8433,8 +8440,8 @@ Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with ‘C-f’. characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to -fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of -the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. +fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. These are +the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line: ‘C-b’ Move back one character. @@ -8450,10 +8457,10 @@ Printing characters Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an empty line. -(Depending on your configuration, the key might be set to +Depending on your configuration, the key might be set to delete the character to the left of the cursor and the key set to delete the character underneath the cursor, like ‘C-d’, rather than the -character to the left of the cursor.) +character to the left of the cursor.  File: bash.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction @@ -8463,8 +8470,8 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Comm The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other -commands have been added in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and . -Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. +commands are available in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and . +Here are some commands for moving more rapidly within the line. ‘C-a’ Move to the start of the line. @@ -8523,7 +8530,8 @@ available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. than ‘M-’ because the word boundaries differ. Here is how to “yank” the text back into the line. Yanking means to -copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. +copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer into the line at +the current cursor position. ‘C-y’ Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the @@ -8569,15 +8577,15 @@ string. There are two search modes: “incremental” and search string. As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as -needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the -history for a particular string, type ‘C-r’. Typing ‘C-s’ searches -forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the -‘isearch-terminators’ variable are used to terminate an incremental -search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the and -‘C-J’ characters will terminate an incremental search. ‘C-g’ will abort -an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is -terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the -current line. +needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing +mode, type ‘C-r’ to search backward in the history for a particular +string. Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history. The +characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable +are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not +been assigned a value, the and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an +incremental search. ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore +the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry +containing the search string becomes the current line. To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or ‘C-s’ as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the @@ -8593,8 +8601,8 @@ are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, Readline uses any remembered search string. Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before -starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be -typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. +starting to search for matching history entries. The search string may +be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.  File: bash.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing @@ -8608,13 +8616,12 @@ keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting commands in an “inputrc” file, conventionally in their home directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell variable ‘INPUTRC’. If that variable is unset, the default is -‘~/.inputrc’. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the -ultimate default is ‘/etc/inputrc’. The ‘bind’ builtin command can also -be used to set Readline keybindings and variables. *Note Bash -Builtins::. +‘~/.inputrc’. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline +looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’. The ‘bind’ builtin command can also be used +to set Readline keybindings and variables. *Note Bash Builtins::. - When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init -file is read, and the key bindings are set. + When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline +reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains. In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. @@ -8622,9 +8629,7 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. * Menu: * Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. - * Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. - * Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file.  @@ -8727,9 +8732,8 @@ Variable Settings environment variable. The default is ‘off’. ‘comment-begin’ - The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the - ‘insert-comment’ command is executed. The default value is - ‘"#"’. + The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the + ‘insert-comment’ command. The default value is ‘"#"’. ‘completion-display-width’ The number of screen columns used to display possible matches @@ -8750,33 +8754,33 @@ Variable Settings and completion. The default value is ‘off’. ‘completion-prefix-display-length’ - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of - possible completions that is displayed without modification. - When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer - than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying - possible completions. + The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a + list of possible completions that is displayed without + modification. When set to a value greater than zero, readline + replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an + ellipsis when displaying possible completions. ‘completion-query-items’ The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not - the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply - listed. This variable must be set to an integer value greater - than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline should - never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The default - limit is ‘100’. + the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists + the completions. This variable must be set to an integer + value greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means + Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as + zero. The default limit is ‘100’. ‘convert-meta’ - If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads with - the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the - eighth bit and prefixing an character, converting them - to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is ‘on’, - but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains + If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that + have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing + the eighth bit and prefixing an character, converting + them to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is + ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale - category, and may change if the locale is changed. This - variable also affects key bindings; see the description of + category, and may change if the locale changes. This variable + also affects key bindings; see the description of ‘force-meta-prefix’ below. ‘disable-completion’ @@ -8790,33 +8794,33 @@ Variable Settings signal generated from the keyboard. The default is ‘on’. ‘editing-mode’ - The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls which default set of key - bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs - editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. - This variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’. + The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls the default set of key + bindings. By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing + mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This + variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’. ‘emacs-mode-string’ If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of + control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The default is ‘@’. ‘enable-active-region’ - The “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers - to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::). The - text between the point and mark is referred to as the - “region”. When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows - certain commands to designate the region as “active”. When - the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the - region using the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’, - which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's - standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by - bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and - non-incremental history searches. The default is ‘On’. + “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers to a + saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::). The text + between the point and mark is referred to as the “region”. + When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows certain + commands to designate the region as “active”. When the region + is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using + the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’, which defaults + to the string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The + active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and + any matching text found by incremental and non-incremental + history searches. The default is ‘On’. ‘enable-bracketed-paste’ When set to ‘On’, Readline configures the terminal to insert @@ -8843,7 +8847,7 @@ Variable Settings default is ‘on’. ‘expand-tilde’ - If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline + If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it attempts word completion. The default is ‘off’. ‘force-meta-prefix’ @@ -8870,29 +8874,29 @@ Variable Settings list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By - default, the number of history entries is not limited. If an - attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, - the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. + default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries + to the value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell variable. If you try to + set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of + history entries will be set to 500. ‘horizontal-scroll-mode’ - This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’. Setting it - to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will - scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are - longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto - a new screen line. This variable is automatically set to ‘on’ - for terminals of height 1. By default, this variable is set - to ‘off’. + Setting this variable to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines + being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line + when the lines are longer than the width of the screen, + instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. This variable is + automatically set to ‘on’ for terminals of height 1. By + default, this variable is set to ‘off’. ‘input-meta’ - If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will - not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), + If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, + it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include - bytes with the eighth bit set. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a - synonym for this variable. This variable is dependent on the - ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if the locale is - changed. + bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on + the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if + the locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for + ‘input-meta’. ‘isearch-terminators’ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental @@ -8908,18 +8912,18 @@ Variable Settings ‘vi-command’, and ‘vi-insert’. ‘vi’ is equivalent to ‘vi-command’ (‘vi-move’ is also a synonym); ‘emacs’ is equivalent to ‘emacs-standard’. Applications may add - additional names. The default value is ‘emacs’. The value of + additional names. The default value is ‘emacs’; the value of the ‘editing-mode’ variable also affects the default keymap. ‘keyseq-timeout’ Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take - additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no - input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the - shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value - to determine whether or not input is available on the current - input source (‘rl_instream’ by default). The value is + additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If + Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will + use the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this + value to determine whether or not input is available on the + current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default). The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a @@ -8932,14 +8936,14 @@ Variable Settings appended. The default is ‘on’. ‘mark-modified-lines’ - This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an + When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been modified. This variable is ‘off’ by default. ‘mark-symlinked-directories’ If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links to - directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of - ‘mark-directories’). The default is ‘off’. + directories have a slash appended, subject to the value of + ‘mark-directories’. The default is ‘off’. ‘match-hidden-files’ This variable, when set to ‘on’, forces Readline to match @@ -8959,8 +8963,8 @@ Variable Settings sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is - dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if - the locale is changed. + dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may + change if the locale changes. ‘page-completions’ If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to @@ -8977,7 +8981,7 @@ Variable Settings ‘revert-all-at-newline’ If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history - lines before returning when ‘accept-line’ is executed. By + lines before returning when executing ‘accept-line’. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to ‘readline()’. The default is ‘off’. @@ -9012,22 +9016,22 @@ Variable Settings If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. If - enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the + enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting - completion when the cursor is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will - result in ‘Makefile’ rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming - there is a single possible completion. The default value is - ‘off’. + completion when the cursor is after the first ‘e’ in + ‘Makefile’ will result in ‘Makefile’ rather than + ‘Makefilefile’, assuming there is a single possible + completion. The default value is ‘off’. ‘vi-cmd-mode-string’ If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set - of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences - is available. Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end + of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The default is ‘(cmd)’. @@ -9037,8 +9041,8 @@ Variable Settings displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set - of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences - is available. Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end + of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The default is ‘(ins)’. @@ -9063,7 +9067,9 @@ Key Bindings different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable. In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a - string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO). + string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO). The + difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is + enclosed in single or double quotes. The ‘bind -p’ command displays Readline function names and bindings in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file. @@ -9082,16 +9088,16 @@ Key Bindings expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ‘> output’ into the line). - A number of symbolic character names are recognized while - processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, - NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB. + This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic + character names: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, + RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB. "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes - can be used, as in the following example, but the special - character names are not recognized. + can be used, as in the following example, but none of the + special character names are recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file @@ -9107,20 +9113,20 @@ Key Bindings specifying key sequences: ‘\C-’ - control prefix + A control prefix. ‘\M-’ - adding the meta prefix or converting the following character + Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta character, as described above under ‘force-meta-prefix’ (see ‘Variable Settings’ in *note Readline Init File Syntax::). ‘\e’ - an escape character + An escape character. ‘\\’ - backslash + Backslash. ‘\"’ - <">, a double quotation mark + <">, a double quotation mark. ‘\'’ - <'>, a single quote or apostrophe + <'>, a single quote or apostrophe. In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: @@ -9142,16 +9148,16 @@ Key Bindings ‘\v’ vertical tab ‘\NNN’ - the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN - (one to three digits) + The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (one to three digits). ‘\xHH’ - the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value - HH (one or two hex digits) + The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits). When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to - be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes - described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other + be a function name. Tthe backslash escapes described above are + expanded in the macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including ‘"’ and ‘'’. For example, the following binding will make ‘‘C-x’ \’ insert a single ‘\’ into the line: @@ -9166,7 +9172,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, P Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are -four parser directives used. +four parser directives available. ‘$if’ The ‘$if’ construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing @@ -9188,7 +9194,8 @@ four parser directives used. terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the ‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’. This - allows ‘sun’ to match both ‘sun’ and ‘sun-cmd’, for instance. + allows ‘xterm’ to match both ‘xterm’ and ‘xterm-256color’, for + instance. ‘version’ The ‘version’ test may be used to perform comparisons against @@ -9198,8 +9205,8 @@ four parser directives used. version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’). If the minor - version is omitted, it is assumed to be ‘0’. The operator may - be separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version + version is omitted, it defaults to ‘0’. The operator may be + separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version number argument by whitespace. The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer: $if version >= 7.0 @@ -9225,7 +9232,7 @@ four parser directives used. operators are ‘=’, ‘==’, and ‘!=’. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand - side by whitespace. Both string and boolean variables may be + side by whitespace. String and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values ON and OFF. The following example is equivalent to the ‘mode=emacs’ test described above: @@ -9233,18 +9240,18 @@ four parser directives used. set show-mode-in-prompt on $endif -‘$endif’ - This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’ - command. - ‘$else’ Commands in this branch of the ‘$if’ directive are executed if the test fails. +‘$endif’ + This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’ + command. + ‘$include’ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following - directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’: + commands and key bindings from that file. For example, the + following directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’: $include /etc/inputrc  @@ -9382,7 +9389,10 @@ sequence are unbound by default. In the following descriptions, “point” refers to the current cursor position, and “mark” refers to a cursor position saved by the ‘set-mark’ command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the -“region”. +“region”. Readline has the concept of an _active region_: when the +region is active, Readline redisplay uses the value of the +‘active-region-start-color’ variable to denote the region. Several +commands set the region to active; those are noted below.  File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands @@ -9477,13 +9487,13 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: C Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the - mark. + region. ‘forward-search-history (C-s)’ Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the - mark. + region. ‘non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)’ Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' @@ -9529,8 +9539,9 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: C insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the - argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the ‘!N’ - history expansion had been specified. + argument N is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities + to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!N’ history expansion had been + specified. ‘yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)’ Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the @@ -9540,9 +9551,9 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: C specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines the direction to move through the history. A negative argument - switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The - history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, - as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified. + switches the direction through the history (back or forward). This + uses the history expansion facilities to extract the last word, as + if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified. ‘operate-and-get-next (C-o)’ Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if @@ -9575,7 +9586,8 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: C ‘backward-delete-char (Rubout)’ Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means - to kill the characters instead of deleting them. + to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring, instead of + deleting them. ‘forward-backward-delete-char ()’ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the @@ -9587,7 +9599,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: C insert key sequences like ‘C-q’, for example. ‘self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)’ - Insert yourself. + Insert the character typed. ‘bracketed-paste-begin ()’ This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" @@ -9599,9 +9611,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: C commands. Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and - the mark) to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an _active - mark_: when the mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the - terminal's standout mode to denote the region. + the mark) to the inserted text. It sets the _active region_. ‘transpose-chars (C-t)’ Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at @@ -9655,14 +9665,14 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: C ------------------------- ‘kill-line (C-k)’ - Kill the text from point to the end of the line. With a negative - numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of - the current line. + Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a + negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the + beginning of the line. ‘backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)’ Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to - the end of the current line. + the end of the line. ‘unix-line-discard (C-u)’ Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. @@ -9690,12 +9700,12 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: C ‘shell-backward-word’. ‘unix-word-rubout (C-w)’ - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. - The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary, + saving the killed text on the kill-ring. ‘unix-filename-rubout ()’ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the + character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the kill-ring. ‘delete-horizontal-space ()’ @@ -9759,11 +9769,13 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: ‘complete ()’ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts - completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with - ‘$’), username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text - begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases and functions) in - turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is - attempted. + completion by first checking for any programmable completions for + the command word (*note Programmable Completion::), otherwise + treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with ‘$’), + username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text + begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases, functions, and + builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a match, it falls + back to filename completion. ‘possible-completions (M-?)’ List the possible completions of the text before point. When @@ -9774,28 +9786,27 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: ‘insert-completions (M-*)’ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have - been generated by ‘possible-completions’. + been generated by ‘possible-completions’, separated by a space. ‘menu-complete ()’ Similar to ‘complete’, but replaces the word to be completed with a - single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible + single match from the list of possible completions. Repeatedly + executing ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list - of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of - ‘bell-style’) and the original text is restored. An argument of N - moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative - argument may be used to move backward through the list. This - command is intended to be bound to , but is unbound by - default. + of completions, ‘menu-complete’ rings the bell (subject to the + setting of ‘bell-style’) and restores the original text. An + argument of N moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a + negative argument moves backward through the list. This command is + intended to be bound to , but is unbound by default. ‘menu-complete-backward ()’ Identical to ‘menu-complete’, but moves backward through the list of possible completions, as if ‘menu-complete’ had been given a - negative argument. + negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ‘delete-char-or-list ()’ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or - end of the line (like ‘delete-char’). If at the end of the line, + end of the line (like ‘delete-char’). At the end of the line, it behaves identically to ‘possible-completions’. This command is unbound by default. @@ -9842,8 +9853,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: ‘dynamic-complete-history (M-)’ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion - matches. + against history list entries for possible completion matches. ‘dabbrev-expand ()’ Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the @@ -9896,59 +9906,56 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bin behavior is undefined if X is already lower case. ‘prefix-meta ()’ - Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a - meta key. Typing ‘ f’ is equivalent to typing ‘M-f’. + Metafy the next character typed. Typing ‘ f’ is equivalent to + typing ‘M-f’. ‘undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)’ Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. ‘revert-line (M-r)’ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the beginning. + ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the initial state. ‘tilde-expand (M-&)’ Perform tilde expansion on the current word. ‘set-mark (C-@)’ - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the - mark is set to that position. + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, set + the mark to that position. ‘exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)’ - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set - to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the - mark. + Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position to + the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor position. ‘character-search (C-])’ - A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative argument searches for previous - occurrences. + Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that + character. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. ‘character-search-backward (M-C-])’ - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence - of that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent + Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that + character. A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences. ‘skip-csi-sequence ()’ Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin - with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have + those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with + a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this + sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. ‘insert-comment (M-#)’ - Without a numeric argument, the value of the ‘comment-begin’ - variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a - numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the + Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’ + variable at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric + argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of - ‘comment-begin’, the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in - ‘comment-begin’ are deleted from the beginning of the line. In - either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. - The default value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make - the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the - comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the - shell. + ‘comment-begin’, insert the value; otherwise delete the characters + in ‘comment-begin’ from the beginning of the line. In either case, + the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default + value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make the current + line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the comment + character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. ‘dump-functions ()’ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline @@ -9964,9 +9971,17 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bin ‘dump-macros ()’ Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output - is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC - file. This command is unbound by default. + strings they output to the Readline output stream. If a numeric + argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it + can be made part of an INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by + default. + +‘execute-named-command (M-x)’ + Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute + the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which + it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied + with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it + executes. ‘spell-correct-word (C-x s)’ Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a @@ -9975,25 +9990,20 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bin ‘shell-forward-word’. ‘glob-complete-word (M-g)’ - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is - used to generate a list of matching file names for possible - completions. + Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, + with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to + generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. ‘glob-expand-word (C-x *)’ - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, - replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is - appended before pathname expansion. - -‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’ - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - ‘glob-expand-word’ is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before pathname + Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, + and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. If + a numeric argument is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion. -‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’ - Display version information about the current instance of Bash. +‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’ + Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by + ‘glob-expand-word’, and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument + is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion. ‘shell-expand-line (M-C-e)’ Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This performs @@ -10023,12 +10033,8 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bin result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke ‘$VISUAL’, ‘$EDITOR’, and ‘emacs’ as the editor, in that order. -‘execute-named-command (M-x)’ - Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute - the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which - it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied - with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it - executes. +‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’ + Display version information about the current instance of Bash.  File: bash.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing @@ -10038,11 +10044,12 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: While the Readline library does not have a full set of ‘vi’ editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. -The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard. +The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the ‘sh’ description in +the POSIX standard. - In order to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing -modes, use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The Set -Builtin::). The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode. + You can use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The +Set Builtin::) to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing +modes, The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode. When you enter a line in ‘vi’ mode, you are already placed in 'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an ‘i’. Pressing switches @@ -10057,64 +10064,65 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion =========================== When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for -which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the -‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), +which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been defined using +the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities. - First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been + First, Bash identifies the command name. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty -string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any -compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’ is used. If the -command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is -searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, -completion attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the -final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any -compspec defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the -default. If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion -on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec -for the command word from any successful expansion. - - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of -matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion -described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed. - - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches -which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the -‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name completion, -the shell variable ‘FIGNORE’ is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash -Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’. +string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), Bash +uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’. If the +command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec for the +full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname, +Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final +slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec +defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the default. If +there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the +command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the +command word from any successful expansion. + + If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion +described above (*note Commands For Completion::). Otherwise, once a +compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate the list of matching +words. + + First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec. Only +matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. +When the ‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name +completion, Bash uses shell the variable ‘FIGNORE’ to filter the +matches. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’. Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the ‘-G’ option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not -match the word being completed. The ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable is not -used to filter the matches, but the ‘FIGNORE’ shell variable is used. - - Next, the string specified as the argument to the ‘-W’ option is -considered. The string is first split using the characters in the ‘IFS’ -special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within the -string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell -metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’. Each word is then -expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable -expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described -above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using the rules -described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the expansion -are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching -words become the possible completions. - - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or -command specified with the ‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options is invoked. When the -command or function is invoked, the ‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’, -‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are assigned values as described -above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, -the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables are also set. When the -function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of -the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument -($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the -word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No -filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed -is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating -the matches. +match the word being completed. Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to +filter the matches, but does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable. + + Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to +the ‘-W’ option. The string is first split using the characters in the +‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within +the string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain +shell metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’. Each word is +then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as +described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using +the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the +expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the +matching words become possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, Bash executes any shell +function or command any shell function or command specified with the +‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options. When the command or function is invoked, the +‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are +assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell +function is being invoked, the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables +are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first +argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being +completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the +third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on +the current command line. There is no filtering of the generated +completions against the word being completed; the function or command +has complete freedom in generating the matches. Any function specified with ‘-F’ is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the ‘compgen’ and ‘compopt’ @@ -10146,21 +10154,21 @@ is returned to Readline as the list of possible completions. If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the ‘-o dirnames’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec -was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion. If the ‘-o plusdirs’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the -compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any -matches are added to the results of the other actions. +compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion and adds +any matches to the set of possible completions. By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default Bash completions and the Readline default of filename completion are disabled. If the ‘-o bashdefault’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ -when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, the -default Bash completions are attempted. If the ‘-o default’ option was -supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, Readline's default -completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the -default Bash completions) generate no matches. +when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, +Bash attempts its default completions. If the ‘-o default’ option was +supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, programmable +completion will perform Readline's default completion if the compspec +(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches. When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash @@ -10171,7 +10179,7 @@ setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable. There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified with ‘-D’. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion -handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +functions to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is @@ -10232,18 +10240,21 @@ happening. [-X FILTERPAT] [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...] complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...] - Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the - ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are supplied, - existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows - them to be reused as input. The ‘-r’ option removes a completion - specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all - completion specifications. The ‘-D’ option indicates that other - supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command - completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no - completion has previously been defined. The ‘-E’ option indicates - that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" - command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions + Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. + + If the ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are + supplied, print existing completion specifications in a way that + allows them to be reused as input. The ‘-r’ option removes a + completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are + supplied, all completion specifications. + + The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions + should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, + completion attempted on a command for which no completion has + previously been defined. The ‘-E’ option indicates that other + supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" command + completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The + ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is usually command name completion. If multiple options are supplied, @@ -10280,7 +10291,7 @@ happening. ‘filenames’ Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so - it can perform any filename-specific processing (like + it can perform any filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified @@ -10303,7 +10314,7 @@ happening. words completed at the end of the line. ‘plusdirs’ - After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, + After generating any matches defined by the compspec, attempt directory name completion and add any matches to the results of the other actions. @@ -10399,13 +10410,14 @@ happening. ‘-F FUNCTION’ The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell - environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the - command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word - being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being + environment. When it is executed, the first argument ($1) is + the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, + the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the + third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed, as described above (*note Programmable - Completion::). When ‘function’ finishes, the possible - completions are retrieved from the value of the ‘COMPREPLY’ - array variable. + Completion::). When ‘function’ finishes, programmable + completion retrieves the possible completions from the value + of the ‘COMPREPLY’ array variable. ‘-G GLOBPAT’ Expand the filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT to generate the @@ -10420,13 +10432,13 @@ happening. options have been applied. ‘-W WORDLIST’ - The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the ‘IFS’ - special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is - expanded. Shell quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order - to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell - metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’. The - possible completions are the members of the resultant list - which match the word being completed. + Split the WORDLIST using the characters in the ‘IFS’ special + variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word. Shell + quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order to provide a + mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or + characters in the value of ‘IFS’. The possible completions + are the members of the resultant list which match a prefix of + the word being completed. ‘-X FILTERPAT’ FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is @@ -10448,16 +10460,14 @@ happening. or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied. If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are - those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above. The ‘-D’ - option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the - "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a - command for which no completion has previously been defined. The - ‘-E’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply to - "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a - blank line. The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options - should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on - the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is - usually command name completion. + those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above. + + The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply + to the "default" command completion; the ‘-E’ option indicates that + other supplied options should apply to "empty" command completion; + and the ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options should + apply to completion on the initial word on the line. These are + determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin. If multiple options are supplied, the ‘-D’ option takes precedence over ‘-E’, and both take precedence over ‘-I’ @@ -10607,17 +10617,17 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins, When the ‘-o history’ option to the ‘set’ builtin is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the “command history”, the list of commands previously typed. The value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell -variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. -The text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500) is saved. The -shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list: +the shell saves the text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500). +The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables ‘HISTIGNORE’ and ‘HISTCONTROL’. When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list by reading history entries from the file named by the ‘HISTFILE’ variable (default ‘~/.bash_history’). This is referred to as the “history file”. -That file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number -of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’ +The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the +number of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’ variable. If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. @@ -10632,17 +10642,16 @@ delimit history entries, making multi-line entries possible. When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ entries from the history list to the file named by ‘$HISTFILE’. If the ‘histappend’ shell option is set (*note Bash -Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise the -history file is overwritten. If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the +Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise it +overwrites the history file. If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the history, Bash truncates the history file to contain no more than -‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines. If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a -non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file -is not truncated. +‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines as described above. - If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ is set, the time stamp information associated -with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the -history comment character. When the history file is read, lines + If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, the shell writes the +timestamp information associated with each history entry to the history +file, marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are +preserved across shell sessions. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. As above, when using ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’, the timestamps delimit multi-line @@ -10656,13 +10665,13 @@ access to the history list (*note Commands For History::). The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The ‘HISTCONTROL’ and ‘HISTIGNORE’ variables are used to save -only a subset of the commands entered. The ‘cmdhist’ shell option, if -enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line -command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to -preserve syntactic correctness. The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies -‘cmdhist’ by saving the command with embedded newlines instead of -semicolons. The ‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options. *Note -The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’. +only a subset of the commands entered. If the ‘cmdhist’ shell option is +enabled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in +the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve +syntactic correctness. The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies ‘cmdhist’ by +saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. The +‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options. *Note The Shopt +Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’.  File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively @@ -10688,9 +10697,9 @@ history file. equivalent to the current command (usually the ‘fc’ command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. - If LAST is not specified, it is set to FIRST. If FIRST is not - specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and −16 - for listing. + If LAST is not specified, it is set to the current command for + listing and to FIRST otherwise. If FIRST is not specified, it is + set to the previous command for editing and −16 for listing. If the ‘-l’ flag is supplied, the commands are listed on standard output. The ‘-n’ flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. @@ -10765,10 +10774,10 @@ history file. session, but not already appended to the history file. ‘-n’ - Append the history lines not already read from the history - file to the current history list. These are lines appended to - the history file since the beginning of the current Bash - session. + Read the history lines not already read from the history file + and add them to the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the + current Bash session. ‘-r’ Read the history file and append its contents to the history @@ -10776,7 +10785,7 @@ history file. ‘-w’ Write the current history list to the history file, - overwriting it. + overwriting the history file. ‘-p’ Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the @@ -10795,10 +10804,10 @@ history file. If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, ‘history’ writes the time stamp information associated with each history entry to the history - file, marked with the history comment character. When the history - file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character - followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for - the following history entry. + file, marked with the history comment character as described above. + When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history + comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted + as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid @@ -10837,12 +10846,13 @@ substitution. The second is to select portions of that entry to include into the current one. The entry selected from the history is called the “event”, and the -portions of that entry that are acted upon are called “words”. The -history entry is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does, -so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The -“event designator” selects the event, the optional “word designator” -selects words from the event, and various optional “modifiers” are -available to manipulate the selected words. +portions of that entry that are acted upon are “words”. Various +“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words. The entry +is split into words in the same fashion that Bash does when reading +input, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one +word. The “event designator” selects the event, the optional “word +designator” selects words from the event, and various optional +“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default. History expansions may @@ -10867,12 +10877,12 @@ space, tab, newline, carriage return, ‘=’, and the other shell metacharacters. There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the -QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (default ‘^’) is the first character on the -line. It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator -equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one string for another in that -entry. It is described below (*note Event Designators::). This is the -only history expansion that does not begin with the history expansion -character. +QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (described above under ‘histchars’) is the +first character on the line. It selects the previous history list +entry, using an event designator equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one +string for another in that entry. It is described below (*note Event +Designators::). This is the only history expansion that does not begin +with the history expansion character. Several shell options settable with the ‘shopt’ builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::) will modify history expansion behavior If the @@ -10906,12 +10916,11 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History 9.3.1 Event Designators ----------------------- -An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list. -Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current -position in the history list. The event designator consists of the -portion of the word beginning with the history expansion character, and -ending with the word designator if one is present, or the end of the -word. +An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list. The +event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with the +history expansion character, and ending with the word designator if one +is present, or the end of the word. Unless the reference is absolute, +events are relative to the current position in the history list. ‘!’ Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, @@ -10922,10 +10931,10 @@ word. Refer to history list entry N. ‘!-N’ - Refer to the history entry N entries back. + Refer to the history entry minus N. ‘!!’ - Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for ‘!-1’. + Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for ‘!-1’. ‘!STRING’ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in @@ -10977,7 +10986,8 @@ spaces. Here are the word designators: ‘0 (zero)’ - The ‘0’th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + The ‘0’th word. For the shell, and many other, applications, this + is the command word. ‘N’ The Nth word. @@ -10986,8 +10996,8 @@ spaces. The first argument: word 1. ‘$’ - The last argument. This is usually the last argument, but will - expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. + The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand + to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. ‘%’ The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the @@ -11002,7 +11012,7 @@ spaces. ‘*’ All of the words, except the ‘0’th. This is a synonym for ‘1-$’. It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the - event; it expands to the empty string in this case. + event; it expands to the empty string in that case. ‘X*’ Abbreviates ‘X-$’. @@ -11025,10 +11035,10 @@ more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’. These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. ‘h’ - Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. ‘t’ - Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. ‘r’ Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.SUFFIX’, leaving the @@ -11064,8 +11074,8 @@ or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. ‘g’ ‘a’ - Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in - conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’. + Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is + used in conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’. ‘G’ Apply the following ‘s’ or ‘&’ modifier once to each word in the @@ -11672,12 +11682,12 @@ Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. Bash uses the POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be -implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne -shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of -significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater -depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of ‘sh’ -included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as -the baseline reference. +implemented and how they should behave. There are some differences +between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this section quickly +details the differences of significance. A number of these differences +are explained in greater depth in previous sections. This section uses +the version of ‘sh’ included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the +historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. • Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification differs from traditional ‘sh’ behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). @@ -11685,6 +11695,9 @@ the baseline reference. • Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking Bash::). + • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted + Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + • Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and the ‘bind’ builtin. @@ -11692,6 +11705,15 @@ the baseline reference. Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands ‘complete’, ‘compgen’, and ‘compopt’, to manipulate it. + • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt + string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’) (*note + Controlling the Prompt::). + + • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable. + + • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before + issuing each primary prompt. + • Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the ‘history’ and ‘fc’ builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the @@ -11700,31 +11722,35 @@ the baseline reference. • Bash implements ‘csh’-like history expansion (*note History Interaction::). - • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the - appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. - Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash - provides a number of built-in array variables. - - • The ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped - characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported + • Bash supports the ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C + backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes (*note ANSI-C Quoting::). - • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax to do locale-specific - translation of the characters between the double quotes. The ‘-D’, - ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’ invocation options list - the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale - Translation::). + • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax and performs + locale-specific translation of the characters between the double + quotes. The ‘-D’, ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’ + invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script + (*note Locale Translation::). + + • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + + • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’ + builtins (*note Aliases::). • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a - pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an ‘if’ statement - needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option - to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any - command fails. + pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’ + statement needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash ‘-o + pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure + status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::). • Bash has the ‘time’ reserved word and command timing (*note Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable. + • Bash provides coprocesses and the ‘coproc’ reserved word (*note + Coprocesses::). + • Bash implements the ‘for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))’ arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping Constructs::). @@ -11737,25 +11763,31 @@ the baseline reference. including optional regular expression matching. • Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the ‘case’ and - ‘[[’ constructs. - - • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde - expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + ‘[[’ constructs (*note Conditional Constructs::). - • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’ - builtins (*note Aliases::). + • Bash provides additional ‘case’ statement action list terminators: + ‘;&’ and ‘;;&’ (*note Conditional Constructs::). • Bash provides shell arithmetic, the ‘((’ compound command (*note - Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell - Arithmetic::). + Conditional Constructs::), the ‘let’ builtin, and arithmetic + expansion (*note Shell Arithmetic::). + + • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the + appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. + Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash + provides a number of built-in array variables. • Variables present in the shell's initial environment are - automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does - not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked - using the ‘export’ command. + automatically exported to child processes (*note Command Execution + Environment::). The Bourne shell does not normally do this unless + the variables are explicitly marked using the ‘export’ command. + + • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’ + (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). • Bash supports the ‘+=’ assignment operator, which appends to the - value of the variable named on the left hand side. + value of the variable named on the left hand side (*note Shell + Parameters::). • Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal ‘%’, ‘#’, ‘%%’ and ‘##’ expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable @@ -11781,18 +11813,17 @@ the baseline reference. Parameter Expansion::) and implements the ‘nameref’ variable attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion. - • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’. - • Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of - the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation. + the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation (*note + Shell Parameter Expansion::). • The POSIX ‘$()’ form of command substitution is implemented (*note Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ‘``’ (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility). • Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the - enclosed command in the current shell execution environment (‘${ - COMMAND;}’). + enclosed command in the current shell execution environment: ‘${ + COMMAND;}’ or ‘${|COMMAND;}’ (*note Command Substitution::). • Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::). @@ -11804,17 +11835,20 @@ the baseline reference. • Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize shell behavior that the Bourne shell does not. Examples include - ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘GLOBSORT’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’, + ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘EPOCHREALTIME’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’, ‘BASHPID’, ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’, ‘GLOBIGNORE’, ‘HISTIGNORE’, and ‘BASH_VERSION’. *Note Bash Variables::, for a complete list. - • The ‘IFS’ variable is used to split only the results of expansion, - not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding - shell security hole. + • Bash uses the ‘GLOBSORT’ shell variable to control how to sort the + results of filename expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). + + • Bash uses the ‘IFS’ variable to split only the results of + expansion, not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a + longstanding shell security hole. • The filename expansion bracket expression code uses ‘!’ and ‘^’ to - negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne - shell uses only ‘!’. + negate the set of characters between the brackets (*note Filename + Expansion::). The Bourne shell uses only ‘!’. • Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, including character classes, equivalence classes, and collating @@ -11823,17 +11857,16 @@ the baseline reference. • Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the ‘extglob’ shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::). + • The ‘globstar’ shell option extends filename expansion to + recursively scan directories and subdirectories for matching + filenames (*note Pattern Matching::). + • It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name; ‘sh’ does not separate the two name spaces. • Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the - ‘local’ builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written - (*note Bash Builtins::). - - • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, - even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In ‘sh’, all - variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the - command is executed from the file system. + ‘local’ builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive + functions (*note Bash Builtins::). • Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::). @@ -11852,6 +11885,10 @@ the baseline reference. • Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + • Bash provides the {VAR}|’ redirection operator may be used to override ‘noclobber’. - • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) - each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and - physical modes. + • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, + even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In ‘sh’, all + variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the + command is executed from the file system. + + • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger + for shell scripts: variables (‘BASH_ARGC’, ‘BASH_ARGV’, + ‘BASH_LINENO’, ‘BASH_SOURCE’), the ‘DEBUG’, ‘RETURN’, and ‘ERR’ + traps, ‘declare -F’, and the ‘caller’ builtin. + + • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the + ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The + Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as + the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable. • Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the ‘builtin’ and ‘command’ builtins (*note Bash Builtins::). - • Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands - from shared objects. + • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::), which + displays the context of any active subroutine call (a shell + function or a script executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins). + This supports the Bash debugger. + + • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) + each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and + physical modes. + + • The ‘command’ builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions + when performing command lookup (*note Bash Builtins::). - • The ‘command’ builtin allows selective disabling of functions when - command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::). + • Bash uses the ‘declare’ builtin to modify the full set of variable + and function attributes, and to assign values to variables. - • Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the ‘enable’ - builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job + table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress sending ‘SIGHUP’ + to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’. + + • The ‘enable’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) can enable or disable + individual builtins and implements support for dynamically loading + builtin commands from shared objects. • The Bash ‘exec’ builtin takes additional options that allow users to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed @@ -11885,21 +11947,12 @@ the baseline reference. • Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment using ‘export -f’ (*note Shell Functions::). - • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt - string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’). - - • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable. - - • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before - issuing each primary prompt. - - • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters - • The Bash ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘declare’ builtins can take a - ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’ option to display - variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used - as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various variable - attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable attributes - and values simultaneously. + • The Bash ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins:: can take a ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’ + option to display variables with various attributes set in a format + that can be used as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various + variable attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable + attributes and values simultaneously. • The Bash ‘hash’ builtin allows a name to be associated with an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by @@ -11910,33 +11963,33 @@ the baseline reference. facilities (*note Bash Builtins::). • Bash includes the ‘mapfile’ builtin to quickly read the contents of - a file into an indexed array variable. + a file into an indexed array variable (*note Bash Builtins::). • The ‘printf’ builtin is available to display formatted output - (*note Bash Builtins::). + (*note Bash Builtins::), and has additional custom format + specifiers and an option to assign the formatted output directly to + a shell variable. • The Bash ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line ending in ‘\’ with the ‘-r’ option, and will use the ‘REPLY’ - variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The - Bash ‘read’ builtin also accepts a prompt string with the ‘-p’ - option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the ‘-e’ - or ‘-E’ options. The ‘read’ builtin also has additional options to - control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off echoing of input - characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will allow ‘read’ to - time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of - seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading only a specified number - of characters rather than a full line, and the ‘-d’ option will - read until a particular character rather than newline. + variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. + + • The ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) accepts a prompt string + with the ‘-p’ option and will use Readline to obtain the line when + given the ‘-e’ or ‘-E’ options, with the ability to insert text + into the line using the ‘-i’ option. The ‘read’ builtin also has + additional options to control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off + echoing of input characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will + allow ‘read’ to time out if input does not arrive within a + specified number of seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading + only a specified number of characters rather than a full line, and + the ‘-d’ option will read until a particular character rather than + newline. • The ‘return’ builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). - • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell - optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these - options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking - Bash::). - • Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the ‘set’ builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). @@ -11944,20 +11997,15 @@ the baseline reference. commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set Builtin::). + • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell + optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these + options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking + Bash::). + • The ‘test’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments. - • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next - child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and - the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child - process in a shell variable. - - • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin, which displays the context of - any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed - with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins). This supports the Bash - debugger. - • The ‘trap’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a ‘DEBUG’ pseudo-signal specification, similar to ‘EXIT’. Commands specified with a ‘DEBUG’ trap are executed before every simple command, ‘for’ @@ -11987,27 +12035,20 @@ the baseline reference. • The Bash ‘type’ builtin is more extensive and gives more information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::). - • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin permits a ‘-p’ option to cause the output - to be displayed in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused - as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + • The ‘ulimit’ builtin provides control over many more per-process + resources (*note Bash Builtins::). - • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the - ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The - Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as - the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable. + • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin uses the ‘-p’ option to display the output + in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused as input (*note + Bourne Shell Builtins::). - • Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt - strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::). - - • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted - Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. - - • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job - table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of - ‘SIGHUP’ to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’. + • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next + child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and + the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child + process in a shell variable. - • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger - for shell scripts. + • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it + turns on job control). • The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (‘mldmode’ and ‘priv’) not present in Bash. @@ -12061,9 +12102,6 @@ many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard. - • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it - turns on job control). - • If the ‘lastpipe’ option is enabled, and job control is not active, Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell execution environment. @@ -12597,7 +12635,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. (line 37) * compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins. - (line 253) + (line 257) * continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 102) * declare: Bash Builtins. (line 179) @@ -12796,46 +12834,48 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 263) * COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 269) * completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 105) + (line 104) * completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 112) + (line 111) * completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 117) + (line 116) * completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 123) + (line 122) * completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 130) + (line 129) * COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 276) * convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 141) + (line 140) * COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 282) * DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 286) * disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 153) + (line 152) * echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 158) + (line 157) * editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 163) + (line 162) * EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 296) * emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 169) -* enable-active-region: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 179) + (line 168) +* enable-active-region The: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 178) * enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 192) + (line 191) * enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 201) + (line 200) +* enable-meta-key: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 205) * ENV: Bash Variables. (line 301) * EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 306) * EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 314) * EUID: Bash Variables. (line 321) * EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 325) * expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 216) + (line 215) * FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 337) * FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 340) * force-meta-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 220) + (line 219) * FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 346) * FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 363) * GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 368) @@ -12848,9 +12888,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 461) * HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 472) * history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 233) + (line 232) * history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 239) + (line 238) * HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 496) * HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 503) * HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. @@ -12864,13 +12904,13 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 18) * IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 529) * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 257) + (line 256) * INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 538) * INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 542) * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 268) + (line 267) * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 275) + (line 274) * LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) * LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 548) @@ -12892,15 +12932,15 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 29) * MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 605) * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 305) + (line 304) * mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 310) + (line 309) * match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 315) + (line 314) * menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 322) + (line 321) * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 257) + (line 256) * OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 609) * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 36) @@ -12909,9 +12949,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 40) * OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 617) * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 327) + (line 326) * page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 336) + (line 335) * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 44) * PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 620) @@ -12934,21 +12974,21 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 695) * REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 699) * revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 349) + (line 348) * search-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 356) + (line 355) * SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 703) * SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 713) * SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 718) * SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 727) * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 361) + (line 360) * show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 367) + (line 366) * show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 376) + (line 375) * skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 382) + (line 381) * SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 732) * TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) @@ -12959,11 +12999,11 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 792) * UID: Bash Variables. (line 796) * vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 395) + (line 394) * vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 406) + (line 405) * visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 417) + (line 416)  File: bash.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes @@ -12990,29 +13030,29 @@ D.4 Function Index * beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. (line 20) * beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6) -* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 34) * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) -* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 73) +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 72) * character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 42) + (line 41) * character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 47) + (line 45) * clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 50) * clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 55) * complete (): Commands For Completion. (line 6) * complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion. - (line 80) + (line 81) * complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion. - (line 49) + (line 50) * complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion. - (line 72) + (line 73) * complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion. (line 100) * complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion. - (line 56) + (line 57) * complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion. - (line 64) + (line 65) * copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 62) * copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. @@ -13023,23 +13063,23 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 95) * delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12) * delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. - (line 43) + (line 44) * delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. (line 50) * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) * display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 116) + (line 147) * do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 14) -* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 69) +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 68) * dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 74) + (line 71) * dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 86) + (line 83) * dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 80) + (line 77) * dynamic-complete-history (M-): Commands For Completion. - (line 90) + (line 91) * edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 142) * end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) @@ -13050,20 +13090,20 @@ D.4 Function Index * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 37) * execute-named-command (M-x): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 147) + (line 90) * fetch-history (): Commands For History. - (line 105) -* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) + (line 106) +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 22) * forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 14) * forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 33) * forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 20) * glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 98) + (line 103) * glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 104) + (line 108) * glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 110) + (line 114) * history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 136) * history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands. @@ -13077,9 +13117,9 @@ D.4 Function Index * history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 71) * insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 61) + (line 59) * insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. - (line 22) + (line 24) * insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 139) * kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. @@ -13093,9 +13133,9 @@ D.4 Function Index * magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 129) * menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. - (line 26) + (line 28) * menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. - (line 38) + (line 39) * next-history (C-n): Commands For History. (line 17) * next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 43) @@ -13104,27 +13144,27 @@ D.4 Function Index * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. (line 39) * operate-and-get-next (C-o): Commands For History. - (line 98) -* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 77) + (line 99) +* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 76) * possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion. - (line 86) + (line 87) * possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. - (line 15) + (line 17) * possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion. - (line 52) + (line 53) * possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion. - (line 76) + (line 77) * possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion. - (line 60) + (line 61) * possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion. - (line 68) + (line 69) * prefix-meta (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 19) * previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13) * previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 36) * print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) -* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) +* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 27) * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 6) * redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 59) @@ -13132,7 +13172,7 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 27) * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 26) -* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 31) * set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 33) * shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. @@ -13143,16 +13183,16 @@ D.4 Function Index * shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 28) * shell-kill-word (M-C-d): Commands For Killing. (line 32) -* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t): Commands For Text. (line 58) +* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t): Commands For Text. (line 57) * skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 52) + (line 50) * spell-correct-word (C-x s): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 92) + (line 97) * start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) * tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 30) -* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 47) -* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 53) +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 46) +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 52) * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 23) * universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) @@ -13162,11 +13202,11 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 16) * unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. (line 41) -* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 65) +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 64) * yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. (line 72) * yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. - (line 86) + (line 87) * yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. (line 77) * yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. @@ -13260,7 +13300,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index * functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6) * history builtins: Bash History Builtins. (line 6) -* history events: Event Designators. (line 11) +* history events: Event Designators. (line 10) * history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) * history list: Bash History Facilities. (line 6) @@ -13350,138 +13390,138 @@ D.5 Concept Index  Tag Table: -Node: Top903 -Node: Introduction2846 -Node: What is Bash?3059 -Node: What is a shell?4192 -Node: Definitions6783 -Node: Basic Shell Features9959 -Node: Shell Syntax11179 -Node: Shell Operation12206 -Node: Quoting13504 -Node: Escape Character14842 -Node: Single Quotes15377 -Node: Double Quotes15726 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting17071 -Node: Locale Translation18456 -Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19863 -Node: Comments24061 -Node: Shell Commands24828 -Node: Reserved Words25767 -Node: Simple Commands26632 -Node: Pipelines27294 -Node: Lists30521 -Node: Compound Commands32393 -Node: Looping Constructs33402 -Node: Conditional Constructs35921 -Node: Command Grouping50853 -Node: Coprocesses52345 -Node: GNU Parallel55031 -Node: Shell Functions55949 -Node: Shell Parameters64426 -Node: Positional Parameters69164 -Node: Special Parameters70254 -Node: Shell Expansions73715 -Node: Brace Expansion75904 -Node: Tilde Expansion78619 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion81561 -Node: Command Substitution101333 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion104866 -Node: Process Substitution105879 -Node: Word Splitting106995 -Node: Filename Expansion109092 -Node: Pattern Matching112360 -Node: Quote Removal117688 -Node: Redirections117992 -Node: Executing Commands128207 -Node: Simple Command Expansion128874 -Node: Command Search and Execution130982 -Node: Command Execution Environment133426 -Node: Environment136859 -Node: Exit Status138762 -Node: Signals140820 -Node: Shell Scripts144718 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands148016 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins150127 -Node: Bash Builtins176426 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior212868 -Node: The Set Builtin213210 -Node: The Shopt Builtin225146 -Node: Special Builtins242192 -Node: Shell Variables243181 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables243615 -Node: Bash Variables246123 -Node: Bash Features284380 -Node: Invoking Bash285394 -Node: Bash Startup Files291820 -Node: Interactive Shells297133 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?297541 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?298203 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior299027 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions302788 -Node: Shell Arithmetic308005 -Node: Aliases311344 -Node: Arrays314306 -Node: The Directory Stack321369 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins322166 -Node: Controlling the Prompt326611 -Node: The Restricted Shell329495 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode332377 -Node: Shell Compatibility Mode350636 -Node: Job Control359647 -Node: Job Control Basics360104 -Node: Job Control Builtins365412 -Node: Job Control Variables371580 -Node: Command Line Editing372748 -Node: Introduction and Notation374452 -Node: Readline Interaction376547 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials377735 -Node: Readline Movement Commands379553 -Node: Readline Killing Commands380550 -Node: Readline Arguments382528 -Node: Searching383585 -Node: Readline Init File385814 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax387096 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs413700 -Node: Sample Init File418065 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands421186 -Node: Commands For Moving422411 -Node: Commands For History424638 -Node: Commands For Text429843 -Node: Commands For Killing433977 -Node: Numeric Arguments436778 -Node: Commands For Completion437930 -Node: Keyboard Macros442246 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands442947 -Node: Readline vi Mode449601 -Node: Programmable Completion450553 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins458544 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example470312 -Node: Using History Interactively475657 -Node: Bash History Facilities476338 -Node: Bash History Builtins480124 -Node: History Interaction486503 -Node: Event Designators491354 -Node: Word Designators492940 -Node: Modifiers495225 -Node: Installing Bash497158 -Node: Basic Installation498274 -Node: Compilers and Options502150 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures502900 -Node: Installation Names504649 -Node: Specifying the System Type506883 -Node: Sharing Defaults507629 -Node: Operation Controls508343 -Node: Optional Features509362 -Node: Reporting Bugs521742 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell523100 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License542835 -Node: Indexes568012 -Node: Builtin Index568463 -Node: Reserved Word Index575561 -Node: Variable Index578006 -Node: Function Index595278 -Node: Concept Index609134 +Node: Top899 +Node: Introduction2838 +Node: What is Bash?3051 +Node: What is a shell?4184 +Node: Definitions6794 +Node: Basic Shell Features9970 +Node: Shell Syntax11194 +Node: Shell Operation12221 +Node: Quoting13512 +Node: Escape Character14850 +Node: Single Quotes15385 +Node: Double Quotes15734 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting17079 +Node: Locale Translation18473 +Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19880 +Node: Comments24078 +Node: Shell Commands24845 +Node: Reserved Words25784 +Node: Simple Commands26649 +Node: Pipelines27311 +Node: Lists30567 +Node: Compound Commands32439 +Node: Looping Constructs33448 +Node: Conditional Constructs35967 +Node: Command Grouping50899 +Node: Coprocesses52391 +Node: GNU Parallel55077 +Node: Shell Functions55995 +Node: Shell Parameters64472 +Node: Positional Parameters69210 +Node: Special Parameters70300 +Node: Shell Expansions73761 +Node: Brace Expansion75950 +Node: Tilde Expansion78678 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion81620 +Node: Command Substitution101392 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion104925 +Node: Process Substitution105938 +Node: Word Splitting107054 +Node: Filename Expansion109151 +Node: Pattern Matching112419 +Node: Quote Removal117753 +Node: Redirections118057 +Node: Executing Commands128272 +Node: Simple Command Expansion128939 +Node: Command Search and Execution131047 +Node: Command Execution Environment133491 +Node: Environment136939 +Node: Exit Status138842 +Node: Signals140900 +Node: Shell Scripts144798 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands148096 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins150207 +Node: Bash Builtins176508 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior212956 +Node: The Set Builtin213298 +Node: The Shopt Builtin225234 +Node: Special Builtins242286 +Node: Shell Variables243275 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables243709 +Node: Bash Variables246217 +Node: Bash Features284474 +Node: Invoking Bash285488 +Node: Bash Startup Files291914 +Node: Interactive Shells297227 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?297635 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?298297 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior299121 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions302882 +Node: Shell Arithmetic308099 +Node: Aliases311438 +Node: Arrays314400 +Node: The Directory Stack321463 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins322260 +Node: Controlling the Prompt326705 +Node: The Restricted Shell329589 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode332471 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode350612 +Node: Job Control359623 +Node: Job Control Basics360080 +Node: Job Control Builtins365388 +Node: Job Control Variables371556 +Node: Command Line Editing372724 +Node: Introduction and Notation374427 +Node: Readline Interaction376777 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials377965 +Node: Readline Movement Commands379773 +Node: Readline Killing Commands380769 +Node: Readline Arguments382792 +Node: Searching383849 +Node: Readline Init File386110 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax387414 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs414134 +Node: Sample Init File418519 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands421640 +Node: Commands For Moving423112 +Node: Commands For History425339 +Node: Commands For Text430592 +Node: Commands For Killing434651 +Node: Numeric Arguments437439 +Node: Commands For Completion438591 +Node: Keyboard Macros443091 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands443792 +Node: Readline vi Mode450345 +Node: Programmable Completion451322 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins459374 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example471039 +Node: Using History Interactively476384 +Node: Bash History Facilities477065 +Node: Bash History Builtins480800 +Node: History Interaction487271 +Node: Event Designators492225 +Node: Word Designators493803 +Node: Modifiers496111 +Node: Installing Bash498052 +Node: Basic Installation499168 +Node: Compilers and Options503044 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures503794 +Node: Installation Names505543 +Node: Specifying the System Type507777 +Node: Sharing Defaults508523 +Node: Operation Controls509237 +Node: Optional Features510256 +Node: Reporting Bugs522636 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell523994 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License545414 +Node: Indexes570591 +Node: Builtin Index571042 +Node: Reserved Word Index578140 +Node: Variable Index580585 +Node: Function Index597998 +Node: Concept Index611854  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf index 4392930f..48c5d562 100644 Binary files a/doc/bash.pdf and b/doc/bash.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.aux b/doc/bashref.aux index c2c9febb..ed95eb29 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.aux +++ b/doc/bashref.aux @@ -251,21 +251,21 @@ @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.1} @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-title}{Readline Movement Commands} @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.2} -@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands} -@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3} @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{128} @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{128} +@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands} +@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3} @xrdef{Readline Arguments-title}{Readline Arguments} @xrdef{Readline Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.4} @xrdef{Searching-title}{Searching for Commands in the History} @xrdef{Searching-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.5} @xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{129} @xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{129} -@xrdef{Searching-pg}{129} @xrdef{Readline Init File-title}{Readline Init File} @xrdef{Readline Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3} @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-title}{Readline Init File Syntax} @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.1} +@xrdef{Searching-pg}{130} @xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{130} @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{130} @xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs} @@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ @xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{152} @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode} @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5} -@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{154} @xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion} @xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6} +@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{155} @xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{155} @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins} @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7} @@ -327,13 +327,13 @@ @xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{167} @xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators} @xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1} +@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{168} @xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators} @xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2} -@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{168} @xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers} @xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3} @xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{169} -@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{169} +@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{170} @xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash} @xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10} @xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation} @@ -369,22 +369,22 @@ @xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{181} @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License} @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}} -@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{187} +@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{188} @xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes} @xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}} @xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands} @xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1} -@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{195} -@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{195} +@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{196} +@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{196} @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words} @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2} @xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index} @xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3} -@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{196} -@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{197} +@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{197} +@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{198} @xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index} @xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4} -@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{199} +@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{200} @xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index} @xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5} -@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{201} +@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{202} diff --git a/doc/bashref.bt b/doc/bashref.bt index ca15e32f..29c2c094 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.bt +++ b/doc/bashref.bt @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ \entry{disown}{126}{\code {disown}} \entry{suspend}{126}{\code {suspend}} \entry{compgen}{157}{\code {compgen}} -\entry{complete}{157}{\code {complete}} +\entry{complete}{158}{\code {complete}} \entry{compopt}{161}{\code {compopt}} \entry{fc}{165}{\code {fc}} \entry{history}{165}{\code {history}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.bts b/doc/bashref.bts index 254fedf7..bbea026c 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.bts +++ b/doc/bashref.bts @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ \entry{\code {cd}}{51} \entry{\code {command}}{61} \entry{\code {compgen}}{157} -\entry{\code {complete}}{157} +\entry{\code {complete}}{158} \entry{\code {compopt}}{161} \entry{\code {continue}}{52} \initial {D} diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi index fa4620bc..cb6ae63e 100644 Binary files a/doc/bashref.dvi and b/doc/bashref.dvi differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.fn b/doc/bashref.fn index 8a5258c6..cb95aad0 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.fn +++ b/doc/bashref.fn @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ \entry{backward-word (M-b)}{144}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}} \entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{144}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}} \entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{144}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}} -\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{144}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}} +\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{145}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}} \entry{next-screen-line ()}{145}{\code {next-screen-line ()}} \entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{145}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}} \entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{145}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}} @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ \entry{end-of-history (M->)}{145}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}} \entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{145}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}} \entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{145}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}} -\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{145}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}} +\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{146}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}} \entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{146}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}} \entry{history-search-backward ()}{146}{\code {history-search-backward ()}} \entry{history-search-forward ()}{146}{\code {history-search-forward ()}} @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ \entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{147}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}} \entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{147}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}} \entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{147}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}} -\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{147}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}} +\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{148}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}} \entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{148}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}} \entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{148}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}} \entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{148}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}} @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ \entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{150}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}} \entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{150}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}} \entry{menu-complete ()}{150}{\code {menu-complete ()}} -\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{150}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}} +\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{151}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}} \entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{151}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}} \entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{151}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}} \entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{151}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}} @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ \entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{151}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}} \entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{151}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}} \entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{151}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}} -\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{151}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}} +\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{152}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}} \entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{152}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}} \entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{152}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}} \entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{152}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}} @@ -93,18 +93,18 @@ \entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{152}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}} \entry{set-mark (C-@)}{152}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}} \entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{152}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}} -\entry{character-search (C-])}{152}{\code {character-search (C-])}} +\entry{character-search (C-])}{153}{\code {character-search (C-])}} \entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{153}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}} \entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{153}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}} \entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{153}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}} \entry{dump-functions ()}{153}{\code {dump-functions ()}} \entry{dump-variables ()}{153}{\code {dump-variables ()}} \entry{dump-macros ()}{153}{\code {dump-macros ()}} -\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{153}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}} -\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{153}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}} +\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{153}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}} +\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{154}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}} +\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{154}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}} \entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{154}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}} \entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{154}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}} -\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{154}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}} \entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{154}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}} \entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{154}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}} \entry{magic-space ()}{154}{\code {magic-space ()}} @@ -112,4 +112,4 @@ \entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{154}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}} \entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{154}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}} \entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{154}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}} -\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{154}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}} +\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{154}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.fns b/doc/bashref.fns index e31111f5..379faec8 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.fns +++ b/doc/bashref.fns @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ \initial {C} \entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{152} \entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{148} -\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{152} +\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{153} \entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{153} \entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{145} \entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{145} @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ \entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{151} \entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{151} \entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{151} -\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{151} +\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{152} \entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{151} \entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{151} \entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{149} @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ \entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{145} \entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{144} \entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{152} -\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{154} +\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{153} \initial {F} \entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{147} \entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{147} @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ \entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{145} \entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{144} \initial {G} -\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{153} +\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{154} \entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{154} \entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{154} \initial {H} @@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ \initial {M} \entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{154} \entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{150} +\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{151} \initial {N} \entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{145} \entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{145} \entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{146} -\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{145} +\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{146} \initial {O} \entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{147} \entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{148} @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ \entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{151} \entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{152} \entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{145} -\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{144} +\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{145} \entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{152} \initial {Q} \entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{147} @@ -115,11 +115,11 @@ \entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{149} \entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{148} \entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{153} -\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{153} +\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{154} \entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{152} \initial {T} \entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{152} -\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{147} +\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{148} \entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{148} \initial {U} \entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{152} diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html index 31c2b574..042626b5 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.html +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ builtin command can also be used to set Readline keybindings and variables. See Bash Builtin Commands.

