Makefile.in,doc/Makefile.in
- uninstall: make sure the bash-specific directories created by
`make install' are emptied and removed
+
+ 11/27
+ -----
+doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi
+lib/readline/doc/readline.3,lib/readline/doc/history.3
+lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi,lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
+ - another set of updates for formatting consistency, language
+ consistency between man pages and info files
+
+ 12/1
+ ----
+lib/readline/misc.c
+ - rl_get_previous_history: call _rl_maybe_replace_line with arg of 1
+ so it clears rl_undo_list, since this may not immediately replace
+ rl_undo_list with something from history
+ Report from Grisha Levit <grishalevit@gmail.com>
+
+ 12/5
+ ----
+doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi
+lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
+ - updates for active voice, future tense, formatting and fonts, edits
+ to Programmable Completion
+ Suggestions from G. Branden Robinson <g.branden.robinson@gmail.com>
Options:
-p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of
the standard utilities
- -v print a single-word indicating the command or filename that
+ -v print a single word indicating the command or filename that
invokes COMMAND
-V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND
bashref.pdf: bashref.texi
bash.pdf: bash.1
+builtins.pdf: builtins.1 bash.1
+ $(RM) $@
+ -${GROFF} -I${srcdir} -man -T pdf builtins.1 > $@
+
article.pdf: article.ps
rose94.pdf: rose94.ps
from the file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt, if it exists.
When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists. This
- may be inhibited by using the -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option. The -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be option
- causes b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to use _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc.
+ reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists. The
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior. The -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be option causes
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to use _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc.
When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for ex-
ample, it looks for the variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV in the environment, expands
forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive
login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it
first attempts to read and execute commands from _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be and
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, in that order. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option will inhibit this
- behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- looks for the variable E\bEN\bNV\bV, expands its value if it is defined, and
- uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
- Since a shell invoked as s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read and execute com-
- mands from any other startup files, the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option has no effect.
- A non-interactive shell invoked with the name s\bsh\bh does not attempt to
- read any other startup files. When invoked as s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enters posix
- mode after reading the startup files.
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, in that order. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option inhibits this behav-
+ ior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh looks
+ for the variable E\bEN\bNV\bV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
+ expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a
+ shell invoked as s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read and execute commands from
+ any other startup files, the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option has no effect. A non-in-
+ teractive shell invoked with the name s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read any
+ other startup files. When invoked as s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enters posix mode after
+ reading the startup files.
When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started in posix mode, as with the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx command line
option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode,
and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd, or the secure shell
daemon _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh determines it is being run non-interactively in
this fashion, it reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that
- file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as s\bsh\bh.
- The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option will inhibit this behavior, and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option
- will make b\bba\bas\bsh\bh use a different file instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, but neither
+ file exists and is readable. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not read this file if invoked
+ as s\bsh\bh. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior, and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be op-
+ tion makes b\bba\bas\bsh\bh use a different file instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, but neither
_\br_\bs_\bh_\bd nor _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd generally invoke the shell with those options or allow
them to be specified.
regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern
characters lose their meanings between brackets.
- The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string.
- Anchor the pattern using the ^\b^ and $\b$ regular expression opera-
- tors to force it to match the entire string.
+ The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the
+ string. Anchor the pattern using the ^\b^ and $\b$ regular expression
+ operators to force it to match the entire string.
- The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the
- string matched the pattern. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with
- index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire
- regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex-
+ The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the
+ string matched the pattern. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with
+ index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire
+ regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex-
pressions within the regular expression are saved in the remain-
- ing B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with in-
- dex _\bn is the portion of the string matching the _\bnth parenthe-
- sized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global
- scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected
+ ing B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with in-
+ dex _\bn is the portion of the string matching the _\bnth parenthe-
+ sized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global
+ scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected
results.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence:
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to
override the normal precedence of operators.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn
True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is false.
True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 is true.
The &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| operators do not evaluate _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 if the value
- of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+ of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
the entire conditional expression.
f\bfo\bor\br _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ [ i\bin\bn [ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\b._\b._\b. ] ] ; ] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand The list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of
- this list in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn
+ First, expand The list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
+ of items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of
+ this list in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn
_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted, the f\bfo\bor\br command executes _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt once for each po-
- sitional parameter that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The re-
- turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe-
+ sitional parameter that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The re-
+ turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe-
cutes. If the expansion of the items following i\bin\bn results in an
- empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is
+ empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is
0.
f\bfo\bor\br (( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3 )) ; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 according to the
- rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, re-
+ rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, re-
peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 until it eval-
- uates to zero. Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
- execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If
- any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
- The return value is the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in-
+ uates to zero. Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
+ execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If
+ any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+ The return value is the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+ that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in-
valid.
- Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+ Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
below) to control loop execution.
s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd ] ; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er-
- ror, each preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
- print the positional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
- then displays the P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard
+ First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
+ of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er-
+ ror, each preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
+ print the positional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
+ then displays the P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard
input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
- the displayed words, then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that
- word. If the line is empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and
- prompt again. If EOF is read, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1.
- Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null. The line read is saved in
- the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed after each selection
+ the displayed words, then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that
+ word. If the line is empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and
+ prompt again. If EOF is read, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1.
+ Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null. The line read is saved in
+ the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed after each selection
until a b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk command is executed. The exit status of s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt is
the exit status of the last command executed in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or zero if
no commands were executed.
c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd i\bin\bn [ [(] _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn [ |\b| _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn ] ... ) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ;; ] ... e\bes\bsa\bac\bc
A c\bca\bas\bse\be command first expands _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and tries to match it against
- each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
- matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. A pat-
- tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and
- the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is ex-
- panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
+ matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. A pat-
+ tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and
+ the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is ex-
+ panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution
- and quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded using
- tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
+ and quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded using
+ tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote
- removal. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match
- is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac-
+ removal. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match
+ is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac-
ters. A _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bu_\bs_\be is a pattern list and an associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
When a match is found, c\bca\bas\bse\be executes the corresponding _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If
- the ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command
+ the ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command
completes after the first match. Using ;\b;&\b& in place of ;\b;;\b; causes
- execution to continue with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next
+ execution to continue with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next
pattern list. Using ;\b;;\b;&\b& in place of ;\b;;\b; causes the shell to test
- the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any
- associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match succeeds. continuing the case
+ the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any
+ associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match succeeds. continuing the case
statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The
exit status is zero if no pattern matches.
the last _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt executed.
i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; [ e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] ... [ e\bel\bls\bse\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] f\bfi\bi
- The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in
- turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+ The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in
+ turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the e\bel\bls\bse\be
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta-
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta-
tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
true.
w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long
+ The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long
as the last command in the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns an exit status of
- zero. The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, ex-
+ zero. The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, ex-
cept that the test is negated: _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 is executed as long as the
last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit
status of the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl commands is the exit status of the
C\bCo\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs
A _\bc_\bo_\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs is a shell command preceded by the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc reserved word. A
- coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
- had been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe
+ coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+ had been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
The syntax for a coprocess is:
c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc [_\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]
- This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple
- command or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable
+ This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple
+ command or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable
name. If _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not supplied, the default name is C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC.
The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE { _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]; }
- This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
- always being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete
+ This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
+ always being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete
than the other compound commands.
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following
- c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
- it is interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces
- a compound command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not al-
- lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following
+ c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
+ it is interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces
+ a compound command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not al-
+ lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of
the simple command.
- When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
- (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell.
- The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file de-
- scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
+ When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+ (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell.
+ The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file de-
+ scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[0]. The standard input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a
file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as-
- signed to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
+ signed to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
specified by the command (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). The file descriptors
- can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
- standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
- and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
+ can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+ standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
+ and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
subshells.
- The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail-
- able as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be
+ The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail-
+ able as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be
used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
- Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc
- command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is
+ Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc
+ command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is
the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl F\bFu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn D\bDe\bef\bfi\bin\bni\bit\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
- executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
+ A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
+ executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
Shell functions are declared as follows:
_\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be () _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [()] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
This defines a function named _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The reserved word f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
- is optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the
- parentheses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the com-
- pound command _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above).
- That command is usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but
+ is optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the
+ parentheses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the com-
+ pound command _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above).
+ That command is usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but
may be any command listed under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above. If the
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup-
plied, the braces are recommended. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed
- whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as the name of a simple command.
+ whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as the name of a simple command.
When in posix mode, _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be must be a valid shell _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and may not
- be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default
- mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
+ be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default
+ mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
not contain $\b$.
- Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is
+ Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is
defined are performed when the function is executed.
- The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
- occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When
- executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last
+ The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+ occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When
+ executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last
command executed in the body. (See F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below.)
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\br-\b-
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment.
+ a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment.
A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or
- after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining
- characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without
- the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option enabled does not allow comments. The
+ after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining
+ characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without
+ the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option enabled does not allow comments. The
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option is enabled by default in interactive
shells.
Q\bQU\bUO\bOT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
- words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+ words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
- Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special
+ Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special
meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
- When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
+ When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below), the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, usually !\b!, must
be quoted to prevent history expansion.
There are four quoting mechanisms: the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br, single quotes,
double quotes, and dollar-single quotes.
- A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the
- literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special
- meaning it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair
- appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is
- treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input
+ A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the
+ literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special
+ meaning it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair
+ appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is
+ treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input
stream and effectively ignored).
- Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
+ Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between
single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
- Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
- all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and,
+ Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
+ all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and,
when history expansion is enabled, !\b!. When the shell is in posix mode,
- the !\b! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
- expansion is enabled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special
- meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
- ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\,
+ the !\b! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
+ expansion is enabled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special
+ meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
+ ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\,
or <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>. Backslashes preceding characters without a special mean-
ing are left unmodified.
- A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+ A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
- !\b! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back-
+ !\b! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back-
slash preceding the !\b! is not removed.
- The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double
+ The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double
quotes (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below).
- Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special
- variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with back-
- slash-escaped characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C
- standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol-
+ Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special
+ variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with back-
+ slash-escaped characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C
+ standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol-
lows:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\'\b' single quote
\\b\"\b" double quote
\\b\?\b? question mark
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
\\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
\\b\c\bc_\bx A control-_\bx character.
- The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+ The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
been present.
T\bTr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg") will cause
- the string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the
- L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS, T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the
- current locale is C\bC or P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX, if there are no translations available,
- or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the
- string is treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form
- of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default,
- whether or not it is translated and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\ba-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bn option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are
- single-quoted instead of double-quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS.
+ A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg") causes the
+ string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
+ infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bS-\b-
+ S\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS, T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the current
+ locale is C\bC or P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX, if there are no translations available, or if the
+ string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the string is
+ treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double
+ quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not
+ it is translated and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn option is
+ enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted
+ instead of double-quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS.
P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS
A _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an entity that stores values. It can be a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a num-
the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
- shell variable or array index, the += operator will append to or add to
- the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ shell variable or array index, the += operator appends to or adds to
+ the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
commands such as d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be that accept assignment statements. When += is
applied to a variable for which the i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute has been set, the
variable's current value and _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be are each evaluated as arithmetic ex-
- pressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's
+ pressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's
value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an
expression. When += is applied to an array variable using compound as-
- signment (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
+ signment (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at
- one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or
- added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap-
- plied to a string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is expanded and appended to
+ one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or
+ added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap-
+ plied to a string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is expanded and appended to
the variable's value.
A variable can be assigned the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute using the -\b-n\bn option to
- the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (see the descriptions of d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be
- and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl below) to create a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, or a reference to another vari-
- able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever
- the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at-
- tributes modified (other than using or changing the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute
- itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
- by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
+ the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (see the descriptions of d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be
+ and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl below) to create a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, or a reference to another vari-
+ able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever
+ the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at-
+ tributes modified (other than using or changing the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute
+ itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
+ by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu-
- ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a
+ ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a
shell function as its first argument, running
declare -n ref=$1
the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assign-
ments to r\bre\bef\bf, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
- passed as $\b$1\b1. If the control variable in a f\bfo\bor\br loop has the nameref
- attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a
- name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn,
- when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the n\bna\bam\bme\ber\bre\bef\bf
- attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables
- and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the -\b-n\bn
- option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin. Otherwise, if u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt is executed with the
- name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by
- the nameref variable will be unset.
+ passed as $\b$1\b1. If the control variable in a f\bfo\bor\br loop has the nameref
+ attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a
+ name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when
+ the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the n\bna\bam\bme\ber\bre\bef\bf at-
+ tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and
+ subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the -\b-n\bn option
+ to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin. Otherwise, if u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt is executed with the name of
+ a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the
+ nameref variable is unset.
P\bPo\bos\bsi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
A _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0
When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell
or shell script (identical to $\b$0\b0; see the description of special
- parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 assigns the
- same value to $\b$0\b0. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 is unset, it loses its special
+ parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 sets $\b$0\b0 to
+ the same value. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 is unset, it loses its special
properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal hash table of commands as maintained by the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal hash table of commands as maintained by the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
builtin. Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the
hash table; however, unsetting array elements currently does not
- remove command names from the hash table. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS is un-
+ remove command names from the hash table. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS is un-
set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be
- executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result
+ Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be
+ executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result
of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time
- of the trap. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD is unset, it loses its special
+ of the trap. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD is unset, it loses its special
properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN_\b_S\bST\bTR\bRI\bIN\bNG\bG
The command argument to the -\b-c\bc invocation option.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO
- An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files where each corresponding member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE was invoked.
+ An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
+ files where each corresponding member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE was invoked.
$\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file
($\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}) where $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called (or
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b-_\b1]\b]}\b} if referenced within another shell func-
- tion). Use L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO to obtain the current line number. Assign-
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b-_\b1]\b]}\b} if referenced within another shell func-
+ tion). Use L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO to obtain the current line number. Assign-
ments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO have no effect, and it may not be unset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- A colon-separated list of directories in which the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be com-
+ A colon-separated list of directories in which the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be com-
mand. looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
- Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value
- returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
- If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special prop-
+ Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value
+ returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
+ If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special prop-
erties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH
- An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
- operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
- 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex-
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
+ operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
+ 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex-
pression. The element with index _\bn is the portion of the string
matching the _\bnth parenthesized subexpression.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE
- An array variable whose members are the source filenames where
- the corresponding shell function names in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames where
+ the corresponding shell function names in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array
variable are defined. The shell function $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is de-
- fined in the file $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} and called from
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE have no ef-
+ fined in the file $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} and called from
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE have no ef-
fect, and it may not be unset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
- when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini-
- tial value is 0. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL is unset, it loses its spe-
+ Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
+ when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini-
+ tial value is 0. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL is unset, it loses its spe-
cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_T\bTR\bRA\bAP\bPS\bSI\bIG\bG
- Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being
- executed during its execution. See the description of t\btr\bra\bap\bp un-
- der S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below for information about signal
+ Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being
+ executed during its execution. See the description of t\btr\bra\bap\bp un-
+ der S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below for information about signal
numbers and trap execution.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO
A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
- for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
+ for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
members are as follows:
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[4]\b] The release status (e.g., _\bb_\be_\bt_\ba).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[5]\b] The value of M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+ Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
- An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
+ An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY
The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur-
- rent completion function. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ rent completion function. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
- The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
+ ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
- equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted
- completion that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB,
- for normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after succes-
- sive tabs, _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
- tion, _\b@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
- _\b%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted
+ completion that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB,
+ for normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after succes-
+ sive tabs, _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
+ tion, _\b@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
+ _\b%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- The set of characters that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ The set of characters that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library treats as word
+ separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
- words as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be would split it, using C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS as de-
- scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
+ ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
+ words as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be would split it, using C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS as de-
+ scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func-
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the file
- descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
+ C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the file
+ descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
(see C\bCo\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs above).
D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK
An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing the current con-
- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
- in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
+ tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
+ in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
- ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
- be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari-
- able will not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is un-
+ ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
+ be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari-
+ able does not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is un-
set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
is subsequently reset.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. Assignments to H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD are ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is un-
- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
- reset.
+ command. Assignments to H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD have no effect. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is
+ unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ quently reset.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
Automatically set to the name of the current host.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random
integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM ini-
tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the
- random number generator with the same constant value will pro-
- duce the same sequence of values. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses
- its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ random number generator with the same constant value produces
+ the same sequence of values. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its
+ special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
Any numeric argument given to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command that was de-
fined using "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) when it
to search for the resultant filename.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD
If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will write the trace output generated when "set -x" is en-
- abled to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error.
- The file descriptor is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or as-
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled
+ to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The
+ file descriptor is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or as-
signed a new value. Unsetting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD or assigning it the
- empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
+ empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
error. Note that setting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD to 2 (the standard error
- file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan-
+ file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan-
dard error being closed.
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci-
- fied as arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
+ fied as arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
".:~:/usr".
C\bCH\bHI\bIL\bLD\bD_\b_M\bMA\bAX\bX
- Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
- remember. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below
- a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
- rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
+ Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
+ remember. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below
+ a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
+ rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
system-dependent.
C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS
- Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
+ Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal
+ width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
An array variable from which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads the possible completions
- generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
- pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each ar-
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
+ pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each ar-
ray element contains one possible completion.
- E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
+ E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+ starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
- E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
- defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search
- using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
- terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+ A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
+ defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search
+ using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
+ terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
completion and command execution via P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH lookup. This does not
affect the behavior of the [\b[, t\bte\bes\bst\bt, and [\b[[\b[ commands. Full path-
- names in the command hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
- Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
- executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
+ names in the command hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
+ Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
+ executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT The default editor for the f\bfc\bc builtin command.
F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below). A filename whose suf-
- fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
+ fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~".
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT
- If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
- function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
- nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
+ If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+ function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
+ nesting level cause the current command to abort.
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file
- names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name
- matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
- patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
+ A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file
+ names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name
+ matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
+ patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
tion.
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT
- Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
- value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or-
- der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is
- unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the
- historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico-
+ Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
+ value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or-
+ der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is
+ unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the
+ historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico-
graphic order as determined by the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable.
- If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ig-
+ If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ig-
nored, or _\b-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de-
- scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci-
- fiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs,
+ scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci-
+ fiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs,
which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexi-
- cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in-
- ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of
- the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the
+ cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in-
+ ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of
+ the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the
same size), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort key.
- For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending
+ For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending
order by modification time (newest first).
- The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits
- as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" will
- sort before "10", for example). When using _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, names con-
- taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are
+ The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits
+ as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2"
+ sorts before "10", for example). When using _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, names con-
+ taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are
sorted by name using the traditional behavior.
A sort specifier of _\bn_\bo_\bs_\bo_\br_\bt disables sorting completely; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh re-
- turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys-
+ turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys-
tem, ignoring any leading _\b-.
- If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a
- value of _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b-
- sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores
+ If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a
+ value of _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b-
+ sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores
the historical sorting behavior.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
+ saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
+ _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
+ saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of
_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bb_\bo_\bt_\bh is shorthand for _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be and _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs. A value
of _\be_\br_\ba_\bs_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes all previous lines matching the current line
- to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
- Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
- unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
- shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value
- of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
- compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
- regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL if the first line of the
- command was saved. If the first line was not saved, the second
- and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either.
+ to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
+ Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
+ unset, or does not include a valid value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh saves all lines
+ read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the
+ value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If the first line of a multi-line compound
+ command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not
+ tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. If the first line was not saved, the second and
+ subsequent lines of the command are not saved either.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
The name of the file in which command history is saved (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by.
- If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com-
+ T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by.
+ If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com-
mand history when it exits.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
- this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
- cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
- lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
+ cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
+ lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also
truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits or by
- the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is
- truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values
- less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default
+ the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is
+ truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values
+ less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default
value to the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE after reading any startup files.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
- lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
- matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is
- not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
- beginning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- will not implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested
- against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
+ matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is
+ not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
+ beginning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ does not implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested
+ against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are
applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char-
- acters, "&\b&" matches the previous history line. A backslash will
- escape the "&\b&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a
- match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound
- command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless
- of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If the first line was not saved,
- the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved ei-
- ther. The pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- shell option.
+ acters, "&\b&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es-
+ capes the "&\b&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a
+ match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was
+ saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
+ added to the history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If
+ the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
+ the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors
+ the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
+ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every
- command being saved on the history list (there is no limit).
- The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
+ command being saved on the history list (there is no limit).
+ The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
startup files.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to print the time stamp associated
- with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
- this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his-
- tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This
- uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps
+ with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
+ this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his-
+ tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This
+ uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps
from other history lines.
H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
the c\bcd\bd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used
when performing tilde expansion.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
- The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
- the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at-
- tempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
- the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
- no value, or does not name a readable file, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to
- read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
- tions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+ The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
+ the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at-
+ tempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
+ the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
+ no value, or does not name a readable file, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to
+ read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
+ tions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the the hostname
+ list.
I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting af-
ter expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
builtin command. Word splitting is described below under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may
be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
"?". When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to the
- name of the current mailfile. Example:
+ name of the current mailfile. For example:
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"'
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
able (there is no value by default), but the location of the
The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes
- no decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be will print at
- most six digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater
- than 6 are changed to 6. If _\bp is not specified, t\bti\bim\bme\be prints
- three digits after the decimal point.
+ no decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be prints at most
+ six digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater than 6
+ are changed to 6. If _\bp is not specified, t\bti\bim\bme\be prints three dig-
+ its after the decimal point.
- The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
- the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
+ The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
the fraction is included.
- If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
- $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not display any timing information. A trailing new-
+ If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
+ $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not display any timing information. A trailing new-
line is added when the format string is displayed.
- T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the
- value as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if
- input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming
- from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter-
- preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af-
- ter issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting
- for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
+ T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the
+ value as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if
+ input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming
+ from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter-
+ preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af-
+ ter issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting
+ for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
arrive.
- T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+ T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
a\bau\but\bto\bo_\b_r\bre\bes\bsu\bum\bme\be
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
- job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist-
- ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as
- candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is
- no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning
- with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac-
- cessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a stopped job, in this context, is the
- command line used to start it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to
- the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must match the name of a stopped job
- exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the word needs to match a sub-
- string of the name of a stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value pro-
+ job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist-
+ ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as
+ candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is
+ no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning
+ with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac-
+ cessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a stopped job, in this context, is the
+ command line used to start it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to
+ the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must match the name of a stopped job
+ exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the word needs to match a sub-
+ string of the name of a stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value pro-
vides functionality analogous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB
- C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the
- word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides
+ C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the
+ word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides
functionality analogous to the %\b%_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg job identifier.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
- The two or three characters which control history expansion and
- tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). The first character
- is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, the character which begins a
- history expansion, normally "!\b!". The second character is the
- _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, normally "^\b^". When it appears as
- the first character on the line, history substitution repeats
- the previous command, replacing one string with another. The
- optional third character is the character which indicates that
- the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first
- character of a word, normally "#\b#". The history comment charac-
- ter disables history substitution for the remaining words on the
- line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat
- the rest of the line as a comment.
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion,
+ quick substitution, and tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN be-
+ low). The first character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character,
+ the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!\b!".
+ The second character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, nor-
+ mally "^\b^". When it appears as the first character on the line,
+ history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one
+ string with another. The optional third character is the char-
+ acter which indicates that the remainder of the line is a com-
+ ment when found as the first character of a word, normally "#\b#".
+ The history comment character disables history substitution for
+ the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause
+ the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
- Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin will
- explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
- an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
- tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
- arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref-
- erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array
- indices must be non-negative integers.
-
- An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+ Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin ex-
+ plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+ an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
+ tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
+ that must expand to an integer and are zero-based; associative arrays
+ are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, in-
+ dexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+ An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
to using the syntax _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as
an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or
- equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba
+ equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]\b] is
also accepted; the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is ignored.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1
- ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be may be of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Each
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be-
+ ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be may be of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
+ Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Each
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be-
low under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN, but _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\bes that are valid variable assignments in-
- cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and
+ cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and
word splitting, as with individual variable assignments.
- When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub-
- script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of
- the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
+ When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub-
+ script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of
+ the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign-
- ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is
- required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al-
- ternating keys and values: _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( _\bk_\be_\by_\b1 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 _\bk_\be_\by_\b2 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b). These
- are treated identically to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( [_\bk_\be_\by_\b1]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 [_\bk_\be_\by_\b2]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b).
- The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in-
- terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When
- using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final
+ ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is
+ required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al-
+ ternating keys and values: _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( _\bk_\be_\by_\b1 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 _\bk_\be_\by_\b2 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b). These
+ are treated identically to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( [_\bk_\be_\by_\b1]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 [_\bk_\be_\by_\b2]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b).
+ The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in-
+ terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When
+ using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final
missing value is treated like the empty string.
- This syntax is also accepted by the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array
- elements may be assigned to using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax in-
+ This syntax is also accepted by the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array
+ elements may be assigned to using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax in-
troduced above.
- When assigning to an indexed array, if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is subscripted by a nega-
+ When assigning to an indexed array, if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is subscripted by a nega-
tive number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than
- the maximum index of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so negative indices count back from the end
+ the maximum index of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so negative indices count back from the end
of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
- The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning using
- the compound assignment syntax; see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS above.
+ The += operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the
+ compound assignment syntax; see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS above.
- An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces
- are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt
+ An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces
+ are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt
is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, unless noted in the
- description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ
- only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou-
- ble-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each
- array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special vari-
- able, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word.
+ description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ
+ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou-
+ ble-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each
+ array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special vari-
+ able, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word.
When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to nothing. If the
- double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
- first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of
- the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
- with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is
- analogous to the expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\be-\b-
+ double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
+ first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of
+ the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
+ with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is
+ analogous to the expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\be-\b-
c\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs above).
- ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If
+ ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If
_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar-
ray.
If the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt used to reference an element of an indexed array eval-
- uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one
- greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
+ uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one
+ greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count
+ back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
element.
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref-
- erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
- using a valid subscript is valid, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will create an array if nec-
- essary.
+ erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
+ using a valid subscript is valid; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates an array if necessary.
- An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+ An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
- It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
- values. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in
+ It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
+ values. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in
array variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to
the expansion of the special parameters _\b@ and _\b* within double quotes.
The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] un-
- sets the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and asso-
- ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted
- as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable
- does not unset the variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, re-
- moves the entire array. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently de-
- pending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ sets the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and asso-
+ ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted
+ as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable
+ does not unset the variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, re-
+ moves the entire array. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently de-
+ pending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array, this unsets the el-
- ement with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array, unset re-
+ ement with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array, unset re-
moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself.
- When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com-
- mand, such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax de-
- scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname
- expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
+ When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com-
+ mand, such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax de-
+ scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname
+ expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
(e.g., unset 'a[4]').
- The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
- specify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative ar-
- ray. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the
+ The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
+ specify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative ar-
+ ray. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the
standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array
- values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
- builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the
- descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro-
+ values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
+ builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the
+ descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro-
vides a number of builtin array variables.
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
_\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, and _\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl.
The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter
- and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution
- (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion;
+ and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution
+ (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion;
and quote removal.
On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
- able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as
- tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
+ able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as
+ tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
stitution.
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
- present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
+ present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other
expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves.
- Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
- crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
- single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex-
+ Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
+ crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
+ single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex-
pansions of "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and "\b"$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}"\b", and, in most cases, $\b$*\b* and
$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[*\b*]\b]}\b} as explained above (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a
+ _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a
common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism
- is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not
- exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\b-
- _\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se-
- quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
- _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
- the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
+ is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not
+ exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\b-
+ _\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se-
+ quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
+ _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
+ the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
string, expanding left to right.
- Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex-
ample, a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into "ade ace abe".
- A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are
- either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
+ A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are
+ either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
- number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. If the supplied integers are pre-
- fixed with _\b0, each term will have the same width, zero-padding if nec-
- essary. When either _\bx or _\by begins with a zero, the shell attempts to
- force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-
- padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex-
- pands to each character lexicographically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive,
- using the default C locale. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be of the same
- type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used
- as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1
- as appropriate.
+ number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. If either _\bx or _\by begins with _\b0,
+ each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-
+ padding where necessary. When either _\bx or _\by begins with a zero, the
+ shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number
+ of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied,
+ the expression expands to each character lexicographically between _\bx
+ and _\by, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both _\bx and _\by
+ must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is
+ supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default
+ increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
- strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
+ acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
+ strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
- A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+ A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex-
pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
A {\b{ or ,\b, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
- part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
+ part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
sion, the string $\b${\b{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and
inhibits brace expansion until the closing }\b}.
or
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
- Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
- versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
- when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
- For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
- the output. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after brace expan-
- sion. Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with
+ Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
+ versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
+ when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
+ For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
+ the output. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after brace expan-
+ sion. Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with
the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) for
strict s\bsh\bh compatibility.
T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~\b~"), all of the
- characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
- there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
- the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
- tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+ If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~\b~"), all of the
+ characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
+ there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
+ the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+ tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the tilde expands
- to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other-
- wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
+ to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other-
+ wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
with the specified login name.
- If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD re-
+ If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD re-
places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub-
- stitutes the value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set. If the
- characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number
- _\bN, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced
+ stitutes the value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set. If the
+ characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number
+ _\bN, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced
with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin invoked with the characters following the
- tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following
+ tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following
the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+"
or "-", tilde expansion assumes "+".
- The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so
- the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan-
+ The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so
+ the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan-
sion.
- If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde-
+ If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde-
prefix is unchanged.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme-
- diately following a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde expansion in
- these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as-
- signments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the ex-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme-
+ diately following a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde expansion in
+ these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as-
+ signments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the ex-
panded value.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
of variable assignments (as described above under P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) when they
- appear as arguments to simple commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this, except
+ appear as arguments to simple commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this, except
for the _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands listed above, when in posix mode.
P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
The "$\b$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
- or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
- may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
- variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+ or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+ may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+ variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
could be interpreted as part of the name.
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}\b}" not
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}\b}" not
escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em-
- bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan-
+ bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan-
sion.
The basic form of parameter expansion is
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
which substitutes the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The braces are required when
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as
- part of its name. The _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a shell parameter as described
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as
+ part of its name. The _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a shell parameter as described
above P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) or an array reference (A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs).
- If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and
+ If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and
_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, it introduces a level of indirection. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the new _\bp_\ba_\b-
- _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in
- the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The value is subject
- to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and
- arithmetic expansion. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the
+ _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in
+ the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The value is subject
+ to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+ arithmetic expansion. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the
name of the parameter referenced by _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br instead of performing the
complete indirect expansion, for compatibility. The exceptions to this
are the expansions of ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The
- exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+ exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be-
- low (e.g., :\b:-\b-), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+ low (e.g., :\b:-\b-), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the ex-
- pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the expansion is
+ A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the ex-
+ pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the expansion is
the final value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. Positional parameters and special
parameters may not be assigned in this way.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
+ D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
the shell writes the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that ef-
fect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is not present) to the standard error and, if it is
- not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive
+ not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive
shell does not exit, but does not execute the command associated
- with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is sub-
+ with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is sub-
stituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
- substituted, otherwise the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
+ U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
+ substituted, otherwise the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not used.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
- S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of the
- value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\b-
- _\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by @\b@
- or *\b*, or an associative array name, the results differ as de-
- scribed below. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring
+ S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of the
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\b-
+ _\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by @\b@
+ or *\b*, or an associative array name, the results differ as de-
+ scribed below. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring
of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by
_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and extending to the end of the value. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
are arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
- If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
+ If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\b-
- _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+ _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value
- of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br rather than a number of characters, and the expan-
- sion is the characters between _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and that result. Note
- that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at
+ of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br rather than a number of characters, and the expan-
+ sion is the characters between _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and that result. Note
+ that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at
least one space to avoid being confused with the :\b:-\b- expansion.
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parame-
- ters beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
- to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parame-
+ ters beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
+ to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an
offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if
- there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error
+ there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error
if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero.
If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the
result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative to one
+ _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative to one
greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an
expansion error if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero.
Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un-
defined results.
- Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame-
- ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de-
- fault. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are used,
+ Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame-
+ ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de-
+ fault. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are used,
$\b$0\b0 is prefixed to the list.
${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*}
${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx@\b@}
- N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx. Expands to the names of variables whose
+ N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx. Expands to the names of variables whose
names begin with _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx, separated by the first character of the
- I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable. When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears
- within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable. When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears
+ within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
word.
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]}
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]}
- L\bLi\bis\bst\bt o\bof\bf a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by k\bke\bey\bys\bs. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to
- the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- not an array, expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise.
- When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+ L\bLi\bis\bst\bt o\bof\bf a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by k\bke\bey\bys\bs. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to
+ the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ not an array, expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise.
+ When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
each key expands to a separate word.
${#\b#_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh. Substitutes the length in characters of the
- expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value
- substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br is an array name subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substi-
- tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
- an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that
- number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi-
- mum index of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, so negative indices count back from the
- end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele-
+ P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh. Substitutes the length in characters of the
+ expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value
+ substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br is an array name subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substi-
+ tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
+ an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that
+ number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi-
+ mum index of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, so negative indices count back from the
+ end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele-
ment.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce
a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
- t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of
- the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the
- expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern
- (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case)
- deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation
- is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
- sion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
- subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is ap-
- plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is
+ t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of
+ the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the
+ expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern
+ (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case)
+ deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation
+ is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
+ sion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
+ subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is ap-
+ plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is
the resultant list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg s\bsu\buf\bff\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce
a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
- t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion
- of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the ex-
- pansion is the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest
- matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern
- (the "%%" case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
- removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
- turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
- an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
+ t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion
+ of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the ex-
+ pansion is the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest
+ matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern
+ (the "%%" case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
+ an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
+ operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
the expansion is the resultant list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/#\b#_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/%\b%_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn. The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce a pat-
- tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex-
- panded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
- t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. The longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in the ex-
- panded value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg undergoes tilde
- expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan-
+ tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex-
+ panded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
+ t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. The longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in the ex-
+ panded value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg undergoes tilde
+ expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan-
sion, command and process substitution, and quote removal.
- In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If
+ In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If
there are two slashes separating _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn (the sec-
- ond form above), all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are replaced with
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by #\b# (the third form above), it
- must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
- If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by %\b% (the fourth form above), it must
+ ond form above), all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are replaced with
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by #\b# (the third form above), it
+ must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
+ If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by %\b% (the fourth form above), it must
match at the end of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
- If the expansion of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null, matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are
+ If the expansion of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null, matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are
deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may be omitted.
- If the p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt,
- any unquoted instances of &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg are replaced with the
+ If the p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt,
+ any unquoted instances of &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg are replaced with the
matching portion of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
Quoting any part of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg inhibits replacement in the expansion
- of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in
- shell variables. Backslash will escape &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; the back-
- slash is removed in order to permit a literal &\b& in the replace-
- ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash;
- \\b\\\b\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users
- should take care if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is double-quoted to avoid unwanted
- interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since
- backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern
- substitution performs the check for unquoted &\b& after expanding
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; shell programmers should quote any occurrences of &\b& they
- want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure any in-
- stances of &\b& they want to be replaced are unquoted.
-
- Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding
+ of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in
+ shell variables. Backslash escapes &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; the backslash
+ is removed in order to permit a literal &\b& in the replacement
+ string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; \\b\\\b\
+ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users should
+ take care if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is double-quoted to avoid unwanted interac-
+ tions between the backslash and double-quoting, since backslash
+ has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern substitution
+ performs the check for unquoted &\b& after expanding _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; shell
+ programmers should quote any occurrences of &\b& they want to be
+ taken literally in the replacement and ensure any instances of &\b&
+ they want to be replaced are unquoted.
+
+ Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding
the replacement string quote the expanded characters, while dou-
- ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not,
- since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take
+ ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not,
+ since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take
any enclosing double quotes into account.
- If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is per-
+ If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is per-
formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to
- each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re-
- sultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
- with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to each mem-
- ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re-
+ sultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
+ with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to each mem-
+ ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
- C\bCa\bas\bse\be m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha-
- betic characters in _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to pro-
+ C\bCa\bas\bse\be m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha-
+ betic characters in _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to pro-
duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in
- the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is tested against _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and,
- if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern
+ the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is tested against _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and,
+ if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern
should not attempt to match more than one character.
- The ^\b^ operator converts lowercase letters matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to
+ The ^\b^ operator converts lowercase letters matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to
uppercase; the ,\b, operator converts matching uppercase letters to
- lowercase. The ^\b^^\b^ and ,\b,,\b, expansions convert each matched char-
- acter in the expanded value; the ^\b^ and ,\b, expansions match and
+ lowercase. The ^\b^^\b^ and ,\b,,\b, expansions convert each matched char-
+ acter in the expanded value; the ^\b^ and ,\b, expansions match and
convert only the first character in the expanded value. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br_\bn is omitted, it is treated like a ?\b?, which matches every
+ _\bt_\be_\br_\bn is omitted, it is treated like a ?\b?, which matches every
character.
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is ap-
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is ap-
plied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is
- the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable sub-
+ the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable sub-
scripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is applied
- to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
+ to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
resultant list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br@\b@_\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br}
P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsf\bfo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn. The expansion is either a transforma-
- tion of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br or information about _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- itself, depending on the value of _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br. Each _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br is a
+ tion of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br or information about _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ itself, depending on the value of _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br. Each _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br is a
single letter:
- U\bU The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper-
+ U\bU The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper-
case.
- u\bu The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ u\bu The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is
alphabetic.
- L\bL The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower-
+ L\bL The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower-
case.
- Q\bQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ Q\bQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
- E\bE The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the
+ E\bE The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the
$\b$'\b'...'\b' quoting mechanism.
P\bP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding
the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as if it were a prompt string (see
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
- A\bA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
- statement or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be command that, if evaluated, will
- recreate _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with its attributes and value.
- K\bK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, except that it prints the values of indexed and
- associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value
+ A\bA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
+ statement or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be command that, if evaluated, recre-
+ ates _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with its attributes and value.
+ K\bK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, except that it prints the values of indexed and
+ associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value
pairs (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above). The keys and values are quoted
in a format that can be reused as input.
- a\ba The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep-
+ a\ba The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep-
resenting _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br's attributes.
- k\bk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val-
- ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words
+ k\bk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val-
+ ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words
after word splitting.
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the operation is applied to each posi-
- tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the operation is applied to each posi-
+ tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or
*\b*, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
and the expansion is the resultant list.
- The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
+ The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
pathname expansion as described below.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh performs the expansion by executing _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in a subshell environ-
ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of
the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are
- not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com-
- mand substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced by the equivalent but
+ not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com-
+ mand substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced by the equivalent but
faster $\b$(\b(<\b< _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b).
- With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains
- its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The first
- backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu-
- tion. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
+ With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains
+ its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The first
+ backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu-
+ tion. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
There is an alternate form of command substitution:
$\b${\b{_\bc _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd;\b;}\b}
- which executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in the current execution environment and cap-
+ which executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in the current execution environment and cap-
tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
The character _\bc following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline,
- or |\b|, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word
- may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon).
+ or |\b|, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word
+ may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon).
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in
- the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved
+ the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved
word would usually require.
Any side effects of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd take effect immediately in the current exe-
- cution environment and persist in the current environment after the
- command completes (e.g., the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin will exit the shell).
+ cution environment and persist in the current environment after the
+ command completes (e.g., the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin exits the shell).
- This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
- unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
- function is executing, and the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn builtin forces _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to com-
- plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the
+ This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
+ unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
+ function is executing, and the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn builtin forces _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to com-
+ plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the
positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
- If the first character following the open brace is a |\b|, the construct
- expands to the value of the R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell variable after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd exe-
- cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output
- of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd remains the same as in the calling shell. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates R\bRE\bE-\b-
+ If the first character following the open brace is a |\b|, the construct
+ expands to the value of the R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell variable after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd exe-
+ cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output
+ of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd remains the same as in the calling shell. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates R\bRE\bE-\b-
P\bPL\bLY\bY as an initially-unset local variable when _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes, and re-
- stores R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to the value it had before the command substitution after
+ stores R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to the value it had before the command substitution after
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd completes, as with any local variable.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
$\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
- The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou-
- ble quotes, but double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated
- specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para-
- meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
- The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+ The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou-
+ ble quotes, but double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated
+ specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para-
+ meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
+ The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
- to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu-
+ to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu-
tion, and does not execute the command associated with the expansion.
P\bPr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bs S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
- _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be referred
- to using a filename. It takes the form of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The
- process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as
+ _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be referred
+ to using a filename. It takes the form of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The
+ process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as
a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com-
mand as the result of the expansion.
- If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will provide input for
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, reading the file will obtain the
- output of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. No space may appear between the <\b< or >\b> and the left
- parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirec-
- tion.
+ If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file provides input for
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, reading the file obtains the output
+ of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. No space may appear between the <\b< or >\b> and the left parenthe-
+ sis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection.
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes
(_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files.
case. The filenames _\b. and _\b._\b. are always ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set
and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the
effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option, so all other filenames be-
- ginning with a "." will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring
- filenames beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bO-\b-
- B\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset. The
+ ginning with a "." match. To get the old behavior of ignoring file-
+ names beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
+ N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset. The
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
tion.
P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+ occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
- *\b* Matches any string, including the null string. When the
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br shell option is enabled, and *\b* is used in a
- pathname expansion context, two adjacent *\b*s used as a
- single pattern will match all files and zero or more di-
- rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a /\b/, two
- adjacent *\b*s will match only directories and subdirecto-
- ries.
+ *\b* Matches any string, including the null string. When the
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br shell option is enabled, and *\b* is used in a
+ pathname expansion context, two adjacent *\b*s used as a
+ single pattern match all files and zero or more directo-
+ ries and subdirectories. If followed by a /\b/, two adja-
+ cent *\b*s match only directories and subdirectories.
?\b? Matches any single character.
- [\b[...]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of
- characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\b-
- _\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any character that falls between those two charac-
- ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se-
- quence and character set, matches. If the first charac-
- ter following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^ then any character not
- within the range matches. A -\b- may be matched by includ-
- ing it as the first or last character in the set. A ]\b]
- may be matched by including it as the first character in
- the set.
+ [\b[...]\b] Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the
+ brackets. This is known as a _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn and
+ matches a single character. A pair of characters sepa-
+ rated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any charac-
+ ter that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
+ using the current locale's collating sequence and charac-
+ ter set, matches. If the first character following the [\b[
+ is a !\b! or a ^\b^ then any character not within the range
+ matches. To match a -\b-, include it as the first or last
+ character in the set. To match a ]\b], include it as the
+ first character in the set.
The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and
the characters included in the range, are determined by
or L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables to C\bC, or enable the g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bi-\b-
i\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs shell option.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using
- the syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following
- classes defined in the POSIX standard:
+ Within a bracket expression, _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be
+ specified using the syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one
+ of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
- a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt
+ a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt
p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
A character class matches any character belonging to that
class. The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits,
and the character _.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified us-
- ing the syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with
- the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo-
- cale) as the character _\bc.
+ Within a bracket expression, an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be
+ specified using the syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all char-
+ acters with the same collation weight (as defined by the
+ current locale) as the character _\bc.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b] matches the collat-
- ing symbol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
+ Within a bracket expression, the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b]
+ matches the collating symbol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, the
shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the
Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
instead be preceded by a word of the form {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be}. In this case, for
- each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
- file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} precedes >&- or <&-, the value of _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be defines the file
- descriptor to close. If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied, the redirection per-
- sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program-
+ each redirection operator except >\b>&\b&-\b- and <\b<&\b&-\b-, the shell allocates a
+ file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} precedes >\b>&\b&-\b- or <\b<&\b&-\b-, the value of _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be defines the file
+ descriptor to close. If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied, the redirection per-
+ sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program-
mer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using the
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. The v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be shell option manages this behavior.
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the
- redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
+ ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is "<", the
+ redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+ first character of the redirection operator is ">", the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
- expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
- arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
+ tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+ expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+ arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word
splitting. If it expands to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
The order of redirections is significant. For example, the command
ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
- directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+ directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
while the command
ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
- directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
- error was directed to the standard output before the standard output
+ directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
+ error was directed to the standard output before the standard output
was redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on
- which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these special files, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will use them;
- otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described
- below.
+ which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these special files, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses them;
+ otherwise it emulates them internally with the behavior described be-
+ low.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, duplicate file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
[_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
- name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
- If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
- the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose name
+ results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file. If
+ the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
+ the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
attempts the redirection even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results
- from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for appending on file descriptor _\bn, or the
+ Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results
+ from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for appending on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file
does not exist it is created.
[_\bn]>\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1)
- and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose
+ This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1)
+ and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose
name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er-
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er-
ror:
&\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
- When using the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or -\b-. If
- it does, other redirection operators apply (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\be-\b-
+ When using the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or -\b-. If
+ it does, other redirection operators apply (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\be-\b-
s\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below) for compatibility reasons.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
(see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below).
H\bHe\ber\bre\be D\bDo\boc\bcu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until it reads a line containing only _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br (with no
- trailing blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become
- the standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a com-
+ trailing blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become
+ the standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a com-
mand.
The format of here-documents is:
_\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
- The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command
- substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed
+ The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command
+ substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed
on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
If any part of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote re-
moval on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, and the here-document
- text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the
- here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, and the here-document
+ text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the
+ here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is
treated literally, and \\b\ must be used to quote the characters \\b\, $\b$, and
`\b`; however, double quote characters have no special meaning.
- If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then the shell strips all leading
- tab characters from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br.
- This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+ If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then the shell strips all leading
+ tab characters from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br.
+ This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
natural fashion.
If the delimiter is not quoted, the \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> sequence is treated as a
- line continuation: the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline
- is removed. This happens while reading the here-document, before the
+ line continuation: the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline
+ is removed. This happens while reading the here-document, before the
check for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can form the end delim-
iter.
[_\bn]<\b<<\b<<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
- command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path-
- name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path-
+ name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is
supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on
its standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified).
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
- more digits, file descriptor _\bn is made to be a copy of that file de-
+ more digits, file descriptor _\bn is made to be a copy of that file de-
scriptor. It is a redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not spec-
ify a file descriptor open for input. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file de-
- scriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, this uses the standard
+ scriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, this uses the standard
input (file descriptor 0).
The operator
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
- specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a
- redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descrip-
- tor open for output. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is
- closed. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does not expand
- to one or more digits or -\b-, this redirects the standard output and
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
+ specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a
+ redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descrip-
+ tor open for output. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is
+ closed. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does not expand
+ to one or more digits or -\b-, this redirects the standard output and
standard error as described previously.
M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified. _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after
being duplicated to _\bn.
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
O\bOp\bpe\ben\bni\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs f\bfo\bor\br R\bRe\bea\bad\bdi\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd W\bWr\bri\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
ified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi-
- tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command.
- Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us-
- ing the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+ _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi-
+ tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command.
+ Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us-
+ ing the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
below).
- If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks
- the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell
- replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it
+ If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks
+ the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell
+ replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it
had been read instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any char-
acters following the word before attempting alias substitution.
- The characters /\b/, $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or
- quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The
- replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell
- metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for
+ The characters /\b/, $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or
+ quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The
+ replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell
+ metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for
aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not
expanded a second time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for
- instance, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement
+ instance, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement
text.
- If the last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, the shell checks
+ If the last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, the shell checks
the next command word following the alias for alias expansion.
Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with
the u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
- arguments are needed, use a shell function (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below) in-
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
+ arguments are needed, use a shell function (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below) in-
stead.
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input, and
- all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
- commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded
- when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
- definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+ confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input, and
+ all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
+ commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded
+ when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
+ definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
effect until the shell reads the next line of input, and an alias defi-
- nition in a compound command does not take effect until the shell
- parses and executes the entire compound command. The commands follow-
- ing the alias definition on that line, or in the rest of a compound
- command, are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an
- issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a func-
- tion definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a
+ nition in a compound command does not take effect until the shell
+ parses and executes the entire compound command. The commands follow-
+ ing the alias definition on that line, or in the rest of a compound
+ command, are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an
+ issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a func-
+ tion definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a
function definition is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases de-
fined in a function are not available until after that function is exe-
- cuted. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line,
+ cuted. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line,
and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in compound commands.
For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
+ A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
+ stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
shell function is used as a simple command name, the shell executes the
list of commands associated with that function name. Functions are ex-
- ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process
- created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell
+ ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process
+ created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell
script).
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter #\b# is
- updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 0\b0
+ updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 0\b0
is unchanged. The first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the
name of the function while the function is executing.
- All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be-
- tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
- R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
- given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin
- below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin (in which case all functions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
- traps), and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not inherited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
+ All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be-
+ tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+ R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
+ given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin
+ below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin (in which case all functions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ traps), and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not inherited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
option has been enabled.
- Variables local to the function are declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
- command (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs). Ordinarily, variables and their values are
- shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and
+ Variables local to the function are declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
+ command (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs). Ordinarily, variables and their values are
+ shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and
its children (including the functions it calls).
In the following description, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\be is a currently- execut-
ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so
- on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any
- shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable
- declared using the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins in the function that is
+ on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any
+ shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable
+ declared using the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins in the function that is
currently executing.
- Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre-
- vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+ Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre-
+ vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function
hides variables with the same name declared at previous scopes, includ-
- ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local
- variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When
+ ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local
+ variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When
the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
- The shell uses _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg to control a variable's visibility
- within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
- values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe-
- cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a
- function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
- that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is
+ The shell uses _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg to control a variable's visibility
+ within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
+ values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe-
+ cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a
+ function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
+ that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is
also the value that a local variable declaration shadows, and the value
that is restored when the function returns.
- For example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1,
- and _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1 calls another function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references to _\bv_\ba_\br made from
- within _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2 will resolve to the local variable _\bv_\ba_\br from _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1, shadow-
- ing any global variable named _\bv_\ba_\br.
+ For example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1,
+ and _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1 calls another function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references to _\bv_\ba_\br made from
+ within _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2 resolve to the local variable _\bv_\ba_\br from _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1, shadowing
+ any global variable named _\bv_\ba_\br.
The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable
- is local to the current scope, u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt will unset it; otherwise the unset
- will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described
- above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re-
- main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until
- the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the
- variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on
- a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that
- name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the l\blo\bo-\b-
- c\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt shell option changes this behavior).
+ is local to the current scope, u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt unsets it; otherwise the unset
+ will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described
+ above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains
+ so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the
+ function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the vari-
+ able at a previous scope becomes visible. If the unset acts on a vari-
+ able at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name
+ that had been shadowed becomes visible (see below how the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bn-\b-
+ s\bse\bet\bt shell option changes this behavior).
The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de-
fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex-
ters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the values they had
prior to the function's execution.
- The -\b-f\bf option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands will list
- function names and definitions. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt
- will list the function names only (and optionally the source file and
- line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions may
- be exported so that child shell processes (those created when executing
- a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the
- -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. The -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin
- will delete a function definition.
+ The -\b-f\bf option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands lists function
+ names and definitions. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt lists the
+ function names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if
+ the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so
+ that child shell processes (those created when executing a separate
+ shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the -\b-f\bf option to
+ the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. The -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin deletes a func-
+ tion definition.
Functions may be recursive. The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable may be used to limit
- the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
- tion invocations. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh imposes no limit on the number of
+ the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
+ tion invocations. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh imposes no limit on the number of
recursive calls.
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands, the (\b((\b( com-
- pound command, the arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, the [\b[[\b[ conditional command,
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+ circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands, the (\b((\b( com-
+ pound command, the arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, the [\b[[\b[ conditional command,
and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn).
- Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with
- no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as
- an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val-
+ Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with
+ no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as
+ an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val-
ues are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators
- is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are
+ is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are
listed in order of decreasing precedence.
_\bi_\bd+\b++\b+ _\bi_\bd-\b--\b-
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
comma
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
+ variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
expansion syntax. This means you can use "x", where _\bx is a shell vari-
able name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its
- value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is
+ value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is
null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression.
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+ it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
attribute using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute turned on
+ to 0. A shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or
character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc-
- tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num-
- bers take the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal num-
- ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a num-
- ber in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When
+ tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num-
+ bers take the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal num-
+ ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a num-
+ ber in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When
specifying _\bn, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are
- represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _,
- in that order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up-
- percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be-
+ represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _,
+ in that order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up-
+ percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be-
tween 10 and 35.
Operators are evaluated in precedence order. Sub-expressions in paren-
theses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above.
C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands determine their
- behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+ and arithmetic comparisons. The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands determine their
+ behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
those commands for any other command-specific actions.
Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below.
- Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or
- shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and
+ Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or
+ shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and
file attribute comparisons.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres-
sions. If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these
- special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in-
- ternally with this behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
- maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks file descriptor _\bn.
- If the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
- _\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, re-
- spectively.
+ special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in-
+ ternally with this behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
+ maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks file descriptor _\bn.
+ If the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
+ _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2,
+ respectively.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
itself.
- When used with [\b[[\b[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the <\b< and >\b> op-
- erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the
- shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt command sorts using ASCII order-
+ When used with [\b[[\b[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the <\b< and >\b> op-
+ erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the
+ shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt command sorts using ASCII order-
ing.
-\b-a\ba _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
-\b-L\bL _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a symbolic link.
-\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last ac-
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last ac-
cessed.
-\b-O\bO _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
- options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ True if the shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
+ options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin below.
-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been assigned a
- value). If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable name sub-
- scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if the array has any set
+ True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been assigned a
+ value). If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable name sub-
+ scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if the array has any set
elements. If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable name sub-
- scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if an element with that
+ scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if an element with that
key is set.
-\b-R\bR _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a name refer-
+ True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a name refer-
ence.
-\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b==\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if the strings are equal. =\b= should be used with the t\bte\bes\bst\bt
- command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command,
+ True if the strings are equal. =\b= should be used with the t\bte\bes\bst\bt
+ command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command,
this performs pattern matching as described above (C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bm-\b-
m\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs).
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 !\b!=\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
bers.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
does not.
_\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
- O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
- binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
- less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
- or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
- or negative integers. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and
- _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
+ O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
+ binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
+ less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
+ or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
+ or negative integers. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and
+ _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above).
S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex-
- pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the
+ pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the
following order.
