From 29df5715c0a1817ba3ad76dd3e10c7fb6e235254 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: David Malcolm Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2014 18:25:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Document libgccjit++.h gcc/jit/ChangeLog: * docs/cp/index.rst: New file. * docs/cp/intro/index.rst: New file. * docs/cp/intro/tutorial01.rst: New file. * docs/cp/intro/tutorial02.rst: New file. * docs/cp/intro/tutorial03.rst: New file. * docs/cp/intro/tutorial04.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/contexts.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/expressions.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/functions.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/index.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/locations.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/objects.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/results.rst: New file. * docs/cp/topics/types.rst: New file. * docs/examples/tut01-hello-world.cc: New file. * docs/examples/tut02-square.c: Fix missing newline in output. * docs/examples/tut02-square.cc: New file. * docs/examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc: New file. * docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc: New file. * docs/index.rst: Move summary to above the table of contents. Add text about the C vs C++ APIs. * docs/topics/contexts.rst: Fix a typo. * docs/_build/texinfo/libgccjit.texi: Regenerate. * docs/_build/texinfo/factorial1.png: New file. * docs/_build/texinfo/sum-of-squares1.png: New file. From-SVN: r218588 --- gcc/jit/ChangeLog | 29 + gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/factorial1.png | Bin 0 -> 183838 bytes gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/libgccjit.texi | 5781 ++++++++++++++++- .../docs/_build/texinfo/sum-of-squares1.png | Bin 0 -> 22839 bytes gcc/jit/docs/cp/index.rst | 41 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/index.rst | 27 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial01.rst | 52 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial02.rst | 344 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial03.rst | 392 ++ gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial04.rst | 1092 ++++ gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/contexts.rst | 179 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/expressions.rst | 606 ++ gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/functions.rst | 243 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/index.rst | 30 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/locations.rst | 65 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/objects.rst | 70 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/results.rst | 48 + gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/types.rst | 183 + gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut01-hello-world.cc | 107 + gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.c | 2 +- gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.cc | 95 + gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc | 137 + gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc | 902 +++ gcc/jit/docs/index.rst | 22 +- gcc/jit/docs/topics/contexts.rst | 2 +- 25 files changed, 10289 insertions(+), 160 deletions(-) create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/factorial1.png create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/sum-of-squares1.png create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/index.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/index.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial01.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial02.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial03.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial04.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/contexts.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/expressions.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/functions.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/index.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/locations.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/objects.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/results.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/types.rst create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut01-hello-world.cc create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.cc create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc create mode 100644 gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc diff --git a/gcc/jit/ChangeLog b/gcc/jit/ChangeLog index c1d2a9ebc43f..1eb31a11722f 100644 --- a/gcc/jit/ChangeLog +++ b/gcc/jit/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,32 @@ +2014-12-10 David Malcolm + + * docs/cp/index.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/intro/index.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/intro/tutorial01.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/intro/tutorial02.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/intro/tutorial03.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/intro/tutorial04.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/contexts.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/expressions.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/functions.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/index.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/locations.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/objects.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/results.rst: New file. + * docs/cp/topics/types.rst: New file. + * docs/examples/tut01-hello-world.cc: New file. + * docs/examples/tut02-square.c: Fix missing newline in output. + * docs/examples/tut02-square.cc: New file. + * docs/examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc: New file. + * docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc: New file. + * docs/index.rst: Move summary to above the table of contents. + Add text about the C vs C++ APIs. + * docs/topics/contexts.rst: Fix a typo. + + * docs/_build/texinfo/libgccjit.texi: Regenerate. + * docs/_build/texinfo/factorial1.png: New file. + * docs/_build/texinfo/sum-of-squares1.png: New file. + 2014-12-09 David Malcolm * docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.c (toyvm_function_compile): Move diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/factorial1.png b/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/factorial1.png new file mode 100644 index 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zd3m4bXVb1`C^!!5-V}EGOk>cyvS6JxZ$%m{PCc)!EgmB~Ix?;^g{@a*)36V<_=`m;5hdbj}Ge)#a=AmylwGmYArrCKQv zbVz7;BPlj6&agI9)t6s6lV@q0xqIdTI5iu4hyuz_wmnf1k+{zzS26T>*u`%3m1B5j$C`kS9+mNUo9uq` zrnABG^D{t*K>H|gCI)TU0d@7LveNyounxymGB^{$09Q|(Jo%fUp#Z|_IaWL?v3WVgNebV`lWdpSglj(DKpEFMScyQKvd z>*C^Km{=?a-_{OAtzL_tbYEFT1;DBSsKBLb5lBb0NgPrD3f74|<&WV%`a literal 0 Hc-jL100001 diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/libgccjit.texi b/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/libgccjit.texi index e2afcb50b2cc..3f13219af7ae 100644 --- a/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/libgccjit.texi +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/libgccjit.texi @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ @copying @quotation -libgccjit 5.0.0 (experimental 20141209), December 09, 2014 +libgccjit 5.0.0 (experimental 20141210), December 10, 2014 David Malcolm @@ -63,6 +63,26 @@ Copyright @copyright{} 2014, Free Software Foundation @c along with this program. If not, see @c . +This document describes libgccjit@footnote{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/JIT}, an API +for embedding GCC inside programs and libraries. + +Note that libgccjit is currently of "Alpha" quality; +the APIs are not yet set in stone, and they shouldn't be used in +production yet. + +There are actually two APIs for the library: + + +@itemize * + +@item +a pure C API: @code{libgccjit.h} + +@item +a C++ wrapper API: @code{libgccjit++.h}. This is a collection of "thin" +wrapper classes around the C API, to save typing. +@end itemize + Contents: @c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -85,6 +105,7 @@ Contents: @menu * Tutorial:: * Topic Reference:: +* C++ bindings for libgccjit:: * Internals:: * Indices and tables:: * Index:: @@ -190,6 +211,107 @@ Source Locations * Faking it:: +C++ bindings for libgccjit + +* Tutorial: Tutorial<2>. +* Topic Reference: Topic Reference<2>. + +Tutorial + +* Tutorial part 1; "Hello world": Tutorial part 1 "Hello world"<2>. +* Tutorial part 2; Creating a trivial machine code function: Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2>. +* Tutorial part 3; Loops and variables: Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2>. +* Tutorial part 4; Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter: Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2>. + +Tutorial part 2: Creating a trivial machine code function + +* Options: Options<3>. +* Full example: Full example<3>. + +Tutorial part 3: Loops and variables + +* Expressions; lvalues and rvalues: Expressions lvalues and rvalues<2>. +* Control flow: Control flow<2>. +* Visualizing the control flow graph: Visualizing the control flow graph<2>. +* Full example: Full example<4>. + +Tutorial part 4: Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter + +* Our toy interpreter: Our toy interpreter<2>. +* Compiling to machine code: Compiling to machine code<2>. +* Setting things up: Setting things up<2>. +* Populating the function: Populating the function<2>. +* Verifying the control flow graph: Verifying the control flow graph<2>. +* Compiling the context: Compiling the context<2>. +* Single-stepping through the generated code: Single-stepping through the generated code<2>. +* Examining the generated code: Examining the generated code<2>. +* Putting it all together: Putting it all together<2>. +* Behind the curtain; How does our code get optimized?: Behind the curtain How does our code get optimized?<2>. + +Behind the curtain: How does our code get optimized? + +* Optimizing away stack manipulation: Optimizing away stack manipulation<2>. +* Elimination of tail recursion: Elimination of tail recursion<2>. + +Topic Reference + +* Compilation contexts: Compilation contexts<2>. +* Objects: Objects<2>. +* Types: Types<2>. +* Expressions: Expressions<2>. +* Creating and using functions: Creating and using functions<2>. +* Source Locations: Source Locations<2>. +* Compilation results: Compilation results<2>. + +Compilation contexts + +* Lifetime-management: Lifetime-management<2>. +* Thread-safety: Thread-safety<2>. +* Error-handling: Error-handling<3>. +* Debugging: Debugging<2>. +* Options: Options<4>. + +Options + +* Boolean options: Boolean options<2>. +* Integer options: Integer options<2>. + +Types + +* Standard types: Standard types<2>. +* Pointers@comma{} const@comma{} and volatile: Pointers const and volatile<2>. +* Structures and unions: Structures and unions<2>. + +Expressions + +* Rvalues: Rvalues<2>. +* Lvalues: Lvalues<2>. +* Working with pointers@comma{} structs and unions: Working with pointers structs and unions<2>. + +Rvalues + +* Simple expressions: Simple expressions<2>. +* Unary Operations: Unary Operations<2>. +* Binary Operations: Binary Operations<2>. +* Comparisons: Comparisons<2>. +* Function calls: Function calls<2>. +* Type-coercion: Type-coercion<2>. + +Lvalues + +* Global variables: Global variables<2>. + +Creating and using functions + +* Params: Params<2>. +* Functions: Functions<2>. +* Blocks: Blocks<2>. +* Statements: Statements<2>. + +Source Locations + +* Faking it: Faking it<2>. + Internals * Working on the JIT library:: @@ -961,7 +1083,7 @@ main (int argc, char **argv) typedef int (*fn_type) (int); fn_type square = (fn_type)fn_ptr; - printf ("result: %d", square (5)); + printf ("result: %d\n", square (5)); error: if (ctxt) @@ -3820,7 +3942,7 @@ instr9: @c along with this program. If not, see @c . -@node Topic Reference,Internals,Tutorial,Top +@node Topic Reference,C++ bindings for libgccjit,Tutorial,Top @anchor{topics/index doc}@anchor{48}@anchor{topics/index topic-reference}@anchor{49} @chapter Topic Reference @@ -4006,7 +4128,7 @@ there will likely be a performance hit for such nesting. @subsection Thread-safety -Instances of @pxref{e,,gcc_jit_object *} created via +Instances of @pxref{8,,gcc_jit_context *} created via @pxref{9,,gcc_jit_context_acquire()} are independent from each other: only one thread may use a given context at once, but multiple threads could each have their own contexts without needing locks. @@ -6406,197 +6528,5561 @@ valid to use the result, or any code that was obtained by calling @c along with this program. If not, see @c . -@node Internals,Indices and tables,Topic Reference,Top -@anchor{internals/index internals}@anchor{c1}@anchor{internals/index doc}@anchor{c2} -@chapter Internals +@node C++ bindings for libgccjit,Internals,Topic Reference,Top +@anchor{cp/index c-bindings-for-libgccjit}@anchor{c1}@anchor{cp/index doc}@anchor{c2} +@chapter C++ bindings for libgccjit -@menu -* Working on the JIT library:: -* Running the test suite:: -* Environment variables:: -* Overview of code structure:: +This document describes the C++ bindings to +libgccjit@footnote{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/JIT}, an API for embedding GCC +inside programs and libraries. -@end menu +The C++ bindings consist of a single header file @code{libgccjit++.h}. -@node Working on the JIT library,Running the test suite,,Internals -@anchor{internals/index working-on-the-jit-library}@anchor{c3} -@section Working on the JIT library +This is a collection of "thin" wrapper classes around the C API. +Everything is an inline function, implemented in terms of the C API, +so there is nothing extra to link against. +Note that libgccjit is currently of "Alpha" quality; +the APIs are not yet set in stone, and they shouldn't be used in +production yet. -Having checked out the source code (to "src"), you can configure and build -the JIT library like this: +Contents: -@example -mkdir build -mkdir install -PREFIX=$(pwd)/install -cd build -../src/configure \ - --enable-host-shared \ - --enable-languages=jit \ - --disable-bootstrap \ - --enable-checking=release \ - --prefix=$PREFIX -nice make -j4 # altering the "4" to however many cores you have -@end example +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . -@noindent +@menu +* Tutorial: Tutorial<2>. +* Topic Reference: Topic Reference<2>. -This should build a libgccjit.so within jit/build/gcc: +Tutorial -@example -[build] $ file gcc/libgccjit.so* -gcc/libgccjit.so: symbolic link to `libgccjit.so.0' -gcc/libgccjit.so.0: symbolic link to `libgccjit.so.0.0.1' -gcc/libgccjit.so.0.0.1: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, not stripped -@end example +* Tutorial part 1; "Hello world": Tutorial part 1 "Hello world"<2>. +* Tutorial part 2; Creating a trivial machine code function: Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2>. +* Tutorial part 3; Loops and variables: Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2>. +* Tutorial part 4; Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter: Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2>. -@noindent +Tutorial part 2: Creating a trivial machine code function -Here's what those configuration options mean: +* Options: Options<3>. +* Full example: Full example<3>. -@geindex command line option; --enable-host-shared -@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--enable-host-shared}@anchor{c4} -@deffn {Option} --enable-host-shared +Tutorial part 3: Loops and variables -Configuring with this option means that the compiler is built as -position-independent code, which incurs a slight performance hit, -but it necessary for a shared library. -@end deffn +* Expressions; lvalues and rvalues: Expressions lvalues and rvalues<2>. +* Control flow: Control flow<2>. +* Visualizing the control flow graph: Visualizing the control flow graph<2>. +* Full example: Full example<4>. -@geindex command line option; --enable-languages=jit -@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--enable-languages}@anchor{c5} -@deffn {Option} --enable-languages=jit +Tutorial part 4: Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter -This specifies which frontends to build. The JIT library looks like -a frontend to the rest of the code. -@end deffn +* Our toy interpreter: Our toy interpreter<2>. +* Compiling to machine code: Compiling to machine code<2>. +* Setting things up: Setting things up<2>. +* Populating the function: Populating the function<2>. +* Verifying the control flow graph: Verifying the control flow graph<2>. +* Compiling the context: Compiling the context<2>. +* Single-stepping through the generated code: Single-stepping through the generated code<2>. +* Examining the generated code: Examining the generated code<2>. +* Putting it all together: Putting it all together<2>. +* Behind the curtain; How does our code get optimized?: Behind the curtain How does our code get optimized?<2>. -@geindex command line option; --disable-bootstrap -@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--disable-bootstrap}@anchor{c6} -@deffn {Option} --disable-bootstrap +Behind the curtain: How does our code get optimized? -For hacking on the "jit" subdirectory, performing a full -bootstrap can be overkill, since it's unused by a bootstrap. However, -when submitting patches, you should remove this option, to ensure that -the compiler can still bootstrap itself. -@end deffn +* Optimizing away stack manipulation: Optimizing away stack manipulation<2>. +* Elimination of tail recursion: Elimination of tail recursion<2>. -@geindex command line option; --enable-checking=release -@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--enable-checking}@anchor{c7} -@deffn {Option} --enable-checking=release +Topic Reference -The compile can perform extensive self-checking as it runs, useful when -debugging, but slowing things down. +* Compilation contexts: Compilation contexts<2>. +* Objects: Objects<2>. +* Types: Types<2>. +* Expressions: Expressions<2>. +* Creating and using functions: Creating and using functions<2>. +* Source Locations: Source Locations<2>. +* Compilation results: Compilation results<2>. -For maximum speed, configure with @code{--enable-checking=release} to -disable this self-checking. -@end deffn +Compilation contexts -@node Running the test suite,Environment variables,Working on the JIT library,Internals -@anchor{internals/index running-the-test-suite}@anchor{c8} -@section Running the test suite +* Lifetime-management: Lifetime-management<2>. +* Thread-safety: Thread-safety<2>. +* Error-handling: Error-handling<3>. +* Debugging: Debugging<2>. +* Options: Options<4>. +Options -@example -[build] $ cd gcc -[gcc] $ make check-jit RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v -v" -@end example +* Boolean options: Boolean options<2>. +* Integer options: Integer options<2>. -@noindent +Types -A summary of the tests can then be seen in: +* Standard types: Standard types<2>. +* Pointers@comma{} const@comma{} and volatile: Pointers const and volatile<2>. +* Structures and unions: Structures and unions<2>. -@example -jit/build/gcc/testsuite/jit/jit.sum -@end example +Expressions -@noindent +* Rvalues: Rvalues<2>. +* Lvalues: Lvalues<2>. +* Working with pointers@comma{} structs and unions: Working with pointers structs and unions<2>. -and detailed logs in: +Rvalues -@example -jit/build/gcc/testsuite/jit/jit.log -@end example +* Simple expressions: Simple expressions<2>. +* Unary Operations: Unary Operations<2>. +* Binary Operations: Binary Operations<2>. +* Comparisons: Comparisons<2>. +* Function calls: Function calls<2>. +* Type-coercion: Type-coercion<2>. -@noindent +Lvalues -The test executables can be seen as: +* Global variables: Global variables<2>. -@example -jit/build/gcc/testsuite/jit/*.exe -@end example +Creating and using functions -@noindent +* Params: Params<2>. +* Functions: Functions<2>. +* Blocks: Blocks<2>. +* Statements: Statements<2>. -which can be run independently. +Source Locations -You can compile and run individual tests by passing "jit.exp=TESTNAME" to RUNTESTFLAGS e.g.: +* Faking it: Faking it<2>. -@example -[gcc] $ make check-jit RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v -v jit.exp=test-factorial.c" -@end example +@end menu -@noindent -and once a test has been compiled, you can debug it directly: +@node Tutorial<2>,Topic Reference<2>,,C++ bindings for libgccjit +@anchor{cp/intro/index doc}@anchor{c3}@anchor{cp/intro/index tutorial}@anchor{c4} +@section Tutorial -@example -[gcc] $ PATH=.:$PATH \ - LD_LIBRARY_PATH=. \ - LIBRARY_PATH=. \ - gdb --args \ - testsuite/jit/test-factorial.exe -@end example -@noindent +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . @menu -* Running under valgrind:: +* Tutorial part 1; "Hello world": Tutorial part 1 "Hello world"<2>. +* Tutorial part 2; Creating a trivial machine code function: Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2>. +* Tutorial part 3; Loops and variables: Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2>. +* Tutorial part 4; Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter: Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2>. @end menu -@node Running under valgrind,,,Running the test suite -@anchor{internals/index running-under-valgrind}@anchor{c9} -@subsection Running under valgrind +@node Tutorial part 1 "Hello world"<2>,Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2>,,Tutorial<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial01 doc}@anchor{c5}@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial01 tutorial-part-1-hello-world}@anchor{c6} +@subsection Tutorial part 1: "Hello world" -The jit testsuite detects if RUN_UNDER_VALGRIND is present in the -environment (with any value). If it is present, it runs the test client -code under valgrind@footnote{http://valgrind.org}, -specifcally, the default -memcheck@footnote{http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html} -tool with ---leak-check=full@footnote{http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#opt.leak-check}. +Before we look at the details of the API, let's look at building and +running programs that use the library. -It automatically parses the output from valgrind, injecting XFAIL results if -any issues are found, or PASS results if the output is clean. The output -is saved to @code{TESTNAME.exe.valgrind.txt}. +Here's a toy "hello world" program that uses the library's C++ API to +synthesize a call to @cite{printf} and uses it to write a message to stdout. -For example, the following invocation verbosely runs the testcase -@code{test-sum-of-squares.c} under valgrind, showing an issue: +Don't worry about the content of the program for now; we'll cover +the details in later parts of this tutorial. + +@quotation @example -$ RUN_UNDER_VALGRIND= \ - make check-jit \ - RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v -v jit.exp=test-sum-of-squares.c" +/* Smoketest example for libgccjit.so C++ API + Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -(...verbose log contains detailed valgrind errors, if any...) +This file is part of GCC. - === jit Summary === +GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) +any later version. -# of expected passes 28 -# of expected failures 2 +GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +General Public License for more details. -$ less testsuite/jit/jit.sum -(...other results...) -XFAIL: jit.dg/test-sum-of-squares.c: test-sum-of-squares.exe.valgrind.txt: definitely lost: 8 bytes in 1 blocks -XFAIL: jit.dg/test-sum-of-squares.c: test-sum-of-squares.exe.valgrind.txt: unsuppressed errors: 1 -(...other results...) +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see +. */ -$ less testsuite/jit/test-sum-of-squares.exe.valgrind.txt -(...shows full valgrind report for this test case...) +#include + +#include +#include + +static void +create_code (gccjit::context ctxt) +@{ + /* Let's try to inject the equivalent of this C code: + void + greet (const char *name) + @{ + printf ("hello %s\n", name); + @} + */ + gccjit::type void_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_VOID); + gccjit::type const_char_ptr_type = + ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_CONST_CHAR_PTR); + gccjit::param param_name = + ctxt.new_param (const_char_ptr_type, "name"); + std::vector func_params; + func_params.push_back (param_name); + gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + void_type, + "greet", + func_params, 0); + + gccjit::param param_format = + ctxt.new_param (const_char_ptr_type, "format"); + std::vector printf_params; + printf_params.push_back (param_format); + gccjit::function printf_func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_IMPORTED, + ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT), + "printf", + printf_params, 1); + + gccjit::block block = func.new_block (); + block.add_eval (ctxt.new_call (printf_func, + ctxt.new_rvalue ("hello %s\n"), + param_name)); + block.end_with_return (); +@} + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + gccjit::context ctxt; + gcc_jit_result *result; + + /* Get a "context" object for working with the library. */ + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + + /* Set some options on the context. + Turn this on to see the code being generated, in assembler form. */ + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, 0); + + /* Populate the context. */ + create_code (ctxt); + + /* Compile the code. */ + result = ctxt.compile (); + if (!result) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + exit (1); + @} + + ctxt.release (); + + /* Extract the generated code from "result". */ + typedef void (*fn_type) (const char *); + fn_type greet = + (fn_type)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "greet"); + if (!greet) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL greet"); + exit (1); + @} + + /* Now call the generated function: */ + greet ("world"); + fflush (stdout); + + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 0; +@} + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Copy the above to @cite{tut01-hello-world.cc}. + +Assuming you have the jit library installed, build the test program +using: + +@example +$ gcc \ + tut01-hello-world.cc \ + -o tut01-hello-world \ + -lgccjit +@end example + +@noindent + +You should then be able to run the built program: + +@example +$ ./tut01-hello-world +hello world +@end example + +@noindent + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2>,Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2>,Tutorial part 1 "Hello world"<2>,Tutorial<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial02 doc}@anchor{c7}@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial02 tutorial-part-2-creating-a-trivial-machine-code-function}@anchor{c8} +@subsection Tutorial part 2: Creating a trivial machine code function + + +Consider this C function: + +@example +int square (int i) +@{ + return i * i; +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +How can we construct this at run-time using libgccjit's C++ API? + +First we need to include the relevant header: + +@example +#include +@end example + +@noindent + +All state associated with compilation is associated with a +@code{gccjit::context}, which is a thin C++ wrapper around the C API's +@pxref{8,,gcc_jit_context *}. + +Create one using @pxref{c9,,gccjit;;context;;acquire()}: + +@example +gccjit::context ctxt; +ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); +@end example + +@noindent + +The JIT library has a system of types. It is statically-typed: every +expression is of a specific type, fixed at compile-time. In our example, +all of the expressions are of the C @cite{int} type, so let's obtain this from +the context, as a @code{gccjit::type}, using +@pxref{ca,,gccjit;;context;;get_type()}: + +@example +gccjit::type int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); +@end example + +@noindent + +@code{gccjit::type} is an example of a "contextual" object: every +entity in the API is associated with a @code{gccjit::context}. + +Memory management is easy: all such "contextual" objects are automatically +cleaned up for you when the context is released, using +@pxref{cb,,gccjit;;context;;release()}: + +@example +ctxt.release (); +@end example + +@noindent + +so you don't need to manually track and cleanup all objects, just the +contexts. + +All of the C++ classes in the API are thin wrappers around pointers to +types in the C API. + +The C++ class hierarchy within the @code{gccjit} namespace looks like this: + +@example ++- object + +- location + +- type + +- struct + +- field + +- function + +- block + +- rvalue + +- lvalue + +- param +@end example + +@noindent + +One thing you can do with a @code{gccjit::object} is +to ask it for a human-readable description as a @code{std::string}, using +@pxref{cc,,gccjit;;object;;get_debug_string()}: + +@example +printf ("obj: %s\n", obj.get_debug_string ().c_str ()); +@end example + +@noindent + +giving this text on stdout: + +@example +obj: int +@end example + +@noindent + +This is invaluable when debugging. + +Let's create the function. To do so, we first need to construct +its single parameter, specifying its type and giving it a name, +using @pxref{cd,,gccjit;;context;;new_param()}: + +@example +gccjit::param param_i = ctxt.new_param (int_type, "i"); +@end example + +@noindent + +and we can then make a vector of all of the params of the function, +in this case just one: + +@example +std::vector params; +params.push_back (param_i); +@end example + +@noindent + +Now we can create the function, using +@code{gccjit::context::new_function()}: + +@example +gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + int_type, + "square", + params, + 0); +@end example + +@noindent + +To define the code within the function, we must create basic blocks +containing statements. + +Every basic block contains a list of statements, eventually terminated +by a statement that either returns, or jumps to another basic block. + +Our function has no control-flow, so we just need one basic block: + +@example +gccjit::block block = func.new_block (); +@end example + +@noindent + +Our basic block is relatively simple: it immediately terminates by +returning the value of an expression. + +We can build the expression using @pxref{ce,,gccjit;;context;;new_binary_op()}: + +@example +gccjit::rvalue expr = + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, int_type, + param_i, param_i); +@end example + +@noindent + +A @code{gccjit::rvalue} is another example of a +@code{gccjit::object} subclass. As before, we can print it with +@pxref{cc,,gccjit;;object;;get_debug_string()}. + +@example +printf ("expr: %s\n", expr.get_debug_string ().c_str ()); +@end example + +@noindent + +giving this output: + +@example +expr: i * i +@end example + +@noindent + +Note that @code{gccjit::rvalue} provides numerous overloaded operators +which can be used to dramatically reduce the amount of typing needed. +We can build the above binary operation more directly with this one-liner: + +@example +gccjit::rvalue expr = param_i * param_i; +@end example + +@noindent + +Creating the expression in itself doesn't do anything; we have to add +this expression to a statement within the block. In this case, we use it +to build a return statement, which terminates the basic block: + +@example +block.end_with_return (expr); +@end example + +@noindent + +OK, we've populated the context. We can now compile it using +@pxref{cf,,gccjit;;context;;compile()}: + +@example +gcc_jit_result *result; +result = ctxt.compile (); +@end example + +@noindent + +and get a @pxref{16,,gcc_jit_result *}. + +We can now use @pxref{17,,gcc_jit_result_get_code()} to look up a specific +machine code routine within the result, in this case, the function we +created above. + +@example +void *fn_ptr = gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "square"); +if (!fn_ptr) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL fn_ptr"); + goto error; + @} +@end example + +@noindent + +We can now cast the pointer to an appropriate function pointer type, and +then call it: + +@example +typedef int (*fn_type) (int); +fn_type square = (fn_type)fn_ptr; +printf ("result: %d", square (5)); +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +result: 25 +@end example + +@noindent + +@menu +* Options: Options<3>. +* Full example: Full example<3>. + +@end menu + +@node Options<3>,Full example<3>,,Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial02 options}@anchor{d0} +@subsubsection Options + + +To get more information on what's going on, you can set debugging flags +on the context using @pxref{d1,,gccjit;;context;;set_bool_option()}. + +@c (I'm deliberately not mentioning +@c :c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_TREE` here since I think +@c it's probably more of use to implementors than to users) + +Setting @pxref{1c,,GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE} will dump a +C-like representation to stderr when you compile (GCC's "GIMPLE" +representation): + +@example +ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE, 1); +result = ctxt.compile (); +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +square (signed int i) +@{ + signed int D.260; + + entry: + D.260 = i * i; + return D.260; +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +We can see the generated machine code in assembler form (on stderr) by +setting @pxref{1d,,GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE} on the context +before compiling: + +@example +ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, 1); +result = ctxt.compile (); +@end example + +@noindent + +@example + .file "fake.c" + .text + .globl square + .type square, @@function +square: +.LFB6: + .cfi_startproc + pushq %rbp + .