-

When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the -init file is read, and the key bindings are set. +

When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads +the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.

In addition, the C-x C-r command re-reads this init file, thus incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. @@ -10808,11 +11233,12 @@ Next:

There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the -Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored. +Readline init file. +Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a ‘#’ are comments. Lines beginning with a ‘$’ indicate conditional -constructs (see Conditional Init Constructs). Other lines -denote variable settings and key bindings. +constructs (see Conditional Init Constructs). +Other lines denote variable settings and key bindings.

Variable Settings
@@ -10833,8 +11259,8 @@ change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use 
set editing-mode vi
-

Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard -to case. +

Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without +regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.

Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if @@ -10877,8 +11303,8 @@ A sample value might be ‘\e[0m’.

bell-style

Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. -If set to ‘none’, Readline never rings the bell. If set to -‘visible’, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to ‘none’, Readline never rings the bell. +If set to ‘visible’, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to ‘audible’ (the default), Readline attempts to ring the terminal’s bell.

@@ -10895,8 +11321,8 @@ including the special control characters (usually cchars
blink-matching-paren

If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an -opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. The default -is ‘off’. +opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. +The default is ‘off’.

colored-completion-prefix
@@ -10919,9 +11345,9 @@ The default is ‘off’.

comment-begin
-

The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the -insert-comment command is executed. The default value -is "#". +

The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the +insert-comment command. +The default value is "#".

completion-display-width
@@ -10947,79 +11373,87 @@ The default value is ‘off’.

completion-prefix-display-length
-

The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible -completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a -value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are -replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +

The maximum +length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. +When set to a value greater than zero, readline +replaces common prefixes longer than this value +with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.

completion-query-items
-

The number of possible completions that determines when the user is -asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. -If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to this value, -Readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; -otherwise, they are simply listed. +

The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked +whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. +If the number of possible completions is greater than +or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not +the user wishes to view them; +otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions. This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero. -A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative values are -treated as zero. +A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative +values are treated as zero. The default limit is 100.

convert-meta
-

If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters with the -eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth -bit and prefixing an ESC character, converting them to a -meta-prefixed key sequence. -The default value is ‘on’, but -will be set to ‘off’ if the locale is one that contains -eight-bit characters. +

If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads +that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by +clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an ESC character, +converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence. +The default value is ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ +if the locale contains +characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +may change if the locale changes. +This variable also affects key bindings; +see the description of force-meta-prefix below.

disable-completion

If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion. -Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had -been mapped to self-insert. The default is ‘off’. +Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they +had been mapped to self-insert. +The default is ‘off’.

echo-control-characters

When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they support it, Readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the -keyboard. The default is ‘on’. +keyboard. +The default is ‘on’.

editing-mode
-

The editing-mode variable controls which default set of -key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing -mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be -set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’. +

The editing-mode variable controls the default set of +key bindings. +By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing mode, where +the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. +This variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.

emacs-mode-string

If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary -prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The default is ‘@’.

-
enable-active-region
-

The point is the current cursor position, and mark refers -to a saved cursor position (see Commands For Moving). +

enable-active-region
+

point is the current cursor position, and mark refers to a +saved cursor position (see Commands For Moving). The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows certain commands to designate the region as active. When the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using the value of the active-region-start-color, which defaults to the -string that enables -the terminal’s standout mode. +string that enables the terminal’s standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any -matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. +matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. The default is ‘On’.

@@ -11028,34 +11462,58 @@ The default is ‘On’. paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This is called putting the terminal into bracketed paste mode; -it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound to key -sequences appearing in the pasted text. -The default is ‘On’. +it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound +to key sequences appearing in the pasted text. +The default is ‘On’.

enable-keypad

When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application -keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the -arrow keys. The default is ‘off’. +keypad when it is called. +Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. +The default is ‘off’.

-
enable-meta-key
-

When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier -key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, -the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. +

enable-meta-key
+

When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta +modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called. +On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters; +this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the +terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a +character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is +typed (a meta character). The default is ‘on’.

expand-tilde
-

If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline -attempts word completion. The default is ‘off’. +

If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it +attempts word completion. +The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
force-meta-prefix
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline modifies its behavior when binding key +sequences containing \M- or Meta- +(see Key Bindings in Readline Init File Syntax) +by converting a key sequence of the form +\M-C or Meta-C to the two-character sequence +ESCC (adding the meta prefix). +If force-meta-prefix is set to ‘off’ (the default), +Readline uses the value of the convert-meta variable to determine +whether to perform this conversion: +if convert-meta is ‘on’, +Readline performs the conversion described above; +if it is ‘off’, Readline converts C to a meta character by +setting the eighth bit (0200). +The default is ‘off’.

history-preserve-point

If set to ‘on’, the history code attempts to place the point (the current cursor position) at the same location on each history line retrieved with previous-history -or next-history. The default is ‘off’. +or next-history. +The default is ‘off’.

history-size
@@ -11064,30 +11522,32 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. -By default, the number of history entries is not limited. -If an attempt is made to set history-size to a non-numeric value, +By default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries to +the value of the HISTSIZE shell variable. +If you try to set history-size to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.

horizontal-scroll-mode
-

This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’. Setting it -to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll -horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width -of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. +

Setting this variable to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines +being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when +the lines are longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping +onto a new screen line. This variable is automatically set to ‘on’ for terminals of height 1. By default, this variable is set to ‘off’.

input-meta
-

If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it +

If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), -regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The -default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the -locale contains eight-bit characters. -The name meta-flag is a synonym for this variable. +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. +The default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ +if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes +with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +its value may change if the locale changes. +The name meta-flag is a synonym for input-meta.

isearch-terminators
@@ -11111,18 +11571,18 @@ Built-in keymap names are vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also a synonym); emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. Applications may add additional names. -The default value is emacs. -The value of the editing-mode variable also affects the +The default value is emacs; +the value of the editing-mode variable also affects the default keymap.

keyseq-timeout
-

Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an -ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using -the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer -key sequence). -If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter -but complete key sequence. +

Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when +reading an ambiguous key sequence +(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, +or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). +If Readline doesn’t receive any input within the timeout, it will use the +shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is available on the current input source (rl_instream by default). The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that @@ -11134,20 +11594,19 @@ The default value is 500.

mark-directories
-

If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash -appended. The default is ‘on’. +

If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash appended. +The default is ‘on’.

mark-modified-lines
-

This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an +

When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been modified. This variable is ‘off’ by default.

mark-symlinked-directories
-

If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links -to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of -mark-directories). +

If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links to directories +have a slash appended, subject to the value of mark-directories. The default is ‘off’.

@@ -11163,17 +11622,19 @@ This variable is ‘on’ by default.
menu-complete-display-prefix

If set to ‘on’, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through -the list. The default is ‘off’. +the list. +The default is ‘off’.

output-meta

If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. -The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the -locale contains eight-bit characters. +The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ +if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include +bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and -may change if the locale is changed. +its value may change if the locale changes.

page-completions
@@ -11182,6 +11643,10 @@ to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This variable is ‘on’ by default.

+
prefer-visible-bell
+

See bell-style. +

+
print-completions-horizontally

If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. @@ -11190,9 +11655,11 @@ The default is ‘off’.

revert-all-at-newline

If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history lines -before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, +before returning when executing accept-line. +By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across -calls to readline(). The default is ‘off’. +calls to readline(). +The default is ‘off’.

search-ignore-case
@@ -11202,8 +11669,8 @@ The default value is ‘off’.

show-all-if-ambiguous
-

This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If -set to ‘on’, +

This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. +If set to ‘on’, words which have more than one possible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The default value is ‘off’. @@ -11229,15 +11696,15 @@ The default value is ‘off’.

skip-completed-text

If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior when -inserting a single match into the line. It’s only active when -performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, Readline -does not insert characters from the completion that match characters -after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word -following the cursor are not duplicated. +inserting a single match into the line. +It’s only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. +If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion +that match characters after point in the word being completed, +so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor -is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will result in ‘Makefile’ -rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming there is a single possible -completion. +is after the first ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will result in +‘Makefile’ rather than ‘Makefilefile’, +assuming there is a single possible completion. The default value is ‘off’.

@@ -11245,10 +11712,9 @@ The default value is ‘off’.

If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. -The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of +meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. +The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The default is ‘(cmd)’. @@ -11258,10 +11724,9 @@ The default is ‘(cmd)’.

If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. -The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of +meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. +The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The default is ‘(ins)’. @@ -11270,16 +11735,18 @@ The default is ‘(ins)’.

visible-stats

If set to ‘on’, a character denoting a file’s type is appended to the filename when listing possible -completions. The default is ‘off’. +completions. +The default is ‘off’.

Key Bindings
-

The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is -simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you -want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command +

The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple. +First you need to find the name of the command that you +want to change. +The following sections contain tables of the command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the command does.

@@ -11294,6 +11761,8 @@ what you find most comfortable.

In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro). +The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is +enclosed in single or double quotes.

The bind -p command displays Readline function names and bindings in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file. @@ -11301,7 +11770,8 @@ See Bash Builtin Commands.

keyname: function-name or macro
-

keyname is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: +

keyname is the name of a key spelled out in English. +For example: 

Control-u: universal-argument
 Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
@@ -11315,8 +11785,7 @@ Control-o: "> output"
 expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
 ‘> output’ into the line).
 

-
A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
-processing this key binding syntax:
+
This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic character names:
 DEL,
 ESC,
 ESCAPE,
@@ -11334,9 +11803,10 @@ and
 
"keyseq": function-name or macro

 
keyseq differs from keyname above in that strings
 denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
-the key sequence in double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key
-escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the
-special character names are not recognized.
+the key sequence in double quotes.
+Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be used,
+as in the following example, but none of the
+special character names are recognized.
 

 

 
"\C-u": universal-argument
@@ -11358,22 +11828,24 @@ specifying key sequences:
 

 

 
\C-

-
control prefix
+
A control prefix.
 

 
\M-

-
meta prefix
+
Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+character, as described above under force-meta-prefix
+(see Variable Settings in Readline Init File Syntax).
 

 
\e

-
an escape character
+
An escape character.
 

 
\\

-
backslash
+
Backslash.
 

 
\"

-
", a double quotation mark
+
", a double quotation mark.
 

 
\'

-
', a single quote or apostrophe
+
', a single quote or apostrophe.
 

 

 
@@ -11406,19 +11878,20 @@ set of backslash escapes is available:
 
vertical tab
 

 
\nnn

-
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn
-(one to three digits)
+
The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn
+(one to three digits).
 

 
\xHH

-
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
-(one or two hex digits)
+
The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
+(one or two hex digits).

When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. -In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded +in the macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including ‘"’ and ‘'’. For example, the following binding will make ‘C-x \’ @@ -11442,13 +11915,15 @@ Next: ,

Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result -of tests. There are four parser directives used. +of tests. +There are four parser directives available.

$if

The $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -Readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, +Readline. +The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.

@@ -11465,11 +11940,13 @@ Readline is starting out in emacs mode.
term

The term= form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the -terminal’s function keys. The word on the right side of the -‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and -the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’. This -allows sun to match both sun and sun-cmd, -for instance. +terminal’s function keys. +The word on the right side of the +‘=’ +is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion +of the terminal name before the first ‘-’. +This allows xterm to match both xterm and +xterm-256color, for instance.

version
@@ -11481,8 +11958,9 @@ The set of comparison operators includes and ‘>’. The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional -minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’). If the minor version is omitted, it -is assumed to be ‘0’. +minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’). +If the minor version is omitted, it +defaults to ‘0’. The operator may be separated from the string version and from the version number argument by whitespace. The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used @@ -11496,11 +11974,13 @@ $endif
application

The application construct is used to include -application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline +application-specific settings. +Each program using the Readline library sets the application name, and you can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for -a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +a specific program. +For instance, the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: 

$if Bash
@@ -11517,7 +11997,8 @@ The permitted comparison operators are ‘=’
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values on and off.
 The following example is equivalent to the mode=emacs test described
 above:
@@ -11529,20 +12010,20 @@ $endif
- -
$endif
-

This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an -$if command. -

$else

Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if the test fails.

+
$endif
+

This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +$if command. +

+
$include

This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands -and bindings from that file. +and key bindings from that file. For example, the following directive reads from /etc/inputrc: 

$include /etc/inputrc
@@ -11686,6 +12167,11 @@ Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
 position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the
 set-mark command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region.
+Readline has the concept of an active region:
+when the region is active, Readline redisplay uses the
+value of the active-region-start-color variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 

 
    
 
  • Commands For Moving
    • 
@@ -11745,14 +12231,16 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
previous-screen-line ()

Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous -physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +physical screen line. +This will not have the desired effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.

next-screen-line ()

Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next -physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +physical screen line. +This will not have the desired effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. @@ -11814,14 +12302,16 @@ being entered.

reverse-search-history (C-r)

Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’ through -the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. -This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark. +the history as necessary. +This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.

forward-search-history (C-s)

Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’ through -the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. -This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark. +the history as necessary. +This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.

non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
@@ -11877,10 +12367,13 @@ By default, this command is unbound. the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument n, insert the nth word from the previous command (the words -in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument -inserts the nth word from the end of the previous command. -Once the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted -as if the ‘!n’ history expansion had been specified. +in the previous command begin with word 0). +A negative argument inserts the nth word from the end of +the previous command. +Once the argument n is computed, +this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the +nth word, as if the +‘!n’ history expansion had been specified.

yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)
@@ -11891,10 +12384,12 @@ Successive calls to yank-last-arg move back through th list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines -the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches -the direction through the history (back or forward). -The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, -as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified. +the direction to move through the history. +A negative argument switches the direction through the history +(back or forward). +This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the +last word, as if the +‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.

operate-and-get-next (C-o)
@@ -11902,8 +12397,8 @@ as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been newline had been entered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. -A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead -of the current line. +A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry +to use instead of the current line.

fetch-history ()
@@ -11926,56 +12421,62 @@ Next:
end-of-file (usually C-d)

The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by -stty. If this character is read when there are no characters +stty. +If this character is read when there are no characters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.

delete-char (C-d)
-

Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the +

Delete the character at point. +If this function is bound to the same character as the tty EOF character, as C-d commonly is, see above for the effects.

backward-delete-char (Rubout)
-

Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means -to kill the characters instead of deleting them. +

Delete the character behind the cursor. +A numeric argument means +to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring, +instead of deleting them.

forward-backward-delete-char ()

Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is -deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. +deleted. +By default, this is not bound to a key.

quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)
-

Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is -how to insert key sequences like C-q, for example. +

Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. +This is how to insert key sequences like C-q, for example.

self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …)
-

Insert yourself. +

Insert the character typed.

bracketed-paste-begin ()

This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default. It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating -each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The characters +each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +The characters are inserted as if each one was bound to self-insert instead of executing any editing commands.

Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and the mark) -to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an active mark: when the -mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the terminal’s standout mode to -denote the region. +to the inserted text. +It sets the active region.

transpose-chars (C-t)

Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at the cursor, moving the -cursor forward as well. If the insertion point +cursor forward as well. +If the insertion point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. @@ -11998,25 +12499,29 @@ Word boundaries are the same as shell-forward-word and

upcase-word (M-u)
-

Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +

Uppercase the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

downcase-word (M-l)
-

Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +

Lowercase the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

capitalize-word (M-c)
-

Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +

Capitalize the current (or following) word. +With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

overwrite-mode ()
-

Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, -switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric -argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only -emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently. +

Toggle overwrite mode. +With an explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite mode. +With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. +This command affects only emacs mode; +vi mode does overwrite differently. Each call to readline() starts in insert mode.

In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace @@ -12041,15 +12546,15 @@ Next:

kill-line (C-k)
-

Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +

Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the -beginning of the current line. +beginning of the line.

backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)

Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the -end of the current line. +end of the line.

unix-line-discard (C-u)
@@ -12084,18 +12589,19 @@ Word boundaries are the same as shell-backward-word.

unix-word-rubout (C-w)
-

Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +

Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring.

unix-filename-rubout ()

Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character -as the word boundaries. -The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +as the word boundaries, +saving the killed text on the kill-ring.

delete-horizontal-space ()
-

Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. +

Delete all spaces and tabs around point. +By default, this is unbound.

kill-region ()
@@ -12105,7 +12611,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
copy-region-as-kill ()

Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked -right away. By default, this command is unbound. +right away. +By default, this command is unbound.

copy-backward-word ()
@@ -12125,7 +12632,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.

yank-pop (M-y)
-

Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +

Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. +You can only do this if the prior command is yank or yank-pop.

@@ -12141,7 +12649,8 @@ Next:
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, … M--)

Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new -argument. M-- starts a negative argument. +argument. +M-- starts a negative argument.

universal-argument ()
@@ -12173,11 +12682,14 @@ Next: , P
complete (TAB)

Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual completion performed is application-specific. -Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the -text begins with ‘$’), username (if the text begins with -‘~’), hostname (if the text begins with ‘@’), or -command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none -of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +Bash attempts completion by first checking for any programmable +completions for the command word (see Programmable Completion), +otherwise treating the text as a +variable (if the text begins with ‘$’), +username (if the text begins with ‘~’), +hostname (if the text begins with ‘@’), or +command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn. +If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.

possible-completions (M-?)
@@ -12189,20 +12701,21 @@ the environment variable COLUMNS, or the screen width,
insert-completions (M-*)

Insert all completions of the text before point that would have -been generated by possible-completions. +been generated by possible-completions, +separated by a space.

menu-complete ()

Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. -Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list +Repeatedly executing menu-complete steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. -At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +At the end of the list of completions, +menu-complete rings the bell (subject to the setting of bell-style) -and the original text is restored. +and restores the original text. An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list -of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward -through the list. +of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list. This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound by default.

@@ -12211,13 +12724,13 @@ by default.

Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the list of possible completions, as if menu-complete had been given a negative argument. +This command is unbound by default.

delete-char-or-list ()

Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like delete-char). -If at the end of the line, behaves identically to -possible-completions. +At the end of the line, it behaves identically to possible-completions. This command is unbound by default.

@@ -12262,7 +12775,8 @@ treating it as a hostname.
complete-command (M-!)

Attempt completion on the text before point, treating -it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +it as a command name. +Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. @@ -12275,7 +12789,7 @@ treating it as a command name.

dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)

Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing -the text against lines from the history list for possible +the text against history list entries for possible completion matches.

@@ -12350,9 +12864,8 @@ The behavior is undefined if x is already lower case.

prefix-meta (ESC)
-

Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards -without a meta key. Typing ‘ESC f’ is equivalent to typing -M-f. +

Metafy the next character typed. +Typing ‘ESC f’ is equivalent to typing M-f.

undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)
@@ -12360,8 +12873,9 @@ without a meta key. Typing ‘ESC

revert-line (M-r)
-

Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the undo -command enough times to get back to the beginning. +

Undo all changes made to this line. +This is like executing the undo +command enough times to get back to the initial state.

tilde-expand (M-&)
@@ -12369,44 +12883,44 @@ command enough times to get back to the beginning.

set-mark (C-@)
-

Set the mark to the point. If a -numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +

Set the mark to the point. +If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.

exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
-

Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to -the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +

Swap the point with the mark. +Set the current cursor position to the saved position, +then set the mark to the old cursor position.

character-search (C-])
-

A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that -character. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. +

Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character. +A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.

character-search-backward (M-C-])
-

A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence -of that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent -occurrences. +

Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character. +A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.

skip-csi-sequence ()

Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those -defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a -Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is -bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +defined for keys like Home and End. +CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. +If this sequence is bound to "\e[", +keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting -stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, -but usually bound to ESC-[. +stray characters into the editing buffer. +This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.

insert-comment (M-#)
-

Without a numeric argument, the value of the comment-begin -variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +

Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the comment-begin +variable at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value -of comment-begin, the value is inserted, otherwise -the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of -the line. +of comment-begin, insert the value; otherwise delete +the characters in comment-begin from the beginning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of comment-begin causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. @@ -12415,24 +12929,39 @@ will be executed by the shell.

dump-functions ()
-

Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the -Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +

Print all of the functions and their key bindings +to the Readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part -of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +of an inputrc file. +This command is unbound by default.

dump-variables ()
-

Print all of the settable variables and their values to the -Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +

Print all of the settable variables and their values +to the Readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part -of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +of an inputrc file. +This command is unbound by default.

dump-macros ()

Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the -strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +strings they output +to the Readline output stream. +If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part -of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +of an inputrc file. +This command is unbound by default. +

+
+
execute-named-command (M-x)
+

Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the +function to which it’s bound, as if the key sequence to which it was +bound appeared in the input. +If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that +argument to the function it executes.

spell-correct-word (C-x s)
@@ -12442,29 +12971,25 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-forward-w

glob-complete-word (M-g)
-

The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to +

Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.

glob-expand-word (C-x *)
-

The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. -If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before +

Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion.

glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
-

The list of expansions that would have been generated by -glob-expand-word is displayed, and the line is redrawn. -If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before +

Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by +glob-expand-word, and redisplay the line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion.

-
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
-

Display version information about the current instance of Bash. -

-
shell-expand-line (M-C-e)

Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This performs alias and history expansion, @@ -12503,16 +13028,12 @@ Bash attempts to invoke $VISUAL, $EDITOR, and emacs as the editor, in that order.

- -
-
execute-named-command (M-x)
-

Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the -function to which it’s bound, as if the key sequence to which it was -bound appeared in the input. -If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that -argument to the function it executes. +

display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
+

Display version information about the current instance of Bash.

+ +
@@ -12528,12 +13049,14 @@ Next:

The Set Builtin). +of the line. +The Readline vi mode behaves as specified in the +sh description in the POSIX standard. +

+

You can use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ +commands (see The Set Builtin) +to switch interactively between emacs and vi +editing modes, The Readline default is emacs mode.

When you enter a line in vi mode, you are already placed in @@ -12553,48 +13076,49 @@ Next:

-

When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for -which a completion specification (a compspec) has been defined +

When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a compspec) has been defined using the complete builtin (see Programmable Completion Builtins), -the programmable completion facilities are invoked. +\fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities.

-

First, the command name is identified. +

First, Bash identifies the command name. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the -beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with -the -E option to complete is used. -If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full -pathname is searched for first. -If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to +beginning of an empty line), Bash uses any compspec defined with +the -E option to complete. +If the command word is a full pathname, Bash +searches for a compspec for the full pathname first. +If there is no compspec for the full pathname, Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with the -D option to complete is used as the default. If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec -for the command word from any successful expansion +for the command word from any successful expansion.

-

Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of -matching words. -If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion -described above (see Letting Readline Type For You) is performed. +

If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion +described above (see Letting Readline Type For You). +Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate +the list of matching words.

-

First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +

First, Bash performs the actions specified by the compspec. Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the -f or -d option is used for filename or -directory name completion, the shell variable FIGNORE is -used to filter the matches. +directory name completion, Bash uses shell the variable FIGNORE +to filter the matches. See Bash Variables, for a description of FIGNORE.

Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -G option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. -The GLOBIGNORE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, -but the FIGNORE shell variable is used. +Bash uses the FIGNORE +variable to filter the matches, but does not use the +GLOBIGNORE shell variable.

-

Next, the string specified as the argument to the -W option -is considered. +

Next, completion considers +the string specified as the argument to the -W option. The string is first split using the characters in the IFS special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a @@ -12607,23 +13131,26 @@ as described above (see Shell Expansio The results are split using the rules described above (see Word Splitting). The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being -completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +completed, and the matching words become possible completions.

-

After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command -specified with the -F and -C options is invoked. +

After these matches have been generated, +Bash executes any shell function or command +any shell function or command +specified with the -F and -C options. When the command or function is invoked, the COMP_LINE, COMP_POINT, COMP_KEY, and COMP_TYPE variables are assigned values as described above (see Bash Variables). If a shell function is being invoked, the COMP_WORDS and COMP_CWORD variables are also set. -When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the -name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the -second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument -($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command -line. -No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed -is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating -the matches. +When the function or command is invoked, +the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments +are being completed, +the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, +and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. +There is no filtering of the generated completions against the +word being completed; +the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.

Any function specified with -F is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the @@ -12637,6 +13164,7 @@ in an environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. +These are added to the set of possible completions.

After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter specified with the -X option is applied to the list. @@ -12654,26 +13182,26 @@ of alphabetic characters.

Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -P and -S options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is -returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible -completions. +returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.

If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the -o dirnames option was supplied to complete when the -compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion.

If the -o plusdirs option was supplied to complete when -the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any -matches are added to the results of the other actions. +the compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion +and adds any matches to the set of possible completions.

By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. -The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default -of filename completion is disabled. +The default Bash completions and the Readline default +of filename completion are disabled. If the -o bashdefault option was supplied to complete when -the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted -if the compspec generates no matches. +the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, +Bash attempts its default completions. If the -o default option was supplied to complete when the -compspec was defined, Readline’s default completion will be performed +compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform +Readline’s default completion if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.

@@ -12683,17 +13211,19 @@ to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the value of the mark-directories Readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories Readline variable.

-

There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is -most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified -with -D. It’s possible for shell functions executed as completion -handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an -exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes +

There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. +This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion +specified with -D. +It’s possible for shell functions executed as completion functions +to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. +If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an -attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of -completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than -being loaded all at once. +attempt to find a new compspec for that command. +This allows a set of completions to be built dynamically as completion +is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.

For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default @@ -12751,7 +13281,7 @@ have useful values. completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If word is specified, only those completions matching word -will be displayed. +will be displayed or stored.

The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. @@ -12766,14 +13296,15 @@ matches were generated.

Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. -If the -p option is supplied, or if no options or names -are supplied, existing -completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be -reused as input. +

+

If the -p option is supplied, or if no options or names +are supplied, print existing completion specifications +in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifications. -The -D option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +

+

The -D option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply to the “default” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. The -E option indicates that other supplied options and actions should @@ -12798,7 +13329,6 @@ The arguments to the -G, -Wcomplete builtin is invoked.

-
-o comp-option

The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec’s behavior @@ -12821,8 +13351,8 @@ no matches.

filenames
-

Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any -filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +

Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform +any filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified with -F. @@ -12848,11 +13378,10 @@ the end of the line.

plusdirs
-

After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, -directory name completion is attempted and any -matches are added to the results of the other actions. -

-
+

After generating any matches defined by the compspec, +attempt directory name completion and add any +matches to the results of the other actions. +

@@ -12862,7 +13391,8 @@ completions:

alias
-

Alias names. May also be specified as -a. +

Alias names. +May also be specified as -a.

arrayvar
@@ -12874,15 +13404,18 @@ completions:

builtin
-

Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. +

Names of shell builtin commands. +May also be specified as -b.

command
-

Command names. May also be specified as -c. +

Command names. +May also be specified as -c.

directory
-

Directory names. May also be specified as -d. +

Directory names. +May also be specified as -d.

disabled
@@ -12894,11 +13427,13 @@ completions:

export
-

Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. +

Names of exported shell variables. +May also be specified as -e.

file
-

File names. May also be specified as -f. +

File names. +May also be specified as -f.

function
@@ -12906,7 +13441,8 @@ completions:

group
-

Group names. May also be specified as -g. +

Group names. +May also be specified as -g.

helptopic
@@ -12919,11 +13455,13 @@ completions:

job
-

Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. +

Job names, if job control is active. +May also be specified as -j.

keyword
-

Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. +

Shell reserved words. +May also be specified as -k.

running
@@ -12931,7 +13469,8 @@ completions:

service
-

Service names. May also be specified as -s. +

Service names. +May also be specified as -s.

setopt
@@ -12953,11 +13492,13 @@ completions:

user
-

User names. May also be specified as -u. +

User names. +May also be specified as -u.

variable
-

Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. +

Names of all shell variables. +May also be specified as -v.

@@ -12971,35 +13512,43 @@ Arguments are passed as with the -F option.
-F function

The shell function function is executed in the current shell environment. -When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are -being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word -preceding the word being completed, as described above -(see Programmable Completion). -When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value +When it is executed, +the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and +the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed, +as described above (see Programmable Completion). +When function finishes, +programmable completion retrieves +the possible completions from the value of the COMPREPLY array variable.

-G globpat
-

The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate +

Expand the filename expansion pattern globpat to generate the possible completions.

-P prefix
-

prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion +

Add prefix to the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied.

-S suffix
-

suffix is appended to each possible completion +

Append suffix to each possible completion after all other options have been applied.

-W wordlist
-

The wordlist is split using the characters in the -IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word -is expanded. +

Split the wordlist using the characters in the +IFS special variable as delimiters, and expand +each resulting word. +Shell quoting is honored within wordlist +in order to provide a +mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters +in the value of IFS. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which -match the word being completed. +match a prefix of the word being completed.

-X filterpat
@@ -13037,16 +13586,14 @@ If no options are given, display the completion options f name or the current completion. The possible values of option are those valid for the complete builtin described above. -The -D option indicates that other supplied options should -apply to the “default” command completion; that is, completion attempted -on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. -The -E option indicates that other supplied options should -apply to “empty” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a -blank line. -The -I option indicates that other supplied options should -apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a -command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is usually command -name completion. +

+

The -D option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to the “default” command completion; +the -E option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to “empty” command completion; and +the -I option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to completion on the initial word on the line. +These are determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.

If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence over -E, and both take precedence over -I @@ -13054,8 +13601,7 @@ over -E, and both take precedence over name for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. -

- +

@@ -13073,8 +13619,10 @@ a shell function and bind it to a particular command using co

The following function provides completions for the cd builtin. It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when -used for completion. This function uses the word passed as $2 -to determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the +used for completion. +This function uses the word passed as $2 to determine the +directory name to complete. +You can also use the COMP_WORDS array variable; the current word is indexed by the COMP_CWORD variable.

@@ -13091,7 +13639,8 @@ a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs – compgen prints the possible completions it generates one per line.

Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one -completion per array element. The programmable completion system retrieves +completion per array element. +The programmable completion system retrieves the completions from there when the function returns.

@@ -13164,7 +13713,7 @@ extend _comp_cd to append a slash if we’re using via CDPATH: Readline can’t tell those completions are directories). The -o nospace option tells Readline to not append a space character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it. -The -o bashdefault option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" +The -o bashdefault option brings in the rest of the “Bash default” completions – possible completions that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include things like command name completion, variable completion @@ -13224,60 +13773,74 @@ is enabled (see The Set Builtin), the shell provides access to the command history, the list of commands previously typed. The value of the HISTSIZE shell variable is used as the -number of commands to save in a history list. -The text of the last $HISTSIZE -commands (default 500) is saved. +number of commands to save in a history list: +the shell saves the text of the last $HISTSIZE +commands (default 500). The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HISTIGNORE and HISTCONTROL.

-

When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the +

When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list +by reading history entries from the file named by the HISTFILE variable (default ~/.bash_history). -The file named by the value of HISTFILE is truncated, if -necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by -the value of the HISTFILESIZE variable. -When a shell with history enabled exits, the last -$HISTSIZE lines are copied from the history list to the file +This is referred to as the history file. +The history file is truncated, if necessary, +to contain no more than the number of history entries +specified by the value of the HISTFILESIZE variable. +If HISTFILESIZE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. +

+

When the history file is read, +lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately +by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. +These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the +HISTTIMEFORMAT variable (see Bash Variables). +When present, history timestamps delimit history entries, making +multi-line entries possible. +

+

When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last +$HISTSIZE entries from the history list to the file named by $HISTFILE. If the histappend shell option is set (see Bash Builtin Commands), -the lines are appended to the history file, -otherwise the history file is overwritten. +Bash appends the entries to the history file, +otherwise it overwrites the history file. If HISTFILE is unset or null, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. -After saving the history, the history file is truncated -to contain no more than $HISTFILESIZE lines. -If HISTFILESIZE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or -a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. -

-

If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information -associated with each history entry is written to the history file, -marked with the history comment character. -When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history -comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted -as timestamps for the following history entry. -

-

The fc builtin command may be used to list or edit and re-execute -a portion of the history list. -The history builtin may be used to display or modify the history -list and manipulate the history file. +After saving the history, Bash truncates the history file +to contain no more than $HISTFILESIZE +lines as described above. +

+

If the HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp information +associated with each history entry to the history file, +marked with the history comment character, +so timestamps are preserved across shell sessions. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with +the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are +interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. +As above, when using HISTTIMEFORMAT, +the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries. +

+

The fc builtin command will list or edit and re-execute a +portion of the history list. +The history builtin can display or +modify the history list and manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the -history list (see Commands For Manipulating The History). +history list (see Commands For Manipulating The History).

-

The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history -list. +

The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE -variables are used to cause the shell to save only a subset of the -commands entered. -The cmdhist -shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered. +If the cmdhist shell option is +enabled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lithist -shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines -instead of semicolons. +shell option modifies cmdhist by saving +the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. The shopt builtin is used to set these options. See The Shopt Builtin, for a description of shopt.

@@ -13301,9 +13864,9 @@ history list and history file. fc -s [pat=rep] [command]
-

The first form selects a range of commands from first to -last from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes -them. +

The first form selects a range of commands from +first to last +from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both first and last may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the @@ -13316,26 +13879,44 @@ command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.

If last is not specified, it is set to -first. If first is not specified, it is set to the previous -command for editing and −16 for listing. If the -l flag is -given, the commands are listed on standard output. The -n flag -suppresses the command numbers when listing. The -r flag -reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by -ename is invoked on a file containing those commands. If -ename is not given, the value of the following variable expansion -is used: ${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}. This says to use the +the current command for listing and to first otherwise. +If first is not specified, it is set to the previous +command for editing and −16 for listing. +

+

If the -l flag is supplied, +the commands are listed on standard output. +The -n flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. +The -r flag reverses the order of the listing. +

+

Otherwise, fc invokes the editor named by +ename on a file containing those commands. +If ename is not supplied, fc uses the value of the following +variable expansion: ${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}. +This says to use the value of the FCEDIT variable if set, or the value of the EDITOR variable if that is set, or vi if neither is set. -When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. +When editing is complete, fc reads the file of edited commands +and echoes and executes them.

-

In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance -of pat in the selected command is replaced by rep. +

In the second form, fc re-executes command after +replacing each instance of pat in the selected command with rep. command is interpreted the same as first above.

A useful alias to use with the fc command is r='fc -s', so that typing ‘r cc’ runs the last command beginning with cc and typing ‘r’ re-executes the last command (see Aliases).

+

If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an invalid +option is encountered or first or last +specify history lines out of range. +When editing and re-executing a file of commands, +the return value is the value of the last command executed +or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file. +If the second form is used, the return status +is that of the re-executed command, unless +command does not specify a valid history entry, in which case +fc returns a non-zero status. +

history
@@ -13347,21 +13928,21 @@ history [-anrw] [filename] history -ps arg
-

With no options, display the history list with line numbers. -Lines prefixed with a ‘*’ have been modified. -An argument of n lists only the last n lines. +

With no options, display the history list with numbers. +Entries prefixed with a ‘*’ have been modified. +An argument of n lists only the last n entries. If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. -No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp -and the history line. +If history uses HISTTIMEFORMAT, it does not print an +intervening space between the formatted time stamp and the history entry.

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:

-c
-

Clear the history list. This may be combined -with the other options to replace the history list completely. +

Clear the history list. +This may be combined with the other options to replace the history list.

-d offset
@@ -13382,24 +13963,25 @@ are interpreted as described above.

-a
-

Append the new history lines to the history file. +

Append the "new" history lines to the history file. These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.

-n
-

Append the history lines not already read from the history file -to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history +

Read the history lines not already read from the history file +and add them to the current history list. +These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current Bash session.

-r
-

Read the history file and append its contents to -the history list. +

Read the history file and append its contents to the history list.

-w
-

Write out the current history list to the history file. +

Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting +the history file.

-p
@@ -13408,18 +13990,26 @@ on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.

-s
-

The args are added to the end of -the history list as a single entry. +

Add the args to the end of the history list as a single entry. +The last command in the history list is removed before adding the args.

If a filename argument is supplied -when any of the -w, -r, -a, or -n options -is used, Bash uses filename as the history file. -If not, then the value of the HISTFILE variable is used. +with any of the -w, -r, -a, or -n +options, Bash uses filename as the history file. +If not, it uses the value of the HISTFILE variable. If HISTFILE is unset or null, these options have no effect.

+

If the HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable is set, history writes the time stamp information +associated with each history entry to the history file, +marked with the history comment character as described above. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history +comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted +as timestamps for the following history entry. +

The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid offset or range is supplied as an argument to -d, or the @@ -13438,9 +14028,18 @@ Previous:

-

The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar -to the history expansion provided by csh. This section -describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. +

The shell +provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by csh +(also referred to as history substitution where appropriate). +This section describes the syntax used to manipulate the +history information. +

+

History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, +and can be disabled using the +H option to the set +builtin command (see The Set Builtin). +Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default, +but it can be enabled with set -H.

History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the @@ -13449,19 +14048,22 @@ fix errors in previous commands quickly.

History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed -on each line individually. Bash attempts to inform the history +on each line individually. +Bash attempts to inform the history expansion functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.

-

History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine -which line from the history list should be used during substitution. -The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the +

History expansion takes place in two parts. +The first is to determine +which entry from the history list should be used during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that entry to include into the current one.

-

The line selected from the history is called the event, -and the portions of that line that are acted upon are called words. -The line is broken into words in the same fashion -that Bash does, so that several words -surrounded by quotes are considered one word. +

The entry selected from the history is called the event, +and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are words. +Various modifiers are available to manipulate the selected words. +The entry is split into words in the same fashion that Bash +does when reading input, +so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The event designator selects the event, the optional word designator selects words from the event, and various optional modifiers are available to manipulate the @@ -13485,29 +14087,36 @@ history expansion character, but the history expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string.

+

Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately +following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: +space, tab, newline, carriage return, ‘=’, +and the other shell metacharacters. +

There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the -quick substitution character (default ‘^’) +quick substitution character +(described above under histchars) is the first character on the line. It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator equivalent to !!, -and substitutes one string for another in that line. +and substitutes one string for another in that entry. It is described below (see Event Designators). This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history expansion character.

Several shell options settable with the shopt -builtin (see The Shopt Builtin) may be used to tailor -the behavior of history expansion. If the -histverify shell option is enabled, and Readline +builtin (see The Shopt Builtin) +will modify history expansion behavior +If the histverify shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the histreedit -shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be +shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. -The -p option to the history builtin command -may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. +

+

The -p option to the history builtin command +shows what a history expansion will do before using it. The -s option to the history builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. @@ -13515,9 +14124,9 @@ This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.

