proc: protect ptrace_may_access() with exec_update_lock (FD links)

proc: protect ptrace_may_access() with exec_update_lock (FD links)

proc_pid_get_link() and proc_pid_readlink() currently look up the task from
the pid once, then do the ptrace access check on that task, then look up
the task from the pid a second time to do the actual access.
That's racy in several ways.

To fix it, pass the task to the ->proc_get_link() handler, and instead of
proc_fd_access_allowed(), introduce a new helper call_proc_get_link() that
looks up and locks the task, does the access check, and calls
->proc_get_link().

Fixes: 778c1144771f ("[PATCH] proc: Use sane permission checks on the /proc/<pid>/fd/ symlinks")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260518-procfs-lockfix-part1-v1-2-5c3d20e0ac33@google.com
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Amutable) <brauner@kernel.org>