- 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
- (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
+ (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
for later processing.
- 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
- expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
- is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+ expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+ is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
are the arguments.
3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
able.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists
- only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
- are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added
- to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
+ shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists
+ only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
+ are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added
+ to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a
- value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
+ value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
with a non-zero status.
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
- fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
+ fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+ described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
+ sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
+ is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta-
tus.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+ command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
lowing actions.
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+ it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+ invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
+ function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to re-
- member the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo-
- ries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If
- the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
- function named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be. If that function exists, it
- is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com-
- mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the
- function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If
+ member the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo-
+ ries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If
+ the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
+ function named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be. If that function exists, it
+ is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com-
+ mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the
+ function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If
that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re-
turns an exit status of 127.
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+ and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of
- itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a
- text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be
+ itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a
+ text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be
binaries. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as
- if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep-
- tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep-
+ tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS are retained by the child.
- If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
+ If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
+ line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+ a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+ line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
the command arguments, if any.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
+ The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
ing:
- +\bo Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ +\bo Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin.
- +\bo The current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
+ +\bo The current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation.
- +\bo The file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
+ +\bo The file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
the shell's parent.
+\bo Current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp.
+\bo Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
- +\bo Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ +\bo Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment.
- +\bo Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
+ +\bo Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt.
+\bo Options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt.
+\bo Shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs.
- +\bo Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
+ +\bo Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD.
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+ executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+ sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
ited from the shell.
- +\bo The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ +\bo The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
specified by redirections to the command.
+\bo The current working directory.
+\bo The file creation mode mask.
- +\bo Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ +\bo Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
variables exported for the command, passed in the environment.
+\bo Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
A _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is a copy of the shell process.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re-
- set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except
- possibly in the last element depending on the value of the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes
- made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution
+ set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
+ tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except
+ possibly in the last element depending on the value of the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
+ shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes
+ made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution
environment.
- When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command
- substitutions inherit the value of the -\b-e\be option from their parent
- shell. When not in posix mode, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such sub-
- shells. See the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option below
+ When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command
+ substitutions inherit the value of the -\b-e\be option from their parent
+ shell. When not in posix mode, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such sub-
+ shells. See the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option below
for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode.
- If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
+ If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
fault standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl. Oth-
- erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
+ erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
ing shell as modified by redirections.
E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
_\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in-
- vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in-
+ vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+ for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child
processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx, and u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt commands modify the environment by adding and
- deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the
- environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of
- the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any
- executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose
- values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bn-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt or e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\be-\b-
+ c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx, and u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt commands modify the environment by adding and
+ deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the
+ environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of
+ the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any
+ executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose
+ values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bn-\b-
+ s\bse\bet\bt or e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\be-\b-
c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
- If any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS, appear
+ If any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS, appear
before a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, the variable assignments are part of that com-
mand's environment for as long as it executes. These assignment state-
- ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as-
- signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local
+ ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as-
+ signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local
to the function and exported to that function's children.
- If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+ If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
+ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
ment.
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
_\bw_\ba_\bi_\bt_\bp_\bi_\bd system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between
- 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+ 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a
+ has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a
non-zero exit status indicates failure.
- When a command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of
+ When a command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of
128+_\bN as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
- turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
+ turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.
If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
- non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
- return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
+ non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
+ return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
valid options or missing arguments.
The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame-
ter $?.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
- less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
+ less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
value. See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
- S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and
catches and handles S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible).
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In
all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ig-
nores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
Non-builtin commands b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes have signal handlers set to the val-
ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless t\btr\bra\bap\bp sets them to be
- ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well.
- When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
+ ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well.
+ When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a
- result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con-
+ result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con-
trol signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
- an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
- stopped. The shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure that they
- receive the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about
- running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig-
- nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn
- builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it not to receive
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
+ an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
+ stopped. The shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure that they
+ receive the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about
+ running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig-
+ nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn
+ builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it not to receive
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
- If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
+ If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
- which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com-
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
+ which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com-
mand completes. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set,
- the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set,
+ the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater
than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap.
- When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
+ When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such
- as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
+ as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in
- the same process group as the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all
- processes in that process group. Since b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not enable job con-
- trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is
+ the same process group as the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all
+ processes in that process group. Since b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not enable job con-
+ trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is
most common in non-interactive shells.
- When job control is enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground com-
- mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig-
- nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal.
+ When job control is enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground com-
+ mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig-
+ nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal.
This scenario is most common in interactive shells, where b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
- to enable job control by default. See J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more in-
+ to enable job control by default. See J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more in-
formation about process groups.
When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while waiting
1. If the command terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh concludes that
the user meant to send the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to the shell as well, and acts
on the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (e.g., by running a S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT trap, exiting a non-in-
- teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new
+ teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new
command).
- 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
- handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
- nal. In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
- nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
- of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
+ 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
+ handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
+ nal. In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
+ nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
+ of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will
- run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
- signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
+ run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
+ signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
mand to complete, for compatibility.
- When job control is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not receive keyboard-generated
- signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while it is waiting for a foreground command.
- An interactive shell does not pay attention to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, even if the
- foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit
- status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command
- terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh pretends it received the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT it-
+ When job control is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not receive keyboard-generated
+ signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while it is waiting for a foreground command.
+ An interactive shell does not pay attention to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, even if the
+ foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit
+ status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command
+ terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh pretends it received the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT it-
self (scenario 1 above), for compatibility.
J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
_\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the ex-
- ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
- point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
+ ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
+ point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri-
ver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
- The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
- currently executing jobs, which the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command will display. Each
- job has a _\bj_\bo_\bb _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br, which j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs displays between brackets. Job num-
- bers start at 1. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
+ The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
+ currently executing jobs, which the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command will display. Each
+ job has a _\bj_\bo_\bb _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br, which j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs displays between brackets. Job num-
+ bers start at 1. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a line that looks like:
[1] 25647
indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
- the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
- To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
each process has a _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD, and the operating system maintains
the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. Processes that have
- the same process group ID are said to be part of the same _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
- _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp. Members of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd process group (processes whose
+ the same process group ID are said to be part of the same _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
+ _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp. Members of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd process group (processes whose
process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) re-
- ceive keyboard-generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. Processes in the
- foreground process group are said to be _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
+ ceive keyboard-generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. Processes in the
+ foreground process group are said to be _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID differs from the ter-
minal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only
foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so speci-
- fies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes
- which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the
- terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal by the kernel's terminal
+ fies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes
+ which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the
+ terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal by the kernel's terminal
driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
- If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
+ If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
ically ^\b^Z\bZ, Control-Z) while a process is running stops that process and
- returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typi-
- cally ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read
- input from the terminal, and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user then
- manipulates the state of this job, using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it
- in the background, the f\bfg\bg command to continue it in the foreground, or
- the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme-
- diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending
+ returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typi-
+ cally ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read
+ input from the terminal, and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user then
+ manipulates the state of this job, using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it
+ in the background, the f\bfg\bg command to continue it in the foreground, or
+ the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme-
+ diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending
output and typeahead. To force a background process to stop, or stop a
- process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send
+ process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send
it the S\bSI\bIG\bGS\bST\bTO\bOP\bP signal using k\bki\bil\bll\bl.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The %\b% char-
acter introduces a job specification (jobspec).
- Job number _\bn may be referred to as %\b%n\bn. A job may also be referred to
- using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that
- appears in its command line. For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a job whose
- command name begins with c\bce\be. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
+ Job number _\bn may be referred to as %\b%n\bn. A job may also be referred to
+ using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that
+ appears in its command line. For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a job whose
+ command name begins with c\bce\be. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
any job containing the string c\bce\be in its command line. If the prefix or
substring matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
- The symbols %\b%%\b% and %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb.
- A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
- current job. %\b%-\b- refers to the _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb. When a job starts in the
+ The symbols %\b%%\b% and %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb.
+ A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+ current job. %\b%-\b- refers to the _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb. When a job starts in the
background, a job stops while in the foreground, or a job is resumed in
- the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur-
- rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates,
- the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single
- job, %\b%+\b+ and %\b%-\b- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per-
+ the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur-
+ rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates,
+ the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single
+ job, %\b%+\b+ and %\b%-\b- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per-
taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job
is always marked with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-.
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
- a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
+ a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the
foreground. Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equiva-
lent to "bg %1".
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the
- user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other
- output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a
- foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com-
- mand in the list. If the -\b-b\bb option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is en-
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the
+ user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other
+ output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a
+ foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com-
+ mand in the list. If the -\b-b\bb option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is en-
abled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports status changes immediately. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh executes any trap
on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD for each child that terminates.
When a job terminates and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh notifies the user about it, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes
- the job from the table. It will not appear in j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs output, but w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
- will report its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID
- associated with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job
+ the job from the table. It will not appear in j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs output, but w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
+ will report its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID
+ associated with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job
numbers start over at 1.
- If a user attempts to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh while jobs are stopped (or, if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
+ If a user attempts to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh while jobs are stopped (or, if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs option
- is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
+ is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
then be used to inspect their status. If the user immediately attempts
- to exit again, without an intervening command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not print an-
+ to exit again, without an intervening command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not print an-
other warning, and terminates any stopped jobs.
- When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin,
- and job control is enabled, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt will return when the job changes
+ When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin,
+ and job control is enabled, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt will return when the job changes
state. The -\b-f\bf option causes w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait until the job or process ter-
minates before returning.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when
- it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
+ it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
needs more input to complete a command.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh examines the value of the array variable P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD just be-
- fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just
- as if it had been typed on the command line. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS0\b0 after
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh examines the value of the array variable P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD just be-
+ fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just
+ as if it had been typed on the command line. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS0\b0 after
it reads a command but before executing it.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS4\b4 as described above before tracing each command when
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS4\b4 as described above before tracing each command when
the -\b-x\bx option is enabled.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the prompt strings P\bPS\bS0\b0, P\bPS\bS1\b1, P\bPS\bS2\b2, and P\bPS\bS4\b4, to be customized
- by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are
+ by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are
decoded as follows:
\\b\a\ba An ASCII bell character (07).
- \\b\d\bd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
+ \\b\d\bd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
26").
\\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is in-
serted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results in
- a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
+ a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
required.
\\b\e\be An ASCII escape character (033).
\\b\h\bh The hostname up to the first ".".
\\b\H\bH The hostname.
\\b\j\bj The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
- \\b\l\bl The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g.,
+ \\b\l\bl The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g.,
"ttys0").
\\b\n\bn A newline.
\\b\r\br A carriage return.
- \\b\s\bs The name of the shell: the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
+ \\b\s\bs The name of the shell: the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
following the final slash).
\\b\t\bt The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
\\b\T\bT The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
\\b\u\bu The username of the current user.
\\b\v\bv The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh version (e.g., 2.00).
\\b\V\bV The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
- \\b\w\bw The value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD), with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
- abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the
+ \\b\w\bw The value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD), with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
+ abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM variable).
- \\b\W\bW The basename of $\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated with a
+ \\b\W\bW The basename of $\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated with a
tilde.
\\b\!\b! The history number of this command.
\\b\#\b# The command number of this command.
\\b\$\b$ If the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$.
\\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn.
\\b\\\b\ A backslash.
- \\b\[\b[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
- be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
+ \\b\[\b[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
+ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
prompt.
\\b\]\b] End a sequence of non-printing characters.
- The command number and the history number are usually different: the
- history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
- may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY be-
- low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com-
- mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is
- decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution,
- arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+ The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+ history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+ may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY be-
+ low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com-
+ mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is
+ decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution,
+ arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command under
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). This can have unwanted side effects if
- escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). This can have unwanted side effects if
+ escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or
contain characters special to word expansion.
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
- tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is supplied at shell invoca-
- tion. Line editing is also used when using the -\b-e\be option to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
+ tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is supplied at shell invoca-
+ tion. Line editing is also used when using the -\b-e\be option to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of
emacs; a vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line edit-
- ing can be enabled at any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to
- the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). To turn off line
- editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
+ ing can be enabled at any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to
+ the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). To turn off line
+ editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be N\bNo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation
- for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means
- Control-N. Similarly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means
+ This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation
+ for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means
+ Control-N. Similarly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means
Meta-X. The Meta key is often labeled "Alt" or "Option".
- On keyboards without a _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press and re-
- lease the Escape key, then press and release the _\bx key, in sequence.
- This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx means ESC-Con-
- trol-_\bx: press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the Con-
+ On keyboards without a _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press and re-
+ lease the Escape key, then press and release the _\bx key, in sequence.
+ This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx means ESC Con-
+ trol-_\bx: press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the Con-
trol key while pressing the _\bx key, then release both.
- On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the
- eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by variable to
- control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On
- many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
- key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding
+ On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the
+ eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by variable to
+ control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On
+ many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
+ key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding
paragraph.
- If your _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you
- can make M-_\bk_\be_\by key bindings you specify (see R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs be-
+ If your _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you
+ can make M-_\bk_\be_\by key bindings you specify (see R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs be-
low) do the same thing by setting the f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx variable.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as
- a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
- that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
- acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) makes that command act
- in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi-
+ a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
+ that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
+ acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) makes that command act
+ in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi-
ates from this are noted below.
- The _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a saved
+ The _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a saved
cursor position. The text between the point and mark is referred to as
the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the re-
- gion is active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay highlights the region using the
+ gion is active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay highlights the region using the
value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
- g\bgi\bio\bon\bn variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region
+ g\bgi\bio\bon\bn variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region
to active; those are noted below.
- When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
+ When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
for possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg). The killed text is saved in a
- _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one
+ _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one
unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text
separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be I\bIn\bni\bit\bti\bia\bal\bli\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
- (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
- the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- looks for _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
+ (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
+ the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ looks for _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program that uses the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library
starts up, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads the initialization file and sets the key
bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input.
_\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _\bD_\bE_\bL,
- _\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bE_\bS_\bC_\bA_\bP_\bE, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT(a_\bd_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bu_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\bebackspace),
- _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, _\bS_\bP_\bC, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
+ _\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bE_\bS_\bC_\bA_\bP_\bE, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT (a destructive back-
+ space), _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, _\bS_\bP_\bC, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
In addition to command names, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo). The differ-
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded in the
- macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
- text, including " and '.
+ tion name. The backslash escapes described above are expanded in the
+ macro body. Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text,
+ including " and '.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will display or modify the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key bindings with the
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) will change the editing mode during
- interactive use.
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) change the editing mode during in-
+ teractive use.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
equivalent to O\bOf\bff\bf.
The b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd -\b-V\bV command lists the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and val-
- ues (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ ues (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
The variables and their default values are:
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less
than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0
- will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default
- value is -1.
+ causes matches to be displayed one per line. The default value
+ is -1.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
greater than or equal to the value of this variable, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
+ asks whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be should never ask; negative values are treated as zero.
c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will convert characters it reads that
- have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be converts characters it reads that have
+ the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the
eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting
- the character to have the meta prefix). The default is _\bO_\bn, but
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will set it to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains characters
- whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This
- variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may
- change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key
+ the character to have the meta prefix). The default is _\bO_\bn, but
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains characters whose
+ encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This vari-
+ able is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may
+ change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key
bindings; see the description of f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx below.
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will inhibit word completion. Completion
- characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
- mapped to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be inhibits word completion. Completion
+ characters are inserted into the line as if they had been mapped
+ to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo-\b-c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, on operating systems that indicate they support
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, on operating systems that indicate they support
it, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
ated from the keyboard.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Controls whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a set of key bindings similar to
+ Controls whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a set of key bindings similar to
_\bE_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs or _\bv_\bi. e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be can be set to either e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or v\bvi\bi.
e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b(@\b@)\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
- key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes
- and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es-
- capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
- can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes
+ and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es-
+ capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
string.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows certain com-
+ When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows certain com-
mands to designate the region as _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be. When the region is ac-
tive, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be highlights the text in the region using the value
- of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br, which defaults to the string
- that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region
- shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching text
- found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
+ of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable, which defaults to the
+ string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active
+ region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any match-
+ ing text found by incremental and non-incremental history
+ searches.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be configures the terminal to insert each
- paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
- instead of treating each character as if it had been read from
- the keyboard. This is called _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt_\be_\bd_\b-_\bp_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be; it prevents
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be from executing any editing commands bound to key se-
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be configures the terminal to insert each
+ paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
+ instead of treating each character as if it had been read from
+ the keyboard. This is called _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt_\be_\bd_\b-_\bp_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be; it prevents
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be from executing any editing commands bound to key se-
quences appearing in the pasted text.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will try to enable the application key-
- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar-
- row keys.
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable the application keypad
+ when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow
+ keys.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will try to enable any meta modifier
- key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta
- key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks
- for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can en-
- able and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable any meta modifier key
+ the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key
+ is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for
+ the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can enable
+ and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character
(0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed
(a meta character).
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled
for terminals of height 1.
i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
- will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), re-
- gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The de-
- fault is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale con-
- tains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
- eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
- cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes.
- The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
- i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-J\bJ")\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
- ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be enables eight-bit input (that is, it does
+ not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless
+ of what the terminal claims it can support. The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf,
+ but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains characters
+ whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This
+ variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and its
+ value may change if the locale changes. The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a
+ synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
+ i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-j\bj")\b)
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
+ mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+ ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search.
k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
+ Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names
+ is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq-\b-t\bti\bim\bme\beo\bou\but\bt (\b(5\b50\b00\b0)\b)
- Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when
- reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
+ Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when
+ reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
- input to complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
- receive any input within the timeout, it will use the shorter
- but complete key sequence. The value is specified in millisec-
- onds, so a value of 1000 means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one sec-
- ond for additional input. If this variable is set to a value
- less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key se-
- quence to complete.
+ input to complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
+ receive any input within the timeout, it uses the shorter but
+ complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds,
+ so a value of 1000 means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one second for
+ additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than
+ or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be waits un-
+ til another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to com-
+ plete.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been
modified with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
+ tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
r\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs.
m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files
- whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files
+ whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing
+ filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
leading "." in the filename to be completed.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
through the list.
o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will display characters with the eighth
- bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
- The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
- contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
- eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays characters with the eighth bit
+ set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+ The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
+ contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
+ eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes.
p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
- play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses an internal pager resembling _\bm_\bo_\br_\be(1)
+ to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfe\ber\br-\b-v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbe\bel\bll\bl
See b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will display completions with matches
- sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
- screen.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays completions with matches sorted
+ horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-a\bat\bt-\b-n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines
- before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, his-
- tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines
+ before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, his-
+ tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
across calls to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be.
s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental
history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to O\bOn\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to O\bOn\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
stead of ringing the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-i\bin\bn-\b-p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
- cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
+ cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg).
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-t\bte\bex\bxt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
- inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
- performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not insert characters from the completion that
- match characters after point in the word being completed, so
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
+ inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
+ performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not insert characters from the completion that
+ match characters after point in the word being completed, so
portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
v\bvi\bi-\b-c\bcm\bmd\bd-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(c\bcm\bmd\bd)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
- when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
+ when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
+ control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+ characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
quence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bi-\b-i\bin\bns\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(i\bin\bns\bs)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
+ control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+ characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
quence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
pletions.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives available.
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no char-
acters are required to isolate it.
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
- stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
+ whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
+ stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in
emacs mode.
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
of the =\b= is tested against both the full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first -\b-. This allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and
_\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\b-_\b2_\b5_\b6_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bo_\br, for instance.
v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
- against specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
- to the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison
- operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
- The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
- erator consists of a major version number, an optional
+ The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
+ against specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
+ to the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison
+ operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
+ The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
+ erator consists of a major version number, an optional
decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 7\b7.\b.1\b1).
- If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The
- operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
+ If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The
+ operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
from the version number argument by whitespace.
_\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
The _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn construct is used to include application-
- specific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
- brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+ specific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
+ brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh:
$\b$i\bif\bf Bash
_\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
The _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be construct provides simple equality tests for
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison
- operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison
+ operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
- operator may be separated from the value on the right
- hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables
- may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against
+ operator may be separated from the value on the right
+ hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables
+ may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against
the values _\bo_\bn and _\bo_\bf_\bf.
$\b$e\bel\bls\bse\be Commands in this branch of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive are executed if the
command.
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
commands and key bindings from that file. For example, the fol-
lowing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSe\bea\bar\brc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history
(see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
two search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing
- mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search backward in the history for a particular
- string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history. The charac-
- ters present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
- to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as-
- signed a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search. _\bC_\b-_\bg
- will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When
- the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search
- string becomes the current line.
-
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as
- appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for
- the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key
- sequence bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command will terminate the search and exe-
- cute that command. For instance, a newline will terminate the search
- and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history
- list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line
- found the current line, and begin editing.
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing
+ mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search backward in the history for a particular
+ string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history. The charac-
+ ters present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
+ to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as-
+ signed a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search. C\bC-\b-g\bg
+ aborts an incremental search and restores the original line. When the
+ search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
+ becomes the current line.
+
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as
+ appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history for the
+ next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key se-
+ quence bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command terminates the search and executes
+ that command. For instance, a newline terminates the search and ac-
+ cepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A
+ movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+ the current line, and begin editing.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be remembers the last incremental search string. If two C\bC-\b-r\brs are
typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string,
tion, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk com-
mand. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\b-
_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the region is
- active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay uses the value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
- g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be t\bto\bo d\bde\ben\bno\bot\bte\be t\bth\bhe\be r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn.\b. S\bSe\bev\bve\ber\bra\bal\bl c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs s\bse\bet\bt
- t\bth\bhe\be r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn t\bto\bo a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be;\b; t\bth\bho\bos\bse\be a\bar\bre\be n\bno\bot\bte\bed\bd b\bbe\bel\blo\bow\bw.\b.
+ active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay highlights the region using the value of the
+ a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region to ac-
+ tive; those are noted below.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-a\ba)\b)
- Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound
+ Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound
to the Home key on some keyboards.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End
+ Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End
key on some keyboards.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
- Move forward a character.
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
+ arrow key on some keyboards.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back a character.
+ Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow
+ key on some keyboards.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-f\bf)\b)
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
state.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
- the list.
+ the list. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
- the list.
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+ the list. This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
Move to the first line in the history.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
stream using the following format, writing information on sepa-
rate lines:
- The number of matches;
- The word being completed;
- S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
- in the readline line buffer; then
- Each match, one per line
-
- If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this com-
- mand will not print any output after the S:E. If there is only
- a single match, this prints a single line containing it. If
- there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of
- the matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the
- S:E, then the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, N will
+ +\bo the number of matches _\bN;
+ +\bo the word being completed;
+ +\bo _\bS:_\bE, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the
+ word in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer; then
+ +\bo each match, one per line
+
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
+ command does not print any output after the _\bS:_\bE. If there is
+ only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
+ If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix
+ of the matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the
+ _\bS:_\bE, then the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, _\bN will
include the first line with the common prefix.
The user or application should be able to accommodate the possi-
bility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or applica-
- tion reads N lines after the line containing S:E to obtain the
+ tion reads _\bN lines after the line containing _\bS:_\bE to obtain the
match list. This command is unbound by default.
+
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). At the end of the line,
it behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command is
unbound by default.
+
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx /\b/)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a filename.
+
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
+
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a username.
+
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
shell variable.
+
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
+
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
+
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
+
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
+
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a command name.
+
d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
against history list entries for possible completion matches.
+
d\bda\bab\bbb\bbr\bre\bev\bv-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
text against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
+
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bcs\bsi\bi-\b-s\bse\beq\bqu\bue\ben\bnc\bce\be
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin
- with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will
- have no effect unless explicitly bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command,
- instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
- This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[. If this
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
+ effect unless explicitly bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command, instead of
+ inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is un-
+ bound by default, but usually bound to _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
- Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable at the beginning of the current line. If
- a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:
- if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the
- value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, insert the value; otherwise delete the
- characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn from the beginning of the line. In
- either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been
- typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn causes this command
+ a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:
+ if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the
+ value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, insert the value; otherwise delete the
+ characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn from the beginning of the line. In
+ either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been
+ typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn causes this command
to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument
causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be ex-
ecuted by the shell.
s\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl-\b-c\bco\bor\brr\bre\bec\bct\bt-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx s\bs)\b)
- Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as
- a directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
- option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
+ Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as
+ a directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
+ option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
- with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+ with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
- and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
- If a numeric argument is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname
+ and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
+ If a numeric argument is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname
expansion.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument
is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname expansion.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
Print all of the settable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and their values to
- the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+ the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- Print all of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ Print all of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output to the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric
argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that
it can be made part of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-n\bna\bam\bme\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-x\bx)\b)
Read a bindable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command name from the input and execute
- the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to
- which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is
+ the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to
+ which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is
supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the
function it executes.
d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- When a user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
- which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
- the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be in-
- vokes the programmable completion facilities.
-
- First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de-
- fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
- possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
- string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- uses any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be. If the com-
- mand word is a full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches for a compspec for the full
- pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
- If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined
- with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be is used as the default. If there is no
- default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts alias expansion on the command word as
+ When a user attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a
+ command for which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been de-
+ fined using the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below),
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be invokes the programmable completion facilities.
+
+ First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de-
+ fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
+ possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
+ string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ uses any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be. The -\b-I\bI op-
+ tion to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be indicates that the command word is the first non-as-
+ signment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|.
+ This usually indicates command name completion.
+
+ If the command word is a full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches for a compspec
+ for the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full
+ pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to find a compspec for the portion following
+ the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, or if
+ there is no compspec for the command word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses any compspec de-
+ fined with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be as the default. If there is no
+ default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs alias expansion on the command word as
a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
- from any successful expansion.
+ resulting from any successful expansion.
If a compspec is not found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs its default completion as de-
scribed above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been
found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses it to generate the list of matching words.
- First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs specified by the compspec. Only
- matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.
- When the -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name comple-
- tion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to filter the matches.
+ First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs specified by the compspec. This only
+ returns matches which are prefixes of the word being completed. When
+ the -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to filter the matches.
- Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG op-
- tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
- match the word being completed. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable to fil-
- ter the matches, but does not use the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable.
+ Next, programmable completion generates matches specified by a pathname
+ expansion pattern supplied as an argument to the -\b-G\bG option. The words
+ generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ uses the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
+ G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable.
Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the
-\b-W\bW option. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word
- is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
- variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
- described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results are split using the rules
- described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are
- prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
- become possible completions.
-
- After these matches have been generated, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes any shell func-
+ special variable as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within the
+ string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
+ metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. Each word is then
+ expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
+ expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
+ above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results are split using the rules described
+ above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are prefix-
+ matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become
+ possible completions.
+
+ After these matches have been generated, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes any shell func-
tion or command specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options. When the command
- or function is invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE variables are assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables are also set. When the function or command is in-
- voked, the first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose argu-
- ments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word being
- completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the word
- being completed on the current command line. There is no filtering of
- the generated completions against the word being completed; the func-
- tion or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+ or function is invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns values to the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE,
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE variables as described above under
+ S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell function is being invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh also sets
+ the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables. When the function or command
+ is invoked, the first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose
+ arguments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word be-
+ ing completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the
+ word being completed on the current command line. There is no filter-
+ ing of the generated completions against the word being completed; the
+ function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches and
+ they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt builtins
Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
- completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
- used to escape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of
- possible completions.