The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism with the histchars variable, -as explained above (see Bash Variables). The shell uses -the history comment character to mark history timestamps when -writing the history file. +as explained above (see Bash Variables). +The shell uses the history comment character to mark history +timestamps when writing the history file.

    @@ -13534,13 +14143,12 @@ Next: ,

    9.3.1 Event Designators

    -

    An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the -history list. -Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current -position in the history list. +

    An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list. The event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with the history expansion character, and ending with the word designator if one is present, or the end of the word. +Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current +position in the history list.

    @@ -13552,15 +14160,16 @@ or the rest of the shell metacharacters defined above

    !n
    -

    Refer to command line n. +

    Refer to history list entry n.

    !-n
    -

    Refer to the command n lines back. +

    Refer to the history entry minus n.

    !!
    -

    Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for ‘!-1’. +

    Refer to the previous entry. +This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.

    !string
    @@ -13576,14 +14185,15 @@ containing string. The trailing ‘?’ may be omitted if the string is followed immediately by a newline. -If string is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; +If string is missing, this uses +the string from the most recent search; it is an error if there is no previous search string.

    ^string1^string2^
    -

    Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing string1 -with string2. Equivalent to -!!:s^string1^string2^. +

    Quick Substitution. +Repeat the last command, replacing string1 with string2. +Equivalent to !!:s^string1^string2^.

    !#
    @@ -13604,23 +14214,24 @@ Next: , Previous: Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. They are optional; if the word designator isn’t supplied, the history expansion uses the entire event. -A ‘:’ separates the event specification from the word designator. It -may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ‘^’, ‘$’, -‘*’, ‘-’, or ‘%’. Words are numbered from the beginning -of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are -inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. +A ‘:’ separates the event specification from the word designator. +It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ‘^’, ‘$’, +‘*’, ‘-’, or ‘%’. +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, +with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). +Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.

    For example,

    !!
    -

    designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding -command is repeated in toto. +

    designates the preceding command. +When you type this, the preceding command is repeated in toto.

    !!:$
    -

    designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be -shortened to !$. +

    designates the last argument of the preceding command. +This may be shortened to !$.

    !fi:2
    @@ -13630,10 +14241,11 @@ the letters fi.

    Here are the word designators: -

    +

    0 (zero)
    -

    The 0th word. For many applications, this is the command word. +

    The 0th word. +For the shell, and many other, applications, this is the command word.

    n
    @@ -13641,11 +14253,13 @@ the letters fi.

    ^
    -

    The first argument; that is, word 1. +

    The first argument: word 1.

    $
    -

    The last argument. +

    The last word. +This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the +zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.

    %
    @@ -13661,13 +14275,14 @@ the line.

    *
    -

    All of the words, except the 0th. This is a synonym for ‘1-$’. +

    All of the words, except the 0th. +This is a synonym for ‘1-$’. It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the event; -the empty string is returned in that case. +it expands to the empty string in that case.

    x*
    -

    Abbreviates ‘x-$’ +

    Abbreviates ‘x-$’.

    x-
    @@ -13678,7 +14293,7 @@ If ‘x’ is missing, it defaults to 0.

    If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the -previous command is used as the event. +previous command is used as the event, equivalent to !!.

    @@ -13695,11 +14310,11 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.

    h
    -

    Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. +

    Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.

    t
    -

    Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. +

    Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.

    r
    @@ -13722,8 +14337,8 @@ the basename.
    x

    Quote the substituted words as with ‘q’, but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines. -The ‘q’ and ‘x’ modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one -supplied is used. +The ‘q’ and ‘x’ modifiers are mutually exclusive; +expansion uses the last one supplied.

    s/old/new/
    @@ -13731,9 +14346,9 @@ supplied is used. event line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘/’. The delimiter may be quoted in old and new -with a single backslash. If ‘&’ appears in new, -it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote -the ‘&’. +with a single backslash. +If ‘&’ appears in new, it is replaced with old. +A single backslash will quote the ‘&’ in old and new. If old is null, it is set to the last old substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, the last string @@ -13750,8 +14365,9 @@ character on the input line.
    g
    a
    -

    Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in -conjunction with ‘s’, as in gs/old/new/, +

    Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. +This is used in conjunction with +‘s’, as in gs/old/new/, or with ‘&’.

    @@ -13774,11 +14390,11 @@ Next:     , Pre

    10 Installing Bash

    This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on -the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the +the various supported platforms. +The distribution supports the GNU operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix. -Other independent ports exist for -MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. +Other independent ports exist for Windows platforms.

      @@ -13809,10 +14425,10 @@ Next:

      1. Installation Names).

      The configure shell script attempts to guess correct -values for various system-dependent variables used during -compilation. It uses those values to create a Makefile in +values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. +It uses those values to create a Makefile in each directory of the package (the top directory, the builtins, doc, po, and support directories, -each directory under lib, and several others). It also creates a +each directory under lib, and several others). +It also creates a config.h file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script named config.status that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a @@ -13862,7 +14479,8 @@ may remove or edit it.

      If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source directory – to build for multiple architectures, for example – -just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands +just use the full path to the configure script. +The following commands will build Bash in a directory under /usr/local/build from the source code in /usr/local/src/bash-4.4:

      @@ -13890,7 +14508,8 @@ If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or newer.

      You can remove the program binaries and object files from the -source code directory by typing ‘make clean’. To also remove the +source code directory by typing ‘make clean’. +To also remove the files that configure created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of computer), type ‘make distclean’.

      @@ -13904,10 +14523,11 @@ Next:

      Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking -that the configure script does not know about. You can -give configure initial values for variables by setting -them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you -can do that on the command line like this: +that the configure script does not know about. +You can give configure initial values for variables by setting +them in the environment. +Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line +like this: 

      CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
@@ -13933,26 +14553,30 @@ Next: 
      Basic Installation).
 You may need to
-supply the --srcdir=PATH argument to tell configure where the
-source files are.  configure automatically checks for the
+supply the --srcdir=PATH argument to tell configure
+where the source files are.
+configure automatically checks for the
 source code in the directory that configure is in and in ‘..’.
 
      
 
      If you have to use a make that does not support the VPATH
 variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
-time in the source code directory.  After you have installed
+time in the source code directory.
+After you have installed
 Bash for one architecture, use ‘make distclean’ before
 reconfiguring for another architecture.
 
      
 
      Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
 support/mkclone script to create a build tree which has
-symbolic links back to each file in the source directory.  Here’s an
+symbolic links back to each file in the source directory.
+Here’s an
 example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
 source directory /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0:
 
      
@@ -13998,9 +14622,10 @@ you can specify these variables as arguments to make:
 
      
 
      If you want to see the files Bash will install and where it will install
 them without changing anything on your system, specify the variable
-DESTDIR as an argument to make. Its value should be the
-absolute directory path you’d like to use as the root of your sample
-installation tree. For example,
+DESTDIR as an argument to make.
+Its value should be the absolute directory path you’d like to use as the
+root of your sample installation tree.
+For example,
 
      
 
      
 
      mkdir /fs1/bash-install
@@ -14028,9 +14653,11 @@ Next: ,
 
 
      There may be some features configure can not figure out
 automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host Bash
-will run on.  Usually configure can figure that
+will run on.
+Usually configure can figure that
 out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
-type, give it the --host=TYPE option.  ‘TYPE’ can
+type, give it the --host=TYPE option.
+‘TYPE’ can
 either be a short name for the system type, such as ‘sun4’,
 or a canonical name with three fields: ‘CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM’
 (e.g., ‘i386-unknown-freebsd4.2’).
@@ -14050,11 +14677,14 @@ Next: 
      large files if the operating system requires special compiler options
-to build programs which can access large files.  This is enabled by
+to build programs which can access large files.
+This is enabled by
 default, if the operating system provides large file support.
 
      
 
      
@@ -14250,6 +14889,13 @@ that behaves like the C language for statement
 (see History Expansion).
 
      
 
+
      --enable-bash-source-fullpath-default
      
+
      Set the default value of the bash_source_fullpath shell option
+described above under The Shopt Builtin to be enabled.
+This controls how filenames are assigned to the BASH_SOURCE
+array variable.
+
      
+
      
 
      --enable-brace-expansion
      
 
      Include csh-like brace expansion
 ( b{a,b}c → bac bbc ).
@@ -14258,7 +14904,8 @@ See Brace Expansion, for a complete d
 
      
 
      --enable-casemod-attributes
      
 
      Include support for case-modifying attributes in the declare builtin
-and assignment statements.  Variables with the uppercase attribute,
+and assignment statements.
+Variables with the uppercase attribute,
 for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
 
      
 
      
@@ -14270,7 +14917,8 @@ for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
 
      Include support for recognizing time as a reserved word and for
 displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following time
 (see Pipelines).
-This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
+This allows timing pipelines, shell compound commands, shell builtins,
+and shell functions, which an external command cannot do easily.
 
      
 
      
 
      --enable-cond-command
      
@@ -14336,8 +14984,8 @@ above under The Shopt Builtin to be
 
 
      --enable-function-import
      
 
      Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
-instance of the shell from the environment.  This option is enabled by
-default.
+instance of the shell from the environment.
+This option is enabled by default.
 
      
 
      
 
      --enable-glob-asciiranges-default
      
@@ -14388,7 +15036,8 @@ If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
 
      --enable-prompt-string-decoding
      
 
      Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
 in the $PS0, $PS1, $PS2, and $PS4 prompt
-strings.  See Controlling the Prompt, for a complete list of prompt
+strings.
+See Controlling the Prompt, for a complete list of prompt
 string escape sequences.
 
      
 
      
@@ -14398,19 +15047,21 @@ version of the Readline library (see --enable-restricted      
-
      Include support for a restricted shell.  If this is enabled, Bash,
-when called as rbash, enters a restricted mode.  See
-The Restricted Shell, for a description of restricted mode.
+
      Include support for a restricted shell.
+If this is enabled,
+Bash enters a restricted mode when called as rbash.
+See The Restricted Shell, for a description of restricted mode.
 
      
 
      
 
      --enable-select
      
-
      Include the select compound command, which allows the generation of
+
      Include the select compound command, which allows generation of
 simple menus (see Conditional Constructs).
 
      
 
      
 
      --enable-single-help-strings
      
 
      Store the text displayed by the help builtin as a single string for
-each help topic.  This aids in translating the text to different languages.
+each help topic.
+This aids in translating the text to different languages.
 You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
 literals.
 
      
@@ -14461,7 +15112,7 @@ Next: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/ and from
 http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz.
 
      
@@ -14500,10 +15151,11 @@ Next: 
      Invoking Bash).
 
+
    • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see The Restricted Shell);
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
 
    • Bash has command-line editing (see Command Line Editing) and
 the bind builtin.
 
@@ -14522,6 +15177,15 @@ the bind builtin.
 complete, compgen, and compopt, to
 manipulate it.
 
+
    • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
+variables (PS0, PS1, PS2, and PS4)
+(see Controlling the Prompt).
+
+
    • Bash expands and displays the PS0 prompt string variable.
+
+
    • Bash runs commands from the PROMPT_COMMAND array variable before
+issuing each primary prompt.
+
 
    • Bash has command history (see Bash History Facilities) and the
 history and fc builtins to manipulate it.
 The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
@@ -14530,31 +15194,38 @@ value of the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable to display it.
 
    • Bash implements csh-like history expansion
 (see History Expansion).
 
-
    • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see Arrays), and the
-appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
-Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
    • Bash supports the $'…' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes
+(see ANSI-C Quoting).
 
-
    • The $'…' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
-backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
-is supported (see ANSI-C Quoting).
-
-
    • Bash supports the $"…" quoting syntax to do
+
    • Bash supports the $"…" quoting syntax and performs
 locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
-quotes.  The -D, --dump-strings, and --dump-po-strings
+quotes.
+The -D, --dump-strings, and --dump-po-strings
 invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
 (see Locale-Specific Translation).
 
+
    • Bash includes brace expansion (see Brace Expansion) and tilde
+expansion (see Tilde Expansion).
+
+
    • Bash implements command aliases and the alias and unalias
+builtins (see Aliases).
+
 
    • Bash implements the ! keyword to negate the return value of
 a pipeline (see Pipelines).
-Very useful when an if statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+This is very useful when an if statement needs to act only if a
+test fails.
 The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option to set will cause a pipeline to
-return a failure status if any command fails.
+return a failure status if any command fails
+(see The Set Builtin).
 
 
    • Bash has the time reserved word and command timing (see Pipelines).
 The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
 TIMEFORMAT variable.
 
+
    • Bash provides coprocesses and the coproc reserved word
+(see Coprocesses).
+
 
    • Bash implements the for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 ))
 arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see Looping Constructs).
 
@@ -14566,25 +15237,33 @@ testing part of the shell grammar (see case and
-[[ constructs.
-
-
    • Bash includes brace expansion (see Brace Expansion) and tilde
-expansion (see Tilde Expansion).
+[[ constructs  (see Conditional Constructs).
 
-
    • Bash implements command aliases and the alias and unalias
-builtins (see Aliases).
+
    • Bash provides additional case statement action list terminators:
+‘;&’ and ‘;;&’ (see Conditional Constructs).
 
-
    • Bash provides shell arithmetic, the (( compound command
-(see Conditional Constructs),
+
    • Bash provides shell arithmetic,
+the (( compound command (see Conditional Constructs),
+the let builtin,
 and arithmetic expansion (see Shell Arithmetic).
 
+
    • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see Arrays), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
 
    • Variables present in the shell’s initial environment are automatically
-exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does not normally do
+exported to child processes (see Command Execution Environment).
+The Bourne shell does not normally do
 this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the export
 command.
 
+
    • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond $9 using
+${num} (see Shell Parameter Expansion).
+
 
    • Bash supports the ‘+=’ assignment operator, which appends to the value
-of the variable named on the left hand side.
+of the variable named on the left hand side
+(see Shell Parameters).
 
 
    • Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal ‘%’, ‘#’, ‘%%’
 and ‘##’ expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
@@ -14612,11 +15291,9 @@ is available (see Shell Param
 (see Shell Parameter Expansion) and implements the nameref
 variable attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion.
 
-
    • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond $9 using
-${num}.
-
 
    • Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of the
-form ${var@X}, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation.
+form ${var@X}, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation
+(see Shell Parameter Expansion).
 
 
    • The POSIX $() form of command substitution
 is implemented (see Command Substitution),
@@ -14624,8 +15301,9 @@ and preferred to the Bourne shell’s `` (which
 is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
 
 
    • Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the enclosed
-command in the current shell execution environment
-(${ command;}).
+command in the current shell execution environment:
+${ command;} or ${|command;}
+(see Command Substitution).
 
 
    • Bash has process substitution (see Process Substitution).
 
@@ -14639,16 +15317,21 @@ See Bash Variables, for details.
 
    • Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize shell
 behavior that the Bourne shell does not.
 Examples include RANDOM, SRANDOM, EPOCHSECONDS,
-GLOBSORT, TIMEFORMAT, BASHPID, BASH_XTRACEFD,
+EPOCHREALTIME,
+TIMEFORMAT, BASHPID, BASH_XTRACEFD,
 GLOBIGNORE, HISTIGNORE, and BASH_VERSION.
 See Bash Variables, for a complete list.
 
-
    • The IFS variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+
    • Bash uses the GLOBSORT shell variable to control how to sort
+the results of filename expansion (see Filename Expansion).
+
+
    • Bash uses the IFS variable to split only the results of expansion,
 not all words (see Word Splitting).
 This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
 
 
    • The filename expansion bracket expression code uses ‘!’ and ‘^’
-to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
+to negate the set of characters between the brackets
+(see Filename Expansion).
 The Bourne shell uses only ‘!’.
 
 
    • Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
@@ -14658,19 +15341,17 @@ collating symbols (see Filename Expa
 
    • Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the extglob
 shell option is enabled (see Pattern Matching).
 
+
    • The globstar shell option extends filename expansion to recursively
+scan directories and subdirectories for matching filenames
+(see Pattern Matching).
+
 
    • It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
 sh does not separate the two name spaces.
 
 
    • Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-local builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+local builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive functions
 (see Bash Builtin Commands).
 
-
    • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
-builtins and functions (see Environment).
-In sh, all variable assignments 
-preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
-file system.
-
 
    • Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
 to input and output redirection operators (see Redirections).
 
@@ -14688,6 +15369,11 @@ redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
 
    • Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
 used in redirection operators (see Redirections).
 
+
    • Bash provides the {var}<word capability to have the
+shell allocate file descriptors for redirections and assign them
+to var (see Redirections).
+This works with multiple redirection operators.
+
 
    • Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
 with the redirection operators (see Redirections).
 
@@ -14695,22 +15381,56 @@ with the redirection operators (see Redire
 files with output redirection (see The Set Builtin).
 The ‘>|’ redirection operator may be used to override noclobber.
 
-
    • The Bash cd and pwd builtins (see Bourne Shell Builtins)
-each take -L and -P options to switch between logical and
-physical modes.
+
    • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (see Environment).
+In sh, all variable assignments 
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+
    • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+shell scripts:
+variables (BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, BASH_LINENO,
+BASH_SOURCE),
+the DEBUG, RETURN, and ERR traps,
+‘declare -F’,
+and
+the caller builtin.
+
+
    • Bash implements a csh-like directory stack, and provides the
+pushd, popd, and dirs builtins to manipulate it
+(see The Directory Stack).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+DIRSTACK shell variable.
 
 
    • Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
 access to that builtin’s functionality within the function via the
 builtin and command builtins (see Bash Builtin Commands).
 
-
    • Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands from
-shared objects.
+
    • Bash includes the caller builtin
+(see Bash Builtin Commands), which displays the context of
+any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
+the . or source builtins).
+This supports the Bash debugger.
+
+
    • The Bash cd and pwd builtins (see Bourne Shell Builtins)
+each take -L and -P options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
+
+
    • The command builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions
+when performing command lookup (see Bash Builtin Commands).
 
-
    • The command builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (see Bash Builtin Commands).
+
    • Bash uses the declare builtin to modify the full set of variable
+and function attributes, and to assign values to variables.
 
-
    • Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the enable
-builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands).
+
    • The disown builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (see Job Control Builtins) or suppress sending
+SIGHUP to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+SIGHUP.
+
+
    • The enable builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands) can enable or disable
+individual builtins
+and implements support for dynamically loading
+builtin commands from shared objects.
 
 
    • The Bash exec builtin takes additional options that allow users
 to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
@@ -14720,16 +15440,8 @@ command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
 
    • Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
 using export -f (see Shell Functions).
 
-
    • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
-variables (PS0, PS1, PS2, and PS4).
-
-
    • Bash expands and displays the PS0 prompt string variable.
-
-
    • Bash runs commands from the PROMPT_COMMAND array variable before
-issuing each primary prompt.
-
-
    • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters 
-
    • The Bash export, readonly, and declare builtins can
+
    • The Bash export and readonly builtins
+(see Bourne Shell Builtins can
 take a -f option to act on shell functions, a -p option to
 display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
 used as shell input, a -n option to remove various variable
@@ -14745,19 +15457,24 @@ searching the $PATH, using ‘ha
 facilities (see Bash Builtin Commands).
 
 
    • Bash includes the mapfile builtin to quickly read the contents
-of a file into an indexed array variable.
+of a file into an indexed array variable (see Bash Builtin Commands).
 
 
    • The printf builtin is available to display formatted output
-(see Bash Builtin Commands).
+(see Bash Builtin Commands),
+and has additional custom format specifiers and an option to assign
+the formatted output directly to a shell variable.
 
 
    • The Bash read builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands)
 will read a line ending in ‘\’ with
 the -r option, and will use the REPLY variable as a
 default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
-The Bash read builtin
-also accepts a prompt string with the -p option and will use
+
+
    • The read builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands)
+accepts a prompt string with the -p option and will use
 Readline to obtain the line when given the -e or -E
-options.
+options,
+with the ability to insert text into the line using the -i
+option.
 The read builtin also has additional options to control input:
 the -s option will turn off echoing of input characters as
 they are read, the -t option will allow read to time out
@@ -14770,10 +15487,6 @@ until a particular character rather than newline.
 executed with the . or source builtins
 (see Bourne Shell Builtins).
 
-
    • Bash includes the shopt builtin, for finer control of shell
-optional capabilities (see The Shopt Builtin), and allows these options
-to be set and unset at shell invocation (see Invoking Bash).
-
 
    • Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the set
 builtin (see The Set Builtin).
 
@@ -14781,20 +15494,14 @@ builtin (see The Set Builtin).
 simple commands when performing an execution trace
 (see The Set Builtin).
 
+
    • Bash includes the shopt builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (see The Shopt Builtin), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (see Invoking Bash).
+
 
    • The test builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins)
 is slightly different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm,
 which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
 
-
    • The Bash wait builtin has a -n option to wait for the
-next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
-and the -p option to store information about a terminated
-child process in a shell variable.
-
-
    • Bash includes the caller builtin, which displays the context of
-any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the . or source builtins).  This supports the Bash
-debugger.
-
 
    • The trap builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins) allows a
 DEBUG pseudo-signal specification, similar to EXIT.
 Commands specified with a DEBUG trap are executed before every
@@ -14827,29 +15534,20 @@ function has been given the trace attribute or the
 
    • The Bash type builtin is more extensive and gives more information
 about the names it finds (see Bash Builtin Commands).
 
-
    • The Bash umask builtin permits a -p option to cause
-the output to be displayed in the form of a umask command
-that may be reused as input (see Bourne Shell Builtins).
+
    • The ulimit builtin provides control over many more per-process
+resources (see Bash Builtin Commands).
 
-
    • Bash implements a csh-like directory stack, and provides the
-pushd, popd, and dirs builtins to manipulate it
-(see The Directory Stack).
-Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
-DIRSTACK shell variable.
-
-
    • Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-strings when interactive (see Controlling the Prompt).
-
-
    • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see The Restricted Shell);
-the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
    • The Bash umask builtin uses the -p option to display
+the output in the form of a umask command
+that may be reused as input (see Bourne Shell Builtins).
 
-
    • The disown builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
-job table (see Job Control Builtins) or suppress the sending
-of SIGHUP to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
-SIGHUP.
+
    • The Bash wait builtin has a -n option to wait for the
+next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
+and the -p option to store information about a terminated
+child process in a shell variable.
 
-
    • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
-shell scripts.
+
    • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as jsh
+(it turns on job control).
 
 
    • The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
 (mldmode and priv) not present in Bash.
@@ -14865,7 +15563,6 @@ shell scripts.
 
 
      More features unique to Bash may be found in Bash Features.
 
      
-
 
@@ -14913,9 +15610,6 @@ with a ‘-’.
 a script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and
 only for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
 
-
    • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as jsh
-(it turns on job control).
-
 
    • If the lastpipe option is enabled, and job control is not active,
 Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell execution
 environment.
@@ -15917,9 +16611,10 @@ Next: , Pre
 editing-modeReadline Init File Syntax
 EMACSBash Variables
 emacs-mode-stringReadline Init File Syntax
-enable-active-regionReadline Init File Syntax
+enable-active-region TheReadline Init File Syntax
 enable-bracketed-pasteReadline Init File Syntax
 enable-keypadReadline Init File Syntax
+enable-meta-keyReadline Init File Syntax
 ENVBash Variables
 EPOCHREALTIMEBash Variables
 EPOCHSECONDSBash Variables
@@ -15930,6 +16625,7 @@ Next: , Pre
 F
 FCEDITBash Variables
 FIGNOREBash Variables
+force-meta-prefixReadline Init File Syntax
 FUNCNAMEBash Variables
 FUNCNESTBash Variables
 
      
@@ -16467,6 +17163,7 @@ Previous: ,
 
      
 D
 directory stackThe Directory Stack
+dollar-single quote quotingANSI-C Quoting
 
      
 E
 editing command linesReadline Bare Essentials
diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info
index 2b0040a1..d12eae5c 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.info
+++ b/doc/bashref.info
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from
 bashref.texi.
 
 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).
 
-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
 
    Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Bash Features
 *************
 
 This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 September 2024).  The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 10 October 2024).  The Bash home page is
 .
 
-   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 September 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+   This is Edition 5.3, last updated 10 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
 Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
 
    Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ expanded to create larger expressions.
    A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
 language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
 interface to the rich set of GNU utilities.  The programming language
-features allow these utilities to be combined.  Files containing
-commands can be created, and become commands themselves.  These new
+features allow these utilities to be combined.  Users can create files
+containing commands, and these become commands themselves.  These new
 commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
 ‘/bin’, allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
 automate their common tasks.
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ constructs, quoting, and functions.
    Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
 than to augment the programming language.  These interactive features
 include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases.
-Each of these features is described in this manual.
+This manual describes how Bash provides all of these features.
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Definitions,  Next: Basic Shell Features,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Basic Shell Features,  Next: Shell Builtin Commands,
 
 Bash is an acronym for ‘Bourne-Again SHell’.  The Bourne shell is the
 traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.  All of the
-Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and the rules for
 evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
 'standard' Unix shell.
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the following:
 
   2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
      rules described in *note Quoting::.  These tokens are separated by
-     ‘metacharacters’.  Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+     ‘metacharacters’.  This step performs alias expansion (*note
      Aliases::).
 
   3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ follows:
      backspace
 ‘\e’
 ‘\E’
-     an escape character (not ANSI C)
+     An escape character (not in ANSI C).
 ‘\f’
      form feed
 ‘\n’
@@ -455,19 +455,19 @@ follows:
 ‘\?’
      question mark
 ‘\NNN’
-     the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
-     three octal digits)
+     The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
+     three octal digits).
 ‘\xHH’
-     the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
-     (one or two hex digits)
+     The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
+     (one or two hex digits).
 ‘\uHHHH’
-     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+     The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits).
 ‘\UHHHHHHHH’
-     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+     The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).
 ‘\cX’
-     a control-X character
+     A control-X character.
 
 The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
 present.
@@ -691,23 +691,24 @@ redirection of the standard error to the standard output is performed
 after any redirections specified by COMMAND1, consistent with that
 shorthand.
 
-   The reserved word ‘time’ causes timing statistics to be printed for
-the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently consist of
-elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
-command's execution.  The ‘-p’ option changes the output format to that
-specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
-Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a ‘-’.  The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is a
-format string that specifies how the timing information should be
+   If the reserved word ‘time’ precedes the pipeline, Bash prints timing
+statistics for the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently
+consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed
+by the command's execution.  The ‘-p’ option changes the output format
+to that specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash
+POSIX Mode::), it does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the
+next token begins with a ‘-’.  The value of the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable is
+a format string that specifies how the timing information should be
 displayed.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
-formats.  The use of ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of
+formats.  Providing ‘time’ as a reserved word permits the timing of
 shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external ‘time’
 command cannot time these easily.
 
-   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), ‘time’ may
-be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the total
-user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.  The
-‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time information.
+   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), you can
+use ‘time’ by itself as a simple command.  In this case, the shell
+displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its
+children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable specifies the format of the time
+information.
 
    If a pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
 shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
@@ -1497,7 +1498,7 @@ if the ‘$((...))’ expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::).
 Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed.  Assignment
 statements may also appear as arguments to the ‘alias’, ‘declare’,
 ‘typeset’, ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘local’ builtin commands
-(“declaration” commands).  When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+(“declaration commands”).  When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
 these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
 the ‘command’ builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
 For example,
@@ -1710,7 +1711,8 @@ each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then
 appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
 
    Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded string
-are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.  For example,
+are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order.  For
+example,
      bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
      ade ace abe
 
@@ -2545,7 +2547,7 @@ characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
      Matches any single character.
 ‘[...]’
      Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
-     separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
+     separated by a hyphen denotes a “range expression”; any character
      that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
      current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches.  If
      the first character following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any
@@ -3009,51 +3011,51 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Command Execution Environment,  Next: Environment,  P
 The shell has an “execution environment”, which consists of the
 following:
 
-   • open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-     redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin
+   • Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+     redirections supplied to the ‘exec’ builtin.
 
-   • the current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’,
-     or inherited by the shell at invocation
+   • The current working directory as set by ‘cd’, ‘pushd’, or ‘popd’,
+     or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 
-   • the file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the
-     shell's parent
+   • The file creation mode mask as set by ‘umask’ or inherited from the
+     shell's parent.
 
-   • current traps set by ‘trap’
+   • Current traps set by ‘trap’.
 
-   • shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’
-     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+   • Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with ‘set’
+     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 
-   • shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
-     shell's parent in the environment
+   • Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+     shell's parent in the environment.
 
-   • options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
-     command-line arguments) or by ‘set’
+   • Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
+     command-line arguments) or by ‘set’.
 
-   • options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+   • Options enabled by ‘shopt’ (*note The Shopt Builtin::).
 
-   • shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::)
+   • Shell aliases defined with ‘alias’ (*note Aliases::).
 
-   • various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
-     Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’
+   • Various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
+     Lists::), the value of ‘$$’, and the value of ‘$PPID’.
 
    When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
 executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
 consists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are
 inherited from the shell.
 
-   • the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
-     specified by redirections to the command
+   • The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+     specified by redirections to the command.
 
-   • the current working directory
+   • The current working directory.
 
-   • the file creation mode mask
+   • The file creation mode mask.
 
-   • shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+   • Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
      variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
-     (*note Environment::)
+     (*note Environment::).
 
-   • traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
-     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+   • Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 
    A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
 shell's execution environment.
@@ -3555,7 +3557,7 @@ standard.
      instead.
 
      ‘getopts’ can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
-     OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses SILENT error reporting.  In
+     OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses _silent_ error reporting.  In
      normal operation, ‘getopts’ prints diagnostic messages when it
      encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.  If the
      variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed,
@@ -3790,7 +3792,7 @@ standard.
      children.  The return status is zero.
 
 ‘trap’
-          trap [-Plp] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...]
+          trap [-lpP] [ACTION] [SIGSPEC ...]
 
      The ACTION is a command that is read and executed when the shell
      receives any of the signals SIGSPEC.  If ACTION is absent (and
@@ -4219,17 +4221,17 @@ standard.
      ‘\\’
           backslash
      ‘\0NNN’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
-          (zero to three octal digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (zero to three octal digits).
      ‘\xHH’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-          HH (one or two hex digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits).
      ‘\uHHHH’
-          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+          The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits).
      ‘\UHHHHHHHH’
-          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+          The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits).
 
      ‘echo’ writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters
      unchanged.
@@ -4400,7 +4402,7 @@ standard.
           the ANSI-C quoting style (*note ANSI-C Quoting::) if any
           characters in the argument string require it, and backslash
           quoting otherwise.  If the format string uses the ‘printf’
-          ALTERNATE FORM, these two formats quote the argument string
+          _alternate form_, these two formats quote the argument string
           using single quotes.
 
      ‘%Q’
@@ -5054,11 +5056,14 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior.
      Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
      The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the ‘-o’
      option is used, those available with the ‘-o’ option to the ‘set’
-     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).  With no options, or
-     with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all settable options, with
-     an indication of whether or not each is set; if any OPTNAMEs are
-     supplied, the output is restricted to those options.  The ‘-p’
-     option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+     With no options, or with the ‘-p’ option, display a list of all
+     settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
+     if any OPTNAMEs are supplied, the output is restricted to those
+     options.  The ‘-p’ option displays output in a form that may be
+     reused as input.
+
      Other options have the following meanings:
 
      ‘-s’
@@ -7505,14 +7510,14 @@ standard was published in 1992.  It was merged with the original IEEE
 1003.1 Working Group and is currently maintained by the Austin Group (a
 joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15).
 Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents
-that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from
+that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from
 1992) is now part of the current unified POSIX standard.
 
    The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
 interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from the
 command line or by other programs.  The standard is freely available on
 the web at
-.
+.
 
    Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined by
 the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume.  The shell command language has of
@@ -7536,7 +7541,7 @@ editing commands were left out due to objections.
 Although Bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell specification,
 there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the
 specification.  The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these
-areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely.
+areas so that it conforms more closely to the standard.
 
    Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing
 ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
@@ -7550,132 +7555,148 @@ startup files.
 
   1. Bash ensures that the ‘POSIXLY_CORRECT’ variable is set.
 
-  2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
-     re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location.  This is also available
-     with ‘shopt -s checkhash’.
-
-  3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
-     command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
-     from a ‘$PATH’ search.
+  2. Bash reads and executes the POSIX startup files (‘$ENV’) rather
+     than the normal Bash files (*note Bash Startup Files::.
 
-  4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-     exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
+  3. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
 
-  5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-     is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
-     ‘SIGTSTP’.
+  4. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
+     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
 
-  6. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
-     notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’
-     or newline.  Non-interactive shells print status messages after a
-     foreground job in a list completes.
+  5. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command
+     substitution.  The default (non-posix) mode generally defers it,
+     when enabled, until the command substitution is executed.  This
+     means that command substitution will not expand aliases that are
+     defined after the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g.,
+     as part of a function definition).
 
-  7. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
-     before printing the status of a background job that changes status
-     or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal.
-     Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
-     completes.
+  6. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command.
+     When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell
+     and its completed children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the
+     format of the timing information.
 
-  8. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
-     the user of their termination, whether that is via ‘wait’, ‘jobs’,
-     or interactive shell notification before prompting.
+  7. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the next
+     token begins with a ‘-’.
 
-  9. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+  8. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
+     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
+     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
 
-  10. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
-     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
+  9. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+     in a redirection unless the shell is interactive.
 
-  11. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command
-     substitution.  The default mode generally defers it, when enabled,
-     until the command substitution is executed.  This means that
-     command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after
-     the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a
-     function definition).
+  10. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+     a redirection.
 
-  12. The POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of ‘!’ to the history number
-     and ‘!!’ to ‘!’ are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
-     on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of the setting of the
-     ‘promptvars’ option.
+  11. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s.  That is, they may not
+     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
+     name in a non-interactive shell is a fatal syntax error.
 
-  13. The POSIX startup files are executed (‘$ENV’) rather than the
-     normal Bash files.
+  12. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+     builtins.
 
-  14. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
+  13. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
      command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
 
-  15. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
-     value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’).
+  14. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+     the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters.
 
-  16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
-     word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+  15. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the
+     expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were
+     double-quoted.
 
-  17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
-     the redirection.
+  16. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it
+     appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a
+     here-document that undergoes expansion.  That means, for example,
+     that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it
+     and the backslash will be removed.
 
-  18. Function names must be valid shell ‘name’s.  That is, they may not
-     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
-     name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+  17. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter.  The
+     exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the
+     exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while
+     evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that
+     command, but that does not happen until after all of the
+     assignments and redirections.
+
+  18. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+     the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+     Tilde Expansion::.
 
-  19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+  19. Command lookup finds POSIX special builtins before shell
+     functions, including output printed by the ‘type’ and ‘command’
      builtins.
 
   20. Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined
      before entering POSIX mode, the shell will not execute a function
      whose name contains one or more slashes.
 
-  21. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
-     command lookup, including output printed by the ‘type’ and
-     ‘command’ builtins.
+  21. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
+     re-search ‘$PATH’ to find the new location.  This is also available
+     with ‘shopt -s checkhash’.
 
-  22. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
-     does not print the ‘function’ keyword.
+  22. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into
+     the command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch)
+     result from a ‘$PATH’ search.
 
-  23. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
-     the ‘PATH’ variable are not expanded as described above under *note
-     Tilde Expansion::.
+  23. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
+     job exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
 
-  24. The ‘time’ reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
-     used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
-     its completed children.  The ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable controls the
-     format of the timing information.
+  24. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a
+     job is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for
+     example, ‘SIGTSTP’.
 
-  25. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
-     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
-     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
-     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
-     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
+  25. If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job
+     notifications between executing commands in lists separated by ‘;’
+     or newline.  Non-interactive shells print status messages after a
+     foreground job in a list completes.
+
+  26. If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt
+     before printing the status of a background job that changes status
+     or a foreground job that terminates due to a signal.
+     Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+     completes.
+
+  27. Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying
+     the user of their termination via the ‘wait’ or ‘jobs’ builtins.
 
-  26. The parser does not recognize ‘time’ as a reserved word if the
-     next token begins with a ‘-’.
+  28. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
+     the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and
+     ‘$EDITOR’.
+
+  29. Prompt expansion enables the POSIX ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ expansions of
+     ‘!’ to the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’, and Bash performs
+     parameter expansion on the values of ‘PS1’ and ‘PS2’ regardless of
+     the setting of the ‘promptvars’ option.
 
-  27. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
+  30. The default history file is ‘~/.sh_history’ (this is the default
+     value the shell assigns to ‘$HISTFILE’).
+
+  31. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a
      double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled.
 
-  28. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+  32. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
+     does not print the ‘function’ keyword.
+
+  33. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+     expansion results in an invalid expression.
+
+  34. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+  35. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
      non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
      the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
      options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
      assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
 
-  29. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
-     error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
-     variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid
-     identifier, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
-
-  30. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
-     statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
-     unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
-     as well.  This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
-     further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
-     utility shall persist" behavior.
-
-  31. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+  36. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
      assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
      statements.  A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
      trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
 
-  32. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+  37. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
      assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
      special builtin, but not with any other simple command.  For any
      other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command,
@@ -7683,171 +7704,156 @@ startup files.
      perform any further processing of the command in which the error
      occurred").
 
-  33. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+  38. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
      iteration variable in a ‘for’ statement or the selection variable
      in a ‘select’ statement is a readonly variable or has an invalid
      name.
 
-  34. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
+  39. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in ‘.’ FILENAME is not
      found.
 
-  35. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
-     expansion results in an invalid expression.
-
-  36. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
-
-  37. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+  40. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
      read with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins, or in a string processed by
      the ‘eval’ builtin.
 
-  38. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
-     the ‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters.
+  41. Non-interactive shells exit if the ‘export’, ‘readonly’ or ‘unset’
+     builtin commands get an argument that is not a valid identifier,
+     and they are not operating on shell functions.  These errors force
+     an exit because these are special builtins.
 
-  39. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the
-     expansion is double-quoted does not treat the ‘$*’ as if it were
-     double-quoted.
-
-  40. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+  42. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
      the shell environment after the builtin completes.
 
-  41. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+  43. The ‘command’ builtin does not prevent builtins that take
      assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
-     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
+     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, declaration commands
      lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
      by ‘command’.
 
-  42. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
-     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
-     whether the job is the current or previous job.
-
-  43. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
-     line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix.
-
-  44. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
-     prefix.
-
-  45. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
-     in the format required by POSIX.
-
-  46. If the ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands get an argument
-     that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
-     functions, they return an error.  This will cause a non-interactive
-     shell to exit because these are special builtins.
-
-  47. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
-     ‘SIG’.
-
-  48. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
-     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
-     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
-     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
-     use ‘-’ as the first argument.
-
-  49. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
-     are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
-     started, not just trapped signals.
-
-  50. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
-     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’.
-
-  51. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+  44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
      ‘inherit_errexit’ option, so subshells spawned to execute command
      substitutions inherit the value of the ‘-e’ option from the parent
      shell.  When the ‘inherit_errexit’ option is not enabled, Bash
      clears the ‘-e’ option in such subshells.
 
-  52. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
+  45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the ‘shift_verbose’
      option, so numeric arguments to ‘shift’ that exceed the number of
      positional parameters will result in an error message.
 
-  53. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+  46. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+     ‘interactive_comments’ option (*note Comments::).
+
+  47. The ‘.’ and ‘source’ builtins do not search the current directory
+     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching ‘PATH’.
+
+  48. When the ‘alias’ builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
      display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the ‘-p’ option is
      supplied.
 
-  54. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
-     display shell function names and definitions.
-
-  55. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
-     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
-     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+  49. The ‘bg’ builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
+     whether the job is the current or previous job.
 
-  56. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
+  50. When the ‘cd’ builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
      constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name supplied as an
      argument does not refer to an existing directory, ‘cd’ will fail
      instead of falling back to physical mode.
 
-  57. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
+  51. When the ‘cd’ builtin cannot change a directory because the length
      of the pathname constructed from ‘$PWD’ and the directory name
      supplied as an argument exceeds ‘PATH_MAX’ when canonicalized, ‘cd’
      will attempt to use the supplied directory name.
 
-  58. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
-     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
-     system with the ‘-P’ option.
+  52. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+     interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options.  ‘echo’ displays each
+     argument after converting escape sequences.
 
-  59. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
+  53. The ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtin commands display their output
+     in the format required by POSIX.
+
+  54. When listing the history, the ‘fc’ builtin does not include an
      indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
 
-  60. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
+  55. The default editor used by ‘fc’ is ‘ed’.
 
-  61. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
+  56. ‘fc’ treats extra arguments as an error instead of ignoring them.
 
-  62. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
+  57. If there are too many arguments supplied to ‘fc -s’, ‘fc’ prints
      an error message and returns failure.
 
-  63. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
-     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
-     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
-
-  64. The ‘vi’ editing mode will invoke the ‘vi’ editor directly when
-     the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking ‘$VISUAL’ and
-     ‘$EDITOR’.
+  58. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single
+     line, separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix.
 
-  65. When the ‘xpg_echo’ option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
-     interpret any arguments to ‘echo’ as options.  Each argument is
-     displayed, after escape characters are converted.
+  59. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
+     prefix.
 
-  66. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
-     and ‘-f’ options.
+  60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
+     arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
+     instead of ‘long double’ if it's available.  The ‘L’ length
+     modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
 
-  67. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
-     interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
-     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+  61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
+     system with the ‘-P’ option.
 
-  68. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+  62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
      has been set.  If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
      ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status
      greater than 128.
 
-  69. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
-     arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
-     instead of ‘long double’ if it's available.  The ‘L’ length
-     modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
-
-  70. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
-     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it.
+  63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+     display shell function names and definitions.
 
-  71. A double quote character (‘"’) is treated specially when it
-     appears in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a
-     here-document that undergoes expansion.  That means, for example,
-     that a backslash preceding a double quote character will escape it
-     and the backslash will be removed.
+  64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
+     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
 
-  72. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
-     processing the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
+  65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
+     evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
 
-  73. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
+  66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
      Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain
      cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards
      compatibility.
 
-  74. Command substitutions don't set the ‘?’ special parameter.  The
-     exit status of a simple command without a command word is still the
-     exit status of the last command substitution that occurred while
-     evaluating the variable assignments and redirections in that
-     command, but that does not happen until after all of the
-     assignments and redirections.
+  67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
+     ‘SIG’.
+
+  68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
+     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
+     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+     use ‘-’ as the first argument.
+
+  69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
+     are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
+     started, not just trapped signals.
+
+  70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
+     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
+
+  71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
+     and ‘-f’ options.
+
+  72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
+     error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
+     variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+
+  73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
+     statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
+     unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
+     as well.  This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
+     further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
+     utility shall persist" behavior.
+
+  74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
+     interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+  75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+     of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin is used to obtain it.
 
    There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
 even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
@@ -7856,11 +7862,7 @@ even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
      entries if ‘FCEDIT’ is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
      ‘ed’.  ‘fc’ uses ‘ed’ if ‘EDITOR’ is unset.
 
-  2. A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment
-     preceding the ‘command’ builtin or another non-special builtin
-     fails.
-
-  3. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
+  2. As noted above, Bash requires the ‘xpg_echo’ option to be enabled
      for the ‘echo’ builtin to be fully conformant.
 
    Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
@@ -8322,7 +8324,7 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
 shell, unless the ‘--noediting’ option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the ‘-e’ option to the ‘read’
 builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::).  By default, the line editing
-commands are similar to those of Emacs.  A vi-style line editing
+commands are similar to those of Emacs; a vi-style line editing
 interface is also available.  Line editing can be enabled at any time
 using the ‘-o emacs’ or ‘-o vi’ options to the ‘set’ builtin command
 (*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the ‘+o emacs’ or ‘+o vi’
@@ -8366,9 +8368,9 @@ configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other
 modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters.
 
    On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters
-with the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the ‘enable-meta-key’
+with the eighth bit (0200) set.  You can use the ‘enable-meta-key’
 variable to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows
-it).  On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the
+it.  On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the
 metafied key to a key sequence beginning with  as described in the
 next paragraph.
 
@@ -8379,13 +8381,18 @@ prefix”).
 
    Either process is known as “metafying” the  key.
 
+   If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the  meta prefix,
+you can make ‘M-key’ key bindings you specify (see ‘Key Bindings’ in
+*note Readline Init File Syntax::) do the same thing by setting the
+‘force-meta-prefix’ variable.
+
    The text ‘M-C-k’ is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
 character produced by metafying ‘C-k’.
 
    In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically, ,
 , , , , and  all stand for themselves when seen
 in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).  If your
-keyboard lacks a  key, typing  will produce the desired
+keyboard lacks a  key, typing  will output the appropriate
 character.  The  key may be labeled  or  on some
 keyboards.
 
@@ -8434,8 +8441,8 @@ Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with ‘C-f’.
 characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
 the text that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind
 the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
-fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of
-the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  These are
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line:
 
 ‘C-b’
      Move back one character.
@@ -8451,10 +8458,10 @@ Printing characters
      Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
      empty line.
 
-(Depending on your configuration, the  key might be set to
+Depending on your configuration, the  key might be set to
 delete the character to the left of the cursor and the  key set to
 delete the character underneath the cursor, like ‘C-d’, rather than the
-character to the left of the cursor.)
+character to the left of the cursor.
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing Commands,  Prev: Readline Bare Essentials,  Up: Readline Interaction
@@ -8464,8 +8471,8 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing C
 
 The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
 order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many other
-commands have been added in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and .
-Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+commands are available in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and .
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly within the line.
 
 ‘C-a’
      Move to the start of the line.
@@ -8524,7 +8531,8 @@ available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
      than ‘M-’ because the word boundaries differ.
 
    Here is how to “yank” the text back into the line.  Yanking means to
-copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer into the line at
+the current cursor position.
 
 ‘C-y’
      Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
@@ -8570,15 +8578,15 @@ string.  There are two search modes: “incremental” and
 search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,
 Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
 typed so far.  An incremental search requires only as many characters as
-needed to find the desired history entry.  To search backward in the
-history for a particular string, type ‘C-r’.  Typing ‘C-s’ searches
-forward through the history.  The characters present in the value of the
-‘isearch-terminators’ variable are used to terminate an incremental
-search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value, the  and
-‘C-J’ characters will terminate an incremental search.  ‘C-g’ will abort
-an incremental search and restore the original line.  When the search is
-terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
-current line.
+needed to find the desired history entry.  When using emacs editing
+mode, type ‘C-r’ to search backward in the history for a particular
+string.  Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history.  The
+characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable
+are used to terminate an incremental search.  If that variable has not
+been assigned a value, the  and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an
+incremental search.  ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore
+the original line.  When the search is terminated, the history entry
+containing the search string becomes the current line.
 
    To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
 ‘C-s’ as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
@@ -8594,8 +8602,8 @@ are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
 string, Readline uses any remembered search string.
 
    Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
-starting to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
-typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+starting to search for matching history entries.  The search string may
+be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Init File,  Next: Bindable Readline Commands,  Prev: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -8609,13 +8617,12 @@ keybindings.  Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
 putting commands in an “inputrc” file, conventionally in their home
 directory.  The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
 variable ‘INPUTRC’.  If that variable is unset, the default is
-‘~/.inputrc’.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
-ultimate default is ‘/etc/inputrc’.  The ‘bind’ builtin command can also
-be used to set Readline keybindings and variables.  *Note Bash
-Builtins::.
+‘~/.inputrc’.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline
+looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’.  The ‘bind’ builtin command can also be used
+to set Readline keybindings and variables.  *Note Bash Builtins::.
 
-   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
-file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
+reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
 
    In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
 incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
@@ -8623,9 +8630,7 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
 * Menu:
 
 * Readline Init File Syntax::	Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
-
 * Conditional Init Constructs::	Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
-
 * Sample Init File::		An example inputrc file.
 
 
@@ -8728,9 +8733,8 @@ Variable Settings
           environment variable.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘comment-begin’
-          The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
-          ‘insert-comment’ command is executed.  The default value is
-          ‘"#"’.
+          The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the
+          ‘insert-comment’ command.  The default value is ‘"#"’.
 
      ‘completion-display-width’
           The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
@@ -8751,33 +8755,33 @@ Variable Settings
           and completion.  The default value is ‘off’.
 