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16 + .cfi_offset 6, -16 + movq %rsp, %rbp + .cfi_def_cfa_register 6 + movl %edi, -4(%rbp) +.L14: + movl -4(%rbp), %eax + imull -4(%rbp), %eax + popq %rbp + .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8 + ret + .cfi_endproc +.LFE6: + .size square, .-square + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 4.9.0 20131023 (Red Hat 0.2-0.5.1920c315ff984892399893b380305ab36e07b455.fc20)" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@@progbits +@end example + +@noindent + +By default, no optimizations are performed, the equivalent of GCC's +@cite{-O0} option. We can turn things up to e.g. @cite{-O3} by calling +@pxref{d2,,gccjit;;context;;set_int_option()} with +@pxref{1f,,GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL}: + +@example +ctxt.set_int_option (GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL, 3); +@end example + +@noindent + +@example + .file "fake.c" + .text + .p2align 4,,15 + .globl square + .type square, @@function +square: +.LFB7: + .cfi_startproc +.L16: + movl %edi, %eax + imull %edi, %eax + ret + .cfi_endproc +.LFE7: + .size square, .-square + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 4.9.0 20131023 (Red Hat 0.2-0.5.1920c315ff984892399893b380305ab36e07b455.fc20)" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@@progbits +@end example + +@noindent + +Naturally this has only a small effect on such a trivial function. + +@node Full example<3>,,Options<3>,Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial02 full-example}@anchor{d3} +@subsubsection Full example + + +Here's what the above looks like as a complete program: + +@quotation + +@example +/* Usage example for libgccjit.so's C++ API + Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GCC. + +GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see +. */ + +#include + +#include +#include + +void +create_code (gccjit::context ctxt) +@{ + /* Let's try to inject the equivalent of this C code: + + int square (int i) + @{ + return i * i; + @} + */ + gccjit::type int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); + gccjit::param param_i = ctxt.new_param (int_type, "i"); + std::vector params; + params.push_back (param_i); + gccjit::function func = ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + int_type, + "square", + params, 0); + + gccjit::block block = func.new_block (); + + gccjit::rvalue expr = + ctxt.new_binary_op (GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, int_type, + param_i, param_i); + + block.end_with_return (expr); +@} + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + /* Get a "context" object for working with the library. */ + gccjit::context ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + + /* Set some options on the context. + Turn this on to see the code being generated, in assembler form. */ + ctxt.set_bool_option ( + GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, + 0); + + /* Populate the context. */ + create_code (ctxt); + + /* Compile the code. */ + gcc_jit_result *result = ctxt.compile (); + + /* We're done with the context; we can release it: */ + ctxt.release (); + + if (!result) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + return 1; + @} + + /* Extract the generated code from "result". */ + void *fn_ptr = gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "square"); + if (!fn_ptr) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL fn_ptr"); + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 1; + @} + + typedef int (*fn_type) (int); + fn_type square = (fn_type)fn_ptr; + printf ("result: %d\n", square (5)); + + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 0; +@} + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Building and running it: + +@example +$ gcc \ + tut02-square.cc \ + -o tut02-square \ + -lgccjit + +# Run the built program: +$ ./tut02-square +result: 25 +@end example + +@noindent + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2>,Tutorial part 2 Creating a trivial machine code function<2>,Tutorial<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial03 tutorial-part-3-loops-and-variables}@anchor{d4}@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial03 doc}@anchor{d5} +@subsection Tutorial part 3: Loops and variables + + +Consider this C function: + +@quotation + +@example +int loop_test (int n) +@{ + int sum = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) + sum += i * i; + return sum; +@} +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +This example demonstrates some more features of libgccjit, with local +variables and a loop. + +To break this down into libgccjit terms, it's usually easier to reword +the @cite{for} loop as a @cite{while} loop, giving: + +@quotation + +@example +int loop_test (int n) +@{ + int sum = 0; + int i = 0; + while (i < n) + @{ + sum += i * i; + i++; + @} + return sum; +@} +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Here's what the final control flow graph will look like: + +@quotation + + +@float Figure + +@image{sum-of-squares1,,,image of a control flow graph,png} + +@end float + +@end quotation + +As before, we include the libgccjit++ header and make a +@code{gccjit::context}. + +@example +#include + +void test (void) +@{ + gccjit::context ctxt; + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); +@end example + +@noindent + +The function works with the C @cite{int} type. + +In the previous tutorial we acquired this via + +@example +gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_type (ctxt, GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); +@end example + +@noindent + +though we could equally well make it work on, say, @cite{double}: + +@example +gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_type (ctxt, GCC_JIT_TYPE_DOUBLE); +@end example + +@noindent + +For integer types we can use @code{gccjit::context::get_int_type} +to directly bind a specific type: + +@example +gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_int_type (); +@end example + +@noindent + +Let's build the function: + +@example +gcc_jit_param n = ctxt.new_param (the_type, "n"); +std::vector params; +params.push_back (n); +gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + return_type, + "loop_test", + params, 0); +@end example + +@noindent + +@menu +* Expressions; lvalues and rvalues: Expressions lvalues and rvalues<2>. +* Control flow: Control flow<2>. +* Visualizing the control flow graph: Visualizing the control flow graph<2>. +* Full example: Full example<4>. + +@end menu + +@node Expressions lvalues and rvalues<2>,Control flow<2>,,Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial03 expressions-lvalues-and-rvalues}@anchor{d6} +@subsubsection Expressions: lvalues and rvalues + + +The base class of expression is the @code{gccjit::rvalue}, +representing an expression that can be on the @emph{right}-hand side of +an assignment: a value that can be computed somehow, and assigned +@emph{to} a storage area (such as a variable). It has a specific +@code{gccjit::type}. + +Anothe important class is @code{gccjit::lvalue}. +A @code{gccjit::lvalue}. is something that can of the @emph{left}-hand +side of an assignment: a storage area (such as a variable). + +In other words, every assignment can be thought of as: + +@example +LVALUE = RVALUE; +@end example + +@noindent + +Note that @code{gccjit::lvalue} is a subclass of +@code{gccjit::rvalue}, where in an assignment of the form: + +@example +LVALUE_A = LVALUE_B; +@end example + +@noindent + +the @cite{LVALUE_B} implies reading the current value of that storage +area, assigning it into the @cite{LVALUE_A}. + +So far the only expressions we've seen are from the previous tutorial: + + +@enumerate + +@item +the multiplication @cite{i * i}: +@end enumerate + +@quotation + +@example +gccjit::rvalue expr = + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, int_type, + param_i, param_i); + +/* Alternatively, using operator-overloading: */ +gccjit::rvalue expr = param_i * param_i; +@end example + +@noindent + +which is a @code{gccjit::rvalue}, and +@end quotation + + +@enumerate 2 + +@item +the various function parameters: @cite{param_i} and @cite{param_n}, instances of +@code{gccjit::param}, which is a subclass of @code{gccjit::lvalue} +(and, in turn, of @code{gccjit::rvalue}): +we can both read from and write to function parameters within the +body of a function. +@end enumerate + +Our new example has a new kind of expression: we have two local +variables. We create them by calling +@pxref{d7,,gccjit;;function;;new_local()}, supplying a type and a name: + +@example +/* Build locals: */ +gccjit::lvalue i = func.new_local (the_type, "i"); +gccjit::lvalue sum = func.new_local (the_type, "sum"); +@end example + +@noindent + +These are instances of @code{gccjit::lvalue} - they can be read from +and written to. + +Note that there is no precanned way to create @emph{and} initialize a variable +like in C: + +@example +int i = 0; +@end example + +@noindent + +Instead, having added the local to the function, we have to separately add +an assignment of @cite{0} to @cite{local_i} at the beginning of the function. + +@node Control flow<2>,Visualizing the control flow graph<2>,Expressions lvalues and rvalues<2>,Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial03 control-flow}@anchor{d8} +@subsubsection Control flow + + +This function has a loop, so we need to build some basic blocks to +handle the control flow. In this case, we need 4 blocks: + + +@enumerate + +@item +before the loop (initializing the locals) + +@item +the conditional at the top of the loop (comparing @cite{i < n}) + +@item +the body of the loop + +@item +after the loop terminates (@cite{return sum}) +@end enumerate + +so we create these as @code{gccjit::block} instances within the +@code{gccjit::function}: + +@example +gccjit::block b_initial = func.new_block ("initial"); +gccjit::block b_loop_cond = func.new_block ("loop_cond"); +gccjit::block b_loop_body = func.new_block ("loop_body"); +gccjit::block b_after_loop = func.new_block ("after_loop"); +@end example + +@noindent + +We now populate each block with statements. + +The entry block @cite{b_initial} consists of initializations followed by a jump +to the conditional. We assign @cite{0} to @cite{i} and to @cite{sum}, using +@pxref{d9,,gccjit;;block;;add_assignment()} to add +an assignment statement, and using @pxref{da,,gccjit;;context;;zero()} to get +the constant value @cite{0} for the relevant type for the right-hand side of +the assignment: + +@example +/* sum = 0; */ +b_initial.add_assignment (sum, ctxt.zero (the_type)); + +/* i = 0; */ +b_initial.add_assignment (i, ctxt.zero (the_type)); +@end example + +@noindent + +We can then terminate the entry block by jumping to the conditional: + +@example +b_initial.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); +@end example + +@noindent + +The conditional block is equivalent to the line @cite{while (i < n)} from our +C example. It contains a single statement: a conditional, which jumps to +one of two destination blocks depending on a boolean +@code{gccjit::rvalue}, in this case the comparison of @cite{i} and @cite{n}. + +We could build the comparison using @pxref{db,,gccjit;;context;;new_comparison()}: + +@example +gccjit::rvalue guard = + ctxt.new_comparison (GCC_JIT_COMPARISON_GE, + i, n); +@end example + +@noindent + +and can then use this to add @cite{b_loop_cond}'s sole statement, via +@pxref{dc,,gccjit;;block;;end_with_conditional()}: + +@example +b_loop_cond.end_with_conditional (guard); +@end example + +@noindent + +However @code{gccjit::rvalue} has overloaded operators for this, so we +express the conditional as + +@example +gccjit::rvalue guard = (i >= n); +@end example + +@noindent + +and hence write the block more concisely as: + +@example +b_loop_cond.end_with_conditional ( + i >= n, + b_after_loop, + b_loop_body); +@end example + +@noindent + +Next, we populate the body of the loop. + +The C statement @cite{sum += i * i;} is an assignment operation, where an +lvalue is modified "in-place". We use +@pxref{dd,,gccjit;;block;;add_assignment_op()} to handle these operations: + +@example +/* sum += i * i */ +b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (sum, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + i * i); +@end example + +@noindent + +The @cite{i++} can be thought of as @cite{i += 1}, and can thus be handled in +a similar way. We use @pxref{2f,,gcc_jit_context_one()} to get the constant +value @cite{1} (for the relevant type) for the right-hand side +of the assignment. + +@example +/* i++ */ +b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (i, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + ctxt.one (the_type)); +@end example + +@noindent + +@cartouche +@quotation Note +For numeric constants other than 0 or 1, we could use +@pxref{de,,gccjit;;context;;new_rvalue()}, which has overloads +for both @code{int} and @code{double}. +@end quotation +@end cartouche + +The loop body completes by jumping back to the conditional: + +@example +b_loop_body.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); +@end example + +@noindent + +Finally, we populate the @cite{b_after_loop} block, reached when the loop +conditional is false. We want to generate the equivalent of: + +@example +return sum; +@end example + +@noindent + +so the block is just one statement: + +@example +/* return sum */ +b_after_loop.end_with_return (sum); +@end example + +@noindent + +@cartouche +@quotation Note +You can intermingle block creation with statement creation, +but given that the terminator statements generally include references +to other blocks, I find it's clearer to create all the blocks, +@emph{then} all the statements. +@end quotation +@end cartouche + +We've finished populating the function. As before, we can now compile it +to machine code: + +@example +gcc_jit_result *result; +result = ctxt.compile (); + +ctxt.release (); + +if (!result) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + return 1; + @} + +typedef int (*loop_test_fn_type) (int); +loop_test_fn_type loop_test = + (loop_test_fn_type)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "loop_test"); +if (!loop_test) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL loop_test"); + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 1; + @} +printf ("result: %d", loop_test (10)); +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +result: 285 +@end example + +@noindent + +@node Visualizing the control flow graph<2>,Full example<4>,Control flow<2>,Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial03 visualizing-the-control-flow-graph}@anchor{df} +@subsubsection Visualizing the control flow graph + + +You can see the control flow graph of a function using +@pxref{e0,,gccjit;;function;;dump_to_dot()}: + +@example +func.dump_to_dot ("/tmp/sum-of-squares.dot"); +@end example + +@noindent + +giving a .dot file in GraphViz format. + +You can convert this to an image using @cite{dot}: + +@example +$ dot -Tpng /tmp/sum-of-squares.dot -o /tmp/sum-of-squares.png +@end example + +@noindent + +or use a viewer (my preferred one is xdot.py; see +@indicateurl{https://github.com/jrfonseca/xdot.py}; on Fedora you can +install it with @cite{yum install python-xdot}): + +@quotation + + +@float Figure + +@image{sum-of-squares1,,,image of a control flow graph,png} + +@end float + +@end quotation + +@node Full example<4>,,Visualizing the control flow graph<2>,Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial03 full-example}@anchor{e1} +@subsubsection Full example + + +@quotation + +@example +/* Usage example for libgccjit.so's C++ API + Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GCC. + +GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see +. */ + +#include + +#include +#include + +void +create_code (gccjit::context ctxt) +@{ + /* + Simple sum-of-squares, to test conditionals and looping + + int loop_test (int n) + @{ + int i; + int sum = 0; + for (i = 0; i < n ; i ++) + @{ + sum += i * i; + @} + return sum; + */ + gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_int_type (); + gccjit::type return_type = the_type; + + gccjit::param n = ctxt.new_param (the_type, "n"); + std::vector params; + params.push_back (n); + gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + return_type, + "loop_test", + params, 0); + + /* Build locals: */ + gccjit::lvalue i = func.new_local (the_type, "i"); + gccjit::lvalue sum = func.new_local (the_type, "sum"); + + gccjit::block b_initial = func.new_block ("initial"); + gccjit::block b_loop_cond = func.new_block ("loop_cond"); + gccjit::block b_loop_body = func.new_block ("loop_body"); + gccjit::block b_after_loop = func.new_block ("after_loop"); + + /* sum = 0; */ + b_initial.add_assignment (sum, ctxt.zero (the_type)); + + /* i = 0; */ + b_initial.add_assignment (i, ctxt.zero (the_type)); + + b_initial.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); + + /* if (i >= n) */ + b_loop_cond.end_with_conditional ( + i >= n, + b_after_loop, + b_loop_body); + + /* sum += i * i */ + b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (sum, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + i * i); + + /* i++ */ + b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (i, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + ctxt.one (the_type)); + + b_loop_body.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); + + /* return sum */ + b_after_loop.end_with_return (sum); +@} + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +@{ + gccjit::context ctxt; + gcc_jit_result *result = NULL; + + /* Get a "context" object for working with the library. */ + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + + /* Set some options on the context. + Turn this on to see the code being generated, in assembler form. */ + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, + 0); + + /* Populate the context. */ + create_code (ctxt); + + /* Compile the code. */ + result = ctxt.compile (); + + ctxt.release (); + + if (!result) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + return 1; + @} + + /* Extract the generated code from "result". */ + typedef int (*loop_test_fn_type) (int); + loop_test_fn_type loop_test = + (loop_test_fn_type)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "loop_test"); + if (!loop_test) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "NULL loop_test"); + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 1; + @} + + /* Run the generated code. */ + int val = loop_test (10); + printf("loop_test returned: %d\n", val); + + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 0; +@} + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Building and running it: + +@example +$ gcc \ + tut03-sum-of-squares.cc \ + -o tut03-sum-of-squares \ + -lgccjit + +# Run the built program: +$ ./tut03-sum-of-squares +loop_test returned: 285 +@end example + +@noindent + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2>,,Tutorial part 3 Loops and variables<2>,Tutorial<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 tutorial-part-4-adding-jit-compilation-to-a-toy-interpreter}@anchor{e2}@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 doc}@anchor{e3} +@subsection Tutorial part 4: Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter + + +In this example we construct a "toy" interpreter, and add JIT-compilation +to it. + +@menu +* Our toy interpreter: Our toy interpreter<2>. +* Compiling to machine code: Compiling to machine code<2>. +* Setting things up: Setting things up<2>. +* Populating the function: Populating the function<2>. +* Verifying the control flow graph: Verifying the control flow graph<2>. +* Compiling the context: Compiling the context<2>. +* Single-stepping through the generated code: Single-stepping through the generated code<2>. +* Examining the generated code: Examining the generated code<2>. +* Putting it all together: Putting it all together<2>. +* Behind the curtain; How does our code get optimized?: Behind the curtain How does our code get optimized?<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Our toy interpreter<2>,Compiling to machine code<2>,,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 our-toy-interpreter}@anchor{e4} +@subsubsection Our toy interpreter + + +It's a stack-based interpreter, and is intended as a (very simple) example +of the kind of bytecode interpreter seen in dynamic languages such as +Python, Ruby etc. + +For the sake of simplicity, our toy virtual machine is very limited: + +@quotation + + +@itemize * + +@item +The only data type is @cite{int} + +@item +It can only work on one function at a time (so that the only +function call that can be made is to recurse). + +@item +Functions can only take one parameter. + +@item +Functions have a stack of @cite{int} values. + +@item +We'll implement function call within the interpreter by calling a +function in our implementation, rather than implementing our own +frame stack. + +@item +The parser is only good enough to get the examples to work. +@end itemize +@end quotation + +Naturally, a real interpreter would be much more complicated that this. + +The following operations are supported: + + +@multitable {xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx} {xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx} {xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx} {xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx} +@headitem + +Operation + +@tab + +Meaning + +@tab + +Old Stack + +@tab + +New Stack + +@item + +DUP + +@tab + +Duplicate top of stack. + +@tab + +@code{[..., x]} + +@tab + +@code{[..., x, x]} + +@item + +ROT + +@tab + +Swap top two elements +of stack. + +@tab + +@code{[..., x, y]} + +@tab + +@code{[..., y, x]} + +@item + +BINARY_ADD + +@tab + +Add the top two elements +on the stack. + +@tab + +@code{[..., x, y]} + +@tab + +@code{[..., (x+y)]} + +@item + +BINARY_SUBTRACT + +@tab + +Likewise, but subtract. + +@tab + +@code{[..., x, y]} + +@tab + +@code{[..., (x-y)]} + +@item + +BINARY_MULT + +@tab + +Likewise, but multiply. + +@tab + +@code{[..., x, y]} + +@tab + +@code{[..., (x*y)]} + +@item + +BINARY_COMPARE_LT + +@tab + +Compare the top two +elements on the stack +and push a nonzero/zero +if (xop_opcode) + @{ + /* Ops taking no operand. */ + case DUP: + x = POP (); + PUSH (x); + PUSH (x); + break; + + case ROT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (y); + PUSH (x); + break; + + case BINARY_ADD: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x + y); + break; + + case BINARY_SUBTRACT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x - y); + break; + + case BINARY_MULT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x * y); + break; + + case BINARY_COMPARE_LT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x < y); + break; + + case RECURSE: + x = POP (); + x = interpret (x, trace); + PUSH (x); + break; + + case RETURN: + return POP (); + + /* Ops taking an operand. */ + case PUSH_CONST: + PUSH (op->op_operand); + break; + + case JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE: + x = POP (); + if (x) + frame.frm_pc = op->op_operand; + break; + + default: + assert (0); /* unknown opcode */ + + @} /* end of switch on opcode */ + @} /* end of while loop */ + +#undef PUSH +#undef POP +@} + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +@node Compiling to machine code<2>,Setting things up<2>,Our toy interpreter<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 compiling-to-machine-code}@anchor{e5} +@subsubsection Compiling to machine code + + +We want to generate machine code that can be cast to this type and +then directly executed in-process: + +@quotation + +@example +typedef int (*toyvm_compiled_func) (int); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Our compiler isn't very sophisticated; it takes the implementation of +each opcode above, and maps it directly to the operations supported by +the libgccjit API. + +How should we handle the stack? In theory we could calculate what the +stack depth will be at each opcode, and optimize away the stack +manipulation "by hand". We'll see below that libgccjit is able to do +this for us, so we'll implement stack manipulation +in a direct way, by creating a @code{stack} array and @code{stack_depth} +variables, local within the generated function, equivalent to this C code: + +@example +int stack_depth; +int stack[MAX_STACK_DEPTH]; +@end example + +@noindent + +We'll also have local variables @code{x} and @code{y} for use when implementing +the opcodes, equivalent to this: + +@example +int x; +int y; +@end example + +@noindent + +This means our compiler has the following state: + +@quotation + +@example + + toyvm_function &toyvmfn; + + gccjit::context ctxt; + + gccjit::type int_type; + gccjit::type bool_type; + gccjit::type stack_type; /* int[MAX_STACK_DEPTH] */ + + gccjit::rvalue const_one; + + gccjit::function fn; + gccjit::param param_arg; + gccjit::lvalue stack; + gccjit::lvalue stack_depth; + gccjit::lvalue x; + gccjit::lvalue y; + + gccjit::location op_locs[MAX_OPS]; + gccjit::block initial_block; + gccjit::block op_blocks[MAX_OPS]; + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +@node Setting things up<2>,Populating the function<2>,Compiling to machine code<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 setting-things-up}@anchor{e6} +@subsubsection Setting things up + + +First we create our types: + +@quotation + +@example + +void +compilation_state::create_types () +@{ + /* Create types. */ + int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); + bool_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_BOOL); + stack_type = ctxt.new_array_type (int_type, MAX_STACK_DEPTH); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +along with extracting a useful @cite{int} constant: + +@quotation + +@example + const_one = ctxt.one (int_type); + +@} + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We'll implement push and pop in terms of the @code{stack} array and +@code{stack_depth}. Here are helper functions for adding statements to +a block, implementing pushing and popping values: + +@quotation + +@example + +void +compilation_state::add_push (gccjit::block block, + gccjit::rvalue rvalue, + gccjit::location loc) +@{ + /* stack[stack_depth] = RVALUE */ + block.add_assignment ( + /* stack[stack_depth] */ + ctxt.new_array_access ( + stack, + stack_depth, + loc), + rvalue, + loc); + + /* "stack_depth++;". */ + block.add_assignment_op ( + stack_depth, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + const_one, + loc); +@} + +void +compilation_state::add_pop (gccjit::block block, + gccjit::lvalue lvalue, + gccjit::location loc) +@{ + /* "--stack_depth;". */ + block.add_assignment_op ( + stack_depth, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MINUS, + const_one, + loc); + + /* "LVALUE = stack[stack_depth];". */ + block.add_assignment ( + lvalue, + /* stack[stack_depth] */ + ctxt.new_array_access (stack, + stack_depth, + loc), + loc); +@} + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We will support single-stepping through the generated code in the +debugger, so we need to create @code{gccjit::location} instances, one +per operation in the source code. These will reference the lines of +e.g. @code{factorial.toy}. + +@quotation + +@example + +void +compilation_state::create_locations () +@{ + for (int pc = 0; pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops; pc++) + @{ + toyvm_op *op = &toyvmfn.fn_ops[pc]; + + op_locs[pc] = ctxt.new_location (toyvmfn.fn_filename, + op->op_linenum, + 0); /* column */ + @} +@} + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Let's create the function itself. As usual, we create its parameter +first, then use the parameter to create the function: + +@quotation + +@example + +void +compilation_state::create_function (const char *funcname) +@{ + std::vector params; + param_arg = ctxt.new_param (int_type, "arg", op_locs[0]); + params.push_back (param_arg); + fn = ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + int_type, + funcname, + params, 0, + op_locs[0]); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We create the locals within the function. + +@quotation + +@example + stack = fn.new_local (stack_type, "stack"); + stack_depth = fn.new_local (int_type, "stack_depth"); + x = fn.new_local (int_type, "x"); + y = fn.new_local (int_type, "y"); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +@node Populating the function<2>,Verifying the control flow graph<2>,Setting things up<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 populating-the-function}@anchor{e7} +@subsubsection Populating the function + + +There's some one-time initialization, and the API treats the first block +you create as the entrypoint of the function, so we need to create that +block first: + +@quotation + +@example + initial_block = fn.new_block ("initial"); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We can now create blocks for each of the operations. Most of these will +be consolidated into larger blocks when the optimizer runs. + +@quotation + +@example + for (int pc = 0; pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops; pc++) + @{ + char buf[16]; + sprintf (buf, "instr%i", pc); + op_blocks[pc] = fn.new_block (buf); + @} + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Now that we have a block it can jump to when it's done, we can populate +the initial block: + +@quotation + +@example + + /* "stack_depth = 0;". */ + initial_block.add_assignment (stack_depth, + ctxt.zero (int_type), + op_locs[0]); + + /* "PUSH (arg);". */ + add_push (initial_block, + param_arg, + op_locs[0]); + + /* ...and jump to insn 0. */ + initial_block.end_with_jump (op_blocks[0], + op_locs[0]); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We can now populate the blocks for the individual operations. We loop +through them, adding instructions to their blocks: + +@quotation + +@example + for (int pc = 0; pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops; pc++) + @{ + gccjit::location loc = op_locs[pc]; + + gccjit::block block = op_blocks[pc]; + gccjit::block next_block = (pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops + ? op_blocks[pc + 1] + : NULL); + + toyvm_op *op; + op = &toyvmfn.fn_ops[pc]; + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We're going to have another big @code{switch} statement for implementing +the opcodes, this time for compiling them, rather than interpreting +them. It's helpful to have macros for implementing push and pop, so that +we can make the @code{switch} statement that's coming up look as much as +possible like the one above within the interpreter: + +@example + +#define X_EQUALS_POP()\ + add_pop (block, x, loc) +#define Y_EQUALS_POP()\ + add_pop (block, y, loc) +#define PUSH_RVALUE(RVALUE)\ + add_push (block, (RVALUE), loc) +#define PUSH_X()\ + PUSH_RVALUE (x) +#define PUSH_Y() \ + PUSH_RVALUE (y) + + +@end example + +@noindent + +@cartouche +@quotation Note +A particularly clever implementation would have an @emph{identical} +@code{switch} statement shared by the interpreter and the compiler, with +some preprocessor "magic". We're not doing that here, for the sake +of simplicity. +@end quotation +@end cartouche + +When I first implemented this compiler, I accidentally missed an edit +when copying and pasting the @code{Y_EQUALS_POP} macro, so that popping the +stack into @code{y} instead erroneously assigned it to @code{x}, leaving @code{y} +uninitialized. + +To track this kind of thing down, we can use +@pxref{e8,,gccjit;;block;;add_comment()} to add descriptive comments +to the internal representation. This is invaluable when looking through +the generated IR for, say @code{factorial}: + +@quotation + +@example + + block.add_comment (opcode_names[op->op_opcode], loc); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We can now write the big @code{switch} statement that implements the +individual opcodes, populating the relevant block with statements: + +@quotation + +@example + + switch (op->op_opcode) + @{ + case DUP: + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_X (); + PUSH_X (); + break; + + case ROT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_Y (); + PUSH_X (); + break; + + case BINARY_ADD: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + int_type, + x, y, + loc)); + break; + + case BINARY_SUBTRACT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MINUS, + int_type, + x, y, + loc)); + break; + + case BINARY_MULT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, + int_type, + x, y, + loc)); + break; + + case BINARY_COMPARE_LT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + /* cast of bool to int */ + ctxt.new_cast ( + /* (x < y) as a bool */ + ctxt.new_comparison ( + GCC_JIT_COMPARISON_LT, + x, y, + loc), + int_type, + loc)); + break; + + case RECURSE: + @{ + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_call ( + fn, + x, + loc)); + break; + @} + + case RETURN: + X_EQUALS_POP (); + block.end_with_return (x, loc); + break; + + /* Ops taking an operand. */ + case PUSH_CONST: + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_rvalue (int_type, op->op_operand)); + break; + + case JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE: + X_EQUALS_POP (); + block.end_with_conditional ( + /* "(bool)x". */ + ctxt.new_cast (x, bool_type, loc), + op_blocks[op->op_operand], /* on_true */ + next_block, /* on_false */ + loc); + break; + + default: + assert(0); + @} /* end of switch on opcode */ + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +Every block must be terminated, via a call to one of the +@code{gccjit::block::end_with_} entrypoints. This has been done for two +of the opcodes, but we need to do it for the other ones, by jumping +to the next block. + +@quotation + +@example + if (op->op_opcode != JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE + && op->op_opcode != RETURN) + block.end_with_jump (next_block, loc); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +This is analogous to simply incrementing the program counter. + +@node Verifying the control flow graph<2>,Compiling the context<2>,Populating the function<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 verifying-the-control-flow-graph}@anchor{e9} +@subsubsection Verifying the control flow graph + + +Having finished looping over the blocks, the context is complete. + +As before, we can verify that the control flow and statements are sane by +using @pxref{e0,,gccjit;;function;;dump_to_dot()}: + +@example +fn.dump_to_dot ("/tmp/factorial.dot"); +@end example + +@noindent + +and viewing the result. Note how the label names, comments, and +variable names show up in the dump, to make it easier to spot +errors in our compiler. + +@quotation + + +@float Figure + +@image{factorial1,,,image of a control flow graph,png} + +@end float + +@end quotation + +@node Compiling the context<2>,Single-stepping through the generated code<2>,Verifying the control flow graph<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 compiling-the-context}@anchor{ea} +@subsubsection Compiling the context + + +Having finished looping over the blocks and populating them with +statements, the context is complete. + +We can now compile it, and extract machine code from the result: + +@quotation + +@example + gcc_jit_result *result = state.compile (); + + return (toyvm_compiled_func)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, funcname); + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +We can now run the result: + +@quotation + +@example + toyvm_compiled_func code = fn->compile (); + printf ("compiler result: %d\n", + code (atoi (argv[2]))); + + +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +@node Single-stepping through the generated code<2>,Examining the generated code<2>,Compiling the context<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 single-stepping-through-the-generated-code}@anchor{eb} +@subsubsection Single-stepping through the generated code + + +It's possible to debug the generated code. To do this we need to both: + +@quotation + + +@itemize * + +@item +Set up source code locations for our statements, so that we can +meaningfully step through the code. We did this above by +calling @pxref{ec,,gccjit;;context;;new_location()} and using the +results. + +@item +Enable the generation of debugging information, by setting +@pxref{42,,GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO} on the +@code{gccjit::context} via +@pxref{d1,,gccjit;;context;;set_bool_option()}: + +@example +ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO, 1); +@end example + +@noindent +@end itemize +@end quotation + +Having done this, we can put a breakpoint on the generated function: + +@example +$ gdb --args ./toyvm factorial.toy 10 +(gdb) break factorial +Function "factorial" not defined. +Make breakpoint pending on future shared library load? (y or [n]) y +Breakpoint 1 (factorial) pending. +(gdb) run +Breakpoint 1, factorial (arg=10) at factorial.toy:14 +14 DUP +@end example + +@noindent + +We've set up location information, which references @code{factorial.toy}. +This allows us to use e.g. @code{list} to see where we are in the script: + +@example +(gdb) list +9 +10 # Initial state: +11 # stack: [arg] +12 +13 # 0: +14 DUP +15 # stack: [arg, arg] +16 +17 # 1: +18 PUSH_CONST 2 +@end example + +@noindent + +and to step through the function, examining the data: + +@example +(gdb) n +18 PUSH_CONST 2 +(gdb) n +22 BINARY_COMPARE_LT +(gdb) print stack +$5 = @{10, 10, 2, 0, -7152, 32767, 0, 0@} +(gdb) print stack_depth +$6 = 3 +@end example + +@noindent + +You'll see that the parts of the @code{stack} array that haven't been +touched yet are uninitialized. + +@cartouche +@quotation Note +Turning on optimizations may lead to unpredictable results when +stepping through the generated code: the execution may appear to +"jump around" the source code. This is analogous to turning up the +optimization level in a regular compiler. +@end quotation +@end cartouche + +@node Examining the generated code<2>,Putting it all together<2>,Single-stepping through the generated code<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 examining-the-generated-code}@anchor{ed} +@subsubsection Examining the generated code + + +How good is the optimized code? + +We can turn up optimizations, by calling +@pxref{d2,,gccjit;;context;;set_int_option()} with +@pxref{1f,,GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL}: + +@example +ctxt.set_int_option (GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL, 3); +@end example + +@noindent + +One of GCC's internal representations is called "gimple". A dump of the +initial gimple representation of the code can be seen by setting: + +@example +ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE, 1); +@end example + +@noindent + +With optimization on and source locations displayed, this gives: + +@c We'll use "c" for gimple dumps + +@example +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + D.80; + signed int D.81; + signed int D.82; + signed int D.83; + signed int D.84; + signed int D.85; + signed int y; + signed int x; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int stack[8]; + + try + @{ + initial: + stack_depth = 0; + stack[stack_depth] = arg; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + goto instr0; + instr0: + /* DUP */: + stack_depth = stack_depth + -1; + x = stack[stack_depth]; + stack[stack_depth] = x; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + stack[stack_depth] = x; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + goto instr1; + instr1: + /* PUSH_CONST */: + stack[stack_depth] = 2; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + goto instr2; + + /* etc */ +@end example + +@noindent + +You can see the generated machine code in assembly form via: + +@example +ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, 1); +result = ctxt.compile (); +@end example + +@noindent + +which shows that (on this x86_64 box) the compiler has unrolled the loop +and is using MMX instructions to perform several multiplications +simultaneously: + +@example + .file "fake.c" + .text +.Ltext0: + .p2align 4,,15 + .globl factorial + .type factorial, @@function +factorial: +.LFB0: + .file 1 "factorial.toy" + .loc 1 14 0 + .cfi_startproc +.LVL0: +.L2: + .loc 1 26 0 + cmpl $1, %edi + jle .L13 + leal -1(%rdi), %edx + movl %edx, %ecx + shrl $2, %ecx + leal 0(,%rcx,4), %esi + testl %esi, %esi + je .L14 + cmpl $9, %edx + jbe .L14 + leal -2(%rdi), %eax + movl %eax, -16(%rsp) + leal -3(%rdi), %eax + movd -16(%rsp), %xmm0 + movl %edi, -16(%rsp) + movl %eax, -12(%rsp) + movd -16(%rsp), %xmm1 + xorl %eax, %eax + movl %edx, -16(%rsp) + movd -12(%rsp), %xmm4 + movd -16(%rsp), %xmm6 + punpckldq %xmm4, %xmm0 + movdqa .LC1(%rip), %xmm4 + punpckldq %xmm6, %xmm1 + punpcklqdq %xmm0, %xmm1 + movdqa .LC0(%rip), %xmm0 + jmp .L5 + # etc - edited for brevity +@end example + +@noindent + +This is clearly overkill for a function that will likely overflow the +@code{int} type before the vectorization is worthwhile - but then again, this +is a toy example. + +Turning down the optimization level to 2: + +@example +ctxt.set_int_option (GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL, 2); +@end example + +@noindent + +yields this code, which is simple enough to quote in its entirety: + +@example + .file "fake.c" + .text + .p2align 4,,15 + .globl factorial + .type factorial, @@function +factorial: +.LFB0: + .cfi_startproc +.L2: + cmpl $1, %edi + jle .L8 + movl $1, %edx + jmp .L4 + .p2align 4,,10 + .p2align 3 +.L6: + movl %eax, %edi +.L4: +.L5: + leal -1(%rdi), %eax + imull %edi, %edx + cmpl $1, %eax + jne .L6 +.L3: +.L7: + imull %edx, %eax + ret +.L8: + movl %edi, %eax + movl $1, %edx + jmp .L7 + .cfi_endproc +.LFE0: + .size factorial, .-factorial + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 4.9.0 20131023 (Red Hat 0.2-%@{gcc_release@})" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@@progbits +@end example + +@noindent + +Note that the stack pushing and popping have been eliminated, as has the +recursive call (in favor of an iteration). + +@node Putting it all together<2>,Behind the curtain How does our code get optimized?<2>,Examining the generated code<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 putting-it-all-together}@anchor{ee} +@subsubsection Putting it all together + + +The complete example can be seen in the source tree at +@code{gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc} + +along with a Makefile and a couple of sample .toy scripts: + +@example +$ ls -al +drwxrwxr-x. 2 david david 4096 Sep 19 17:46 . +drwxrwxr-x. 3 david david 4096 Sep 19 15:26 .. +-rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 615 Sep 19 12:43 factorial.toy +-rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 834 Sep 19 13:08 fibonacci.toy +-rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 238 Sep 19 14:22 Makefile +-rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 16457 Sep 19 17:07 toyvm.cc + +$ make toyvm +g++ -Wall -g -o toyvm toyvm.cc -lgccjit + +$ ./toyvm factorial.toy 10 +interpreter result: 3628800 +compiler result: 3628800 + +$ ./toyvm fibonacci.toy 10 +interpreter result: 55 +compiler result: 55 +@end example + +@noindent + +@node Behind the curtain How does our code get optimized?<2>,,Putting it all together<2>,Tutorial part 4 Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 behind-the-curtain-how-does-our-code-get-optimized}@anchor{ef} +@subsubsection Behind the curtain: How does our code get optimized? + + +Our example is done, but you may be wondering about exactly how the +compiler turned what we gave it into the machine code seen above. + +We can examine what the compiler is doing in detail by setting: + +@example +state.ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_EVERYTHING, 1); +state.ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_KEEP_INTERMEDIATES, 1); +@end example + +@noindent + +This will dump detailed information about the compiler's state to a +directory under @code{/tmp}, and keep it from being cleaned up. + +The precise names and their formats of these files is subject to change. +Higher optimization levels lead to more files. +Here's what I saw (edited for brevity; there were almost 200 files): + +@example +intermediate files written to /tmp/libgccjit-KPQbGw +$ ls /tmp/libgccjit-KPQbGw/ +fake.c.000i.cgraph +fake.c.000i.type-inheritance +fake.c.004t.gimple +fake.c.007t.omplower +fake.c.008t.lower +fake.c.011t.eh +fake.c.012t.cfg +fake.c.014i.visibility +fake.c.015i.early_local_cleanups +fake.c.016t.ssa +# etc +@end example + +@noindent + +The gimple code is converted into Static Single Assignment form, +with annotations for use when generating the debuginfo: + +@example +$ less /tmp/libgccjit-KPQbGw/fake.c.016t.ssa +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + signed int _56; + +initial: + stack_depth_3 = 0; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_3 + stack[stack_depth_3] = arg_5(D); + stack_depth_7 = stack_depth_3 + 1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_7 + # DEBUG instr0 => NULL + # DEBUG /* DUP */ => NULL + stack_depth_8 = stack_depth_7 + -1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_8 + x_9 = stack[stack_depth_8]; + # DEBUG x => x_9 + stack[stack_depth_8] = x_9; + stack_depth_11 = stack_depth_8 + 1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_11 + stack[stack_depth_11] = x_9; + stack_depth_13 = stack_depth_11 + 1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_13 + # DEBUG instr1 => NULL + # DEBUG /* PUSH_CONST */ => NULL + stack[stack_depth_13] = 2; + + /* etc; edited for brevity */ +@end example + +@noindent + +We can perhaps better see the code by turning off +@pxref{42,,GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO} to suppress all those @code{DEBUG} +statements, giving: + +@example +$ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.016t.ssa +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + signed int _56; + +initial: + stack_depth_3 = 0; + stack[stack_depth_3] = arg_5(D); + stack_depth_7 = stack_depth_3 + 1; + stack_depth_8 = stack_depth_7 + -1; + x_9 = stack[stack_depth_8]; + stack[stack_depth_8] = x_9; + stack_depth_11 = stack_depth_8 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_11] = x_9; + stack_depth_13 = stack_depth_11 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_13] = 2; + stack_depth_15 = stack_depth_13 + 1; + stack_depth_16 = stack_depth_15 + -1; + y_17 = stack[stack_depth_16]; + stack_depth_18 = stack_depth_16 + -1; + x_19 = stack[stack_depth_18]; + _20 = x_19 < y_17; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + stack[stack_depth_18] = _21; + stack_depth_23 = stack_depth_18 + 1; + stack_depth_24 = stack_depth_23 + -1; + x_25 = stack[stack_depth_24]; + if (x_25 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + +instr4: +/* DUP */: + stack_depth_26 = stack_depth_24 + -1; + x_27 = stack[stack_depth_26]; + stack[stack_depth_26] = x_27; + stack_depth_29 = stack_depth_26 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_29] = x_27; + stack_depth_31 = stack_depth_29 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_31] = 1; + stack_depth_33 = stack_depth_31 + 1; + stack_depth_34 = stack_depth_33 + -1; + y_35 = stack[stack_depth_34]; + stack_depth_36 = stack_depth_34 + -1; + x_37 = stack[stack_depth_36]; + _38 = x_37 - y_35; + stack[stack_depth_36] = _38; + stack_depth_40 = stack_depth_36 + 1; + stack_depth_41 = stack_depth_40 + -1; + x_42 = stack[stack_depth_41]; + _44 = factorial (x_42); + stack[stack_depth_41] = _44; + stack_depth_46 = stack_depth_41 + 1; + stack_depth_47 = stack_depth_46 + -1; + y_48 = stack[stack_depth_47]; + stack_depth_49 = stack_depth_47 + -1; + x_50 = stack[stack_depth_49]; + _51 = x_50 * y_48; + stack[stack_depth_49] = _51; + stack_depth_53 = stack_depth_49 + 1; + + # stack_depth_1 = PHI +instr9: +/* RETURN */: + stack_depth_54 = stack_depth_1 + -1; + x_55 = stack[stack_depth_54]; + _56 = x_55; + stack =@{v@} @{CLOBBER@}; + return _56; + +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +Note in the above how all the @code{gccjit::block} instances we +created have been consolidated into just 3 blocks in GCC's internal +representation: @code{initial}, @code{instr4} and @code{instr9}. + +@menu +* Optimizing away stack manipulation: Optimizing away stack manipulation<2>. +* Elimination of tail recursion: Elimination of tail recursion<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Optimizing away stack manipulation<2>,Elimination of tail recursion<2>,,Behind the curtain How does our code get optimized?<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 optimizing-away-stack-manipulation}@anchor{f0} +@subsubsection Optimizing away stack manipulation + + +Recall our simple implementation of stack operations. Let's examine +how the stack operations are optimized away. + +After a pass of constant-propagation, the depth of the stack at each +opcode can be determined at compile-time: + +@example +$ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.021t.ccp1 +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + +initial: + stack[0] = arg_5(D); + x_9 = stack[0]; + stack[0] = x_9; + stack[1] = x_9; + stack[2] = 2; + y_17 = stack[2]; + x_19 = stack[1]; + _20 = x_19 < y_17; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + stack[1] = _21; + x_25 = stack[1]; + if (x_25 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + +instr4: +/* DUP */: + x_27 = stack[0]; + stack[0] = x_27; + stack[1] = x_27; + stack[2] = 1; + y_35 = stack[2]; + x_37 = stack[1]; + _38 = x_37 - y_35; + stack[1] = _38; + x_42 = stack[1]; + _44 = factorial (x_42); + stack[1] = _44; + y_48 = stack[1]; + x_50 = stack[0]; + _51 = x_50 * y_48; + stack[0] = _51; + +instr9: +/* RETURN */: + x_55 = stack[0]; + x_56 = x_55; + stack =@{v@} @{CLOBBER@}; + return x_56; + +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +Note how, in the above, all those @code{stack_depth} values are now just +constants: we're accessing specific stack locations at each opcode. + +The "esra" pass ("Early Scalar Replacement of Aggregates") breaks +out our "stack" array into individual elements: + +@example +$ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.024t.esra +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + +Created a replacement for stack offset: 0, size: 32: stack$0 +Created a replacement for stack offset: 32, size: 32: stack$1 +Created a replacement for stack offset: 64, size: 32: stack$2 + +Symbols to be put in SSA form +@{ D.89 D.90 D.91 @} +Incremental SSA update started at block: 0 +Number of blocks in CFG: 5 +Number of blocks to update: 4 ( 80%) + + +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + signed int stack$2; + signed int stack$1; + signed int stack$0; + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + +initial: + stack$0_45 = arg_5(D); + x_9 = stack$0_45; + stack$0_39 = x_9; + stack$1_32 = x_9; + stack$2_30 = 2; + y_17 = stack$2_30; + x_19 = stack$1_32; + _20 = x_19 < y_17; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + stack$1_28 = _21; + x_25 = stack$1_28; + if (x_25 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + +instr4: +/* DUP */: + x_27 = stack$0_39; + stack$0_22 = x_27; + stack$1_14 = x_27; + stack$2_12 = 1; + y_35 = stack$2_12; + x_37 = stack$1_14; + _38 = x_37 - y_35; + stack$1_10 = _38; + x_42 = stack$1_10; + _44 = factorial (x_42); + stack$1_6 = _44; + y_48 = stack$1_6; + x_50 = stack$0_22; + _51 = x_50 * y_48; + stack$0_1 = _51; + + # stack$0_52 = PHI +instr9: +/* RETURN */: + x_55 = stack$0_52; + x_56 = x_55; + stack =@{v@} @{CLOBBER@}; + return x_56; + +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +Hence at this point, all those pushes and pops of the stack are now +simply assignments to specific temporary variables. + +After some copy propagation, the stack manipulation has been completely +optimized away: + +@example +$ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.026t.copyprop1 +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + signed int stack$2; + signed int stack$1; + signed int stack$0; + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + +initial: + stack$0_39 = arg_5(D); + _20 = arg_5(D) <= 1; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + if (_21 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + +instr4: +/* DUP */: + _38 = arg_5(D) + -1; + _44 = factorial (_38); + _51 = arg_5(D) * _44; + stack$0_1 = _51; + + # stack$0_52 = PHI +instr9: +/* RETURN */: + stack =@{v@} @{CLOBBER@}; + return stack$0_52; + +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +Later on, another pass finally eliminated @code{stack_depth} local and the +unused parts of the @cite{stack`} array altogether: + +@example +$ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.036t.release_ssa +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + +Released 44 names, 314.29%, removed 44 holes +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + signed int stack$0; + signed int mult_acc_1; + _5; + signed int _6; + signed int _7; + signed int mul_tmp_10; + signed int mult_acc_11; + signed int mult_acc_13; + + # arg_9 = PHI + # mult_acc_13 = PHI <1(0)> +initial: + + : + # arg_4 = PHI + # mult_acc_1 = PHI + _5 = arg_4 <= 1; + _6 = (signed int) _5; + if (_6 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + +instr4: +/* DUP */: + _7 = arg_4 + -1; + mult_acc_11 = mult_acc_1 * arg_4; + goto ; + + # stack$0_12 = PHI +instr9: +/* RETURN */: + mul_tmp_10 = mult_acc_1 * stack$0_12; + return mul_tmp_10; + +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +@node Elimination of tail recursion<2>,,Optimizing away stack manipulation<2>,Behind the curtain How does our code get optimized?<2> +@anchor{cp/intro/tutorial04 elimination-of-tail-recursion}@anchor{f1} +@subsubsection Elimination of tail recursion + + +Another significant optimization is the detection that the call to +@code{factorial} is tail recursion, which can be eliminated in favor of +an iteration: + +@example +$ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.030t.tailr1 +@end example + +@noindent + +@example +;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + +Symbols to be put in SSA form +@{ D.88 @} +Incremental SSA update started at block: 0 +Number of blocks in CFG: 5 +Number of blocks to update: 4 ( 80%) + + +factorial (signed int arg) +@{ + signed int stack$2; + signed int stack$1; + signed int stack$0; + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + signed int mult_acc_1; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int mul_tmp_44; + signed int mult_acc_51; + + # arg_5 = PHI + # mult_acc_1 = PHI <1(0), mult_acc_51(3)> +initial: + _20 = arg_5 <= 1; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + if (_21 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + +instr4: +/* DUP */: + _38 = arg_5 + -1; + mult_acc_51 = mult_acc_1 * arg_5; + goto (initial); + + # stack$0_52 = PHI +instr9: +/* RETURN */: + stack =@{v@} @{CLOBBER@}; + mul_tmp_44 = mult_acc_1 * stack$0_52; + return mul_tmp_44; + +@} +@end example + +@noindent + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Topic Reference<2>,,Tutorial<2>,C++ bindings for libgccjit +@anchor{cp/topics/index doc}@anchor{f2}@anchor{cp/topics/index topic-reference}@anchor{f3} +@section Topic Reference + + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@menu +* Compilation contexts: Compilation contexts<2>. +* Objects: Objects<2>. +* Types: Types<2>. +* Expressions: Expressions<2>. +* Creating and using functions: Creating and using functions<2>. +* Source Locations: Source Locations<2>. +* Compilation results: Compilation results<2>. + +Compilation contexts + +* Lifetime-management: Lifetime-management<2>. +* Thread-safety: Thread-safety<2>. +* Error-handling: Error-handling<3>. +* Debugging: Debugging<2>. +* Options: Options<4>. + +Options + +* Boolean options: Boolean options<2>. +* Integer options: Integer options<2>. + +Types + +* Standard types: Standard types<2>. +* Pointers@comma{} const@comma{} and volatile: Pointers const and volatile<2>. +* Structures and unions: Structures and unions<2>. + +Expressions + +* Rvalues: Rvalues<2>. +* Lvalues: Lvalues<2>. +* Working with pointers@comma{} structs and unions: Working with pointers structs and unions<2>. + +Rvalues + +* Simple expressions: Simple expressions<2>. +* Unary Operations: Unary Operations<2>. +* Binary Operations: Binary Operations<2>. +* Comparisons: Comparisons<2>. +* Function calls: Function calls<2>. +* Type-coercion: Type-coercion<2>. + +Lvalues + +* Global variables: Global variables<2>. + +Creating and using functions + +* Params: Params<2>. +* Functions: Functions<2>. +* Blocks: Blocks<2>. +* Statements: Statements<2>. + +Source Locations + +* Faking it: Faking it<2>. + +@end menu + + +@node Compilation contexts<2>,Objects<2>,,Topic Reference<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts compilation-contexts}@anchor{f4}@anchor{cp/topics/contexts doc}@anchor{f5} +@subsection Compilation contexts + + +@geindex gccjit;;context (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context}@anchor{f6} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::context +@end deffn + +The top-level of the C++ API is the @pxref{f6,,gccjit;;context} type. + +A @pxref{f6,,gccjit;;context} instance encapsulates the state of a +compilation. + +You can set up options on it, and add types, functions and code. +Invoking @pxref{cf,,gccjit;;context;;compile()} on it gives you a +@pxref{16,,gcc_jit_result *}. + +It is a thin wrapper around the C API's @pxref{8,,gcc_jit_context *}. + +@menu +* Lifetime-management: Lifetime-management<2>. +* Thread-safety: Thread-safety<2>. +* Error-handling: Error-handling<3>. +* Debugging: Debugging<2>. +* Options: Options<4>. + +@end menu + +@node Lifetime-management<2>,Thread-safety<2>,,Compilation contexts<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts lifetime-management}@anchor{f7} +@subsubsection Lifetime-management + + +Contexts are the unit of lifetime-management within the API: objects +have their lifetime bounded by the context they are created within, and +cleanup of such objects is done for you when the context is released. + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;acquire (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context acquire}@anchor{c9} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::context gccjit::context::acquire () + +This function acquires a new @pxref{f6,,gccjit;;context} instance, +which is independent of any others that may be present within this +process. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;release (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context release}@anchor{cb} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::context::release () + +This function releases all resources associated with the given context. +Both the context itself and all of its @code{gccjit::object *} +instances are cleaned up. It should be called exactly once on a given +context. + +It is invalid to use the context or any of its "contextual" objects +after calling this. + +@example +ctxt.release (); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_child_context (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context new_child_context}@anchor{f8} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::context gccjit::context::new_child_context () + +Given an existing JIT context, create a child context. + +The child inherits a copy of all option-settings from the parent. + +The child can reference objects created within the parent, but not +vice-versa. + +The lifetime of the child context must be bounded by that of the +parent: you should release a child context before releasing the parent +context. + +If you use a function from a parent context within a child context, +you have to compile the parent context before you can compile the +child context, and the gccjit::result of the parent context must +outlive the gccjit::result of the child context. + +This allows caching of shared initializations. For example, you could +create types and declarations of global functions in a parent context +once within a process, and then create child contexts whenever a +function or loop becomes hot. Each such child context can be used for +JIT-compiling just one function or loop, but can reference types +and helper functions created within the parent context. + +Contexts can be arbitrarily nested, provided the above rules are +followed, but it's probably not worth going above 2 or 3 levels, and +there will likely be a performance hit for such nesting. +@end deffn + +@node Thread-safety<2>,Error-handling<3>,Lifetime-management<2>,Compilation contexts<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts thread-safety}@anchor{f9} +@subsubsection Thread-safety + + +Instances of @pxref{f6,,gccjit;;context} created via +@pxref{c9,,gccjit;;context;;acquire()} are independent from each other: +only one thread may use a given context at once, but multiple threads +could each have their own contexts without needing locks. + +Contexts created via @pxref{f8,,gccjit;;context;;new_child_context()} are +related to their parent context. They can be partitioned by their +ultimate ancestor into independent "family trees". Only one thread +within a process may use a given "family tree" of such contexts at once, +and if you're using multiple threads you should provide your own locking +around entire such context partitions. + +@node Error-handling<3>,Debugging<2>,Thread-safety<2>,Compilation contexts<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts error-handling}@anchor{fa} +@subsubsection Error-handling + + +@c FIXME: How does error-handling work for C++ API? + +You can only compile and get code from a context if no errors occur. + +In general, if an error occurs when using an API entrypoint, it returns +NULL. You don't have to check everywhere for NULL results, since the +API gracefully handles a NULL being passed in for any argument. + +Errors are printed on stderr and can be queried using +@pxref{fb,,gccjit;;context;;get_first_error()}. + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;get_first_error (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context get_first_error__gccjit contextP}@anchor{fb} +@deffn {C++ Function} const char* gccjit::context::get_first_error (gccjit::context* ctxt) + +Returns the first error message that occurred on the context. + +The returned string is valid for the rest of the lifetime of the +context. + +If no errors occurred, this will be NULL. +@end deffn + +@node Debugging<2>,Options<4>,Error-handling<3>,Compilation contexts<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts debugging}@anchor{fc} +@subsubsection Debugging + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;dump_to_file (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context dump_to_file__ssCR i}@anchor{fd} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::context::dump_to_file (const std::string& path, int update_locations) + +To help with debugging: dump a C-like representation to the given path, +describing what's been set up on the context. + +If "update_locations" is true, then also set up @pxref{fe,,gccjit;;location} +information throughout the context, pointing at the dump file as if it +were a source file. This may be of use in conjunction with +@code{GCCJIT::BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO} to allow stepping through the +code in a debugger. +@end deffn + +@node Options<4>,,Debugging<2>,Compilation contexts<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts options}@anchor{ff} +@subsubsection Options + + +@c FIXME: gccjit::context::set_str_option doesn't seem to exist yet in the +@c C++ API + +@menu +* Boolean options: Boolean options<2>. +* Integer options: Integer options<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Boolean options<2>,Integer options<2>,,Options<4> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts boolean-options}@anchor{100} +@subsubsection Boolean options + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;set_bool_option (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context set_bool_option__enum i}@anchor{d1} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::context::set_bool_option (enum gcc_jit_bool_option, int value) + +Set a boolean option of the context. + +This is a thin wrapper around the C API +@pxref{1b,,gcc_jit_context_set_bool_option()}; the options have the same +meaning. +@end deffn + +@node Integer options<2>,,Boolean options<2>,Options<4> +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts integer-options}@anchor{101} +@subsubsection Integer options + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;set_int_option (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/contexts gccjit context set_int_option__enum i}@anchor{d2} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::context::set_int_option (enum gcc_jit_int_option, int value) + +Set an integer option of the context. + +This is a thin wrapper around the C API +@pxref{1e,,gcc_jit_context_set_int_option()}; the options have the same +meaning. +@end deffn + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Objects<2>,Types<2>,Compilation contexts<2>,Topic Reference<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/objects objects}@anchor{102}@anchor{cp/topics/objects doc}@anchor{103} +@subsection Objects + + +@geindex gccjit;;object (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/objects gccjit object}@anchor{104} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::object +@end deffn + +Almost every entity in the API (with the exception of +@pxref{f6,,gccjit;;context} and @pxref{16,,gcc_jit_result *}) is a +"contextual" object, a @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object}. + +A JIT object: + +@quotation + + +@itemize * + +@item +is associated with a @pxref{f6,,gccjit;;context}. + +@item +is automatically cleaned up for you when its context is released so +you don't need to manually track and cleanup all objects, just the +contexts. +@end itemize +@end quotation + +The C++ class hierarchy within the @code{gccjit} namespace looks like this: + +@example ++- object + +- location + +- type + +- struct + +- field + +- function + +- block + +- rvalue + +- lvalue + +- param +@end example + +@noindent + +The @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object} base class has the following operations: + +@geindex gccjit;;object;;get_context (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/objects gccjit object get_contextC}@anchor{105} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::context gccjit::object::get_context () const + +Which context is the obj within? +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;object;;get_debug_string (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/objects gccjit object get_debug_stringC}@anchor{cc} +@deffn {C++ Function} std::string gccjit::object::get_debug_string () const + +Generate a human-readable description for the given object. + +For example, + +@example +printf ("obj: %s\n", obj.get_debug_string ().c_str ()); +@end example + +@noindent + +might give this text on stdout: + +@example +obj: 4.0 * (float)i +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Types<2>,Expressions<2>,Objects<2>,Topic Reference<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/types doc}@anchor{106}@anchor{cp/topics/types types}@anchor{107} +@subsection Types + + +@geindex gccjit;;type (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit type}@anchor{108} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::type + +gccjit::type represents a type within the library. It is a subclass +of @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object}. +@end deffn + +Types can be created in several ways: + + +@itemize * + +@item +fundamental types can be accessed using +@pxref{ca,,gccjit;;context;;get_type()}: + +@example +gccjit::type int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); +@end example + +@noindent + +or using the @code{gccjit::context::get_int_type} template: + +@example +gccjit::type t = ctxt.get_int_type (); +@end example + +@noindent + +See @pxref{b,,gcc_jit_context_get_type()} for the available types. + +@item +derived types can be accessed by using functions such as +@pxref{109,,gccjit;;type;;get_pointer()} and @pxref{10a,,gccjit;;type;;get_const()}: + +@example +gccjit::type const_int_star = int_type.get_const ().get_pointer (); +gccjit::type int_const_star = int_type.get_pointer ().get_const (); +@end example + +@noindent + +@item +by creating structures (see below). +@end itemize + +@menu +* Standard types: Standard types<2>. +* Pointers@comma{} const@comma{} and volatile: Pointers const and volatile<2>. +* Structures and unions: Structures and unions<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Standard types<2>,Pointers const and volatile<2>,,Types<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/types standard-types}@anchor{10b} +@subsubsection Standard types + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;get_type (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit context get_type__enum}@anchor{ca} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::context::get_type (enum gcc_jit_types) + +Access a specific type. This is a thin wrapper around +@pxref{b,,gcc_jit_context_get_type()}; the parameter has the same meaning. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;get_int_type (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit context get_int_type__s i}@anchor{10c} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::context::get_int_type (size_t num_bytes, int is_signed) + +Access the integer type of the given size. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;get_int_type (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit context get_int_type T}@anchor{10d} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::context::get_int_type () + +Access the given integer type. For example, you could map the +@code{unsigned short} type into a gccjit::type via: + +@example +gccjit::type t = ctxt.get_int_type (); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@node Pointers const and volatile<2>,Structures and unions<2>,Standard types<2>,Types<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/types pointers-const-and-volatile}@anchor{10e} +@subsubsection Pointers, @cite{const}, and @cite{volatile} + + +@geindex gccjit;;type;;get_pointer (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit type get_pointer}@anchor{109} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::type::get_pointer () + +Given type "T", get type "T*". +@end deffn + +@c FIXME: get_const doesn't seem to exist + +@geindex gccjit;;type;;get_const (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit type get_const}@anchor{10a} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::type::get_const () + +Given type "T", get type "const T". +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;type;;get_volatile (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit type get_volatile}@anchor{10f} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::type::get_volatile () + +Given type "T", get type "volatile T". +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_array_type (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit context new_array_type__gccjit type i gccjit location}@anchor{110} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::context::new_array_type (gccjit::type element_type, int num_elements, gccjit::location loc) + +Given type "T", get type "T[N]" (for a constant N). +Param "loc" is optional. +@end deffn + +@node Structures and unions<2>,,Pointers const and volatile<2>,Types<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/types structures-and-unions}@anchor{111} +@subsubsection Structures and unions + + +@geindex gccjit;;struct_ (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit struct_}@anchor{112} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::struct_ +@end deffn + +A compound type analagous to a C @cite{struct}. + +@pxref{112,,gccjit;;struct_} is a subclass of @pxref{108,,gccjit;;type} (and thus +of @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object} in turn). + +@geindex gccjit;;field (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit field}@anchor{113} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::field +@end deffn + +A field within a @pxref{112,,gccjit;;struct_}. + +@pxref{113,,gccjit;;field} is a subclass of @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object}. + +You can model C @cite{struct} types by creating @pxref{112,,gccjit;;struct_} and +@pxref{113,,gccjit;;field} instances, in either order: + + +@itemize * + +@item +by creating the fields, then the structure. For example, to model: + +@example +struct coord @{double x; double y; @}; +@end example + +@noindent + +you could call: + +@example +gccjit::field field_x = ctxt.new_field (double_type, "x"); +gccjit::field field_y = ctxt.new_field (double_type, "y"); +std::vector fields; +fields.push_back (field_x); +fields.push_back (field_y); +gccjit::struct_ coord = ctxt.new_struct_type ("coord", fields); +@end example + +@noindent + +@item +by creating the structure, then populating it with fields, typically +to allow modelling self-referential structs such as: + +@example +struct node @{ int m_hash; struct node *m_next; @}; +@end example + +@noindent + +like this: + +@example +gccjit::struct_ node = ctxt.new_opaque_struct_type ("node"); +gccjit::type node_ptr = node.get_pointer (); +gccjit::field field_hash = ctxt.new_field (int_type, "m_hash"); +gccjit::field field_next = ctxt.new_field (node_ptr, "m_next"); +std::vector fields; +fields.push_back (field_hash); +fields.push_back (field_next); +node.set_fields (fields); +@end example + +@noindent +@end itemize + +@c FIXME: the above API doesn't seem to exist yet + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_field (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit context new_field__gccjit type cCP gccjit location}@anchor{114} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::field gccjit::context::new_field (gccjit::type type, const char* name, gccjit::location loc) + +Construct a new field, with the given type and name. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_struct_type (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit context new_struct_type__ssCR std vector field R gccjit location}@anchor{115} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::struct_ gccjit::context::new_struct_type (const std::string& name, std::vector& fields, gccjit::location loc) + +@quotation + +Construct a new struct type, with the given name and fields. +@end quotation +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_opaque_struct (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/types gccjit context new_opaque_struct__ssCR gccjit location}@anchor{116} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::struct_ gccjit::context::new_opaque_struct (const std::string& name, gccjit::location loc) + +Construct a new struct type, with the given name, but without +specifying the fields. The fields can be omitted (in which case the +size of the struct is not known), or later specified using +@pxref{75,,gcc_jit_struct_set_fields()}. +@end deffn + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Expressions<2>,Creating and using functions<2>,Types<2>,Topic Reference<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions expressions}@anchor{117}@anchor{cp/topics/expressions doc}@anchor{118} +@subsection Expressions + + +@menu +* Rvalues: Rvalues<2>. +* Lvalues: Lvalues<2>. +* Working with pointers@comma{} structs and unions: Working with pointers structs and unions<2>. + +Rvalues + +* Simple expressions: Simple expressions<2>. +* Unary Operations: Unary Operations<2>. +* Binary Operations: Binary Operations<2>. +* Comparisons: Comparisons<2>. +* Function calls: Function calls<2>. +* Type-coercion: Type-coercion<2>. + +Lvalues + +* Global variables: Global variables<2>. + +@end menu + + +@node Rvalues<2>,Lvalues<2>,,Expressions<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions rvalues}@anchor{119} +@subsubsection Rvalues + + +@geindex gccjit;;rvalue (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit rvalue}@anchor{11a} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::rvalue +@end deffn + +A @pxref{11a,,gccjit;;rvalue} is an expression that can be computed. It is a +subclass of @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object}, and is a thin wrapper around +@pxref{13,,gcc_jit_rvalue *} from the C API. + +It can be simple, e.g.: + +@quotation + + +@itemize * + +@item +an integer value e.g. @cite{0} or @cite{42} + +@item +a string literal e.g. @cite{"Hello world"} + +@item +a variable e.g. @cite{i}. These are also lvalues (see below). +@end itemize +@end quotation + +or compound e.g.: + +@quotation + + +@itemize * + +@item +a unary expression e.g. @cite{!cond} + +@item +a binary expression e.g. @cite{(a + b)} + +@item +a function call e.g. @cite{get_distance (&player_ship@comma{} &target)} + +@item +etc. +@end itemize +@end quotation + +Every rvalue has an associated type, and the API will check to ensure +that types match up correctly (otherwise the context will emit an error). + +@geindex gccjit;;rvalue;;get_type (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit rvalue get_type}@anchor{11b} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::type gccjit::rvalue::get_type () + +Get the type of this rvalue. +@end deffn + +@menu +* Simple expressions: Simple expressions<2>. +* Unary Operations: Unary Operations<2>. +* Binary Operations: Binary Operations<2>. +* Comparisons: Comparisons<2>. +* Function calls: Function calls<2>. +* Type-coercion: Type-coercion<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Simple expressions<2>,Unary Operations<2>,,Rvalues<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions simple-expressions}@anchor{11c} +@subsubsection Simple expressions + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_rvalue (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_rvalue__gccjit type iC}@anchor{de} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_rvalue (gccjit::type numeric_type, int value) const + +Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), build an rvalue for +the given constant @code{int} value. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;zero (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context zero__gccjit typeC}@anchor{da} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::zero (gccjit::type numeric_type) const + +Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), get the rvalue for +zero. Essentially this is just a shortcut for: + +@example +ctxt.new_rvalue (numeric_type, 0) +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;one (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context one__gccjit typeC}@anchor{11d} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::one (gccjit::type numeric_type) const + +Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), get the rvalue for +zero. Essentially this is just a shortcut for: + +@example +ctxt.new_rvalue (numeric_type, 1) +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_rvalue (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_rvalue__gccjit type doubleC}@anchor{11e} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_rvalue (gccjit::type numeric_type, double value) const + +Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), build an rvalue for +the given constant value. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_rvalue (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_rvalue__gccjit type voidPC}@anchor{11f} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_rvalue (gccjit::type pointer_type, void* value) const + +Given a pointer type, build an rvalue for the given address. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_rvalue (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_rvalue__ssCRC}@anchor{120} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_rvalue (const std::string& value) const + +Generate an rvalue of type @code{GCC_JIT_TYPE_CONST_CHAR_PTR} for +the given string. This is akin to a string literal. +@end deffn + +@node Unary Operations<2>,Binary Operations<2>,Simple expressions<2>,Rvalues<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions unary-operations}@anchor{121} +@subsubsection Unary Operations + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_unary_op (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_unary_op__enum gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{122} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_unary_op (enum gcc_jit_unary_op, gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue rvalue, gccjit::location loc) + +Build a unary operation out of an input rvalue. + +Parameter @code{loc} is optional. + +This is a thin wrapper around the C API's +@pxref{80,,gcc_jit_context_new_unary_op()} and the available unary +operations are documented there. +@end deffn + +There are shorter ways to spell the various specific kinds of unary +operation: + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_minus (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_minus__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{123} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_minus (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::location loc) + +Negate an arithmetic value; for example: + +@example +gccjit::rvalue negpi = ctxt.new_minus (t_double, pi); +@end example + +@noindent + +builds the equivalent of this C expression: + +@example +-pi +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex new_bitwise_negate (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions new_bitwise_negate__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{124} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue new_bitwise_negate (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::location loc) + +Bitwise negation of an integer value (one's complement); for example: + +@example +gccjit::rvalue mask = ctxt.new_bitwise_negate (t_int, a); +@end example + +@noindent + +builds the equivalent of this C expression: + +@example +~a +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex new_logical_negate (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions new_logical_negate__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{125} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue new_logical_negate (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::location loc) + +Logical negation of an arithmetic or pointer value; for example: + +@example +gccjit::rvalue guard = ctxt.new_logical_negate (t_bool, cond); +@end example + +@noindent + +builds the equivalent of this C expression: + +@example +!cond +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +The most concise way to spell them is with overloaded operators: + +@geindex operator- (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions sub-operator__gccjit rvalue}@anchor{126} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator- (gccjit::rvalue a) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue negpi = -pi; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator~ (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions inv-operator__gccjit rvalue}@anchor{127} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator~ (gccjit::rvalue a) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue mask = ~a; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator! (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions not-operator__gccjit rvalue}@anchor{128} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator! (gccjit::rvalue a) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue guard = !cond; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@node Binary Operations<2>,Comparisons<2>,Unary Operations<2>,Rvalues<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions binary-operations}@anchor{129} +@subsubsection Binary Operations + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_binary_op (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_binary_op__enum gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{ce} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_binary_op (enum gcc_jit_binary_op, gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) + +Build a binary operation out of two constituent rvalues. + +Parameter @code{loc} is optional. + +This is a thin wrapper around the C API's +@pxref{12,,gcc_jit_context_new_binary_op()} and the available binary +operations are documented there. +@end deffn + +There are shorter ways to spell the various specific kinds of binary +operation: + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_plus (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_plus__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{12a} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_plus (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_minus (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_minus__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{12b} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_minus (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_mult (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_mult__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{12c} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_mult (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_divide (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_divide__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{12d} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_divide (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_modulo (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_modulo__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{12e} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_modulo (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_bitwise_and (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_bitwise_and__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{12f} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_bitwise_and (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_bitwise_xor (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_bitwise_xor__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{130} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_bitwise_xor (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_bitwise_or (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_bitwise_or__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{131} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_bitwise_or (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_logical_and (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_logical_and__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{132} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_logical_and (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_logical_or (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_logical_or__gccjit type gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{133} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_logical_or (gccjit::type result_type, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +The most concise way to spell them is with overloaded operators: + +@geindex operator+ (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions add-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{134} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator+ (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue sum = a + b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator- (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions sub-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{135} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator- (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue diff = a - b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator* (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions mul-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{136} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator* (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue prod = a * b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator/ (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions div-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{137} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator/ (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue result = a / b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator% (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions mod-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{138} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator% (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue mod = a % b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator& (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions and-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{139} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator& (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue x = a & b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator^ (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions xor-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{13a} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator^ (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue x = a ^ b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator| (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions or-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{13b} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator| (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue x = a | b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator&& (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions sand-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{13c} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator&& (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = a && b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator|| (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions sor-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{13d} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator|| (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = a || b; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +These can of course be combined, giving a terse way to build compound +expressions: + +@quotation + +@example +gccjit::rvalue discriminant = (b * b) - (four * a * c); +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +@node Comparisons<2>,Function calls<2>,Binary Operations<2>,Rvalues<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions comparisons}@anchor{13e} +@subsubsection Comparisons + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_comparison (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_comparison__enum gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{db} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_comparison (enum gcc_jit_comparison, gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) + +Build a boolean rvalue out of the comparison of two other rvalues. + +Parameter @code{loc} is optional. + +This is a thin wrapper around the C API's +@pxref{2c,,gcc_jit_context_new_comparison()} and the available kinds +of comparison are documented there. +@end deffn + +There are shorter ways to spell the various specific kinds of binary +operation: + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_eq (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_eq__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{13f} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_eq (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_ne (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_ne__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{140} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_ne (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_lt (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_lt__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{141} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_lt (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_le (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_le__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{142} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_le (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_gt (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_gt__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{143} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_gt (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_ge (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_ge__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{144} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_ge (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, gccjit::location loc) +@end deffn + +The most concise way to spell them is with overloaded operators: + +@geindex operator== (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions eq-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{145} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator== (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = (a == ctxt.zero (t_int)); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator!= (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions neq-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{146} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator!= (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = (i != j); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator< (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions lt-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{147} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator< (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = i < n; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator<= (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions lte-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{148} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator<= (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = i <= n; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator> (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gt-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{149} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator> (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = (ch > limit); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex operator>= (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gte-operator__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue}@anchor{14a} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue operator>= (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + +@example +gccjit::rvalue cond = (score >= ctxt.new_rvalue (t_int, 100)); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@c TODO: beyond this point + +@node Function calls<2>,Type-coercion<2>,Comparisons<2>,Rvalues<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions function-calls}@anchor{14b} +@subsubsection Function calls + + +@geindex gcc_jit_context_new_call (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gcc_jit_context_new_call__gcc_jit_contextP gcc_jit_locationP gcc_jit_functionP i gcc_jit_rvaluePP}@anchor{14c} +@deffn {C++ Function} gcc_jit_rvalue* gcc_jit_context_new_call (gcc_jit_context* ctxt, gcc_jit_location* loc, gcc_jit_function* func, int numargs, gcc_jit_rvalue** args) + +Given a function and the given table of argument rvalues, construct a +call to the function, with the result as an rvalue. + +@cartouche +@quotation Note +@code{gccjit::context::new_call()} merely builds a +@pxref{11a,,gccjit;;rvalue} i.e. an expression that can be evaluated, +perhaps as part of a more complicated expression. +The call @emph{won't} happen unless you add a statement to a function +that evaluates the expression. + +For example, if you want to call a function and discard the result +(or to call a function with @code{void} return type), use +@pxref{14d,,gccjit;;block;;add_eval()}: + +@example +/* Add "(void)printf (arg0, arg1);". */ +block.add_eval (ctxt.new_call (printf_func, arg0, arg1)); +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation +@end cartouche +@end deffn + +@node Type-coercion<2>,,Function calls<2>,Rvalues<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions type-coercion}@anchor{14e} +@subsubsection Type-coercion + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_cast (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_cast__gccjit rvalue gccjit type gccjit location}@anchor{14f} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::context::new_cast (gccjit::rvalue rvalue, gccjit::type type, gccjit::location loc) + +Given an rvalue of T, construct another rvalue of another type. + +Currently only a limited set of conversions are possible: + +@quotation + + +@itemize * + +@item +int <-> float + +@item +int <-> bool + +@item +P* <-> Q*, for pointer types P and Q +@end itemize +@end quotation +@end deffn + +@node Lvalues<2>,Working with pointers structs and unions<2>,Rvalues<2>,Expressions<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions lvalues}@anchor{150} +@subsubsection Lvalues + + +@geindex gccjit;;lvalue (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit lvalue}@anchor{151} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::lvalue +@end deffn + +An lvalue is something that can of the @emph{left}-hand side of an assignment: +a storage area (such as a variable). It is a subclass of +@pxref{11a,,gccjit;;rvalue}, where the rvalue is computed by reading from the +storage area. + +It iss a thin wrapper around @pxref{24,,gcc_jit_lvalue *} from the C API. + +@geindex gccjit;;lvalue;;get_address (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit lvalue get_address__gccjit location}@anchor{152} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::lvalue::get_address (gccjit::location loc) + +Take the address of an lvalue; analogous to: + +@example +&(EXPR) +@end example + +@noindent + +in C. + +Parameter "loc" is optional. +@end deffn + +@menu +* Global variables: Global variables<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Global variables<2>,,,Lvalues<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions global-variables}@anchor{153} +@subsubsection Global variables + + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_global (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_global__gccjit type cCP gccjit location}@anchor{154} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::lvalue gccjit::context::new_global (gccjit::type type, const char* name, gccjit::location loc) + +Add a new global variable of the given type and name to the context. +@end deffn + +@node Working with pointers structs and unions<2>,,Lvalues<2>,Expressions<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions working-with-pointers-structs-and-unions}@anchor{155} +@subsubsection Working with pointers, structs and unions + + +@geindex gccjit;;rvalue;;dereference (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit rvalue dereference__gccjit location}@anchor{156} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::lvalue gccjit::rvalue::dereference (gccjit::location loc) + +Given an rvalue of pointer type @code{T *}, dereferencing the pointer, +getting an lvalue of type @code{T}. Analogous to: + +@example +*(EXPR) +@end example + +@noindent + +in C. + +Parameter "loc" is optional. +@end deffn + +If you don't need to specify the location, this can also be expressed using +an overloaded operator: + + +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::lvalue gccjit::rvalue::operator* (); + +@example +gccjit::lvalue content = *ptr; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +Field access is provided separately for both lvalues and rvalues: + +@geindex gccjit;;lvalue;;access_field (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit lvalue access_field__gccjit field gccjit location}@anchor{157} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::lvalue gccjit::lvalue::access_field (gccjit::field field, gccjit::location loc) + +Given an lvalue of struct or union type, access the given field, +getting an lvalue of the field's type. Analogous to: + +@example +(EXPR).field = ...; +@end example + +@noindent + +in C. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;rvalue;;access_field (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit rvalue access_field__gccjit field gccjit location}@anchor{158} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::rvalue gccjit::rvalue::access_field (gccjit::field field, gccjit::location loc) + +Given an rvalue of struct or union type, access the given field +as an rvalue. Analogous to: + +@example +(EXPR).field +@end example + +@noindent + +in C. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;rvalue;;dereference_field (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit rvalue dereference_field__gccjit field gccjit location}@anchor{159} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::lvalue gccjit::rvalue::dereference_field (gccjit::field field, gccjit::location loc) + +Given an rvalue of pointer type @code{T *} where T is of struct or union +type, access the given field as an lvalue. Analogous to: + +@example +(EXPR)->field +@end example + +@noindent + +in C, itself equivalent to @code{(*EXPR).FIELD}. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_array_access (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/expressions gccjit context new_array_access__gccjit rvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{15a} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::lvalue gccjit::context::new_array_access (gccjit::rvalue ptr, gccjit::rvalue index, gccjit::location loc) + +Given an rvalue of pointer type @code{T *}, get at the element @cite{T} at +the given index, using standard C array indexing rules i.e. each +increment of @code{index} corresponds to @code{sizeof(T)} bytes. +Analogous to: + +@example +PTR[INDEX] +@end example + +@noindent + +in C (or, indeed, to @code{PTR + INDEX}). + +Parameter "loc" is optional. +@end deffn + +For array accesses where you don't need to specify a @pxref{fe,,gccjit;;location}, +two overloaded operators are available: + +@quotation + +gccjit::lvalue gccjit::rvalue::operator[] (gccjit::rvalue index) + +@example +gccjit::lvalue element = array[idx]; +@end example + +@noindent + +gccjit::lvalue gccjit::rvalue::operator[] (int index) + +@example +gccjit::lvalue element = array[0]; +@end example + +@noindent +@end quotation + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Creating and using functions<2>,Source Locations<2>,Expressions<2>,Topic Reference<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/functions doc}@anchor{15b}@anchor{cp/topics/functions creating-and-using-functions}@anchor{15c} +@subsection Creating and using functions + + +@menu +* Params: Params<2>. +* Functions: Functions<2>. +* Blocks: Blocks<2>. +* Statements: Statements<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Params<2>,Functions<2>,,Creating and using functions<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/functions params}@anchor{15d} +@subsubsection Params + + +@geindex gccjit;;param (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit param}@anchor{15e} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::param + +A @cite{gccjit::param} represents a parameter to a function. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_param (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit context new_param__gccjit type cCP gccjit location}@anchor{cd} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::param gccjit::context::new_param (gccjit::type type, const char* name, gccjit::location loc) + +In preparation for creating a function, create a new parameter of the +given type and name. +@end deffn + +@pxref{15e,,gccjit;;param} is a subclass of @pxref{151,,gccjit;;lvalue} (and thus +of @pxref{11a,,gccjit;;rvalue} and @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object}). It is a thin +wrapper around the C API's @pxref{25,,gcc_jit_param *}. + +@node Functions<2>,Blocks<2>,Params<2>,Creating and using functions<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/functions functions}@anchor{15f} +@subsubsection Functions + + +@geindex gccjit;;function (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit function}@anchor{160} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::function + +A @cite{gccjit::function} represents a function - either one that we're +creating ourselves, or one that we're referencing. +@end deffn + + +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::function gccjit::context::new_function (enum gcc_jit_function_kind, gccjit::type return_type, const char *name, std::vector ¶ms, int is_variadic, gccjit::location loc) \ + +Create a gcc_jit_function with the given name and parameters. + +Parameters "is_variadic" and "loc" are optional. + +This is a wrapper around the C API's @pxref{11,,gcc_jit_context_new_function()}. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;get_builtin_function (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit context get_builtin_function__cCP}@anchor{161} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::function gccjit::context::get_builtin_function (const char* name) + +This is a wrapper around the C API's +@pxref{b1,,gcc_jit_context_get_builtin_function()}. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;function;;get_param (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit function get_param__iC}@anchor{162} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::param gccjit::function::get_param (int index) const + +Get the param of the given index (0-based). +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;function;;dump_to_dot (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit function dump_to_dot__cCP}@anchor{e0} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::function::dump_to_dot (const char* path) + +Emit the function in graphviz format to the given path. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;function;;new_local (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit function new_local__gccjit type cCP gccjit location}@anchor{d7} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::lvalue gccjit::function::new_local (gccjit::type type, const char* name, gccjit::location loc) + +Create a new local variable within the function, of the given type and +name. +@end deffn + +@node Blocks<2>,Statements<2>,Functions<2>,Creating and using functions<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/functions blocks}@anchor{163} +@subsubsection Blocks + + +@geindex gccjit;;block (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block}@anchor{164} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::block + +A @cite{gccjit::block} represents a basic block within a function i.e. a +sequence of statements with a single entry point and a single exit +point. + +@pxref{164,,gccjit;;block} is a subclass of @pxref{104,,gccjit;;object}. + +The first basic block that you create within a function will +be the entrypoint. + +Each basic block that you create within a function must be +terminated, either with a conditional, a jump, or a return. + +It's legal to have multiple basic blocks that return within +one function. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;function;;new_block (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit function new_block__cCP}@anchor{165} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::block gccjit::function::new_block (const char* name) + +Create a basic block of the given name. The name may be NULL, but +providing meaningful names is often helpful when debugging: it may +show up in dumps of the internal representation, and in error +messages. +@end deffn + +@node Statements<2>,,Blocks<2>,Creating and using functions<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/functions statements}@anchor{166} +@subsubsection Statements + + +@geindex gccjit;;block;;add_eval (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block add_eval__gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{14d} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::block::add_eval (gccjit::rvalue rvalue, gccjit::location loc) + +Add evaluation of an rvalue, discarding the result +(e.g. a function call that "returns" void). + +This is equivalent to this C code: + +@example +(void)expression; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;block;;add_assignment (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block add_assignment__gccjit lvalue gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{d9} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::block::add_assignment (gccjit::lvalue lvalue, gccjit::rvalue rvalue, gccjit::location loc) + +Add evaluation of an rvalue, assigning the result to the given +lvalue. + +This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + +@example +lvalue = rvalue; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;block;;add_assignment_op (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block add_assignment_op__gccjit lvalue enum gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{dd} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::block::add_assignment_op (gccjit::lvalue lvalue, enum gcc_jit_binary_op, gccjit::rvalue rvalue, gccjit::location loc) + +Add evaluation of an rvalue, using the result to modify an +lvalue. + +This is analogous to "+=" and friends: + +@example +lvalue += rvalue; +lvalue *= rvalue; +lvalue /= rvalue; +@end example + +@noindent + +etc. For example: + +@example +/* "i++" */ +loop_body.add_assignment_op ( + i, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + ctxt.one (int_type)); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;block;;add_comment (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block add_comment__cCP gccjit location}@anchor{e8} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::block::add_comment (const char* text, gccjit::location loc) + +Add a no-op textual comment to the internal representation of the +code. It will be optimized away, but will be visible in the dumps +seen via @pxref{5b,,GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_TREE} +and @pxref{1c,,GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE}, +and thus may be of use when debugging how your project's internal +representation gets converted to the libgccjit IR. + +Parameter "loc" is optional. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;block;;end_with_conditional (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block end_with_conditional__gccjit rvalue gccjit block gccjit block gccjit location}@anchor{dc} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::block::end_with_conditional (gccjit::rvalue boolval, gccjit::block on_true, gccjit::block on_false, gccjit::location loc) + +Terminate a block by adding evaluation of an rvalue, branching on the +result to the appropriate successor block. + +This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + +@example +if (boolval) + goto on_true; +else + goto on_false; +@end example + +@noindent + +block, boolval, on_true, and on_false must be non-NULL. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;block;;end_with_jump (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block end_with_jump__gccjit block gccjit location}@anchor{167} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::block::end_with_jump (gccjit::block target, gccjit::location loc) + +Terminate a block by adding a jump to the given target block. + +This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + +@example +goto target; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;block;;end_with_return (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/functions gccjit block end_with_return__gccjit rvalue gccjit location}@anchor{168} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gccjit::block::end_with_return (gccjit::rvalue rvalue, gccjit::location loc) + +Terminate a block. + +Both params are optional. + +An rvalue must be provided for a function returning non-void, and +must not be provided by a function "returning" @cite{void}. + +If an rvalue is provided, the block is terminated by evaluating the +rvalue and returning the value. + +This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + +@example +return expression; +@end example + +@noindent + +If an rvalue is not provided, the block is terminated by adding a +valueless return, for use within a function with "void" return type. + +This is equivalent to this C code: + +@example +return; +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Source Locations<2>,Compilation results<2>,Creating and using functions<2>,Topic Reference<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/locations source-locations}@anchor{169}@anchor{cp/topics/locations doc}@anchor{16a} +@subsection Source Locations + + +@geindex gccjit;;location (C++ class) +@anchor{cp/topics/locations gccjit location}@anchor{fe} +@deffn {C++ Class} gccjit::location + +A @cite{gccjit::location} encapsulates a source code location, so that +you can (optionally) associate locations in your language with +statements in the JIT-compiled code, allowing the debugger to +single-step through your language. + +@cite{gccjit::location} instances are optional: you can always omit them +from any C++ API entrypoint accepting one. + +You can construct them using @pxref{ec,,gccjit;;context;;new_location()}. + +You need to enable @pxref{42,,GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO} on the +@pxref{f6,,gccjit;;context} for these locations to actually be usable by +the debugger: + +@example +ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO, 1); +@end example + +@noindent +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;new_location (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/locations gccjit context new_location__cCP i i}@anchor{ec} +@deffn {C++ Function} gccjit::location gccjit::context::new_location (const char* filename, int line, int column) + +Create a @cite{gccjit::location} instance representing the given source +location. +@end deffn + +@menu +* Faking it: Faking it<2>. + +@end menu + +@node Faking it<2>,,,Source Locations<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/locations faking-it}@anchor{16b} +@subsubsection Faking it + + +If you don't have source code for your internal representation, but need +to debug, you can generate a C-like representation of the functions in +your context using @pxref{fd,,gccjit;;context;;dump_to_file()}: + +@example +ctxt.dump_to_file ("/tmp/something.c", + 1 /* update_locations */); +@end example + +@noindent + +This will dump C-like code to the given path. If the @cite{update_locations} +argument is true, this will also set up @cite{gccjit::location} information +throughout the context, pointing at the dump file as if it were a source +file, giving you @emph{something} you can step through in the debugger. + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Compilation results<2>,,Source Locations<2>,Topic Reference<2> +@anchor{cp/topics/results compilation-results}@anchor{16c}@anchor{cp/topics/results doc}@anchor{16d} +@subsection Compilation results + + +@geindex gcc_jit_result (C++ type) +@anchor{cp/topics/results gcc_jit_result}@anchor{16e} +@deffn {C++ Type} gcc_jit_result + +A @cite{gcc_jit_result} encapsulates the result of compiling a context. +@end deffn + +@geindex gccjit;;context;;compile (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/results gccjit context compile}@anchor{cf} +@deffn {C++ Function} @pxref{16e,,gcc_jit_result*} gccjit::context::compile () + +This calls into GCC and builds the code, returning a +@cite{gcc_jit_result *}. +@end deffn + +@geindex gcc_jit_result_get_code (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/results gcc_jit_result_get_code__gcc_jit_resultP cCP}@anchor{16f} +@deffn {C++ Function} void* gcc_jit_result_get_code (gcc_jit_result* result, const char* funcname) + +Locate a given function within the built machine code. +This will need to be cast to a function pointer of the +correct type before it can be called. +@end deffn + +@geindex gcc_jit_result_release (C++ function) +@anchor{cp/topics/results gcc_jit_result_release__gcc_jit_resultP}@anchor{170} +@deffn {C++ Function} void gcc_jit_result_release (gcc_jit_result* result) + +Once we're done with the code, this unloads the built .so file. +This cleans up the result; after calling this, it's no longer +valid to use the result. +@end deffn + +@c Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Originally contributed by David Malcolm +@c +@c This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it +@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +@c the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +@c (at your option) any later version. +@c +@c This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +@c WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +@c MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +@c General Public License for more details. +@c +@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +@c along with this program. If not, see +@c . + +@node Internals,Indices and tables,C++ bindings for libgccjit,Top +@anchor{internals/index internals}@anchor{171}@anchor{internals/index doc}@anchor{172} +@chapter Internals + + +@menu +* Working on the JIT library:: +* Running the test suite:: +* Environment variables:: +* Overview of code structure:: + +@end menu + +@node Working on the JIT library,Running the test suite,,Internals +@anchor{internals/index working-on-the-jit-library}@anchor{173} +@section Working on the JIT library + + +Having checked out the source code (to "src"), you can configure and build +the JIT library like this: + +@example +mkdir build +mkdir install +PREFIX=$(pwd)/install +cd build +../src/configure \ + --enable-host-shared \ + --enable-languages=jit \ + --disable-bootstrap \ + --enable-checking=release \ + --prefix=$PREFIX +nice make -j4 # altering the "4" to however many cores you have +@end example + +@noindent + +This should build a libgccjit.so within jit/build/gcc: + +@example +[build] $ file gcc/libgccjit.so* +gcc/libgccjit.so: symbolic link to `libgccjit.so.0' +gcc/libgccjit.so.0: symbolic link to `libgccjit.so.0.0.1' +gcc/libgccjit.so.0.0.1: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, not stripped +@end example + +@noindent + +Here's what those configuration options mean: + +@geindex command line option; --enable-host-shared +@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--enable-host-shared}@anchor{174} +@deffn {Option} --enable-host-shared + +Configuring with this option means that the compiler is built as +position-independent code, which incurs a slight performance hit, +but it necessary for a shared library. +@end deffn + +@geindex command line option; --enable-languages=jit +@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--enable-languages}@anchor{175} +@deffn {Option} --enable-languages=jit + +This specifies which frontends to build. The JIT library looks like +a frontend to the rest of the code. +@end deffn + +@geindex command line option; --disable-bootstrap +@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--disable-bootstrap}@anchor{176} +@deffn {Option} --disable-bootstrap + +For hacking on the "jit" subdirectory, performing a full +bootstrap can be overkill, since it's unused by a bootstrap. However, +when submitting patches, you should remove this option, to ensure that +the compiler can still bootstrap itself. +@end deffn + +@geindex command line option; --enable-checking=release +@anchor{internals/index cmdoption--enable-checking}@anchor{177} +@deffn {Option} --enable-checking=release + +The compile can perform extensive self-checking as it runs, useful when +debugging, but slowing things down. + +For maximum speed, configure with @code{--enable-checking=release} to +disable this self-checking. +@end deffn + +@node Running the test suite,Environment variables,Working on the JIT library,Internals +@anchor{internals/index running-the-test-suite}@anchor{178} +@section Running the test suite + + +@example +[build] $ cd gcc +[gcc] $ make check-jit RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v -v" +@end example + +@noindent + +A summary of the tests can then be seen in: + +@example +jit/build/gcc/testsuite/jit/jit.sum +@end example + +@noindent + +and detailed logs in: + +@example +jit/build/gcc/testsuite/jit/jit.log +@end example + +@noindent + +The test executables can be seen as: + +@example +jit/build/gcc/testsuite/jit/*.exe +@end example + +@noindent + +which can be run independently. + +You can compile and run individual tests by passing "jit.exp=TESTNAME" to RUNTESTFLAGS e.g.: + +@example +[gcc] $ make check-jit RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v -v jit.exp=test-factorial.c" +@end example + +@noindent + +and once a test has been compiled, you can debug it directly: + +@example +[gcc] $ PATH=.:$PATH \ + LD_LIBRARY_PATH=. \ + LIBRARY_PATH=. \ + gdb --args \ + testsuite/jit/test-factorial.exe +@end example + +@noindent + +@menu +* Running under valgrind:: + +@end menu + +@node Running under valgrind,,,Running the test suite +@anchor{internals/index running-under-valgrind}@anchor{179} +@subsection Running under valgrind + + +The jit testsuite detects if RUN_UNDER_VALGRIND is present in the +environment (with any value). If it is present, it runs the test client +code under valgrind@footnote{http://valgrind.org}, +specifcally, the default +memcheck@footnote{http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html} +tool with +--leak-check=full@footnote{http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#opt.leak-check}. + +It automatically parses the output from valgrind, injecting XFAIL results if +any issues are found, or PASS results if the output is clean. The output +is saved to @code{TESTNAME.exe.valgrind.txt}. + +For example, the following invocation verbosely runs the testcase +@code{test-sum-of-squares.c} under valgrind, showing an issue: + +@example +$ RUN_UNDER_VALGRIND= \ + make check-jit \ + RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v -v jit.exp=test-sum-of-squares.c" + +(...verbose log contains detailed valgrind errors, if any...) + + === jit Summary === + +# of expected passes 28 +# of expected failures 2 + +$ less testsuite/jit/jit.sum +(...other results...) +XFAIL: jit.dg/test-sum-of-squares.c: test-sum-of-squares.exe.valgrind.txt: definitely lost: 8 bytes in 1 blocks +XFAIL: jit.dg/test-sum-of-squares.c: test-sum-of-squares.exe.valgrind.txt: unsuppressed errors: 1 +(...other results...) + +$ less testsuite/jit/test-sum-of-squares.exe.valgrind.txt +(...shows full valgrind report for this test case...) @end example @noindent @@ -6606,7 +12092,7 @@ When running under valgrind, it's best to have configured gcc with various known false positives. @node Environment variables,Overview of code structure,Running the test suite,Internals -@anchor{internals/index environment-variables}@anchor{ca} +@anchor{internals/index environment-variables}@anchor{17a} @section Environment variables @@ -6614,7 +12100,7 @@ When running client code against a locally-built libgccjit, three environment variables need to be set up: @geindex environment variable; LD_LIBRARY_PATH -@anchor{internals/index envvar-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}@anchor{cb} +@anchor{internals/index envvar-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}@anchor{17b} @deffn {Environment Variable} LD_LIBRARY_PATH @quotation @@ -6636,7 +12122,7 @@ libgccjit.so.0.0.1: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), @end deffn @geindex environment variable; PATH -@anchor{internals/index envvar-PATH}@anchor{cc} +@anchor{internals/index envvar-PATH}@anchor{17c} @deffn {Environment Variable} PATH The library uses a driver executable for converting from .s assembler @@ -6655,7 +12141,7 @@ of development. @end deffn @geindex environment variable; LIBRARY_PATH -@anchor{internals/index envvar-LIBRARY_PATH}@anchor{cd} +@anchor{internals/index envvar-LIBRARY_PATH}@anchor{17d} @deffn {Environment Variable} LIBRARY_PATH The driver executable invokes the linker, and the latter needs to locate @@ -6691,7 +12177,7 @@ hello world @noindent @node Overview of code structure,,Environment variables,Internals -@anchor{internals/index overview-of-code-structure}@anchor{ce} +@anchor{internals/index overview-of-code-structure}@anchor{17e} @section Overview of code structure @@ -6954,15 +12440,8 @@ the GC doesn't collect, and are set back to NULL before the GC can run. @end quotation -This document describes libgccjit@footnote{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/JIT}, an API -for embedding GCC inside programs and libraries. - -Note that libgccjit is currently of "Alpha" quality; -the APIs are not yet set in stone, and they shouldn't be used in -production yet. - @node Indices and tables,Index,Internals,Top -@anchor{index indices-and-tables}@anchor{cf} +@anchor{index indices-and-tables}@anchor{17f} @unnumbered Indices and tables diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/sum-of-squares1.png b/gcc/jit/docs/_build/texinfo/sum-of-squares1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a3b4afff38e2f365ef2a09df997cb98d032fbcb GIT binary patch literal 22839 zc-p+Yby!vHwl};86{JC0L=Zth5F{lf1Oy4`l9UDs0SO5~8l)tp6{I_)yBq07K#}fJ z^d0lr`<(OE`M&G={`lC}z8-|N=9>3C#`wiO#w18dK^pHW)m0P&os9uH4PqtARc@ zgRPHqO|pyyjEstxWW24&b>PN-#!4K`F~h$zC|4i3Vh_o3>^3d}Dp z;yT$O@OrX|&td1k^hb9>cXcW0NA+M|!iUzE1FkQKh=?eRLz!txhR`@VDDtS8%sVJl zl#|jZjh{TW_c0CSyxoqS$l3A!ea#SBvH#K9Fh)>Nka$3|_QUWS!n=#j80oDBvQOHo zrkMF6W!~PFi#32BiU+h@yF*Wp-q6snSVU`ul`2++=6e~h=_lIcCfo7@g$xDjW|eh zO^L$lhb}wJHdZS@*xE-3$);QrvzFqM8OY`^7N#k&V4&SHGpN-c? zbA~1+I-A~L*l&!pp_=|&{34>J4k<6^zN=l1MI3}_HjvcZN$Z8n%F6mFE6eC~cWG_D zUa;ZfSjXJTN`isd@N1TQc6K%jg^7vzP(_7A^!F|XYH>72g@cc;bE?ejlDj^IRdgUT z59%5P#hr;7<(&852a@IN?d?lV1_lP68ySf!rix^~e}8RcZ0t5_Wot_w_V^kVl`P7< 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zZT1=?*=J)F;e&kJpyxh(I1X=dP*qj@I&ilOo}OsB!+2YNKOVG2!(->Bv9Yn|RZdTZ zBf!BE%=Wx1Xq0pn1xq8gD#m|5WqS#;w6mkuDw!laxx?kakrPdjUF5~UVP<4OE;YOm F`9BS>fk6NO literal 0 Hc-jL100001 diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/index.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/index.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..9483f14611fc --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/index.rst @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +C++ bindings for libgccjit +========================== + +This document describes the C++ bindings to +`libgccjit `_, an API for embedding GCC +inside programs and libraries. + +The C++ bindings consist of a single header file ``libgccjit++.h``. + +This is a collection of "thin" wrapper classes around the C API. +Everything is an inline function, implemented in terms of the C API, +so there is nothing extra to link against. + +Note that libgccjit is currently of "Alpha" quality; +the APIs are not yet set in stone, and they shouldn't be used in +production yet. + +Contents: + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + + intro/index.rst + topics/index.rst diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/index.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/index.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..d3bcec93c75d --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/index.rst @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +Tutorial +======== + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + + tutorial01.rst + tutorial02.rst + tutorial03.rst + tutorial04.rst diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial01.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial01.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..f9348ebbfdee --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial01.rst @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Tutorial part 1: "Hello world" +============================== + +Before we look at the details of the API, let's look at building and +running programs that use the library. + +Here's a toy "hello world" program that uses the library's C++ API to +synthesize a call to `printf` and uses it to write a message to stdout. + +Don't worry about the content of the program for now; we'll cover +the details in later parts of this tutorial. + + .. literalinclude:: ../../examples/tut01-hello-world.cc + :language: c++ + +Copy the above to `tut01-hello-world.cc`. + +Assuming you have the jit library installed, build the test program +using: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ gcc \ + tut01-hello-world.cc \ + -o tut01-hello-world \ + -lgccjit + +You should then be able to run the built program: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ ./tut01-hello-world + hello world diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial02.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial02.