-
- After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
- fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
- tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
- with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
- with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
- Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
- ing the pattern will be removed. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
- betic characters.
-
- Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options are
- added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
- to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be as the list of possible completions.
+ completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash will es-
+ cape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of possible
+ completions.
+
+ After generating all of the possible completions, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh applies any fil-
+ ter specified with the -\b-X\bX option to the completions in the list. The
+ filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern
+ is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may
+ be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting
+ a match. Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the
+ list. A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes any
+ completion that does not match the pattern. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell
+ option is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the match without regard to the case
+ of alphabetic characters.
+
+ Finally, programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified
+ with the -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options, respectively, to each completion, and re-
+ turns the result to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be as the list of possible completions.
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
-\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions and the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be default of filename comple-
tion are disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no
- matches, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts its default completions. If the -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt op-
- tion was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, programma-
- ble completion will perform r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default completion if the comp-
- spec (and, if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions) generate no
- matches.
-
- When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
- the programmable completion functions force r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to append a slash
- to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
- the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable, regardless of the
- setting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable.
+ p\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no
+ matches, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts its default completions. If the compspec and,
+ if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions generate no matches, and the
+ -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
+ fined, programmable completion performs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default completion.
+
+ The options supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt can control how r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ treats the completions. For instance, the _\b-_\bo _\bf_\bu_\bl_\bl_\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be option tells
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote the matches as if they were filenames. See the de-
+ scription of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be below for details.
+
+ When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion, the
+ programmable completion functions force r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to append a slash to
+ completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the
+ value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable, regardless of the set-
+ ting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable.
There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci-
changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
- attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
- completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
- than being loaded all at once.
+ attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This can be used to
+ build a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempted,
+ rather than loading them all at once.
For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept
in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de-
Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
- the event line. A single backslash will quote the delimiter in
- _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A
- single backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
- the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
- tions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search. If
- _\bn_\be_\bw is null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is deleted.
+ the event line. A single backslash quotes the delimiter in _\bo_\bl_\bd
+ and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
+ gle backslash quotes the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to the
+ last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
+ took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search. If _\bn_\be_\bw is
+ null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is deleted.
&\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
used in conjunction with ":\b:s\bs" (e.g., ":\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/") or ":\b:&\b&".
routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
- c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. The vari-
able C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH exists, and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd
If the -\b-e\be option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and c\bcd\bd cannot successfully
determine the current working directory after a successful di-
- rectory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+ rectory change, it returns a non-zero status.
On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
- f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
+ f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
+ filename completion. May also be specified as
+ -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
Names of shell functions.
g\bgr\bro\bou\bup\bp Group names. May also be specified as -\b-g\bg.
of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
- played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error
+ messages, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a
+ colon.
If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and,
- if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
+ if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does not print a diagnostic message.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
it sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG,
- and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
- the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
+ and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
+ the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
- command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
- $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
+ $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
as the full pathname of the command.
- The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
- tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
- filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
+ The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
+ tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
+ filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
bered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname cor-
- responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
- plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
+ responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
+ plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
hashed full pathname. The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format
that may be reused as input.
- If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
- -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
+ If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
+ -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
tually exclusive. Only one will be active. If more than one is
- supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
+ supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
priority than -\b-d\bd.
- The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
+ The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
valid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and
shell compound commands.
-\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- With no options, display the command history list with numbers.
- Entries prefixed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of _\bn
- lists only the last _\bn entries. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does
- not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
+ With no options, display the command history list with numbers.
+ Entries prefixed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of _\bn
+ lists only the last _\bn entries. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does
+ not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
and the history entry.
If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the his-
- tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
+ tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
and -\b-w\bw options have no effect.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
can be used with the other options to replace the history
list.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
- Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
+ Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
than the last history position, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
+ back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
-\b-d\bd _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd
- Delete the range of history entries between positions
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values
+ Delete the range of history entries between positions
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values
for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd are interpreted as described above.
- -\b-a\ba Append the "new" history lines to the history file.
- These are history lines entered since the beginning of
+ -\b-a\ba Append the "new" history lines to the history file.
+ These are history lines entered since the beginning of
the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
file and add them to the current history list. These are
lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
rent history list.
-\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, over-
writing the history file.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output, without stor-
- ing the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output, without stor-
+ ing the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
adding the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
stamp information associated with each history entry to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character as de-
- scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning
- with the history comment character followed immediately by a
- digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character as de-
+ scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning
+ with the history comment character followed immediately by a
+ digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history
entry.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the
history expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
-\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information
about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option
is encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] _\bi_\bd [ ... ]
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
named by each _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or
- a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal
- name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a sig-
- nal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not sup-
+ a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal
+ name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a sig-
+ nal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not sup-
plied, then k\bki\bil\bll\bl sends S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
The -\b-l\bl option lists the signal names. If any arguments are sup-
plied when -\b-l\bl is given, k\bki\bil\bll\bl lists the names of the signals cor-
- responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The
- _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a sig-
- nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig-
- nal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl prints the name of the signal that
+ responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The
+ _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a sig-
+ nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig-
+ nal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl prints the name of the signal that
caused the process to terminate. k\bki\bil\bll\bl assumes that process exit
statuses are greater than 128; anything less than that is a sig-
nal number. The -\b-L\bL option is equivalent to -\b-l\bl.
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent,
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent,
or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
+ Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
returns 1; otherwise l\ble\bet\bt returns 0.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
For each argument, create a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and assign
- it _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
+ it _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\be-\b-
+ c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
within a function.
- If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the
- function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed
- using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\bo-\b-
- c\bca\bal\bl are restored to their original values when the function re-
- turns. The restore is performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands
- were executed to restore the values that were in place before
+ If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the
+ function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed
+ using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\bo-\b-
+ c\bca\bal\bl are restored to their original values when the function re-
+ turns. The restore is performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands
+ were executed to restore the values that were in place before
the function.
- With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
+ With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
standard output.
- The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function,
+ The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function,
an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt [\b[_\bn]\b]
- Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's par-
+ Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's par-
ent.
m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd
- if the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable
- _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd
+ if the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable
+ _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
+ -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string,
m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL charac-
ter.
-\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, copy all lines.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
index is 0.
-\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
- -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
+ -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
-\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
_\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument
- is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is
+ is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is
not an indexed array.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
- bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so
- p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is equivalent to "popd +0." With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd re-
- moves the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new
+ Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
+ bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so
+ p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is equivalent to "popd +0." With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd re-
+ moves the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new
top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the following mean-
ings:
-\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when removing di-
rectories from the stack, only manipulate the stack.
- +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
+ +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
example: "popd +0" removes the first directory, "popd +1"
the second.
- -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: "popd
- -0" removes the last directory, "popd -1" the next to
+ -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: "popd
+ -0" removes the last directory, "popd -1" the next to
last.
- If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
- _\b-_\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
+ If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
+ _\b-_\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
to the directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
returns a non-zero value.
- Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied,
- the directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent di-
+ Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied,
+ the directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent di-
rectory stack entry.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
- final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
0.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the
variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than printing it to the standard output.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
- objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
- output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
- copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
- of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
- addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bS-\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
+ copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
+ of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
+ addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bS-\b-
n\bnd\bdi\bio\bou\bux\bxX\bXe\beE\bEf\bfF\bFg\bgG\bGa\baA\bA, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf interprets the following additional for-
mat specifiers:
%\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
- %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
- format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
- the $\b$'\b''\b' quoting style if any characters in the argument
- string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
- the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
+ %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
+ format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
+ the $\b$'\b''\b' quoting style if any characters in the argument
+ string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
+ the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
two formats quote the argument string using single
quotes.
- %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt before quoting it.
%\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
number of seconds since the epoch. This format specifier
recognizes two special argument values: -1 represents the
- current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was
+ current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was
invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves
- as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the
+ as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the
usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behavior.
The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and
precision arguments from the format specification and write that
- many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
- gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
+ many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
+ gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
nal.
The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is
treated as a shell variable name.
- The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
+ The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-char-
acter string and apply any supplied field width and precision in
terms of characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format specifiers
are equivalent to %ls and %lc, respectively.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
- is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur-
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur-
rent locale.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
- value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup-
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup-
plied or a write or assignment error occurs.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the
- stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di-
- rectory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
- ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
+ stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di-
+ rectory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
+ ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
- adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the
+ -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
+ adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the
stack.
+\b+_\bn Rotate the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from
- the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero)
+ the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero)
is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top.
After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
- plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
+ plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero
value.
- Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero un-
- less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
+ Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero un-
+ less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
stack, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or
_\bn specifies a non-existent directory stack element.
- If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
final contents of the directory stack.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in-
valid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-E\bEe\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs]
[-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descrip-
- tor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into
- words as described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign the
- first word to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re-
- maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
- the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
- stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
- ues. The characters in the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used
+ tor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into
+ words as described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign the
+ first word to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re-
+ maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+ the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
+ stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
+ ues. The characters in the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used
to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
for expansion (described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The back-
- slash character (\\b\) removes any special meaning for the next
+ slash character (\\b\) removes any special meaning for the next
character read and is used for line continuation.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any
- new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
+ new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
nored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
- rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
+ rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
- -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line.
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing
- was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
+ -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line.
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing
+ was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion.
- -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line.
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing
- was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
+ -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line.
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing
+ was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
bash's default completion, including programmable comple-
tion.
-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places
_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt into the editing buffer before editing begins.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
- ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
+ ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it
reads fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters before the delimiter.
-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
it encounters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Any delimiter char-
- acters in the input are not treated specially and do not
+ acters in the input are not treated specially and do not
cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until it has read _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters.
The result is not split on the characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS; the in-
tent is that the variable is assigned exactly the charac-
- ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the -\b-r\br
+ ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the -\b-r\br
option below).
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
- line, before attempting to read any input, but only if
+ line, before attempting to read any input, but only if
input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
line continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not
- read a complete line of input (or a specified number of
- characters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a
- decimal number with a fractional portion following the
- decimal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the exit status is
- greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns immedi-
- ately, without trying to read any data. In this case,
- the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
- fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not
+ read a complete line of input (or a specified number of
+ characters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a
+ decimal number with a fractional portion following the
+ decimal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
+ reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
+ file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any partial input read into
+ the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the exit status is
+ greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns immedi-
+ ately, without trying to read any data. In this case,
+ the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
+ fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-
zero otherwise.
- -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ig-
+ Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ig-
nores any NUL characters in the input.
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without
- the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without
+ the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable
R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY.
The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
+ times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly vari-
- able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
+ able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
may not be changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the -\b-f\bf
- option is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The
- -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA op-
+ option is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The
+ -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA op-
tion restricts the variables to associative arrays. If both op-
- tions are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
- are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of
- all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict
+ tions are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
+ are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of
+ all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict
the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The -\b-p\bp op-
tion displays output in a format that may be reused as input.
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same
time the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable
- name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to
+ name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to
_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the readonly attribute.
- The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is
+ The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is
supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the
+ Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the
value specified by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return
- status is that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is exe-
- cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the
+ status is that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is exe-
+ cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the
status is the last command executed before the trap handler. If
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last command used to
- determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+ determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked.
When r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used to terminate execution of a script being ex-
- ecuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
- executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
- the last command executed within the script as the exit status
- of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
+ ecuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
+ executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
+ the last command executed within the script as the exit status
+ of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
significant 8 bits.
- Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before
+ Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before
execution resumes after the function or script.
- The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-nu-
+ The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-nu-
meric argument, or is used outside a function and not during ex-
ecution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo
- s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
- able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
+ s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
+ able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot
- be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The
- output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
- are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
- ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
+ be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The
+ output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
+ are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
+ ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1,
- $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
+ $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
ings:
-\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
- given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
environment of subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt or af-
- ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective
+ ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective
only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above), exits with a non-zero status.
- The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
- part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
- or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
- e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
- &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
- or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject
- to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if the
- command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
- compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
- zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
- ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
- set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
+ The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
+ part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
+ or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
+ e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+ &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
+ or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject
+ to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if the
+ command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
+ compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
+ zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
+ ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
+ set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
- ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
all the commands in the subshell.
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
+ executed within the compound command or function body
+ will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
+ and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
+ command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
+ any effect until the compound command or the command
containing the function call completes.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
in a separate process group. When a background job com-
pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
tus.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
nored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
+ the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
+ The effect is as if the shell command
"IGNOREEOF=10" had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
- match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
below for a reference to a document that details
how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for
r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
- If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
- current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
- no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
- recreate the current option settings on the standard
+ If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
+ current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
+ no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
+ recreate the current option settings on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
- not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
- are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
- L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
- they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
- shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
- equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
- not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
+ not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
+ are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
+ L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
+ they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
+ shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
+ equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
+ not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is
supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and
group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un-
set once it has been set.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
- scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
- parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
- unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
- message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+ cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
+ scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
+ parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
+ unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
+ message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
- and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
the standard error.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
- redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
+ redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
and force the creation of an output file.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
-\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional
parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to
the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
-\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs
to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are
- turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
+ turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
meters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
+ shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
+ turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
- represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
- be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
- no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
- be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
- not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
+ represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
+ be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
+ no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
+ be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
+ not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+ ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command.
- With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
- settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
- set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
+ With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
+ settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
+ set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
those options. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
be reused as input.
Other options have the following meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
status is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero oth-
erwise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+ Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
+ tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic
expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can
- perform variable assignments, and while executing
+ perform variable assignments, and while executing
builtins that perform array dereferencing.
a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
- able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
+ able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
- c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
- in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
- include transposed characters, a missing character, and
+ c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
+ in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
+ include transposed characters, a missing character, and
one extra character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name,
- it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
+ it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
search.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is
- attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
- T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any
+ attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
+ T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any
jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
- associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
+ values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
+ associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
This option is enabled by default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
+ enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
history is enabled, as described above under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
+ pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
This changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing
- buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
- the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
+ the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and
_\b._\b. must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
set.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
+ ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
is enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above).
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
- e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
+ e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
described above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a de-
- scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
+ ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a de-
+ scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
fault.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
- parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the
- current locale's collating sequence into account, so b\bb
- will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the
+ current locale's collating sequence into account, so b\bb
+ will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
- names _\b. and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".".
+ If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
+ names _\b. and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".".
This option is enabled by default.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
only directories and subdirectories match.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
its, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
- the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
+ the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
tion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
enabled.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
- that word and all remaining characters on that line to
- be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
+ In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
+ that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+ be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
above). This option is enabled by default.
l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at-
tribute is not inherited.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
+ function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+ cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
current function scope.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- displays the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ displays the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been
read".
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
tempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
pletions as part of programmable completion.
n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
- quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
+ quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
the string is not translated, this has no effect.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
- string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
- the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
+ the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above. This option is enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
- If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
+ If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
(see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn above). This option is en-
abled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
+ If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
- has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
+ has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
- moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
+ moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
- stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
+ stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
- argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
tion is enabled by default.
v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
- assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
+ assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
command completes.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
- quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
+ quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret any options.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
- cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
- the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
- login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
+ cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
+ the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
+ login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
plied.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
- ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
- operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
- of the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+ ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
+ operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
+ of the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
pends on the number of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator
precedence when there are five or more arguments.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
normal operator precedence.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
+ there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
+ the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
+ is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
wise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argu-
- ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
- the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
+ the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of
the [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current lo-
- cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
+ cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
- The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
- ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
- look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
- Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
- restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
+ The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
+ ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
+ look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
+ Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
+ restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
- receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
+ receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
- to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
- the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
+ to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+ the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
+ If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
- be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
- tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
+ be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
+ tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+ displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
- that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
- dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
- only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
- quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
- be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
- and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
+ that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+ dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
+ only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
+ quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
+ be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
+ and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
- The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
- sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
+ The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
+ sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen-
- sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
+ sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
- shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
- _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
- arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
- mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the description of the
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
- fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
+ shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
+ _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
+ arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
+ mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the description of the
+ e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
+ fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .\b.
or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
- (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
- compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
- following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
+ (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
+ compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+ following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
+ following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+ last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
the command's return value is being inverted using !\b!. These are
the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not
- being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
- or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
+ being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
+ or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
name.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
- shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
- spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
+ shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
+ spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
returns a non-zero exit status.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
- the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
+ the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if "type -t name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP
- option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if "type -t
+ option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if "type -t
name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of
- hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not
+ hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not
necessarily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
- If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
- contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
- words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
- and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
- files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
+ If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
+ contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
+ words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
+ and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
+ files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
+ m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
found, false if any are not found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
- The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
+ The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by
a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the
- resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
- which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
- and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
- the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
- -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
- the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
+ resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
+ which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+ and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
+ the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
+ -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
+ the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
value. Other options are interpreted as follows:
-\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
-\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children.
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
-\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit).
-\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set).
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user.
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children.
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
-\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
blocking, in microseconds.
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
- the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
+ the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
plied, then -\b-f\bf is assumed.
- Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
- seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
- 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
- values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
- 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
+ seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
+ 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
+ values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
+ 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting
a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
- Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
+ Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in-
- terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
_\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of
the mask. The -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask
in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If
the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in
- a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
- if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
+ a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
+ if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
- moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
- with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
- variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
- supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
- When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
- from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
- tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
- no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
- unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
+ and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
+ moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
+ with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
+ variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
+ supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
+ When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
+ from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
+ tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
+ no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
+ unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
- even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
+ even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly or may not be unset.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termina-
- tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
- a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
+ tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
+ a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
waits for all processes in the job.
- If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
+ If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
+ background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
given _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substi-
tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the
- supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
- and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
+ supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
+ and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
127.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
- identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
- the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
- able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
- any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
+ identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
+ the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
+ able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
+ any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
tion.
- Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
+ Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
tus, instead of returning when it changes status.
- If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
- processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
- a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
- will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above.
+ If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
+ processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
+ a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
+ will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above.
Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
- Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
+ Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
+ p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is
- intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
- is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
- current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
+ intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
+ is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
+ current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
tion.
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
- side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
- in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
+ lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
+ side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
+ in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
sions).
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
+ compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
+ level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
+ that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
+ present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
+ based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
+ ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
+ cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
+ levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
find out the current behavior.
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
+ ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
patibility level.
Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility lev-
els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
- Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
- option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
+ Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
+ option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
+ nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
+ set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
+ later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
ator (=~) has no special effect.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+ lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
+ +\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
tation 267).
+\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
+ quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
+ that characters within the single quotes are considered
quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+\bo The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
+ tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
sions after bash-4.2.
- +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
+ +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
+ expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
+ expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
+ other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
+ tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
special within double-quoted word expansions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
+ +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
+ mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
that cause the shell to exit).
- +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
+ +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
(while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
that function will break or continue loops in the calling
context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
vent this.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
- parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
+ +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
+ parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
abled.
- +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
+ +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
+ Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
exit
- +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
with the same name in the calling environment even if the
shell is not in posix mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
- duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
+ +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
+ duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
+ from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
+ dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0.
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
+ +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
+ to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
+ fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
+ input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
tion is supplied.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
- +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
- scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
- ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
+ +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
+ scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
+ ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
previous versions.
+\bo Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
- the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
+ +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
+ the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
once.
- +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
+ +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
can be expanded more than once.
+\bo The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
panded more than once.
- +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
+ +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
+ +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
existing associative array, will return true if the array
- has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
+ has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
on a key named @\b@.
+\bo The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2
will return the final value assigned to the variable.
- +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
+ +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above)
- is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
+ is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func-
- tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
- able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
- pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
- time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
+ tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
+ able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
+ pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
+ time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
mand is executed.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
- +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
- parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
+ +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
+ parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
guments.
- +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
+ +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats any arguments remaining after option process-
- ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
- quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
+ ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
+ quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
arguments as key sequences to bind.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+\bo Changing directories with c\bcd\bd.
- +\bo Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
+ +\bo Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
or B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV.
+\bo Specifying command names containing /\b/.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command.
- +\bo Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a
+ +\bo Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a
search path.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command.
- +\bo Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup.
- +\bo Parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo Parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup.
- +\bo Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
+ +\bo Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
tion operators.
+\bo Using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command.
- +\bo Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command.
- +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins.
+\bo Specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command.
- +\bo Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
+ +\bo Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl.
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by
- The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the
+ The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the
command history
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bp_\bu_\bb_\b/_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b/ and _\bh_\bt_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bg_\bi_\bt_\b._\bs_\ba_\bv_\ba_\bn_\b-
_\bn_\ba_\bh_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bc_\bg_\bi_\bt_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b._\bg_\bi_\bt_\b/_\bs_\bn_\ba_\bp_\bs_\bh_\bo_\bt_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b-_\bm_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be_\br_\b._\bt_\ba_\br_\b._\bg_\bz.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
to mail that as well! You may send suggestions and "philosophical" bug
- reports to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or post them to the Usenet newsgroup
+ reports to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or post them to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
ALL bug reports should include:
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or "recipe" which exercises the bug
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
- Compound commands and command sequences of the form "a ; b ; c" are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
+ Compound commands and command lists of the form "a ; b ; c" are not
+ handled gracefully when combined with process suspension. When a
process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
- parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
- unit, or to start the command in the background and immediately bring
- it into the foreground.
+ the list or breaks out of any existing loops. It suffices to enclose
+ the command in parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be
+ stopped as a unit, or to start the command in the background and imme-
+ diately bring it into the foreground.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash 5.3 2024 November 15 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+GNU Bash 5.3 2024 November 29 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Fri Nov 15 17:55:48 EST 2024
+.\" Last Change: Fri Nov 29 18:17:43 EST 2024
.\"
-.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
-.\" avoid a warning about an undefined register
-.\" .if !rzY .nr zY 0
+.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Builtins section
+.\"
+.\" Ensure the registers are initialized to avoid groff warnings.
+.nr zZ +0
+.nr zY +0
+.\" Ensure the macros/strings are initialized to avoid groff warnings.
+.ds zZ \" empty
+.ds zY \" empty
.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2024 November 15" "GNU Bash 5.3"
+.TH BASH 1 "2024 November 29" "GNU Bash 5.3"
.\"
.ie \n(.g \{\
.ds ' \(aq
.\}
.el \{\
.ds ' '
-.\" not usable in macro arguments on AT&T troff (DWB, Solaris 10)
+.\" \*" is not usable in macro arguments on AT&T troff (DWB, Solaris 10)
.ds " ""\" two adjacent quotes and no space before this comment
.ds ^ ^
.ds ~ ~
reads and executes commands from
.FN \*~/.bashrc ,
if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the
+The
.B \-\-norc
-option.
+option inhibits this behavior.
The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option causes
.B bash
to use \fIfile\fP instead of
in that order.
The
.B \-\-noprofile
-option will inhibit this behavior.
+option inhibits this behavior.
When invoked as an interactive shell with the name
.BR sh ,
.B bash
it reads and executes commands from
.FN \*~/.bashrc ,
if that file exists and is readable.
-It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP.
+.B Bash
+does not read this file if invoked as \fBsh\fP.
The
.B \-\-norc
-option will inhibit this behavior, and the
+option inhibits this behavior, and the
.B \-\-rcfile
-option will make \fBbash\fP use a different file instead of
+option makes \fBbash\fP use a different file instead of
.FN \*~/.bashrc ,
but neither
\fIrshd\fP nor \fIsshd\fP generally invoke the shell with those options
since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings
between brackets.
.IP
-The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string.
+The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
Anchor the pattern using the \fB\*^\fP and \fB$\fP regular expression
operators to force it to match the entire string.
.IP
not been present.
.SS "Translating Strings"
A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (\fB$\fP\*"\fIstring\fP\*")
-will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+causes the string to be translated according to the current locale.
The \fIgettext\fP infrastructure performs the lookup and
translation, using the \fBLC_MESSAGES\fP, \fBTEXTDOMAINDIR\fP,
and \fBTEXTDOMAIN\fP shell variables.
.BR alias ,
.BR declare ,
.BR typeset ,
-.BR export ,
+.BR \%export ,
.BR readonly ,
and
.B local
assignment statement properties.
.PP
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index, the += operator will
-append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+to a shell variable or array index,
+the += operator appends to or adds to
+the variable's previous value.
This includes arguments to \fIdeclaration\fP commands such as
\fBdeclare\fP that accept assignment statements.
-When += is applied to a variable for which the \fBinteger\fP attribute
-has been set,
+When += is applied to a variable
+for which the \fBinteger\fP attribute has been set,
the variable's current value and \fIvalue\fP are each evaluated as
arithmetic expressions,
and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value.
The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an expression.
-When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see
+When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
+(see
.B Arrays
below), the
-variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are
-appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index
-(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key\-value pairs in an
-associative array.
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new
+values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key\-value pairs
+in an associative array.
When applied to a string-valued variable, \fIvalue\fP is expanded and
appended to the variable's value.
.PP
to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP.
If the control variable in a \fBfor\fP loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+is established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
Array variables cannot be given the \fBnameref\fP attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables.
Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin.
Otherwise, if \fBunset\fP is executed with the name of a nameref variable
-as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset.
.SS Positional Parameters
A
.I positional parameter
.B BASHPID
have no effect.
If
+.SM
.B BASHPID
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases
from the alias list.
If
+.SM
.B BASH_ALIASES
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
.BR $0 ;
see the description of special parameter 0 above).
Assigning a value to
+.SM
.B BASH_ARGV0
-assigns the same value to \fB$0\fP.
+sets \fB$0\fP to the same value.
If
+.SM
.B BASH_ARGV0
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
unsetting array elements currently does not remove command names
from the hash table.
If
+.SM
.B BASH_CMDS
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
If
+.SM
.B BASH_COMMAND
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
.SM
.B FUNCNAME
was invoked.
-\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source
-file (\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP) where
-\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called
+\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP
+is the line number in the source file
+(\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP)
+where
+\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP
+was called
(or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another
shell function).
Use
by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to \fBEPOCHSECONDS\fP.
If
+.SM
.B BASH_MONOSECONDS
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
the shell begins executing in that environment.
The initial value is 0.
If
+.SM
.B BASH_SUBSHELL
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
and
.B popd
builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
-Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+Assigning to this variable does not change the current directory.
If
.SM
.B DIRSTACK
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
.IP
-This variable can be used with \fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP.
-Each element of \fBFUNCNAME\fP has corresponding elements in
-\fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP to describe the call stack.
-For instance, \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called from the file
-\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP at line number
+This variable can be used with
+.SM
+.B BASH_LINENO
+and
+.SM
+.BR BASH_SOURCE .
+Each element of
+.SM
+.B \%FUNCNAME
+has corresponding elements in
+.SM
+.B BASH_LINENO
+and
+.SM
+.B BASH_SOURCE
+to describe the call stack.
+For instance,
+\fB\%${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP
+was called from the file
+\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP
+at line number
\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP.
The \fBcaller\fP builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
Assignments to
.SM
.B HISTCMD
-are ignored.
+have no effect.
If
.SM
.B HISTCMD
in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline, which may
consist of only a simple command
(see
+.SM
.B "SHELL GRAMMAR"
above).
.TP
.B RANDOM
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer
between 0 and 32767.
-Assigning
-a value to
+Assigning a value to
.SM
.B RANDOM
initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers.
-Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value will
-produce the same sequence of values.
+Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value
+produces the same sequence of values.