      ‘completion-prefix-display-length’
-          The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
-          possible completions that is displayed without modification.
-          When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
-          than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
-          possible completions.
+          The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a
+          list of possible completions that is displayed without
+          modification.  When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+          replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an
+          ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 
      ‘completion-query-items’
           The number of possible completions that determines when the
           user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
           displayed.  If the number of possible completions is greater
           than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
-          the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply
-          listed.  This variable must be set to an integer value greater
-          than or equal to zero.  A zero value means Readline should
-          never ask; negative values are treated as zero.  The default
-          limit is ‘100’.
+          the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists
+          the completions.  This variable must be set to an integer
+          value greater than or equal to zero.  A zero value means
+          Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as
+          zero.  The default limit is ‘100’.
 
      ‘convert-meta’
-          If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads with
-          the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
-          eighth bit and prefixing an  character, converting them
-          to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is ‘on’,
-          but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that
+          have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing
+          the eighth bit and prefixing an  character, converting
+          them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is
+          ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
           characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth
           bit set.  This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale
-          category, and may change if the locale is changed.  This
-          variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
+          category, and may change if the locale changes.  This variable
+          also affects key bindings; see the description of
           ‘force-meta-prefix’ below.
 
      ‘disable-completion’
@@ -8791,33 +8795,33 @@ Variable Settings
           signal generated from the keyboard.  The default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘editing-mode’
-          The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls which default set of key
-          bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
-          editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
-          This variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.
+          The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls the default set of key
+          bindings.  By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing
+          mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.  This
+          variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.
 
      ‘emacs-mode-string’
           If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is
           expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
-          control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
-          Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of
+          control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+          The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end sequences of
           non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal
           control sequence into the mode string.  The default is ‘@’.
 
      ‘enable-active-region’
-          The “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers
-          to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::).  The
-          text between the point and mark is referred to as the
-          “region”.  When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows
-          certain commands to designate the region as “active”.  When
-          the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the
-          region using the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’,
-          which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's
-          standout mode.  The active region shows the text inserted by
-          bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and
-          non-incremental history searches.  The default is ‘On’.
+          “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers to a
+          saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::).  The text
+          between the point and mark is referred to as the “region”.
+          When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows certain
+          commands to designate the region as “active”.  When the region
+          is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using
+          the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’, which defaults
+          to the string that enables the terminal's standout mode.  The
+          active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and
+          any matching text found by incremental and non-incremental
+          history searches.  The default is ‘On’.
 
      ‘enable-bracketed-paste’
           When set to ‘On’, Readline configures the terminal to insert
@@ -8844,7 +8848,7 @@ Variable Settings
           default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘expand-tilde’
-          If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it
           attempts word completion.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘force-meta-prefix’
@@ -8871,29 +8875,29 @@ Variable Settings
           list.  If set to zero, any existing history entries are
           deleted and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less
           than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.  By
-          default, the number of history entries is not limited.  If an
-          attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
-          the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+          default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries
+          to the value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell variable.  If you try to
+          set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of
+          history entries will be set to 500.
 
      ‘horizontal-scroll-mode’
-          This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’.  Setting it
-          to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will
-          scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
-          longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
-          a new screen line.  This variable is automatically set to ‘on’
-          for terminals of height 1.  By default, this variable is set
-          to ‘off’.
+          Setting this variable to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines
+          being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line
+          when the lines are longer than the width of the screen,
+          instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.  This variable is
+          automatically set to ‘on’ for terminals of height 1.  By
+          default, this variable is set to ‘off’.
 
      ‘input-meta’
-          If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
-          not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+          If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
+          it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
           regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
           default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
           the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
-          bytes with the eighth bit set.  The name ‘meta-flag’ is a
-          synonym for this variable.  This variable is dependent on the
-          ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if the locale is
-          changed.
+          bytes with the eighth bit set.  This variable is dependent on
+          the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
+          the locale changes.  The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
+          ‘input-meta’.
 
      ‘isearch-terminators’
           The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
@@ -8909,18 +8913,18 @@ Variable Settings
           ‘vi-command’, and ‘vi-insert’.  ‘vi’ is equivalent to
           ‘vi-command’ (‘vi-move’ is also a synonym); ‘emacs’ is
           equivalent to ‘emacs-standard’.  Applications may add
-          additional names.  The default value is ‘emacs’.  The value of
+          additional names.  The default value is ‘emacs’; the value of
           the ‘editing-mode’ variable also affects the default keymap.
 
      ‘keyseq-timeout’
           Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
           reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
           complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
-          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If no
-          input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
-          shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this value
-          to determine whether or not input is available on the current
-          input source (‘rl_instream’ by default).  The value is
+          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If
+          Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will
+          use the shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this
+          value to determine whether or not input is available on the
+          current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default).  The value is
           specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
           Readline will wait one second for additional input.  If this
           variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
@@ -8933,14 +8937,14 @@ Variable Settings
           appended.  The default is ‘on’.
 
      ‘mark-modified-lines’
-          This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an
+          When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an
           asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
           modified.  This variable is ‘off’ by default.
 
      ‘mark-symlinked-directories’
           If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links to
-          directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-          ‘mark-directories’).  The default is ‘off’.
+          directories have a slash appended, subject to the value of
+          ‘mark-directories’.  The default is ‘off’.
 
      ‘match-hidden-files’
           This variable, when set to ‘on’, forces Readline to match
@@ -8960,8 +8964,8 @@ Variable Settings
           sequence.  The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
           ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may
           include bytes with the eighth bit set.  This variable is
-          dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if
-          the locale is changed.
+          dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may
+          change if the locale changes.
 
      ‘page-completions’
           If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
@@ -8978,7 +8982,7 @@ Variable Settings
 
      ‘revert-all-at-newline’
           If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history
-          lines before returning when ‘accept-line’ is executed.  By
+          lines before returning when executing ‘accept-line’.  By
           default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
           undo lists across calls to ‘readline()’.  The default is
           ‘off’.
@@ -9013,22 +9017,22 @@ Variable Settings
           If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior
           when inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active
           when performing completion in the middle of a word.  If
-          enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the
+          enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
           completion that match characters after point in the word being
           completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
           not duplicated.  For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
-          completion when the cursor is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will
-          result in ‘Makefile’ rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming
-          there is a single possible completion.  The default value is
-          ‘off’.
+          completion when the cursor is after the first ‘e’ in
+          ‘Makefile’ will result in ‘Makefile’ rather than
+          ‘Makefilefile’, assuming there is a single possible
+          completion.  The default value is ‘off’.
 
      ‘vi-cmd-mode-string’
           If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
           The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
-          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
-          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
+          of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end
           sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
           embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
           default is ‘(cmd)’.
@@ -9038,8 +9042,8 @@ Variable Settings
           displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
           prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
           The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
-          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
-          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
+          of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  The ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes begin and end
           sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
           embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
           default is ‘(ins)’.
@@ -9064,7 +9068,9 @@ Key Bindings
      different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
 
      In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a
-     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).  The
+     difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+     enclosed in single or double quotes.
 
      The ‘bind -p’ command displays Readline function names and bindings
      in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file.
@@ -9083,16 +9089,16 @@ Key Bindings
           expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
           ‘> output’ into the line).
 
-          A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
-          processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
-          NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
+          This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic
+          character names: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN,
+          RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
 
      "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
           KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
           entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
           sequence in double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
-          can be used, as in the following example, but the special
-          character names are not recognized.
+          can be used, as in the following example, but none of the
+          special character names are recognized.
 
                "\C-u": universal-argument
                "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
@@ -9108,20 +9114,20 @@ Key Bindings
      specifying key sequences:
 
      ‘\C-’
-          control prefix
+          A control prefix.
      ‘\M-’
-          adding the meta prefix or converting the following character
+          Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character
           to a meta character, as described above under
           ‘force-meta-prefix’ (see ‘Variable Settings’ in *note Readline
           Init File Syntax::).
      ‘\e’
-          an escape character
+          An escape character.
      ‘\\’
-          backslash
+          Backslash.
      ‘\"’
-          <">, a double quotation mark
+          <">, a double quotation mark.
      ‘\'’
-          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe
+          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe.
 
      In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
      of backslash escapes is available:
@@ -9143,16 +9149,16 @@ Key Bindings
      ‘\v’
           vertical tab
      ‘\NNN’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
-          (one to three digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (one to three digits).
      ‘\xHH’
-          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-          HH (one or two hex digits)
+          The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits).
 
      When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
      used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to
-     be a function name.  In the macro body, the backslash escapes
-     described above are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other
+     be a function name.  Tthe backslash escapes described above are
+     expanded in the macro body.  Backslash will quote any other
      character in the macro text, including ‘"’ and ‘'’.  For example,
      the following binding will make ‘‘C-x’ \’ insert a single ‘\’ into
      the line:
@@ -9167,7 +9173,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Conditional Init Constructs,  Next: Sample Init File,
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
 variable settings to be performed as the result of tests.  There are
-four parser directives used.
+four parser directives available.
 
 ‘$if’
      The ‘$if’ construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
@@ -9189,7 +9195,8 @@ four parser directives used.
           terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
           ‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
           the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’.  This
-          allows ‘sun’ to match both ‘sun’ and ‘sun-cmd’, for instance.
+          allows ‘xterm’ to match both ‘xterm’ and ‘xterm-256color’, for
+          instance.
 
      ‘version’
           The ‘version’ test may be used to perform comparisons against
@@ -9199,8 +9206,8 @@ four parser directives used.
           version number supplied on the right side of the operator
           consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point,
           and an optional minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’).  If the minor
-          version is omitted, it is assumed to be ‘0’.  The operator may
-          be separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version
+          version is omitted, it defaults to ‘0’.  The operator may be
+          separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version
           number argument by whitespace.  The following example sets a
           variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer:
                $if version >= 7.0
@@ -9226,7 +9233,7 @@ four parser directives used.
           operators are ‘=’, ‘==’, and ‘!=’.  The variable name must be
           separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
           operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
-          side by whitespace.  Both string and boolean variables may be
+          side by whitespace.  String and boolean variables may be
           tested.  Boolean variables must be tested against the values
           ON and OFF.  The following example is equivalent to the
           ‘mode=emacs’ test described above:
@@ -9234,18 +9241,18 @@ four parser directives used.
                set show-mode-in-prompt on
                $endif
 
-‘$endif’
-     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’
-     command.
-
 ‘$else’
      Commands in this branch of the ‘$if’ directive are executed if the
      test fails.
 
+‘$endif’
+     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’
+     command.
+
 ‘$include’
      This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
-     commands and bindings from that file.  For example, the following
-     directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’:
+     commands and key bindings from that file.  For example, the
+     following directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’:
           $include /etc/inputrc
 
 
@@ -9383,7 +9390,10 @@ sequence are unbound by default.
    In the following descriptions, “point” refers to the current cursor
 position, and “mark” refers to a cursor position saved by the ‘set-mark’
 command.  The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
-“region”.
+“region”.  Readline has the concept of an _active region_: when the
+region is active, Readline redisplay uses the value of the
+‘active-region-start-color’ variable to denote the region.  Several
+commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Moving,  Next: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
@@ -9478,13 +9488,13 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev
      Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
      through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
      This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
-     mark.
+     region.
 
 ‘forward-search-history (C-s)’
      Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
      through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
      This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
-     mark.
+     region.
 
 ‘non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)’
      Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
@@ -9530,8 +9540,9 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev
      insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
      previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument inserts
      the Nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once the
-     argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the ‘!N’
-     history expansion had been specified.
+     argument N is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities
+     to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!N’ history expansion had been
+     specified.
 
 ‘yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)’
      Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
@@ -9541,9 +9552,9 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev
      specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
      Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
      the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument
-     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  The
-     history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-     as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.
+     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  This
+     uses the history expansion facilities to extract the last word, as
+     if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.
 
 ‘operate-and-get-next (C-o)’
      Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if
@@ -9576,7 +9587,8 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev
 
 ‘backward-delete-char (Rubout)’
      Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
-     to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+     to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring, instead of
+     deleting them.
 
 ‘forward-backward-delete-char ()’
      Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
@@ -9588,7 +9600,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev
      insert key sequences like ‘C-q’, for example.
 
 ‘self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)’
-     Insert yourself.
+     Insert the character typed.
 
 ‘bracketed-paste-begin ()’
      This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
@@ -9600,9 +9612,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev
      commands.
 
      Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and
-     the mark) to the inserted text.  It uses the concept of an _active
-     mark_: when the mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the
-     terminal's standout mode to denote the region.
+     the mark) to the inserted text.  It sets the _active region_.
 
 ‘transpose-chars (C-t)’
      Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
@@ -9656,14 +9666,14 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev
 -------------------------
 
 ‘kill-line (C-k)’
-     Kill the text from point to the end of the line.  With a negative
-     numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of
-     the current line.
+     Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.  With a
+     negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+     beginning of the line.
 
 ‘backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)’
      Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
      With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to
-     the end of the current line.
+     the end of the line.
 
 ‘unix-line-discard (C-u)’
      Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
@@ -9691,12 +9701,12 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev
      ‘shell-backward-word’.
 
 ‘unix-word-rubout (C-w)’
-     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-     The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+     saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 ‘unix-filename-rubout ()’
      Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
-     character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is saved on the
+     character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
      kill-ring.
 
 ‘delete-horizontal-space ()’
@@ -9760,11 +9770,13 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Pre
 ‘complete ()’
      Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.  The actual
      completion performed is application-specific.  Bash attempts
-     completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
-     ‘$’), username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text
-     begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases and functions) in
-     turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
-     attempted.
+     completion by first checking for any programmable completions for
+     the command word (*note Programmable Completion::), otherwise
+     treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with ‘$’),
+     username (if the text begins with ‘~’), hostname (if the text
+     begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases, functions, and
+     builtins) in turn.  If none of these produces a match, it falls
+     back to filename completion.
 
 ‘possible-completions (M-?)’
      List the possible completions of the text before point.  When
@@ -9775,28 +9787,27 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Pre
 
 ‘insert-completions (M-*)’
      Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
-     been generated by ‘possible-completions’.
+     been generated by ‘possible-completions’, separated by a space.
 
 ‘menu-complete ()’
      Similar to ‘complete’, but replaces the word to be completed with a
-     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeated
-     execution of ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible
+     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeatedly
+     executing ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible
      completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the end of the list
-     of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
-     ‘bell-style’) and the original text is restored.  An argument of N
-     moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
-     argument may be used to move backward through the list.  This
-     command is intended to be bound to , but is unbound by
-     default.
+     of completions, ‘menu-complete’ rings the bell (subject to the
+     setting of ‘bell-style’) and restores the original text.  An
+     argument of N moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a
+     negative argument moves backward through the list.  This command is
+     intended to be bound to , but is unbound by default.
 
 ‘menu-complete-backward ()’
      Identical to ‘menu-complete’, but moves backward through the list
      of possible completions, as if ‘menu-complete’ had been given a
-     negative argument.
+     negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
 
 ‘delete-char-or-list ()’
      Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
-     end of the line (like ‘delete-char’).  If at the end of the line,
+     end of the line (like ‘delete-char’).  At the end of the line, it
      behaves identically to ‘possible-completions’.  This command is
      unbound by default.
 
@@ -9843,8 +9854,7 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Pre
 
 ‘dynamic-complete-history (M-)’
      Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
-     against lines from the history list for possible completion
-     matches.
+     against history list entries for possible completion matches.
 
 ‘dabbrev-expand ()’
      Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
@@ -9897,59 +9907,56 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
      behavior is undefined if X is already lower case.
 
 ‘prefix-meta ()’
-     Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards without a
-     meta key.  Typing ‘ f’ is equivalent to typing ‘M-f’.
+     Metafy the next character typed.  Typing ‘ f’ is equivalent to
+     typing ‘M-f’.
 
 ‘undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)’
      Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 
 ‘revert-line (M-r)’
      Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
-     ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+     ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the initial state.
 
 ‘tilde-expand (M-&)’
      Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 
 ‘set-mark (C-@)’
-     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
-     mark is set to that position.
+     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, set
+     the mark to that position.
 
 ‘exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)’
-     Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set
-     to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
-     mark.
+     Swap the point with the mark.  Set the current cursor position to
+     the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 
 ‘character-search (C-])’
-     A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
-     that character.  A negative argument searches for previous
-     occurrences.
+     Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
+     character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 
 ‘character-search-backward (M-C-])’
-     A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
-     of that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
+     Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that
+     character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
      occurrences.
 
 ‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
      Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
-     those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin
-     with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
-     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+     those defined for keys like Home and End.  CSI sequences begin with
+     a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
+     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have
      no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
      inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is
      unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
 
 ‘insert-comment (M-#)’
-     Without a numeric argument, the value of the ‘comment-begin’
-     variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.  If a
-     numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+     Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’
+     variable at the beginning of the current line.  If a numeric
+     argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
      characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
-     ‘comment-begin’, the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
-     ‘comment-begin’ are deleted from the beginning of the line.  In
-     either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
-     The default value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make
-     the current line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the
-     comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
-     shell.
+     ‘comment-begin’, insert the value; otherwise delete the characters
+     in ‘comment-begin’ from the beginning of the line.  In either case,
+     the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.  The default
+     value of ‘comment-begin’ causes this command to make the current
+     line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the comment
+     character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
 
 ‘dump-functions ()’
      Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
@@ -9965,9 +9972,17 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
 
 ‘dump-macros ()’
      Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-     strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
-     is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
-     file.  This command is unbound by default.
+     strings they output to the Readline output stream.  If a numeric
+     argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it
+     can be made part of an INPUTRC file.  This command is unbound by
+     default.
+
+‘execute-named-command (M-x)’
+     Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute
+     the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which
+     it was bound appeared in the input.  If this function is supplied
+     with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it
+     executes.
 
 ‘spell-correct-word (C-x s)’
      Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a
@@ -9976,25 +9991,20 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
      ‘shell-forward-word’.
 
 ‘glob-complete-word (M-g)’
-     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
-     expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is
-     used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
-     completions.
+     Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+     with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+     generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 
 ‘glob-expand-word (C-x *)’
-     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
-     expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
-     replacing the word.  If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is
-     appended before pathname expansion.
-
-‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’
-     The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-     ‘glob-expand-word’ is displayed, and the line is redrawn.  If a
-     numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before pathname
+     Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+     and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.  If
+     a numeric argument is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname
      expansion.
 
-‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’
-     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+‘glob-list-expansions (C-x g)’
+     Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+     ‘glob-expand-word’, and redisplay the line.  If a numeric argument
+     is supplied, append a ‘*’ before pathname expansion.
 
 ‘shell-expand-line (M-C-e)’
      Expand the line by performing shell word expansions.  This performs
@@ -10024,12 +10034,8 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up:
      result as shell commands.  Bash attempts to invoke ‘$VISUAL’,
      ‘$EDITOR’, and ‘emacs’ as the editor, in that order.
 
-‘execute-named-command (M-x)’
-     Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute
-     the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which
-     it was bound appeared in the input.  If this function is supplied
-     with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it
-     executes.
+‘display-shell-version (C-x C-v)’
+     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Prev: Bindable Readline Commands,  Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -10039,11 +10045,12 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Pr
 
 While the Readline library does not have a full set of ‘vi’ editing
 functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
-The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the ‘sh’ description in
+the POSIX standard.
 
-   In order to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing
-modes, use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The Set
-Builtin::).  The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode.
+   You can use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ commands (*note The
+Set Builtin::) to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing
+modes, The Readline default is ‘emacs’ mode.
 
    When you enter a line in ‘vi’ mode, you are already placed in
 'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an ‘i’.  Pressing  switches
@@ -10058,64 +10065,65 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Programmable Completion,  Next: Programmable Completi
 ===========================
 
 When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
-‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
+which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been defined using
+the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
 \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities.
 
-   First, the command name is identified.  If a compspec has been
+   First, Bash identifies the command name.  If a compspec has been
 defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
 possible completions for the word.  If the command word is the empty
-string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
-compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’ is used.  If the
-command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
-searched for first.  If no compspec is found for the full pathname,
-completion attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the
-final slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any
-compspec defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the
-default.  If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
-on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion.
-
-   Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.  If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed.
-
-   First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.  Only matches
-which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When the
-‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name completion,
-the shell variable ‘FIGNORE’ is used to filter the matches.  *Note Bash
-Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
+string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), Bash
+uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’.  If the
+command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec for the
+full pathname first.  If there is no compspec for the full pathname,
+Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final
+slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
+defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the default.  If
+there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the
+command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the
+command word from any successful expansion.
+
+   If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
+described above (*note Commands For Completion::).  Otherwise, once a
+compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate the list of matching
+words.
+
+   First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec.  Only
+matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.
+When the ‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name
+completion, Bash uses shell the variable ‘FIGNORE’ to filter the
+matches.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
 
    Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the ‘-G’
 option are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
-match the word being completed.  The ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable is not
-used to filter the matches, but the ‘FIGNORE’ shell variable is used.
-
-   Next, the string specified as the argument to the ‘-W’ option is
-considered.  The string is first split using the characters in the ‘IFS’
-special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within the
-string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
-metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  Each word is then
-expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
-expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
-above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using the rules
-described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the expansion
-are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching
-words become the possible completions.
-
-   After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
-command specified with the ‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options is invoked.  When the
-command or function is invoked, the ‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’,
-‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are assigned values as described
-above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell function is being invoked,
-the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables are also set.  When the
-function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
-the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
-($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
-word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.  No
-filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+match the word being completed.  Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to
+filter the matches, but does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable.
+
+   Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to
+the ‘-W’ option.  The string is first split using the characters in the
+‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within
+the string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
+shell metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  Each word is
+then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
+described above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using
+the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the
+expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the
+matching words become possible completions.
+
+   After these matches have been generated, Bash executes any shell
+function or command any shell function or command specified with the
+‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options.  When the command or function is invoked, the
+‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are
+assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell
+function is being invoked, the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables
+are also set.  When the function or command is invoked, the first
+argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being
+completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
+third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on
+the current command line.  There is no filtering of the generated
+completions against the word being completed; the function or command
+has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 
    Any function specified with ‘-F’ is invoked first.  The function may
 use any of the shell facilities, including the ‘compgen’ and ‘compopt’
@@ -10147,21 +10155,21 @@ is returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
 
    If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
 the ‘-o dirnames’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec
-was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion.
 
    If the ‘-o plusdirs’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion and adds
+any matches to the set of possible completions.
 
    By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
 to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.  The
 default Bash completions and the Readline default of filename completion
 are disabled.  If the ‘-o bashdefault’ option was supplied to ‘complete’
-when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches, the
-default Bash completions are attempted.  If the ‘-o default’ option was
-supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, Readline's default
-completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the
-default Bash completions) generate no matches.
+when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
+Bash attempts its default completions.  If the ‘-o default’ option was
+supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, programmable
+completion will perform Readline's default completion if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
 
    When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
 the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
@@ -10172,7 +10180,7 @@ setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable.
    There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
 most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
 with ‘-D’.  It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+functions to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
 exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
 compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
 attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
@@ -10233,18 +10241,21 @@ happening.
           [-X FILTERPAT] [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
           complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...]
 
-     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.  If the
-     ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are supplied,
-     existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
-     them to be reused as input.  The ‘-r’ option removes a completion
-     specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
-     completion specifications.  The ‘-D’ option indicates that other
-     supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command
-     completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
-     completion has previously been defined.  The ‘-E’ option indicates
-     that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty"
-     command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
-     The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.
+
+     If the ‘-p’ option is supplied, or if no options or NAMEs are
+     supplied, print existing completion specifications in a way that
+     allows them to be reused as input.  The ‘-r’ option removes a
+     completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are
+     supplied, all completion specifications.
+
+     The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     should apply to the "default" command completion; that is,
+     completion attempted on a command for which no completion has
+     previously been defined.  The ‘-E’ option indicates that other
+     supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" command
+     completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.  The
+     ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options and actions
      should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on
      the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is
      usually command name completion.  If multiple options are supplied,
@@ -10281,7 +10292,7 @@ happening.
 
           ‘filenames’
                Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
-               it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
+               it can perform any filename-specific processing (such as
                adding a slash to directory names, quoting special
                characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).  This option
                is intended to be used with shell functions specified
@@ -10304,7 +10315,7 @@ happening.
                words completed at the end of the line.
 
           ‘plusdirs’
-               After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+               After generating any matches defined by the compspec,
                attempt directory name completion and add any matches to
                the results of the other actions.
 
@@ -10400,13 +10411,14 @@ happening.
 
      ‘-F FUNCTION’
           The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
-          environment.  When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
-          command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
-          being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
+          environment.  When it is executed, the first argument ($1) is
+          the name of the command whose arguments are being completed,
+          the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
+          third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being
           completed, as described above (*note Programmable
-          Completion::).  When ‘function’ finishes, the possible
-          completions are retrieved from the value of the ‘COMPREPLY’
-          array variable.
+          Completion::).  When ‘function’ finishes, programmable
+          completion retrieves the possible completions from the value
+          of the ‘COMPREPLY’ array variable.
 
      ‘-G GLOBPAT’
           Expand the filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT to generate the
@@ -10421,13 +10433,13 @@ happening.
           options have been applied.
 
      ‘-W WORDLIST’
-          The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the ‘IFS’
-          special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word is
-          expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order
-          to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
-          metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  The
-          possible completions are the members of the resultant list
-          which match the word being completed.
+          Split the WORDLIST using the characters in the ‘IFS’ special
+          variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.  Shell
+          quoting is honored within WORDLIST in order to provide a
+          mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or
+          characters in the value of ‘IFS’.  The possible completions
+          are the members of the resultant list which match a prefix of
+          the word being completed.
 
      ‘-X FILTERPAT’
           FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion.  It is
@@ -10449,16 +10461,14 @@ happening.
      or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
      If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
      NAME or the current completion.  The possible values of OPTION are
-     those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above.  The ‘-D’
-     option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the
-     "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-     command for which no completion has previously been defined.  The
-     ‘-E’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
-     "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-     blank line.  The ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options
-     should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on
-     the line, or after a command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is
-     usually command name completion.
+     those valid for the ‘complete’ builtin described above.
+
+     The ‘-D’ option indicates that other supplied options should apply
+     to the "default" command completion; the ‘-E’ option indicates that
+     other supplied options should apply to "empty" command completion;
+     and the ‘-I’ option indicates that other supplied options should
+     apply to completion on the initial word on the line.  These are
+     determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.
 
      If multiple options are supplied, the ‘-D’ option takes precedence
      over ‘-E’, and both take precedence over ‘-I’
@@ -10608,17 +10618,17 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash History Facilities,  Next: Bash History Builtins
 When the ‘-o history’ option to the ‘set’ builtin is enabled (*note The
 Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the “command history”, the
 list of commands previously typed.  The value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell
-variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500) is saved.  The
-shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last ‘$HISTSIZE’ commands (default 500).
+The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
 variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
 the values of the shell variables ‘HISTIGNORE’ and ‘HISTCONTROL’.
 
    When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list by
 reading history entries from the file named by the ‘HISTFILE’ variable
 (default ‘~/.bash_history’).  This is referred to as the “history file”.
-That file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number
-of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’
+The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+number of history entries specified by the value of the ‘HISTFILESIZE’
 variable.  If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric
 value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not
 truncated.
@@ -10633,17 +10643,16 @@ delimit history entries, making multi-line entries possible.
    When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last
 ‘$HISTSIZE’ entries from the history list to the file named by
 ‘$HISTFILE’.  If the ‘histappend’ shell option is set (*note Bash
-Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise the
-history file is overwritten.  If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the
+Builtins::), Bash appends the entries to the history file, otherwise it
+overwrites the history file.  If ‘HISTFILE’ is unset or null, or if the
 history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.  After saving the
 history, Bash truncates the history file to contain no more than
-‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines.  If ‘HISTFILESIZE’ is unset, or set to null, a
-non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
-is not truncated.
+‘$HISTFILESIZE’ lines as described above.
 
-   If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ is set, the time stamp information associated
-with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
-history comment character.  When the history file is read, lines
+   If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, the shell writes the
+timestamp information associated with each history entry to the history
+file, marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are
+preserved across shell sessions.  When the history file is read, lines
 beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
 digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.  As
 above, when using ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’, the timestamps delimit multi-line
@@ -10657,13 +10666,13 @@ access to the history list (*note Commands For History::).
 
    The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
 list.  The ‘HISTCONTROL’ and ‘HISTIGNORE’ variables are used to save
-only a subset of the commands entered.  The ‘cmdhist’ shell option, if
-enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line
-command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to
-preserve syntactic correctness.  The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies
-‘cmdhist’ by saving the command with embedded newlines instead of
-semicolons.  The ‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options.  *Note
-The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’.
+only a subset of the commands entered.  If the ‘cmdhist’ shell option is
+enabled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in
+the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
+syntactic correctness.  The ‘lithist’ shell option modifies ‘cmdhist’ by
+saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons.  The
+‘shopt’ builtin is used to set these options.  *Note The Shopt
+Builtin::, for a description of ‘shopt’.
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash History Builtins,  Next: History Interaction,  Prev: Bash History Facilities,  Up: Using History Interactively
@@ -10689,9 +10698,9 @@ history file.
      equivalent to the current command (usually the ‘fc’ command);
      otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
 
-     If LAST is not specified, it is set to FIRST.  If FIRST is not
-     specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and −16
-     for listing.
+     If LAST is not specified, it is set to the current command for
+     listing and to FIRST otherwise.  If FIRST is not specified, it is
+     set to the previous command for editing and −16 for listing.
 
      If the ‘-l’ flag is supplied, the commands are listed on standard
      output.  The ‘-n’ flag suppresses the command numbers when listing.
@@ -10766,10 +10775,10 @@ history file.
           session, but not already appended to the history file.
 
      ‘-n’
-          Append the history lines not already read from the history
-          file to the current history list.  These are lines appended to
-          the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
-          session.
+          Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+          and add them to the current history list.  These are lines
+          appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+          current Bash session.
 
      ‘-r’
           Read the history file and append its contents to the history
@@ -10777,7 +10786,7 @@ history file.
 
      ‘-w’
           Write the current history list to the history file,
-          overwriting it.
+          overwriting the history file.
 
      ‘-p’
           Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
@@ -10796,10 +10805,10 @@ history file.
 
      If the ‘HISTTIMEFORMAT’ variable is set, ‘history’ writes the time
      stamp information associated with each history entry to the history
-     file, marked with the history comment character.  When the history
-     file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character
-     followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for
-     the following history entry.
+     file, marked with the history comment character as described above.
+     When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+     comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+     as timestamps for the following history entry.
 
      The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
      error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
@@ -10838,12 +10847,13 @@ substitution.  The second is to select portions of that entry to include
 into the current one.
 
    The entry selected from the history is called the “event”, and the
-portions of that entry that are acted upon are called “words”.  The
-history entry is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does,
-so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.  The
-“event designator” selects the event, the optional “word designator”
-selects words from the event, and various optional “modifiers” are
-available to manipulate the selected words.
+portions of that entry that are acted upon are “words”.  Various
+“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words.  The entry
+is split into words in the same fashion that Bash does when reading
+input, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word.  The “event designator” selects the event, the optional “word
+designator” selects words from the event, and various optional
+“modifiers” are available to manipulate the selected words.
 
    History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history
 expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default.  History expansions may
@@ -10868,12 +10878,12 @@ space, tab, newline, carriage return, ‘=’, and the other shell
 metacharacters.
 
    There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
-QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (default ‘^’) is the first character on the
-line.  It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator
-equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one string for another in that
-entry.  It is described below (*note Event Designators::).  This is the
-only history expansion that does not begin with the history expansion
-character.
+QUICK SUBSTITUTION character (described above under ‘histchars’) is the
+first character on the line.  It selects the previous history list
+entry, using an event designator equivalent to ‘!!’, and substitutes one
+string for another in that entry.  It is described below (*note Event
+Designators::).  This is the only history expansion that does not begin
+with the history expansion character.
 
    Several shell options settable with the ‘shopt’ builtin (*note The
 Shopt Builtin::) will modify history expansion behavior If the
@@ -10907,12 +10917,11 @@ File: bashref.info,  Node: Event Designators,  Next: Word Designators,  Up: Hist
 9.3.1 Event Designators
 -----------------------
 
-An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.  The event designator consists of the
-portion of the word beginning with the history expansion character, and
-ending with the word designator if one is present, or the end of the
-word.
+An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.  The
+event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with the
+history expansion character, and ending with the word designator if one
+is present, or the end of the word.  Unless the reference is absolute,
+events are relative to the current position in the history list.
 
 ‘!’
      Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
@@ -10923,10 +10932,10 @@ word.
      Refer to history list entry N.
 
 ‘!-N’
-     Refer to the history entry N entries back.
+     Refer to the history entry minus N.
 
 ‘!!’
-     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
+     Refer to the previous entry.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.
 
 ‘!STRING’
      Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
@@ -10978,7 +10987,8 @@ spaces.
    Here are the word designators:
 
 ‘0 (zero)’
-     The ‘0’th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
+     The ‘0’th word.  For the shell, and many other, applications, this
+     is the command word.
 
 ‘N’
      The Nth word.
@@ -10987,8 +10997,8 @@ spaces.
      The first argument: word 1.
 
 ‘$’
-     The last argument.  This is usually the last argument, but will
-     expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+     The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand
+     to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 
 ‘%’
      The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the
@@ -11003,7 +11013,7 @@ spaces.
 ‘*’
      All of the words, except the ‘0’th.  This is a synonym for ‘1-$’.
      It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the
-     event; it expands to the empty string in this case.
+     event; it expands to the empty string in that case.
 
 ‘X*’
      Abbreviates ‘X-$’.
@@ -11026,10 +11036,10 @@ more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’.  These modify,
 or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 
 ‘h’
-     Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+     Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 
 ‘t’
-     Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+     Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 
 ‘r’
      Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.SUFFIX’, leaving the
@@ -11065,8 +11075,8 @@ or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 
 ‘g’
 ‘a’
-     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
-     conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’.
+     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
+     used in conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’.
 
 ‘G’
      Apply the following ‘s’ or ‘&’ modifier once to each word in the
@@ -11673,12 +11683,12 @@ Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
 Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable
 expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.  Bash uses the
 POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be
-implemented.  There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
-shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
-significance.  A number of these differences are explained in greater
-depth in previous sections.  This section uses the version of ‘sh’
-included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
-the baseline reference.
+implemented and how they should behave.  There are some differences
+between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this section quickly
+details the differences of significance.  A number of these differences
+are explained in greater depth in previous sections.  This section uses
+the version of ‘sh’ included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the
+historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
 
    • Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
      differs from traditional ‘sh’ behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
@@ -11686,6 +11696,9 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
      Bash::).
 
+   • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
+     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
    • Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
      the ‘bind’ builtin.
 
@@ -11693,6 +11706,15 @@ the baseline reference.
      Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands ‘complete’,
      ‘compgen’, and ‘compopt’, to manipulate it.
 
+   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt
+     string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’) (*note
+     Controlling the Prompt::).
+
+   • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable.
+
+   • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before
+     issuing each primary prompt.
+
    • Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
      ‘history’ and ‘fc’ builtins to manipulate it.  The Bash history
      list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
@@ -11701,31 +11723,35 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash implements ‘csh’-like history expansion (*note History
      Interaction::).
 
-   • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
-     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
-     provides a number of built-in array variables.
-
-   • The ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
-     characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+   • Bash supports the ‘$'...'’ quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+     backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes
      (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
 
-   • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax to do locale-specific
-     translation of the characters between the double quotes.  The ‘-D’,
-     ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’ invocation options list
-     the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
-     Translation::).
+   • Bash supports the ‘$"..."’ quoting syntax and performs
+     locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
+     quotes.  The ‘-D’, ‘--dump-strings’, and ‘--dump-po-strings’
+     invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
+     (*note Locale Translation::).
+
+   • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
+     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+   • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
+     builtins (*note Aliases::).
 
    • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a
-     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  Very useful when an ‘if’ statement
-     needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option
-     to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
-     command fails.
+     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  This is very useful when an ‘if’
+     statement needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash ‘-o
+     pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure
+     status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::).
 
    • Bash has the ‘time’ reserved word and command timing (*note
      Pipelines::).  The display of the timing statistics may be
      controlled with the ‘TIMEFORMAT’ variable.
 
+   • Bash provides coprocesses and the ‘coproc’ reserved word (*note
+     Coprocesses::).
+
    • Bash implements the ‘for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))’ arithmetic
      for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
      Constructs::).
@@ -11738,25 +11764,31 @@ the baseline reference.
      including optional regular expression matching.
 
    • Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the ‘case’ and
-     ‘[[’ constructs.
-
-   • Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
-     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+     ‘[[’ constructs (*note Conditional Constructs::).
 
-   • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
-     builtins (*note Aliases::).
+   • Bash provides additional ‘case’ statement action list terminators:
+     ‘;&’ and ‘;;&’ (*note Conditional Constructs::).
 
    • Bash provides shell arithmetic, the ‘((’ compound command (*note
-     Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
-     Arithmetic::).
+     Conditional Constructs::), the ‘let’ builtin, and arithmetic
+     expansion (*note Shell Arithmetic::).
+
+   • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
+     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
+     provides a number of built-in array variables.
 
    • Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
-     automatically exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does
-     not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
-     using the ‘export’ command.
+     automatically exported to child processes (*note Command Execution
+     Environment::).  The Bourne shell does not normally do this unless
+     the variables are explicitly marked using the ‘export’ command.
+
+   • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’
+     (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
 
    • Bash supports the ‘+=’ assignment operator, which appends to the
-     value of the variable named on the left hand side.
+     value of the variable named on the left hand side (*note Shell
+     Parameters::).
 
    • Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal ‘%’, ‘#’, ‘%%’ and ‘##’
      expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
@@ -11782,18 +11814,17 @@ the baseline reference.
      Parameter Expansion::) and implements the ‘nameref’ variable
      attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion.
 
-   • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond ‘$9’ using ‘${NUM}’.
-
    • Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of
-     the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation.
+     the form ‘${var@X}’, where ‘X’ specifies the transformation (*note
+     Shell Parameter Expansion::).
 
    • The POSIX ‘$()’ form of command substitution is implemented (*note
      Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ‘``’
      (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
 
    • Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the
-     enclosed command in the current shell execution environment (‘${
-     COMMAND;}’).
+     enclosed command in the current shell execution environment: ‘${
+     COMMAND;}’ or ‘${|COMMAND;}’ (*note Command Substitution::).
 
    • Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
 
@@ -11805,17 +11836,20 @@ the baseline reference.
 
    • Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize
      shell behavior that the Bourne shell does not.  Examples include
-     ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘GLOBSORT’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’,
+     ‘RANDOM’, ‘SRANDOM’, ‘EPOCHSECONDS’, ‘EPOCHREALTIME’, ‘TIMEFORMAT’,
      ‘BASHPID’, ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’, ‘GLOBIGNORE’, ‘HISTIGNORE’, and
      ‘BASH_VERSION’.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a complete list.
 
-   • The ‘IFS’ variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
-     not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a longstanding
-     shell security hole.
+   • Bash uses the ‘GLOBSORT’ shell variable to control how to sort the
+     results of filename expansion (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+   • Bash uses the ‘IFS’ variable to split only the results of
+     expansion, not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a
+     longstanding shell security hole.
 
    • The filename expansion bracket expression code uses ‘!’ and ‘^’ to
-     negate the set of characters between the brackets.  The Bourne
-     shell uses only ‘!’.
+     negate the set of characters between the brackets (*note Filename
+     Expansion::).  The Bourne shell uses only ‘!’.
 
    • Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
      including character classes, equivalence classes, and collating
@@ -11824,17 +11858,16 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
      ‘extglob’ shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
 
+   • The ‘globstar’ shell option extends filename expansion to
+     recursively scan directories and subdirectories for matching
+     filenames (*note Pattern Matching::).
+
    • It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
      name; ‘sh’ does not separate the two name spaces.
 
    • Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-     ‘local’ builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
-     (*note Bash Builtins::).
-
-   • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
-     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In ‘sh’, all
-     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
-     command is executed from the file system.
+     ‘local’ builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive
+     functions (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
      to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
@@ -11853,6 +11886,10 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
      redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
 
+   • Bash provides the {VAR}|’
      redirection operator may be used to override ‘noclobber’.
 
-   • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
-     each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and
-     physical modes.
+   • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In ‘sh’, all
+     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
+     command is executed from the file system.
+
+   • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
+     for shell scripts: variables (‘BASH_ARGC’, ‘BASH_ARGV’,
+     ‘BASH_LINENO’, ‘BASH_SOURCE’), the ‘DEBUG’, ‘RETURN’, and ‘ERR’
+     traps, ‘declare -F’, and the ‘caller’ builtin.
+
+   • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the
+     ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+     the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable.
 
    • Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
      and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
      function via the ‘builtin’ and ‘command’ builtins (*note Bash
      Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands
-     from shared objects.
+   • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::), which
+     displays the context of any active subroutine call (a shell
+     function or a script executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins).
+     This supports the Bash debugger.
+
+   • The Bash ‘cd’ and ‘pwd’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+     each take ‘-L’ and ‘-P’ options to switch between logical and
+     physical modes.
+
+   • The ‘command’ builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions
+     when performing command lookup (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • The ‘command’ builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
-     command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
+   • Bash uses the ‘declare’ builtin to modify the full set of variable
+     and function attributes, and to assign values to variables.
 
-   • Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the ‘enable’
-     builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+   • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress sending ‘SIGHUP’
+     to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’.
+
+   • The ‘enable’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) can enable or disable
+     individual builtins and implements support for dynamically loading
+     builtin commands from shared objects.
 
    • The Bash ‘exec’ builtin takes additional options that allow users
      to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
@@ -11886,21 +11948,12 @@ the baseline reference.
    • Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
      using ‘export -f’ (*note Shell Functions::).
 
-   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt
-     string variables (‘PS0’, ‘PS1’, ‘PS2’, and ‘PS4’).
-
-   • Bash expands and displays the ‘PS0’ prompt string variable.
-
-   • Bash runs commands from the ‘PROMPT_COMMAND’ array variable before
-     issuing each primary prompt.
-
-   • Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters
-   • The Bash ‘export’, ‘readonly’, and ‘declare’ builtins can take a
-     ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’ option to display
-     variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
-     as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various variable
-     attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable attributes
-     and values simultaneously.
+   • The Bash ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+     Builtins:: can take a ‘-f’ option to act on shell functions, a ‘-p’
+     option to display variables with various attributes set in a format
+     that can be used as shell input, a ‘-n’ option to remove various
+     variable attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable
+     attributes and values simultaneously.
 
    • The Bash ‘hash’ builtin allows a name to be associated with an
      arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
@@ -11911,33 +11964,33 @@ the baseline reference.
      facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • Bash includes the ‘mapfile’ builtin to quickly read the contents of
-     a file into an indexed array variable.
+     a file into an indexed array variable (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
    • The ‘printf’ builtin is available to display formatted output
-     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+     (*note Bash Builtins::), and has additional custom format
+     specifiers and an option to assign the formatted output directly to
+     a shell variable.
 
    • The Bash ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
      ending in ‘\’ with the ‘-r’ option, and will use the ‘REPLY’
-     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.  The
-     Bash ‘read’ builtin also accepts a prompt string with the ‘-p’
-     option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the ‘-e’
-     or ‘-E’ options.  The ‘read’ builtin also has additional options to
-     control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off echoing of input
-     characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will allow ‘read’ to
-     time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of
-     seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading only a specified number
-     of characters rather than a full line, and the ‘-d’ option will
-     read until a particular character rather than newline.
+     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
+
+   • The ‘read’ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) accepts a prompt string
+     with the ‘-p’ option and will use Readline to obtain the line when
+     given the ‘-e’ or ‘-E’ options, with the ability to insert text
+     into the line using the ‘-i’ option.  The ‘read’ builtin also has
+     additional options to control input: the ‘-s’ option will turn off
+     echoing of input characters as they are read, the ‘-t’ option will
+     allow ‘read’ to time out if input does not arrive within a
+     specified number of seconds, the ‘-n’ option will allow reading
+     only a specified number of characters rather than a full line, and
+     the ‘-d’ option will read until a particular character rather than
+     newline.
 
    • The ‘return’ builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
      executed with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins (*note Bourne Shell
      Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell
-     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
-     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
-     Bash::).
-
    • Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the ‘set’
      builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
 
@@ -11945,20 +11998,15 @@ the baseline reference.
      commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
      Builtin::).
 
+   • Bash includes the ‘shopt’ builtin, for finer control of shell
+     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+     Bash::).
+
    • The ‘test’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
      different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
      the behavior based on the number of arguments.
 
-   • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next
-     child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and
-     the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child
-     process in a shell variable.
-
-   • Bash includes the ‘caller’ builtin, which displays the context of
-     any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
-     with the ‘.’ or ‘source’ builtins).  This supports the Bash
-     debugger.
-
    • The ‘trap’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a ‘DEBUG’
      pseudo-signal specification, similar to ‘EXIT’.  Commands specified
      with a ‘DEBUG’ trap are executed before every simple command, ‘for’
@@ -11988,27 +12036,20 @@ the baseline reference.
    • The Bash ‘type’ builtin is more extensive and gives more
      information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin permits a ‘-p’ option to cause the output
-     to be displayed in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused
-     as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+   • The ‘ulimit’ builtin provides control over many more per-process
+     resources (*note Bash Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash implements a ‘csh’-like directory stack, and provides the
-     ‘pushd’, ‘popd’, and ‘dirs’ builtins to manipulate it (*note The
-     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
-     the value of the ‘DIRSTACK’ shell variable.
+   • The Bash ‘umask’ builtin uses the ‘-p’ option to display the output
+     in the form of a ‘umask’ command that may be reused as input (*note
+     Bourne Shell Builtins::).
 
-   • Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-     strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
-
-   • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
-     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
-
-   • The ‘disown’ builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
-     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
-     ‘SIGHUP’ to a job when the shell exits as the result of a ‘SIGHUP’.
+   • The Bash ‘wait’ builtin has a ‘-n’ option to wait for the next
+     child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs, and
+     the ‘-p’ option to store information about a terminated child
+     process in a shell variable.
 
-   • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
-     for shell scripts.
+   • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it
+     turns on job control).
 
