DNSSEC, Dynamic Zones, and Automatic Signing
--------------------------------------------
-Converting from insecure to secure
+Converting From Insecure to Secure
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Changing a zone from insecure to secure can be done in two ways: using a
-dynamic DNS update, or the ``auto-dnssec`` zone option.
+dynamic DNS update, or via the ``auto-dnssec`` zone option.
-For either method, you need to configure ``named`` so that it can see
+For either method, ``named`` must be configured so that it can see
the ``K*`` files which contain the public and private parts of the keys
-that will be used to sign the zone. These files will have been generated
-by ``dnssec-keygen``. You can do this by placing them in the
+that are used to sign the zone. These files are generated
+by ``dnssec-keygen``, and they should be placed in the
key-directory, as specified in ``named.conf``:
::
};
If one KSK and one ZSK DNSKEY key have been generated, this
-configuration will cause all records in the zone to be signed with the
-ZSK, and the DNSKEY RRset to be signed with the KSK as well. An NSEC
-chain will be generated as part of the initial signing process.
+configuration causes all records in the zone to be signed with the
+ZSK, and the DNSKEY RRset to be signed with the KSK. An NSEC
+chain is generated as part of the initial signing process.
-Dynamic DNS update method
+Dynamic DNS Update Method
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To insert the keys via dynamic update:
> update add example.net DNSKEY 257 3 7 AwEAAd/7odU/64o2LGsifbLtQmtO8dFDtTAZXSX2+X3e/UNlq9IHq3Y0 XtC0Iuawl/qkaKVxXe2lo8Ct+dM6UehyCqk=
> send
-While the update request will complete almost immediately, the zone will
-not be completely signed until ``named`` has had time to walk the zone
+While the update request completes almost immediately, the zone is
+not completely signed until ``named`` has had time to walk the zone
and generate the NSEC and RRSIG records. The NSEC record at the apex
-will be added last, to signal that there is a complete NSEC chain.
+is added last, to signal that there is a complete NSEC chain.
-If you wish to sign using NSEC3 instead of NSEC, you should add an
-NSEC3PARAM record to the initial update request. If you wish the NSEC3
-chain to have the OPTOUT bit set, set it in the flags field of the
+To sign using NSEC3 instead of NSEC, add an
+NSEC3PARAM record to the initial update request. The OPTOUT bit in the NSEC3
+chain can be set in the flags field of the
NSEC3PARAM record.
::
> update add example.net NSEC3PARAM 1 1 100 1234567890
> send
-Again, this update request will complete almost immediately; however,
-the record won't show up until ``named`` has had a chance to
-build/remove the relevant chain. A private type record will be created
+Again, this update request completes almost immediately; however,
+the record does not show up until ``named`` has had a chance to
+build/remove the relevant chain. A private type record is created
to record the state of the operation (see below for more details), and
-will be removed once the operation completes.
+is removed once the operation completes.
While the initial signing and NSEC/NSEC3 chain generation is happening,
other updates are possible as well.
-Fully automatic zone signing
+Fully Automatic Zone Signing
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To enable automatic signing, add the ``auto-dnssec`` option to the zone
With ``auto-dnssec allow``, ``named`` can search the key directory for
keys matching the zone, insert them into the zone, and use them to sign
-the zone. It will do so only when it receives an
+the zone. It does so only when it receives an
``rndc sign <zonename>``.
-``auto-dnssec maintain`` includes the above functionality, but will also
-automatically adjust the zone's DNSKEY records on schedule according to
+``auto-dnssec maintain`` includes the above functionality, but also
+automatically adjusts the zone's DNSKEY records on a schedule according to
the keys' timing metadata. (See :ref:`man_dnssec-keygen` and
:ref:`man_dnssec-settime` for more information.)
-``named`` will periodically search the key directory for keys matching
-the zone, and if the keys' metadata indicates that any change should be
-made the zone, such as adding, removing, or revoking a key, then that
-action will be carried out. By default, the key directory is checked for
+``named`` periodically searches the key directory for keys matching
+the zone; if the keys' metadata indicates that any change should be
+made to the zone, such as adding, removing, or revoking a key, then that
+action is carried out. By default, the key directory is checked for
changes every 60 minutes; this period can be adjusted with the
``dnssec-loadkeys-interval``, up to a maximum of 24 hours. The
-``rndc loadkeys`` forces ``named`` to check for key updates immediately.
+``rndc loadkeys`` command forces ``named`` to check for key updates immediately.
If keys are present in the key directory the first time the zone is
-loaded, the zone will be signed immediately, without waiting for an
-``rndc sign`` or ``rndc loadkeys`` command. (Those commands can still be
-used when there are unscheduled key changes, however.)