If
.SM
.B RANDOM
levels and their effects.
The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
-If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+If
+.SM
+.B BASH_COMPAT
+is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
level is set to the default for the current version.
-If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+If
+.SM
+.B BASH_COMPAT
+is set to a value that is not one of the valid
compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
compatibility level to the default for the current version.
A subset of the valid values correspond to the compatibility levels
is not used to search for the resultant filename.
.TP
.B BASH_XTRACEFD
-If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, \fBbash\fP
-will write the trace output generated when
+If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+\fBbash\fP writes the trace output generated when
.Q "set \-x"
is enabled to that file descriptor,
instead of the standard error.
Expanded and executed similarly to
.SM
.B BASH_ENV
-(see \fBINVOCATION\fP above)
-when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
+(see
+.SM
+.B INVOCATION
+above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
.TP
.B EXECIGNORE
A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP)
defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search using
-\fBPATH\fP.
+.SM
+.BR PATH .
Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
-via \fBPATH\fP lookup.
+via
+.SM
+.B PATH
+lookup.
This does not affect the behavior of the \fB[\fP, \fBtest\fP, and \fB[[\fP
commands.
-Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to \fBEXECIGNORE\fP.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to
+.SM
+.BR EXECIGNORE .
Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
bit set, but are not executable files.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
nesting level.
Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
-will cause the current command to abort.
+cause the current command to abort.
.TP
.B GLOBIGNORE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
If this variable is unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion
uses the historical behavior of sorting by name,
in ascending lexicographic order as determined by the
+.SM
.B \%LC_COLLATE
shell variable.
.IP
order by modification time (newest first).
.IP
The \fInumeric\fP specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as
-numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so
+numbers and sorts them using their numeric value
+(so
.Q 2
-will sort before
+sorts before
.Q 10 ,
for example).
When using \fInumeric\fP, names containing non-digits sort after all
.SM
.B HISTCONTROL
is unset, or does not include a valid value,
-all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+\fBbash\fP saves all lines read by the shell parser on the history list,
subject to the value of
.SM
.BR HISTIGNORE .
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
.SM
-.B HISTCONTROL
-if the first line of the command was saved.
+.BR HISTCONTROL .
If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
the command are not saved either.
.TP
below).
\fBBash\fP assigns a default value of
.FN \*~/.bash_history .
-If \fBHISTFILE\fP is unset or null,
+If
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+is unset or null,
the shell does not save the command history when it exits.
.TP
.B HISTFILESIZE
writing it when a shell exits or by the \fBhistory\fP builtin.
If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
-The shell sets the default value to the value of \fBHISTSIZE\fP
+The shell sets the default value to the value of
+.SM
+.B HISTSIZE
after reading any startup files.
.TP
.B HISTIGNORE
it is not saved on the history list.
Each pattern is anchored at the
beginning of the line and must match the complete line
-(\fBbash\fP will not implicitly append a
+(\fBbash\fP does not implicitly append a
.Q \fB*\fP ).
Each pattern is tested against the line
after the checks specified by
In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters,
.Q \fB&\fP
matches the previous history line.
-A backslash will escape the
+A backslash escapes the
.Q \fB&\fP ;
the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
.SM
.BR HISTIGNORE .
If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
When
.SM
.B HOSTFILE
-is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+is unset, \fBbash\fP clears the the hostname list.
.TP
.B IFS
The
.B INSIDE_EMACS
If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts,
\fBbash\fP assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer
-and may disable line editing, depending on the value of \fBTERM\fP.
+and may disable line editing, depending on the value of
+.SM
+.BR TERM .
.TP
.B LANG
Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
.Q ? .
When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of
the current mailfile.
-Example:
+For example:
.RS
.PP
.EX
The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP,
the number of fractional digits after a decimal point.
A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
-\fBtime\fP will print at most six digits after the decimal point;
+\fBtime\fP prints at most six digits after the decimal point;
values of \fIp\fP greater than 6 are changed to 6.
If \fIp\fP is not specified,
\fBtime\fP prints three digits after the decimal point.
this provides functionality analogous to the \fB%\fP\fIstring\fP job identifier.
.TP
.B histchars
-The two or three characters which control history expansion
-and tokenization (see
+The two or three characters which control history expansion,
+quick substitution, and tokenization
+(see
.SM
.B "HISTORY EXPANSION"
below).
provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
.B declare
-builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+builtin explicitly declares an array.
There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
-Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
-using arbitrary strings.
+Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
+that must expand to an integer and are zero-based;
+associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
.PP
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. The
+using the syntax
+\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP.
+The
.I subscript
is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
greater than or equal to zero.
\fIname\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the
array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
.PP
-The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning
+The += operator appends to an array variable when assigning
using the compound assignment syntax; see
.SM
.B PARAMETERS
.PP
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
-Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid, and
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid;
.B bash
-will create an array if necessary.
+creates an array if necessary.
.PP
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value.
and \fIincr\fP, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
\fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive.
-If the supplied integers are prefixed with \fI0\fP, each term will
-have the same width, zero-padding if necessary.
+If either \fIx\fP or \fIy\fP begins with \fI0\fP,
+each generated term will contain the same number of digits,
+zero-padding where necessary.
When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell
attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
zero-padding where necessary.
Quoting any part of \fIstring\fP inhibits replacement in the
expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored
in shell variables.
-Backslash will escape \fB&\fP in \fIstring\fP; the backslash is removed
+Backslash escapes \fB&\fP in \fIstring\fP; the backslash is removed
in order to permit a literal \fB&\fP in the replacement string.
Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; \fB\e\e\fP results in
a literal backslash in the replacement.
.B A
The expansion is a string in the form of
an assignment statement or \fBdeclare\fP command that, if
-evaluated, will recreate \fIparameter\fP with its attributes and value.
+evaluated, recreates \fIparameter\fP with its attributes and value.
.TP
.B K
Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of \fIparameter\fP,
Any side effects of \fIcommand\fP take effect immediately
in the current execution environment and persist in the current
environment after the command completes (e.g., the \fBexit\fP builtin
-will exit the shell).
+exits the shell).
.PP
This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
expansion.
.PP
If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP.
+the file provides input for \fIlist\fP.
If the
\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, reading the file
-will obtain the output of \fIlist\fP.
+obtains the output of \fIlist\fP.
No space may appear between the \fB<\fP or \fB>\fP
and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
as a redirection.
and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
-Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
+Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
produces a null field,
which is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.
.PP
.B dotglob
shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
.Q .\&
-will match.
+match.
To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
.Q .\& ,
make
Matches any string, including the null string.
When the \fBglobstar\fP shell option is enabled, and \fB*\fP is used in
a pathname expansion context, two adjacent \fB*\fPs used as a single
-pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+pattern match all files and zero or more directories and
subdirectories.
-If followed by a \fB/\fP, two adjacent \fB*\fPs will match only directories
+If followed by a \fB/\fP, two adjacent \fB*\fPs match only directories
and subdirectories.
.TP
.B ?
and \^\fB\*"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above
expansions are removed.
.SH REDIRECTION
-Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be
+Before a command is executed, its input and output may be
.I redirected
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
\fIRedirection\fP allows commands' file handles to be
Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
may instead be preceded by a word of the form {\fIvarname\fP}.
In this case, for each redirection operator except
->&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than or equal to 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP.
-If {\fIvarname\fP} precedes >&- or <&-,
+.B >&\-
+and
+.BR <&\- ,
+the shell allocates a file descriptor greater
+than or equal to 10 and assigns it to \fIvarname\fP.
+If {\fIvarname\fP} precedes
+.B >&\-
+or
+.BR <&\- ,
the value of \fIvarname\fP defines the file descriptor to close.
If {\fIvarname\fP} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
-the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to manage
-the file descriptor's lifetime manually
-without using the \fBexec\fP builtin.
+the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to
+manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using
+the \fBexec\fP builtin.
The \fBvarredir_close\fP shell option manages this behavior.
.PP
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
-.BR < ,
-the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor
-0). If the first character of the redirection operator is
-.BR > ,
-the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor
-1).
+.Q < ,
+the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).
+If the first character of the redirection operator is
+.Q > ,
+the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
.PP
The \fIword\fP following the redirection operator in the following
descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to
\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table.
If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these
-special files, \fBbash\fP will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+special files, \fBbash\fP uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with the behavior described below.
.RS
.PP
.B noclobber
option to the
.B set
-builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file
whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is
a regular file.
If the redirection operator is
.PP
For example, if a variable \fIvar\fP is declared as local in function
\fIfunc1\fP, and \fIfunc1\fP calls another function \fIfunc2\fP,
-references to \fIvar\fP made from within \fIfunc2\fP will resolve to the
+references to \fIvar\fP made from within \fIfunc2\fP resolve to the
local variable \fIvar\fP from \fIfunc1\fP, shadowing any global variable
named \fIvar\fP.
.PP
The \fBunset\fP builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
-variable is local to the current scope, \fBunset\fP will unset it;
+variable is local to the current scope, \fBunset\fP unsets it;
otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
as described above.
-If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains so
(appearing as unset)
until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
-scope will become visible.
+scope becomes visible.
If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
-variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible
+variable with that name that had been shadowed becomes visible
(see below how the \fBlocalvar_unset\fP shell option changes this behavior).
.PP
-The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+The
+.SM
+.B FUNCNEST
+variable, if set to a numeric value greater
than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.
Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
abort.
or
.B typeset
builtin commands
-will list function names and definitions.
+lists function names and definitions.
The
.B \-F
option to
.B declare
or
.B typeset
-will list the function names only
+lists the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the \fBextdebug\fP
shell option is enabled).
Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
The \fB\-f\fP option to
the
.B unset
-builtin will delete a function definition.
+builtin deletes a function definition.
.PP
Functions may be recursive.
The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable may be used to limit the depth of the
.FN /dev/fd/n ,
then \fBbash\fP checks file descriptor \fIn\fP.
If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of
-.FN \*/dev/stdin ,
-.FN \*/dev/stdout ,
+.FN /dev/stdin ,
+.FN /dev/stdout ,
or
-.FN \*/dev/stderr ,
+.FN /dev/stderr ,
\fBbash\fP checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively.
.PP
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
.I x
key, in sequence.
This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP.
-The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP:
+The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC Control\-\fIx\fP:
press and release the Escape key,
then press and hold the Control key while pressing the
.I x
file (the \fIinputrc\fP file).
The name of this file is taken from the value of the
.SM
-.B INPUTRC
+.B \%INPUTRC
shell variable.
If that variable is unset, the default is
.FN \*~/.inputrc .
If that file does not exist or cannot be read, \fBreadline\fP looks for
.FN /etc/inputrc .
-When a program which uses the \fBreadline\fP library starts up,
+When a program that uses the \fBreadline\fP library starts up,
\fBreadline\fP reads the initialization file
and sets the key bindings and variables found there,
before reading any user input.
.IR NEWLINE ,
.IR RET ,
.IR RETURN ,
-.IR RUBOUT (a destructive backspace),
+.I RUBOUT
+(a destructive backspace),
.IR SPACE ,
.IR SPC ,
and
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
be used to indicate a macro definition.
Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+The backslash escapes described above are expanded
in the macro body.
-Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text,
including \*" and \*'.
.PP
.B Bash
.SM
.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
below)
-will change the editing mode during interactive use.
+change the editing mode during interactive use.
.SS "Readline Variables"
\fBReadline\fP has variables that can be used to further customize its
behavior.
\fBOff\fP.
.PP
The \fBbind \-V\fP command lists the current \fBreadline\fP variable names
-and values (see
+and values (see
.SM
.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
below).
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
-A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+A value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is \-1.
.TP
.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off)
It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
If the number of possible completions is greater than
or equal to the value of this variable,
-\fBreadline\fP will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
+\fBreadline\fP asks whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise \fBreadline\fP simply lists them on the terminal.
A zero value means \fBreadline\fP should never ask; negative values are
treated as zero.
.TP
.B convert\-meta (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will convert characters it reads
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP converts characters it reads
that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
(converting the character to have the meta prefix).
-The default is \fIOn\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOff\fP
+The default is \fIOn\fP, but \fBreadline\fP sets it to \fIOff\fP
if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
\fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below.
.TP
.B disable\-completion (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will inhibit word completion.
-Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP inhibits word completion.
+Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they
had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
.TP
.B echo\-control\-characters (On)
.B enable\-active\-region (On)
When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP allows certain commands
to designate the region as \fIactive\fP.
-When the region is active, \fBreadline\fP highlights
-the text in the region using
-the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the
-string that enables the terminal's standout mode.
+When the region is active, \fBreadline\fP
+highlights the text in the region using the value of the
+.B active\-region\-start\-color
+variable, which defaults to the string that enables
+the terminal's standout mode.
The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
.TP
sequences appearing in the pasted text.
.TP
.B enable\-keypad (Off)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will try to enable the application
+When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called.
Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
.TP
.B enable\-meta\-key (On)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will try to enable any meta modifier
+When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP tries to enable any meta modifier
key the terminal claims to support.
On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
.TP
.B input\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
-will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOn\fP
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP sets it to \fIOn\fP
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
The name \fBmeta\-flag\fP is a synonym for \fBinput\-meta\fP.
.TP
.BR isearch\-terminators\ ( \c
-.Q \fBC\-[C\-J\fP \fB)\fP
+.Q \fBC\-[C\-j\fP \fB)\fP
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a command.
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
-\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
+\fIESC\fP and \fBC\-j\fP terminate an incremental search.
.TP
.B keymap (emacs)
Set the current \fBreadline\fP keymap.
(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
If \fBreadline\fP does not receive any input within the timeout,
-it will use the shorter but complete key sequence.
+it uses the shorter but complete key sequence.
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
\fBreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, \fBreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, \fBreadline\fP waits until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
.TP
.B mark\-directories (On)
the list.
.TP
.B output\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will display characters with the
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP displays characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
-The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOn\fP
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP sets it to \fIOn\fP
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
its value may change if the locale changes.
.TP
.B page\-completions (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP uses an internal pager resembling
+.IR more (1)
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
.TP
.B prefer\-visible\-bell
See \fBbell\-style\fP.
.TP
.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will display completions with matches
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
.TP
.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value,
-\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
-\fIC\-g\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+\fIESC\fP and \fBC\-j\fP terminate an incremental search.
+\fBC\-g\fP aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
.PP
To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-r\fP or
\fBC\-s\fP as appropriate.
-This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+This searches backward or forward in the history for the next
entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a \fBreadline\fP command will terminate
-the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept
+Any other key sequence bound to a \fBreadline\fP command terminates
+the search and executes that command.
+For instance, a newline terminates the search and accepts
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
.B Readline
has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP:
-when the region is active, \fBreadline\fP redisplay uses the
-value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color variable
-to denote the region.
+when the region is active, \fBreadline\fP redisplay
+highlights the region using the value of the
+.B active\-region\-start\-color
+variable.
+The \fBenable\-active\-region\fP \fBreadline\fP variable turns this on and off.
Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
.SS Commands for Moving
.PD 0
.TP
.B forward\-char (C\-f)
Move forward a character.
+This may also be bound to the right arrow key on some keyboards.
.TP
.B backward\-char (C\-b)
Move back a character.
+This may also be bound to the left arrow key on some keyboards.
.TP
.B forward\-word (M\-f)
Move forward to the end of the next word.
.B previous\-history (C\-p)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
+This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
.TP
.B next\-history (C\-n)
Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
list.
+This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
.TP
.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<)
Move to the first line in the history.
Perform completion on the word before point as described above
and write the list of possible completions to \fBreadline\fP's output
stream using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
-.sp
-.IP
.RS
-.nf
-The number of matches;
-The word being completed;
-S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
-in the readline line buffer; then
-Each match, one per line
-.fi
+.PD
+.IP \(bu
+.PD 0
+the number of matches \fIN\fP;
+.IP \(bu
+the word being completed;
+.IP \(bu
+\fIS\fP:\fIE\fP,
+where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+in the \fBreadline\fP line buffer; then
+.IP \(bu
+each match, one per line
.RE
-.sp
+.PD
.IP
-If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this command will
-not print any output after the S:E.
+If there are no matches, the first line will be
+.Q 0 ,
+and this command does not print any output after the \fIS\fP:\fIE\fP.
If there is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
-matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the S:E,
+matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the \fIS\fP:\fIE\fP,
then the matches on subsequent lines.
-In this case, N will include the first line with the common prefix.
-.PD
+In this case, \fIN\fP will include the first line with the common prefix.
.IP
-.PD 0
The user or application
should be able to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.
-The intent is that the user or application reads N lines after the line
-containing S:E to obtain the match list.
+The intent is that the user or application reads \fIN\fP lines after
+the line containing \fIS\fP:\fIE\fP to obtain the match list.
This command is unbound by default.
.TP
.B delete\-char\-or\-list
.B skip\-csi\-sequence
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End.
-CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually
+.IR "ESC [" .
If this sequence is bound to
.Q \ee[ ,
-keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a \fBreadline\fP command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.
-This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC\-[.
+keys producing CSI sequences have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a \fBreadline\fP command,
+instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to
+.IR "ESC [" .
.TP
.B insert\-comment (M\-#)
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the \fBreadline\fP
Display version information about the current instance of
.BR bash .
.PD
-.SS Programmable Completion
-When a user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
+.SS "Programmable Completion"
+When a user attempts word completion
+for a command or an argument to a command for
which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined
-using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see
+using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin
+(see
.SM
.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below), \fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities.
+below),
+\fBreadline\fP invokes the programmable completion facilities.
.PP
First, \fBbash\fP identifies the command name.
If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
beginning of an empty line), \fBbash\fP uses any compspec defined with
the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP.
+The \fB\-I\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP
+indicates that the command word is the first non-assignment word
+on the line, or after a command delimiter such as
+\fB;\fP or \fB|\fP.
+This usually indicates command name completion.
+.PP
If the command word is a full pathname, \fBbash\fP
searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
If there is no compspec for the full pathname, \fBbash\fP attempts to
find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
-If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
-the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default.
-If there is no default compspec, \fBbash\fP attempts alias expansion
-on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec,
+or if there is no compspec for the command word,
+\fBbash\fP uses any compspec defined with
+the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, \fBbash\fP performs alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort,
+and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
+resulting from any successful expansion.
.PP
If a compspec is not found, \fBbash\fP performs its default completion as
described above under \fBCompleting\fP.
the list of matching words.
.PP
First, \fBbash\fP performs the \fIactions\fP specified by the compspec.
-Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
-returned.
+This only returns matches which are prefixes
+of the word being completed.
When the
.B \-f
or
.B FIGNORE
to filter the matches.
.PP
-Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the
-\fB\-G\fP option are generated next.
+Next, programmable completion generates matches
+specified by a pathname expansion pattern
+supplied as an argument to the
+\fB\-G\fP option.
The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
being completed.
\fBBash\fP
.SM
.B IFS
special variable as delimiters.
-Shell quoting is honored.
+This honors shell quoting within the string, in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
+in the value of
+.SM
+.BR IFS .
Each word is then expanded using
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
After these matches have been generated,
\fBbash\fP executes any shell function or command
specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options.
-When the command or function is invoked, the
+When the command or function is invoked, \fBbash\fP
+assigns values to the
.SM
.BR COMP_LINE ,
.SM
and
.SM
.B COMP_TYPE
-variables are assigned values as described above under
-\fBShell Variables\fP.
-If a shell function is being invoked, the
+variables as described above
+under \fBShell Variables\fP.
+If a shell function is being invoked, \fBbash\fP
+also sets the
.SM
.B COMP_WORDS
and
.SM
.B COMP_CWORD
-variables are also set.
+variables.
When the function or command is invoked,
the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments
are being completed,
completed on the current command line.
There is no filtering of the generated completions against the
word being completed;
-the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches
+and they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
.PP
Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first.
The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the
standard output.
-Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+Backslash will escape a newline, if necessary.
These are added to the set of possible completions.
.PP
-After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the \fB\-X\fP option is applied to the list.
+After generating all of the possible completions,
+\fBbash\fP applies any filter
+specified with the \fB\-X\fP option to the completions in the list.
The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a \fB&\fP
in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
A literal \fB&\fP may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
is removed before attempting a match.
-Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion
-not matching the pattern will be removed.
+Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the list.
+A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern;
+in this case \fBbash\fP removes
+any completion that does not match the pattern.
If the
.B nocasematch
-shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled,
+\fBbash\fP performs the match without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
.PP
-Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP
-options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
-returned to \fBreadline\fP as the list of possible completions.
+Finally, programmable completion adds
+any prefix and suffix specified with the
+\fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP
+options, respectively, to each completion,
+and returns the result
+to \fBreadline\fP as the list of possible completions.
.PP
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
\fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
default of filename completion are disabled.
If the \fB\-o bashdefault\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when
the compspec was defined,
-if the compspec generates no matches,
+and the compspec generates no matches,
\fBbash\fP attempts its default completions.
-If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
-compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
-\fBreadline\fP's default completion
-if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions)
-generate no matches.
-.PP
-When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
-the programmable completion functions force \fBreadline\fP to append a slash
-to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
-the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP \fBreadline\fP variable, regardless
-of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP \fBreadline\fP variable.
+If the compspec and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions
+generate no matches,
+and the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to
+\fBcomplete\fP when the compspec was defined,
+programmable completion performs \fBreadline\fP's default completion.
+.PP
+The options supplied to \fBcomplete\fP and \fBcompopt\fP
+can control how \fBreadline\fP treats the completions.
+For instance, the \fI\-o fullquote\fP option tells \fBreadline\fP
+to quote the matches as if they were filenames.
+See the description of \fBcomplete\fP below
+for details.
+.PP
+When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion,
+the programmable completion functions force \fBreadline\fP
+to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links
+to directories, subject to the value of the
+\fBmark\-directories\fP \fBreadline\fP variable,
+regardless of the setting of the
+\fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP \fBreadline\fP variable.
.PP
There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
attempt to find a new compspec for that command.
-This allows a set of completions to be built dynamically as completion
-is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.
+This can be used to build a set of completions dynamically
+as completion is attempted, rather than loading them all at once.
.PP
For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
.SM
.B HISTFILESIZE
variable.
-If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
+If
+.SM
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
.PP
When the history file is read,
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
event line.
-A single backslash will quote the delimiter in
+A single backslash quotes the delimiter in
.I old
and
.IR new .
.IR new ,
it is replaced with
.IR old .
-A single backslash will quote the &.
+A single backslash quotes the &.
If
.I old
is null, it is set to the last
call stack.
.TP
.PD 0
-\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP] [\-@] [\fIdir\fP]
+\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP] [\fB\-@\fP] [\fIdir\fP]
.TP
-\fBcd\fP \fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP] [\-@] [\fIdir\fP]
+\fBcd\fP \fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP] [\fB\-@\fP] [\fIdir\fP]
.PD
Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP.
if \fIdir\fP is not supplied, the value of the
option is supplied with
.BR \-P ,
and \fBcd\fP cannot successfully determine the current working directory
-after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+after a successful directory change, it returns a non-zero status.
.IP
On systems that support it, the \fB\-@\fP option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP.
.TP 8
.B file
-File names.
+File and directory names, similar to \fBreadline\fP's filename completion.
May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP.
.TP 8
.B function
If the variable
.SM
.B OPTERR
-is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of
+is set to 0,
+.B getopts
+does not display any error messages,
+even if the first character of
.I optstring
is not a colon.
.IP
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 October 23<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 November 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>,
if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the
+The
<B>--norc</B>
-option.
+option inhibits this behavior.
The <B>--rcfile</B> <I>file</I> option causes
<B>bash</B>
The
<B>--noprofile</B>
-option will inhibit this behavior.
+option inhibits this behavior.
When invoked as an interactive shell with the name
<B>sh</B>,
<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>,
if that file exists and is readable.
-It will not do this if invoked as <B>sh</B>.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+does not read this file if invoked as <B>sh</B>.
The
<B>--norc</B>
-option will inhibit this behavior, and the
+option inhibits this behavior, and the
<B>--rcfile</B>
-option will make <B>bash</B> use a different file instead of
+option makes <B>bash</B> use a different file instead of
<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>,
since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings
between brackets.
<DT><DD>
-The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string.
+The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
Anchor the pattern using the <B>^</B> and <B>$</B> regular expression
operators to force it to match the entire string.
<DT><DD>
A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (<B>$</B>"
<I>string</I>"
)
-will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+causes the string to be translated according to the current locale.
The <I>gettext</I> infrastructure performs the lookup and
translation, using the <B>LC_MESSAGES</B>, <B>TEXTDOMAINDIR</B>,
and <B>TEXTDOMAIN</B> shell variables.
<P>
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index, the += operator will
-append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+to a shell variable or array index,
+the += operator appends to or adds to
+the variable's previous value.
This includes arguments to <I>declaration</I> commands such as
<B>declare</B> that accept assignment statements.
-When += is applied to a variable for which the <B>integer</B> attribute
-has been set,
+When += is applied to a variable
+for which the <B>integer</B> attribute has been set,
the variable's current value and <I>value</I> are each evaluated as
arithmetic expressions,
and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value.
The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an expression.
-When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see
+When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
+(see
<B>Arrays</B>
below), the
-variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are
-appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index
-(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an
-associative array.
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new
+values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs
+in an associative array.
When applied to a string-valued variable, <I>value</I> is expanded and
appended to the variable's value.
<P>
to the variable whose name was passed as <B>$1</B>.
If the control variable in a <B>for</B> loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+is established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
Array variables cannot be given the <B>nameref</B> attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables.
Namerefs can be unset using the <B>-n</B> option to the <B>unset</B> builtin.
Otherwise, if <B>unset</B> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
-as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset.
<A NAME="lbAV"> </A>
<H4>Positional Parameters</H4>
</FONT>
have no effect.
If
-<B>BASHPID</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHPID</B>
+</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases
from the alias list.
If
-<B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
+</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_ARGC</B>
see the description of special parameter 0 above).
Assigning a value to
-<B>BASH_ARGV0</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV0</B>
-assigns the same value to <B>$0</B>.
+</FONT>
+sets <B>$0</B> to the same value.
If
-<B>BASH_ARGV0</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV0</B>
+</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_CMDS</B>
unsetting array elements currently does not remove command names
from the hash table.
If
-<B>BASH_CMDS</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_CMDS</B>
+</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_COMMAND</B>
unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
If
-<B>BASH_COMMAND</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_COMMAND</B>
+</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</B>
</FONT>
was invoked.
-<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> is the line number in the source
-file (<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B>) where
-<B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called
+<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>
+is the line number in the source file
+(<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B>)
+where
+<B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>
+was called
(or <B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i-1</I><B>]}</B> if referenced within another
shell function).
Use
by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to <B>EPOCHSECONDS</B>.
If
-<B>BASH_MONOSECONDS</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_MONOSECONDS</B>
+</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>
the shell begins executing in that environment.
The initial value is 0.
If
-<B>BASH_SUBSHELL</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_SUBSHELL</B>
+</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_TRAPSIG</B>
<B>popd</B>
builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
-Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+Assigning to this variable does not change the current directory.
If
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DIRSTACK</B>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<DT><DD>
-This variable can be used with <B>BASH_LINENO</B> and <B>BASH_SOURCE</B>.
-Each element of <B>FUNCNAME</B> has corresponding elements in
-<B>BASH_LINENO</B> and <B>BASH_SOURCE</B> to describe the call stack.
-For instance, <B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called from the file
-<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B> at line number
+This variable can be used with
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_LINENO</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_SOURCE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+Each element of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+has corresponding elements in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_LINENO</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_SOURCE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to describe the call stack.
