Add LG_BLOCKSIZE to omit some *, % ops

Add LG_BLOCKSIZE to omit some *, % ops

* src/buffer.c (_flush_write, short_read, seek_archive)
(_gnu_flush_write):
* src/create.c (write_gnu_long_link, dump_regular_file)
(dump_dir0):
* src/delete.c (write_recent_bytes, flush_file)
(delete_archive_members):
* src/list.c (read_header):
* src/sparse.c (sparse_dump_region, sparse_extract_region)
(pax_dump_header_1):
* src/tar.c (parse_opt):
* src/update.c (append_file):
Prefer shifting and masking to dividing and remaindering by
BLOCKSIZE.  This reclaims some compiler optimizations lost
by our recent preference for signed integers.
* src/tar.h (LG_BLOCKSIZE): New constant, for shifting.