+loaded, the zone is signed immediately, without waiting for an
+``rndc sign`` or ``rndc loadkeys`` command. Those commands can still be
+used when there are unscheduled key changes.
When new keys are added to a zone, the TTL is set to match that of any
-existing DNSKEY RRset. If there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, then the
-TTL will be set to the TTL specified when the key was created (using the
+existing DNSKEY RRset. If there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the
+TTL is set to the TTL specified when the key was created (using the
``dnssec-keygen -L`` option), if any, or to the SOA TTL.
-If you wish the zone to be signed using NSEC3 instead of NSEC, submit an
+To sign the zone using NSEC3 instead of NSEC, submit an
NSEC3PARAM record via dynamic update prior to the scheduled publication
-and activation of the keys. If you wish the NSEC3 chain to have the
-OPTOUT bit set, set it in the flags field of the NSEC3PARAM record. The
-NSEC3PARAM record will not appear in the zone immediately, but it will
-be stored for later reference. When the zone is signed and the NSEC3
-chain is completed, the NSEC3PARAM record will appear in the zone.
+and activation of the keys. The OPTOUT bit for the NSEC3 chain can be set
+in the flags field of the NSEC3PARAM record. The
+NSEC3PARAM record does not appear in the zone immediately, but it is
+stored for later reference. When the zone is signed and the NSEC3
+chain is completed, the NSEC3PARAM record appears in the zone.
Using the ``auto-dnssec`` option requires the zone to be configured to
allow dynamic updates, by adding an ``allow-update`` or
``update-policy`` statement to the zone configuration. If this has not
-been done, the configuration will fail.
+been done, the configuration fails.
-Private-type records
+Private-type Records
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The state of the signing process is signaled by private-type records
-(with a default type value of 65534). When signing is complete, these
-records will have a nonzero value for the final octet (for those records
-which have a nonzero initial octet).
+(with a default type value of 65534). When signing is complete, those
+records with a nonzero initial octet have a nonzero value for the final octet.
-The private type record format: If the first octet is non-zero then the
-record indicates that the zone needs to be signed with the key matching
+If the first octet of a private-type record is non-zero, the
+record indicates either that the zone needs to be signed with the key matching
the record, or that all signatures that match the record should be
removed.
complete flag (octet 5)
Only records flagged as "complete" can be removed via dynamic update.
-Attempts to remove other private type records will be silently ignored.
+Attempts to remove other private type records are silently ignored.
If the first octet is zero (this is a reserved algorithm number that
-should never appear in a DNSKEY record) then the record indicates
+should never appear in a DNSKEY record), the record indicates
changes to the NSEC3 chains are in progress. The rest of the record
-contains an NSEC3PARAM record. The flag field tells what operation to
+contains an NSEC3PARAM record, while the flag field tells what operation to
perform based on the flag bits.
0x01 OPTOUT
0x20 NONSEC
-DNSKEY rollovers
+DNSKEY Rollovers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-As with insecure-to-secure conversions, rolling DNSSEC keys can be done
-in two ways: using a dynamic DNS update, or the ``auto-dnssec`` zone
+As with insecure-to-secure conversions, DNSSEC keyrolls can be done
+in two ways: using a dynamic DNS update, or via the ``auto-dnssec`` zone
option.
-Dynamic DNS update method
+Dynamic DNS Update Method
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-To perform key rollovers via dynamic update, you need to add the ``K*``
-files for the new keys so that ``named`` can find them. You can then add
-the new DNSKEY RRs via dynamic update. ``named`` will then cause the
-zone to be signed with the new keys. When the signing is complete the
-private type records will be updated so that the last octet is non zero.
+To perform key rollovers via dynamic update, the ``K*``
+files for the new keys must be added so that ``named`` can find them.
+The new DNSKEY RRs can then be added via dynamic update. ``named`` then causes the
+zone to be signed with the new keys; when the signing is complete, the
+private-type records are updated so that the last octet is non-zero.
-If this is for a KSK you need to inform the parent and any trust anchor
-repositories of the new KSK.
+If this is for a KSK, the parent and any trust anchor
+repositories of the new KSK must be informed.
-You should then wait for the maximum TTL in the zone before removing the
-old DNSKEY. If it is a KSK that is being updated, you also need to wait
-for the DS RRset in the parent to be updated and its TTL to expire. This
-ensures that all clients will be able to verify at least one signature
-when you remove the old DNSKEY.
+The maximum TTL in the zone must expire before removing the
+old DNSKEY. If it is a KSK that is being updated,
+the DS RRset in the parent must also be updated and its TTL allowed to expire. This
+ensures that all clients are able to verify at least one signature
+when the old DNSKEY is removed.