+For instance,
+<B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>
+was called from the file
+<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B>
+at line number
<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>.
The <B>caller</B> builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCMD</B>
</FONT>
-are ignored.
+have no effect.
If
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCMD</B>
in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline, which may
consist of only a simple command
(see
-<B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
+</FONT>
above).
<DT><B>PPID</B>
<DD>
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer
between 0 and 32767.
-Assigning
-a value to
+Assigning a value to
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B>
</FONT>
initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers.
-Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value will
-produce the same sequence of values.
+Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value
+produces the same sequence of values.
If
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B>
levels and their effects.
The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
-If <B>BASH_COMPAT</B> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_COMPAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
level is set to the default for the current version.
-If <B>BASH_COMPAT</B> is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_COMPAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set to a value that is not one of the valid
compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
compatibility level to the default for the current version.
A subset of the valid values correspond to the compatibility levels
<DT><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B>
<DD>
-If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, <B>bash</B>
-will write the trace output generated when
+If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+<B>bash</B> writes the trace output generated when
is enabled to that file descriptor,
instead of the standard error.
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B>
</FONT>
-(see <B>INVOCATION</B> above)
-when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
<DT><B>EXECIGNORE</B>
<DD>
A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <B>Pattern Matching</B>)
defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search using
-<B>PATH</B>.
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>.
+
+</FONT>
Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
-via <B>PATH</B> lookup.
+via
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+lookup.
This does not affect the behavior of the <B>[</B>, <B>test</B>, and <B>[[</B>
commands.
-Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to <B>EXECIGNORE</B>.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXECIGNORE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
bit set, but are not executable files.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
nesting level.
Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
-will cause the current command to abort.
+cause the current command to abort.
<DT><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
<DD>
If this variable is unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion
uses the historical behavior of sorting by name,
in ascending lexicographic order as determined by the
-<B>LC_COLLATE</B>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LC_COLLATE</B>
+</FONT>
shell variable.
<DT><DD>
If set, a valid value begins with an optional <I>+</I>, which is ignored,
order by modification time (newest first).
<DT><DD>
The <I>numeric</I> specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as
-numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so
+numbers and sorts them using their numeric value
+(so
-will sort before
+sorts before
for example).
When using <I>numeric</I>, names containing non-digits sort after all
</FONT>
is unset, or does not include a valid value,
-all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+<B>bash</B> saves all lines read by the shell parser on the history list,
subject to the value of
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>.
</FONT>
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>.
</FONT>
-if the first line of the command was saved.
If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
the command are not saved either.
<DT><B>HISTFILE</B>
<A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>.
-If <B>HISTFILE</B> is unset or null,
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset or null,
the shell does not save the command history when it exits.
<DT><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
writing it when a shell exits or by the <B>history</B> builtin.
If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
-The shell sets the default value to the value of <B>HISTSIZE</B>
+The shell sets the default value to the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTSIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
after reading any startup files.
<DT><B>HISTIGNORE</B>
it is not saved on the history list.
Each pattern is anchored at the
beginning of the line and must match the complete line
-(<B>bash</B> will not implicitly append a
+(<B>bash</B> does not implicitly append a
Each pattern is tested against the line
after the checks specified by
In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters,
matches the previous history line.
-A backslash will escape the
+A backslash escapes the
the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>.
</FONT>
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOSTFILE</B>
</FONT>
-is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+is unset, <B>bash</B> clears the the hostname list.
<DT><B>IFS</B>
<DD>
<DD>
If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts,
<B>bash</B> assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer
-and may disable line editing, depending on the value of <B>TERM</B>.
+and may disable line editing, depending on the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TERM</B>.
+
+</FONT>
<DT><B>LANG</B>
<DD>
When used in the text of the message, <B>$_</B> expands to the name of
the current mailfile.
-Example:
+For example:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
The optional <I>p</I> is a digit specifying the <I>precision</I>,
the number of fractional digits after a decimal point.
A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
-<B>time</B> will print at most six digits after the decimal point;
+<B>time</B> prints at most six digits after the decimal point;
values of <I>p</I> greater than 6 are changed to 6.
If <I>p</I> is not specified,
<B>time</B> prints three digits after the decimal point.
<DT><B>histchars</B>
<DD>
-The two or three characters which control history expansion
-and tokenization (see
+The two or three characters which control history expansion,
+quick substitution, and tokenization
+(see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B>
</FONT>
Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
<B>declare</B>
-builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+builtin explicitly declares an array.
There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
-Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
-using arbitrary strings.
+Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
+that must expand to an integer and are zero-based;
+associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
<P>
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I>. The
+using the syntax
+<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I>.
+The
<I>subscript</I>
is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
<P>
-The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning
+The += operator appends to an array variable when assigning
using the compound assignment syntax; see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
-Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid, and
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid;
<B>bash</B>
-will create an array if necessary.
+creates an array if necessary.
<P>
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
and <I>incr</I>, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
<I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive.
-If the supplied integers are prefixed with <I>0</I>, each term will
-have the same width, zero-padding if necessary.
+If either <I>x</I> or <I>y</I> begins with <I>0</I>,
+each generated term will contain the same number of digits,
+zero-padding where necessary.
When either <I>x</I> or y begins with a zero, the shell
attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
zero-padding where necessary.
Quoting any part of <I>string</I> inhibits replacement in the
expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored
in shell variables.
-Backslash will escape <B>&</B> in <I>string</I>; the backslash is removed
+Backslash escapes <B>&</B> in <I>string</I>; the backslash is removed
in order to permit a literal <B>&</B> in the replacement string.
Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; <B>\\</B> results in
a literal backslash in the replacement.
<DD>
The expansion is a string in the form of
an assignment statement or <B>declare</B> command that, if
-evaluated, will recreate <I>parameter</I> with its attributes and value.
+evaluated, recreates <I>parameter</I> with its attributes and value.
<DT><B>K</B>
<DD>
Any side effects of <I>command</I> take effect immediately
in the current execution environment and persist in the current
environment after the command completes (e.g., the <B>exit</B> builtin
-will exit the shell).
+exits the shell).
<P>
This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
<P>
If the <B>>(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for <I>list</I>.
+the file provides input for <I>list</I>.
If the
<B><(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, reading the file
-will obtain the output of <I>list</I>.
+obtains the output of <I>list</I>.
No space may appear between the <B><</B> or <B>></B>
and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
as a redirection.
and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
-Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
+Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
produces a null field,
which is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.
<P>
shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
-will match.
+match.
To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
make
Matches any string, including the null string.
When the <B>globstar</B> shell option is enabled, and <B>*</B> is used in
a pathname expansion context, two adjacent <B>*</B>s used as a single
-pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+pattern match all files and zero or more directories and
subdirectories.
-If followed by a <B>/</B>, two adjacent <B>*</B>s will match only directories
+If followed by a <B>/</B>, two adjacent <B>*</B>s match only directories
and subdirectories.
<DT><B>?</B>
<DD>
-Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
+Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the brackets.
+This is known as a <I>bracket expression</I>
+and matches a single character.
A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a
<I>range expression</I>;
any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
<B>^</B>
then any character not within the range matches.
-A
-<B>-</B>
+To match a
+<B>-</B>,
-may be matched by including it as the first or last character
-in the set.
-A
-<B>]</B>
+include it as the first or last character in the set.
+To match a
+<B>]</B>,
-may be matched by including it as the first character
-in the set.
+include it as the first character in the set.
<DT><DD>
The sorting order of characters in range expressions,
and the characters included in the range,
shell option.
<DT><DD>
-Within
-<B>[</B>
-
-and
-<B>]</B>,
-
+Within a bracket expression,
<I>character classes</I> can be specified using the syntax
<B>[:</B><I>class</I><B>:]</B>, where <I>class</I> is one of the
following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
The <B>word</B> character class matches letters, digits, and the character _.
<DT><DD>
-Within
-<B>[</B>
-
-and
-<B>]</B>,
-
+Within a bracket expression,
an <I>equivalence class</I> can be specified using the syntax
<B>[=</B><I>c</I><B>=]</B>, which matches all characters with the
same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as
the character <I>c</I>.
<DT><DD>
-Within
-<B>[</B>
-
-and
-<B>]</B>,
-
+Within a bracket expression,
the syntax <B>[.</B><I>symbol</I><B>.]</B> matches the collating symbol
<I>symbol</I>.
</DL></DL>
<A NAME="lbBJ"> </A>
<H3>REDIRECTION</H3>
-Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be
+Before a command is executed, its input and output may be
<I>redirected</I>
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<I>varname</I>}.
In this case, for each redirection operator except
->&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than or equal to 10 and assign it to <I>varname</I>.
-If {<I>varname</I>} precedes >&- or <&-,
+<B>>&-</B>
+
+and
+<B><&-</B>,
+
+the shell allocates a file descriptor greater
+than or equal to 10 and assigns it to <I>varname</I>.
+If {<I>varname</I>} precedes
+<B>>&-</B>
+
+or
+<B><&-</B>,
+
the value of <I>varname</I> defines the file descriptor to close.
If {<I>varname</I>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
-the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to manage
-the file descriptor's lifetime manually
-without using the <B>exec</B> builtin.
+the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to
+manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using
+the <B>exec</B> builtin.
The <B>varredir_close</B> shell option manages this behavior.
<P>
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
-<B><</B>,
-the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor
-0). If the first character of the redirection operator is
-<B>></B>,
+the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).
+If the first character of the redirection operator is
-the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor
-1).
+the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
<P>
The <I>word</I> following the redirection operator in the following
<B>Bash</B> handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table.
If the operating system on which <B>bash</B> is running provides these
-special files, <B>bash</B> will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+special files, <B>bash</B> uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with the behavior described below.
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
option to the
<B>set</B>
-builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file
whose name results from the expansion of <I>word</I> exists and is
a regular file.
If the redirection operator is
For example, if a variable <I>var</I> is declared as local in function
<I>func1</I>, and <I>func1</I> calls another function <I>func2</I>,
-references to <I>var</I> made from within <I>func2</I> will resolve to the
+references to <I>var</I> made from within <I>func2</I> resolve to the
local variable <I>var</I> from <I>func1</I>, shadowing any global variable
named <I>var</I>.
<P>
The <B>unset</B> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
-variable is local to the current scope, <B>unset</B> will unset it;
+variable is local to the current scope, <B>unset</B> unsets it;
otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
as described above.
-If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains so
(appearing as unset)
until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
-scope will become visible.
+scope becomes visible.
If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
-variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible
+variable with that name that had been shadowed becomes visible
(see below how the <B>localvar_unset</B> shell option changes this behavior).
<P>
-The <B>FUNCNEST</B> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNEST</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable, if set to a numeric value greater
than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.
Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
abort.
<B>typeset</B>
builtin commands
-will list function names and definitions.
+lists function names and definitions.
The
<B>-F</B>
or
<B>typeset</B>
-will list the function names only
+lists the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <B>extdebug</B>
shell option is enabled).
Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
the
<B>unset</B>
-builtin will delete a function definition.
+builtin deletes a function definition.
<P>
Functions may be recursive.
then <B>bash</B> checks file descriptor <I>n</I>.
If the <I>file</I> argument to one of the primaries is one of
-<I>dev/stdin</I>,
+<I>/dev/stdin</I>,
-<I>dev/stdout</I>,
+<I>/dev/stdout</I>,
or
-<I>dev/stderr</I>,
+<I>/dev/stderr</I>,
<B>bash</B> checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively.
<P>
key, in sequence.
This makes ESC the <I>meta prefix</I>.
-The combination M-C-<I>x</I> means ESC-Control-<I>x</I>:
+The combination M-C-<I>x</I> means ESC Control-<I>x</I>:
press and release the Escape key,
then press and hold the Control key while pressing the
<I>x</I>
<A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>.
-When a program which uses the <B>readline</B> library starts up,
+When a program that uses the <B>readline</B> library starts up,
<B>readline</B> reads the initialization file
and sets the key bindings and variables found there,
before reading any user input.
<I>RETURN</I>,
-<I>RUBOUT</I>(a<I>destructive</I>backspace),
+<I>RUBOUT</I>
+(a destructive backspace),
<I>SPACE</I>,
<I>SPC</I>,
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
be used to indicate a macro definition.
Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+The backslash escapes described above are expanded
in the macro body.
-Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text,
including "
and '.
<P>
</FONT>
below)
-will change the editing mode during interactive use.
+change the editing mode during interactive use.
<A NAME="lbCK"> </A>
<H4>Readline Variables</H4>
<P>
The <B>bind -V</B> command lists the current <B>readline</B> variable names
-and values (see
+and values (see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
</FONT>
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
-A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+A value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
<DT><B>completion-ignore-case (Off)</B>
It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
If the number of possible completions is greater than
or equal to the value of this variable,
-<B>readline</B> will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
+<B>readline</B> asks whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise <B>readline</B> simply lists them on the terminal.
A zero value means <B>readline</B> should never ask; negative values are
treated as zero.
<DT><B>convert-meta (On)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> will convert characters it reads
+If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> converts characters it reads
that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
(converting the character to have the meta prefix).
-The default is <I>On</I>, but <B>readline</B> will set it to <I>Off</I>
+The default is <I>On</I>, but <B>readline</B> sets it to <I>Off</I>
if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <B>LC_CTYPE</B> locale category, and
<DT><B>disable-completion (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> will inhibit word completion.
-Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> inhibits word completion.
+Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they
had been mapped to <B>self-insert</B>.
<DT><B>echo-control-characters (On)</B>
<DD>
When this variable is set to <I>On</I>, <B>readline</B> allows certain commands
to designate the region as <I>active</I>.
-When the region is active, <B>readline</B> highlights
-the text in the region using
-the value of the <B>active-region-start-color</B>, which defaults to the
-string that enables the terminal's standout mode.
+When the region is active, <B>readline</B>
+highlights the text in the region using the value of the
+<B>active-region-start-color</B>
+
+variable, which defaults to the string that enables
+the terminal's standout mode.
The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
<DT><B>enable-bracketed-paste (On)</B>
<DT><B>enable-keypad (Off)</B>
<DD>
-When set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> will try to enable the application
+When set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called.
Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
<DT><B>enable-meta-key (On)</B>
<DD>
-When set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> will try to enable any meta modifier
+When set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> tries to enable any meta modifier
key the terminal claims to support.
On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
<DT><B>input-meta (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
-will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The default is <I>Off</I>, but <B>readline</B> will set it to <I>On</I>
+The default is <I>Off</I>, but <B>readline</B> sets it to <I>On</I>
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <B>LC_CTYPE</B> locale category, and
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a command.
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
-<I>ESC</I> and <I>C-J</I> will terminate an incremental search.
+<I>ESC</I> and <B>C-j</B> terminate an incremental search.
<DT><B>keymap (emacs)</B>
<DD>
(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
If <B>readline</B> does not receive any input within the timeout,
-it will use the shorter but complete key sequence.
+it uses the shorter but complete key sequence.
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
<B>readline</B> will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, <B>readline</B> will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, <B>readline</B> waits until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
<DT><B>mark-directories (On)</B>
<DT><B>output-meta (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> will display characters with the
+If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> displays characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
-The default is <I>Off</I>, but <B>readline</B> will set it to <I>On</I>
+The default is <I>Off</I>, but <B>readline</B> sets it to <I>On</I>
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <B>LC_CTYPE</B> locale category, and
<DT><B>page-completions (On)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> uses an internal <I>more</I>-like pager
+If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> uses an internal pager resembling
+<I>more</I>(1)
+
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
<DT><B>prefer-visible-bell</B>
<DT><B>print-completions-horizontally (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> will display completions with matches
+If set to <B>On</B>, <B>readline</B> displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
<DT><B>revert-all-at-newline (Off)</B>
The characters present in the value of the <B>isearch-terminators</B>
variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value,
-<I>ESC</I> and <I>C-J</I> will terminate an incremental search.
-<I>C-g</I> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+<I>ESC</I> and <B>C-j</B> terminate an incremental search.
+<B>C-g</B> aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
<P>
To find other matching entries in the history list, type <B>C-r</B> or
<B>C-s</B> as appropriate.
-This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+This searches backward or forward in the history for the next
entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a <B>readline</B> command will terminate
-the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept
+Any other key sequence bound to a <B>readline</B> command terminates
+the search and executes that command.
+For instance, a newline terminates the search and accepts
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
<B>Readline</B>
has the concept of an <I>active region</I>:
-when the region is active, <B>readline</B> redisplay uses the
-value of the <B>active-region-start-color variable
-to denote the region.
+when the region is active, <B>readline</B> redisplay
+highlights the region using the value of the
+<B>active-region-start-color</B>
+
+variable.
+The <B>enable-active-region</B> <B>readline</B> variable turns this on and off.
Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
-</B><A NAME="lbCO"> </A>
+<A NAME="lbCO"> </A>
<H4>Commands for Moving</H4>
<DD>
Move forward a character.
+This may also be bound to the right arrow key on some keyboards.
<DT><B>backward-char (C-b)</B>
<DD>
Move back a character.
+This may also be bound to the left arrow key on some keyboards.
<DT><B>forward-word (M-f)</B>
<DD>
<DD>
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
+This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
<DT><B>next-history (C-n)</B>
<DD>
Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
list.
+This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
<DT><B>beginning-of-history (M-<)</B>
<DD>
of possible completions, as if <B>menu-complete</B> had been given a
negative argument.
This command is unbound by default.
+<DT><B>export-completions</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform completion on the word before point as described above
+and write the list of possible completions to <B>readline</B>'s output
+stream using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>*<DD>
+
+the number of matches <I>N</I>;
+<DT>*<DD>
+the word being completed;
+<DT>*<DD>
+<I>S</I>:<I>E</I>,
+where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+in the <B>readline</B> line buffer; then
+<DT>*<DD>
+each match, one per line
+</DL></DL>
+
+
+<DT><DD>
+If there are no matches, the first line will be
+
+and this command does not print any output after the <I>S</I>:<I>E</I>.
+If there is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
+If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the <I>S</I>:<I>E</I>,
+then the matches on subsequent lines.
+In this case, <I>N</I> will include the first line with the common prefix.
+<DT><DD>
+The user or application
+should be able to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.
+The intent is that the user or application reads <I>N</I> lines after
+the line containing <I>S</I>:<I>E</I> to obtain the match list.
+This command is unbound by default.
<DT><B>delete-char-or-list</B>
<DD>
<DD>
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End.
-CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually
+<I>ESC [</I>.
+
If this sequence is bound to
-keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a <B>readline</B> command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.
-This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+keys producing CSI sequences have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a <B>readline</B> command,
+instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to
+<I>ESC [</I>.
+
<DT><B>insert-comment (M-#)</B>
<DD>
<A NAME="lbCW"> </A>
<H4>Programmable Completion</H4>
-When a user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
+When a user attempts word completion
+for a command or an argument to a command for
which a completion specification (a <I>compspec</I>) has been defined
-using the <B>complete</B> builtin (see
+using the <B>complete</B> builtin
+(see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
</FONT>
-below), <B>readline</B> invokes the programmable completion facilities.
+below),
+<B>readline</B> invokes the programmable completion facilities.
<P>
First, <B>bash</B> identifies the command name.
If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
beginning of an empty line), <B>bash</B> uses any compspec defined with
the <B>-E</B> option to <B>complete</B>.
+The <B>-I</B> option to <B>complete</B>
+indicates that the command word is the first non-assignment word
+on the line, or after a command delimiter such as
+<B>;</B> or <B>|</B>.
+This usually indicates command name completion.
+<P>
+
If the command word is a full pathname, <B>bash</B>
searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
If there is no compspec for the full pathname, <B>bash</B> attempts to
find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
-If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
-the <B>-D</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used as the default.
-If there is no default compspec, <B>bash</B> attempts alias expansion
-on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec,
+or if there is no compspec for the command word,
+<B>bash</B> uses any compspec defined with
+the <B>-D</B> option to <B>complete</B> as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, <B>bash</B> performs alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort,
+and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
+resulting from any successful expansion.
<P>
If a compspec is not found, <B>bash</B> performs its default completion as
<P>
First, <B>bash</B> performs the <I>actions</I> specified by the compspec.
-Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
-returned.
+This only returns matches which are prefixes
+of the word being completed.
When the
<B>-f</B>
to filter the matches.
<P>
-Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the
-<B>-G</B> option are generated next.
+Next, programmable completion generates matches
+specified by a pathname expansion pattern
+supplied as an argument to the
+<B>-G</B> option.
The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
being completed.
<B>Bash</B>
</FONT>
special variable as delimiters.
-Shell quoting is honored.
+This honors shell quoting within the string, in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
+in the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
Each word is then expanded using
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
After these matches have been generated,
<B>bash</B> executes any shell function or command
specified with the <B>-F</B> and <B>-C</B> options.
-When the command or function is invoked, the
+When the command or function is invoked, <B>bash</B>
+assigns values to the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_LINE</B>,
</FONT>
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_TYPE</B>
</FONT>
-variables are assigned values as described above under
-<B>Shell Variables</B>.
-If a shell function is being invoked, the
+variables as described above
+under <B>Shell Variables</B>.
+If a shell function is being invoked, <B>bash</B>
+also sets the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDS</B>
</FONT>
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_CWORD</B>
</FONT>
-variables are also set.
+variables.
When the function or command is invoked,
the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments
are being completed,
completed on the current command line.
There is no filtering of the generated completions against the
word being completed;
-the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches
+and they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
<P>
Any function specified with <B>-F</B> is invoked first.
in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the
standard output.
-Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+Backslash will escape a newline, if necessary.
These are added to the set of possible completions.
<P>
-After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the <B>-X</B> option is applied to the list.
+After generating all of the possible completions,
+<B>bash</B> applies any filter
+specified with the <B>-X</B> option to the completions in the list.
The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a <B>&</B>
in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
A literal <B>&</B> may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
is removed before attempting a match.
-Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading <B>!</B> negates the pattern; in this case any completion
-not matching the pattern will be removed.
+Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the list.
+A leading <B>!</B> negates the pattern;
+in this case <B>bash</B> removes
+any completion that does not match the pattern.
If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
-shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled,
+<B>bash</B> performs the match without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
<P>
-Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B>
-options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
-returned to <B>readline</B> as the list of possible completions.
+Finally, programmable completion adds
+any prefix and suffix specified with the
+<B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B>
+options, respectively, to each completion,
+and returns the result
+to <B>readline</B> as the list of possible completions.
<P>
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
default of filename completion are disabled.
If the <B>-o bashdefault</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when
the compspec was defined,
-if the compspec generates no matches,
+and the compspec generates no matches,
<B>bash</B> attempts its default completions.
-If the <B>-o default</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the
-compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
-<B>readline</B>'s default completion
-if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default <B>bash</B> completions)
-generate no matches.
+If the compspec and, if attempted, the default <B>bash</B> completions
+generate no matches,
+and the <B>-o default</B> option was supplied to
+<B>complete</B> when the compspec was defined,
+programmable completion performs <B>readline</B>'s default completion.
+<P>
+
+The options supplied to <B>complete</B> and <B>compopt</B>
+can control how <B>readline</B> treats the completions.
+For instance, the <I>-o fullquote</I> option tells <B>readline</B>
+to quote the matches as if they were filenames.
+See the description of <B>complete</B> below
+for details.
<P>
-When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
-the programmable completion functions force <B>readline</B> to append a slash
-to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
-the value of the <B>mark-directories</B> <B>readline</B> variable, regardless
-of the setting of the <B>mark-symlinked-directories</B> <B>readline</B> variable.
+When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion,
+the programmable completion functions force <B>readline</B>
+to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links
+to directories, subject to the value of the
+<B>mark-directories</B> <B>readline</B> variable,
+regardless of the setting of the
+<B>mark-symlinked-directories</B> <B>readline</B> variable.
<P>
There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
attempt to find a new compspec for that command.
-This allows a set of completions to be built dynamically as completion
-is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.
+This can be used to build a set of completions dynamically
+as completion is attempted, rather than loading them all at once.
<P>
For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
</FONT>
variable.
-If <B>HISTFILESIZE</B> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
<P>
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
event line.
-A single backslash will quote the delimiter in
+A single backslash quotes the delimiter in
<I>old</I>
and
it is replaced with
<I>old</I>.
-A single backslash will quote the &.
+A single backslash quotes the &.
If
<I>old</I>
call stack.
<DT>
<DD>
-<B>cd</B> [<B>-L</B>] [-@] [<I>dir</I>]
-<DT><B>cd</B> <B>-P</B> [<B>-e</B>] [-@] [<I>dir</I>]<DD>
+<B>cd</B> [<B>-L</B>] [<B>-@</B>] [<I>dir</I>]
+<DT><B>cd</B> <B>-P</B> [<B>-e</B>] [<B>-@</B>] [<I>dir</I>]<DD>
Change the current directory to <I>dir</I>.
if <I>dir</I> is not supplied, the value of the
<B>-P</B>,
and <B>cd</B> cannot successfully determine the current working directory
-after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+after a successful directory change, it returns a non-zero status.
<DT><DD>
On systems that support it, the <B>-@</B> option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
<DT><B>file</B>
<DD>
-File names.
+File and directory names, similar to <B>readline</B>'s filename completion.
May also be specified as <B>-f</B>.
<DT><B>function</B>
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTERR</B>
</FONT>
-is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of
+is set to 0,
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+does not display any error messages,
+even if the first character of
<I>optstring</I>
is not a colon.
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
<P>
-Compound commands and command sequences of the form
+Compound commands and command lists of the form
-are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted.
+are not handled gracefully when combined with process suspension.
When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next
-command in the sequence.
-It suffices to place the sequence of commands between parentheses to
+command in the list or breaks out of any existing loops.
+It suffices to enclose the command in parentheses to
force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit,
or to start the command in the background and immediately
bring it into the foreground.
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 October 23<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2024 November 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<DT><A HREF="#lbDJ">BUGS</A><DD>
</DL>
<HR>
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241104/doc/bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 04 November 2024 18:15:00 EST
+This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241126/doc/bash.1.<BR>
+Time: 07 December 2024 09:58:26 PST
</BODY>
</HTML>
This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 23 October 2024).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 November 2024).
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 23 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 November 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 23 October 2024). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 November 2024). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 23 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 November 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
languages in your scripts.
Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign (‘$’), such as
-$"hello, world", will cause the string to be translated according to the
+$"hello, world", causes the string to be translated according to the
current locale. The ‘gettext’ infrastructure performs the lookup and
translation, using the ‘LC_MESSAGES’, ‘TEXTDOMAINDIR’, and ‘TEXTDOMAIN’
shell variables, as explained below. See the gettext documentation for
variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched
literally.
- The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. If
- you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, anchor
+ The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
+ If you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, anchor
the pattern using the ‘^’ and ‘$’ regular expression operators.
For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
For example, if a variable ‘var’ is declared as local in function
‘func1’, and ‘func1’ calls another function ‘func2’, references to ‘var’
-made from within ‘func2’ will resolve to the local variable ‘var’ from
+made from within ‘func2’ resolve to the local variable ‘var’ from
‘func1’, shadowing any global variable named ‘var’.
The following script demonstrates this behavior. When executed, the
func1
The ‘unset’ builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
-variable is local to the current scope, ‘unset’ will unset it; otherwise
-the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as
-described above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it
-will remain so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or
-until the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of
-the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts
-on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that
-name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how
+variable is local to the current scope, ‘unset’ unsets it; otherwise the
+unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described
+above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains so
+(appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the
+function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the
+variable at a previous scope becomes visible. If the unset acts on a
+variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name
+that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the
‘localvar_unset’ shell option changes this behavior).