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..97f001fdb623 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial02.rst @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Tutorial part 2: Creating a trivial machine code function +--------------------------------------------------------- + +Consider this C function: + +.. code-block:: c + + int square (int i) + { + return i * i; + } + +How can we construct this at run-time using libgccjit's C++ API? + +First we need to include the relevant header: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + #include + +All state associated with compilation is associated with a +:type:`gccjit::context`, which is a thin C++ wrapper around the C API's +:c:type:`gcc_jit_context *`. + +Create one using :func:`gccjit::context::acquire`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::context ctxt; + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + +The JIT library has a system of types. It is statically-typed: every +expression is of a specific type, fixed at compile-time. In our example, +all of the expressions are of the C `int` type, so let's obtain this from +the context, as a :type:`gccjit::type`, using +:func:`gccjit::context::get_type`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); + +:type:`gccjit::type` is an example of a "contextual" object: every +entity in the API is associated with a :type:`gccjit::context`. + +Memory management is easy: all such "contextual" objects are automatically +cleaned up for you when the context is released, using +:func:`gccjit::context::release`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.release (); + +so you don't need to manually track and cleanup all objects, just the +contexts. + +All of the C++ classes in the API are thin wrappers around pointers to +types in the C API. + +The C++ class hierarchy within the ``gccjit`` namespace looks like this:: + + +- object + +- location + +- type + +- struct + +- field + +- function + +- block + +- rvalue + +- lvalue + +- param + +One thing you can do with a :type:`gccjit::object` is +to ask it for a human-readable description as a :type:`std::string`, using +:func:`gccjit::object::get_debug_string`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + printf ("obj: %s\n", obj.get_debug_string ().c_str ()); + +giving this text on stdout: + +.. code-block:: bash + + obj: int + +This is invaluable when debugging. + +Let's create the function. To do so, we first need to construct +its single parameter, specifying its type and giving it a name, +using :func:`gccjit::context::new_param`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::param param_i = ctxt.new_param (int_type, "i"); + +and we can then make a vector of all of the params of the function, +in this case just one: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + std::vector params; + params.push_back (param_i); + +Now we can create the function, using +:c:func:`gccjit::context::new_function`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + int_type, + "square", + params, + 0); + +To define the code within the function, we must create basic blocks +containing statements. + +Every basic block contains a list of statements, eventually terminated +by a statement that either returns, or jumps to another basic block. + +Our function has no control-flow, so we just need one basic block: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::block block = func.new_block (); + +Our basic block is relatively simple: it immediately terminates by +returning the value of an expression. + +We can build the expression using :func:`gccjit::context::new_binary_op`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue expr = + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, int_type, + param_i, param_i); + +A :type:`gccjit::rvalue` is another example of a +:type:`gccjit::object` subclass. As before, we can print it with +:func:`gccjit::object::get_debug_string`. + +.. code-block:: c++ + + printf ("expr: %s\n", expr.get_debug_string ().c_str ()); + +giving this output: + +.. code-block:: bash + + expr: i * i + +Note that :type:`gccjit::rvalue` provides numerous overloaded operators +which can be used to dramatically reduce the amount of typing needed. +We can build the above binary operation more directly with this one-liner: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue expr = param_i * param_i; + +Creating the expression in itself doesn't do anything; we have to add +this expression to a statement within the block. In this case, we use it +to build a return statement, which terminates the basic block: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + block.end_with_return (expr); + +OK, we've populated the context. We can now compile it using +:func:`gccjit::context::compile`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gcc_jit_result *result; + result = ctxt.compile (); + +and get a :c:type:`gcc_jit_result *`. + +We can now use :c:func:`gcc_jit_result_get_code` to look up a specific +machine code routine within the result, in this case, the function we +created above. + +.. code-block:: c++ + + void *fn_ptr = gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "square"); + if (!fn_ptr) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL fn_ptr"); + goto error; + } + +We can now cast the pointer to an appropriate function pointer type, and +then call it: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + typedef int (*fn_type) (int); + fn_type square = (fn_type)fn_ptr; + printf ("result: %d", square (5)); + +.. code-block:: bash + + result: 25 + + +Options +******* + +To get more information on what's going on, you can set debugging flags +on the context using :func:`gccjit::context::set_bool_option`. + +.. (I'm deliberately not mentioning + :c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_TREE` here since I think + it's probably more of use to implementors than to users) + +Setting :c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE` will dump a +C-like representation to stderr when you compile (GCC's "GIMPLE" +representation): + +.. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE, 1); + result = ctxt.compile (); + +.. code-block:: c + + square (signed int i) + { + signed int D.260; + + entry: + D.260 = i * i; + return D.260; + } + +We can see the generated machine code in assembler form (on stderr) by +setting :c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE` on the context +before compiling: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, 1); + result = ctxt.compile (); + +.. code-block:: gas + + .file "fake.c" + .text + .globl square + .type square, @function + square: + .LFB6: + .cfi_startproc + pushq %rbp + .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16 + .cfi_offset 6, -16 + movq %rsp, %rbp + .cfi_def_cfa_register 6 + movl %edi, -4(%rbp) + .L14: + movl -4(%rbp), %eax + imull -4(%rbp), %eax + popq %rbp + .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8 + ret + .cfi_endproc + .LFE6: + .size square, .-square + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 4.9.0 20131023 (Red Hat 0.2-0.5.1920c315ff984892399893b380305ab36e07b455.fc20)" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits + +By default, no optimizations are performed, the equivalent of GCC's +`-O0` option. We can turn things up to e.g. `-O3` by calling +:func:`gccjit::context::set_int_option` with +:c:macro:`GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.set_int_option (GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL, 3); + +.. code-block:: gas + + .file "fake.c" + .text + .p2align 4,,15 + .globl square + .type square, @function + square: + .LFB7: + .cfi_startproc + .L16: + movl %edi, %eax + imull %edi, %eax + ret + .cfi_endproc + .LFE7: + .size square, .-square + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 4.9.0 20131023 (Red Hat 0.2-0.5.1920c315ff984892399893b380305ab36e07b455.fc20)" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits + +Naturally this has only a small effect on such a trivial function. + + +Full example +************ + +Here's what the above looks like as a complete program: + + .. literalinclude:: ../../examples/tut02-square.cc + :lines: 1- + :language: c++ + +Building and running it: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ gcc \ + tut02-square.cc \ + -o tut02-square \ + -lgccjit + + # Run the built program: + $ ./tut02-square + result: 25 diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial03.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial03.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..c72d78f24159 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial03.rst @@ -0,0 +1,392 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Tutorial part 3: Loops and variables +------------------------------------ +Consider this C function: + + .. code-block:: c + + int loop_test (int n) + { + int sum = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) + sum += i * i; + return sum; + } + +This example demonstrates some more features of libgccjit, with local +variables and a loop. + +To break this down into libgccjit terms, it's usually easier to reword +the `for` loop as a `while` loop, giving: + + .. code-block:: c + + int loop_test (int n) + { + int sum = 0; + int i = 0; + while (i < n) + { + sum += i * i; + i++; + } + return sum; + } + +Here's what the final control flow graph will look like: + + .. figure:: ../../intro/sum-of-squares.png + :alt: image of a control flow graph + +As before, we include the libgccjit++ header and make a +:type:`gccjit::context`. + +.. code-block:: c++ + + #include + + void test (void) + { + gccjit::context ctxt; + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + +The function works with the C `int` type. + +In the previous tutorial we acquired this via + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_type (ctxt, GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); + +though we could equally well make it work on, say, `double`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_type (ctxt, GCC_JIT_TYPE_DOUBLE); + +For integer types we can use :func:`gccjit::context::get_int_type` +to directly bind a specific type: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_int_type (); + +Let's build the function: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gcc_jit_param n = ctxt.new_param (the_type, "n"); + std::vector params; + params.push_back (n); + gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + return_type, + "loop_test", + params, 0); + +Expressions: lvalues and rvalues +******************************** + +The base class of expression is the :type:`gccjit::rvalue`, +representing an expression that can be on the *right*-hand side of +an assignment: a value that can be computed somehow, and assigned +*to* a storage area (such as a variable). It has a specific +:type:`gccjit::type`. + +Anothe important class is :type:`gccjit::lvalue`. +A :type:`gccjit::lvalue`. is something that can of the *left*-hand +side of an assignment: a storage area (such as a variable). + +In other words, every assignment can be thought of as: + +.. code-block:: c + + LVALUE = RVALUE; + +Note that :type:`gccjit::lvalue` is a subclass of +:type:`gccjit::rvalue`, where in an assignment of the form: + +.. code-block:: c + + LVALUE_A = LVALUE_B; + +the `LVALUE_B` implies reading the current value of that storage +area, assigning it into the `LVALUE_A`. + +So far the only expressions we've seen are from the previous tutorial: + +1. the multiplication `i * i`: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue expr = + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, int_type, + param_i, param_i); + + /* Alternatively, using operator-overloading: */ + gccjit::rvalue expr = param_i * param_i; + + which is a :type:`gccjit::rvalue`, and + +2. the various function parameters: `param_i` and `param_n`, instances of + :type:`gccjit::param`, which is a subclass of :type:`gccjit::lvalue` + (and, in turn, of :type:`gccjit::rvalue`): + we can both read from and write to function parameters within the + body of a function. + +Our new example has a new kind of expression: we have two local +variables. We create them by calling +:func:`gccjit::function::new_local`, supplying a type and a name: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + /* Build locals: */ + gccjit::lvalue i = func.new_local (the_type, "i"); + gccjit::lvalue sum = func.new_local (the_type, "sum"); + +These are instances of :type:`gccjit::lvalue` - they can be read from +and written to. + +Note that there is no precanned way to create *and* initialize a variable +like in C: + +.. code-block:: c + + int i = 0; + +Instead, having added the local to the function, we have to separately add +an assignment of `0` to `local_i` at the beginning of the function. + +Control flow +************ + +This function has a loop, so we need to build some basic blocks to +handle the control flow. In this case, we need 4 blocks: + +1. before the loop (initializing the locals) +2. the conditional at the top of the loop (comparing `i < n`) +3. the body of the loop +4. after the loop terminates (`return sum`) + +so we create these as :type:`gccjit::block` instances within the +:type:`gccjit::function`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::block b_initial = func.new_block ("initial"); + gccjit::block b_loop_cond = func.new_block ("loop_cond"); + gccjit::block b_loop_body = func.new_block ("loop_body"); + gccjit::block b_after_loop = func.new_block ("after_loop"); + +We now populate each block with statements. + +The entry block `b_initial` consists of initializations followed by a jump +to the conditional. We assign `0` to `i` and to `sum`, using +:func:`gccjit::block::add_assignment` to add +an assignment statement, and using :func:`gccjit::context::zero` to get +the constant value `0` for the relevant type for the right-hand side of +the assignment: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + /* sum = 0; */ + b_initial.add_assignment (sum, ctxt.zero (the_type)); + + /* i = 0; */ + b_initial.add_assignment (i, ctxt.zero (the_type)); + +We can then terminate the entry block by jumping to the conditional: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + b_initial.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); + +The conditional block is equivalent to the line `while (i < n)` from our +C example. It contains a single statement: a conditional, which jumps to +one of two destination blocks depending on a boolean +:type:`gccjit::rvalue`, in this case the comparison of `i` and `n`. + +We could build the comparison using :func:`gccjit::context::new_comparison`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue guard = + ctxt.new_comparison (GCC_JIT_COMPARISON_GE, + i, n); + +and can then use this to add `b_loop_cond`'s sole statement, via +:func:`gccjit::block::end_with_conditional`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + b_loop_cond.end_with_conditional (guard); + +However :type:`gccjit::rvalue` has overloaded operators for this, so we +express the conditional as + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue guard = (i >= n); + +and hence write the block more concisely as: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + b_loop_cond.end_with_conditional ( + i >= n, + b_after_loop, + b_loop_body); + +Next, we populate the body of the loop. + +The C statement `sum += i * i;` is an assignment operation, where an +lvalue is modified "in-place". We use +:func:`gccjit::block::add_assignment_op` to handle these operations: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + /* sum += i * i */ + b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (sum, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + i * i); + +The `i++` can be thought of as `i += 1`, and can thus be handled in +a similar way. We use :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_one` to get the constant +value `1` (for the relevant type) for the right-hand side +of the assignment. + +.. code-block:: c++ + + /* i++ */ + b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (i, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + ctxt.one (the_type)); + +.. note:: + + For numeric constants other than 0 or 1, we could use + :func:`gccjit::context::new_rvalue`, which has overloads + for both ``int`` and ``double``. + +The loop body completes by jumping back to the conditional: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + b_loop_body.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); + +Finally, we populate the `b_after_loop` block, reached when the loop +conditional is false. We want to generate the equivalent of: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + return sum; + +so the block is just one statement: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + /* return sum */ + b_after_loop.end_with_return (sum); + +.. note:: + + You can intermingle block creation with statement creation, + but given that the terminator statements generally include references + to other blocks, I find it's clearer to create all the blocks, + *then* all the statements. + +We've finished populating the function. As before, we can now compile it +to machine code: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + gcc_jit_result *result; + result = ctxt.compile (); + + ctxt.release (); + + if (!result) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + return 1; + } + + typedef int (*loop_test_fn_type) (int); + loop_test_fn_type loop_test = + (loop_test_fn_type)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "loop_test"); + if (!loop_test) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL loop_test"); + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 1; + } + printf ("result: %d", loop_test (10)); + +.. code-block:: bash + + result: 285 + + +Visualizing the control flow graph +********************************** + +You can see the control flow graph of a function using +:func:`gccjit::function::dump_to_dot`: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + func.dump_to_dot ("/tmp/sum-of-squares.dot"); + +giving a .dot file in GraphViz format. + +You can convert this to an image using `dot`: + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ dot -Tpng /tmp/sum-of-squares.dot -o /tmp/sum-of-squares.png + +or use a viewer (my preferred one is xdot.py; see +https://github.com/jrfonseca/xdot.py; on Fedora you can +install it with `yum install python-xdot`): + + .. figure:: ../../intro/sum-of-squares.png + :alt: image of a control flow graph + +Full example +************ + + .. literalinclude:: ../../examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc + :lines: 1- + :language: c++ + +Building and running it: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ gcc \ + tut03-sum-of-squares.cc \ + -o tut03-sum-of-squares \ + -lgccjit + + # Run the built program: + $ ./tut03-sum-of-squares + loop_test returned: 285 diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial04.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial04.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..9244195ac6c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/intro/tutorial04.rst @@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Tutorial part 4: Adding JIT-compilation to a toy interpreter +------------------------------------------------------------ +In this example we construct a "toy" interpreter, and add JIT-compilation +to it. + +Our toy interpreter +******************* + +It's a stack-based interpreter, and is intended as a (very simple) example +of the kind of bytecode interpreter seen in dynamic languages such as +Python, Ruby etc. + +For the sake of simplicity, our toy virtual machine is very limited: + + * The only data type is `int` + + * It can only work on one function at a time (so that the only + function call that can be made is to recurse). + + * Functions can only take one parameter. + + * Functions have a stack of `int` values. + + * We'll implement function call within the interpreter by calling a + function in our implementation, rather than implementing our own + frame stack. + + * The parser is only good enough to get the examples to work. + +Naturally, a real interpreter would be much more complicated that this. + +The following operations are supported: + +====================== ======================== =============== ============== +Operation Meaning Old Stack New Stack +====================== ======================== =============== ============== +DUP Duplicate top of stack. ``[..., x]`` ``[..., x, x]`` +ROT Swap top two elements ``[..., x, y]`` ``[..., y, x]`` + of stack. +BINARY_ADD Add the top two elements ``[..., x, y]`` ``[..., (x+y)]`` + on the stack. +BINARY_SUBTRACT Likewise, but subtract. ``[..., x, y]`` ``[..., (x-y)]`` +BINARY_MULT Likewise, but multiply. ``[..., x, y]`` ``[..., (x*y)]`` +BINARY_COMPARE_LT Compare the top two ``[..., x, y]`` ``[..., (x D.80; + signed int D.81; + signed int D.82; + signed int D.83; + signed int D.84; + signed int D.85; + signed int y; + signed int x; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int stack[8]; + + try + { + initial: + stack_depth = 0; + stack[stack_depth] = arg; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + goto instr0; + instr0: + /* DUP */: + stack_depth = stack_depth + -1; + x = stack[stack_depth]; + stack[stack_depth] = x; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + stack[stack_depth] = x; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + goto instr1; + instr1: + /* PUSH_CONST */: + stack[stack_depth] = 2; + stack_depth = stack_depth + 1; + goto instr2; + + /* etc */ + +You can see the generated machine code in assembly form via: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, 1); + result = ctxt.compile (); + +which shows that (on this x86_64 box) the compiler has unrolled the loop +and is using MMX instructions to perform several multiplications +simultaneously: + +.. code-block:: gas + + .file "fake.c" + .text + .Ltext0: + .p2align 4,,15 + .globl factorial + .type factorial, @function + factorial: + .LFB0: + .file 1 "factorial.toy" + .loc 1 14 0 + .cfi_startproc + .LVL0: + .L2: + .loc 1 26 0 + cmpl $1, %edi + jle .L13 + leal -1(%rdi), %edx + movl %edx, %ecx + shrl $2, %ecx + leal 0(,%rcx,4), %esi + testl %esi, %esi + je .L14 + cmpl $9, %edx + jbe .L14 + leal -2(%rdi), %eax + movl %eax, -16(%rsp) + leal -3(%rdi), %eax + movd -16(%rsp), %xmm0 + movl %edi, -16(%rsp) + movl %eax, -12(%rsp) + movd -16(%rsp), %xmm1 + xorl %eax, %eax + movl %edx, -16(%rsp) + movd -12(%rsp), %xmm4 + movd -16(%rsp), %xmm6 + punpckldq %xmm4, %xmm0 + movdqa .LC1(%rip), %xmm4 + punpckldq %xmm6, %xmm1 + punpcklqdq %xmm0, %xmm1 + movdqa .LC0(%rip), %xmm0 + jmp .L5 + # etc - edited for brevity + +This is clearly overkill for a function that will likely overflow the +``int`` type before the vectorization is worthwhile - but then again, this +is a toy example. + +Turning down the optimization level to 2: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.set_int_option (GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL, 2); + +yields this code, which is simple enough to quote in its entirety: + +.. code-block:: gas + + .file "fake.c" + .text + .p2align 4,,15 + .globl factorial + .type factorial, @function + factorial: + .LFB0: + .cfi_startproc + .L2: + cmpl $1, %edi + jle .L8 + movl $1, %edx + jmp .L4 + .p2align 4,,10 + .p2align 3 + .L6: + movl %eax, %edi + .L4: + .L5: + leal -1(%rdi), %eax + imull %edi, %edx + cmpl $1, %eax + jne .L6 + .L3: + .L7: + imull %edx, %eax + ret + .L8: + movl %edi, %eax + movl $1, %edx + jmp .L7 + .cfi_endproc + .LFE0: + .size factorial, .-factorial + .ident "GCC: (GNU) 4.9.0 20131023 (Red Hat 0.2-%{gcc_release})" + .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits + +Note that the stack pushing and popping have been eliminated, as has the +recursive call (in favor of an iteration). + +Putting it all together +*********************** + +The complete example can be seen in the source tree at +``gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc`` + +along with a Makefile and a couple of sample .toy scripts: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ ls -al + drwxrwxr-x. 2 david david 4096 Sep 19 17:46 . + drwxrwxr-x. 3 david david 4096 Sep 19 15:26 .. + -rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 615 Sep 19 12:43 factorial.toy + -rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 834 Sep 19 13:08 fibonacci.toy + -rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 238 Sep 19 14:22 Makefile + -rw-rw-r--. 1 david david 16457 Sep 19 17:07 toyvm.cc + + $ make toyvm + g++ -Wall -g -o toyvm toyvm.cc -lgccjit + + $ ./toyvm factorial.toy 10 + interpreter result: 3628800 + compiler result: 3628800 + + $ ./toyvm fibonacci.toy 10 + interpreter result: 55 + compiler result: 55 + +Behind the curtain: How does our code get optimized? +**************************************************** + +Our example is done, but you may be wondering about exactly how the +compiler turned what we gave it into the machine code seen above. + +We can examine what the compiler is doing in detail by setting: + +.. code-block:: c++ + + state.ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_EVERYTHING, 1); + state.ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_KEEP_INTERMEDIATES, 1); + +This will dump detailed information about the compiler's state to a +directory under ``/tmp``, and keep it from being cleaned up. + +The precise names and their formats of these files is subject to change. +Higher optimization levels lead to more files. +Here's what I saw (edited for brevity; there were almost 200 files): + +.. code-block:: console + + intermediate files written to /tmp/libgccjit-KPQbGw + $ ls /tmp/libgccjit-KPQbGw/ + fake.c.000i.cgraph + fake.c.000i.type-inheritance + fake.c.004t.gimple + fake.c.007t.omplower + fake.c.008t.lower + fake.c.011t.eh + fake.c.012t.cfg + fake.c.014i.visibility + fake.c.015i.early_local_cleanups + fake.c.016t.ssa + # etc + +The gimple code is converted into Static Single Assignment form, +with annotations for use when generating the debuginfo: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ less /tmp/libgccjit-KPQbGw/fake.c.016t.ssa + +.. code-block:: c + + ;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + factorial (signed int arg) + { + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + signed int _56; + + initial: + stack_depth_3 = 0; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_3 + stack[stack_depth_3] = arg_5(D); + stack_depth_7 = stack_depth_3 + 1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_7 + # DEBUG instr0 => NULL + # DEBUG /* DUP */ => NULL + stack_depth_8 = stack_depth_7 + -1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_8 + x_9 = stack[stack_depth_8]; + # DEBUG x => x_9 + stack[stack_depth_8] = x_9; + stack_depth_11 = stack_depth_8 + 1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_11 + stack[stack_depth_11] = x_9; + stack_depth_13 = stack_depth_11 + 1; + # DEBUG stack_depth => stack_depth_13 + # DEBUG instr1 => NULL + # DEBUG /* PUSH_CONST */ => NULL + stack[stack_depth_13] = 2; + + /* etc; edited for brevity */ + +We can perhaps better see the code by turning off +:c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO` to suppress all those ``DEBUG`` +statements, giving: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.016t.ssa + +.. code-block:: c + + ;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + factorial (signed int arg) + { + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + signed int _56; + + initial: + stack_depth_3 = 0; + stack[stack_depth_3] = arg_5(D); + stack_depth_7 = stack_depth_3 + 1; + stack_depth_8 = stack_depth_7 + -1; + x_9 = stack[stack_depth_8]; + stack[stack_depth_8] = x_9; + stack_depth_11 = stack_depth_8 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_11] = x_9; + stack_depth_13 = stack_depth_11 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_13] = 2; + stack_depth_15 = stack_depth_13 + 1; + stack_depth_16 = stack_depth_15 + -1; + y_17 = stack[stack_depth_16]; + stack_depth_18 = stack_depth_16 + -1; + x_19 = stack[stack_depth_18]; + _20 = x_19 < y_17; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + stack[stack_depth_18] = _21; + stack_depth_23 = stack_depth_18 + 1; + stack_depth_24 = stack_depth_23 + -1; + x_25 = stack[stack_depth_24]; + if (x_25 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + + instr4: + /* DUP */: + stack_depth_26 = stack_depth_24 + -1; + x_27 = stack[stack_depth_26]; + stack[stack_depth_26] = x_27; + stack_depth_29 = stack_depth_26 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_29] = x_27; + stack_depth_31 = stack_depth_29 + 1; + stack[stack_depth_31] = 1; + stack_depth_33 = stack_depth_31 + 1; + stack_depth_34 = stack_depth_33 + -1; + y_35 = stack[stack_depth_34]; + stack_depth_36 = stack_depth_34 + -1; + x_37 = stack[stack_depth_36]; + _38 = x_37 - y_35; + stack[stack_depth_36] = _38; + stack_depth_40 = stack_depth_36 + 1; + stack_depth_41 = stack_depth_40 + -1; + x_42 = stack[stack_depth_41]; + _44 = factorial (x_42); + stack[stack_depth_41] = _44; + stack_depth_46 = stack_depth_41 + 1; + stack_depth_47 = stack_depth_46 + -1; + y_48 = stack[stack_depth_47]; + stack_depth_49 = stack_depth_47 + -1; + x_50 = stack[stack_depth_49]; + _51 = x_50 * y_48; + stack[stack_depth_49] = _51; + stack_depth_53 = stack_depth_49 + 1; + + # stack_depth_1 = PHI + instr9: + /* RETURN */: + stack_depth_54 = stack_depth_1 + -1; + x_55 = stack[stack_depth_54]; + _56 = x_55; + stack ={v} {CLOBBER}; + return _56; + + } + +Note in the above how all the :type:`gccjit::block` instances we +created have been consolidated into just 3 blocks in GCC's internal +representation: ``initial``, ``instr4`` and ``instr9``. + +Optimizing away stack manipulation +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Recall our simple implementation of stack operations. Let's examine +how the stack operations are optimized away. + +After a pass of constant-propagation, the depth of the stack at each +opcode can be determined at compile-time: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.021t.ccp1 + +.. code-block:: c + + ;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + factorial (signed int arg) + { + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + + initial: + stack[0] = arg_5(D); + x_9 = stack[0]; + stack[0] = x_9; + stack[1] = x_9; + stack[2] = 2; + y_17 = stack[2]; + x_19 = stack[1]; + _20 = x_19 < y_17; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + stack[1] = _21; + x_25 = stack[1]; + if (x_25 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + + instr4: + /* DUP */: + x_27 = stack[0]; + stack[0] = x_27; + stack[1] = x_27; + stack[2] = 1; + y_35 = stack[2]; + x_37 = stack[1]; + _38 = x_37 - y_35; + stack[1] = _38; + x_42 = stack[1]; + _44 = factorial (x_42); + stack[1] = _44; + y_48 = stack[1]; + x_50 = stack[0]; + _51 = x_50 * y_48; + stack[0] = _51; + + instr9: + /* RETURN */: + x_55 = stack[0]; + x_56 = x_55; + stack ={v} {CLOBBER}; + return x_56; + + } + +Note how, in the above, all those ``stack_depth`` values are now just +constants: we're accessing specific stack locations at each opcode. + +The "esra" pass ("Early Scalar Replacement of Aggregates") breaks +out our "stack" array into individual elements: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.024t.esra + +.. code-block:: c + + ;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + Created a replacement for stack offset: 0, size: 32: stack$0 + Created a replacement for stack offset: 32, size: 32: stack$1 + Created a replacement for stack offset: 64, size: 32: stack$2 + + Symbols to be put in SSA form + { D.89 D.90 D.91 } + Incremental SSA update started at block: 0 + Number of blocks in CFG: 5 + Number of blocks to update: 4 ( 80%) + + + factorial (signed int arg) + { + signed int stack$2; + signed int stack$1; + signed int stack$0; + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + + initial: + stack$0_45 = arg_5(D); + x_9 = stack$0_45; + stack$0_39 = x_9; + stack$1_32 = x_9; + stack$2_30 = 2; + y_17 = stack$2_30; + x_19 = stack$1_32; + _20 = x_19 < y_17; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + stack$1_28 = _21; + x_25 = stack$1_28; + if (x_25 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + + instr4: + /* DUP */: + x_27 = stack$0_39; + stack$0_22 = x_27; + stack$1_14 = x_27; + stack$2_12 = 1; + y_35 = stack$2_12; + x_37 = stack$1_14; + _38 = x_37 - y_35; + stack$1_10 = _38; + x_42 = stack$1_10; + _44 = factorial (x_42); + stack$1_6 = _44; + y_48 = stack$1_6; + x_50 = stack$0_22; + _51 = x_50 * y_48; + stack$0_1 = _51; + + # stack$0_52 = PHI + instr9: + /* RETURN */: + x_55 = stack$0_52; + x_56 = x_55; + stack ={v} {CLOBBER}; + return x_56; + + } + +Hence at this point, all those pushes and pops of the stack are now +simply assignments to specific temporary variables. + +After some copy propagation, the stack manipulation has been completely +optimized away: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.026t.copyprop1 + +.. code-block:: c + + ;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + factorial (signed int arg) + { + signed int stack$2; + signed int stack$1; + signed int stack$0; + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int _44; + signed int _51; + + initial: + stack$0_39 = arg_5(D); + _20 = arg_5(D) <= 1; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + if (_21 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + + instr4: + /* DUP */: + _38 = arg_5(D) + -1; + _44 = factorial (_38); + _51 = arg_5(D) * _44; + stack$0_1 = _51; + + # stack$0_52 = PHI + instr9: + /* RETURN */: + stack ={v} {CLOBBER}; + return stack$0_52; + + } + +Later on, another pass finally eliminated ``stack_depth`` local and the +unused parts of the `stack`` array altogether: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.036t.release_ssa + +.. code-block:: c + + ;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + Released 44 names, 314.29%, removed 44 holes + factorial (signed int arg) + { + signed int stack$0; + signed int mult_acc_1; + _5; + signed int _6; + signed int _7; + signed int mul_tmp_10; + signed int mult_acc_11; + signed int mult_acc_13; + + # arg_9 = PHI + # mult_acc_13 = PHI <1(0)> + initial: + + : + # arg_4 = PHI + # mult_acc_1 = PHI + _5 = arg_4 <= 1; + _6 = (signed int) _5; + if (_6 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + + instr4: + /* DUP */: + _7 = arg_4 + -1; + mult_acc_11 = mult_acc_1 * arg_4; + goto ; + + # stack$0_12 = PHI + instr9: + /* RETURN */: + mul_tmp_10 = mult_acc_1 * stack$0_12; + return mul_tmp_10; + + } + + +Elimination of tail recursion +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Another significant optimization is the detection that the call to +``factorial`` is tail recursion, which can be eliminated in favor of +an iteration: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ less /tmp/libgccjit-1Hywc0/fake.c.030t.tailr1 + +.. code-block:: c + + ;; Function factorial (factorial, funcdef_no=0, decl_uid=53, symbol_order=0) + + + Symbols to be put in SSA form + { D.88 } + Incremental SSA update started at block: 0 + Number of blocks in CFG: 5 + Number of blocks to update: 4 ( 80%) + + + factorial (signed int arg) + { + signed int stack$2; + signed int stack$1; + signed int stack$0; + signed int stack[8]; + signed int stack_depth; + signed int x; + signed int y; + signed int mult_acc_1; + _20; + signed int _21; + signed int _38; + signed int mul_tmp_44; + signed int mult_acc_51; + + # arg_5 = PHI + # mult_acc_1 = PHI <1(0), mult_acc_51(3)> + initial: + _20 = arg_5 <= 1; + _21 = (signed int) _20; + if (_21 != 0) + goto (instr9); + else + goto (instr4); + + instr4: + /* DUP */: + _38 = arg_5 + -1; + mult_acc_51 = mult_acc_1 * arg_5; + goto (initial); + + # stack$0_52 = PHI + instr9: + /* RETURN */: + stack ={v} {CLOBBER}; + mul_tmp_44 = mult_acc_1 * stack$0_52; + return mul_tmp_44; + + } diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/contexts.