    • The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (‘mldmode’ and
      ‘priv’) not present in Bash.
@@ -12062,9 +12103,6 @@ many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
      script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
      for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
 
-   • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as ‘jsh’ (it
-     turns on job control).
-
    • If the ‘lastpipe’ option is enabled, and job control is not active,
      Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell
      execution environment.
@@ -12598,7 +12636,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
 * complete:                              Programmable Completion Builtins.
                                                               (line  37)
 * compopt:                               Programmable Completion Builtins.
-                                                              (line 253)
+                                                              (line 257)
 * continue:                              Bourne Shell Builtins.
                                                               (line 102)
 * declare:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 179)
@@ -12797,46 +12835,48 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * COMP_WORDBREAKS:                       Bash Variables.      (line 263)
 * COMP_WORDS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 269)
 * completion-display-width:              Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 105)
+                                                              (line 104)
 * completion-ignore-case:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 112)
+                                                              (line 111)
 * completion-map-case:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 117)
+                                                              (line 116)
 * completion-prefix-display-length:      Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 123)
+                                                              (line 122)
 * completion-query-items:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 130)
+                                                              (line 129)
 * COMPREPLY:                             Bash Variables.      (line 276)
 * convert-meta:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 141)
+                                                              (line 140)
 * COPROC:                                Bash Variables.      (line 282)
 * DIRSTACK:                              Bash Variables.      (line 286)
 * disable-completion:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 153)
+                                                              (line 152)
 * echo-control-characters:               Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 158)
+                                                              (line 157)
 * editing-mode:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 163)
+                                                              (line 162)
 * EMACS:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 296)
 * emacs-mode-string:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 169)
-* enable-active-region:                  Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 179)
+                                                              (line 168)
+* enable-active-region The:              Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 178)
 * enable-bracketed-paste:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 192)
+                                                              (line 191)
 * enable-keypad:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 201)
+                                                              (line 200)
+* enable-meta-key:                       Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 205)
 * ENV:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 301)
 * EPOCHREALTIME:                         Bash Variables.      (line 306)
 * EPOCHSECONDS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 314)
 * EUID:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 321)
 * EXECIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 325)
 * expand-tilde:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 216)
+                                                              (line 215)
 * FCEDIT:                                Bash Variables.      (line 337)
 * FIGNORE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 340)
 * force-meta-prefix:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 220)
+                                                              (line 219)
 * FUNCNAME:                              Bash Variables.      (line 346)
 * FUNCNEST:                              Bash Variables.      (line 363)
 * GLOBIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 368)
@@ -12849,9 +12889,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * HISTFILESIZE:                          Bash Variables.      (line 461)
 * HISTIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 472)
 * history-preserve-point:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 233)
+                                                              (line 232)
 * history-size:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 239)
+                                                              (line 238)
 * HISTSIZE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 496)
 * HISTTIMEFORMAT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 503)
 * HOME:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
@@ -12865,13 +12905,13 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  18)
 * IGNOREEOF:                             Bash Variables.      (line 529)
 * input-meta:                            Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 257)
+                                                              (line 256)
 * INPUTRC:                               Bash Variables.      (line 538)
 * INSIDE_EMACS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 542)
 * isearch-terminators:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 268)
+                                                              (line 267)
 * keymap:                                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 275)
+                                                              (line 274)
 * LANG:                                  Creating Internationalized Scripts.
                                                               (line  51)
 * LANG <1>:                              Bash Variables.      (line 548)
@@ -12893,15 +12933,15 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  29)
 * MAPFILE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 605)
 * mark-modified-lines:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 305)
+                                                              (line 304)
 * mark-symlinked-directories:            Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 310)
+                                                              (line 309)
 * match-hidden-files:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 315)
+                                                              (line 314)
 * menu-complete-display-prefix:          Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 322)
+                                                              (line 321)
 * meta-flag:                             Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 257)
+                                                              (line 256)
 * OLDPWD:                                Bash Variables.      (line 609)
 * OPTARG:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
                                                               (line  36)
@@ -12910,9 +12950,9 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
                                                               (line  40)
 * OSTYPE:                                Bash Variables.      (line 617)
 * output-meta:                           Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 327)
+                                                              (line 326)
 * page-completions:                      Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 336)
+                                                              (line 335)
 * PATH:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
                                                               (line  44)
 * PIPESTATUS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 620)
@@ -12935,21 +12975,21 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * READLINE_POINT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 695)
 * REPLY:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 699)
 * revert-all-at-newline:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 349)
+                                                              (line 348)
 * search-ignore-case:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 356)
+                                                              (line 355)
 * SECONDS:                               Bash Variables.      (line 703)
 * SHELL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 713)
 * SHELLOPTS:                             Bash Variables.      (line 718)
 * SHLVL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 727)
 * show-all-if-ambiguous:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 361)
+                                                              (line 360)
 * show-all-if-unmodified:                Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 367)
+                                                              (line 366)
 * show-mode-in-prompt:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 376)
+                                                              (line 375)
 * skip-completed-text:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 382)
+                                                              (line 381)
 * SRANDOM:                               Bash Variables.      (line 732)
 * TEXTDOMAIN:                            Creating Internationalized Scripts.
                                                               (line  51)
@@ -12960,11 +13000,11 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 * TMPDIR:                                Bash Variables.      (line 792)
 * UID:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 796)
 * vi-cmd-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 395)
+                                                              (line 394)
 * vi-ins-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 406)
+                                                              (line 405)
 * visible-stats:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
-                                                              (line 417)
+                                                              (line 416)
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Function Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Variable Index,  Up: Indexes
@@ -12991,29 +13031,29 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * beginning-of-history (M-<):            Commands For History.
                                                               (line  20)
 * beginning-of-line (C-a):               Commands For Moving. (line   6)
-* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  33)
+* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  34)
 * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e):           Keyboard Macros.     (line  13)
-* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  73)
+* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  72)
 * character-search (C-]):                Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  42)
+                                                              (line  41)
 * character-search-backward (M-C-]):     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  47)
+                                                              (line  45)
 * clear-display (M-C-l):                 Commands For Moving. (line  50)
 * clear-screen (C-l):                    Commands For Moving. (line  55)
 * complete ():                      Commands For Completion.
                                                               (line   6)
 * complete-command (M-!):                Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  80)
+                                                              (line  81)
 * complete-filename (M-/):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  49)
+                                                              (line  50)
 * complete-hostname (M-@):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  72)
+                                                              (line  73)
 * complete-into-braces (M-{):            Commands For Completion.
                                                               (line 100)
 * complete-username (M-~):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  56)
+                                                              (line  57)
 * complete-variable (M-$):               Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  64)
+                                                              (line  65)
 * copy-backward-word ():                 Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  62)
 * copy-forward-word ():                  Commands For Killing.
@@ -13024,23 +13064,23 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  95)
 * delete-char (C-d):                     Commands For Text.   (line  12)
 * delete-char-or-list ():                Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  43)
+                                                              (line  44)
 * delete-horizontal-space ():            Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  50)
 * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--):    Numeric Arguments.   (line   6)
 * display-shell-version (C-x C-v):       Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 116)
+                                                              (line 147)
 * do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  14)
-* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  69)
+* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  68)
 * dump-functions ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  74)
+                                                              (line  71)
 * dump-macros ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  83)
 * dump-variables ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  80)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * dynamic-complete-history (M-):    Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  90)
+                                                              (line  91)
 * edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e):    Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 142)
 * end-kbd-macro (C-x )):                 Keyboard Macros.     (line   9)
@@ -13051,20 +13091,20 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x):     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  37)
 * execute-named-command (M-x):           Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 147)
+                                                              (line  90)
 * fetch-history ():                      Commands For History.
-                                                              (line 105)
-* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  21)
+                                                              (line 106)
+* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  22)
 * forward-char (C-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  14)
 * forward-search-history (C-s):          Commands For History.
                                                               (line  33)
 * forward-word (M-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  20)
 * glob-complete-word (M-g):              Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  98)
+                                                              (line 103)
 * glob-expand-word (C-x *):              Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 104)
+                                                              (line 108)
 * glob-list-expansions (C-x g):          Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line 110)
+                                                              (line 114)
 * history-and-alias-expand-line ():      Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 136)
 * history-expand-line (M-^):             Miscellaneous Commands.
@@ -13078,9 +13118,9 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * history-substring-search-forward ():   Commands For History.
                                                               (line  71)
 * insert-comment (M-#):                  Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  61)
+                                                              (line  59)
 * insert-completions (M-*):              Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  22)
+                                                              (line  24)
 * insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_):     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 139)
 * kill-line (C-k):                       Commands For Killing.
@@ -13094,9 +13134,9 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * magic-space ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line 129)
 * menu-complete ():                      Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  26)
+                                                              (line  28)
 * menu-complete-backward ():             Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  38)
+                                                              (line  39)
 * next-history (C-n):                    Commands For History.
                                                               (line  17)
 * next-screen-line ():                   Commands For Moving. (line  43)
@@ -13105,27 +13145,27 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
                                                               (line  39)
 * operate-and-get-next (C-o):            Commands For History.
-                                                              (line  98)
-* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  77)
+                                                              (line  99)
+* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  76)
 * possible-command-completions (C-x !):  Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  87)
 * possible-completions (M-?):            Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  15)
+                                                              (line  17)
 * possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  52)
+                                                              (line  53)
 * possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  76)
+                                                              (line  77)
 * possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  60)
+                                                              (line  61)
 * possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
-                                                              (line  68)
+                                                              (line  69)
 * prefix-meta ():                   Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  19)
 * previous-history (C-p):                Commands For History.
                                                               (line  13)
 * previous-screen-line ():               Commands For Moving. (line  36)
 * print-last-kbd-macro ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line  17)
-* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  26)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  27)
 * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r):           Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line   6)
 * redraw-current-line ():                Commands For Moving. (line  59)
@@ -13133,7 +13173,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  27)
 * revert-line (M-r):                     Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  26)
-* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  30)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  31)
 * set-mark (C-@):                        Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  33)
 * shell-backward-kill-word ():           Commands For Killing.
@@ -13144,16 +13184,16 @@ D.4 Function Index
 * shell-forward-word (M-C-f):            Commands For Moving. (line  28)
 * shell-kill-word (M-C-d):               Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  32)
-* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t):         Commands For Text.   (line  58)
+* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t):         Commands For Text.   (line  57)
 * skip-csi-sequence ():                  Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  52)
+                                                              (line  50)
 * spell-correct-word (C-x s):            Miscellaneous Commands.
-                                                              (line  92)
+                                                              (line  97)
 * start-kbd-macro (C-x ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line   6)
 * tilde-expand (M-&):                    Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  30)
-* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  47)
-* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  53)
+* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  46)
+* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  52)
 * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u):                 Miscellaneous Commands.
                                                               (line  23)
 * universal-argument ():                 Numeric Arguments.   (line  10)
@@ -13163,11 +13203,11 @@ D.4 Function Index
                                                               (line  16)
 * unix-word-rubout (C-w):                Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  41)
-* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  65)
+* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  64)
 * yank (C-y):                            Commands For Killing.
                                                               (line  72)
 * yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_):            Commands For History.
-                                                              (line  86)
+                                                              (line  87)
 * yank-nth-arg (M-C-y):                  Commands For History.
                                                               (line  77)
 * yank-pop (M-y):                        Commands For Killing.
@@ -13261,7 +13301,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 * functions, shell:                      Shell Functions.     (line   6)
 * history builtins:                      Bash History Builtins.
                                                               (line   6)
-* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line  11)
+* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line  10)
 * history expansion:                     History Interaction. (line   6)
 * history list:                          Bash History Facilities.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -13351,138 +13391,138 @@ D.5 Concept Index
 
 
 Tag Table:
-Node: Top906
-Node: Introduction2852
-Node: What is Bash?3068
-Node: What is a shell?4204
-Node: Definitions6798
-Node: Basic Shell Features9977
-Node: Shell Syntax11200
-Node: Shell Operation12230
-Node: Quoting13531
-Node: Escape Character14872
-Node: Single Quotes15410
-Node: Double Quotes15762
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting17110
-Node: Locale Translation18498
-Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19908
-Node: Comments24109
-Node: Shell Commands24879
-Node: Reserved Words25821
-Node: Simple Commands26689
-Node: Pipelines27354
-Node: Lists30584
-Node: Compound Commands32459
-Node: Looping Constructs33471
-Node: Conditional Constructs35993
-Node: Command Grouping50928
-Node: Coprocesses52423
-Node: GNU Parallel55112
-Node: Shell Functions56033
-Node: Shell Parameters64513
-Node: Positional Parameters69254
-Node: Special Parameters70347
-Node: Shell Expansions73811
-Node: Brace Expansion76003
-Node: Tilde Expansion78721
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion81666
-Node: Command Substitution101441
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion104977
-Node: Process Substitution105993
-Node: Word Splitting107112
-Node: Filename Expansion109212
-Node: Pattern Matching112483
-Node: Quote Removal117814
-Node: Redirections118121
-Node: Executing Commands128339
-Node: Simple Command Expansion129009
-Node: Command Search and Execution131120
-Node: Command Execution Environment133567
-Node: Environment137003
-Node: Exit Status138909
-Node: Signals140970
-Node: Shell Scripts144871
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands148172
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins150286
-Node: Bash Builtins176588
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior213033
-Node: The Set Builtin213378
-Node: The Shopt Builtin225317
-Node: Special Builtins242366
-Node: Shell Variables243358
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables243795
-Node: Bash Variables246306
-Node: Bash Features284566
-Node: Invoking Bash285583
-Node: Bash Startup Files292012
-Node: Interactive Shells297328
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?297739
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?298404
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior299231
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions302995
-Node: Shell Arithmetic308215
-Node: Aliases311557
-Node: Arrays314522
-Node: The Directory Stack321588
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins322388
-Node: Controlling the Prompt326836
-Node: The Restricted Shell329723
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode332608
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode350870
-Node: Job Control359884
-Node: Job Control Basics360344
-Node: Job Control Builtins365655
-Node: Job Control Variables371826
-Node: Command Line Editing372997
-Node: Introduction and Notation374704
-Node: Readline Interaction376802
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials377993
-Node: Readline Movement Commands379814
-Node: Readline Killing Commands380814
-Node: Readline Arguments382795
-Node: Searching383855
-Node: Readline Init File386087
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax387372
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs413979
-Node: Sample Init File418347
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands421471
-Node: Commands For Moving422699
-Node: Commands For History424929
-Node: Commands For Text430137
-Node: Commands For Killing434274
-Node: Numeric Arguments437078
-Node: Commands For Completion438233
-Node: Keyboard Macros442552
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands443256
-Node: Readline vi Mode449913
-Node: Programmable Completion450868
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins458862
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example470633
-Node: Using History Interactively475981
-Node: Bash History Facilities476665
-Node: Bash History Builtins480454
-Node: History Interaction486836
-Node: Event Designators491690
-Node: Word Designators493279
-Node: Modifiers495567
-Node: Installing Bash497503
-Node: Basic Installation498622
-Node: Compilers and Options502501
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures503254
-Node: Installation Names505006
-Node: Specifying the System Type507243
-Node: Sharing Defaults507992
-Node: Operation Controls508709
-Node: Optional Features509731
-Node: Reporting Bugs522114
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell523475
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License543213
-Node: Indexes568393
-Node: Builtin Index568847
-Node: Reserved Word Index575948
-Node: Variable Index578396
-Node: Function Index595671
-Node: Concept Index609530
+Node: Top902
+Node: Introduction2844
+Node: What is Bash?3060
+Node: What is a shell?4196
+Node: Definitions6809
+Node: Basic Shell Features9988
+Node: Shell Syntax11215
+Node: Shell Operation12245
+Node: Quoting13539
+Node: Escape Character14880
+Node: Single Quotes15418
+Node: Double Quotes15770
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting17118
+Node: Locale Translation18515
+Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19925
+Node: Comments24126
+Node: Shell Commands24896
+Node: Reserved Words25838
+Node: Simple Commands26706
+Node: Pipelines27371
+Node: Lists30630
+Node: Compound Commands32505
+Node: Looping Constructs33517
+Node: Conditional Constructs36039
+Node: Command Grouping50974
+Node: Coprocesses52469
+Node: GNU Parallel55158
+Node: Shell Functions56079
+Node: Shell Parameters64559
+Node: Positional Parameters69300
+Node: Special Parameters70393
+Node: Shell Expansions73857
+Node: Brace Expansion76049
+Node: Tilde Expansion78780
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion81725
+Node: Command Substitution101500
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion105036
+Node: Process Substitution106052
+Node: Word Splitting107171
+Node: Filename Expansion109271
+Node: Pattern Matching112542
+Node: Quote Removal117879
+Node: Redirections118186
+Node: Executing Commands128404
+Node: Simple Command Expansion129074
+Node: Command Search and Execution131185
+Node: Command Execution Environment133632
+Node: Environment137083
+Node: Exit Status138989
+Node: Signals141050
+Node: Shell Scripts144951
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands148252
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins150366
+Node: Bash Builtins176670
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior213121
+Node: The Set Builtin213466
+Node: The Shopt Builtin225405
+Node: Special Builtins242460
+Node: Shell Variables243452
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables243889
+Node: Bash Variables246400
+Node: Bash Features284660
+Node: Invoking Bash285677
+Node: Bash Startup Files292106
+Node: Interactive Shells297422
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?297833
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?298498
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior299325
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions303089
+Node: Shell Arithmetic308309
+Node: Aliases311651
+Node: Arrays314616
+Node: The Directory Stack321682
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins322482
+Node: Controlling the Prompt326930
+Node: The Restricted Shell329817
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode332702
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode350846
+Node: Job Control359860
+Node: Job Control Basics360320
+Node: Job Control Builtins365631
+Node: Job Control Variables371802
+Node: Command Line Editing372973
+Node: Introduction and Notation374679
+Node: Readline Interaction377032
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials378223
+Node: Readline Movement Commands380034
+Node: Readline Killing Commands381033
+Node: Readline Arguments383059
+Node: Searching384119
+Node: Readline Init File386383
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax387690
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs414413
+Node: Sample Init File418801
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands421925
+Node: Commands For Moving423400
+Node: Commands For History425630
+Node: Commands For Text430886
+Node: Commands For Killing434948
+Node: Numeric Arguments437739
+Node: Commands For Completion438894
+Node: Keyboard Macros443397
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands444101
+Node: Readline vi Mode450657
+Node: Programmable Completion451637
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins459692
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example471360
+Node: Using History Interactively476708
+Node: Bash History Facilities477392
+Node: Bash History Builtins481130
+Node: History Interaction487604
+Node: Event Designators492561
+Node: Word Designators494142
+Node: Modifiers496453
+Node: Installing Bash498397
+Node: Basic Installation499516
+Node: Compilers and Options503395
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures504148
+Node: Installation Names505900
+Node: Specifying the System Type508137
+Node: Sharing Defaults508886
+Node: Operation Controls509603
+Node: Optional Features510625
+Node: Reporting Bugs523008
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell524369
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License545792
+Node: Indexes570972
+Node: Builtin Index571426
+Node: Reserved Word Index578527
+Node: Variable Index580975
+Node: Function Index598391
+Node: Concept Index612250
 
 End Tag Table
 
diff --git a/doc/bashref.log b/doc/bashref.log
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@@ -3469,9 +3482,7 @@ FontDirectory/CMCSC10 known{/CMCSC10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
 end readonly def
 /Encoding 256 array
 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
-dup 45 /hyphen put
 dup 47 /slash put
-dup 50 /two put
 dup 97 /a put
 dup 98 /b put
 dup 99 /c put
@@ -3481,7 +3492,6 @@ dup 102 /f put
 dup 103 /g put
 dup 105 /i put
 dup 108 /l put
-dup 109 /m put
 dup 110 /n put
 dup 111 /o put
 dup 112 /p put
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 %%Page: 2 8
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 %%Page: 5 11
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 %%Page: 8 14
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-(strings)g(in)g(the)150 2403 y(PO)d(\014les)g(in)m(to)i(the)e
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 %%Page: 9 15
 TeXDict begin 9 14 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
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+g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)37 b Fb(22)150
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@@ -23187,10 +23697,10 @@ b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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-h(:)f(:)g(:)32 b Fb(36)150 1738 y(pattern)25 b(matc)n(hing)c
+h(:)f(:)g(:)32 b Fb(37)150 1738 y(pattern)25 b(matc)n(hing)c
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-b Fb(37)150 1825 y(pip)r(eline)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
+b Fb(38)150 1825 y(pip)r(eline)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
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@@ -23198,22 +23708,22 @@ g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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-b Fb(110)150 2174 y(pro)r(cess)e(group)15 b Fc(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
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@@ -23222,10 +23732,10 @@ b Fb(6)150 2968 y(quoting,)26 b(ANSI)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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@@ -23233,67 +23743,67 @@ b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
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-b Fb(101)2025 508 y(shell)c(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
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+eop end
 %%Trailer
 
 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi
index e8757324..a34220e4 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.texi
+++ b/doc/bashref.texi
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
 
 A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming language.
 As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
-interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities.  The programming
-language features allow these utilities to be combined.
-Files containing commands can be created, and become
+interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities.
+The programming language features allow these utilities to be combined.
+Users can create files containing commands, and these become
 commands themselves. 
 These new commands have the same status as
 system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Shells offer features geared specifically for
 interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. 
 These interactive features include job control, command line
 editing, command history and aliases.
-Each of these features is described in this manual.
+This manual describes how Bash provides all of these features.
 
 @node Definitions
 @chapter Definitions
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ It is a @code{newline} or one of the following:
 
 @item exit status
 @cindex exit status
-The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is restricted
-to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+The value returned by a command to its caller.
+The value is restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
 
 @item field
 @cindex field
@@ -309,8 +309,8 @@ Words may not include unquoted @code{metacharacters}.
 Bash is an acronym for @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}.
 The Bourne shell is
 the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
-All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
-The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
+All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and
+the rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
 specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
 
 This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ available for further inspection or processing.
 @subsection Shell Operation
 
 The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
-reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the
-following:
+reads and executes a command.
+Basically, the shell does the following:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
@@ -369,9 +369,9 @@ supplied as an argument to the @option{-c} invocation option
 
 @item
 Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
-described in @ref{Quoting}.  These tokens are separated by
-@code{metacharacters}.  Alias expansion is performed by this step
-(@pxref{Aliases}).
+described in @ref{Quoting}.
+These tokens are separated by @code{metacharacters}.
+This step performs alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}).
 
 @item
 Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ alert (bell)
 backspace
 @item \e
 @itemx \E
-an escape character (not ANSI C)
+An escape character (not in ANSI C).
 @item \f
 form feed
 @item \n
@@ -517,19 +517,19 @@ double quote
 @item \?
 question mark
 @item \@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(one to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(one to three octal digits).
 @item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits).
 @item \u@var{HHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits).
 @item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits).
 @item \c@var{x}
-a control-@var{x} character
+A control-@var{x} character.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
@@ -791,8 +791,8 @@ This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
 performed after any redirections specified by @var{command1},
 consistent with that shorthand.
 
-The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics
-to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
+If the reserved word @code{time} precedes the pipeline,
+Bash prints timing statistics for the pipeline once it finishes.
 The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
 user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
 The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified
@@ -803,12 +803,12 @@ token begins with a @samp{-}.
 The value of the @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable is a format string that
 specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
 @xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats.
-The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
+Providing @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
 shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.
 An external @code{time} command cannot time these easily.
 
-When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), @code{time}
-may be followed by a newline.
+When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+you can use @code{time} by itself as a simple command.
 In this case, the shell displays the
 total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
 The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable specifies the format of the time information.
@@ -1779,7 +1779,7 @@ Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed.
 Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
 @code{alias}, 
 @code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly},
-and @code{local} builtin commands (@dfn{declaration} commands).
+and @code{local} builtin commands (@dfn{declaration commands}).
 When in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), these builtins may appear
 in a command after one or more instances of the @code{command} builtin
 and retain these assignment statement properties.
@@ -2041,8 +2041,8 @@ the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
 to right.
 
 Brace expansions may be nested.
-The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
-is preserved.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted;
+brace expansion preserves left to right order.
 For example,
 @example
 bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e
@@ -3039,7 +3039,7 @@ directories and subdirectories.
 Matches any single character.
 @item [@dots{}]
 Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
-A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression};
+A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a @dfn{range expression};
 any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
 using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches.
 If the first character following the
@@ -3605,42 +3605,41 @@ following:
 
 @itemize @bullet
 @item
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin
+Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin.
 
 @item
-the current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or
-@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+The current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or
+@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation.
 
 @item
-the file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from
-the shell's parent
+The file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from
+the shell's parent.
 
 @item
-current traps set by @code{trap}
+Current traps set by @code{trap}.
 
 @item
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set}
-or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set}
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
 
 @item
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
-parent in the environment
+Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment.
 
 @item
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by @code{set}
+Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by @code{set}.
 
 @item
-options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin})
+Options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
 
 @item
-shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases})
+Shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases}).
 
 @item
-various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs
-(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of
-@env{$PPID}
+Various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs
+(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of @env{$PPID}.
 
 @end itemize
 
@@ -3652,22 +3651,22 @@ Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell.
 
 @itemize @bullet
 @item
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
-by redirections to the command
+The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command.
 
 @item
-the current working directory
+The current working directory.
 
 @item
-the file creation mode mask
+The file creation mode mask.
 
 @item
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment})
+Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment}).
 
 @item
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
 
 @end itemize
 
@@ -4261,7 +4260,7 @@ supplied as @var{arg} values, @code{getopts} parses those instead.
 
 @code{getopts} can report errors in two ways.
 If the first character of
-@var{optstring} is a colon, @code{getopts} uses @var{silent}
+@var{optstring} is a colon, @code{getopts} uses @emph{silent}
 error reporting.
 In normal operation, @code{getopts} prints diagnostic messages
 when it encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.
@@ -4562,7 +4561,7 @@ The return status is zero.
 @item trap
 @btindex trap
 @example
-trap [-Plp] [@var{action}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
+trap [-lpP] [@var{action}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
 @end example
 
 The @var{action} is a command that is read and executed when the
@@ -5081,17 +5080,17 @@ vertical tab
 @item \\
 backslash
 @item \0@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(zero to three octal digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(zero to three octal digits).
 @item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits).
 @item \u@var{HHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits).
 @item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
+The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits).
 @end table
 
 @code{echo} writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.
@@ -5301,7 +5300,7 @@ corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
 @code{%q} and @code{%Q}P use the ANSI-C quoting style (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting})
 if any characters
 in the argument string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise.
-If the format string uses the @code{printf} @var{alternate form}, these two
+If the format string uses the @code{printf} @emph{alternate form}, these two
 formats quote the argument string using single quotes.
 
 @item %Q
@@ -6023,11 +6022,13 @@ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
 The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
 @option{-o} option is used, those available with the @option{-o}
 option to the @code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
 With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, display a list of all
 settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
 if any @var{optname}s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
 The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that
 may be reused as input.
+
 Other options have the following meanings:
 
 @table @code
@@ -8816,17 +8817,18 @@ It was merged with the original IEEE 1003.1 Working Group and is
 currently maintained by the Austin Group (a joint working group of the
 IEEE, The Open Group and ISO/IEC SC22/WG15).
 Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume within the set of documents that
-make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992)
+make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, and thus the former POSIX.2 (from 1992)
 is now part of the current unified @sc{posix} standard.
 
 The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
 interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
 the command line or by other programs.
 The standard is freely available on the web at
-@url{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html}.
+@url{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/contents.html}.
 
 Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined
-by the @sc{posix} Shell and Utilities volume.  The shell command
+by the @sc{posix} Shell and Utilities volume.
+The shell command
 language has of course been standardized, including the basic flow
 control and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and
 pipelines, argument handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
@@ -8842,9 +8844,8 @@ be) implemented as builtin commands, such as
 POSIX also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
 behavior, including job control and command
 line editing.
-Only vi-style line editing commands have been
-standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
-objections.
+Only vi-style line editing commands have been standardized;
+emacs editing commands were left out due to objections.
 
 @subsection Bash POSIX Mode
 @cindex POSIX Mode
@@ -8853,7 +8854,8 @@ Although Bash is an implementation of the @sc{posix} shell
 specification, there are areas where the Bash default behavior
 differs from the specification.
 The Bash @dfn{posix mode} changes the Bash
-behavior in these areas so that it conforms to the standard more closely. 
+behavior in these areas so that it conforms more closely
+to the standard.
 
 Starting Bash with the @option{--posix} command-line option or executing
 @samp{set -o posix} while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
@@ -8870,90 +8872,107 @@ The following list is what's changed when `@sc{posix} mode' is in effect:
 Bash ensures that the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} variable is set.
 
 @item
-When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
-@env{$PATH} to find the new location.  This is also available with
-@samp{shopt -s checkhash}.
+Bash reads and executes the @sc{posix} startup files
+(@env{$ENV}) rather than
+the normal Bash files (@pxref{Bash Startup Files}.
 
 @item
-Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
-command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
-from a @env{$PATH} search.
+Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
 
 @item
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
+do not undergo alias expansion.
 
 @item
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
-example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
+Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command substitution.
+The default (non-posix)
+mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command
+substitution is executed.
+This means that command substitution will not
+expand aliases that are defined after the command substitution is initially
+parsed (e.g., as part of a function definition).
 
 @item
-If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job notifications
-between executing commands in lists separated by @samp{;} or newline.
-Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job in
-a list completes.
+The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a simple command.
+When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell
+and its completed children.
+The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format of the timing information.
 
 @item
-If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt before
-printing the status of a background job that changes status or a foreground
-job that terminates due to a signal.
-Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job completes.
+The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a @samp{-}.
 
 @item
-Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the
-user of their termination, whether that is via @code{wait}, @code{jobs},
-or interactive shell notification before prompting.
+When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
 
+@ignore
 @item
-Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+When parsing @code{$()} command substitutions containing here-documents,
+the parser does not allow a here-document to be delimited by the closing
+right parenthesis.
+The newline after the here-document delimiter is required.
+@end ignore
 
 @item
-Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
-do not undergo alias expansion.
+Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+in a redirection unless the shell is interactive.
 
 @item
-Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command substitution.
-The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command
-substitution is executed. This means that command substitution will not
-expand aliases that are defined after the command substitution is initially
-parsed (e.g., as part of a function definition).
+Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in a
+redirection.
 
 @item
-The @sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
-the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!} are enabled,
-and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and
-@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
+Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s.
+That is, they may not
+contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+may not start with a digit.
+Declaring a function with an invalid name in a non-interactive shell
+is a fatal syntax error.
 
 @item
-The @sc{posix} startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than
-the normal Bash files.
+Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special
+builtins.
 
 @item
 Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
 name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
 
 @item
-The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
-default value the shell assigns to @env{$HISTFILE}).
+While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
+@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters.
 
 @item
-Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
-in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+Expanding the @samp{*} special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the @code{$*} as if it were
+double-quoted.
 
 @item
-Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
-redirection.
+A double quote character (@samp{"}) is treated specially when it appears
+in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a here-document that
+undergoes expansion.
+That means, for example, that a backslash preceding a double quote
+character will escape it and the backslash will be removed.
 
 @item
-Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s.  That is, they may not
-contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid name
-causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+Command substitutions don't set the @samp{?} special parameter.
+The exit
+status of a simple command without a command word is still the exit status
+of the last command substitution that occurred while evaluating the variable
+assignments and redirections in that command, but that does not happen until
+after all of the assignments and redirections.
 
 @item
-Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special
-builtins.
+Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+the @env{PATH} variable are not expanded as described above
+under @ref{Tilde Expansion}.
+
+@item
+Command lookup finds @sc{posix} special builtins before shell functions,
+including output printed by the @code{type} and @code{command} builtins.
 
 @item
 Even if a shell function whose name contains a slash was defined before
@@ -8961,66 +8980,79 @@ entering @sc{posix} mode, the shell will not execute a function whose name
 contains one or more slashes.
 
 @item
-@sc{posix} special builtins are found before shell functions
-during command lookup, including output printed by the @code{type}
-and @code{command} builtins.
+When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+@env{$PATH} to find the new location.
+This is also available with @samp{shopt -s checkhash}.
 
 @item
-When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by @code{type}), Bash does
-not print the @code{function} keyword.
+Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the
+command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result
+from a @env{$PATH} search.
 
 @item
-Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
-the @env{PATH} variable are not expanded as described above
-under @ref{Tilde Expansion}.
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+
+@item
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
+example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
 
 @item
-The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
-used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
-completed children.  The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format
-of the timing information.
+If the shell is interactive, Bash does not perform job notifications
+between executing commands in lists separated by @samp{;} or newline.
+Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+in a list completes.
 
 @item
-When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
-double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
-quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
-one of those defined to perform pattern removal.  In this case, they do
-not have to appear as matched pairs.
+If the shell is interactive, Bash waits until the next prompt before
+printing the status of a background job that changes status or a foreground
+job that terminates due to a signal.
+Non-interactive shells print status messages after a foreground job
+completes.
 
 @item
-The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a @samp{-}.
+Bash permanently removes jobs from the jobs table after notifying the
+user of their termination via the @code{wait} or @code{jobs} builtins.
 
-@ignore
 @item
-When parsing @code{$()} command substitutions containing here-documents,
-the parser does not allow a here-document to be delimited by the closing
-right parenthesis. The newline after the here-document delimiter is required.
-@end ignore
+The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when
+the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and
+@code{$EDITOR}.
+
+@item
+Prompt expansion enables the
+@sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
+the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!},
+and Bash performs parameter expansion on the values of @env{PS1} and
+@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
+
+@item
+The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
+default value the shell assigns to @env{$HISTFILE}).
 
 @item
 The @samp{!} character does not introduce history expansion within a
 double-quoted string, even if the @code{histexpand} option is enabled.
 
 @item
-If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
-non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
-the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
-redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
-the command name, and so on.
+When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by @code{type}), Bash does
+not print the @code{function} keyword.
 
 @item
-The @code{unset} builtin with the @option{-v} option specified returns a
-fatal error if it attempts to unset a @code{readonly} or @code{non-unsettable}
-variable, or encounters a variable name argument that is an invalid identifier,
-which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
 
 @item
-When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement
-preceding the command, the @code{unset} builtin attempts to unset a variable
-of the same name in the current or previous scope as well.
-This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified
-by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior.
+Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+@item
+If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
+non-interactive shell exits.
+The fatal errors are those listed in
+the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
+the command name, and so on.
 
 @item
 A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
@@ -9032,7 +9064,8 @@ a value to a readonly variable.
 @item
 A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
 assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
-builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+For any other simple
 command, the shell aborts execution of that command, and execution continues
 at the top level ("the shell shall not perform any further processing of the
 command in which the error occurred").
@@ -9046,26 +9079,18 @@ variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
 Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
 is not found.
 
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
-results in an invalid expression.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
-
 @item
 Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
 with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
 the @code{eval} builtin.
 
 @item
-While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
-@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters.
-
-@item
-Expanding the @samp{*} special parameter in a pattern context where the
-expansion is double-quoted does not treat the @code{$*} as if it were
-double-quoted.
+Non-interactive shells exit
+if the @code{export}, @code{readonly} or @code{unset}
+builtin commands get an argument
+that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
+functions.
+These errors force an exit because these are special builtins.
 
 @item
 Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins
@@ -9074,54 +9099,9 @@ persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
 @item
 The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
 statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
-when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+when not in @sc{posix} mode, declaration commands lose their assignment
 statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
 
-@item
-The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
-in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
-is the current or previous job.
-
-@item
-The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
-separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
-
-@item
-The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
-prefix.
-
-@item
-The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
-output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
-
-@item
-If the @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands get an argument
-that is not a valid identifier, and they are not operating on shell
-functions, they return an error.
-This will cause a non-interactive shell to exit because these are
-special builtins.
-
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
-@code{SIG}.
-
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
-signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
-is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the handler for a given
-signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the
-first argument.
-
-@item
-@code{trap -p} without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are
-set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not
-just trapped signals.
-
-@item
-The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
-for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
-
 @item
 Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
 @code{inherit_errexit} option, so
@@ -9136,19 +9116,23 @@ Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
 that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an
 error message.
 
+@item
+Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
+@code{interactive_comments} option (@pxref{Comments}).
+
+@item
+The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
+
 @item
 When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
 display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option
 is supplied.
 
 @item
-When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
-shell function names and definitions.
-
-@item
-When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays
-variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
-even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
 
 @item
 When the @code{cd} builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
@@ -9164,9 +9148,13 @@ exceeds @code{PATH_MAX} when canonicalized, @code{cd} will
 attempt to use the supplied directory name.
 
 @item
-The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
-current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
-@option{-P} option.
+When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+interpret any arguments to @code{echo} as options.
+@code{echo} displays each argument after converting escape sequences.
+
+@item
+The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
 
 @item
 When listing the history, the @code{fc} builtin does not include an
@@ -9183,28 +9171,24 @@ If there are too many arguments supplied to @code{fc -s}, @code{fc} prints
 an error message and returns failure.
 
 @item
-The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable
-file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
-file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}.
-
-@item
-The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when
-the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and
-@code{$EDITOR}.
+The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
 
 @item
-When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
-any arguments to @code{echo} as options.  Each argument is displayed, after
-escape characters are converted.
+The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
+prefix.
 
 @item
-The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c}
-and @option{-f} options.
+The @code{printf} builtin uses @code{double} (via @code{strtod}) to convert
+arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of
+@code{long double} if it's available.
+The @samp{L} length modifier forces
+@code{printf} to use @code{long double} if it's available.
 
 @item
-The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD}  when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does
-not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately.
-The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
+current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
+@option{-P} option.
 
 @item
 The @code{read} builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
@@ -9213,25 +9197,17 @@ If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing @code{read}, the trap
 handler executes and @code{read} returns an exit status greater than 128.
 
 @item
-The @code{printf} builtin uses @code{double} (via @code{strtod}) to convert
-arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of
-@code{long double} if it's available. The @samp{L} length modifier forces
-@code{printf} to use @code{long double} if it's available.
-
-@item
-Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such
-statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it.
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+shell function names and definitions.
 
 @item
-A double quote character (@samp{"}) is treated specially when it appears
-in a backquoted command substitution in the body of a here-document that
-undergoes expansion.
-That means, for example, that a backslash preceding a double quote
-character will escape it and the backslash will be removed.
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
+even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
 
 @item
 The @code{test} builtin compares strings using the current locale when
-processing the @samp{<} and @samp{>} binary operators.
+evaluating the @samp{<} and @samp{>} binary operators.
 
 @item
 The @code{test} builtin's @option{-t} unary primary requires an argument.
@@ -9239,11 +9215,53 @@ Historical versions of @code{test} made the argument optional in certain
 cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility.
 
 @item
-Command substitutions don't set the @samp{?} special parameter. The exit
-status of a simple command without a command word is still the exit status
-of the last command substitution that occurred while evaluating the variable
-assignments and redirections in that command, but that does not happen until
-after all of the assignments and redirections.
+The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
+@code{SIG}.
+
+@item
+The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
+is a valid signal number.
+If users want to reset the handler for a given
+signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the
+first argument.
+
+@item
+@code{trap -p} without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are
+set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not
+just trapped signals.
+
+@item
+The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable
+file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
+file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}.
+
+@item
+The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c}
+and @option{-f} options.
+
+@item
+The @code{unset} builtin with the @option{-v} option specified returns a
+fatal error if it attempts to unset a @code{readonly} or @code{non-unsettable}
+variable,
+which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
+
+@item
+When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement
+preceding the command, the @code{unset} builtin attempts to unset a variable
+of the same name in the current or previous scope as well.
+This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified
+by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior.
+
+@item
+The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD}  when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does
+not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+@item
+Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such
+statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it.
 
 @end enumerate
 
@@ -9256,11 +9274,15 @@ Specifically:
 @item
 The @code{fc} builtin checks @code{$EDITOR} as a program to edit history
 entries if @code{FCEDIT} is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
-@code{ed}.  @code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset.
+@code{ed}.
+@code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset.
 
+@ignore
 @item
 A non-interactive shell does not exit if a variable assignment preceding
 the @code{command} builtin or another non-special builtin fails.
+There is ambiguity in @sc{posix} about this.
+@end ignore
 
 @item
 As noted above, Bash requires the @code{xpg_echo} option to be enabled for
@@ -10512,10 +10534,11 @@ Please send all reports concerning this manual to
 Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
 variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. 
 Bash uses the @sc{posix} standard as the specification of
-how these features are to be implemented.  There are some
+how these features are to be implemented and how they should behave.
+There are some
 differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
-section quickly details the differences of significance.  A
-number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
+section quickly details the differences of significance.
+A number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
 previous sections.
 This section uses the version of @code{sh} included in SVR4.2 (the
 last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
@@ -10529,6 +10552,10 @@ differs from traditional @code{sh} behavior (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
 @item
 Bash has multi-character invocation options (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
 
+@item
+The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell});
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
 @item
 Bash has command-line editing (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) and
 the @code{bind} builtin.
@@ -10539,6 +10566,18 @@ Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
 @code{complete}, @code{compgen}, and @code{compopt}, to
 manipulate it.
 
+@item
+Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
+variables (@code{PS0}, @code{PS1}, @code{PS2}, and @code{PS4})
+(@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
+
+@item
+Bash expands and displays the @code{PS0} prompt string variable.
+
+@item
+Bash runs commands from the @code{PROMPT_COMMAND} array variable before
+issuing each primary prompt.
+
 @item
 Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the
 @code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it.
@@ -10550,35 +10589,44 @@ Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion
 (@pxref{History Interaction}).
 
 @item
-Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the
-appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
-Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
-
-@item
-The @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
-backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
-is supported (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}).
+Bash supports the @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes
+(@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}).
 
 @item
-Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax to do
+Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax and performs
 locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
-quotes.  The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings}
+quotes.
+The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings}
 invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
 (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
 
+@item
+Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde
+expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
+builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+
 @item
 Bash implements the @code{!} keyword to negate the return value of
 a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}).
-Very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+This is very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a
+test fails.
 The Bash @samp{-o pipefail} option to @code{set} will cause a pipeline to
-return a failure status if any command fails.
+return a failure status if any command fails
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
 
 @item
 Bash has the @code{time} reserved word and command timing (@pxref{Pipelines}).
 The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
 @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable.
 
+@item
+Bash provides coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word
+(@pxref{Coprocesses}).
+
 @item
 Bash implements the @code{for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} ))}
 arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
@@ -10594,30 +10642,39 @@ optional regular expression matching.
 
 @item
 Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the @code{case} and
-@code{[[} constructs.
+@code{[[} constructs  (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
 
 @item
-Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde
-expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+Bash provides additional @code{case} statement action list terminators:
+@samp{;&} and @samp{;;&} (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
 
 @item
-Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
-builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+Bash provides shell arithmetic,
+the @code{((} compound command (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}),
+the @code{let} builtin,
+and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
 
 @item
-Bash provides shell arithmetic, the @code{((} compound command
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}),
-and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
 
 @item
 Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically
-exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does not normally do
+exported to child processes (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}).
+The Bourne shell does not normally do
 this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the @code{export}
 command.
 
+@item
+Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using
+@code{$@{@var{num}@}} (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
 @item
 Bash supports the @samp{+=} assignment operator, which appends to the value
-of the variable named on the left hand side.
+of the variable named on the left hand side
+(@pxref{Shell Parameters}).
 
 @item
 Bash includes the @sc{posix} pattern removal @samp{%}, @samp{#}, @samp{%%}
@@ -10651,13 +10708,10 @@ Bash has indirect variable expansion using @code{$@{!word@}}
 (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}) and implements the @code{nameref}
 variable attribute for automatic indirect variable expansion.
 
-@item
-Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using
-@code{$@{@var{num}@}}.
-
 @item
 Bash includes a set of parameter transformation word expansions of the
-form @code{$@{var@@X@}}, where @samp{X} specifies the transformation.
+form @code{$@{var@@X@}}, where @samp{X} specifies the transformation
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
 
 @item
 The @sc{posix} @code{$()} form of command substitution
@@ -10667,8 +10721,9 @@ is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
 
 @item
 Bash implements a variant of command substitution that runs the enclosed
-command in the current shell execution environment
-(@code{$@{ @var{command};@}}).
+command in the current shell execution environment:
+@code{$@{ @var{command};@}} or @code{$@{|@var{command};@}}
+(@pxref{Command Substitution}).
 
 @item
 Bash has process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}).
@@ -10685,18 +10740,24 @@ and the instance of Bash that is running (@env{BASH},
 Bash uses many variables to provide functionality and customize shell
 behavior that the Bourne shell does not.
 Examples include @env{RANDOM}, @env{SRANDOM}, @env{EPOCHSECONDS},
-@env{GLOBSORT}, @env{TIMEFORMAT}, @env{BASHPID}, @env{BASH_XTRACEFD},
+@env{EPOCHREALTIME},
+@env{TIMEFORMAT}, @env{BASHPID}, @env{BASH_XTRACEFD},
 @env{GLOBIGNORE}, @env{HISTIGNORE}, and @env{BASH_VERSION}.
 @xref{Bash Variables}, for a complete list.
 
 @item
-The @env{IFS} variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+Bash uses the @code{GLOBSORT} shell variable to control how to sort
+the results of filename expansion (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash uses the @env{IFS} variable to split only the results of expansion,
 not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}).
 This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
 
 @item
 The filename expansion bracket expression code uses @samp{!} and @samp{^}
-to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
+to negate the set of characters between the brackets
+(@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
 The Bourne shell uses only @samp{!}.
 
 @item
@@ -10708,22 +10769,20 @@ collating symbols (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
 Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the @code{extglob}
 shell option is enabled (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
 
+@item
+The @code{globstar} shell option extends filename expansion to recursively
+scan directories and subdirectories for matching filenames
+(@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
+
 @item
 It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
 @code{sh} does not separate the two name spaces.
 
 @item
 Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-@code{local} builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+@code{local} builtin, and thus users can write useful recursive functions
 (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
-@item
-Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
-builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}).
-In @code{sh}, all variable assignments 
-preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
-file system.
-
 @item
 Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
 to input and output redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
@@ -10746,6 +10805,12 @@ redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
 Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
 used in redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
 
+@item
+Bash provides the @{@var{var}@}<@var{word} capability to have the
+shell allocate file descriptors for redirections and assign them
+to @var{var} (@pxref{Redirections}).
+This works with multiple redirection operators.
+
 @item
 Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
 with the redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
@@ -10756,9 +10821,28 @@ files with output redirection (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
 The @samp{>|} redirection operator may be used to override @code{noclobber}.
 
 @item
-The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
-each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and
-physical modes.
+Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}).
+In @code{sh}, all variable assignments 
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+@item
+Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+shell scripts:
+variables (@code{BASH_ARGC}, @code{BASH_ARGV}, @code{BASH_LINENO},
+@code{BASH_SOURCE}),
+the @code{DEBUG}, @code{RETURN}, and @code{ERR} traps,
+@samp{declare -F},
+and
+the @code{caller} builtin.
+
+@item
+Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the
+@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it
+(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
 
 @item
 Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
@@ -10766,42 +10850,50 @@ access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the
 @code{builtin} and @code{command} builtins (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-Bash implements support for dynamically loading builtin commands from
-shared objects.
+Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}), which displays the context of
+any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
+the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).
+This supports the Bash debugger.
 
 @item
-The @code{command} builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
 
 @item
-Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the @code{enable}
-builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The @code{command} builtin allows selectively skipping shell functions
+when performing command lookup (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users
-to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
-command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+Bash uses the @code{declare} builtin to modify the full set of variable
+and function attributes, and to assign values to variables.
 
 @item
-Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
-using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress sending
+@code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+@code{SIGHUP}.
 
 @item
-Bash decodes a number of backslash-escape sequences in the prompt string
-variables (@code{PS0}, @code{PS1}, @code{PS2}, and @code{PS4}).
+The @code{enable} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) can enable or disable
+individual builtins
+and implements support for dynamically loading
+builtin commands from shared objects.
 
 @item
-Bash expands and displays the @code{PS0} prompt string variable.
+The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users
+to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
 
 @item
-Bash runs commands from the @code{PROMPT_COMMAND} array variable before
-issuing each primary prompt.
+Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}).
 
 @item
-Bash decodes a number of backslash-escaped characters 
-@item
-The Bash @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{declare} builtins can
+The Bash @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtins
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins} can
 take a @option{-f} option to act on shell functions, a @option{-p} option to
 display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
 used as shell input, a @option{-n} option to remove various variable
@@ -10820,21 +10912,27 @@ facilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
 Bash includes the @code{mapfile} builtin to quickly read the contents
-of a file into an indexed array variable.
+of a file into an indexed array variable (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
 The @code{printf} builtin is available to display formatted output
-(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
+and has additional custom format specifiers and an option to assign
+the formatted output directly to a shell variable.
 
 @item
 The Bash @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
 will read a line ending in @samp{\} with
 the @option{-r} option, and will use the @env{REPLY} variable as a
 default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
-The Bash @code{read} builtin
-also accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use
+
+@item
+The @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
+accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use
 Readline to obtain the line when given the @option{-e} or @option{-E}
-options.
+options,
+with the ability to insert text into the line using the @option{-i}
+option.
 The @code{read} builtin also has additional options to control input:
 the @option{-s} option will turn off echoing of input characters as
 they are read, the @option{-t} option will allow @code{read} to time out
@@ -10848,11 +10946,6 @@ The @code{return} builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
 executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins
 (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
 
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell
-optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options
-to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
-
 @item
 Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set}
 builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
@@ -10862,23 +10955,16 @@ The @option{-x} (@option{xtrace}) option displays commands other than
 simple commands when performing an execution trace
 (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
 
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+
 @item
 The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
 is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm,
 which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
 
-@item
-The Bash @code{wait} builtin has a @option{-n} option to wait for the
-next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
-and the @option{-p} option to store information about a terminated
-child process in a shell variable.
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin, which displays the context of
-any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).  This supports the Bash
-debugger.
-
 @item
 The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
 @code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}.
@@ -10914,34 +11000,23 @@ The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information
 about the names it finds (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-The Bash @code{umask} builtin permits a @option{-p} option to cause
-the output to be displayed in the form of a @code{umask} command
-that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+The @code{ulimit} builtin provides control over many more per-process
+resources (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
 
 @item
-Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the
-@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it
-(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
-Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
-@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
-
-@item
-Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-strings when interactive (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
-
-@item
-The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell});
-the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+The Bash @code{umask} builtin uses the @option{-p} option to display
+the output in the form of a @code{umask} command
+that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
 
 @item
-The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
-job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress the sending
-of @code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
-@code{SIGHUP}.
+The Bash @code{wait} builtin has a @option{-n} option to wait for the
+next child to exit, possibly selecting from a list of supplied jobs,
+and the @option{-p} option to store information about a terminated
+child process in a shell variable.
 