-The old DNSKEY can be removed via UPDATE. Take care to specify the
-correct key. ``named`` will clean out any signatures generated by the
+The old DNSKEY can be removed via UPDATE, taking care to specify the
+correct key. ``named`` cleans out any signatures generated by the
old key after the update completes.
-Automatic key rollovers
+Automatic Key Rollovers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When a new key reaches its activation date (as set by ``dnssec-keygen``
or ``dnssec-settime``), if the ``auto-dnssec`` zone option is set to
-``maintain``, ``named`` will automatically carry out the key rollover.
+``maintain``, ``named`` automatically carries out the key rollover.
If the key's algorithm has not previously been used to sign the zone,
-then the zone will be fully signed as quickly as possible. However, if
-the new key is replacing an existing key of the same algorithm, then the
-zone will be re-signed incrementally, with signatures from the old key
-being replaced with signatures from the new key as their signature
+then the zone is fully signed as quickly as possible. However, if
+the new key replaces an existing key of the same algorithm, the
+zone is re-signed incrementally, with signatures from the old key
+replaced with signatures from the new key as their signature
validity periods expire. By default, this rollover completes in 30 days,
-after which it will be safe to remove the old key from the DNSKEY RRset.
+after which it is safe to remove the old key from the DNSKEY RRset.
-NSEC3PARAM rollovers via UPDATE
+NSEC3PARAM Rollovers via UPDATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Add the new NSEC3PARAM record via dynamic update. When the new NSEC3
-chain has been generated, the NSEC3PARAM flag field will be zero. At
-this point you can remove the old NSEC3PARAM record. The old chain will
-be removed after the update request completes.
+The new NSEC3PARAM record can be added via dynamic update. When the new NSEC3
+chain has been generated, the NSEC3PARAM flag field is set to zero. At
+that point, the old NSEC3PARAM record can be removed. The old chain is
+removed after the update request completes.
-Converting from NSEC to NSEC3
+Converting From NSEC to NSEC3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-To do this, you just need to add an NSEC3PARAM record. When the
-conversion is complete, the NSEC chain will have been removed and the
-NSEC3PARAM record will have a zero flag field. The NSEC3 chain will be
+To do this, an NSEC3PARAM record must be added. When the
+conversion is complete, the NSEC chain is removed and the
+NSEC3PARAM record has a zero flag field. The NSEC3 chain is
generated before the NSEC chain is destroyed.
-Converting from NSEC3 to NSEC
+Converting From NSEC3 to NSEC
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To do this, use ``nsupdate`` to remove all NSEC3PARAM records with a
-zero flag field. The NSEC chain will be generated before the NSEC3 chain
+zero flag field. The NSEC chain is generated before the NSEC3 chain
is removed.
-Converting from secure to insecure
+Converting From Secure to Insecure
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To convert a signed zone to unsigned using dynamic DNS, delete all the
DNSKEY records from the zone apex using ``nsupdate``. All signatures,
-NSEC or NSEC3 chains, and associated NSEC3PARAM records will be removed
-automatically. This will take place after the update request completes.
+NSEC or NSEC3 chains, and associated NSEC3PARAM records are removed
+automatically. This takes place after the update request completes.
This requires the ``dnssec-secure-to-insecure`` option to be set to
``yes`` in ``named.conf``.
In addition, if the ``auto-dnssec maintain`` zone statement is used, it
-should be removed or changed to ``allow`` instead (or it will re-sign).
+should be removed or changed to ``allow`` instead; otherwise it will re-sign.
-Periodic re-signing
+Periodic Re-signing
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-In any secure zone which supports dynamic updates, ``named`` will
-periodically re-sign RRsets which have not been re-signed as a result of
-some update action. The signature lifetimes will be adjusted so as to
+In any secure zone which supports dynamic updates, ``named``
+periodically re-signs RRsets which have not been re-signed as a result of
+some update action. The signature lifetimes are adjusted to
spread the re-sign load over time rather than all at once.
NSEC3 and OPTOUT
records in the zone have the same OPTOUT state. ``named`` supports
UPDATES to zones where the NSEC3 records in the chain have mixed OPTOUT
state. ``named`` does not support changing the OPTOUT state of an
-individual NSEC3 record, the entire chain needs to be changed if the
-OPTOUT state of an individual NSEC3 needs to be changed.
+individual NSEC3 record; if the
+OPTOUT state of an individual NSEC3 needs to be changed, the entire chain must be changed.
projects / thirdparty / bind9.git / commitdiff