The ‘-f’ option to the ‘declare’ (‘typeset’) builtin command (*note
-Bash Builtins::) will list function names and definitions. The ‘-F’
-option to ‘declare’ or ‘typeset’ will list the function names only (and
-optionally the source file and line number, if the ‘extdebug’ shell
-option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell
-processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation)
-automatically have them defined with the ‘-f’ option to the ‘export’
-builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). The ‘-f’ option to the ‘unset’
-builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) will delete a function
-definition.
+Bash Builtins::) lists function names and definitions. The ‘-F’ option
+to ‘declare’ or ‘typeset’ lists the function names only (and optionally
+the source file and line number, if the ‘extdebug’ shell option is
+enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
+(those created when executing a separate shell invocation) automatically
+have them defined with the ‘-f’ option to the ‘export’ builtin (*note
+Bourne Shell Builtins::). The ‘-f’ option to the ‘unset’ builtin (*note
+Bourne Shell Builtins::) deletes a function definition.
Functions may be recursive. The ‘FUNCNEST’ variable may be used to
limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
command export var=value
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
-a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the ‘+=’ operator will
-append to or add to the variable's previous value. This includes
+a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the ‘+=’ operator
+appends to or adds to the variable's previous value. This includes
arguments to declaration commands such as ‘declare’ that accept
assignment statements. When ‘+=’ is applied to a variable for which the
‘integer’ attribute has been set, the variable's current value and VALUE
If the control variable in a ‘for’ loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+is established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the ‘-n’ option to the
‘unset’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if ‘unset’
is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the
-variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters
A sequence expression takes the form ‘{X..Y[..INCR]}’, where X and Y
are either integers or letters, and INCR, an optional increment, is an
integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
-number between X and Y, inclusive. When either X or Y begins with a
-zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the
-same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are
-supplied, the expression expands to each character lexicographically
-between X and Y, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both
-X and Y must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the
-increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term.
-The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+number between X and Y, inclusive. If either X or Y begins with a zero,
+each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding
+where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to
+each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
+default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type
+(integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the
+difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as
+appropriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
Quoting any part of STRING inhibits replacement in the expansion of
the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in shell
- variables. Backslash will escape ‘&’ in STRING; the backslash is
+ variables. Backslash escapes ‘&’ in STRING; the backslash is
removed in order to permit a literal ‘&’ in the replacement string.
Users should take care if STRING is double-quoted to avoid unwanted
interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since
Controlling the Prompt::).
‘A’
The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
- statement or ‘declare’ command that, if evaluated, will
- recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
+ statement or ‘declare’ command that, if evaluated, recreates
+ PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
‘K’
Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of PARAMETER,
except that it prints the values of indexed and associative
Any side effects of COMMAND take effect immediately in the current
execution environment and persist in the current environment after the
-command completes (e.g., the ‘exit’ builtin will exit the shell).
+command completes (e.g., the ‘exit’ builtin exits the shell).
This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing
an unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current
command as the result of the expansion.
- If the ‘>(LIST)’ form is used, writing to the file will provide input
-for LIST. If the ‘<(LIST)’ form is used, reading the file will obtain
-the output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the ‘<’ or
-‘>’ and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be
-interpreted as a redirection.
+ If the ‘>(LIST)’ form is used, writing to the file provides input for
+LIST. If the ‘<(LIST)’ form is used, reading the file obtains the
+output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the ‘<’ or ‘>’
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes
(FIFOs) or the ‘/dev/fd’ method of naming open files.
regard to case. The filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’ are always ignored when
‘GLOBIGNORE’ is set and not null. However, setting ‘GLOBIGNORE’ to a
non-null value has the effect of enabling the ‘dotglob’ shell option, so
-all other filenames beginning with a ‘.’ will match. To get the old
-behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a ‘.’, make ‘.*’ one of
-the patterns in ‘GLOBIGNORE’. The ‘dotglob’ option is disabled when
+all other filenames beginning with a ‘.’ match. To get the old behavior
+of ignoring filenames beginning with a ‘.’, make ‘.*’ one of the
+patterns in ‘GLOBIGNORE’. The ‘dotglob’ option is disabled when
‘GLOBIGNORE’ is unset. The ‘GLOBIGNORE’ pattern matching honors the
setting of the ‘extglob’ shell option.
‘*’
Matches any string, including the null string. When the ‘globstar’
shell option is enabled, and ‘*’ is used in a filename expansion
- context, two adjacent ‘*’s used as a single pattern will match all
- files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed
- by a ‘/’, two adjacent ‘*’s will match only directories and
- subdirectories.
+ context, two adjacent ‘*’s used as a single pattern match all files
+ and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed by a
+ ‘/’, two adjacent ‘*’s match only directories and subdirectories.
‘?’
Matches any single character.
‘[...]’
- Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
- separated by a hyphen denotes a “range expression”; any character
- that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
- current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches. If
- the first character following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any
- character not within the range matches. To match a ‘−’, include it
- as the first or last character in the set. To match a ‘]’, include
- it as the first character in the set.
+ Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the brackets.
+ This is known as a “bracket expression” and matches a single
+ character. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a
+ “range expression”; any character that falls between those two
+ characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating
+ sequence and character set, matches. If the first character
+ following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any character not within
+ the range matches. To match a ‘−’, include it as the first or last
+ character in the set. To match a ‘]’, include it as the first
+ character in the set.
The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and the
characters included in the range, are determined by the current
setting the ‘LC_COLLATE’ or ‘LC_ALL’ environment variable to the
value ‘C’, or enable the ‘globasciiranges’ shell option.
- Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, “character classes” can be specified using the
- syntax ‘[:’CLASS‘:]’, where CLASS is one of the following classes
- defined in the POSIX standard:
+ Within a bracket expression, “character classes” can be specified
+ using the syntax ‘[:’CLASS‘:]’, where CLASS is one of the following
+ classes defined in the POSIX standard:
alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
print punct space upper word xdigit
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
The ‘word’ character class matches letters, digits, and the
character ‘_’.
- Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, an “equivalence class” can be specified using
- the syntax ‘[=’C‘=]’, which matches all characters with the same
- collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
- character C.
+ For instance, the following pattern will match any character
+ belonging to the ‘space’ character class in the current locale,
+ then any upper case letter or ‘!’, a dot, and finally any lower
+ case letter or a hyphen.
- Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, the syntax ‘[.’SYMBOL‘.]’ matches the collating
- symbol SYMBOL.
+ [[:space:]][[:upper:]!].[-[:lower:]]
+
+ Within a bracket expression, an “equivalence class” can be
+ specified using the syntax ‘[=’C‘=]’, which matches all characters
+ with the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale)
+ as the character C.
+
+ Within a bracket expression, the syntax ‘[.’SYMBOL‘.]’ matches the
+ collating symbol SYMBOL.
If the ‘extglob’ shell option is enabled using the ‘shopt’ builtin,
the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In
Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for
-each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
-file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If
-{VARNAME} precedes >&- or <&-, the value of VARNAME defines the file
-descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists
-beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to
-manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using the ‘exec’
-builtin. The ‘varredir_close’ shell option manages this behavior (*note
-The Shopt Builtin::).
+each redirection operator except ‘>&-’ and ‘<&-’, the shell allocates a
+file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to {VARNAME}.
+If {VARNAME} precedes ‘>&-’ or ‘<&-’, the value of VARNAME defines the
+file descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection
+persists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell
+programmer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without
+using the ‘exec’ builtin. The ‘varredir_close’ shell option manages
+this behavior (*note The Shopt Builtin::).
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is ‘<’, the
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table. If the operating
-system on which Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will
-use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior
-described below.
+system on which Bash is running provides these special files, Bash uses
+them; otherwise it emulates them internally with the behavior described
+below.
‘/dev/fd/FD’
If FD is a valid integer, duplicate file descriptor FD.
[N]>[|]WORD
If the redirection operator is ‘>’, and the ‘noclobber’ option to the
-‘set’ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
-whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular
-file. If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection operator
-is ‘>’ and the ‘noclobber’ option is not enabled, Bash attemps the
-redirection even if the file named by WORD exists.
+‘set’ builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose
+name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection operator is ‘>’
+and the ‘noclobber’ option is not enabled, Bash attemps the redirection
+even if the file named by WORD exists.
3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
---------------------------------
If the ‘-e’ option is supplied with ‘-P’ and ‘cd’ cannot
successfully determine the current working directory after a
- successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+ successful directory change, it returns a non-zero status.
On systems that support it, the ‘-@’ option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses _silent_ error reporting. In
normal operation, ‘getopts’ prints diagnostic messages when it
encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
- variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed,
- even if the first character of ‘optstring’ is not a colon.
+ variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, ‘getopts’ does not display any error
+ messages, even if the first character of ‘optstring’ is not a
+ colon.
If ‘getopts’ detects an invalid option, it places ‘?’ into NAME
and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets ‘OPTARG’.
When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or
shell script (identical to ‘$0’; *Note Special Parameters::, for
the description of special parameter 0). Assigning a value to
- ‘BASH_ARGV0’ assigns the same value to ‘$0’. If ‘BASH_ARGV0’ is
+ ‘BASH_ARGV0’ sets ‘$0’ to the same value. If ‘BASH_ARGV0’ is
unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
‘BASH_XTRACEFD’
If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
- will write the trace output generated when ‘set -x’ is enabled to
- that file descriptor instead of the standard error. This allows
+ writes the trace output generated when ‘set -x’ is enabled to that
+ file descriptor, instead of the standard error. This allows
tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error messages.
The file descriptor is closed when ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’ is unset or
assigned a new value. Unsetting ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’ or assigning it
displayed by the ‘dirs’ builtin. Assigning to members of this
array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
stack, but the ‘pushd’ and ‘popd’ builtins must be used to add and
- remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change
- the current directory. If ‘DIRSTACK’ is unset, it loses its
- special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ remove directories. Assigning to this variable does not change the
+ current directory. If ‘DIRSTACK’ is unset, it loses its special
+ properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
‘EMACS’
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
‘FUNCNEST’
A numeric value greater than 0 defines a maximum function nesting
- level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will
- cause the current command to abort.
+ level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level cause
+ the current command to abort.
‘GLOBIGNORE’
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names
order by modification time (newest first).
The ‘numeric’ specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as
- numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" will sort
+ numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" sorts
before "10", for example). When using ‘numeric’, names containing
non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by
name using the traditional behavior.
is subsequently reset.
‘histchars’
- Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion, quick
substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The
first character is the “history expansion” character, the character
which begins a history expansion, normally ‘!’. The second
- character is the character which signifies "quick substitution"
- when seen as the first character on a line, normally ‘^’. The
- optional third character is the character which indicates that the
- remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first
- character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment character
- disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line.
- It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of
- the line as a comment.
+ character is the "quick substitution" character, normally ‘^’.
+ When it appears as the first character on the line, history
+ substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one string
+ with another. The optional third character is the character which
+ indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as
+ the first character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment
+ character disables history substitution for the remaining words on
+ the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat
+ the rest of the line as a comment.
‘HISTCMD’
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. Assignments to ‘HISTCMD’ are ignored. If ‘HISTCMD’ is
+ command. Assignments to ‘HISTCMD’ have no effect. If ‘HISTCMD’ is
unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
‘erasedups’ causes all previous lines matching the current line to
be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any
value not in the above list is ignored. If ‘HISTCONTROL’ is unset,
- or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell
- parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of
- ‘HISTIGNORE’. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
- compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
- regardless of the value of ‘HISTCONTROL’ if the first line of the
- command was saved. If the first line was not saved, the second and
- subsequent lines of the command are not saved, either.
+ or does not include a valid value, Bash saves all lines read by the
+ shell parser on the history list, subject to the value of
+ ‘HISTIGNORE’. If the first line of a multi-line compound command
+ was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
+ added to the history regardless of the value of ‘HISTCONTROL’. If
+ the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
+ the command are not saved either.
‘HISTFILE’
The name of the file to which the command history is saved. Bash
lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
matches one of the patterns in the value of ‘HISTIGNORE’, it is not
saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
- beginning of the line and must match the complete line (Bash will
+ beginning of the line and must match the complete line (Bash does
not implicitly append a ‘*’). Each pattern is tested against the
line after the checks specified by ‘HISTCONTROL’ are applied. In
addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, ‘&’
- matches the previous history line. ‘&’ may be escaped using a
- backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The
- second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
- not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
- ‘HISTIGNORE’, if the first line was saved. If the first line was
- not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not
- saved, either. The pattern matching honors the setting of the
- ‘extglob’ shell option.
+ matches the previous history line. A backslash escapes the ‘&’;
+ the backslash is removed before attempting a match. If the first
+ line of a multi-line compound command was saved, the second and
+ subsequent lines are not tested, and are added to the history
+ regardless of the value of ‘HISTIGNORE’. If the first line was not
+ saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved
+ either. The pattern matching honors the setting of the ‘extglob’
+ shell option.
‘HISTIGNORE’ subsumes some of the function of ‘HISTCONTROL’. A
pattern of ‘&’ is identical to ‘ignoredups’, and a pattern of ‘[
to the existing list. If ‘HOSTFILE’ is set, but has no value, or
does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read ‘/etc/hosts’
to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When
- ‘HOSTFILE’ is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+ ‘HOSTFILE’ is unset, Bash clears the hostname list.
‘HOSTNAME’
The name of the current host.
‘RANDOM’
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random
- integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this variable
- initializes (seeds) the random number generator. Seeding the
- random number generator with the same constant value will produce
- the same sequence of values. If ‘RANDOM’ is unset, it loses its
+ integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to ‘RANDOM’
+ initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the
+ random number generator with the same constant value produces the
+ same sequence of values. If ‘RANDOM’ is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
‘READLINE_ARGUMENT’
The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no
- decimal point or fraction to be output. ‘time’ will print at most
- six digits after the decimal point; values of P greater than 6 are
+ decimal point or fraction to be output. ‘time’ prints at most six
+ digits after the decimal point; values of P greater than 6 are
changed to 6. If P is not specified, ‘time’ prints three digits
after the decimal point.
After reading that file, it looks for ‘~/.bash_profile’,
‘~/.bash_login’, and ‘~/.profile’, in that order, and reads and executes
commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
-‘--noprofile’ option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
-this behavior.
+‘--noprofile’ option inhibits this behavior.
When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login
shell executes the ‘exit’ builtin command, Bash reads and executes
.........................................
When Bash runs as an interactive shell that is not a login shell, it
-reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that file exists. This
-may be inhibited by using the ‘--norc’ option. The ‘--rcfile FILE’
-option causes Bash to use FILE instead of ‘~/.bashrc’.
+reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that file exists. The
+‘--norc’ option inhibits this behavior. The ‘--rcfile FILE’ option
+causes Bash to use FILE instead of ‘~/.bashrc’.
So, typically, your ‘~/.bash_profile’ contains the line
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
shell with the ‘--login’ option, it first attempts to read and execute
commands from ‘/etc/profile’ and ‘~/.profile’, in that order. The
-‘--noprofile’ option will inhibit this behavior.
+‘--noprofile’ option inhibits this behavior.
When invoked as an interactive shell with the name ‘sh’, Bash looks
for the variable ‘ENV’, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually ‘rshd’, or the secure shell
daemon ‘sshd’. If Bash determines it is being run non-interactively in
this fashion, it reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that
-file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as ‘sh’.
-The ‘--norc’ option will inhibit this behavior, and the ‘--rcfile’
-option will make Bash use a different file instead of ‘~/.bashrc’, but
+file exists and is readable. Bash does not read this file if invoked as
+‘sh’. The ‘--norc’ option inhibits this behavior, and the ‘--rcfile’
+option makes Bash use a different file instead of ‘~/.bashrc’, but
neither ‘rshd’ nor ‘sshd’ generally invoke the shell with those options
or allow them to be specified.
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
expressions. If the operating system on which Bash is running provides
-these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+these special files, Bash uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the
primaries is of the form ‘/dev/fd/N’, then Bash checks file descriptor
N. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of ‘/dev/stdin’,
safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
‘alias’ in compound commands.
- For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+ For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features
==========
Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ‘declare’ builtin will
-explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ‘declare’ builtin
+explicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned
-contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
-arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based;
-associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted,
-indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic
+expressions that must expand to an integer (*note Shell Arithmetic::))
+and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless
+otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
to using the syntax
to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
array, use
declare -a NAME
-The syntax
+(*note Bash Builtins::). The syntax
declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the
end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
- The ‘+=’ operator will append to an array variable when assigning
-using the compound assignment syntax; see *note Shell Parameters::
-above.
+ The ‘+=’ operator appends to an array variable when assigning using
+the compound assignment syntax; see *note Shell Parameters:: above.
An array element is referenced using ‘${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}’. The
braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a
-valid subscript is valid, and Bash will create an array if necessary.
+valid subscript is valid; Bash creates an array if necessary.
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
a value. The null string is a valid value.
‘\\’
A backslash.
‘\[’
- Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
- embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. Thiss could be used
+ to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
‘\]’
End a sequence of non-printing characters.
string. Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history. The
characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable
are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not
-been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an
-incremental search. ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore
-the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
+been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-j’ characters terminate an
+incremental search. ‘C-g’ aborts an incremental search and restores the
+original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
containing the search string becomes the current line.
To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
-‘C-s’ as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
-history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any
-other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
-and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
-search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
-history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
-last line found the current line, and begin editing.
+‘C-s’ as appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history
+for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other
+key sequence bound to a Readline command terminates the search and
+executes that command. For instance, a <RET> terminates the search and
+accepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two ‘C-r’s
are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’. The ‘bind’ builtin command can also be used
to set Readline keybindings and variables. *Note Bash Builtins::.
- When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
+ When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
- value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
- The default value is -1.
+ value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line. The
+ default value is -1.
‘completion-ignore-case’
If set to ‘on’, Readline performs filename matching and
The number of possible completions that determines when the
user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
- than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
- the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists
- the completions. This variable must be set to an integer
- value greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means
- Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as
- zero. The default limit is ‘100’.
+ than or equal to this value, Readline asks whether or not the
+ user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists the
+ completions. This variable must be set to an integer value
+ greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline
+ should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The
+ default limit is ‘100’.
‘convert-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline converts characters it reads that
have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing
the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting
them to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is
- ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
+ ‘on’, but Readline sets it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth
bit set. This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale
category, and may change if the locale changes. This variable
‘force-meta-prefix’ below.
‘disable-completion’
- If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
- Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
- they had been mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
+ If set to ‘On’, Readline inhibits word completion. Completion
+ characters are inserted into the line as if they had been
+ mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
‘echo-control-characters’
When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they
appearing in the pasted text. The default is ‘On’.
‘enable-keypad’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
the arrow keys. The default is ‘off’.
‘enable-meta-key’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta
- modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
- On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit
- characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability
- that indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that
- sets the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is
- held down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable any meta modifier
+ key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
+ terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
+ this variable checks for the terminal capability that
+ indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets
+ the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held
+ down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
default is ‘on’.
‘expand-tilde’
default, this variable is set to ‘off’.
‘input-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
- it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+ does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
- default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
- the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
- bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
- the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
- the locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
+ default value is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’ if the
+ locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+ with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the
+ ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if the
+ locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
‘input-meta’.
‘isearch-terminators’
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
- given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-J’ will terminate
- an incremental search.
+ given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-j’ terminate an
+ incremental search.
‘keymap’
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If
- Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will
- use the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
+ Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it uses
+ the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
value to determine whether or not input is available on the
current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default). The value is
specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this
variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
- non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
- pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default
- value is ‘500’.
+ non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed
+ to decide which key sequence to complete. The default value
+ is ‘500’.
‘mark-directories’
If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash
appended. The default is ‘on’.
‘mark-modified-lines’
- When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an
+ When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline displays an
asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
modified. This variable is ‘off’ by default.
cycling through the list. The default is ‘off’.
‘output-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the
- eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
- sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
- ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may
- include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is
- dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may
- change if the locale changes.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays characters with the eighth
+ bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+ sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’
+ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+ bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
+ the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
+ the locale changes.
‘page-completions’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
- display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This
- variable is ‘on’ by default.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+ more(1) to display a screenful of possible completions at a
+ time. This variable is ‘on’ by default.
‘prefer-visible-bell’
See ‘bell-style’.
‘print-completions-horizontally’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
the screen. The default is ‘off’.
on some keyboards.
‘forward-char (C-f)’
- Move forward a character.
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
+ arrow key on some keyboards.
‘backward-char (C-b)’
- Move back a character.
+ Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow
+ key on some keyboards.
‘forward-word (M-f)’
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
‘previous-history (C-p)’
Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
- command.
+ command. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
‘next-history (C-n)’
Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+ This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
‘beginning-of-history (M-<)’
Move to the first line in the history.
write the list of possible completions to Readline's output stream
using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
- The number of matches;
- The word being completed;
- S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
- in the readline line buffer; then
- Each match, one per line
+ • the number of matches N;
+ • the word being completed;
+ • S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+ in the Readline line buffer; then
+ • each match, one per line
- If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this command
- will not print any output after the S:E. If there is only a single
- match, this prints a single line containing it. If there is more
- than one match, this prints the common prefix of the matches, which
- may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then the matches on
- subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the first line with
- the common prefix.
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
+ command does not print any output after the S:E. If there is only
+ a single match, this prints a single line containing it. If there
+ is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+ matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then
+ the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the
+ first line with the common prefix.
The user or application should be able to accommodate the
possibility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or
‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with
- a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have
- no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
+ a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ‘ESC [’. If this
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
+ effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is
- unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ unbound by default, but usually bound to ‘ESC [’.
‘insert-comment (M-#)’
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’
8.6 Programmable Completion
===========================
-When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been defined using
-the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
-Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
+When the user attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a
+command for which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been
+defined using the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion
+Builtins::), Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
First, Bash identifies the command name. If a compspec has been
defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), Bash
-uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’. If the
-command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec for the
-full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname,
-Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final
-slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
-defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the default. If
-there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the
-command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the
-command word from any successful expansion.
+uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’. The ‘-I’
+option to ‘complete’ indicates that the command word is the first
+non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as
+‘;’ or ‘|’. This usually indicates command name completion.
+
+ If the command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec
+for the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full
+pathname, Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the
+final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, or if there
+is no compspec for the command word, Bash uses any compspec defined with
+the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ as the default. If there is no default
+compspec, Bash performs alias expansion on the command word as a final
+resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word resulting
+from any successful expansion.
If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
described above (*note Commands For Completion::). Otherwise, once a
compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate the list of matching
words.
- First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec. Only
-matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.
+ First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec. This
+only returns matches which are prefixes of the word being completed.
When the ‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name
completion, Bash uses shell the variable ‘FIGNORE’ to filter the
matches. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
- Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the ‘-G’
-option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
-match the word being completed. Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to
-filter the matches, but does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable.
+ Next, programmable completion generates matches specified by a
+pathname expansion pattern supplied as an argument to the ‘-G’ option.
+The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being
+completed. Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to filter the matches, but
+does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable.
Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to
the ‘-W’ option. The string is first split using the characters in the
-‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within
+‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within
the string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
shell metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’. Each word is
then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
matching words become possible completions.
After these matches have been generated, Bash executes any shell
-function or command any shell function or command specified with the
-‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options. When the command or function is invoked, the
-‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are
-assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell
-function is being invoked, the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables
-are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first
-argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being
-completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
-third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on
-the current command line. There is no filtering of the generated
-completions against the word being completed; the function or command
-has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+function or command specified with the ‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options. When the
+command or function is invoked, Bash assigns values to the ‘COMP_LINE’,
+‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables as described above
+(*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, Bash
+also sets the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables. When the
+function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
+the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
+($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
+word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.
+There is no filtering of the generated completions against the word
+being completed; the function or command has complete freedom in
+generating the matches and they do not need to match a prefix of the
+word.
Any function specified with ‘-F’ is invoked first. The function may
use any of the shell facilities, including the ‘compgen’ and ‘compopt’
Next, any command specified with the ‘-C’ option is invoked in an
environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list
-of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
-used to escape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of
-possible completions.
-
- After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the ‘-X’ option is applied to the list. The filter is a
-pattern as used for pathname expansion; a ‘&’ in the pattern is replaced
-with the text of the word being completed. A literal ‘&’ may be escaped
-with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
-Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading ‘!’ negates the pattern; in this case any completion not
-matching the pattern will be removed. If the ‘nocasematch’ shell option
-(see the description of ‘shopt’ in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
-enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
-characters.
-
- Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the ‘-P’ and ‘-S’
-options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result
-is returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
+of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash will
+escape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of possible
+completions.
+
+ After generating all of the possible completions, Bash applies any
+filter specified with the ‘-X’ option to the completions in the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a ‘&’ in the
+pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A
+literal ‘&’ may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed
+before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern is
+removed from the list. A leading ‘!’ negates the pattern; in this case
+Bash removes any completion that does not match the pattern. If the
+‘nocasematch’ shell option is enabled (see the description of ‘shopt’ in
+*note The Shopt Builtin::), Bash performs the match without regard to
+the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ Finally, programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified
+with the ‘-P’ and ‘-S’ options, respectively, to each completion, and
+returns the result to Readline as the list of possible completions.
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
the ‘-o dirnames’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec
to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default Bash completions and the Readline default of filename completion
are disabled. If the ‘-o bashdefault’ option was supplied to ‘complete’
-when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
-Bash attempts its default completions. If the ‘-o default’ option was
-supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, programmable
-completion will perform Readline's default completion if the compspec
-(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
-
- When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+when the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no matches,
+Bash attempts its default completions. If the compspec and, if
+attempted, the default Bash completions generate no matches, and the ‘-o
+default’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was
+defined, programmable completion performs Readline's default completion.
+
+ The options supplied to ‘complete’ and ‘compopt’ can control how
+Readline treats the completions. For instance, the ‘-o fullquote’
+option tells Readline to quote the matches as if they were filenames.
+See the description of ‘complete’ (*note Programmable Completion
+Builtins::) for details.
+
+ When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion,
the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the
compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
-completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
-than being loaded all at once.
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This can be used to
+build a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempted,
+rather than loading them all at once.
For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each
kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following
as ‘-e’.
‘file’
- File names. May also be specified as ‘-f’.
+ File and directory names, similar to Readline's filename
+ completion. May also be specified as ‘-f’.
‘function’
Names of shell functions.
with the history expansion character.
Several shell options settable with the ‘shopt’ builtin (*note The
-Shopt Builtin::) will modify history expansion behavior If the
-‘histverify’ shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used,
-history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
-Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer
-for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the
-‘histreedit’ shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion is
-reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
+Shopt Builtin::) modify history expansion behavior If the ‘histverify’
+shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, history
+substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead,
+the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for
+further modification. If Readline is being used, and the ‘histreedit’
+shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion is reloaded into the
+Readline editing buffer for correction.
The ‘-p’ option to the ‘history’ builtin command shows what a history
expansion will do before using it. The ‘-s’ option to the ‘history’
The first argument: word 1.
‘$’
- The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand
- to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but expands to
+ the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
‘%’
The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘/’. The
delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If
‘&’ appears in NEW, it is replaced with OLD. A single backslash
- will quote the ‘&’ in OLD and NEW. If OLD is null, it is set to
- the last OLD substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
- took place, the last STRING in a !?STRING‘[?]’ search. If NEW is
- null, each matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is
- optional if it is the last character on the input line.