-@item
-Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
-shell scripts.
+@item 
+The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh}
+(it turns on job control).
 
 @item
 The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
@@ -11015,10 +11090,6 @@ The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
 a script only if one of the @sc{posix} special builtins fails, and
 only for certain failures, as enumerated in the @sc{posix} standard.
 
-@item 
-The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh}
-(it turns on job control).
-
 @item
 If the @code{lastpipe} option is enabled, and job control is not active,
 Bash runs the last element of a pipeline in the current shell execution
diff --git a/doc/bashref.toc b/doc/bashref.toc
index aac5ea89..10a7c11a 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.toc
+++ b/doc/bashref.toc
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{128}
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{129}
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{129}
-@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{129}
+@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{130}
 @numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{130}
 @numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{130}
 @numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{140}
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 @numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{150}
 @numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{152}
 @numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{152}
-@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{154}
+@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{155}
 @numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{155}
 @numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{157}
 @numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{161}
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 @numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{167}
 @numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{168}
 @numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{169}
-@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{169}
+@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{170}
 @numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{171}
 @numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{171}
 @numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{172}
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@
 @appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{180}
 @appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{181}
 @appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{186}
-@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{187}
-@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{195}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{195}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{196}
-@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{197}
-@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{199}
-@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{201}
+@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{188}
+@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{196}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{196}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{197}
+@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{198}
+@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{200}
+@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{202}
diff --git a/doc/bashref.vr b/doc/bashref.vr
index 0d2150c3..4bb7aaf8 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.vr
+++ b/doc/bashref.vr
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 \entry{active-region-start-color}{131}{\code {active-region-start-color}}
 \entry{active-region-end-color}{131}{\code {active-region-end-color}}
 \entry{bell-style}{131}{\code {bell-style}}
-\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{131}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
+\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{132}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
 \entry{blink-matching-paren}{132}{\code {blink-matching-paren}}
 \entry{colored-completion-prefix}{132}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}
 \entry{colored-stats}{132}{\code {colored-stats}}
@@ -143,18 +143,19 @@
 \entry{completion-ignore-case}{132}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
 \entry{completion-map-case}{132}{\code {completion-map-case}}
 \entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{132}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
-\entry{completion-query-items}{132}{\code {completion-query-items}}
+\entry{completion-query-items}{133}{\code {completion-query-items}}
 \entry{convert-meta}{133}{\code {convert-meta}}
 \entry{disable-completion}{133}{\code {disable-completion}}
 \entry{echo-control-characters}{133}{\code {echo-control-characters}}
 \entry{editing-mode}{133}{\code {editing-mode}}
 \entry{emacs-mode-string}{133}{\code {emacs-mode-string}}
-\entry{enable-active-region}{133}{\code {enable-active-region}}
+\entry{enable-active-region The}{134}{\code {enable-active-region The}}
 \entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{134}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}
 \entry{enable-keypad}{134}{\code {enable-keypad}}
+\entry{enable-meta-key}{134}{\code {enable-meta-key}}
 \entry{expand-tilde}{134}{\code {expand-tilde}}
 \entry{force-meta-prefix}{134}{\code {force-meta-prefix}}
-\entry{history-preserve-point}{134}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
+\entry{history-preserve-point}{135}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
 \entry{history-size}{135}{\code {history-size}}
 \entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{135}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
 \entry{input-meta}{135}{\code {input-meta}}
diff --git a/doc/bashref.vrs b/doc/bashref.vrs
index 01af45eb..fe4c7ca6 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.vrs
+++ b/doc/bashref.vrs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 \entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{85}
 \entry{\code {BASHPID}}{85}
 \entry{\code {bell-style}}{131}
-\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{131}
+\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{132}
 \entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{132}
 \initial {C}
 \entry{\code {CDPATH}}{84}
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 \entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{132}
 \entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{132}
 \entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{132}
-\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{132}
+\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{133}
 \entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{89}
 \entry{\code {convert-meta}}{133}
 \entry{\code {COPROC}}{89}
@@ -85,9 +85,10 @@
 \entry{\code {editing-mode}}{133}
 \entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{133}
 \entry{\code {EMACS}}{89}
-\entry{\code {enable-active-region}}{133}
+\entry{\code {enable-active-region The}}{134}
 \entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{134}
 \entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{134}
+\entry{\code {enable-meta-key}}{134}
 \entry{\code {ENV}}{89}
 \entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{90}
 \entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{90}
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@
 \entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{92}
 \entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{92}
 \entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{92}
-\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{134}
+\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{135}
 \entry{\code {history-size}}{135}
 \entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{92}
 \entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{93}
diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0
index 632eecce..c4dd76de 100644
--- a/doc/builtins.0
+++ b/doc/builtins.0
@@ -280,67 +280,70 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               [--GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
               [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...]
        ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...]
-              Specify  how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed.  If the
-              --pp option is supplied, or if no options or _n_a_m_es  are  supplied,
-              existing completion specifications are printed in a way that al-
-              lows  them  to be reused as input.  The --rr option removes a com-
+              Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed.
+
+              If the --pp option is supplied, or if no options or _n_a_m_es are sup-
+              plied,  print  existing  completion specifications in a way that
+              allows them to be reused as input.  The --rr option removes a com-
               pletion specification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no  _n_a_m_es  are  sup-
-              plied,  all  completion specifications.  The --DD option indicates
-              that other supplied options and actions should apply to the com-
-              mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command  for
-              which  no completion has previously been defined.  The --EE option
-              indicates that other supplied options and actions  should  apply
-              to  command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank
-              line.  The --II option indicates that other supplied  options  and
-              actions should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment
-              word  on  the line, or after a command delimiter such as ;; or ||,
-              which is usually command name completion.  If  multiple  options
-              are  supplied,  the --DD option takes precedence over --EE, and both
-              take precedence over --II.  If any of --DD, --EE, or --II are  supplied,
-              any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these completions only ap-
-              ply to the case specified by the option.
-
-              The  process  of  applying  these completion specifications when
-              word completion is attempted is described in _b_a_s_h(1).
-
-              Other options, if specified, have the following  meanings.   The
-              arguments  to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
-              --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from  expan-
+              plied, all completion specifications.
+
+              The  --DD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+              should apply to the command completion; that is, completion  at-
+              tempted on a command for which no completion has previously been
+              defined.   The  --EE  option indicates that other supplied options
+              and actions should apply to command completion; that is, comple-
+              tion attempted on a blank line.  The --II  option  indicates  that
+              other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on
+              the  initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command
+              delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name  comple-
+              tion.   If  multiple  options  are supplied, the --DD option takes
+              precedence over --EE, and both take precedence over --II.  If any of
+              --DD, --EE, or --II are supplied, any other  _n_a_m_e  arguments  are  ig-
+              nored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the
+              option.
+
+              The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
+              tempting word completion  is described in _b_a_s_h(1).
+
+              Other  options,  if specified, have the following meanings.  The
+              arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary,  the
+              --PP  and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
               sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked.
 
               --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n
-                      The  _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n  controls  several aspects of the comp-
-                      spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of  comple-
+                      The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects  of  the  comp-
+                      spec's  behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
                       tions.  _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of:
                       bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt
                               Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions
                               if the compspec generates no matches.
-                      ddeeffaauulltt Use  readline's  default  filename completion if
+                      ddeeffaauulltt Use rreeaaddlliinnee's default  filename  completion  if
                               the compspec generates no matches.
                       ddiirrnnaammeess
-                              Perform directory name completion if  the  comp-
+                              Perform  directory  name completion if the comp-
                               spec generates no matches.
                       ffiilleennaammeess
-                              Tell  readline that the compspec generates file-
-                              names, so it can perform  any  filename-specific
-                              processing  (like  adding  a  slash to directory
-                              names, quoting special characters, or  suppress-
-                              ing  trailing spaces).  Intended to be used with
-                              shell functions.
+                              Tell rreeaaddlliinnee that the compspec generates  file-
+                              names,  so  it can perform any filename-specific
+                              processing (such as adding a slash to  directory
+                              names,  quoting special characters, or suppress-
+                              ing trailing spaces).  This is  intended  to  be
+                              used with shell functions.
                       ffuullllqquuoottee
-                              Tell readline to quote all the  completed  words
+                              Tell  rreeaaddlliinnee  to quote all the completed words
                               even if they are not filenames.
-                      nnooqquuoottee Tell  readline  not to quote the completed words
-                              if they are filenames (quoting filenames is  the
+                      nnooqquuoottee Tell rreeaaddlliinnee not to quote the  completed  words
+                              if  they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
                               default).
-                      nnoossoorrtt  Tell  readline  not to sort the list of possible
+                      nnoossoorrtt  Tell rreeaaddlliinnee not to sort the list  of  possible
                               completions alphabetically.
-                      nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append  a  space  (the  de-
-                              fault)  to  words  completed  at  the end of the
+                      nnoossppaaccee Tell  rreeaaddlliinnee  not  to  append a space (the de-
+                              fault) to words completed  at  the  end  of  the
                               line.
                       pplluussddiirrss
-                              After any matches defined by  the  compspec  are
-                              generated, attempt directory name completion and
+                              After  generating  any  matches  defined  by the
+                              compspec, attempt directory name completion  and
                               add  any matches to the results of the other ac-
                               tions.
               --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n
@@ -396,9 +399,9 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
                       guments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is
                       the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) is
                       the word preceding the word being completed on the  cur-
-                      rent command line.  When _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n finishes, the possible
-                      completions  are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE--
-                      PPLLYY array variable.
+                      rent command line.  When _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n finishes, programmable
+                      completion  retrieves  the possible completions from the
+                      value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable.
               --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
                       Expand the pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t to  gener-
                       ate the possible completions.
@@ -409,13 +412,14 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
                       Append _s_u_f_f_i_x to  each  possible  completion  after  all
                       other options have been applied.
               --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
-                      The  _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t  is  split using the characters in the IIFFSS
-                      special variable as delimiters, and each resulting  word
-                      is  expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t,
-                      in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
-                      shell metacharacters or characters in the value of  IIFFSS.
-                      The  possible  completions are the members of the resul-
-                      tant list which match the word being completed.
+                      Split  the _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t using the characters in the IIFFSS spe-
+                      cial variable as delimiters, and expand  each  resulting
+                      word.   Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, in or-
+                      der to provide a mechanism  for  the  words  to  contain
+                      shell  metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS.
+                      The possible completions are the members of  the  resul-
+                      tant  list  which  match a prefix of the word being com-
+                      pleted.
               --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
                       _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for  pathname  expansion.
                       It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
@@ -436,167 +440,166 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               supplied.   If  no  _o_p_t_i_o_ns are supplied, display the completion
               options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion.   The  possible
               values  of  _o_p_t_i_o_n  are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de-
-              scribed above.  The --DD option indicates that other supplied  op-
-              tions  should  apply to the command completion; that is, comple-
-              tion attempted on a command for which no completion  has  previ-
-              ously been defined.  The --EE option indicates that other supplied
-              options  should apply to command completion; that is, completion
-              attempted on a blank line.  The --II option indicates  that  other
-              supplied  options should apply to completion on the initial non-
-              assignment word on the line, or after a command  delimiter  such
-              as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion.
+              scribed above.
+
+              The --DD option indicates that other supplied options should apply
+              to the command completion; the --EE option  indicates  that  other
+              supplied  options should apply to command completion; and the --II
+              option indicates that other supplied  options  should  apply  to
+              completion  on  the  initial word on the line.  These are deter-
+              mined in the same way as the ccoommpplleettee builtin.
 
               If multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence
               over --EE, and both take precedence over --II.
 
-              The  return  value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
               an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no
               completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
 
        ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n]
               ccoonnttiinnuuee resumes the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee,
-              uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop.  If _n is specified, bbaasshh resumes the  _nth
-              enclosing  loop.  _n must be >= 1.  If _n is greater than the num-
-              ber of enclosing loops, the shell  resumes  the  last  enclosing
-              loop  (the loop).  The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater
+              uunnttiill,  or sseelleecctt loop.  If _n is specified, bbaasshh resumes the _nth
+              enclosing loop.  _n must be >= 1.  If _n is greater than the  num-
+              ber  of  enclosing  loops,  the shell resumes the last enclosing
+              loop (the loop).  The return value is 0 unless _n is not  greater
               than or equal to 1.
 
        ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
        ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
-              Declare variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _n_a_m_es  are
+              Declare  variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _n_a_m_es are
               given then display the values of variables or functions.  The --pp
-              option  will  display  the  attributes  and values of each _n_a_m_e.
-              When --pp is used with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional  options,  other
+              option will display the attributes  and  values  of  each  _n_a_m_e.
+              When  --pp  is used with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other
               than --ff and --FF, are ignored.
 
               When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, ddeeccllaarree will display
               the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes
-              specified  by  the  additional options.  If no other options are
+              specified by the additional options.  If no  other  options  are
               supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values
-              of all shell variables.  The --ff option restricts the display  to
+              of  all shell variables.  The --ff option restricts the display to
               shell functions.
 
               The --FF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
-              the  function  name and attributes are printed.  If the eexxttddeebbuugg
-              shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source  file  name  and
-              line  number  where  each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well.
+              the function name and attributes are printed.  If  the  eexxttddeebbuugg
+              shell  option  is  enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and
+              line number where each _n_a_m_e is defined are  displayed  as  well.
               The --FF option implies --ff.
 
-              The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at  the
+              The  --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
               global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function.
               It is ignored when ddeeccllaarree is not executed in a shell function.
 
-              The  --II  option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
-              (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute) and value of any  existing  vari-
-              able  with the same _n_a_m_e at a surrounding scope.  If there is no
+              The --II option causes local variables to inherit  the  attributes
+              (except  the  _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute) and value of any existing vari-
+              able with the same _n_a_m_e at a surrounding scope.  If there is  no
               existing variable, the local variable is initially unset.
 
-              The following options can be used to restrict  output  to  vari-
-              ables  with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib-
+              The  following  options  can be used to restrict output to vari-
+              ables with the specified attribute or to give variables  attrib-
               utes:
-              --aa     Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array  variable  (see  AArrrraayyss  in
+              --aa     Each  _n_a_m_e  is  an  indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss in
                      _b_a_s_h(1)).
               --AA     Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss in
                      _b_a_s_h(1)).
               --ff     Each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell function.
               --ii     The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
-                     tion  (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h(1)) is performed
+                     tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h(1)) is  performed
                      when the variable is assigned a value.
-              --ll     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  upper-case
-                     characters  are  converted to lower-case.  The upper-case
+              --ll     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all upper-case
+                     characters are converted to lower-case.   The  upper-case
                      attribute is disabled.
-              --nn     Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making  it  a  name
-                     reference  to  another  variable.  That other variable is
-                     defined by the value of _n_a_m_e.   All  references,  assign-
-                     ments,  and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those
-                     using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are  performed
-                     on  the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value.  The nameref
+              --nn     Give  each  _n_a_m_e  the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name
+                     reference to another variable.  That  other  variable  is
+                     defined  by  the  value of _n_a_m_e.  All references, assign-
+                     ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except  those
+                     using  or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed
+                     on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value.  The  nameref
                      attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
               --rr     Make _n_a_m_es readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
                      values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
               --tt     Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute.  Traced functions in-
-                     herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling  shell.
+                     herit  the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell.
                      The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
-              --uu     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all lower-case
-                     characters are converted to upper-case.   The  lower-case
+              --uu     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  lower-case
+                     characters  are  converted to upper-case.  The lower-case
                      attribute is disabled.
-              --xx     Mark  each _n_a_m_e for export to subsequent commands via the
+              --xx     Mark each _n_a_m_e for export to subsequent commands via  the
                      environment.
 
               Using instead of turns off the specified attribute instead, with
-              the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to  destroy  array
+              the  exceptions  that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array
               variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute.
 
-              When  used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e lo-
-              cal, as with the llooccaall command, unless the  --gg  option  is  sup-
-              plied.   If  a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of
-              the variable is set to _v_a_l_u_e.  When using --aa or --AA and the  com-
-              pound  assignment  syntax  to create array variables, additional
+              When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e  lo-
+              cal,  as  with  the  llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is sup-
+              plied.  If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the  value  of
+              the  variable is set to _v_a_l_u_e.  When using --aa or --AA and the com-
+              pound assignment syntax to create  array  variables,  additional
               attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments.
 
-              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option  is  encountered,
+              The  return  value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
               an attempt is made to define a function using an attempt is made
-              to  assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
-              assign a value to an array variable without using  the  compound
-              assignment  syntax  (see AArrrraayyss in _b_a_s_h(1)), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is
-              not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn  off
-              readonly  status  for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
-              turn off array status for an array variable, or  an  attempt  is
+              to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made  to
+              assign  a  value to an array variable without using the compound
+              assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss in _b_a_s_h(1)), one of the  _n_a_m_e_s  is
+              not  a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off
+              readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is  made  to
+              turn  off  array  status for an array variable, or an attempt is
               made to display a non-existent function with --ff.
 
        ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]]
               Without options, display the list of currently remembered direc-
-              tories.   The default display is on a single line with directory
-              names separated by spaces.  Directories are added  to  the  list
-              with  the  ppuusshhdd  command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from
-              the list.  The current directory is always the  first  directory
+              tories.  The default display is on a single line with  directory
+              names  separated  by  spaces.  Directories are added to the list
+              with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command  removes  entries  from
+              the  list.   The current directory is always the first directory
               in the stack.
 
               Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-              --cc     Clears  the  directory  stack  by deleting all of the en-
+              --cc     Clears the directory stack by deleting  all  of  the  en-
                      tries.
-              --ll     Produces a listing  using  full  pathnames;  the  default
+              --ll     Produces  a  listing  using  full  pathnames; the default
                      listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
               --pp     Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-              --vv     Print  the  directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+              --vv     Print the directory stack with one entry per  line,  pre-
                      fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
               ++_n     Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
                      shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with
                      zero.
-              --_n     Displays the _nth entry counting from  the  right  of  the
+              --_n     Displays  the  _nth  entry  counting from the right of the
                      list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting
                      with zero.
 
-              The  return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n
+              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or  _n
               indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
 
        ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_i_d ...]
-              Without options, remove each _i_d from the table of  active  jobs.
-              Each  _i_d may be a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c or a process ID _p_i_d;
-              if _i_d is a _p_i_d, ddiissoowwnn uses the job containing _p_i_d  as  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c.
-              If  _i_d  is  not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr option is
-              supplied, ddiissoowwnn removes the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b.  If the --hh  option  is
-              supplied,  the  job corresponding to each _i_d is not removed from
-              the table, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to  the  job
+              Without  options,  remove each _i_d from the table of active jobs.
+              Each _i_d may be a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c or a process ID  _p_i_d;
+              if  _i_d  is a _p_i_d, ddiissoowwnn uses the job containing _p_i_d as _j_o_b_s_p_e_c.
+              If _i_d is not present, and neither the --aa nor the  --rr  option  is
+              supplied,  ddiissoowwnn  removes the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b.  If the --hh option is
+              supplied, the job corresponding to each _i_d is not  removed  from
+              the  table,  but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job
               if the shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP.
 
-              If  no _i_d is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark all
-              jobs; the --rr option without an _i_d argument  restricts  operation
+              If no _i_d is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark  all
+              jobs;  the  --rr option without an _i_d argument restricts operation
               to running jobs.
 
               The return value is 0 unless an _i_d does not specify a valid job.
 
        eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...]
-              Output  the  _a_r_gs,  separated  by spaces, followed by a newline.
-              The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.   If  --nn  is
+              Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces,  followed  by  a  newline.
+              The  return  status  is 0 unless a write error occurs.  If --nn is
               specified, the trailing newline is not printed.
 
-              If  the  --ee option is given, eecchhoo interprets the following back-
+              If the --ee option is given, eecchhoo interprets the  following  back-
               slash-escaped characters.  The --EE option disables interpretation
-              of these escape characters, even on systems where they  are  in-
-              terpreted  by  default.   The  xxppgg__eecchhoo  shell option determines
+              of  these  escape characters, even on systems where they are in-
+              terpreted by default.   The  xxppgg__eecchhoo  shell  option  determines
               whether or not eecchhoo interprets any options and expands these es-
-              cape characters.  eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end  of
+              cape  characters.  eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of
               options.
 
               eecchhoo interprets the following escape sequences:
@@ -611,101 +614,101 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               \\tt     horizontal tab
               \\vv     vertical tab
               \\\\     backslash
-              \\00_n_n_n  the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
-                     _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits)
-              \\xx_H_H   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
-                     value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
-              \\uu_H_H_H_H the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits)
+              \\00_n_n_n  The eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
+                     _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits).
+              \\xx_H_H   The  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
+                     value _H_H (one or two hex digits).
+              \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits).
               \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H
-                     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
-                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits)
+                     The  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits).
 
-              eecchhoo  writes  any  unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un-
+              eecchhoo writes any unrecognized  backslash-escaped  characters  un-
               changed.
 
        eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...]
-              Enable and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a  builtin
-              allows  an  executable  file  which has the same name as a shell
-              builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,  even
+              Enable  and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
+              allows an executable file which has the same  name  as  a  shell
+              builtin  to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even
               though the shell normally searches for builtins before files.
 
-              If  --nn  is supplied, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_es are
-              enabled.  For example, to use the tteesstt binary found usin g  PPAATTHH
+              If --nn is supplied, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise,  _n_a_m_es  are
+              enabled.   For example, to use the tteesstt binary found usin g PPAATTHH
               instead of the shell builtin version, run
 
-              If  no  _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied, or if the --pp option is sup-
+              If no _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied, or if the --pp option  is  sup-
               plied, print a list of shell builtins.  With no other option ar-
               guments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins.  If --nn
-              is supplied, print only disabled builtins.  If --aa  is  supplied,
-              the  list  printed  includes all builtins, with an indication of
+              is  supplied,  print only disabled builtins.  If --aa is supplied,
+              the list printed includes all builtins, with  an  indication  of
               whether or not each is enabled.  The --ss option means to restrict
               the output to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins.
 
-              The --ff option means to load the new builtin  command  _n_a_m_e  from
+              The  --ff  option  means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from
               shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading.
               If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, BBaasshh will use the value of
-              the  BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH  variable  as a colon-separated list of
-              directories in which to search for _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.   The  default  for
-              BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH  is  system-dependent,  and  may  include to
-              force a search of the current directory.   The  --dd  option  will
-              delete  a builtin previously loaded with --ff.  If _-_s is used with
+              the BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH variable as a  colon-separated  list  of
+              directories  in  which  to search for _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.  The default for
+              BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH is  system-dependent,  and  may  include  to
+              force  a  search  of  the current directory.  The --dd option will
+              delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff.  If _-_s is used  with
               _-_f, the new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin.
 
-              If no options are supplied and a _n_a_m_e is not  a  shell  builtin,
-              eennaabbllee  will  attempt  to  load  _n_a_m_e from a shared object named
+              If  no  options  are supplied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin,
+              eennaabbllee will attempt to load _n_a_m_e  from  a  shared  object  named
               _n_a_m_e, as if the command were
 
-              The return value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a  shell  builtin  or
+              The  return  value  is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or
               there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
 
        eevvaall [_a_r_g ...]
-              Concatenate  the _a_r_gs together into a single command, separating
+              Concatenate the _a_r_gs together into a single command,  separating
               them with spaces.  BBaasshh then reads and execute this command, and
-              returns its exit status as the return status of eevvaall.  If  there
+              returns  its exit status as the return status of eevvaall.  If there
               are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0.
 
        eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]]
-              If  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell without creating
-              a new process.  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d cannot be a shell builtin  or  function.
+              If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell without  creating
+              a  new  process.  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d cannot be a shell builtin or function.
               The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.  If the --ll option
               is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the ze-
-              roth  argument  passed  to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.  This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does.
-              The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with an empty  envi-
+              roth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.  This is  what  _l_o_g_i_n(1)  does.
+              The  --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with an empty envi-
               ronment.  If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth
               argument to the executed command.
 
               If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
-              shell  exits,  unless  the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled.  In
-              that case, it returns a non-zero status.  An  interactive  shell
-              returns  a  non-zero  status  if the file cannot be executed.  A
+              shell exits, unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option  is  enabled.   In
+              that  case,  it returns a non-zero status.  An interactive shell
+              returns a non-zero status if the file  cannot  be  executed.   A
               subshell exits unconditionally if eexxeecc fails.
 
               If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
-              current shell, and the return status is 0.  If there is a  redi-
+              current  shell, and the return status is 0.  If there is a redi-
               rection error, the return status is 1.
 
        eexxiitt [_n]
-              Cause  the  shell  to exit with a status of _n.  If _n is omitted,
-              the exit status is that of the last command executed.  Any  trap
+              Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n.  If  _n  is  omitted,
+              the  exit status is that of the last command executed.  Any trap
               on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates.
 
        eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e]] ...
        eexxppoorrtt --pp
-              The  supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi-
-              ronment of subsequently executed commands.  If the --ff option  is
+              The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the  envi-
+              ronment  of subsequently executed commands.  If the --ff option is
               given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions.
 
-              The  --nn  option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from
-              each _n_a_m_e.  If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or if the --pp option  is  sup-
-              plied,  eexxppoorrtt  prints a list of names of all exported variables
+              The --nn option unexports, or removes the export  attribute,  from
+              each  _n_a_m_e.   If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or if the --pp option is sup-
+              plied, eexxppoorrtt prints a list of names of all  exported  variables
               on the standard output.
 
-              eexxppoorrtt allows the value of a variable to be set when it  is  ex-
+              eexxppoorrtt  allows  the value of a variable to be set when it is ex-
               ported or unexported by following the variable name with =_v_a_l_u_e.
               This sets the value of the variable to _v_a_l_u_e while modifying the
-              export  attribute.  eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an
-              invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not  a  valid
+              export attribute.  eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless  an
+              invalid  option  is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid
               shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a
               function.
 
@@ -713,139 +716,139 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
 
        ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t]
        ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d]
-              The  first  form  selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t
-              from the history list and  displays  or  edits  and  re-executes
-              them.   _F_i_r_s_t  and  _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate
-              the last command beginning with that string) or as a number  (an
-              index  into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+              The first form selects a range of commands from  _f_i_r_s_t  to  _l_a_s_t
+              from  the  history  list  and  displays or edits and re-executes
+              them.  _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a  string  (to  locate
+              the  last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+              index into the history list, where a negative number is used  as
               an offset from the current command number).
 
               When listing, a _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
               equivalent to the current command (usually the ffcc command); oth-
-              erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.  If _l_a_s_t is  not
+              erwise  0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.  If _l_a_s_t is not
               specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
-              prints  the  last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise.  If _f_i_r_s_t
-              is not specified, it is set to the previous command for  editing
+              prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise.   If  _f_i_r_s_t
+              is  not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing
               and -16 for listing.
 
-              If  the  --ll  option  is supplied, the commands are listed on the
-              standard output.  The --nn option suppresses the  command  numbers
+              If the --ll option is supplied, the commands  are  listed  on  the
+              standard  output.   The --nn option suppresses the command numbers
               when listing.  The --rr option reverses the order of the commands.
 
-              Otherwise,  ffcc  invokes the editor named by _e_n_a_m_e on a file con-
-              taining those commands.  If _e_n_a_m_e is not supplied, ffcc  uses  the
-              value  of the FFCCEEDDIITT variable, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT
-              is not set.  If neither variable is set, ffcc uses _v_i_. When  edit-
-              ing  is  complete,  ffcc reads the file containing the edited com-
+              Otherwise, ffcc invokes the editor named by _e_n_a_m_e on a  file  con-
+              taining  those  commands.  If _e_n_a_m_e is not supplied, ffcc uses the
+              value of the FFCCEEDDIITT variable, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if  FFCCEEDDIITT
+              is  not set.  If neither variable is set, ffcc uses _v_i_. When edit-
+              ing is complete, ffcc reads the file containing  the  edited  com-
               mands and echoes and executes them.
 
-              In the second form, ffcc re-executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d after replacing  each
-              instance  of  _p_a_t  with _r_e_p.  _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as
+              In  the second form, ffcc re-executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d after replacing each
+              instance of _p_a_t with _r_e_p.  _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted  the  same  as
               _f_i_r_s_t above.
 
-              A useful alias to use with ffcc is so that typing  runs  the  last
+              A  useful  alias  to use with ffcc is so that typing runs the last
               command beginning with and typing re-executes the last command.
 
-              If  the  first  form is used, the return value is zero unless an
-              invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t  specify  history
-              lines  out  of  range.   When editing and re-executing a file of
+              If the first form is used, the return value is  zero  unless  an
+              invalid  option  is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history
+              lines out of range.  When editing and  re-executing  a  file  of
               commands, the return value is the value of the last command exe-
               cuted or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file.  If
               the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-ex-
-              ecuted command, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history  en-
+              ecuted  command, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history en-
               try, in which case ffcc returns a non-zero status.
 
        ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c]
-              Resume  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c  in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+              Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the  current  job.
               If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, use the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t
-              _j_o_b.  The return value is that of the command  placed  into  the
-              foreground,  or  failure if run when job control is disabled or,
+              _j_o_b.   The  return  value is that of the command placed into the
+              foreground, or failure if run when job control is  disabled  or,
               when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a
-              valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that  was  started  without
+              valid  job  or  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without
               job control.
 
        ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g ...]
-              ggeettooppttss  is  used  by shell scripts and functions to parse posi-
-              tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments.   _o_p_t_-
-              _s_t_r_i_n_g  contains  the  option  characters to be recognized; if a
+              ggeettooppttss is used by shell scripts and functions  to  parse  posi-
+              tional  parameters and obtain options and their arguments.  _o_p_t_-
+              _s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to  be  recognized;  if  a
               character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have
-              an argument, which should be separated from it by  white  space.
+              an  argument,  which should be separated from it by white space.
               The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option
               characters.
 
-              Each  time  it is invoked, ggeettooppttss places the next option in the
+              Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss places the next option  in  the
               shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and
               the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable
-              OOPPTTIINNDD.  OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to 1 each time  the  shell  or  a
-              shell  script  is invoked.  When an option requires an argument,
+              OOPPTTIINNDD.   OOPPTTIINNDD  is  initialized  to 1 each time the shell or a
+              shell script is invoked.  When an option requires  an  argument,
               ggeettooppttss places that argument into the variable OOPPTTAARRGG.
 
-              The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; it must be  manu-
-              ally  reset  between  multiple  calls to ggeettooppttss within the same
+              The  shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; it must be manu-
+              ally reset between multiple calls to  ggeettooppttss  within  the  same
               shell invocation to use a new set of parameters.
 
-              When it reaches the end of options, ggeettooppttss exits with a  return
-              value  greater  than  zero.   OOPPTTIINNDD  is set to the index of the
+              When  it reaches the end of options, ggeettooppttss exits with a return
+              value greater than zero.  OOPPTTIINNDD is set  to  the  index  of  the
               first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?.
 
-              ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but  if  more
-              arguments  are  supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in-
+              ggeettooppttss  normally  parses the positional parameters, but if more
+              arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses  those  in-
               stead.
 
-              ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways.  If the  first  character
-              of  _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g  is  a colon, ggeettooppttss uses _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting.
-              In normal operation, ggeettooppttss prints diagnostic messages when  it
-              encounters  invalid options or missing option arguments.  If the
-              variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no  error  messages  will  be  dis-
+              ggeettooppttss  can  report errors in two ways.  If the first character
+              of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, ggeettooppttss uses  _s_i_l_e_n_t  error  reporting.
+              In  normal operation, ggeettooppttss prints diagnostic messages when it
+              encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.  If  the
+              variable  OOPPTTEERRRR  is  set  to  0, no error messages will be dis-
               played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon.
 
               If ggeettooppttss detects an invalid option, it places ? into _n_a_m_e and,
-              if  not  silent,  prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG.  If
-              ggeettooppttss is silent, it assigns the option character found to  OOPP--
+              if not silent, prints an error message and  unsets  OOPPTTAARRGG.   If
+              ggeettooppttss  is silent, it assigns the option character found to OOPP--
               TTAARRGG and does not print a diagnostic message.
 
-              If  a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent,
+              If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not  silent,
               it sets the value of _n_a_m_e to a question mark (??), unsets OOPPTTAARRGG,
-              and prints a diagnostic message.  If ggeettooppttss is silent, it  sets
-              the  value  of _n_a_m_e to a colon (::) and sets OOPPTTAARRGG to the option
+              and  prints a diagnostic message.  If ggeettooppttss is silent, it sets
+              the value of _n_a_m_e to a colon (::) and sets OOPPTTAARRGG to  the  option
               character found.
 
-              ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified,  is
+              ggeettooppttss  returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
               found.  It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
               an error occurs.
 
        hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e]
               Each time hhaasshh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
-              command  _n_a_m_e  as  determined  by  searching  the directories in
-              $$PPAATTHH.  Any previously-remembered pathname associated with  _n_a_m_e
-              is  discarded.  If the --pp option is supplied, hhaasshh uses _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+              command _n_a_m_e as  determined  by  searching  the  directories  in
+              $$PPAATTHH.   Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _n_a_m_e
+              is discarded.  If the --pp option is supplied, hhaasshh uses  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
               as the full pathname of the command.
 
-              The --rr option causes the shell to forget  all  remembered  loca-
-              tions.   Assigning  to  the PPAATTHH variable also clears all hashed
-              filenames.  The --dd option causes the shell to forget the  remem-
+              The  --rr  option  causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
+              tions.  Assigning to the PPAATTHH variable also  clears  all  hashed
+              filenames.   The --dd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
               bered location of each _n_a_m_e.
 
               If the --tt option is supplied, hhaasshh prints the full pathname cor-
-              responding  to  each  _n_a_m_e.  If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are sup-
-              plied with --tt, hhaasshh prints the  _n_a_m_e  before  the  corresponding
+              responding to each _n_a_m_e.  If multiple _n_a_m_e  arguments  are  sup-
+              plied  with  --tt,  hhaasshh  prints the _n_a_m_e before the corresponding
               hashed full pathname.  The --ll option displays output in a format
               that may be reused as input.
 
-              If  no  arguments  are  given,  or  if only --ll is supplied, hhaasshh
-              prints information about remembered commands.  The --tt,  --dd,  and
-              --pp  options (the options that act on the _n_a_m_e arguments) are mu-
+              If no arguments are given, or  if  only  --ll  is  supplied,  hhaasshh
+              prints  information  about remembered commands.  The --tt, --dd, and
+              --pp options (the options that act on the _n_a_m_e arguments) are  mu-
               tually exclusive.  Only one will be active.  If more than one is
-              supplied, --tt has higher priority than --pp, and both  have  higher
+              supplied,  --tt  has higher priority than --pp, and both have higher
               priority than --dd.
 
-              The  return  status is zero unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an in-
+              The return status is zero unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or  an  in-
               valid option is supplied.
 
        hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
-              Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If  _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
-              is  specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching
-              _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise it displays a list of all  the  builtins  and
+              Display  helpful information about builtin commands.  If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+              is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands  matching
+              _p_a_t_t_e_r_n;  otherwise  it  displays a list of all the builtins and
               shell compound commands.
               --dd     Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
               --mm     Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like
@@ -861,18 +864,18 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
        hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]
        hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
        hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
-              With  no options, display the command history list with numbers.
-              Entries prefixed with a ** have been modified.  An argument of  _n
-              lists  only the last _n entries.  If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
-              FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a  format  string  for
-              _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3)  to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
-              played history entry.  If hhiissttoorryy uses HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT,  it  does
-              not  print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
+              With no options, display the command history list with  numbers.
+              Entries  prefixed with a ** have been modified.  An argument of _n
+              lists only the last _n entries.  If the shell variable  HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
+              FFOORRMMAATT  is  set  and not null, it is used as a format string for
+              _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each  dis-
+              played  history  entry.  If hhiissttoorryy uses HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, it does
+              not print an intervening space between the formatted time  stamp
               and the history entry.
 
               If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is supplied, hhiissttoorryy uses it as the name of the his-
-              tory file; if not, it uses the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE.   If  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
-              is  not  supplied and HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the --aa,, --nn,, --rr,,
+              tory  file;  if not, it uses the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE.  If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+              is not supplied and HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the --aa,,  --nn,,  --rr,,
               and --ww options have no effect.
 
               Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
@@ -880,41 +883,42 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
                      can be used with the other options to replace the history
                      list.
               --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
-                     Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.   If  _o_f_f_s_e_t
+                     Delete  the  history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.  If _o_f_f_s_e_t
                      is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
                      than the last history position, so negative indices count
-                     back  from  the  end  of  the history, and an index of -1
+                     back from the end of the history,  and  an  index  of  -1
                      refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command.
               --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d
-                     Delete the range of  history  entries  between  positions
-                     _s_t_a_r_t  and  _e_n_d, inclusive.  Positive and negative values
+                     Delete  the  range  of  history entries between positions
+                     _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive.  Positive and  negative  values
                      for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above.
-              --aa     Append the history lines to the history file.  These  are
-                     history  lines entered since the beginning of the current
-                     bbaasshh session, but not already  appended  to  the  history
+              --aa     Append  the history lines to the history file.  These are
+                     history lines entered since the beginning of the  current
+                     bbaasshh  session,  but  not  already appended to the history
                      file.
-              --nn     Read  the history lines not already read from the history
-                     file into the current history list.  These are lines  ap-
-                     pended  to  the  history  file since the beginning of the
-                     current bbaasshh session.
+              --nn     Read the history lines not already read from the  history
+                     file and add them to the current history list.  These are
+                     lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
+                     the current bbaasshh session.
               --rr     Read the history file and append its contents to the cur-
                      rent history list.
               --ww     Write the current history list to the history file, over-
-                     writing the history file's contents.
-              --pp     Perform history substitution on the  following  _a_r_g_s  and
-                     display  the result on the standard output, without stor-
-                     ing the results in the history list.  Each  _a_r_g  must  be
+                     writing the history file.
+              --pp     Perform  history  substitution  on the following _a_r_g_s and
+                     display the result on the standard output, without  stor-
+                     ing  the  results  in the history list.  Each _a_r_g must be
                      quoted to disable normal history expansion.
-              --ss     Store  the  _a_r_g_s  in  the history list as a single entry.
-                     The last command in the history list  is  removed  before
+              --ss     Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list  as  a  single  entry.
+                     The  last  command  in the history list is removed before
                      adding the _a_r_g_s.
 
-              If  the  HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, hhiissttoorryy writes the time
+              If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, hhiissttoorryy writes  the  time
               stamp information associated with each history entry to the his-
-              tory file, marked with the history comment character.  When  the
-              history  file  is read, lines beginning with the history comment
-              character followed immediately by a  digit  are  interpreted  as
-              timestamps for the following history entry.
+              tory  file,  marked  with  the  history comment character as de-
+              scribed above.  When the history file is read,  lines  beginning
+              with  the  history  comment  character followed immediately by a
+              digit are interpreted as timestamps for  the  following  history
+              entry.
 
               The  return  value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
               an error occurs while reading or writing the  history  file,  an
@@ -1501,12 +1505,15 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               Toggle  the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
               ior.  The settings can be either those listed below, or, if  the
               --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett
-              builtin  command.   With no options, or with the --pp option, dis-
-              play a list of all  settable  options,  with  an  indication  of
-              whether  or  not  each is set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the
-              output is restricted to those options.  The --pp  option  displays
-              output  in  a  form  that may be reused as input.  Other options
-              have the following meanings:
+              builtin command.
+
+              With  no  options,  or with the --pp option, display a list of all
+              settable options, with an indication of whether or not  each  is
+              set;  if  any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to
+              those options.  The --pp option displays output in a form that may
+              be reused as input.
+
+              Other options have the following meanings:
               --ss     Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e.
               --uu     Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e.
               --qq     Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return  status
@@ -1588,7 +1595,6 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               ccoommppaatt5500
                       These control aspects of the shell's compatibility  mode
                       (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE in _b_a_s_h(1)).
-
               ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee
                       If  set,  bbaasshh  quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
                       names and directory names  when  performing  completion.
@@ -1603,78 +1609,62 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
                       slashes to quote completed filenames.  This variable  is
                       set  by  default,  which is the default bash behavior in
                       versions through 4.2.
-
               ddiirreexxppaanndd
                       If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with  the  results
                       of  word  expansion when performing filename completion.
                       This  changes  the  contents  of  the  readline  editing
                       buffer.   If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the
                       user typed.
-
               ddiirrssppeellll
                       If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction  on  directory
                       names  during word completion if the directory name ini-
                       tially supplied does not exist.
-
               ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a in  the
                       results  of  pathname expansion.  The filenames and must
                       always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set.
-
               eexxeeccffaaiill
                       If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
                       not execute the file specified as  an  argument  to  the
                       eexxeecc  builtin.   An  interactive  shell does not exit if
                       eexxeecc fails.
-
               eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess
                       If set, aliases are expanded as described in _b_a_s_h(1) un-
                       der AALLIIAASSEESS.  This option is enabled by default for  in-
                       teractive shells.
-
               eexxttddeebbuugg
                       If  set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
                       arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
                       starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option.  If set  af-
                       ter  invocation,  behavior intended for use by debuggers
                       is enabled:
-
                       11..     The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the
                              source file name and line number corresponding to
                              each function name supplied as an argument.
-
                       22..     If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG  trap  returns  a
                              non-zero  value,  the next command is skipped and
                              not executed.
-
                       33..     If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG  trap  returns  a
                              value  of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
                              routine (a shell function or a shell script  exe-
                              cuted  by  the  ..  or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell
                              simulates a call to rreettuurrnn.
-
                       44..     BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as  described
                              in their descriptions in _b_a_s_h(1)).
-
                       55..     Function  tracing  is  enabled: command substitu-
                              tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
                              (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps.
-
                       66..     Error tracing is enabled:  command  substitution,
                              shell  functions,  and  subshells  invoked with ((
                              _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap.
-
               eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended  pattern  matching  features
                       described in _b_a_s_h(1) under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn.
-
               eexxttqquuoottee
                       If  set, $$_s_t_r_i_n_g and $$_s_t_r_i_n_g quoting is performed within
                       $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes.  This
                       option is enabled by default.
-
               ffaaiillgglloobb
                       If set, patterns which fail to  match  filenames  during
                       pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
-
               ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree
                       If  set,  the  suffixes  specified  by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell
                       variable cause words to be ignored when performing  word
@@ -1682,7 +1672,6 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
                       ble  completions.   See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS in _b_a_s_h(1) for a
                       description of FFIIGGNNOORREE.  This option is enabled  by  de-
                       fault.
-
               gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess
                       If  set,  range  expressions  used  in  pattern matching
                       bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn  MMaattcchhiinngg  in  _b_a_s_h(1))
@@ -1691,168 +1680,138 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
                       the current locale's collating sequence into account, so
                       bb will not collate between AA and BB, and  upper-case  and
                       lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
-
               gglloobbsskkiippddoottss
                       If  set,  pathname  expansion will never match the file-
                       names and even if the pattern begins with a This  option
                       is enabled by default.
-
               gglloobbssttaarr
                       If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con-
                       text  will  match all files and zero or more directories
                       and subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a  //,
                       only directories and subdirectories match.
-
               ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt
                       If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
                       GNU error message format.
-
               hhiissttaappppeenndd
                       If  set,  the history list is appended to the file named
                       by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex-
                       its, rather than overwriting the file.
-
               hhiissttrreeeeddiitt
                       If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the  user  is  given
                       the  opportunity  to  re-edit a failed history substitu-
                       tion.
-
               hhiissttvveerriiffyy
                       If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of  his-
                       tory  substitution  are  not  immediately  passed to the
                       shell parser.  Instead, the  resulting  line  is  loaded
                       into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi-
                       fication.
-
               hhoossttccoommpplleettee
                       If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to
                       perform  hostname  completion when a word containing a @@
                       is being completed (see  CCoommpplleettiinngg  under  RREEAADDLLIINNEE  in
                       _b_a_s_h(1)).  This is enabled by default.
-
               hhuuppoonneexxiitt
                       If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter-
                       active login shell exits.
-
               iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt
                       If  set,  command substitution inherits the value of the
                       eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the  subshell
                       environment.   This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is
                       enabled.
-
               iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss
                       In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ##  causes
                       that  word  and all remaining characters on that line to
                       be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see  CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS
                       in _b_a_s_h(1)).  This option is enabled by default.
-
               llaassttppiippee
                       If  set,  and  job control is not active, the shell runs
                       the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
                       ground in the current shell environment.
-
               lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option  is  enabled,  multi-line
                       commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
                       rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
-
               llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt
                       If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
                       of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
                       scope before any new value is assigned.  The nameref at-
                       tribute is not inherited.
-
               llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett
                       If  set,  calling  uunnsseett  on local variables in previous
                       function scopes marks them so  subsequent  lookups  find
                       them unset until that function returns.  This is identi-
                       cal  to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
                       current function scope.
-
               llooggiinn__sshheellll
                       The shell sets this option if it is started as  a  login
                       shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h(1)).  The value may not be
                       changed.
-
               mmaaiillwwaarrnn
                       If  set,  and  a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has
                       been accessed since the last time it was  checked,  bbaasshh
                       displays the message
-
               nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn
                       If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh does not search
                       PPAATTHH  for  possible  completions  when completion is at-
                       tempted on an empty line.
-
               nnooccaasseegglloobb
                       If set, bbaasshh matches  filenames  in  a  case-insensitive
                       fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee
                       EExxppaannssiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1)).
-
               nnooccaasseemmaattcchh
                       If  set,  bbaasshh  matches  patterns  in a case-insensitive
                       fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or
                       [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
                       tution word expansions, or when filtering possible  com-
                       pletions as part of programmable completion.
-
               nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn
                       If  set,  bbaasshh  encloses  the translated results of $$...
                       quoting in single quotes instead of double  quotes.   If
                       the string is not translated, this has no effect.
-
               nnuullllgglloobb
                       If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
                       (see  PPaatthhnnaammee  EExxppaannssiioonn  in _b_a_s_h(1)) expand to nothing
                       and are removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
-
               ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt
                       If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement
                       string of pattern substitution to the  text  matched  by
                       the  pattern,  as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn in
                       _b_a_s_h(1).  This option is enabled by default.
-
               pprrooggccoommpp
                       If set, enable the  programmable  completion  facilities
                       (see  PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee  CCoommpplleettiioonn in _b_a_s_h(1)).  This option
                       is enabled by default.
-
               pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass
                       If set, and programmable  completion  is  enabled,  bbaasshh
                       treats  a command name that doesn't have any completions
                       as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion.  If it
                       has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion  us-
                       ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
-
               pprroommppttvvaarrss
                       If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
                       mand  substitution,  arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
                       moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG  in
                       _b_a_s_h(1).  This option is enabled by default.
-
               rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll
                       The  shell  sets  this  option  if  it is started in re-
                       stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL  in  _b_a_s_h(1)).   The
                       value  may  not  be changed.  This is not reset when the
                       startup files are executed, allowing the  startup  files
                       to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
-
               sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee
                       If  set,  the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when
                       the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
                       ters.
-
               ssoouurrcceeppaatthh
                       If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to
                       find the directory containing the file  supplied  as  an
                       argument  when  the --pp option is not supplied.  This op-
                       tion is enabled by default.
-
               vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee
                       If set, the shell automatically closes file  descriptors
                       assigned  using  the  _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_}  redirection syntax (see
                       RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h(1)) instead  of  leaving  them  open
                       when the command completes.
-
               xxppgg__eecchhoo
                       If  set,  the  eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
                       quences by default.  If the ppoossiixx shell option  is  also
@@ -1935,74 +1894,73 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               cale.  If the shell is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the tteesstt  and  [[  com-
               mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
 
-                     The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more
-                     arguments  can  lead  to  ambiguities  when it encounters
-                     strings that look like primaries.  The POSIX standard has
-                     deprecated the --aa and --oo primaries and enclosing  expres-
-                     sions  within  parentheses.  Scripts should no longer use
-                     them.  It's much more reliable to restrict  test  invoca-
-                     tions  to a single primary, and to replace uses of --aa and
-                     --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators.
+              The  historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
+              ments can lead to ambiguities when it  encounters  strings  that
+              look  like  primaries.  The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa
+              and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions  within  parentheses.
+              Scripts  should  no longer use them.  It's much more reliable to
+              restrict test invocations to a single primary,  and  to  replace
+              uses of --aa and --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators.
 