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/contexts.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..72815fbd35cf --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/contexts.rst @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Compilation contexts +==================== + +.. class:: gccjit::context + +The top-level of the C++ API is the :class:`gccjit::context` type. + +A :class:`gccjit::context` instance encapsulates the state of a +compilation. + +You can set up options on it, and add types, functions and code. +Invoking :func:`gccjit::context::compile` on it gives you a +:c:type:`gcc_jit_result *`. + +It is a thin wrapper around the C API's :c:type:`gcc_jit_context *`. + +Lifetime-management +------------------- +Contexts are the unit of lifetime-management within the API: objects +have their lifetime bounded by the context they are created within, and +cleanup of such objects is done for you when the context is released. + +.. function:: gccjit::context gccjit::context::acquire () + + This function acquires a new :class:`gccjit::context` instance, + which is independent of any others that may be present within this + process. + +.. function:: void gccjit::context::release () + + This function releases all resources associated with the given context. + Both the context itself and all of its :c:type:`gccjit::object *` + instances are cleaned up. It should be called exactly once on a given + context. + + It is invalid to use the context or any of its "contextual" objects + after calling this. + + .. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.release (); + +.. function:: gccjit::context \ + gccjit::context::new_child_context () + + Given an existing JIT context, create a child context. + + The child inherits a copy of all option-settings from the parent. + + The child can reference objects created within the parent, but not + vice-versa. + + The lifetime of the child context must be bounded by that of the + parent: you should release a child context before releasing the parent + context. + + If you use a function from a parent context within a child context, + you have to compile the parent context before you can compile the + child context, and the gccjit::result of the parent context must + outlive the gccjit::result of the child context. + + This allows caching of shared initializations. For example, you could + create types and declarations of global functions in a parent context + once within a process, and then create child contexts whenever a + function or loop becomes hot. Each such child context can be used for + JIT-compiling just one function or loop, but can reference types + and helper functions created within the parent context. + + Contexts can be arbitrarily nested, provided the above rules are + followed, but it's probably not worth going above 2 or 3 levels, and + there will likely be a performance hit for such nesting. + + +Thread-safety +------------- +Instances of :class:`gccjit::context` created via +:func:`gccjit::context::acquire` are independent from each other: +only one thread may use a given context at once, but multiple threads +could each have their own contexts without needing locks. + +Contexts created via :func:`gccjit::context::new_child_context` are +related to their parent context. They can be partitioned by their +ultimate ancestor into independent "family trees". Only one thread +within a process may use a given "family tree" of such contexts at once, +and if you're using multiple threads you should provide your own locking +around entire such context partitions. + + +Error-handling +-------------- +.. FIXME: How does error-handling work for C++ API? + +You can only compile and get code from a context if no errors occur. + +In general, if an error occurs when using an API entrypoint, it returns +NULL. You don't have to check everywhere for NULL results, since the +API gracefully handles a NULL being passed in for any argument. + +Errors are printed on stderr and can be queried using +:func:`gccjit::context::get_first_error`. + +.. function:: const char *\ + gccjit::context::get_first_error (gccjit::context *ctxt) + + Returns the first error message that occurred on the context. + + The returned string is valid for the rest of the lifetime of the + context. + + If no errors occurred, this will be NULL. + +Debugging +--------- + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::context::dump_to_file (const std::string &path, \ + int update_locations) + + To help with debugging: dump a C-like representation to the given path, + describing what's been set up on the context. + + If "update_locations" is true, then also set up :class:`gccjit::location` + information throughout the context, pointing at the dump file as if it + were a source file. This may be of use in conjunction with + :c:macro:`GCCJIT::BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO` to allow stepping through the + code in a debugger. + + +Options +------- + +.. + FIXME: gccjit::context::set_str_option doesn't seem to exist yet in the + C++ API + +Boolean options +*************** + +.. function:: void \ + gccjit::context::set_bool_option(enum gcc_jit_bool_option, \ + int value) + + Set a boolean option of the context. + + This is a thin wrapper around the C API + :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_set_bool_option`; the options have the same + meaning. + +Integer options +*************** + +.. function:: void \ + gccjit::context::set_int_option (enum gcc_jit_int_option, \ + int value) + + Set an integer option of the context. + + This is a thin wrapper around the C API + :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_set_int_option`; the options have the same + meaning. diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/expressions.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/expressions.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..6d9e53b7aa48 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/expressions.rst @@ -0,0 +1,606 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Expressions +=========== + +Rvalues +------- +.. class:: gccjit::rvalue + +A :class:`gccjit::rvalue` is an expression that can be computed. It is a +subclass of :class:`gccjit::object`, and is a thin wrapper around +:c:type:`gcc_jit_rvalue *` from the C API. + +It can be simple, e.g.: + + * an integer value e.g. `0` or `42` + * a string literal e.g. `"Hello world"` + * a variable e.g. `i`. These are also lvalues (see below). + +or compound e.g.: + + * a unary expression e.g. `!cond` + * a binary expression e.g. `(a + b)` + * a function call e.g. `get_distance (&player_ship, &target)` + * etc. + +Every rvalue has an associated type, and the API will check to ensure +that types match up correctly (otherwise the context will emit an error). + +.. function:: gccjit::type gccjit::rvalue::get_type () + + Get the type of this rvalue. + + +Simple expressions +****************** + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_rvalue (gccjit::type numeric_type, \ + int value) const + + Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), build an rvalue for + the given constant ``int`` value. + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::zero (gccjit::type numeric_type) const + + Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), get the rvalue for + zero. Essentially this is just a shortcut for: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.new_rvalue (numeric_type, 0) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::one (gccjit::type numeric_type) const + + Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), get the rvalue for + zero. Essentially this is just a shortcut for: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + ctxt.new_rvalue (numeric_type, 1) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_rvalue (gccjit::type numeric_type, \ + double value) const + + Given a numeric type (integer or floating point), build an rvalue for + the given constant value. + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_rvalue (gccjit::type pointer_type, \ + void *value) const + + Given a pointer type, build an rvalue for the given address. + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_rvalue (const std::string &value) const + + Generate an rvalue of type :c:data:`GCC_JIT_TYPE_CONST_CHAR_PTR` for + the given string. This is akin to a string literal. + + +Unary Operations +**************** + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_unary_op (enum gcc_jit_unary_op, \ + gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue rvalue, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Build a unary operation out of an input rvalue. + + Parameter ``loc`` is optional. + + This is a thin wrapper around the C API's + :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_new_unary_op` and the available unary + operations are documented there. + +There are shorter ways to spell the various specific kinds of unary +operation: + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_minus (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Negate an arithmetic value; for example: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue negpi = ctxt.new_minus (t_double, pi); + + builds the equivalent of this C expression: + + .. code-block:: c + + -pi + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + new_bitwise_negate (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Bitwise negation of an integer value (one's complement); for example: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue mask = ctxt.new_bitwise_negate (t_int, a); + + builds the equivalent of this C expression: + + .. code-block:: c + + ~a + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + new_logical_negate (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Logical negation of an arithmetic or pointer value; for example: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue guard = ctxt.new_logical_negate (t_bool, cond); + + builds the equivalent of this C expression: + + .. code-block:: c + + !cond + + +The most concise way to spell them is with overloaded operators: + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator- (gccjit::rvalue a) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue negpi = -pi; + + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator~ (gccjit::rvalue a) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue mask = ~a; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator! (gccjit::rvalue a) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue guard = !cond; + + +Binary Operations +***************** + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue\ + gccjit::context::new_binary_op (enum gcc_jit_binary_op, \ + gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, \ + gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Build a binary operation out of two constituent rvalues. + + Parameter ``loc`` is optional. + + This is a thin wrapper around the C API's + :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_new_binary_op` and the available binary + operations are documented there. + +There are shorter ways to spell the various specific kinds of binary +operation: + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_plus (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_minus (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_mult (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_divide (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_modulo (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_bitwise_and (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_bitwise_xor (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_bitwise_or (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_logical_and (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_logical_or (gccjit::type result_type, \ + gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +The most concise way to spell them is with overloaded operators: + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator+ (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue sum = a + b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator- (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue diff = a - b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator* (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue prod = a * b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator/ (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue result = a / b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator% (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue mod = a % b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator& (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue x = a & b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator^ (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue x = a ^ b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator| (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue x = a | b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator&& (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = a && b; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue operator|| (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = a || b; + +These can of course be combined, giving a terse way to build compound +expressions: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue discriminant = (b * b) - (four * a * c); + + +Comparisons +*********** + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_comparison (enum gcc_jit_comparison,\ + gccjit::rvalue a, \ + gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Build a boolean rvalue out of the comparison of two other rvalues. + + Parameter ``loc`` is optional. + + This is a thin wrapper around the C API's + :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_new_comparison` and the available kinds + of comparison are documented there. + +There are shorter ways to spell the various specific kinds of binary +operation: + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_eq (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_ne (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_lt (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_le (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_gt (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_ge (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b, \ + gccjit::location loc) + +The most concise way to spell them is with overloaded operators: + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + operator== (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = (a == ctxt.zero (t_int)); + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + operator!= (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = (i != j); + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + operator< (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = i < n; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + operator<= (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = i <= n; + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + operator> (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = (ch > limit); + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + operator>= (gccjit::rvalue a, gccjit::rvalue b) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::rvalue cond = (score >= ctxt.new_rvalue (t_int, 100)); + +.. TODO: beyond this point + +Function calls +************** +.. function:: gcc_jit_rvalue *\ + gcc_jit_context_new_call (gcc_jit_context *ctxt,\ + gcc_jit_location *loc,\ + gcc_jit_function *func,\ + int numargs , gcc_jit_rvalue **args) + + Given a function and the given table of argument rvalues, construct a + call to the function, with the result as an rvalue. + + .. note:: + + :func:`gccjit::context::new_call` merely builds a + :class:`gccjit::rvalue` i.e. an expression that can be evaluated, + perhaps as part of a more complicated expression. + The call *won't* happen unless you add a statement to a function + that evaluates the expression. + + For example, if you want to call a function and discard the result + (or to call a function with ``void`` return type), use + :func:`gccjit::block::add_eval`: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + /* Add "(void)printf (arg0, arg1);". */ + block.add_eval (ctxt.new_call (printf_func, arg0, arg1)); + +Type-coercion +************* + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_cast (gccjit::rvalue rvalue,\ + gccjit::type type, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Given an rvalue of T, construct another rvalue of another type. + + Currently only a limited set of conversions are possible: + + * int <-> float + * int <-> bool + * P* <-> Q*, for pointer types P and Q + +Lvalues +------- + +.. class:: gccjit::lvalue + +An lvalue is something that can of the *left*-hand side of an assignment: +a storage area (such as a variable). It is a subclass of +:class:`gccjit::rvalue`, where the rvalue is computed by reading from the +storage area. + +It iss a thin wrapper around :c:type:`gcc_jit_lvalue *` from the C API. + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::lvalue::get_address (gccjit::location loc) + + Take the address of an lvalue; analogous to: + + .. code-block:: c + + &(EXPR) + + in C. + + Parameter "loc" is optional. + +Global variables +**************** + +.. function:: gccjit::lvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_global (gccjit::type type, \ + const char *name, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Add a new global variable of the given type and name to the context. + + +Working with pointers, structs and unions +----------------------------------------- + +.. function:: gccjit::lvalue \ + gccjit::rvalue::dereference (gccjit::location loc) + + Given an rvalue of pointer type ``T *``, dereferencing the pointer, + getting an lvalue of type ``T``. Analogous to: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + *(EXPR) + + in C. + + Parameter "loc" is optional. + +If you don't need to specify the location, this can also be expressed using +an overloaded operator: + +.. function:: gccjit::lvalue \ + gccjit::rvalue::operator* (); + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::lvalue content = *ptr; + +Field access is provided separately for both lvalues and rvalues: + +.. function:: gccjit::lvalue \ + gccjit::lvalue::access_field (gccjit::field field, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Given an lvalue of struct or union type, access the given field, + getting an lvalue of the field's type. Analogous to: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + (EXPR).field = ...; + + in C. + +.. function:: gccjit::rvalue \ + gccjit::rvalue::access_field (gccjit::field field, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Given an rvalue of struct or union type, access the given field + as an rvalue. Analogous to: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + (EXPR).field + + in C. + +.. function:: gccjit::lvalue \ + gccjit::rvalue::dereference_field (gccjit::field field, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Given an rvalue of pointer type ``T *`` where T is of struct or union + type, access the given field as an lvalue. Analogous to: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + (EXPR)->field + + in C, itself equivalent to ``(*EXPR).FIELD``. + +.. function:: gccjit::lvalue \ + gccjit::context::new_array_access (gccjit::rvalue ptr, \ + gccjit::rvalue index, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Given an rvalue of pointer type ``T *``, get at the element `T` at + the given index, using standard C array indexing rules i.e. each + increment of ``index`` corresponds to ``sizeof(T)`` bytes. + Analogous to: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + PTR[INDEX] + + in C (or, indeed, to ``PTR + INDEX``). + + Parameter "loc" is optional. + +For array accesses where you don't need to specify a :class:`gccjit::location`, +two overloaded operators are available: + + gccjit::lvalue gccjit::rvalue::operator[] (gccjit::rvalue index) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::lvalue element = array[idx]; + + gccjit::lvalue gccjit::rvalue::operator[] (int index) + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::lvalue element = array[0]; diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/functions.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/functions.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..3acc608d1945 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/functions.rst @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Creating and using functions +============================ + +Params +------ +.. class:: gccjit::param + + A `gccjit::param` represents a parameter to a function. + +.. function:: gccjit::param \ + gccjit::context::new_param (gccjit::type type,\ + const char *name, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + In preparation for creating a function, create a new parameter of the + given type and name. + +:class:`gccjit::param` is a subclass of :class:`gccjit::lvalue` (and thus +of :class:`gccjit::rvalue` and :class:`gccjit::object`). It is a thin +wrapper around the C API's :c:type:`gcc_jit_param *`. + +Functions +--------- + +.. class:: gccjit::function + + A `gccjit::function` represents a function - either one that we're + creating ourselves, or one that we're referencing. + +.. function:: gccjit::function \ + gccjit::context::new_function (enum gcc_jit_function_kind,\ + gccjit::type return_type, \ + const char *name, \ + std::vector ¶ms, \ + int is_variadic, \ + gccjit::location loc) \ + + Create a gcc_jit_function with the given name and parameters. + + Parameters "is_variadic" and "loc" are optional. + + This is a wrapper around the C API's :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_new_function`. + +.. function:: gccjit::function \ + gccjit::context::get_builtin_function (const char *name) + + This is a wrapper around the C API's + :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_get_builtin_function`. + +.. function:: gccjit::param \ + gccjit::function::get_param (int index) const + + Get the param of the given index (0-based). + +.. function:: void \ + gccjit::function::dump_to_dot (const char *path) + + Emit the function in graphviz format to the given path. + +.. function:: gccjit::lvalue \ + gccjit::function::new_local (gccjit::type type,\ + const char *name, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Create a new local variable within the function, of the given type and + name. + +Blocks +------ +.. class:: gccjit::block + + A `gccjit::block` represents a basic block within a function i.e. a + sequence of statements with a single entry point and a single exit + point. + + :class:`gccjit::block` is a subclass of :class:`gccjit::object`. + + The first basic block that you create within a function will + be the entrypoint. + + Each basic block that you create within a function must be + terminated, either with a conditional, a jump, or a return. + + It's legal to have multiple basic blocks that return within + one function. + +.. function:: gccjit::block \ + gccjit::function::new_block (const char *name) + + Create a basic block of the given name. The name may be NULL, but + providing meaningful names is often helpful when debugging: it may + show up in dumps of the internal representation, and in error + messages. + +Statements +---------- + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::block::add_eval (gccjit::rvalue rvalue, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Add evaluation of an rvalue, discarding the result + (e.g. a function call that "returns" void). + + This is equivalent to this C code: + + .. code-block:: c + + (void)expression; + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::block::add_assignment (gccjit::lvalue lvalue, \ + gccjit::rvalue rvalue, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Add evaluation of an rvalue, assigning the result to the given + lvalue. + + This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + + .. code-block:: c + + lvalue = rvalue; + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::block::add_assignment_op (gccjit::lvalue lvalue, \ + enum gcc_jit_binary_op, \ + gccjit::rvalue rvalue, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Add evaluation of an rvalue, using the result to modify an + lvalue. + + This is analogous to "+=" and friends: + + .. code-block:: c + + lvalue += rvalue; + lvalue *= rvalue; + lvalue /= rvalue; + + etc. For example: + + .. code-block:: c + + /* "i++" */ + loop_body.add_assignment_op ( + i, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + ctxt.one (int_type)); + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::block::add_comment (const char *text, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Add a no-op textual comment to the internal representation of the + code. It will be optimized away, but will be visible in the dumps + seen via :c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_TREE` + and :c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE`, + and thus may be of use when debugging how your project's internal + representation gets converted to the libgccjit IR. + + Parameter "loc" is optional. + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::block::end_with_conditional (gccjit::rvalue boolval,\ + gccjit::block on_true,\ + gccjit::block on_false, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Terminate a block by adding evaluation of an rvalue, branching on the + result to the appropriate successor block. + + This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + + .. code-block:: c + + if (boolval) + goto on_true; + else + goto on_false; + + block, boolval, on_true, and on_false must be non-NULL. + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::block::end_with_jump (gccjit::block target, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Terminate a block by adding a jump to the given target block. + + This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + + .. code-block:: c + + goto target; + +.. function:: void\ + gccjit::block::end_with_return (gccjit::rvalue rvalue, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Terminate a block. + + Both params are optional. + + An rvalue must be provided for a function returning non-void, and + must not be provided by a function "returning" `void`. + + If an rvalue is provided, the block is terminated by evaluating the + rvalue and returning the value. + + This is roughly equivalent to this C code: + + .. code-block:: c + + return expression; + + If an rvalue is not provided, the block is terminated by adding a + valueless return, for use within a function with "void" return type. + + This is equivalent to this C code: + + .. code-block:: c + + return; diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/index.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/index.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..a12913751539 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/index.rst @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +Topic Reference +=============== + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + + contexts.rst + objects.rst + types.rst + expressions.rst + functions.rst + locations.rst + results.rst diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/locations.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/locations.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..255e6f934bc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/locations.rst @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Source Locations +================ + +.. class:: gccjit::location + + A `gccjit::location` encapsulates a source code location, so that + you can (optionally) associate locations in your language with + statements in the JIT-compiled code, allowing the debugger to + single-step through your language. + + `gccjit::location` instances are optional: you can always omit them + from any C++ API entrypoint accepting one. + + You can construct them using :func:`gccjit::context::new_location`. + + You need to enable :c:macro:`GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO` on the + :class:`gccjit::context` for these locations to actually be usable by + the debugger: + + .. code-block:: cpp + + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO, 1); + +.. function:: gccjit::location \ + gccjit::context::new_location (const char *filename, \ + int line, \ + int column) + + Create a `gccjit::location` instance representing the given source + location. + +Faking it +--------- +If you don't have source code for your internal representation, but need +to debug, you can generate a C-like representation of the functions in +your context using :func:`gccjit::context::dump_to_file()`: + +.. code-block:: cpp + + ctxt.dump_to_file ("/tmp/something.c", + 1 /* update_locations */); + +This will dump C-like code to the given path. If the `update_locations` +argument is true, this will also set up `gccjit::location` information +throughout the context, pointing at the dump file as if it were a source +file, giving you *something* you can step through in the debugger. diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/objects.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/objects.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..cb4fc8b6d100 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/objects.rst @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Objects +======= + +.. class:: gccjit::object + +Almost every entity in the API (with the exception of +:class:`gccjit::context` and :c:type:`gcc_jit_result *`) is a +"contextual" object, a :class:`gccjit::object`. + +A JIT object: + + * is associated with a :class:`gccjit::context`. + + * is automatically cleaned up for you when its context is released so + you don't need to manually track and cleanup all objects, just the + contexts. + +The C++ class hierarchy within the ``gccjit`` namespace looks like this:: + + +- object + +- location + +- type + +- struct + +- field + +- function + +- block + +- rvalue + +- lvalue + +- param + +The :class:`gccjit::object` base class has the following operations: + +.. function:: gccjit::context gccjit::object::get_context () const + + Which context is the obj within? + +.. function:: std::string gccjit::object::get_debug_string () const + + Generate a human-readable description for the given object. + + For example, + + .. code-block:: c++ + + printf ("obj: %s\n", obj.get_debug_string ().c_str ()); + + might give this text on stdout: + + .. code-block:: bash + + obj: 4.0 * (float)i diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/results.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/results.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..18200acdbb29 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/results.rst @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Compilation results +=================== + +.. type:: gcc_jit_result + + A `gcc_jit_result` encapsulates the result of compiling a context. + +.. function:: gcc_jit_result *\ + gccjit::context::compile () + + This calls into GCC and builds the code, returning a + `gcc_jit_result *`. + + +.. function:: void *\ + gcc_jit_result_get_code (gcc_jit_result *result,\ + const char *funcname) + + Locate a given function within the built machine code. + This will need to be cast to a function pointer of the + correct type before it can be called. + + +.. function:: void\ + gcc_jit_result_release (gcc_jit_result *result) + + Once we're done with the code, this unloads the built .so file. + This cleans up the result; after calling this, it's no longer + valid to use the result. diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/types.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/types.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..af1e4dca3daf --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/cp/topics/types.rst @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ +.. Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Originally contributed by David Malcolm + + This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see + . + +.. default-domain:: cpp + +Types +===== + +.. class:: gccjit::type + + gccjit::type represents a type within the library. It is a subclass + of :class:`gccjit::object`. + +Types can be created in several ways: + +* fundamental types can be accessed using + :func:`gccjit::context::get_type`: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); + + or using the :func:`gccjit::context::get_int_type` template: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type t = ctxt.get_int_type (); + + See :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_get_type` for the available types. + +* derived types can be accessed by using functions such as + :func:`gccjit::type::get_pointer` and :func:`gccjit::type::get_const`: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type const_int_star = int_type.get_const ().get_pointer (); + gccjit::type int_const_star = int_type.get_pointer ().get_const (); + +* by creating structures (see below). + +Standard types +-------------- + +.. function:: gccjit::type gccjit::context::get_type (enum gcc_jit_types) + + Access a specific type. This is a thin wrapper around + :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_get_type`; the parameter has the same meaning. + +.. function:: gccjit::type \ + gccjit::context::get_int_type (size_t num_bytes, int is_signed) + + Access the integer type of the given size. + +.. function:: gccjit::type \ + gccjit::context::get_int_type () + + Access the given integer type. For example, you could map the + ``unsigned short`` type into a gccjit::type via: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::type t = ctxt.get_int_type (); + +Pointers, `const`, and `volatile` +--------------------------------- + +.. function:: gccjit::type gccjit::type::get_pointer () + + Given type "T", get type "T*". + +.. FIXME: get_const doesn't seem to exist + +.. function:: gccjit::type gccjit::type::get_const () + + Given type "T", get type "const T". + +.. function:: gccjit::type gccjit::type::get_volatile () + + Given type "T", get type "volatile T". + +.. function:: gccjit::type \ + gccjit::context::new_array_type (gccjit::type element_type, \ + int num_elements, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Given type "T", get type "T[N]" (for a constant N). + Param "loc" is optional. + + +Structures and unions +--------------------- + +.. class:: gccjit::struct_ + +A compound type analagous to a C `struct`. + +:class:`gccjit::struct_` is a subclass of :class:`gccjit::type` (and thus +of :class:`gccjit::object` in turn). + +.. class:: gccjit::field + +A field within a :class:`gccjit::struct_`. + +:class:`gccjit::field` is a subclass of :class:`gccjit::object`. + +You can model C `struct` types by creating :class:`gccjit::struct_` and +:class:`gccjit::field` instances, in either order: + +* by creating the fields, then the structure. For example, to model: + + .. code-block:: c + + struct coord {double x; double y; }; + + you could call: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::field field_x = ctxt.new_field (double_type, "x"); + gccjit::field field_y = ctxt.new_field (double_type, "y"); + std::vector fields; + fields.push_back (field_x); + fields.push_back (field_y); + gccjit::struct_ coord = ctxt.new_struct_type ("coord", fields); + +* by creating the structure, then populating it with fields, typically + to allow modelling self-referential structs such as: + + .. code-block:: c + + struct node { int m_hash; struct node *m_next; }; + + like this: + + .. code-block:: c++ + + gccjit::struct_ node = ctxt.new_opaque_struct_type ("node"); + gccjit::type node_ptr = node.get_pointer (); + gccjit::field field_hash = ctxt.new_field (int_type, "m_hash"); + gccjit::field field_next = ctxt.new_field (node_ptr, "m_next"); + std::vector fields; + fields.push_back (field_hash); + fields.push_back (field_next); + node.set_fields (fields); + +.. FIXME: the above API doesn't seem to exist yet + +.. function:: gccjit::field \ + gccjit::context::new_field (gccjit::type type,\ + const char *name, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Construct a new field, with the given type and name. + +.. function:: gccjit::struct_ \ + gccjit::context::new_struct_type (const std::string &name,\ + std::vector &fields,\ + gccjit::location loc) + + Construct a new struct type, with the given name and fields. + +.. function:: gccjit::struct_ \ + gccjit::context::new_opaque_struct (const std::string &name, \ + gccjit::location loc) + + Construct a new struct type, with the given name, but without + specifying the fields. The fields can be omitted (in which case the + size of the struct is not known), or later specified using + :c:func:`gcc_jit_struct_set_fields`. diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut01-hello-world.cc b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut01-hello-world.cc new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..d70fe6791af9 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut01-hello-world.cc @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +/* Smoketest example for libgccjit.so C++ API + Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GCC. + +GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see +. */ + +#include + +#include +#include + +static void +create_code (gccjit::context ctxt) +{ + /* Let's try to inject the equivalent of this C code: + void + greet (const char *name) + { + printf ("hello %s\n", name); + } + */ + gccjit::type void_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_VOID); + gccjit::type const_char_ptr_type = + ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_CONST_CHAR_PTR); + gccjit::param param_name = + ctxt.new_param (const_char_ptr_type, "name"); + std::vector func_params; + func_params.push_back (param_name); + gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + void_type, + "greet", + func_params, 0); + + gccjit::param param_format = + ctxt.new_param (const_char_ptr_type, "format"); + std::vector printf_params; + printf_params.push_back (param_format); + gccjit::function printf_func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_IMPORTED, + ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT), + "printf", + printf_params, 1); + + gccjit::block block = func.new_block (); + block.add_eval (ctxt.new_call (printf_func, + ctxt.new_rvalue ("hello %s\n"), + param_name)); + block.end_with_return (); +} + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +{ + gccjit::context ctxt; + gcc_jit_result *result; + + /* Get a "context" object for working with the library. */ + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + + /* Set some options on the context. + Turn this on to see the code being generated, in assembler form. */ + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, 0); + + /* Populate the context. */ + create_code (ctxt); + + /* Compile the code. */ + result = ctxt.compile (); + if (!result) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + exit (1); + } + + ctxt.release (); + + /* Extract the generated code from "result". */ + typedef void (*fn_type) (const char *); + fn_type greet = + (fn_type)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "greet"); + if (!greet) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL greet"); + exit (1); + } + + /* Now call the generated function: */ + greet ("world"); + fflush (stdout); + + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 0; +} diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.c b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.c index fea3f1104d52..9ee1f38ea868 100644 --- a/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.c +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.c @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ main (int argc, char **argv) typedef int (*fn_type) (int); fn_type square = (fn_type)fn_ptr; - printf ("result: %d", square (5)); + printf ("result: %d\n", square (5)); error: if (ctxt) diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.cc b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.cc new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..a48245ee1f9f --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut02-square.cc @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +/* Usage example for libgccjit.so's C++ API + Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GCC. + +GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see +. */ + +#include + +#include +#include + +void +create_code (gccjit::context ctxt) +{ + /* Let's try to inject the equivalent of this C code: + + int square (int i) + { + return i * i; + } + */ + gccjit::type int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); + gccjit::param param_i = ctxt.new_param (int_type, "i"); + std::vector params; + params.push_back (param_i); + gccjit::function func = ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + int_type, + "square", + params, 0); + + gccjit::block block = func.new_block (); + + gccjit::rvalue expr = + ctxt.new_binary_op (GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, int_type, + param_i, param_i); + + block.end_with_return (expr); +} + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +{ + /* Get a "context" object for working with the library. */ + gccjit::context ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + + /* Set some options on the context. + Turn this on to see the code being generated, in assembler form. */ + ctxt.set_bool_option ( + GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, + 0); + + /* Populate the context. */ + create_code (ctxt); + + /* Compile the code. */ + gcc_jit_result *result = ctxt.compile (); + + /* We're done with the context; we can release it: */ + ctxt.release (); + + if (!result) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + return 1; + } + + /* Extract the generated code from "result". */ + void *fn_ptr = gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "square"); + if (!fn_ptr) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL fn_ptr"); + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 1; + } + + typedef int (*fn_type) (int); + fn_type square = (fn_type)fn_ptr; + printf ("result: %d\n", square (5)); + + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 0; +} diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..dc0832fac2e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut03-sum-of-squares.cc @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +/* Usage example for libgccjit.so's C++ API + Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GCC. + +GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see +. */ + +#include + +#include +#include + +void +create_code (gccjit::context ctxt) +{ + /* + Simple sum-of-squares, to test conditionals and looping + + int loop_test (int n) + { + int i; + int sum = 0; + for (i = 0; i < n ; i ++) + { + sum += i * i; + } + return sum; + */ + gccjit::type the_type = ctxt.get_int_type (); + gccjit::type return_type = the_type; + + gccjit::param n = ctxt.new_param (the_type, "n"); + std::vector params; + params.push_back (n); + gccjit::function func = + ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + return_type, + "loop_test", + params, 0); + + /* Build locals: */ + gccjit::lvalue i = func.new_local (the_type, "i"); + gccjit::lvalue sum = func.new_local (the_type, "sum"); + + gccjit::block b_initial = func.new_block ("initial"); + gccjit::block b_loop_cond = func.new_block ("loop_cond"); + gccjit::block b_loop_body = func.new_block ("loop_body"); + gccjit::block b_after_loop = func.new_block ("after_loop"); + + /* sum = 0; */ + b_initial.add_assignment (sum, ctxt.zero (the_type)); + + /* i = 0; */ + b_initial.add_assignment (i, ctxt.zero (the_type)); + + b_initial.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); + + /* if (i >= n) */ + b_loop_cond.end_with_conditional ( + i >= n, + b_after_loop, + b_loop_body); + + /* sum += i * i */ + b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (sum, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + i * i); + + /* i++ */ + b_loop_body.add_assignment_op (i, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + ctxt.one (the_type)); + + b_loop_body.end_with_jump (b_loop_cond); + + /* return sum */ + b_after_loop.end_with_return (sum); +} + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +{ + gccjit::context ctxt; + gcc_jit_result *result = NULL; + + /* Get a "context" object for working with the library. */ + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + + /* Set some options on the context. + Turn this on to see the code being generated, in assembler form. */ + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, + 0); + + /* Populate the context. */ + create_code (ctxt); + + /* Compile the code. */ + result = ctxt.compile (); + + ctxt.release (); + + if (!result) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL result"); + return 1; + } + + /* Extract the generated code from "result". */ + typedef int (*loop_test_fn_type) (int); + loop_test_fn_type loop_test = + (loop_test_fn_type)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, "loop_test"); + if (!loop_test) + { + fprintf (stderr, "NULL loop_test"); + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 1; + } + + /* Run the generated code. */ + int val = loop_test (10); + printf("loop_test returned: %d\n", val); + + gcc_jit_result_release (result); + return 0; +} diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..3a9bbdea86aa --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/toyvm.cc @@ -0,0 +1,902 @@ +/* A simple stack-based virtual machine to demonstrate + JIT-compilation. + Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GCC. + +GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see +. */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include + +#include + +/* Functions are compiled to this function ptr type. */ +typedef int (*toyvm_compiled_func) (int); + +enum opcode { + /* Ops taking no operand. */ + DUP, + ROT, + BINARY_ADD, + BINARY_SUBTRACT, + BINARY_MULT, + BINARY_COMPARE_LT, + RECURSE, + RETURN, + + /* Ops taking an operand. */ + PUSH_CONST, + JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE +}; + +#define FIRST_UNARY_OPCODE (PUSH_CONST) + +const char * const opcode_names[] = { + "DUP", + "ROT", + "BINARY_ADD", + "BINARY_SUBTRACT", + "BINARY_MULT", + "BINARY_COMPARE_LT", + "RECURSE", + "RETURN", + + "PUSH_CONST", + "JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE", +}; + +struct toyvm_op +{ + /* Which operation. */ + enum opcode op_opcode; + + /* Some opcodes take an argument. */ + int op_operand; + + /* The line number of the operation within the source file. */ + int op_linenum; +}; + +#define MAX_OPS (64) + +class toyvm_function +{ +public: + void + add_op (enum opcode opcode, + int operand, int linenum); + + void + add_unary_op (enum opcode opcode, + const char *rest_of_line, int linenum); + + static toyvm_function * + parse (const char *filename, const char *name); + + void + disassemble_op (toyvm_op *op, int index, FILE *out); + + void + disassemble (FILE *out); + + int + interpret (int arg, FILE *trace); + + toyvm_compiled_func + compile (); + +private: + const char *fn_filename; + int fn_num_ops; + toyvm_op fn_ops[MAX_OPS]; + friend struct compilation_state; +}; + +#define MAX_STACK_DEPTH (8) + +class toyvm_frame +{ +public: + void push (int arg); + int pop (); + void dump_stack (FILE *out); + +private: + toyvm_function *frm_function; + int frm_pc; + int frm_stack[MAX_STACK_DEPTH]; + int frm_cur_depth; + + friend int toyvm_function::interpret (int arg, FILE *trace); + +}; + +void +toyvm_function::add_op (enum opcode opcode, + int operand, int linenum) +{ + toyvm_op *op; + assert (fn_num_ops < MAX_OPS); + op = &fn_ops[fn_num_ops++]; + op->op_opcode = opcode; + op->op_operand = operand; + op->op_linenum = linenum; +} + +void +toyvm_function::add_unary_op (enum opcode opcode, + const char *rest_of_line, int linenum) +{ + int operand = atoi (rest_of_line); + add_op (opcode, operand, linenum); +} + +static char * +get_function_name (const char *filename) +{ + /* Skip any path separators. */ + const char *pathsep = strrchr (filename, '/'); + if (pathsep) + filename = pathsep + 1; + + /* Copy filename to funcname. */ + char *funcname = (char *)malloc (strlen (filename) + 1); + + strcpy (funcname, filename); + + /* Convert "." to NIL terminator. */ + *(strchr (funcname, '.')) = '\0'; + + return funcname; +} + +toyvm_function * +toyvm_function::parse (const char *filename, const char *name) +{ + FILE *f = NULL; + toyvm_function *fn = NULL; + char *line = NULL; + ssize_t linelen; + size_t bufsize; + int linenum = 0; + + assert (filename); + assert (name); + + f = fopen (filename, "r"); + if (!f) + { + fprintf (stderr, + "cannot open file %s: %s\n", + filename, strerror (errno)); + goto error; + } + + fn = (toyvm_function *)calloc (1, sizeof (toyvm_function)); + if (!fn) + { + fprintf (stderr, "out of memory allocating toyvm_function\n"); + goto error; + } + fn->fn_filename = filename; + + /* Read the lines of the file. */ + while ((linelen = getline (&line, &bufsize, f)) != -1) + { + /* Note that this is a terrible parser, but it avoids the need to + bring in lex/yacc as a dependency. */ + linenum++; + + if (0) + fprintf (stdout, "%3d: %s", linenum, line); + + /* Lines beginning with # are comments. */ + if (line[0] == '#') + continue; + + /* Skip blank lines. */ + if (line[0] == '\n') + continue; + +#define LINE_MATCHES(OPCODE) (0 == strncmp ((OPCODE), line, strlen (OPCODE))) + if (LINE_MATCHES ("DUP\n")) + fn->add_op (DUP, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("ROT\n")) + fn->add_op (ROT, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("BINARY_ADD\n")) + fn->add_op (BINARY_ADD, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("BINARY_SUBTRACT\n")) + fn->add_op (BINARY_SUBTRACT, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("BINARY_MULT\n")) + fn->add_op (BINARY_MULT, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("BINARY_COMPARE_LT\n")) + fn->add_op (BINARY_COMPARE_LT, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("RECURSE\n")) + fn->add_op (RECURSE, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("RETURN\n")) + fn->add_op (RETURN, 0, linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("PUSH_CONST ")) + fn->add_unary_op (PUSH_CONST, + line + strlen ("PUSH_CONST "), linenum); + else if (LINE_MATCHES ("JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE ")) + fn->add_unary_op (JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE, + line + strlen("JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE "), linenum); + else + { + fprintf (stderr, "%s:%d: parse error\n", filename, linenum); + free (fn); + fn = NULL; + goto error; + } +#undef LINE_MATCHES + } + free (line); + fclose (f); + + return fn; + + error: + free (line); + if (f) + fclose (f); + free (fn); + return NULL; +} + +void +toyvm_function::disassemble_op (toyvm_op *op, int index, FILE *out) +{ + fprintf (out, "%s:%d: index %d: %s", + fn_filename, op->op_linenum, index, + opcode_names[op->op_opcode]); + if (op->op_opcode >= FIRST_UNARY_OPCODE) + fprintf (out, " %d", op->op_operand); + fprintf (out, "\n"); +} + +void +toyvm_function::disassemble (FILE *out) +{ + int i; + for (i = 0; i < fn_num_ops; i++) + { + toyvm_op *op = &fn_ops[i]; + disassemble_op (op, i, out); + } +} + +void +toyvm_frame::push (int arg) +{ + assert (frm_cur_depth < MAX_STACK_DEPTH); + frm_stack[frm_cur_depth++] = arg; +} + +int +toyvm_frame::pop () +{ + assert (frm_cur_depth > 0); + return frm_stack[--frm_cur_depth]; +} + +void +toyvm_frame::dump_stack (FILE *out) +{ + int i; + fprintf (out, "stack:"); + for (i = 0; i < frm_cur_depth; i++) + { + fprintf (out, " %d", frm_stack[i]); + } + fprintf (out, "\n"); +} + +/* Execute the given function. */ + +int +toyvm_function::interpret (int arg, FILE *trace) +{ + toyvm_frame frame; +#define PUSH(ARG) (frame.push (ARG)) +#define POP(ARG) (frame.pop ()) + + frame.frm_function = this; + frame.frm_pc = 0; + frame.frm_cur_depth = 0; + + PUSH (arg); + + while (1) + { + toyvm_op *op; + int x, y; + assert (frame.frm_pc < fn_num_ops); + op = &fn_ops[frame.frm_pc++]; + + if (trace) + { + frame.dump_stack (trace); + disassemble_op (op, frame.frm_pc, trace); + } + + switch (op->op_opcode) + { + /* Ops taking no operand. */ + case DUP: + x = POP (); + PUSH (x); + PUSH (x); + break; + + case ROT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (y); + PUSH (x); + break; + + case BINARY_ADD: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x + y); + break; + + case BINARY_SUBTRACT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x - y); + break; + + case BINARY_MULT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x * y); + break; + + case BINARY_COMPARE_LT: + y = POP (); + x = POP (); + PUSH (x < y); + break; + + case RECURSE: + x = POP (); + x = interpret (x, trace); + PUSH (x); + break; + + case RETURN: + return POP (); + + /* Ops taking an operand. */ + case PUSH_CONST: + PUSH (op->op_operand); + break; + + case JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE: + x = POP (); + if (x) + frame.frm_pc = op->op_operand; + break; + + default: + assert (0); /* unknown opcode */ + + } /* end of switch on opcode */ + } /* end of while loop */ + +#undef PUSH +#undef POP +} + +/* JIT compilation. */ + +class compilation_state +{ +public: + compilation_state (toyvm_function &toyvmfn) : + toyvmfn (toyvmfn) + {} + + void create_context (); + void create_types (); + void create_locations (); + void create_function (const char *funcname); + gcc_jit_result *compile (); + +private: + void + add_push (gccjit::block block, + gccjit::rvalue rvalue, + gccjit::location loc); + + void + add_pop (gccjit::block block, + gccjit::lvalue lvalue, + gccjit::location loc); + +private: + + /* State. */ + + toyvm_function &toyvmfn; + + gccjit::context ctxt; + + gccjit::type int_type; + gccjit::type bool_type; + gccjit::type stack_type; /* int[MAX_STACK_DEPTH] */ + + gccjit::rvalue const_one; + + gccjit::function fn; + gccjit::param param_arg; + gccjit::lvalue stack; + gccjit::lvalue stack_depth; + gccjit::lvalue x; + gccjit::lvalue y; + + gccjit::location op_locs[MAX_OPS]; + gccjit::block initial_block; + gccjit::block op_blocks[MAX_OPS]; + +}; + +/* The main compilation hook. */ + +toyvm_compiled_func +toyvm_function::compile () +{ + compilation_state state (*this); + char *funcname; + + funcname = get_function_name (fn_filename); + + state.create_context (); + state.create_types (); + state.create_locations (); + state.create_function (funcname); + + /* We've now finished populating the context. Compile it. */ + gcc_jit_result *result = state.compile (); + + return (toyvm_compiled_func)gcc_jit_result_get_code (result, funcname); + /* (this leaks "result" and "funcname") */ +} + +/* Stack manipulation. */ + +void +compilation_state::add_push (gccjit::block block, + gccjit::rvalue rvalue, + gccjit::location loc) +{ + /* stack[stack_depth] = RVALUE */ + block.add_assignment ( + /* stack[stack_depth] */ + ctxt.new_array_access ( + stack, + stack_depth, + loc), + rvalue, + loc); + + /* "stack_depth++;". */ + block.add_assignment_op ( + stack_depth, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + const_one, + loc); +} + +void +compilation_state::add_pop (gccjit::block block, + gccjit::lvalue lvalue, + gccjit::location loc) +{ + /* "--stack_depth;". */ + block.add_assignment_op ( + stack_depth, + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MINUS, + const_one, + loc); + + /* "LVALUE = stack[stack_depth];". */ + block.add_assignment ( + lvalue, + /* stack[stack_depth] */ + ctxt.new_array_access (stack, + stack_depth, + loc), + loc); +} + +/* Create the context. */ + +void +compilation_state::create_context () +{ + ctxt = gccjit::context::acquire (); + + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_INITIAL_GIMPLE, + 0); + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_GENERATED_CODE, + 0); + ctxt.set_int_option (GCC_JIT_INT_OPTION_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL, + 3); + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_KEEP_INTERMEDIATES, + 0); + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DUMP_EVERYTHING, + 0); + ctxt.set_bool_option (GCC_JIT_BOOL_OPTION_DEBUGINFO, + 1); +} + +/* Create types. */ + +void +compilation_state::create_types () +{ + /* Create types. */ + int_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_INT); + bool_type = ctxt.get_type (GCC_JIT_TYPE_BOOL); + stack_type = ctxt.new_array_type (int_type, MAX_STACK_DEPTH); + + /* The constant value 1. */ + const_one = ctxt.one (int_type); + +} + +/* Create locations. */ + +void +compilation_state::create_locations () +{ + for (int pc = 0; pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops; pc++) + { + toyvm_op *op = &toyvmfn.fn_ops[pc]; + + op_locs[pc] = ctxt.new_location (toyvmfn.fn_filename, + op->op_linenum, + 0); /* column */ + } +} + +/* Creating the function. */ + +void +compilation_state::create_function (const char *funcname) +{ + std::vector params; + param_arg = ctxt.new_param (int_type, "arg", op_locs[0]); + params.push_back (param_arg); + fn = ctxt.new_function (GCC_JIT_FUNCTION_EXPORTED, + int_type, + funcname, + params, 0, + op_locs[0]); + + /* Create stack lvalues. */ + stack = fn.new_local (stack_type, "stack"); + stack_depth = fn.new_local (int_type, "stack_depth"); + x = fn.new_local (int_type, "x"); + y = fn.new_local (int_type, "y"); + + /* 1st pass: create blocks, one per opcode. */ + + /* We need an entry block to do one-time initialization, so create that + first. */ + initial_block = fn.new_block ("initial"); + + /* Create a block per operation. */ + for (int pc = 0; pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops; pc++) + { + char buf[16]; + sprintf (buf, "instr%i", pc); + op_blocks[pc] = fn.new_block (buf); + } + + /* Populate the initial block. */ + + /* "stack_depth = 0;". */ + initial_block.add_assignment (stack_depth, + ctxt.zero (int_type), + op_locs[0]); + + /* "PUSH (arg);". */ + add_push (initial_block, + param_arg, + op_locs[0]); + + /* ...and jump to insn 0. */ + initial_block.end_with_jump (op_blocks[0], + op_locs[0]); + + /* 2nd pass: fill in instructions. */ + for (int pc = 0; pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops; pc++) + { + gccjit::location loc = op_locs[pc]; + + gccjit::block block = op_blocks[pc]; + gccjit::block next_block = (pc < toyvmfn.fn_num_ops + ? op_blocks[pc + 1] + : NULL); + + toyvm_op *op; + op = &toyvmfn.fn_ops[pc]; + + /* Helper macros. */ + +#define X_EQUALS_POP()\ + add_pop (block, x, loc) +#define Y_EQUALS_POP()\ + add_pop (block, y, loc) +#define PUSH_RVALUE(RVALUE)\ + add_push (block, (RVALUE), loc) +#define PUSH_X()\ + PUSH_RVALUE (x) +#define PUSH_Y() \ + PUSH_RVALUE (y) + + block.add_comment (opcode_names[op->op_opcode], loc); + + /* Handle the individual opcodes. */ + + switch (op->op_opcode) + { + case DUP: + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_X (); + PUSH_X (); + break; + + case ROT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_Y (); + PUSH_X (); + break; + + case BINARY_ADD: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_PLUS, + int_type, + x, y, + loc)); + break; + + case BINARY_SUBTRACT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MINUS, + int_type, + x, y, + loc)); + break; + + case BINARY_MULT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_binary_op ( + GCC_JIT_BINARY_OP_MULT, + int_type, + x, y, + loc)); + break; + + case BINARY_COMPARE_LT: + Y_EQUALS_POP (); + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + /* cast of bool to int */ + ctxt.new_cast ( + /* (x < y) as a bool */ + ctxt.new_comparison ( + GCC_JIT_COMPARISON_LT, + x, y, + loc), + int_type, + loc)); + break; + + case RECURSE: + { + X_EQUALS_POP (); + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_call ( + fn, + x, + loc)); + break; + } + + case RETURN: + X_EQUALS_POP (); + block.end_with_return (x, loc); + break; + + /* Ops taking an operand. */ + case PUSH_CONST: + PUSH_RVALUE ( + ctxt.new_rvalue (int_type, op->op_operand)); + break; + + case JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE: + X_EQUALS_POP (); + block.end_with_conditional ( + /* "(bool)x". */ + ctxt.new_cast (x, bool_type, loc), + op_blocks[op->op_operand], /* on_true */ + next_block, /* on_false */ + loc); + break; + + default: + assert(0); + } /* end of switch on opcode */ + + /* Go to the next block. */ + if (op->op_opcode != JUMP_ABS_IF_TRUE + && op->op_opcode != RETURN) + block.end_with_jump (next_block, loc); + + } /* end of loop on PC locations. */ +} + +gcc_jit_result * +compilation_state::compile () +{ + return ctxt.compile (); +} + +char test[1024]; + +#define CHECK_NON_NULL(PTR) \ + do { \ + if ((PTR) != NULL) \ + { \ + pass ("%s: %s is non-null", test, #PTR); \ + } \ + else \ + { \ + fail ("%s: %s is NULL", test, #PTR); \ + abort (); \ + } \ + } while (0) + +#define CHECK_VALUE(ACTUAL, EXPECTED) \ + do { \ + if ((ACTUAL) == (EXPECTED)) \ + { \ + pass ("%s: actual: %s == expected: %s", test, #ACTUAL, #EXPECTED); \ + } \ + else \ + { \ + fail ("%s: actual: %s != expected: %s", test, #ACTUAL, #EXPECTED); \ + fprintf (stderr, "incorrect value\n"); \ + abort (); \ + } \ + } while (0) + +static void +test_script (const char *scripts_dir, const char *script_name, int input, + int expected_result) +{ + char *script_path; + toyvm_function *fn; + int interpreted_result; + toyvm_compiled_func code; + int compiled_result; + + snprintf (test, sizeof (test), "toyvm.cc: %s", script_name); + + script_path = (char *)malloc (strlen (scripts_dir) + + strlen (script_name) + 1); + CHECK_NON_NULL (script_path); + sprintf (script_path, "%s%s", scripts_dir, script_name); + + fn = toyvm_function::parse (script_path, script_name); + CHECK_NON_NULL (fn); + + interpreted_result = fn->interpret (input, NULL); + CHECK_VALUE (interpreted_result, expected_result); + + code = fn->compile (); + CHECK_NON_NULL (code); + + compiled_result = code (input); + CHECK_VALUE (compiled_result, expected_result); + + free (script_path); +} + +#define PATH_TO_SCRIPTS ("/jit/docs/examples/tut04-toyvm/") + +static void +test_suite (void) +{ + const char *srcdir; + char *scripts_dir; + + snprintf (test, sizeof (test), "toyvm.cc"); + + /* We need to locate the test scripts. + Rely on "srcdir" being set in the environment. */ + + srcdir = getenv ("srcdir"); + CHECK_NON_NULL (srcdir); + + scripts_dir = (char *)malloc (strlen (srcdir) + strlen(PATH_TO_SCRIPTS) + + 1); + CHECK_NON_NULL (scripts_dir); + sprintf (scripts_dir, "%s%s", srcdir, PATH_TO_SCRIPTS); + + test_script (scripts_dir, "factorial.toy", 10, 3628800); + test_script (scripts_dir, "fibonacci.toy", 10, 55); + + free (scripts_dir); +} + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +{ + const char *filename = NULL; + toyvm_function *fn = NULL; + + /* If called with no args, assume we're being run by the test suite. */ + if (argc < 3) + { + test_suite (); + return 0; + } + + if (argc != 3) + { + fprintf (stdout, + "%s FILENAME INPUT: Parse and run a .toy file\n", + argv[0]); + exit (1); + } + + filename = argv[1]; + fn = toyvm_function::parse (filename, filename); + if (!fn) + exit (1); + + if (0) + fn->disassemble (stdout); + + printf ("interpreter result: %d\n", + fn->interpret (atoi (argv[2]), NULL)); + + /* JIT-compilation. */ + toyvm_compiled_func code = fn->compile (); + printf ("compiler result: %d\n", + code (atoi (argv[2]))); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/index.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/index.rst index ed75e36c201b..343279a38a48 100644 --- a/gcc/jit/docs/index.rst +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/index.rst @@ -18,6 +18,20 @@ libgccjit ========= +This document describes `libgccjit `_, an API +for embedding GCC inside programs and libraries. + +Note that libgccjit is currently of "Alpha" quality; +the APIs are not yet set in stone, and they shouldn't be used in +production yet. + +There are actually two APIs for the library: + +* a pure C API: ``libgccjit.h`` + +* a C++ wrapper API: ``libgccjit++.h``. This is a collection of "thin" + wrapper classes around the C API, to save typing. + Contents: .. toctree:: @@ -25,15 +39,9 @@ Contents: intro/index.rst topics/index.rst + cp/index.rst internals/index.rst -This document describes `libgccjit `_, an API -for embedding GCC inside programs and libraries. - -Note that libgccjit is currently of "Alpha" quality; -the APIs are not yet set in stone, and they shouldn't be used in -production yet. - Indices and tables ================== diff --git a/gcc/jit/docs/topics/contexts.rst b/gcc/jit/docs/topics/contexts.rst index d03ccf4b12db..626e7c8c7cc1 100644 --- a/gcc/jit/docs/topics/contexts.rst +++ b/gcc/jit/docs/topics/contexts.rst @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ cleanup of such objects is done for you when the context is released. Thread-safety ------------- -Instances of :c:type:`gcc_jit_object *` created via +Instances of :c:type:`gcc_jit_context *` created via :c:func:`gcc_jit_context_acquire` are independent from each other: only one thread may use a given context at once, but multiple threads could each have their own contexts without needing locks. -- 2.47.3