-       ttiimmeess  Print the accumulated user and system times for  the  shell  and
+       ttiimmeess  Print  the  accumulated  user and system times for the shell and
               for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
 
-       ttrraapp [--PPllpp] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...]
+       ttrraapp [--llppPP] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...]
               The _a_c_t_i_o_n is a command that is read and executed when the shell
-              receives  any  of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c.  If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and
+              receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c.  If _a_c_t_i_o_n is  absent  (and
               there is a single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is reset
-              to the value it had when the shell was started.   If  _a_c_t_i_o_n  is
-              the  null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored
+              to  the  value  it had when the shell was started.  If _a_c_t_i_o_n is
+              the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is  ignored
               by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
 
-              If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions  associ-
+              If  no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ-
               ated with each trapped signal as a set of ttrraapp commands that can
-              be  reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
-              tions.  If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is  not  present,  then  ttrraapp
-              displays  the  actions  associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none
+              be reused as shell input to restore the current signal  disposi-
+              tions.   If  --pp  is  given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp
+              displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  or,  if  none
               are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of ttrraapp commands
-              that can be reused as shell input to restore the current  signal
-              dispositions.   The  --PP  option  behaves similarly, but displays
-              only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument.  --PP  re-
-              quires  at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument.  The --PP or --pp options may
-              be used in a subshell environment (e.g.,  command  substitution)
-              and,  as  long  as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a
+              that  can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+              dispositions.  The --PP option  behaves  similarly,  but  displays
+              only  the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument.  --PP re-
+              quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument.  The --PP or --pp options  may
+              be  used  in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
+              and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used  to  change  a
               signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
 
-              The --ll option prints a list of signal  names  and  their  corre-
-              sponding  numbers.  Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined
+              The  --ll  option  prints  a list of signal names and their corre-
+              sponding numbers.  Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name  defined
               in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number.  Signal names are case insen-
-              sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional.  If --ll is  supplied  with
+              sitive  and  the SSIIGG prefix is optional.  If --ll is supplied with
               no _s_i_g_s_p_e_c arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
 
-              If  a  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the
-              shell.  If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed  before  every
-              _s_i_m_p_l_e  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d,  _f_o_r  command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, ((
-              arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r  com-
-              mand,  and before the first command executes in a shell function
+              If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on  exit  from  the
+              shell.   If  a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every
+              _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command,  _s_e_l_e_c_t  command,  ((
+              arithmetic  command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com-
+              mand, and before the first command executes in a shell  function
               (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR in _b_a_s_h(1)).  Refer to the description of the
-              eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt in _b_a_s_h(1)) for details of  its
+              eexxttddeebbuugg  shell option (see sshhoopptt in _b_a_s_h(1)) for details of its
               effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap.  If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is ex-
-              ecuted  each time a shell function or a script executed with the
+              ecuted each time a shell function or a script executed with  the
               .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes executing.
 
-              If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n  is  executed  whenever  a  pipeline
-              (which  may  consist  of  a single simple command), a list, or a
-              compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to  the
-              following  conditions.   The  EERRRR  trap  is  not executed if the
+              If  a  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is  EERRRR,  _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline
+              (which may consist of a single simple command),  a  list,  or  a
+              compound  command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+              following conditions.  The EERRRR  trap  is  not  executed  if  the
               failed command is part of the command list immediately following
-              a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an  _i_f  statement,
+              a  wwhhiillee  or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement,
               part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command
-              following  the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the
-              last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or  if
+              following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but  the
+              last  (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if
               the command's return value is being inverted using !!.  These are
               the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option.
 
               When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
               the shell cannot be trapped or reset.  Interactive shells permit
               trapping signals ignored on entry.  Trapped signals that are not
-              being  ignored  are reset to their original values in a subshell
-              or subshell environment when one is created.  The return  status
+              being ignored are reset to their original values in  a  subshell
+              or  subshell environment when one is created.  The return status
               is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true.
 
        ttrruuee   Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
@@ -2011,39 +1969,39 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               Indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command
               name.
 
-              If  the  --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of
-              _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an  alias,
-              shell  reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
-              spectively.  If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints  nothing  and
+              If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is  one  of
+              _a_l_i_a_s,  _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias,
+              shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file,  re-
+              spectively.   If  the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and
               returns a non-zero exit status.
 
-              If  the  --pp  option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of
-              the executable file that would be found by searching  $$PPAATTHH  for
-              _n_a_m_e  or nothing if would not return _f_i_l_e.  The --PP option forces
-              a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if would not return _f_i_l_e.   If
+              If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns  the  pathname  of
+              the  executable  file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for
+              _n_a_m_e or nothing if would not return _f_i_l_e.  The --PP option  forces
+              a  PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if would not return _f_i_l_e.  If
               _n_a_m_e is present in the table of hashed commands, --pp and --PP print
               the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
               first in PPAATTHH.
 
-              If  the  --aa  option  is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that
-              contain a command named _n_a_m_e.  This includes  aliases,  reserved
-              words,  functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp
-              and --PP) can be supplied to restrict  the  output  to  executable
-              files.   ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when
+              If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all  of  the  places  that
+              contain  a  command named _n_a_m_e.  This includes aliases, reserved
+              words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options  (--pp
+              and  --PP)  can  be  supplied to restrict the output to executable
+              files.  ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands  when
               using --aa with --pp, and only performs a PPAATTHH search for _n_a_m_e.
 
               The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoomm--
-              mmaanndd builtin.  ttyyppee returns true if all  of  the  arguments  are
+              mmaanndd  builtin.   ttyyppee  returns  true if all of the arguments are
               found, false if any are not found.
 
        uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa
        uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]]
-              Provides  control  over the resources available to the shell and
+              Provides control over the resources available to the  shell  and
               to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
 
-              The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
-              for the given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased  by  a
-              non-root  user  once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+              The  --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
+              set for the given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased by
+              a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
               to the value of the hard limit.  If neither --HH nor --SS is  speci-
               fied, uulliimmiitt sets both the soft and hard limits.
 
@@ -2055,34 +2013,34 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
               --HH  option  is given.  When more than one resource is specified,
               the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before  the
               value.  Other options are interpreted as follows:
-              --aa     Report all current limits; no limits are set
-              --bb     The maximum socket buffer size
-              --cc     The maximum size of core files created
-              --dd     The maximum size of a process's data segment
+              --aa     Report all current limits; no limits are set.
+              --bb     The maximum socket buffer size.
+              --cc     The maximum size of core files created.
+              --dd     The maximum size of a process's data segment.
               --ee     The maximum scheduling priority (
               --ff     The  maximum  size  of files written by the shell and its
-                     children
-              --ii     The maximum number of pending signals
-              --kk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-              --ll     The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+                     children.
+              --ii     The maximum number of pending signals.
+              --kk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+              --ll     The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
               --mm     The maximum resident set size (many systems do not  honor
-                     this limit)
+                     this limit).
               --nn     The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
-                     do not allow this value to be set)
-              --pp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-              --qq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-              --rr     The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-              --ss     The maximum stack size
-              --tt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+                     do not allow this value to be set).
+              --pp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
+              --qq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+              --rr     The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+              --ss     The maximum stack size.
+              --tt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
               --uu     The  maximum  number  of  processes available to a single
-                     user
+                     user.
               --vv     The maximum amount of virtual  memory  available  to  the
-                     shell and, on some systems, to its children
-              --xx     The maximum number of file locks
-              --PP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+                     shell and, on some systems, to its children.
+              --xx     The maximum number of file locks.
+              --PP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
               --RR     The  maximum  time  a  real-time  process  can run before
-                     blocking, in microseconds
-              --TT     The maximum number of threads
+                     blocking, in microseconds.
+              --TT     The maximum number of threads.
 
               If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not  used,  _l_i_m_i_t  is
               the  new  value of the specified resource.  If no option is sup-
diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi
index 03372468..7c328874 100644
--- a/doc/version.texi
+++ b/doc/version.texi
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 Copyright (C) 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 @end ignore
 
-@set LASTCHANGE Sun Sep 29 22:28:43 EDT 2024
+@set LASTCHANGE Thu Oct 10 10:31:59 EDT 2024
 
 @set EDITION 5.3
 @set VERSION 5.3
 
-@set UPDATED 29 September 2024
-@set UPDATED-MONTH September 2024
+@set UPDATED 10 October 2024
+@set UPDATED-MONTH October 2024
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/history.3 b/lib/readline/doc/history.3
index 481cb2ee..04ea7d39 100644
--- a/lib/readline/doc/history.3
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/history.3
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 .\"	Case Western Reserve University
 .\"	chet.ramey@case.edu
 .\"
-.\"	Last Change: Tue Aug 13 14:29:23 EDT 2024
+.\"	Last Change: Thu Oct 10 16:50:53 EDT 2024
 .\"
-.TH HISTORY 3 "2024 August 13" "GNU History 8.3"
+.TH HISTORY 3 "2024 October 10" "GNU History 8.3"
 .\"
 .ie \n(.g \{\
 .ds ' \(aq
@@ -76,10 +76,19 @@ history \- GNU History Library
 .if t The GNU History Library is Copyright \(co 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 .if n The GNU History Library is Copyright (C) 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 .SH DESCRIPTION
-Many programs read input from the user a line at a time.  The GNU
+Many programs read input from the user a line at a time.
+The GNU
 History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
 data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
 composing new ones.
+.PP
+The History library provides functions that allow applications to their
+\fIhistory\fP, the set of previously-typed lines,
+which it keeps in a list.
+Applications can choose which lines to save into a history list, how
+many commands to save, save a history list to a file, read a history
+list from a file, and display lines from the history in various
+formats.
 .SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
 The history library supports a history expansion feature that
 is identical to the history expansion in
@@ -94,21 +103,28 @@ fix errors in previous commands quickly.
 History expansion is usually performed immediately after a complete line
 is read.
 It takes place in two parts.
-The first is to determine which line from the history list
+The first is to determine which history list entry
 to use during substitution.
-The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
+The second is to select portions of that entry to include into
 the current one.
-The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
-and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
+.PP
+The entry selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
+and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
 Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
-The line is broken into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
+The entry is split into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
 does when reading input,
 so that several words that would otherwise be separated
 are considered one word when surrounded by quotes (see the
 description of \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP below).
+The \fIevent designator\fP selects the event, the optional
+\fIword designator\fP selects words from the event, and
+various optional \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the
+selected words.
 .PP
 History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
 history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
+History expansions may appear anywhere in the input, but do not nest.
+.PP
 Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
 the history expansion character.
 .PP
@@ -117,13 +133,16 @@ There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
 is the first character on the line.
 It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
 equivalent to \fB!!\fP,
-and substitutes one string for another in that line.
+and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
 It is described below under \fBEvent Designators\fP.
 This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the history
 expansion character.
 .SS Event Designators
-An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
-history list.
+An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
+The event designator
+consists of the portion of the word beginning with the history
+expansion character and ending with the word designator if present,
+or the end of the word.
 Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
 position in the history list.
 .PP
@@ -132,18 +151,20 @@ position in the history list.
 .B !
 Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
 .BR blank ,
-newline, = or (.
+newline, carriage return, =,
+or (.
 .TP
 .B !\fIn\fP
-Refer to command line
+Refer to history list entry
 .IR n .
 .TP
 .B !\-\fIn\fP
-Refer to the current command minus
+Refer to the current entry minus
 .IR n .
 .TP
 .B !!
-Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for
+Refer to the previous entry.
+This is a synonym for
 .Q !\-1 .
 .TP
 .B !\fIstring\fP
@@ -158,16 +179,20 @@ history list containing
 The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
 .I string
 is followed immediately by a newline.
-If \fIstring\fP is missing, the string from the most recent search is used;
+If \fIstring\fP is missing, this uses
+the string from the most recent search;
 it is an error if there is no previous search string.
 .TP
-.B \*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
-Quick substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing
+.B \d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u
+.\" was .B \*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
+Quick substitution.
+Repeat the previous command, replacing
 .I string1
 with
 .IR string2 .
 Equivalent to
-.Q !!:s\*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
+.Q !!:s\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2\*^\s-2\u
+.\" was .Q !!:s\*^\fIstring1\fP\*^\fIstring2\fP\*^
 (see \fBModifiers\fP below).
 .TP
 .B !#
@@ -175,6 +200,8 @@ The entire command line typed so far.
 .PD
 .SS Word Designators
 Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+They are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history
+expansion uses the entire event.
 A
 .B :
 separates the event specification from the word designator.
@@ -192,17 +219,18 @@ Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B 0 (zero)
-The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command
-word.
+The zeroth word.
+For the shell, and many other applications, this is the command word.
 .TP
 .I n
 The \fIn\fPth word.
 .TP
 .B \*^
-The first argument.  That is, word 1.
+The first argument: word 1.
 .TP
 .B $
-The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+The last word.
+This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
 zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 .TP
 .B %
@@ -226,8 +254,8 @@ This is a synonym for
 .Q \fI1\-$\fP .
 It is not an error to use
 .B *
-if there is just one
-word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+if there is just one word in the event;
+it expands to the empty string in that case.
 .TP
 .B x*
 Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
@@ -238,21 +266,20 @@ If \fBx\fP is missing, it defaults to 0.
 .PD
 .PP
 If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
-previous command is used as the event.
+previous command is used as the event, equivalent to \fB!!\fP.
 .SS Modifiers
-After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
-one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
+After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a
+sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
 .Q : .
 These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 .PP
 .PD 0
-.PP
 .TP
 .B h
-Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
+Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 .TP
 .B t
-Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail.
+Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 .TP
 .B r
 Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
@@ -273,8 +300,8 @@ Quote the substituted words as with
 but break into words at
 .B blanks
 and newlines.
-The \fBq\fP and \fBx\fP modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one
-supplied is used.
+The \fBq\fP and \fBx\fP modifiers are mutually exclusive;
+expansion uses the last one supplied.
 .TP
 .B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
 Substitute
@@ -285,13 +312,13 @@ in the event line.
 Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
 The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
 event line.
-The delimiter may be quoted in
+A single backslash will quote the delimiter in
 .I old
 and
-.I new
-with a single backslash.  If & appears in
+.IR new .
+If & appears in
 .IR new ,
-it is replaced by
+it is replaced with
 .IR old .
 A single backslash will quote the &.
 If
@@ -337,7 +364,7 @@ modifier once to each word in the event line.
 .PD
 .SH "PROGRAMMING WITH HISTORY FUNCTIONS"
 This section describes how to use the History library in other programs.
-.SS Introduction to History
+.SS "Introduction to History"
 A programmer using the History library has available functions
 for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
 with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi b/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
index 4c99bc36..04f74dbd 100644
--- a/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ is enabled (@pxref{The Set Builtin}),
 the shell provides access to the @dfn{command history},
 the list of commands previously typed.
 The value of the @env{HISTSIZE} shell variable is used as the
-number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last @env{$HISTSIZE}
-commands (default 500) is saved.
+number of commands to save in a history list:
+the shell saves the text of the last @env{$HISTSIZE}
+commands (default 500).
 The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
 parameter and variable expansion
 but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ When the shell starts up, Bash initializes the history list
 by reading history entries from the
 file named by the @env{HISTFILE} variable (default @file{~/.bash_history}).
 This is referred to as the @dfn{history file}.
-That file is truncated, if necessary,
-to contain no more than the number of history entries specified by
-the value of the @env{HISTFILESIZE} variable.
+The history file is truncated, if necessary,
+to contain no more than the number of history entries
+specified by the value of the @env{HISTFILESIZE} variable.
 If @env{HISTFILESIZE} is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
 or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
 
@@ -103,36 +103,37 @@ When a shell with history enabled exits, Bash copies the last
 named by @env{$HISTFILE}.
 If the @code{histappend} shell option is set (@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
 Bash appends the entries to the history file,
-otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+otherwise it overwrites the history file.
 If @env{HISTFILE} is unset or null,
 or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
 After saving the history, Bash truncates the history file
-to contain no more than @env{$HISTFILESIZE} lines.
-If @env{HISTFILESIZE} is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or
-a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+to contain no more than @env{$HISTFILESIZE}
+lines as described above.
 
-If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT} is set, the time stamp information
-associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character.
-When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
-comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
-as timestamps for the following history entry.
+If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT}
+variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp information
+associated with each history entry to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character,
+so timestamps are preserved across shell sessions.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with
+the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are
+interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
 As above, when using @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT},
 the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
 
-The @code{fc} builtin command will list or edit and re-execute
-a portion of the history list.
-The @code{history} builtin can display or modify the history
-list and manipulate the history file.
+The @code{fc} builtin command will list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list.
+The @code{history} builtin can display or
+modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
 When using command-line editing, search commands
 are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
-history list (@pxref{Commands For History}).
+history list (@pxref{Commands For History}). 
 
-The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list.
+The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. 
 The @env{HISTCONTROL} and @env{HISTIGNORE}
 variables are used to save only a subset of the commands entered.
-The @code{cmdhist}
-shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+If the @code{cmdhist} shell option is
+enabled, the shell attempts to save each
 line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
 semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
 The @code{lithist}
@@ -157,9 +158,9 @@ history list and history file.
 @code{fc -s [@var{pat}=@var{rep}] [@var{command}]}
 @end example
 
-The first form selects a range of commands from @var{first} to
-@var{last} from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
-them.
+The first form selects a range of commands from
+@var{first} to @var{last}
+from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.
 Both @var{first} and
 @var{last} may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
 command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
@@ -171,7 +172,8 @@ and -0 is equivalent to the current command (usually the @code{fc}
 command);
 otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
 
-If @var{last} is not specified, it is set to @var{first}.
+If @var{last} is not specified, it is set to
+the current command for listing and to @var{first} otherwise.
 If @var{first} is not specified, it is set to the previous
 command for editing and @minus{}16 for listing.
 
@@ -234,8 +236,7 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 @table @code
 @item -c
 Clear the history list.
-This may be combined
-with the other options to replace the history list.
+This may be combined with the other options to replace the history list.
 
 @item -d @var{offset}
 Delete the history entry at position @var{offset}.
@@ -258,8 +259,8 @@ These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
 Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
 
 @item -n
-Append the history lines not already read from the history file
-to the current history list.
+Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+and add them to the current history list.
 These are lines appended to the history
 file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
 
@@ -267,7 +268,8 @@ file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
 Read the history file and append its contents to the history list.
 
 @item -w
-Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting it.
+Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting
+the history file.
 
 @item -p
 Perform history substitution on the @var{arg}s and display the result
@@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ If @env{HISTFILE} is unset or null, these options have no effect.
 If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT}
 variable is set, @code{history} writes the time stamp information
 associated with each history entry to the history file,  
-marked with the history comment character.
+marked with the history comment character as described above.
 When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
 comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
 as timestamps for the following history entry.
@@ -345,10 +347,11 @@ The second is to select portions of that entry to include into the
 current one.
 
 The entry selected from the history is called the @dfn{event},
-and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are called @dfn{words}.
-The history entry is broken into words in the same fashion
-that Bash does, so that several words
-surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
+and the portions of that entry that are acted upon are @dfn{words}.
+Various @dfn{modifiers} are available to manipulate the selected words.
+The entry is split into words in the same fashion that Bash
+does when reading input,
+so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
 The @dfn{event designator} selects the event, the optional
 @dfn{word designator} selects words from the event, and
 various optional @dfn{modifiers} are available to manipulate the
@@ -380,9 +383,15 @@ and the other shell metacharacters.
 @end ifset
 
 There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
-@var{quick substitution} character (default @samp{^})
+@var{quick substitution} character
+@ifset BashFeatures
+(described above under @code{histchars})
+@end ifset
+@ifclear BashFeatures
+(default @samp{^})
+@end ifclear
 is the first character on the line.
-It selects the previous history entry, using an event designator
+It selects the previous history list entry, using an event designator
 equivalent to @code{!!},
 and substitutes one string for another in that entry.
 It is described below (@pxref{Event Designators}).
@@ -427,11 +436,11 @@ timestamps when writing the history file.
 @cindex event designators
 
 An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.
 The event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning
 with the history expansion character, and ending with the word designator
 if one is present, or the end of the word.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
 @cindex history events
 
 @table @asis
@@ -452,10 +461,10 @@ the end of the line, or @samp{=}.
 Refer to history list entry @var{n}.
 
 @item @code{!-@var{n}}
-Refer to the history entry @var{n} entries back.
+Refer to the history entry minus @var{n}.
 
 @item @code{!!}
-Refer to the previous command.
+Refer to the previous entry.
 This is a synonym for @samp{!-1}.
 
 @item @code{!@var{string}}
@@ -521,7 +530,7 @@ Here are the word designators:
 
 @item 0 (zero)
 The @code{0}th word.
-For many applications, this is the command word.
+For the shell, and many other, applications, this is the command word.
 
 @item @var{n}
 The @var{n}th word.
@@ -530,7 +539,7 @@ The @var{n}th word.
 The first argument: word 1.
 
 @item $
-The last argument.
+The last word.
 This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
 zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
 
@@ -548,7 +557,7 @@ A range of words; @samp{-@var{y}} abbreviates @samp{0-@var{y}}.
 All of the words, except the @code{0}th.
 This is a synonym for @samp{1-$}.
 It is not an error to use @samp{*} if there is just one word in the event;
-it expands to the empty string in this case.
+it expands to the empty string in that case.
 
 @item @var{x}*
 Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$}.
@@ -572,10 +581,10 @@ These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
 @table @code
 
 @item h
-Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
 
 @item t
-Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
 
 @item r
 Remove a trailing suffix of the form @samp{.@var{suffix}}, leaving
@@ -621,7 +630,8 @@ Repeat the previous substitution.
 @item g
 @itemx a
 Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.
-Used in conjunction with @samp{s}, as in @code{gs/@var{old}/@var{new}/},
+This is used in conjunction with
+@samp{s}, as in @code{gs/@var{old}/@var{new}/},
 or with @samp{&}.
 
 @item G
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/readline.3 b/lib/readline/doc/readline.3
index b31fa313..e11d13ac 100644
--- a/lib/readline/doc/readline.3
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/readline.3
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 .\"	Case Western Reserve University
 .\"	chet.ramey@case.edu
 .\"
-.\"	Last Change: Fri Aug 23 09:04:51 EDT 2024
+.\"	Last Change: Thu Oct 10 16:33:40 EDT 2024
 .\"
-.TH READLINE 3 "2024 August 23" "GNU Readline 8.3"
+.TH READLINE 3 "2024 October 10" "GNU Readline 8.3"
 .\"
 .ie \n(.g \{\
 .ds ' \(aq
@@ -63,12 +63,14 @@ readline \- get a line from a user with editing
 will read a line from the terminal
 and return it, using
 .B prompt
-as a prompt.  If
+as a prompt.
+If
 .B prompt
-is \fBNULL\fP or the empty string, no prompt is issued.
+is \fBNULL\fP or the empty string, \fBreadline\fP does not issue a prompt.
 The line returned is allocated with
 .IR malloc (3);
-the caller must free it when finished.  The line returned
+the caller must free it when finished.
+The line returned
 has the final newline removed, so only the text of the line
 remains.
 Since it's possible to enter characters into the line while quoting
@@ -89,19 +91,20 @@ for additional information.
 .SH RETURN VALUE
 .LP
 .B readline
-returns the text of the line read.  A blank line
-returns the empty string.  If
+returns the text of the line read.
+A blank line returns the empty string.
+If
 .B EOF
 is encountered while reading a line, and the line is empty,
-.B NULL
-is returned.  If an
+.B readline
+returns
+.BR NULL .
+If an
 .B EOF
-is read with a non\-empty line, it is
-treated as a newline.
+is read with a non\-empty line, it is treated as a newline.
 .SH NOTATION
 .LP
-An Emacs-style notation is used to denote
-keystrokes.
+This section uses an emacs-style notation to denote keystrokes.
 Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fP, e.g., C\-n means Control\-N.
 Similarly,
 .I meta
@@ -124,28 +127,30 @@ On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
 the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the \fBenable\-meta\-key\fP variable
 to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it).
 On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
-key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the      
-preceding paragraph. 
+key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the
+preceding paragraph.
 .PP
-If the \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
+If your \fIMeta\fP key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix,
 you can make M-\fIkey\fP key bindings you specify (see
-.B "Readline Key Bindings"    
-below) do the same thing by setting the \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP variable. 
+.B "Readline Key Bindings"
+below) do the same thing by setting the \fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP variable.
 .PP
 Readline commands may be given numeric
 .IR arguments ,
-which normally act as a repeat count.  Sometimes, however, it is the
-sign of the argument that is significant.  Passing a negative argument
+which normally act as a repeat count.
+Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
+Passing a negative argument
 to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP)
-causes that command to act in a backward direction.
+makes that command act in a backward direction.
 Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
 below.
 .PP
 When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
 deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
-(\fIyanking\fP).  The killed text is saved in a
-\fIkill ring\fP.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be
-accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+(\fIyanking\fP).
+The killed text is saved in a \fIkill ring\fP.
+Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text 
+into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
 Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
 on the kill ring.
 .SH INITIALIZATION FILE
@@ -154,19 +159,28 @@ Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization
 file (the \fIinputrc\fP file).
 The name of this file is taken from the value of the
 .B INPUTRC
-environment variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+environment variable.
+If that variable is unset, the default is
 .IR \*~/.inputrc .
-If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+If that file  does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for
 .IR /etc/inputrc .
-When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
-init file is read, and the key bindings and variables are set.
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-readline init file.  Blank lines are ignored.
+When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+\fBreadline\fP reads the initialization file
+and sets the key bindings and variables found there,
+before reading any user input.
+.PP
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
 Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments.
 Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs.
 Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
-Each program using this library may add its own commands
-and bindings.
+.PP
+The default key-bindings in this document
+may be changed using key binding commands in the
+.I inputrc
+file.
+Programs that use this library
+may add their own commands and bindings.
 .PP
 For example, placing
 .RS
@@ -183,8 +197,7 @@ into the
 would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
 .IR universal\-argument .
 .PP
-The following symbolic character names are recognized while
-processing key bindings:
+Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names:
 .IR DEL ,
 .IR ESC ,
 .IR ESCAPE ,
@@ -200,19 +213,23 @@ and
 .PP
 In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
 to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP).
-.PP
+The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+enclosed in single or double quotes.
 .SS Key Bindings
 The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
 .I inputrc
-file is simple.  All that is required is the name of the
-command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
-it should be bound.  The name may be specified in one of two ways:
-as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
-prefixes, or as a key sequence.
-The name and key sequence are separated by a colon.  There can be no
-whitespace between the name and the colon.
+file is simple.
+All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+and a key sequence to which it should be bound.
+The key sequence may be specified in one of two ways:
+as a symbolic key name,
+possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP prefixes,
+or as a key sequence composed of one or more characters
+enclosed in double quotes.
+The key sequence and name are separated by a colon.
+There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon.
 .PP
-When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
+When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
 .I keyname
 is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
 .PP
@@ -230,7 +247,7 @@ In the above example,
 .I C\-u
 is bound to the function
 .BR universal\-argument ,
-.I M-DEL
+.I M\-DEL
 is bound to the function
 .BR backward\-kill\-word ,
 and
@@ -247,9 +264,10 @@ differs from
 .B keyname
 above in that strings denoting
 an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
-within double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
-used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
-are not recognized.
+within double quotes.
+Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
+used, as in the following example, but none of
+the symbolic character names are recognized.
 .PP
 .RS
 .EX
@@ -262,10 +280,10 @@ are not recognized.
 .RE
 .PP
 In this example,
-.I C-u
+.I C\-u
 is again bound to the function
 .BR universal\-argument .
-.I "C-x C-r"
+.I "C\-x C\-r"
 is bound to the function
 .BR re\-read\-init\-file ,
 and
@@ -279,23 +297,23 @@ key sequences is
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B \eC\-
-control prefix
+A control prefix.
 .TP
 .B \eM\-
-adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
-character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP
+Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+character, as described below under \fBforce-meta-prefix\fP.
 .TP
 .B \ee
-an escape character
+An escape character.
 .TP
 .B \e\e
-backslash
+Backslash.
 .TP
 .B \e\*"
-literal \*", a double quote
+Literal \*", a double quote.
 .TP
 .B \e\*'
-literal \*', a single quote
+Literal \*', a single quote.
 .RE
 .PD
 .PP
@@ -329,39 +347,44 @@ horizontal tab
 vertical tab
 .TP
 .B \e\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(one to three digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three digits).
 .TP
 .B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits).
 .RE
 .PD
 .PP
-When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes should
-be used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text
-is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+be used to indicate a macro definition.
+Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
+Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+in the macro body.
 Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
 including \*" and \*'.
 .PP
 .B Bash
-allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
-with the
+will display or modify the current readline key bindings with the
 .B bind
-builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched during interactive
-use by using the
-.B \-o
-option to the
+builtin command.
+The
+.B \-o emacs
+or
+.B \-o vi
+options to the
 .B set
-builtin command.  Other programs using this library provide
-similar mechanisms.  The
+builtin
+will change the editing mode during interactive use.
+Other programs using this library provide similar mechanisms.
+A user may always edit the
 .I inputrc
-file may be edited and re-read if a program does not provide
+file and have readline re-read it if a program does not provide
 any other means to incorporate new bindings.
 .SS Variables
 Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
-behavior.  A variable may be set in the
+behavior.
+A variable may be set in the
 .I inputrc
 file with a statement of the form
 .RS
@@ -382,6 +405,7 @@ When readline reads a variable value, empty or null values,
 are equivalent to \fBOn\fP.
 All other values are equivalent to
 \fBOff\fP.
+.PP
 The variables and their default values are:
 .PP
 .PD 0
@@ -417,17 +441,17 @@ A sample value might be
 .TP
 .B bell\-style (audible)
 Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.
+If set to \fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
 If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
 .TP
 .B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP (the default), readline attempts to bind
-the control  characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind
+the control characters that are treated specially by the kernel's
 terminal driver to their readline equivalents.
 These override the default readline bindings described here.
 Type
-.Q "stty -a"
+.Q "stty \-a"
 at a \fBbash\fP prompt to see your current terminal settings,
 including the special control characters (usually \fBcchars\fP).
 .TP
@@ -456,9 +480,9 @@ environment variable.
 .TP
 .BR comment\-begin\ ( \c
 .Q \fB#\fP \fB)\fP
-The string that is inserted when the
+The string that the readline
 .B insert\-comment
-command is executed.
+command inserts.
 This command is bound to
 .B M\-#
 in emacs mode and to
@@ -483,10 +507,12 @@ treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when
 performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion.
 .TP
 .B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0)
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+The maximum
+length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.
+When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+replaces common prefixes longer than this value
+with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 .TP
 .B completion\-query\-items (100)
 This determines when the user is queried about viewing
@@ -496,27 +522,27 @@ It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
 If the number of possible completions is greater than
 or equal to the value of this variable,
 readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
-otherwise they are simply listed
-on the terminal.
-A negative value causes readline to never ask.
+otherwise readline simply lists them on the terminal.
+A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are
+treated as zero.
 .TP
 .B convert\-meta (On)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters it reads
-with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
-by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
+that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
+clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
 (converting the character to have the \fImeta prefix\fP).
 The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP
 if the locale contains
 characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+may change if the locale changes.
 This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
-\fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below. 
+\fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below.
 .TP
 .B disable\-completion (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
-characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
-mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
 .TP
 .B echo\-control\-characters (On)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
@@ -524,7 +550,7 @@ readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
 keyboard.
 .TP
 .B editing\-mode (emacs)
-Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
+Controls whether readline uses a set of key bindings similar
 to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
 .B editing\-mode
 can be set to either
@@ -534,11 +560,12 @@ or
 .TP
 .B emacs\-mode\-string (@)
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
-this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
-prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the
+primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
 backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -550,8 +577,7 @@ When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, readline allows certain commands
 to designate the region as \fIactive\fP.
 When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using
 the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the
-string that enables
-the terminal's standout mode.
+string that enables the terminal's standout mode.
 The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
 matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 .TP
@@ -559,17 +585,18 @@ matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline configures the terminal to insert each
 paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead
 of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
-This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
+This is called \fIbracketed\-paste mode\fP;
+it prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
 sequences appearing in the pasted text.
 .TP
 .B enable\-keypad (Off)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.
+keypad when it is called.
+Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
 .TP
 .B enable\-meta\-key (On)
 When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+key the terminal claims to support.
 On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
 this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
 terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a
@@ -577,15 +604,15 @@ character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is
 typed (a meta character).
 .TP
 .B expand\-tilde (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs tilde expansion when it
 attempts word completion.
 .TP
 .B force\-meta\-prefix (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline modifies its behavior when binding key
 sequences containing \eM- or Meta-
 (see \fBKey Bindings\fP above) by converting a key sequence of the form
-\eM-\fIC\fP or Meta-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence
-\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the meta prefix).
+\eM\-\fIC\fP or Meta\-\fIC\fP to the two-character sequence
+\fBESC\fP\fIC\fP (adding the \fImeta prefix\fP).
 If
 .B force\-meta\-prefix
 is set to \fBOff\fP (the default),
@@ -594,7 +621,7 @@ readline uses the value of the
 variable to determine whether to perform this conversion:
 if \fBconvert\-meta\fP is \fBOn\fP,
 readline performs the conversion described above;
-if it is \fBOff\fP, Readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by
+if it is \fBOff\fP, readline converts \fIC\fP to a meta character by
 setting the eighth bit (0200).
 .TP
 .B history\-preserve\-point (Off)
@@ -609,27 +636,26 @@ are saved.
 If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
 limited.
 By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value,
-the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+Setting \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value will set
+the maximum number of history entries to 500.
 .TP
 .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
-scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
-becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
+Setting this variable to \fBOn\fP makes readline use a single line
+for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line
+when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to
+a new line.
 This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
 .TP
 .B input\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
-it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
 regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The name
-.B meta\-flag
-is a synonym for this variable.
 The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
+The name \fBmeta\-flag\fP is a synonym for \fBinput\-meta\fP.
 .TP
 .BR isearch\-terminators\ ( \c
 .Q \fBC\-[C\-J\fP \fB)\fP
@@ -639,42 +665,41 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
 \fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
 .TP
 .B keymap (emacs)
-Set the current readline keymap.  The set of legal keymap names is
-\fIemacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
-vi-command\fP, and
-.IR vi-insert .
-\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
-equivalent to \fIemacs-standard\fP.  The default value is
-.IR emacs .
-The value of
+Set the current readline keymap.
+The set of valid keymap names is
+\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
+vi\-command\fP, and
+.IR vi\-insert .
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP;
+\fIemacs\fP is equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
+The default value is \fIemacs\fP;
+the value of
 .B editing\-mode
 also affects the default keymap.
 .TP
 .B keyseq\-timeout (500)
-Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
+Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when
+reading an ambiguous key sequence
+(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
+or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
+If readline does not receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+shorter but complete key sequence.
 The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
-\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input.
+readline will wait one second for additional input.
 If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to
 decide which key sequence to complete.
 .TP
 .B mark\-directories (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.
+If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash appended.
 .TP
 .B mark\-modified\-lines (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays history lines that have been modified
 with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP).
 .TP
 .B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
-have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-\fBmark\-directories\fP).
+have a slash appended, subject to the value of \fBmark\-directories\fP.
 .TP
 .B match\-hidden\-files (On)
 This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, forces readline to match files whose
@@ -695,10 +720,10 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
 eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
 sequence.
 The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
 .TP
 .B page\-completions (On)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
@@ -713,17 +738,18 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
 .TP
 .B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed.  By default,
+before returning when executing \fBaccept\-line\fP.
+By default,
 history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
-calls to \fBreadline\fP.
+calls to \fBreadline()\fP.
 .TP
 .B search\-ignore\-case (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs incremental and non-incremental
 history list searches in a case\-insensitive fashion.
 .TP
 .B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+If set to
 .BR On ,
 words which have more than one possible completion cause the
 matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
@@ -745,20 +771,19 @@ The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP).
 .TP
 .B skip\-completed\-text (Off)
 If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
+inserting a single match into the line.
+It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
+If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion
+that match characters after point in the word being completed,
+so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
 .TP
 .B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd))
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -766,10 +791,9 @@ sequence into the mode string.
 If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The \e1 and \e2 escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 .TP
@@ -782,14 +806,16 @@ completions.
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
 bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+of tests.
+There are four parser directives available.
 .TP
 .B $if
 The
 .B $if
 construct allows bindings to be made based on the
 editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+readline.
+The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
 extends to the end of the line;
 unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
 .RS
@@ -799,21 +825,23 @@ The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test
 whether readline is in emacs or vi mode.
 This may be used in conjunction
 with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in
-the \fIemacs-standard\fP and \fIemacs-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
+the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
 readline is starting out in emacs mode.
 .TP
 .B term
 The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
 key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+terminal's function keys.
+The word on the right side of the
 .B =
-is tested against the full name of the terminal and the portion
-of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.  This allows
-.I sun
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.
+This allows
+.I xterm
 to match both
-.I sun
+.I xterm
 and
-.IR sun\-cmd ,
+.IR xterm\-256color ,
 for instance.
 .TP
 .B version
@@ -832,8 +860,9 @@ and
 .BR > .
 The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
 of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
-minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). If the minor version is omitted, it
-is assumed to be \fB0\fP.
+minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP).
+If the minor version is omitted, it
+defaults to \fB0\fP.
 The operator may be separated from the string \fBversion\fP
 and from the version number argument by whitespace.
 .TP
@@ -844,7 +873,8 @@ Each program using the readline
 library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
 file can test for a particular value.
 This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+a specific program.
+For instance, the following command adds a
 key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP:
 .PP
 .RS
@@ -865,24 +895,25 @@ The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP.
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values \fIon\fP and \fIoff\fP.
 .RE
 .TP
-.B $endif
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-\fB$if\fP command.
-.TP
 .B $else
 Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if
 the test fails.
 .TP
+.B $endif
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+\fB$if\fP command.
+.TP
 .B $include
 This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.  For example, the following directive
-would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
-.RS
+and key bindings from that file.
+For example, the following directive would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
 .PP
+.RS
 .nf
 \fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP
 .fi
@@ -901,21 +932,21 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
 the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
 An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
 find the desired history entry.
-To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
-\fBC\-r\fP.  Typing \fBC\-s\fP searches forward through the history.
+When using emacs editing mode, type \fBC\-r\fP to
+search backward in the history for a particular string.
+Typing \fBC\-s\fP searches forward through the history.
 The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
 variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
-If that variable has not been assigned a value the \fIEscape\fP and
-\fBC\-J\fP characters will terminate an incremental search.
-\fBC\-G\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original
-line.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value,
+\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
+\fIC\-g\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
 When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
 search string becomes the current line.
 .PP
-To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-s\fP or
-\fBC\-r\fP as appropriate.
+To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-r\fP or
+\fBC\-s\fP as appropriate.
 This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
-line matching the search string typed so far.
+entry matching the search string typed so far.
 Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
 the search and execute that command.
 For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept
@@ -923,8 +954,13 @@ the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
 A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
 the current line, and begin editing.
 .PP
+Readline remembers the last incremental search string.
+If two \fBC\-r\fPs are typed without any intervening characters defining
+a new search string, readline uses any remembered search string.
+.PP
 Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+to search for matching history entries.
+The search string may be
 typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
 .SH EDITING COMMANDS
 The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
@@ -935,6 +971,11 @@ In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor
 position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the
 \fBset\-mark\fP command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
+Readline has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP:
+when the region is active, readline redisplay uses the
+value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 .SS Commands for Moving
 .PD 0
 .TP
@@ -953,22 +994,24 @@ Move forward a character.
 Move back a character.
 .TP
 .B forward\-word (M\-f)
-Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
-alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
 .TP
 .B backward\-word (M\-b)
-Move back to the start of the current or previous word.  Words are
-composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
 .TP
 .B previous\-screen\-line
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
 greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
 .TP
 .B next\-screen\-line
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
 of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
 plus the screen width.
@@ -993,10 +1036,11 @@ Refresh the current line.
 .TP
 .B accept\-line (Newline, Return)
 Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
-If this line is
-non-empty, it may be added to the history list for future recall with
+If this line is non-empty,
+it may be added to the history list for future recall with
 \fBadd_history()\fP.
-If the line is a modified history line, the history line is restored to its original state.
+If the line is a modified history line,
+restore the history line to its original state.
 .TP
 .B previous\-history (C\-p)
 Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
@@ -1013,8 +1057,7 @@ Move to the first line in the history.
 Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
 entered.
 .TP
-.B
-operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
+.B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
 Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if a
 newline had been entered,
 and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
@@ -1033,25 +1076,28 @@ Search backward starting at the current line and moving
 .Q up
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 .TP
 .B forward\-search\-history (C\-s)
 Search forward starting at the current line and moving
 .Q down
 through the history as necessary.
 This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 .TP
 .B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p)
 Search backward through the history starting at the current line
 using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 .TP
 .B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n)
 Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search
 for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 .TP
 .B history\-search\-backward
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the current cursor
-position (the \fIpoint\fP).
+between the start of the current line and the point.
 The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 This may be bound to the Page Up key on some keyboards.
@@ -1065,8 +1111,7 @@ This may be bound to the Page Down key on some keyboards.
 .TP
 .B history\-substring\-search\-backward
 Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the current cursor
-position (the \fIpoint\fP).
+between the start of the current line and the point.
 The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
 This is a non-incremental search.
 .TP
@@ -1082,10 +1127,12 @@ the second word on the previous line) at point.
 With an argument
 .IR n ,
 insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the
+in the previous command begin with word 0).
+A negative argument inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of
+the previous command.
+Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed,
+this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+\fIn\fPth word, as if the
 .Q !\fIn\fP
 history expansion had been specified.
 .TP
@@ -1098,10 +1145,11 @@ Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history
 list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
 the first call) of each line in turn.
 Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-as if the
+the direction to move through the history.
+A negative argument switches the direction through the history
+(back or forward).
+This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+last word, as if the
 .Q !$
 history expansion had been specified.
 .PD
@@ -1124,7 +1172,8 @@ same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP
 commonly is, see above for the effects.
 .TP
 .B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout)
-Delete the character behind the cursor.  When given a numeric argument,
+Delete the character behind the cursor.
+When given a numeric argument,
 save the deleted text on the kill ring.
 .TP
 .B forward\-backward\-delete\-char
@@ -1133,8 +1182,8 @@ end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
 deleted.
 .TP
 .B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v)
-Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.
+This is how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
 .TP
 .B tab\-insert (M-TAB)
 Insert a tab character.
@@ -1142,6 +1191,19 @@ Insert a tab character.
 .B "self\-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \fR.\|.\|.\fP)"
 Insert the character typed.
 .TP
+.B bracketed\-paste\-begin
+This function is intended to be bound to the
+.Q "bracketed paste"
+escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
+The pasted characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to \fBself\-insert\fP instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+.IP
+Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and activates the region.
+.TP
 .B transpose\-chars (C\-t)
 Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
 moving point forward as well.
@@ -1156,15 +1218,18 @@ If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
 the last two words on the line.
 .TP
 .B upcase\-word (M\-u)
-Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B downcase\-word (M\-l)
-Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B capitalize\-word (M\-c)
-Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
 .TP
 .B overwrite\-mode
@@ -1174,6 +1239,7 @@ With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode.
 This command affects only \fBemacs\fP mode;
 \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently.
 Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode.
+.IP
 In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace
 the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
 Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character
@@ -1185,46 +1251,50 @@ but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
 .PD 0
 .TP
 .B kill\-line (C\-k)
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+beginning of the line.
 .TP
 .B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout)
-Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+Kill backward to the beginning of the current line.
+With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
+end of the line.
 .TP
 .B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u)
-Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line
 .TP
 .B kill\-whole\-line
 Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
 .TP
 .B kill\-word (M\-d)
-Kill from point the end of the current word, or if between
-words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same as
-those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
 .TP
 .B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout)
 Kill the word behind point.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
 .TP
 .B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w)
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .TP
 .B unix\-filename\-rubout
 Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+as the word boundaries,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 .TP
 .B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e)
 Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
 .TP
 .B kill\-region
-Kill the text between the point and \fImark\fP (saved cursor position).
-This text is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
+Kill the text in the current region.
 .TP
 .B copy\-region\-as\-kill
-Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer,
+so it can be yanked immediately.
 .TP
 .B copy\-backward\-word
 Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
@@ -1238,7 +1308,8 @@ The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP.
 Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
 .TP
 .B yank\-pop (M\-y)
-Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works following
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.
+Only works following
 .B yank
 or
 .BR yank\-pop .
@@ -1248,7 +1319,8 @@ or
 .TP
 .B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, \fR.\|.\|.\fP, M\-\-)
 Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  M\-\- starts a negative argument.
+argument.
+M\-\- starts a negative argument.
 .TP
 .B universal\-argument
 This is another way to specify an argument.
@@ -1258,8 +1330,8 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing
 .B universal\-argument
 again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
 As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
-for the next command is multiplied by four.
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign,
+the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four.
 The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
 first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
 argument count sixteen, and so on.
@@ -1271,54 +1343,58 @@ argument count sixteen, and so on.
 Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
 The actual completion performed is application-specific.
 .BR Bash ,
-for instance, attempts completion treating the text as a variable
-(if the text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with
-\fB\*~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+for instance, attempts programmable completion first,
+otherwise treating the text as a
+variable (if the text begins with \fB$\fP),
+username (if the text begins with \fB\*~\fP),
+hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
+command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
 .BR Gdb ,
 on the other hand,
 allows completion of program functions and variables, and
 only attempts filename completion under certain circumstances.
+The default readline completion is filename completion.
 .TP
 .B possible\-completions (M\-?)
 List the possible completions of the text before point.
 When displaying completions, readline sets the number of columns used
 for display to the value of \fBcompletion-display-width\fP, the value of
 the environment variable
-.SM
 .BR COLUMNS ,
 or the screen width, in that order.
 .TP
 .B insert\-completions (M\-*)
 Insert all completions of the text before point
 that would have been generated by
-\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+\fBpossible\-completions\fP,
+separated by a space.
 .TP
 .B menu\-complete
 Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed
 with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
+Repeatedly executing \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
 of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+At the end of the list of completions,
+\fBmenu\-complete\fP rings the bell
 (subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP)
-and the original text is restored.
+and restores the original text.
 An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
+of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list.
 This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound
 by default.
 .TP
 .B menu\-complete\-backward
 Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list
 of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a
-negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
+negative argument.
+This command is unbound by default.
 .TP
 .B delete\-char\-or\-list
 Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
-end of the line (like \fBdelete-char\fP).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-\fBpossible-completions\fP.
+end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP).
+At the end of the line, it behaves identically to \fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+This command is unbound by default.
 .PD
 .SS "Keyboard Macros"
 .PD 0
@@ -1367,85 +1443,97 @@ is equivalent to
 Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 .TP
 .B revert\-line (M\-r)
-Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+Undo all changes made to this line.
+This is like executing the
 .B undo
 command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
 .TP
-.B tilde\-expand (M\-&)
+.B tilde\-expand (M\-~)
 Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 .TP
 .B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-)
-Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+Set the mark to the point.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
 .TP
 .B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x)
-Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+Swap the point with the mark.
+Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
+then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 .TP
 .B character\-search (C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 .TP
 .B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
 .TP
 .B skip\-csi\-sequence
 Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to
-.Q \e[ ,
-keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+defined for keys like Home and End.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.
+If this sequence is bound to
+.Q \ee[ ,
+keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
 unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC\-[.
+stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC\-[.
 .TP
 .B insert\-comment (M\-#)
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
+Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the readline
 .B comment\-begin
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+variable at the beginning of the current line.
 If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
 the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in \fBcomment-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of
-the line.
+of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, insert the value; otherwise delete
+the characters in \fBcomment-begin\fP from the beginning of the line.
 In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
 The default value of
-.B comment\-begin
-makes the current line a shell comment.
+\fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line
+a shell comment.
 If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
 will be executed by the shell.
 .TP
 .B dump\-functions
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
 .B dump\-variables
-Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the settable variables and their values
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
 .B dump\-macros
 Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+strings they output
+to the readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
 of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
 .TP
+.B execute\-named\-command (M-x)
+Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
+function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+bound appeared in the input.
+If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
+argument to the function it executes.
+.TP
 .B emacs\-editing\-mode (C\-e)
 When in
 .B vi
-command mode, this causes a switch to
+command mode, this switches readline to
 .B emacs
 editing mode.
 .TP
 .B vi\-editing\-mode (M\-C\-j)
 When in
 .B emacs
-editing mode, this causes a switch to
+editing mode, this switches to
 .B vi
 editing mode.
 .PD
@@ -1552,6 +1640,7 @@ Emacs Meta bindings
 "M-R"  revert-line
 "M-T"  transpose-words
 "M-U"  upcase-word
+"M-X"  execute-named-command
 "M-Y"  yank-pop
 "M-\e"  delete-horizontal-space
 "M-\*~"  tilde-expand
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi b/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
index 52a12854..f8080719 100644
--- a/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
 unless the @option{--noediting} option is supplied at shell invocation.
 Line editing is also used when using the @option{-e} option to the
 @code{read} builtin command (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
-A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs;
+a vi-style line editing interface is also available.
 Line editing can be enabled at any time using the @option{-o emacs} or
 @option{-o vi} options to the @code{set} builtin command
 (@pxref{The Set Builtin}), or disabled using the @option{+o emacs} or 
@@ -101,8 +101,9 @@ Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
 Compose key for typing accented characters.
 
 On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces meta characters with
-the eighth bit (0200) set (you can use the @code{enable-meta-key} variable
-to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it).
+the eighth bit (0200) set.
+You can use the @code{enable-meta-key} variable
+to control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it.
 On many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
 key to a key sequence beginning with @key{ESC} as described in the
 next paragraph.
@@ -114,15 +115,21 @@ The @key{ESC} character is known as the @dfn{meta prefix}).
 
 Either process is known as @dfn{metafying} the @key{k} key.
 
+If your Meta key produces a key sequence with the @key{ESC} meta prefix,
+you can make @kbd{M-key} key bindings you specify
+(see @code{Key Bindings} in @ref{Readline Init File Syntax})
+do the same thing by setting the @code{force-meta-prefix} variable.
+
 The text @kbd{M-C-k} is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the
 character produced by metafying @kbd{C-k}.
 
-In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically,
+In addition, several keys have their own names.
+Specifically,
 @key{DEL}, @key{ESC}, @key{LFD}, @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, and @key{TAB} all
 stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file
 (@pxref{Readline Init File}).
 If your keyboard lacks a @key{LFD} key, typing @key{C-j} will
-produce the desired character.
+output the appropriate character.
 The @key{RET} key may be labeled @key{Return} or @key{Enter} on
 some keyboards.
 
@@ -131,13 +138,15 @@ some keyboards.
 @cindex interaction, readline
 
 Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
-only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.  The
-Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.
+The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
 as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
-you to retype the majority of the line.  Using these editing commands,
+you to retype the majority of the line.
+Using these editing commands,
 you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
-insert the text of the corrections.  Then, when you are satisfied with
-the line, you simply press @key{RET}.  You do not have to be at the
+insert the text of the corrections.
+Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press @key{RET}.
+You do not have to be at the
 end of the line to press @key{RET}; the entire line is accepted
 regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
 
@@ -155,23 +164,27 @@ regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
 @cindex command editing
 @cindex editing command lines
 
-In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.  The typed
+In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.
+The typed
 character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
-space to the right.  If you mistype a character, you can use your
+space to the right.
+If you mistype a character, you can use your
 erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
 
 Sometimes you may mistype a character, and
-not notice the error until you have typed several other characters.  In
-that case, you can type @kbd{C-b} to move the cursor to the left, and then
-correct your mistake.  Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right
-with @kbd{C-f}.
+not notice the error until you have typed several other characters.
+In that case, you can type @kbd{C-b} to move the cursor to the left,
+and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with @kbd{C-f}.
 
 When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters
 to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text
-that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
+that you have inserted.
+Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
 characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the
-blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of the bare
-essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+blank space created by the removal of the text.
+These are the bare
+essentials for editing the text of an input line:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-b}
@@ -185,25 +198,24 @@ Delete the character underneath the cursor.
 @item @w{Printing characters}
 Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
 @item @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x C-u}
-Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
-empty line.
+Undo the last editing command.
+You can undo all the way back to an empty line.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
-(Depending on your configuration, the @key{Backspace} key might be set to
+Depending on your configuration, the @key{Backspace} key might be set to
 delete the character to the left of the cursor and the @key{DEL} key set
 to delete the character underneath the cursor, like @kbd{C-d}, rather
-than the character to the left of the cursor.)
+than the character to the left of the cursor.
 
 @node Readline Movement Commands
 @subsection Readline Movement Commands
 
-
 The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
-in order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many
-other commands have been added in addition to @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-f},
-@kbd{C-d}, and @key{DEL}.  Here are some commands for moving more rapidly
-about the line.
+in order to do editing of the input line.
+For your convenience, many other commands are available in
+addition to @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-d}, and @key{DEL}.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly within the line.
 
 @table @kbd
 @item C-a
@@ -219,7 +231,8 @@ Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
 @end table
 
 Notice how @kbd{C-f} moves forward a character, while @kbd{M-f} moves
-forward a word.  It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
+forward a word.
+It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
 operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
 
 @node Readline Killing Commands
@@ -239,8 +252,8 @@ place later.
 
 When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a @dfn{kill-ring}.
 Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
-that when you yank it back, you get it all.  The kill
-ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
+that when you yank it back, you get it all.
+The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
 typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing
 another line.
 @cindex kill ring
@@ -262,38 +275,45 @@ words, to the start of the previous word.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by @kbd{M-b}.
 
 @item C-w
-Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.  This is different than
+Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.
+This is different than
 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} because the word boundaries differ.
 
 @end table
 
 Here is how to @dfn{yank} the text back into the line.  Yanking
-means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer
+into the line at the current cursor position.
 
 @table @kbd
 @item C-y
 Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
 
 @item M-y
-Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
-the prior command is @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{M-y}.
+Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.
+You can only do this if the prior command is @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{M-y}.
 @end table
 
 @node Readline Arguments
 @subsection Readline Arguments
 
-You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.  Sometimes the
+You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.
+Sometimes the
 argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the @i{sign} of the
-argument that is significant.  If you pass a negative argument to a
+argument that is significant.
+If you pass a negative argument to a
 command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
-act in a backward direction.  For example, to kill text back to the
+act in a backward direction.
+For example, to kill text back to the
 start of the line, you might type @samp{M-- C-k}.
 
 The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
-digits before the command.  If the first `digit' typed is a minus
-sign (@samp{-}), then the sign of the argument will be negative.  Once
-you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type
-the remainder of the digits, and then the command.  For example, to give
+digits before the command.
+If the first `digit' typed is a minus
+sign (@samp{-}), then the sign of the argument will be negative.
+Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can
+type the remainder of the digits, and then the command.
+For example, to give
 the @kbd{C-d} command an argument of 10, you could type @samp{M-1 0 C-d},
 which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
 
@@ -313,8 +333,9 @@ As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays
 the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
 An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
 find the desired history entry.
-To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
-@kbd{C-r}.  Typing @kbd{C-s} searches forward through the history.
+When using emacs editing mode, type @kbd{C-r}
+to search backward in the history for a particular string.
+Typing @kbd{C-s} searches forward through the history.
 The characters present in the value of the @code{isearch-terminators} variable
 are used to terminate an incremental search.
 If that variable has not been assigned a value, the @key{ESC} and
@@ -339,7 +360,7 @@ If two @kbd{C-r}s are typed without any intervening characters defining
 a new search string, Readline uses any remembered search string.
 
 Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.
+to search for matching history entries.
 The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of
 the current line.
 
@@ -351,17 +372,16 @@ Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
 keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
 of keybindings.
 Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
-commands in an @dfn{inputrc} file,
-conventionally in their home directory.
-The name of this
+commands in an @dfn{inputrc} file, conventionally in their home directory.
+The name of this file is taken from the value of the
 @ifset BashFeatures
-file is taken from the value of the shell variable @env{INPUTRC}.  If
+shell variable @env{INPUTRC}.
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
-file is taken from the value of the environment variable @env{INPUTRC}.  If
+environment variable @env{INPUTRC}.
 @end ifclear
-that variable is unset, the default is @file{~/.inputrc}.  If that
-file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+If that variable is unset, the default is @file{~/.inputrc}.
+If that file does not exist or cannot be read, readline looks for
 @file{/etc/inputrc}.
 @ifset BashFeatures
 The @w{@code{bind}} builtin command can also be used to set Readline
@@ -369,17 +389,15 @@ keybindings and variables.
 @xref{Bash Builtins}.
 @end ifset
 
-When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
-init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
+the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
 
 In addition, the @code{C-x C-r} command re-reads this init file, thus
 incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
 
 @menu
 * Readline Init File Syntax::	Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
-
 * Conditional Init Constructs::	Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
-
 * Sample Init File::		An example inputrc file.
 @end menu
 
@@ -387,11 +405,12 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
 @subsection Readline Init File Syntax
 
 There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-Readline init file.  Blank lines are ignored.
+Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
 Lines beginning with a @samp{#} are comments.
 Lines beginning with a @samp{$} indicate conditional
-constructs (@pxref{Conditional Init Constructs}).  Other lines
-denote variable settings and key bindings.
+constructs (@pxref{Conditional Init Constructs}).
+Other lines denote variable settings and key bindings.
 
 @table @asis
 @item Variable Settings
@@ -413,8 +432,8 @@ change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
 set editing-mode vi
 @end example
 
-Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard
-to case.
+Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without
+regard to case.
 Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
 
 Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if
@@ -461,8 +480,8 @@ A sample value might be @samp{\e[0m}.
 @item bell-style
 @vindex bell-style
 Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to @samp{none}, Readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-@samp{visible}, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to @samp{none}, Readline never rings the bell.
+If set to @samp{visible}, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
 If set to @samp{audible} (the default), Readline attempts to ring
 the terminal's bell.
 
@@ -479,8 +498,8 @@ including the special control characters (usually @code{cchars}).
 @item blink-matching-paren
 @vindex blink-matching-paren
 If set to @samp{on}, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
-opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.  The default
-is @samp{off}.
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item colored-completion-prefix
 @vindex colored-completion-prefix
@@ -503,9 +522,9 @@ The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item comment-begin
 @vindex comment-begin
-The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
-@code{insert-comment} command is executed.  The default value
-is @code{"#"}.
+The string to insert at the beginning of the line by the
+@code{insert-comment} command.
+The default value is @code{"#"}.
 
 @item completion-display-width
 @vindex completion-display-width
@@ -531,81 +550,87 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 
 @item completion-prefix-display-length
 @vindex completion-prefix-display-length
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+The maximum
+length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.
+When set to a value greater than zero, readline
+replaces common prefixes longer than this value
+with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
 
 @item completion-query-items
 @vindex completion-query-items
-The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
-asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
-If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to this value,
-Readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
-otherwise, they are simply listed.
+The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked
+whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
+If the number of possible completions is greater than
+or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
+the user wishes to view them;
+otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions.
 This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
-A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative values are
-treated as zero.
+A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative
+values are treated as zero.
 The default limit is @code{100}.
 
 @item convert-meta
 @vindex convert-meta
 If set to @samp{on}, Readline will convert characters it reads
-with the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence
-by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
+that have the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence by
+clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
 converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
 The default value is @samp{on}, but Readline will set it to @samp{off}
 if the locale contains
 characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
-This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
-@code{force-meta-prefix} below.
+may change if the locale changes.
+This variable also affects key bindings;
+see the description of @code{force-meta-prefix} below.
 
 @item disable-completion
 @vindex disable-completion
 If set to @samp{On}, Readline will inhibit word completion.
-Completion  characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
-been mapped to @code{self-insert}.  The default is @samp{off}.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+had been mapped to @code{self-insert}.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item echo-control-characters
 @vindex echo-control-characters
 When set to @samp{on}, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
 Readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
-keyboard.  The default is @samp{on}.
+keyboard.
+The default is @samp{on}.
 
 @item editing-mode
 @vindex editing-mode
-The @code{editing-mode} variable controls which default set of
-key bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
-mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.  This variable can be
-set to either @samp{emacs} or @samp{vi}.
+The @code{editing-mode} variable controls the default set of
+key bindings.
+By default, Readline starts up in emacs editing mode, where
+the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
+This variable can be set to either @samp{emacs} or @samp{vi}.
 
 @item emacs-mode-string
 @vindex emacs-mode-string
 If the @var{show-mode-in-prompt} variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
-prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
 backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is @samp{@@}.
 
 @item enable-active-region
-@vindex enable-active-region
-The @dfn{point} is the current cursor position, and @dfn{mark} refers
-to a saved cursor position (@pxref{Commands For Moving}).
+@vindex enable-active-region The
+@dfn{point} is the current cursor position, and @dfn{mark} refers to a
+saved cursor position (@pxref{Commands For Moving}).
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the @dfn{region}.
 When this variable is set to @samp{On}, Readline allows certain commands
 to designate the region as @dfn{active}.
 When the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using
 the value of the @code{active-region-start-color}, which defaults to the
-string that enables
-the terminal's standout mode.
+string that enables the terminal's standout mode. 
 The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
-matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
+matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. 
 The default is @samp{On}.
 
 @item enable-bracketed-paste
@@ -614,19 +639,21 @@ When set to @samp{On}, Readline configures the terminal to insert each
 paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead
 of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
 This is called putting the terminal into @dfn{bracketed paste mode};
-it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound to key
-sequences appearing in the pasted text.
-The default is @samp{On}.
+it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound
+to key sequences appearing in the pasted text.
+The default is @samp{On}. 
 
 @item enable-keypad
 @vindex enable-keypad
 When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.  The default is @samp{off}.
+keypad when it is called.
+Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item enable-meta-key
-When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+@vindex enable-meta-key
+When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable any meta
+modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
 On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
 this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
 terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a
@@ -636,8 +663,9 @@ The default is @samp{on}.
 
 @item expand-tilde
 @vindex expand-tilde
-If set to @samp{on}, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
-attempts word completion.  The default is @samp{off}.
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline attempts tilde expansion when it
+attempts word completion.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item force-meta-prefix
 @vindex force-meta-prefix
@@ -661,7 +689,8 @@ The default is @samp{off}.
 If set to @samp{on}, the history code attempts to place the point (the
 current cursor position) at the
 same location on each history line retrieved with @code{previous-history}
-or @code{next-history}.  The default is @samp{off}.
+or @code{next-history}.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item history-size
 @vindex history-size
@@ -670,31 +699,37 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
 are saved.
 If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
 limited.
+@ifset BashFeatures
+By default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries to
+the value of the @code{HISTSIZE} shell variable.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear BashFeatures
 By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-If an attempt is made to set @var{history-size} to a non-numeric value,
+@end ifclear
+If you try to set @var{history-size} to a non-numeric value,
 the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
 
 @item horizontal-scroll-mode
 @vindex horizontal-scroll-mode
-This variable can be set to either @samp{on} or @samp{off}.  Setting it
-to @samp{on} means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
-horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
-of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.
+Setting this variable to @samp{on} means that the text of the lines
+being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when
+the lines are longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping
+onto a new screen line.
 This variable is automatically set to @samp{on} for terminals of height 1.
 By default, this variable is set to @samp{off}.
 
 @item input-meta
 @vindex input-meta
 @vindex meta-flag
-If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
 will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
-regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
-default value is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
-The name @code{meta-flag} is a synonym for this variable.
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
+The default value is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
+The name @code{meta-flag} is a synonym for @code{input-meta}.
 
 @item isearch-terminators
 @vindex isearch-terminators
@@ -718,17 +753,17 @@ Built-in @code{keymap} names are
 @code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command} (@code{vi-move} is also a
 synonym); @code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
 Applications may add additional names.
-The default value is @code{emacs}.
-The value of the @code{editing-mode} variable also affects the
+The default value is @code{emacs};
+the value of the @code{editing-mode} variable also affects the
 default keymap.
 
 @item keyseq-timeout
-Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
+Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+reading an ambiguous key sequence
+(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
+or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
+If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+shorter but complete key sequence.
 Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
 available on the current input source (@code{rl_instream} by default).
 The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
@@ -739,20 +774,19 @@ decide which key sequence to complete.
 The default value is @code{500}.
 
 @item mark-directories
-If set to @samp{on}, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.  The default is @samp{on}.
+If set to @samp{on}, completed directory names have a slash appended.
+The default is @samp{on}.
 
 @item mark-modified-lines
 @vindex mark-modified-lines
-This variable, when set to @samp{on}, causes Readline to display an
+When this variable is set to @samp{on}, Readline will to display an
 asterisk (@samp{*}) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
 This variable is @samp{off} by default.
 
 @item mark-symlinked-directories
 @vindex mark-symlinked-directories
-If set to @samp{on}, completed names which are symbolic links
-to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-@code{mark-directories}).
+If set to @samp{on}, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
+have a slash appended, subject to the value of @code{mark-directories}.
 The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item match-hidden-files
@@ -768,7 +802,8 @@ This variable is @samp{on} by default.
 @vindex menu-complete-display-prefix
 If set to @samp{on}, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
 list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
-the list.  The default is @samp{off}.
+the list.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item output-meta
 @vindex output-meta
@@ -776,10 +811,10 @@ If set to @samp{on}, Readline will display characters with the
 eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
 sequence.
 The default is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
-if the locale contains
-characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
+if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+bytes with the eighth bit set.
 This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
-may change if the locale is changed.
+its value may change if the locale changes.
 
 @item page-completions
 @vindex page-completions
@@ -798,9 +833,11 @@ The default is @samp{off}.
 @item revert-all-at-newline
 @vindex revert-all-at-newline
 If set to @samp{on}, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when @code{accept-line} is executed.  By default,
+before returning when executing @code{accept-line}.
+By default,
 history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
-calls to @code{readline()}.  The default is @samp{off}.
+calls to @code{readline()}.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @item search-ignore-case
 @vindex search-ignore-case
@@ -810,8 +847,8 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 
 @item show-all-if-ambiguous
 @vindex show-all-if-ambiguous
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to @samp{on}, 
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+If set to @samp{on}, 
 words which have more than one possible completion cause the
 matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
 The default value is @samp{off}.
@@ -837,15 +874,15 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 @item skip-completed-text
 @vindex skip-completed-text
 If set to @samp{on}, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, Readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
+inserting a single match into the line.
+It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
+If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion
+that match characters after point in the word being completed,
+so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
 For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor
-is after the @samp{e} in @samp{Makefile} will result in @samp{Makefile}
-rather than @samp{Makefilefile}, assuming there is a single possible
-completion.
+is after the first @samp{e} in @samp{Makefile} will result in
+@samp{Makefile} rather than @samp{Makefilefile},
+assuming there is a single possible completion.
 The default value is @samp{off}.
 
 @item vi-cmd-mode-string
@@ -853,10 +890,9 @@ The default value is @samp{off}.
 If the @var{show-mode-in-prompt} variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is @samp{(cmd)}.
@@ -866,10 +902,9 @@ The default is @samp{(cmd)}.
 If the @var{show-mode-in-prompt} variable is enabled,
 this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
 prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
-The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
-backslash escape sequences is available.
-Use the @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes to begin and end sequences of
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+The @samp{\1} and @samp{\2} escapes begin and end sequences of
 non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
 sequence into the mode string.
 The default is @samp{(ins)}.
@@ -878,14 +913,16 @@ The default is @samp{(ins)}.
 @vindex visible-stats
 If set to @samp{on}, a character denoting a file's type
 is appended to the filename when listing possible
-completions.  The default is @samp{off}.
+completions.
+The default is @samp{off}.
 
 @end table
 
 @item Key Bindings
-The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
-simple.  First you need to find the name of the command that you
-want to change.  The following sections contain tables of the command
+The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+First you need to find the name of the command that you
+want to change.
+The following sections contain tables of the command
 name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what
 the command does.
 
@@ -900,6 +937,8 @@ what you find most comfortable.
 
 In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound
 to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a @var{macro}).
+The difference between a macro and a command is that a macro is
+enclosed in single or double quotes.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
 The @w{@code{bind -p}} command displays Readline function names and
@@ -909,7 +948,8 @@ bindings in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @w{@var{keyname}: @var{function-name} or @var{macro}}
-@var{keyname} is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+@var{keyname} is the name of a key spelled out in English.
+For example:
 @example
 Control-u: universal-argument
 Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
@@ -923,8 +963,7 @@ In the example above, @kbd{C-u} is bound to the function
 expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
 @samp{> output} into the line).
 
-A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
-processing this key binding syntax:
+This key binding syntax recognizes a number of symbolic character names:
 @var{DEL},
 @var{ESC},
 @var{ESCAPE},
@@ -941,9 +980,10 @@ and
 @item @w{"@var{keyseq}": @var{function-name} or @var{macro}}
 @var{keyseq} differs from @var{keyname} above in that strings
 denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
-the key sequence in double quotes.  Some @sc{gnu} Emacs style key
-escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the
-special character names are not recognized.
+the key sequence in double quotes.
+Some @sc{gnu} Emacs style key escapes can be used,
+as in the following example, but none of the
+special character names are recognized.
 
 @example
 "\C-u": universal-argument
@@ -964,19 +1004,19 @@ specifying key sequences:
 
 @table @code
 @item @kbd{\C-}
-control prefix
+A control prefix.
 @item @kbd{\M-}
-adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
+Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character to a meta
 character, as described above under @code{force-meta-prefix}
 (see @code{Variable Settings} in @ref{Readline Init File Syntax}).
 @item @kbd{\e}
-an escape character
+An escape character.
 @item @kbd{\\}
-backslash
+Backslash.
 @item @kbd{\"}
-@key{"}, a double quotation mark
+@key{"}, a double quotation mark.
 @item @kbd{\'}
-@key{'}, a single quote or apostrophe
+@key{'}, a single quote or apostrophe.
 @end table
 
 In addition to the @sc{gnu} Emacs style escape sequences, a second
@@ -1000,17 +1040,18 @@ horizontal tab
 @item \v
 vertical tab
 @item \@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(one to three digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(one to three digits).
 @item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
+The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits).
 @end table
 
 When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
 be used to indicate a macro definition.
 Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+in the macro body.
 Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
 including @samp{"} and @samp{'}.
 For example, the following binding will make @samp{@kbd{C-x} \}
@@ -1027,13 +1068,15 @@ insert a single @samp{\} into the line:
 Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
 compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
 bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+of tests.
+There are four parser directives available.
 
 @table @code
 @item $if
 The @code{$if} construct allows bindings to be made based on the
 editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-Readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+Readline.
+The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
 extends to the end of the line;
 unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
 
@@ -1049,11 +1092,13 @@ Readline is starting out in @code{emacs} mode.
 @item term
 The @code{term=} form may be used to include terminal-specific
 key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
-@samp{=} is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
-the portion of the terminal name before the first @samp{-}.  This
-allows @code{sun} to match both @code{sun} and @code{sun-cmd},
-for instance.
+terminal's function keys.
+The word on the right side of the
+@samp{=}
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first @samp{-}.
+This allows @code{xterm} to match both @code{xterm} and
+@code{xterm-256color}, for instance.
 
 @item version
 The @code{version} test may be used to perform comparisons against
@@ -1064,8 +1109,9 @@ The set of comparison operators includes
 and @samp{>}.
 The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
 of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
-minor version (e.g., @samp{7.1}). If the minor version is omitted, it
-is assumed to be @samp{0}.
+minor version (e.g., @samp{7.1}).
+If the minor version is omitted, it
+defaults to @samp{0}.
 The operator may be separated from the string @code{version} and
 from the version number argument by whitespace.
 The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used
@@ -1078,11 +1124,13 @@ $endif
 
 @item application
 The @var{application} construct is used to include
-application-specific settings.  Each program using the Readline
+application-specific settings.
+Each program using the Readline
 library sets the @var{application name}, and you can test for
 a particular value. 
 This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+a specific program.
+For instance, the following command adds a
 key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
 @example
 $if Bash
@@ -1098,7 +1146,8 @@ The permitted comparison operators are @samp{=}, @samp{==}, and @samp{!=}.
 The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
 whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
 side by whitespace.
-Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+String and boolean variables may be tested.
+Boolean variables must be
 tested against the values @var{on} and @var{off}.
 The following example is equivalent to the @code{mode=emacs} test described
 above:
@@ -1109,17 +1158,17 @@ $endif
 @end example
 @end table
 
-@item $endif
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-@code{$if} command.
-
 @item $else
 Commands in this branch of the @code{$if} directive are executed if
 the test fails.
 
+@item $endif
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+@code{$if} command.
+
 @item $include
 This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.
+and key bindings from that file.
 For example, the following directive reads from @file{/etc/inputrc}:
 @example
 $include /etc/inputrc
@@ -1262,6 +1311,11 @@ In the following descriptions, @dfn{point} refers to the current cursor
 position, and @dfn{mark} refers to a cursor position saved by the
 @code{set-mark} command.
 The text between the point and mark is referred to as the @dfn{region}.
+Readline has the concept of an @emph{active region}:
+when the region is active, Readline redisplay uses the
+value of the @code{active-region-start-color} variable
+to denote the region.
+Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
 
 @node Commands For Moving
 @subsection Commands For Moving
@@ -1300,13 +1354,15 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
 
 @item previous-screen-line ()
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
 greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
 
 @item next-screen-line ()
 Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
-physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+physical screen line.
+This will not have the desired effect if the current
 Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
 of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
 plus the screen width.
@@ -1336,17 +1392,14 @@ Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
 If this line is
 non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
 the @env{HISTCONTROL} and @env{HISTIGNORE} variables.
-If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
-to its original state.
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
-If this line is
-non-empty, it may be added to the history list for future recall with
+If this line is non-empty, you can add it to the history list using
 @code{add_history()}.
-If this line is a modified history line, the history line is restored
-to its original state.
 @end ifclear
+If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
+to its original state.
 
 @item previous-history (C-p)
 Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
@@ -1363,13 +1416,15 @@ being entered.
 
 @item reverse-search-history (C-r)
 Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
+the history as necessary.
+This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 
 @item forward-search-history (C-s)
 Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
+the history as necessary.
+This is an incremental search.
+This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
 
 @item non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
 Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
@@ -1418,10 +1473,13 @@ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
 the second word on the previous line) at point.
 With an argument @var{n},
 insert the @var{n}th word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the @var{n}th word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument @var{n} is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the @samp{!@var{n}} history expansion had been specified.
+in the previous command begin with word 0).
+A negative argument inserts the @var{n}th word from the end of
+the previous command.
+Once the argument @var{n} is computed,
+this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+@var{n}th word, as if the
+@samp{!@var{n}} history expansion had been specified.
 
 @item yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)
 Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
@@ -1431,18 +1489,20 @@ Successive calls to @code{yank-last-arg} move back through the history
 list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
 the first call) of each line in turn.
 Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-as if the @samp{!$} history expansion had been specified.
+the direction to move through the history.
+A negative argument switches the direction through the history
+(back or forward).
+This uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+last  word, as if the
+@samp{!$} history expansion had been specified.
 
 @item operate-and-get-next (C-o)
 Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if a
 newline had been entered,
 and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
 for editing.
-A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
-of the current line.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry
+to use instead of the current line.
 
 @item fetch-history ()
 With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
@@ -1458,27 +1518,32 @@ Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list.
 
 @item @i{end-of-file} (usually C-d)
 The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
-@code{stty}.  If this character is read when there are no characters
+@code{stty}.
+If this character is read when there are no characters
 on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
 interprets it as the end of input and returns @sc{eof}.
 
 @item delete-char (C-d)
-Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
+Delete the character at point.
+If this function is bound to the
 same character as the tty @sc{eof} character, as @kbd{C-d}
 commonly is, see above for the effects.
 
 @item backward-delete-char (Rubout)
-Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
-to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+Delete the character behind the cursor.
+A numeric argument means
+to kill the characters, saving them on the kill ring,
+instead of deleting them.
 
 @item forward-backward-delete-char ()
 Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
 end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
-deleted.  By default, this is not bound to a key.
+deleted.
+By default, this is not bound to a key.
 
 @item quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)
-Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert key sequences like @kbd{C-q}, for example.
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.
+This is how to insert key sequences like @kbd{C-q}, for example.
 
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 @item tab-insert (M-@key{TAB})
@@ -1486,25 +1551,26 @@ Insert a tab character.
 @end ifclear
 
 @item self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, @dots{})
-Insert yourself.
+Insert the character typed.
 
 @item bracketed-paste-begin ()
 This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" escape
 sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
 It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
-each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.  The characters
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.
+The characters
 are inserted as if each one was bound to @code{self-insert} instead of
 executing any editing commands.
 
 Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and the mark)
-to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an @emph{active mark}: when the
-mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the terminal's standout mode to
-denote the region.
+to the inserted text.
+It sets the @emph{active region}.
 
 @item transpose-chars (C-t)
 Drag the character before the cursor forward over
 the character at the cursor, moving the
-cursor forward as well.  If the insertion point
+cursor forward as well.
+If the insertion point
 is at the end of the line, then this
 transposes the last two characters of the line.
 Negative arguments have no effect.
@@ -1526,22 +1592,26 @@ Word boundaries are the same as @code{shell-forward-word} and
 @end ifset
 
 @item upcase-word (M-u)
-Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 
 @item downcase-word (M-l)
-Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 
 @item capitalize-word (M-c)
-Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.
+With a negative argument,
 capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
 
 @item overwrite-mode ()
-Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
-switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
-argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
-@code{emacs} mode; @code{vi} mode does overwrite differently.
+Toggle overwrite mode.
+With an explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite mode.
+With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode.
+This command affects only @code{emacs} mode;
+@code{vi} mode does overwrite differently.
 Each call to @code{readline()} starts in insert mode.
 
 In overwrite mode, characters bound to @code{self-insert} replace
@@ -1560,14 +1630,14 @@ key on some keyboards.
 @ftable @code
 
 @item kill-line (C-k)
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+Kill the text from point to the end of the current line.
 With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
-beginning of the current line.
+beginning of the line.
 
 @item backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
 Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
 With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
-end of the current line.
+end of the line.
 
 @item unix-line-discard (C-u)
 Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
@@ -1597,16 +1667,17 @@ Word boundaries are the same as @code{shell-backward-word}.
 @end ifset
 
 @item unix-word-rubout (C-w)
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 @item unix-filename-rubout ()
 Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+as the word boundaries,
+saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
 
 @item delete-horizontal-space ()
-Delete all spaces and tabs around point.  By default, this is unbound.
+Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+By default, this is unbound.
 
 @item kill-region ()
 Kill the text in the current region.
@@ -1614,7 +1685,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
 
 @item copy-region-as-kill ()
 Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
-right away.  By default, this command is unbound.
+right away.
+By default, this command is unbound.
 
 @item copy-backward-word ()
 Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
@@ -1630,7 +1702,8 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
 Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
 
 @item yank-pop (M-y)
-Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
+Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.
+You can only do this if
 the prior command is @code{yank} or @code{yank-pop}.
 @end ftable
 
@@ -1640,7 +1713,8 @@ the prior command is @code{yank} or @code{yank-pop}.
 
 @item digit-argument (@kbd{M-0}, @kbd{M-1}, @dots{} @kbd{M--})
 Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  @kbd{M--} starts a negative argument.
+argument.
+@kbd{M--} starts a negative argument.
 
 @item universal-argument ()
 This is another way to specify an argument.
@@ -1665,11 +1739,14 @@ By default, this is not bound to a key.
 Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
 The actual completion performed is application-specific.
 @ifset BashFeatures
-Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
-text begins with @samp{$}), username (if the text begins with
-@samp{~}), hostname (if the text begins with @samp{@@}), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none 
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+Bash attempts completion by first checking for any programmable
+completions for the command word (@pxref{Programmable Completion}),
+otherwise treating the text as a
+variable (if the text begins with @samp{$}),
+username (if the text begins with @samp{~}),
+hostname (if the text begins with @samp{@@}), or
+command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+If none  of these produces a match, it falls back to filename completion.
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 The default is filename completion.
@@ -1683,19 +1760,20 @@ the environment variable @env{COLUMNS}, or the screen width, in that order.
 
 @item insert-completions (M-*)
 Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
-been generated by @code{possible-completions}.
+been generated by @code{possible-completions},
+separated by a space.
 
 @item menu-complete ()
 Similar to @code{complete}, but replaces the word to be completed
 with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of @code{menu-complete} steps through the list
+Repeatedly executing @code{menu-complete} steps through the list
 of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+At the end of the list of completions,
+@code{menu-complete} rings the bell
 (subject to the setting of @code{bell-style})
-and the original text is restored.
+and restores the original text.
 An argument of @var{n} moves @var{n} positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
+of matches; a negative argument moves backward through the list.
 This command is intended to be bound to @key{TAB}, but is unbound
 by default.
 
@@ -1703,12 +1781,12 @@ by default.
 Identical to @code{menu-complete}, but moves backward through the list
 of possible completions, as if @code{menu-complete} had been given a
 negative argument.
+This command is unbound by default.
 
 @item delete-char-or-list ()
 Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
 end of the line (like @code{delete-char}).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-@code{possible-completions}.
+At the end of the line, it behaves identically to @code{possible-completions}.
 This command is unbound by default.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
@@ -1745,7 +1823,8 @@ treating it as a hostname.
 
 @item complete-command (M-!)
 Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+it as a command name.
+Command completion attempts to
 match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
 functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
 in that order.
@@ -1756,7 +1835,7 @@ treating it as a command name.
 
 @item dynamic-complete-history (M-@key{TAB})
 Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
-the text against lines from the history list for possible
+the text against history list entries for possible
 completion matches.
 
 @item dabbrev-expand ()
@@ -1812,16 +1891,16 @@ that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
 The behavior is undefined if @var{x} is already lower case.
 
 @item prefix-meta (@key{ESC})
-Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards
-without a meta key.  Typing @samp{@key{ESC} f} is equivalent to typing
-@kbd{M-f}.
+Metafy the next character typed.
+Typing @samp{@key{ESC} f} is equivalent to typing @kbd{M-f}.
 
 @item undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)
 Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
 
 @item revert-line (M-r)
-Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the @code{undo}
-command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+Undo all changes made to this line.
+This is like executing the @code{undo}
+command enough times to get back to the initial state.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
 @item tilde-expand (M-&)
@@ -1832,39 +1911,39 @@ command enough times to get back to the beginning.
 Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
 
 @item set-mark (C-@@)
-Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+Set the mark to the point.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
 
 @item exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
-Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+Swap the point with the mark.
+Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
+then set the mark to the old cursor position.
 
 @item character-search (C-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
 
 @item character-search-backward (M-C-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
-of that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
-occurrences.
+Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
+A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
 
 @item skip-csi-sequence ()
 Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+defined for keys like Home and End.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+If this sequence is bound to "\e[",
+keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
 unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC-[.
+stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
 
 @item insert-comment (M-#)
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the @code{comment-begin}
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the @code{comment-begin}
+variable at the beginning of the current line.
 If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:  if
 the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of @code{comment-begin}, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in @code{comment-begin} are deleted from the beginning of
-the line.
+of @code{comment-begin}, insert the value; otherwise delete
+the characters in @code{comment-begin} from the beginning of the line.
 In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
 @ifset BashFeatures
 The default value of @code{comment-begin} causes this command
@@ -1874,22 +1953,36 @@ will be executed by the shell.
 @end ifset
 
 @item dump-functions ()
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an @var{inputrc} file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an @var{inputrc} file.
+This command is unbound by default.
 
 @item dump-variables ()
-Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
-Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+Print all of the settable variables and their values
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an @var{inputrc} file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an @var{inputrc} file.
+This command is unbound by default.
 
 @item dump-macros ()
 Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+strings they output
+to the Readline output stream.
+If a numeric argument is supplied,
 the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an @var{inputrc} file.  This command is unbound by default.
+of an @var{inputrc} file.
+This command is unbound by default.
+
+@item execute-named-command (M-x)
+Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
+function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+bound appeared in the input.
+If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
+argument to the function it executes.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
 @item spell-correct-word (C-x s)
@@ -1898,25 +1991,22 @@ or filename, in the same way as the @code{cdspell} shell option.
 Word boundaries are the same as those used by @code{shell-forward-word}.
 
 @item glob-complete-word (M-g)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
 generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
 
 @item glob-expand-word (C-x *)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a @samp{*} is appended before
+Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a @samp{*} before
 pathname expansion.
 
 @item glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
-The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-@code{glob-expand-word} is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a @samp{*} is appended before
+Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+@code{glob-expand-word}, and redisplay the line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, append a @samp{*} before
 pathname expansion.
 
-@item display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
-Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
-
 @item shell-expand-line (M-C-e)
 Expand the line by performing shell word expansions.  
 This performs alias and history expansion,
@@ -1949,6 +2039,9 @@ Bash attempts to invoke
 @code{$VISUAL}, @code{$EDITOR}, and @code{emacs}
 as the editor, in that order.
 
+@item display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
+Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+
 @end ifset
 
 @ifclear BashFeatures
@@ -1962,13 +2055,6 @@ editing mode.
 
 @end ifclear
 
-@item execute-named-command (M-x)
-Read a bindable readline command name from the input and execute the
-function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
-bound appeared in the input.
-If this function is supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that
-argument to the function it executes.
-
 @end ftable
 
 @node Readline vi Mode
@@ -1976,13 +2062,15 @@ argument to the function it executes.
 
 While the Readline library does not have a full set of @code{vi}
 editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
-of the line.  The Readline @code{vi} mode behaves as specified in
-the @sc{posix} standard.
+of the line.
+The Readline @code{vi} mode behaves as specified in the
+@code{sh} description in the @sc{posix} standard.
 
 @ifset BashFeatures
-In order to switch interactively between @code{emacs} and @code{vi}
-editing modes, use the @samp{set -o emacs} and @samp{set -o vi}
-commands (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+You can use the @samp{set -o emacs} and @samp{set -o vi}
+commands (@pxref{The Set Builtin})
+to switch interactively between @code{emacs} and @code{vi}
+editing modes,
 @end ifset
 @ifclear BashFeatures
 In order to switch interactively between @code{emacs} and @code{vi}
@@ -2004,19 +2092,19 @@ so forth.
 @cindex programmable completion
 
 When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a @var{compspec}) has been defined
+which a completion specification (a @dfn{compspec}) has been defined
 using the @code{complete} builtin (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}),
 \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities. 
 
-First, the command name is identified.
+First, Bash identifies the command name.
 If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
 compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
 If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
-beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
-the @option{-E} option to @code{complete} is used.
-If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
-pathname is searched for first.
-If no compspec is found for the full pathname, completion attempts to
+beginning of an empty line), Bash uses any compspec defined with
+the @option{-E} option to @code{complete}.
+If the command word is a full pathname, Bash
+searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
+If there is no compspec for the full pathname, Bash attempts to
 find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
 If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
 the @option{-D} option to @code{complete} is used as the default.
@@ -2024,27 +2112,28 @@ If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
 on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
 for the command word from any successful expansion.
 
-Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.
-If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (@pxref{Commands For Completion}) is performed.
+If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
+described above (@pxref{Commands For Completion}).
+Otherwise, once a compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate
+the list of matching words.
 
-First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+First, Bash performs the @var{actions} specified by the compspec.
 Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
 returned.
 When the @option{-f} or @option{-d} option is used for filename or
-directory name completion, the shell variable @env{FIGNORE} is
-used to filter the matches.
+directory name completion, Bash uses shell the variable @env{FIGNORE}
+to filter the matches.
 @xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}.
 
 Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
 @option{-G} option are generated next.
 The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
-The @env{GLOBIGNORE} shell variable is not used to filter the matches,
-but the @env{FIGNORE} shell variable is used.
+Bash uses the @env{FIGNORE} 
+variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
+@env{GLOBIGNORE} shell variable.
 
-Next, the string specified as the argument to the @option{-W} option
-is considered.
+Next, completion considers
+the string specified as the argument to the @option{-W} option.
 The string is first split using the characters in the @env{IFS}
 special variable as delimiters.
 Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a
@@ -2057,23 +2146,26 @@ as described above (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
 The results are split using the rules described above
 (@pxref{Word Splitting}).
 The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
-completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+completed, and the matching words become possible completions.
 
-After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-specified with the @option{-F} and @option{-C} options is invoked.
+After these matches have been generated,
+Bash executes any shell function or command
+any shell function or command
+specified with the @option{-F} and @option{-C} options.
 When the command or function is invoked, the @env{COMP_LINE},
 @env{COMP_POINT}, @env{COMP_KEY}, and @env{COMP_TYPE} variables are
 assigned values as described above (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
 If a shell function is being invoked, the @env{COMP_WORDS} and
 @env{COMP_CWORD} variables are also set.
-When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the
-name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
-second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument
-($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
-line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
+When the function or command is invoked,
+the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments
+are being completed,
+the second argument ($2) is the word being completed,
+and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being
+completed on the current command line.
+There is no filtering of the generated completions against the 
+word being completed;
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
 
 Any function specified with @option{-F} is invoked first.
 The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
@@ -2109,11 +2201,11 @@ returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
 
 If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
 @option{-o dirnames} option was supplied to @code{complete} when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. 
+compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion. 
 
 If the @option{-o plusdirs} option was supplied to @code{complete} when
-the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+the compspec was defined, Bash attempts directory name completion
+and adds any  matches to the set of possible completions.
 
 By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
 the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
@@ -2121,9 +2213,10 @@ The default Bash completions and the Readline default
 of filename completion are disabled.
 If the @option{-o bashdefault} option was supplied to @code{complete} when
 the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
-the default Bash completions are attempted.
+Bash attempts its default completions.
 If the @option{-o default} option was supplied to @code{complete} when the
-compspec was defined, Readline's default completion will be performed
+compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
+Readline's default completion
 if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
 generate no matches.
 
@@ -2136,8 +2229,8 @@ of the setting of the @var{mark-symlinked-directories} Readline variable.
 There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
 This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
 specified with @option{-D}.
-It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+It's possible for shell functions executed as completion functions
+to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
 exit status of 124.
 If a shell function returns 124, and changes
 the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
@@ -2213,13 +2306,14 @@ matches were generated.
 @end example
 
 Specify how arguments to each @var{name} should be completed.
+
 If the @option{-p} option is supplied, or if no options or @var{name}s
-are supplied, existing
-completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
-reused as input.
+are supplied, print existing completion specifications
+in a way that allows them to be reused as input.
 The @option{-r} option removes a completion specification for
 each @var{name}, or, if no @var{name}s are supplied, all
 completion specifications.
+
 The @option{-D} option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
 apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
 on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
@@ -2265,8 +2359,8 @@ no matches.
 Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
 
 @item filenames
-Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
-filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform
+any filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to directory names,
 quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
 This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified
 with @option{-F}.
@@ -2287,7 +2381,7 @@ Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
 the end of the line.
 
 @item plusdirs
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, 
+After generating any matches defined by the compspec, 
 attempt directory name completion and add any
 matches to the results of the other actions.
 @end table
@@ -2298,7 +2392,8 @@ completions:
 
 @table @code
 @item alias
-Alias names.  May also be specified as @option{-a}.
+Alias names.
+May also be specified as @option{-a}.
 
 @item arrayvar
 Array variable names.
@@ -2307,13 +2402,16 @@ Array variable names.
 Readline key binding names (@pxref{Bindable Readline Commands}).
 
 @item builtin
-Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as @option{-b}.
+Names of shell builtin commands.
+May also be specified as @option{-b}.
 
 @item command
-Command names.  May also be specified as @option{-c}.
+Command names.
+May also be specified as @option{-c}.
 
 @item directory
-Directory names.  May also be specified as @option{-d}.
+Directory names.
+May also be specified as @option{-d}.
 
 @item disabled
 Names of disabled shell builtins.
@@ -2322,16 +2420,19 @@ Names of disabled shell builtins.
 Names of enabled shell builtins.
 
 @item export
-Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as @option{-e}.
+Names of exported shell variables.
+May also be specified as @option{-e}.
 
 @item file
-File names.  May also be specified as @option{-f}.
+File names.
+May also be specified as @option{-f}.
 
 @item function
 Names of shell functions.
 
 @item group
-Group names.  May also be specified as @option{-g}.
+Group names.
+May also be specified as @option{-g}.
 
 @item helptopic
 Help topics as accepted by the @code{help} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
@@ -2341,16 +2442,19 @@ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
 @env{HOSTFILE} shell variable (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
 
 @item job
-Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as @option{-j}.
+Job names, if job control is active.
+May also be specified as @option{-j}.
 
 @item keyword
-Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as @option{-k}.
+Shell reserved words.
+May also be specified as @option{-k}.
 
 @item running
 Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
 
 @item service
-Service names.  May also be specified as @option{-s}.
+Service names.
+May also be specified as @option{-s}.
 
 @item setopt
 Valid arguments for the @option{-o} option to the @code{set} builtin
@@ -2367,10 +2471,12 @@ Signal names.
 Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
 
 @item user
-User names.  May also be specified as @option{-u}.
+User names.
+May also be specified as @option{-u}.
 
 @item variable
-Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as @option{-v}.
+Names of all shell variables.
+May also be specified as @option{-v}.
 @end table
 
 @item -C @var{command}
@@ -2381,12 +2487,15 @@ Arguments are passed as with the @option{-F} option.
 @item -F @var{function}
 The shell function @var{function} is executed in the current shell
 environment.
-When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are
-being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word
-preceding the word being completed, as described above
-(@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+When it is executed,
+the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed,
+the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and
+the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed,
+as described above (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
 When @code{function} finishes,
-the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+programmable completion retrieves
+the possible completions from the value
 of the @env{COMPREPLY} array variable.
 
 @item -G @var{globpat}
@@ -2402,15 +2511,15 @@ Append @var{suffix} to each possible completion
 after all other options have been applied.
 
 @item -W @var{wordlist}
-The @var{wordlist} is split using the characters in the
-@env{IFS} special variable as delimiters, and each resulting word
-is expanded.
+Split the @var{wordlist} using the characters in the
+@env{IFS} special variable as delimiters, and expand
+each resulting word.
 Shell quoting is honored within @var{wordlist}
 in order to provide a
 mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
 in the value of @env{IFS}.
 The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
+match a prefix of the word being completed.
 
 @item -X @var{filterpat}
 @var{filterpat} is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
@@ -2446,16 +2555,14 @@ If no @var{option}s are given, display the completion options for each
 @var{name} or the current completion.
 The possible values of @var{option} are those valid for the @code{complete}
 builtin described above.
+
 The @option{-D} option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
-on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The @option{-E} option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a 
-blank line.
-The @option{-I} option indicates that other supplied options should
-apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a
-command delimiter such as @samp{;} or @samp{|}, which is usually command
-name completion.
+apply to the ``default'' command completion;
+the @option{-E} option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to ``empty'' command completion; and
+the @option{-I} option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
+These are determined in the same way as the \fBcomplete\fP builtin.
 
 If multiple options are supplied, the @option{-D} option takes precedence
 over @option{-E}, and both take precedence over @option{-I}
@@ -2474,8 +2581,10 @@ a shell function and bind it to a particular command using @code{complete -F}.
 
 The following function provides completions for the @code{cd} builtin.
 It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
-used for completion.  This function uses the word passed as @code{$2}
-to determine the directory name to complete.  You can also use the
+used for completion.
+This function uses the word passed as @code{$2} to determine the
+directory name to complete.
+You can also use the
 @code{COMP_WORDS} array variable; the current word is indexed by the
 @code{COMP_CWORD} variable.
 
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi
index 9093f371..d8385384 100644
--- a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi
+++ b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Copyright (C) 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 @set EDITION 8.3
 @set VERSION 8.3
 
-@set UPDATED 23 August 2024
-@set UPDATED-MONTH August 2024
+@set UPDATED 10 October 2024
+@set UPDATED-MONTH October 2024
 
-@set LASTCHANGE Fri Aug 23 09:46:18 EDT 2024
+@set LASTCHANGE Thu Oct 10 16:33:55 EDT 2024