+ quotes the ‘&’ in OLD and NEW. If OLD is null, it is set to the
+ last OLD substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took
+ place, the last STRING in a !?STRING‘[?]’ search. If NEW is null,
+ each matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is optional if
+ it is the last character on the input line.
‘&’
Repeat the previous substitution.
* .: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 17)
* [: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 337)
+ (line 338)
* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11)
* bg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 7)
* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 37)
* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins.
- (line 257)
+ (line 258)
* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 106)
* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 179)
* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 179)
* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 230)
+ (line 231)
* help: Bash Builtins. (line 374)
* history: Bash History Builtins.
(line 59)
* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 70)
* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 262)
+ (line 263)
* read: Bash Builtins. (line 548)
* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 659)
* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 274)
+ (line 275)
* return: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 299)
+ (line 300)
* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11)
* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 324)
+ (line 325)
* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9)
* source: Bash Builtins. (line 668)
* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
(line 139)
* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 337)
+ (line 338)
* times: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 437)
+ (line 438)
* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 443)
+ (line 444)
* true: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 509)
+ (line 510)
* type: Bash Builtins. (line 673)
* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 710)
* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 716)
* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 514)
+ (line 515)
* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 824)
* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 532)
+ (line 533)
* wait: Job Control Builtins.
(line 86)
* GLOBSORT: Bash Variables. (line 376)
* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 414)
* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 420)
-* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 434)
-* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 440)
-* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 458)
-* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 464)
-* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 475)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 435)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 441)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 459)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 465)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 476)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 232)
* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 238)
-* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 499)
-* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 506)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 500)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 507)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 248)
-* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 515)
-* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 526)
-* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 529)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 516)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 527)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 530)
* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 18)
-* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 532)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 533)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 256)
-* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 541)
-* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 545)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 542)
+* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 546)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 267)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 274)
* LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
-* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 551)
-* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 555)
-* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 559)
-* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 566)
+* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 552)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 556)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 560)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 567)
* LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
-* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 571)
-* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 575)
-* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 579)
-* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 583)
-* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 590)
-* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 596)
+* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 572)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 576)
+* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 580)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 584)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 591)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 597)
* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 24)
-* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 600)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 601)
* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 29)
-* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 608)
+* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 609)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 304)
* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 321)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 256)
-* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 612)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 613)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 36)
-* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 615)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 616)
* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 40)
-* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 620)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 621)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 326)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 335)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 44)
-* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 623)
-* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 629)
-* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 639)
-* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 643)
-* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 649)
-* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 655)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 624)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 630)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 640)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 644)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 650)
+* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 656)
* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 53)
* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 58)
-* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 660)
-* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 665)
-* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 673)
-* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 676)
-* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 684)
-* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 688)
-* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 692)
-* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 698)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 702)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 661)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 666)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 674)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 677)
+* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 685)
+* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 689)
+* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 693)
+* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 699)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 703)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 348)
* search-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 355)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 706)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 716)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 721)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 730)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 707)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 717)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 722)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 731)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 360)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 375)
* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 381)
-* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 735)
+* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 736)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
-* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 744)
-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 783)
-* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 795)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 799)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 745)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 784)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 796)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 800)
* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 394)
* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 6)
* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 133)
-* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 17)
+* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 18)
* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
(line 11)
* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing.
(line 28)
-* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 24)
+* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History.
- (line 20)
+ (line 22)
* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 35)
* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
(line 41)
* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 45)
-* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 50)
-* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 55)
+* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 52)
+* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 57)
* complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
(line 6)
* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion.
* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
- (line 23)
+ (line 25)
* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 10)
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 37)
* export-completions (): Commands For Completion.
(line 44)
* fetch-history (): Commands For History.
- (line 106)
+ (line 108)
* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 23)
* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 14)
* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
- (line 33)
-* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 20)
+ (line 35)
+* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 103)
* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands.
* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 126)
* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
- (line 51)
+ (line 53)
* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
- (line 58)
+ (line 60)
* history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History.
- (line 65)
+ (line 67)
* history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History.
- (line 71)
+ (line 73)
* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 59)
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
(line 39)
* next-history (C-n): Commands For History.
- (line 17)
-* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 43)
+ (line 18)
+* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 45)
* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
- (line 45)
+ (line 47)
* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
- (line 39)
+ (line 41)
* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Commands For History.
- (line 99)
+ (line 101)
* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 77)
* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion.
(line 111)
(line 19)
* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History.
(line 13)
-* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 36)
+* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38)
* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 28)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 6)
-* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 59)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 61)
* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
- (line 27)
+ (line 29)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 26)
* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 32)
(line 33)
* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
(line 37)
-* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 32)
+* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 119)
-* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 28)
+* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
* shell-kill-word (M-C-d): Commands For Killing.
(line 32)
* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t): Commands For Text. (line 58)
* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing.
(line 72)
* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History.
- (line 87)
+ (line 89)
* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History.
- (line 77)
+ (line 79)
* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.
(line 75)
\1f
Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f899
-Node: Introduction\7f2838
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3051
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4184
-Node: Definitions\7f6794
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f10121
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f11345
-Node: Shell Operation\7f12372
-Node: Quoting\7f13663
-Node: Escape Character\7f15001
-Node: Single Quotes\7f15536
-Node: Double Quotes\7f15885
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17230
-Node: Locale Translation\7f18624
+Node: Top\7f901
+Node: Introduction\7f2842
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3055
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4188
+Node: Definitions\7f6798
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f10125
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f11349
+Node: Shell Operation\7f12376
+Node: Quoting\7f13667
+Node: Escape Character\7f15005
+Node: Single Quotes\7f15540
+Node: Double Quotes\7f15889
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17234
+Node: Locale Translation\7f18628
Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f20031
Node: Comments\7f24229
Node: Shell Commands\7f24996
Node: Compound Commands\7f32590
Node: Looping Constructs\7f33599
Node: Conditional Constructs\7f36118
-Node: Command Grouping\7f51050
-Node: Coprocesses\7f52542
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f55228
-Node: Shell Functions\7f56146
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f64623
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f69361
-Node: Special Parameters\7f70451
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f73912
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f76101
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f78829
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f81784
-Node: Command Substitution\7f101552
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f105085
-Node: Process Substitution\7f106098
-Node: Word Splitting\7f107214
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f109658
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f112926
-Node: Quote Removal\7f118263
-Node: Redirections\7f118567
-Node: Executing Commands\7f128776
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f129443
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f131551
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f133995
-Node: Environment\7f137443
-Node: Exit Status\7f139346
-Node: Signals\7f141404
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f146333
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f149631
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f151742
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f178292
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f214740
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f215082
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f227036
-Node: Special Builtins\7f244088
-Node: Shell Variables\7f245077
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f245511
-Node: Bash Variables\7f248019
-Node: Bash Features\7f286362
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f287376
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f293802
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f299094
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f299502
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f300164
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f300988
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f304749
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f309968
-Node: Aliases\7f313297
-Node: Arrays\7f316432
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f323495
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f324292
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f328737
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f331621
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f334503
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f352565
-Node: Job Control\7f361572
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f362029
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f368307
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f374989
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f376220
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f377923
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f380275
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f381463
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f383271
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f384267
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f386290
-Node: Searching\7f387347
-Node: Readline Init File\7f389608
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f390912
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f417659
-Node: Sample Init File\7f422044
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f425165
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f426703
-Node: Commands For History\7f428930
-Node: Commands For Text\7f434183
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f438308
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f441096
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f442248
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f447931
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f448632
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f455185
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f456162
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f464208
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f475873
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f481218
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f481899
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f485634
-Node: History Interaction\7f492105
-Node: Event Designators\7f497059
-Node: Word Designators\7f498637
-Node: Modifiers\7f500945
-Node: Installing Bash\7f502886
-Node: Basic Installation\7f504002
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f507878
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f508628
-Node: Installation Names\7f510381
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f512615
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f513361
-Node: Operation Controls\7f514075
-Node: Optional Features\7f515094
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f527474
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f528832
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f550252
-Node: Indexes\7f575429
-Node: Builtin Index\7f575880
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f582978
-Node: Variable Index\7f585423
-Node: Function Index\7f602836
-Node: Concept Index\7f616831
+Node: Command Grouping\7f51054
+Node: Coprocesses\7f52546
+Node: GNU Parallel\7f55232
+Node: Shell Functions\7f56150
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f64602
+Node: Positional Parameters\7f69327
+Node: Special Parameters\7f70417
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f73878
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f76067
+Node: Tilde Expansion\7f78768
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f81723
+Node: Command Substitution\7f101483
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f105012
+Node: Process Substitution\7f106025
+Node: Word Splitting\7f107133
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f109577
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f112840
+Node: Quote Removal\7f118563
+Node: Redirections\7f118867
+Node: Executing Commands\7f129095
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f129762
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f131870
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f134314
+Node: Environment\7f137762
+Node: Exit Status\7f139665
+Node: Signals\7f141723
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f146652
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f149950
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f152061
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f178626
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f215074
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f215416
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f227370
+Node: Special Builtins\7f244422
+Node: Shell Variables\7f245411
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f245845
+Node: Bash Variables\7f248353
+Node: Bash Features\7f286744
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f287758
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f294184
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f299426
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f299834
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f300496
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f301320
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f305081
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f310292
+Node: Aliases\7f313621
+Node: Arrays\7f316755
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f323839
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f324636
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f329081
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f331966
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f334848
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f352910
+Node: Job Control\7f361917
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f362374
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f368652
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f375334
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f376565
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f378268
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f380620
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f381808
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f383616
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f384612
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f386635
+Node: Searching\7f387692
+Node: Readline Init File\7f389935
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f391238
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f417921
+Node: Sample Init File\7f422306
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f425427
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f426965
+Node: Commands For History\7f429333
+Node: Commands For Text\7f434723
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f438848
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f441636
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f442788
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f448484
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f449185
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f455745
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f456722
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f465459
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f477196
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f482541
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f483222
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f486957
+Node: History Interaction\7f493428
+Node: Event Designators\7f498378
+Node: Word Designators\7f499956
+Node: Modifiers\7f502260
+Node: Installing Bash\7f504197
+Node: Basic Installation\7f505313
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f509189
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f509939
+Node: Installation Names\7f511692
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f513926
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f514672
+Node: Operation Controls\7f515386
+Node: Optional Features\7f516405
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f528785
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f530143
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f551563
+Node: Indexes\7f576740
+Node: Builtin Index\7f577191
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f584289
+Node: Variable Index\7f586734
+Node: Function Index\7f604147
+Node: Concept Index\7f618142
\1f
End Tag Table
@xrdef{Executing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 3.7}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-title}{Simple Command Expansion}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.1}
-@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-title}{Command Search and Execution}
-@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.2}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{44}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{44}
+@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-title}{Command Search and Execution}
+@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.2}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-title}{Command Execution Environment}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.3}
@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{45}
@xrdef{Environment-pg}{46}
@xrdef{Exit Status-title}{Exit Status}
@xrdef{Exit Status-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.5}
+@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{47}
@xrdef{Signals-title}{Signals}
@xrdef{Signals-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.6}
-@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{47}
@xrdef{Signals-pg}{48}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-title}{Shell Scripts}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-snt}{Section@tie 3.8}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{156}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{158}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{159}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-title}{A Programmable Completion Example}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-snt}{Section@tie 8.8}
-@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{162}
+@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{163}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-title}{Using History Interactively}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-snt}{Chapter@tie 9}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-title}{Bash History Facilities}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-snt}{Section@tie 9.1}
-@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{165}
-@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{165}
+@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{166}
+@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{166}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-title}{Bash History Builtins}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 9.2}
-@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{166}
+@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{167}
@xrdef{History Interaction-title}{History Expansion}
@xrdef{History Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 9.3}
-@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{168}
+@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{169}
@xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators}
@xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1}
-@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{169}
+@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{170}
@xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators}
@xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2}
@xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers}
@xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3}
-@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{170}
-@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{171}
+@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{171}
+@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{172}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-snt}{Section@tie 10.1}
-@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{172}
-@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{172}
+@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{173}
+@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{173}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-title}{Compilers and Options}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-snt}{Section@tie 10.2}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-title}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-snt}{Section@tie 10.3}
@xrdef{Installation Names-title}{Installation Names}
@xrdef{Installation Names-snt}{Section@tie 10.4}
-@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{173}
-@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{173}
+@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{174}
+@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{174}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-title}{Specifying the System Type}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-snt}{Section@tie 10.5}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-title}{Sharing Defaults}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-snt}{Section@tie 10.6}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-title}{Operation Controls}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-snt}{Section@tie 10.7}
-@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{174}
-@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{174}
-@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{174}
+@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{175}
+@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{175}
+@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{175}
@xrdef{Optional Features-title}{Optional Features}
@xrdef{Optional Features-snt}{Section@tie 10.8}
-@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{175}
-@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{175}
+@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{176}
+@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{176}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-title}{Reporting Bugs}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-snt}{Appendix@tie @char65{}}
-@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{181}
+@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{182}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-snt}{Appendix@tie @char66{}}
-@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{182}
+@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{183}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}}
-@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{189}
+@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{190}
@xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes}
@xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1}
-@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{197}
-@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{197}
+@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{198}
+@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{198}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2}
@xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index}
@xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3}
-@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{198}
-@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{199}
+@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{199}
+@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{200}
@xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index}
@xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4}
-@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{201}
+@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{202}
@xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index}
@xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5}
-@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{203}
+@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{204}
\entry{wait}{126}{\code {wait}}
\entry{disown}{126}{\code {disown}}
\entry{suspend}{126}{\code {suspend}}
-\entry{compgen}{158}{\code {compgen}}
+\entry{compgen}{159}{\code {compgen}}
\entry{complete}{159}{\code {complete}}
\entry{compopt}{162}{\code {compopt}}
-\entry{fc}{166}{\code {fc}}
-\entry{history}{166}{\code {history}}
+\entry{fc}{167}{\code {fc}}
+\entry{history}{167}{\code {history}}
\entry{\code {caller}}{62}
\entry{\code {cd}}{52}
\entry{\code {command}}{62}
-\entry{\code {compgen}}{158}
+\entry{\code {compgen}}{159}
\entry{\code {complete}}{159}
\entry{\code {compopt}}{162}
\entry{\code {continue}}{53}
\entry{\code {export}}{53}
\initial {F}
\entry{\code {false}}{54}
-\entry{\code {fc}}{166}
+\entry{\code {fc}}{167}
\entry{\code {fg}}{125}
\initial {G}
\entry{\code {getopts}}{54}
\initial {H}
\entry{\code {hash}}{55}
\entry{\code {help}}{66}
-\entry{\code {history}}{166}
+\entry{\code {history}}{167}
\initial {J}
\entry{\code {jobs}}{125}
\initial {K}
\entry{initialization file, readline}{131}{initialization file, readline}
\entry{variables, readline}{132}{variables, readline}
\entry{programmable completion}{156}{programmable completion}
-\entry{completion builtins}{158}{completion builtins}
-\entry{History, how to use}{164}{History, how to use}
-\entry{command history}{165}{command history}
-\entry{history list}{165}{history list}
-\entry{history builtins}{166}{history builtins}
-\entry{history expansion}{168}{history expansion}
-\entry{event designators}{169}{event designators}
-\entry{history events}{169}{history events}
-\entry{installation}{172}{installation}
-\entry{configuration}{172}{configuration}
-\entry{Bash installation}{172}{Bash installation}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{172}{Bash configuration}
+\entry{completion builtins}{159}{completion builtins}
+\entry{History, how to use}{165}{History, how to use}
+\entry{command history}{166}{command history}
+\entry{history list}{166}{history list}
+\entry{history builtins}{167}{history builtins}
+\entry{history expansion}{169}{history expansion}
+\entry{event designators}{170}{event designators}
+\entry{history events}{170}{history events}
+\entry{installation}{173}{installation}
+\entry{configuration}{173}{configuration}
+\entry{Bash installation}{173}{Bash installation}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{173}{Bash configuration}
\entry{arrays}{109}
\initial {B}
\entry{background}{123}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{172}
-\entry{Bash installation}{172}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{173}
+\entry{Bash installation}{173}
\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{107}
\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{107}
\entry{Bourne shell}{5}
\entry{command editing}{129}
\entry{command execution}{45}
\entry{command expansion}{44}
-\entry{command history}{165}
+\entry{command history}{166}
\entry{command search}{45}
\entry{command substitution}{35}
\entry{command timing}{10}
\entry{comments, shell}{9}
\entry{Compatibility Level}{120}
\entry{Compatibility Mode}{120}
-\entry{completion builtins}{158}
+\entry{completion builtins}{159}
\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{107}
-\entry{configuration}{172}
+\entry{configuration}{173}
\entry{control operator}{3}
\entry{coprocess}{18}
\initial {D}
\entry{editing command lines}{129}
\entry{environment}{46}
\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{106}
-\entry{event designators}{169}
+\entry{event designators}{170}
\entry{execution environment}{45}
\entry{exit status}{3, 47}
\entry{expansion}{24}
\entry{foreground}{123}
\entry{functions, shell}{19}
\initial {H}
-\entry{history builtins}{166}
-\entry{history events}{169}
-\entry{history expansion}{168}
-\entry{history list}{165}
-\entry{History, how to use}{164}
+\entry{history builtins}{167}
+\entry{history events}{170}
+\entry{history expansion}{169}
+\entry{history list}{166}
+\entry{History, how to use}{165}
\initial {I}
\entry{identifier}{3}
\entry{initialization file, readline}{131}
-\entry{installation}{172}
+\entry{installation}{173}
\entry{interaction, readline}{128}
\entry{interactive shell}{101, 103}
\entry{internationalization}{7}
\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{151}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
\entry{menu-complete ()}{151}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{152}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
+\entry{export-completions ()}{152}{\code {export-completions ()}}
\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{152}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{152}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{152}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{152}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{152}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{152}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
-\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{152}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
-\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{152}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
-\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{152}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
-\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{152}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{152}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
+\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{153}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
+\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{153}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
+\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{153}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
+\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{153}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{153}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{153}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{153}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{153}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{153}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}
\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{153}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
\entry{abort (C-g)}{153}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
-\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{153}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
-\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{153}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
-\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{153}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
-\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{153}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
-\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{153}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
-\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{153}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
-\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{153}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
+\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{154}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
+\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{154}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
+\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{154}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
+\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{154}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
+\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{154}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
+\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{154}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
+\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{154}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
\entry{character-search (C-])}{154}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{154}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{154}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{154}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
-\entry{dump-functions ()}{154}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
-\entry{dump-variables ()}{154}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
-\entry{dump-macros ()}{154}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
-\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{154}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}
+\entry{dump-functions ()}{155}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
+\entry{dump-variables ()}{155}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
+\entry{dump-macros ()}{155}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
+\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{155}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}
\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{155}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}
\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{155}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{155}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{155}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{155}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{155}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
-\entry{magic-space ()}{155}{\code {magic-space ()}}
-\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{155}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{155}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{155}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{155}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}
-\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{155}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
+\entry{magic-space ()}{156}{\code {magic-space ()}}
+\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{156}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{156}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{156}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{156}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}
+\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{156}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
\initial {A}
\entry{\code {abort (C-g)}}{153}
\entry{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{155}
+\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{156}
\initial {B}
\entry{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{145}
\entry{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{148}
\entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{146}
\entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{146}
\entry{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{151}
-\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{153}
\entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{152}
\entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{152}
\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{153}
\entry{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{150}
\entry{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{150}
\initial {D}
-\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{153}
\entry{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{148}
\entry{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{152}
\entry{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{150}
\entry{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{151}
-\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{155}
-\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{153}
+\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{156}
+\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{154}
\entry{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{154}
-\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{154}
-\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{154}
-\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{152}
+\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{155}
+\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{155}
+\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{155}
+\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{153}
\initial {E}
-\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{156}
\entry{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{153}
\entry{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{148}
\entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{146}
\entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{153}
-\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {export-completions ()}}{152}
\initial {F}
\entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{148}
\entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{148}
\entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{155}
\entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{155}
\initial {H}
-\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{155}
+\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{156}
\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{155}
\entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{147}
\entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{147}
\initial {I}
\entry{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{154}
\entry{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{151}
-\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{156}
\initial {K}
\entry{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{149}
\entry{\code {kill-region ()}}{150}
\entry{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{150}
\entry{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{150}
\initial {M}
-\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{155}
+\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{156}
\entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{151}
\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{152}
\initial {N}
\entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{148}
\entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{149}
\initial {P}
-\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{153}
\entry{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{151}
\entry{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{153}
\entry{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{152}
\entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{153}
+\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{154}
\entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{146}
\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{146}
\entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{153}
\entry{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{153}
\entry{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{146}
\entry{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{154}
\initial {S}
\entry{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{148}
-\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{154}
\entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{150}
\entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{145}
\entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{155}
\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{155}
\entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{153}
\initial {T}
-\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{154}
\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{149}
\entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{149}
\initial {U}
-\entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{154}
\entry{\code {universal-argument ()}}{151}
\entry{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{150}
\entry{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{149}
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 23 October 2024).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 November 2024).
-This is Edition 5.3, last updated 23 October 2024,
+This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 November 2024,
of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
for Bash, Version 5.3.
<h1 class="top" id="Bash-Features-1"><span>Bash Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Features-1"> ¶</a></span></h1>
<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 23 October 2024).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 November 2024).
The Bash home page is <a class="url" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
</p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 23 October 2024,
+<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 November 2024,
of <cite class="cite">The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
for <code class="code">Bash</code>, Version 5.3.
</p>
<p>Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
-features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
+features that only appear in Bash.
+Some of the shells that Bash has
borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<samp class="file">sh</samp>), the Korn Shell
(<samp class="file">ksh</samp>), and the C-shell (<samp class="file">csh</samp> and its successor,
-<samp class="file">tcsh</samp>). The following menu breaks the features up into
+<samp class="file">tcsh</samp>).
+The following menu breaks the features up into
categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
which are specific to Bash.
</p>
-<p>This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
-Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
+<p>This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in Bash.
+The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
reference on shell behavior.
</p>
</p>
<p>A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
a backslash.
-If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’
appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
The backslash preceding the ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’ is not removed.
</p>
<p>Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign (‘<samp class="samp">$</samp>’), such
as <code class="verb">$"hello, world"</code>,
-will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+causes the string to be translated according to the current locale.
The <code class="code">gettext</code> infrastructure performs the lookup and
translation, using the <code class="code">LC_MESSAGES</code>, <code class="code">TEXTDOMAINDIR</code>,
and <code class="code">TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variables, as explained below.
If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally.
</p>
-<p>The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string.
+<p>The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
If you want to force the pattern to match the entire string,
anchor the pattern using the ‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">$</samp>’ regular expression
operators.
</p>
<p>For example, if a variable <code class="env">var</code> is declared as local in function
<code class="code">func1</code>, and <code class="code">func1</code> calls another function <code class="code">func2</code>,
-references to <code class="env">var</code> made from within <code class="code">func2</code> will resolve to the
+references to <code class="env">var</code> made from within <code class="code">func2</code> resolve to the
local variable <code class="env">var</code> from <code class="code">func1</code>, shadowing any global variable
named <code class="env">var</code>.
</p>
func1
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code class="code">unset</code> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
-variable is local to the current scope, <code class="code">unset</code> will unset it;
-otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
+<p>The <code class="code">unset</code> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
+variable is local to the current scope, <code class="code">unset</code> unsets it;
+otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
as described above.
-If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains so
(appearing as unset)
until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
-scope will become visible.
-If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
+scope becomes visible.
+If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible
-(see below how <code class="code">localvar_unset</code> shell option changes this behavior).
+(see below how the <code class="code">localvar_unset</code> shell option changes this behavior).
</p>
<p>The <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to the <code class="code">declare</code> (<code class="code">typeset</code>)
builtin command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>)
-will list function names and definitions.
+lists function names and definitions.
The <samp class="option">-F</samp> option to <code class="code">declare</code> or <code class="code">typeset</code>
-will list the function names only
+lists the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <code class="code">extdebug</code>
shell option is enabled).
Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
The <samp class="option">-f</samp> option to
the <code class="code">unset</code> builtin
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
-will delete a function definition.
+deletes a function definition.
</p>
<p>Functions may be recursive.
The <code class="code">FUNCNEST</code> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
</pre></div>
<p>In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index (see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the ‘<samp class="samp">+=</samp>’
-operator will append to or add to the variable’s previous value.
-This includes arguments to declaration commands such as <code class="code">declare</code>
-that accept assignment statements.
-When ‘<samp class="samp">+=</samp>’ is applied to a variable for which the <code class="code">integer</code> attribute
-has been set,
+to a shell variable or array index (see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>),
+the ‘<samp class="samp">+=</samp>’ operator appends to or adds to
+the variable’s previous value.
+This includes arguments to declaration commands such as
+<code class="code">declare</code> that accept assignment statements.
+When ‘<samp class="samp">+=</samp>’ is applied to a variable
+for which the <code class="code">integer</code> attribute has been set,
the variable’s current value and <var class="var">value</var> are each evaluated as
arithmetic expressions,
and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable’s value.
</p>
<p>If the control variable in a <code class="code">for</code> loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+is established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
Namerefs can be unset using the <samp class="option">-n</samp> option to the <code class="code">unset</code> builtin
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
Otherwise, if <code class="code">unset</code> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
-as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="1">Positional Parameters</a></li>
and <var class="var">incr</var>, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
<var class="var">x</var> and <var class="var">y</var>, inclusive.
-When either <var class="var">x</var> or <var class="var">y</var> begins with a zero, the shell
-attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
+If either <var class="var">x</var> or <var class="var">y</var> begins with a zero,
+each generated term will contain the same number of digits,
zero-padding where necessary.
When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
lexicographically between <var class="var">x</var> and <var class="var">y</var>, inclusive,
<p>Quoting any part of <var class="var">string</var> inhibits replacement in the
expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored
in shell variables.
-Backslash will escape ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ in <var class="var">string</var>; the backslash is removed
+Backslash escapes ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ in <var class="var">string</var>; the backslash is removed
in order to permit a literal ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ in the replacement string.
Users should take care if <var class="var">string</var> is double-quoted to avoid
unwanted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since
<dt><code class="code">A</code></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string in the form of
an assignment statement or <code class="code">declare</code> command that, if
-evaluated, will recreate <var class="var">parameter</var> with its attributes and value.
+evaluated, recreates <var class="var">parameter</var> with its attributes and value.
</p></dd>
<dt><code class="code">K</code></dt>
<dd><p>Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of <var class="var">parameter</var>,
<p>Any side effects of <var class="var">command</var> take effect immediately
in the current execution environment and persist in the current
environment after the command completes (e.g., the <code class="code">exit</code> builtin
-will exit the shell).
+exits the shell).
</p>
<p>This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
expansion.
</p>
<p>If the <code class="code">>(<var class="var">list</var>)</code> form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for <var class="var">list</var>.
+the file provides input for <var class="var">list</var>.
If the
<code class="code"><(<var class="var">list</var>)</code> form is used, reading the file
-will obtain the output of <var class="var">list</var>.
+obtains the output of <var class="var">list</var>.
Note that no space may appear between the <code class="code"><</code> or <code class="code">></code>
and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
as a redirection.
and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
-Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
+Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
produces a null field,
which is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.
</p>
However, setting <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code> to a non-null value has the effect of
enabling the <code class="code">dotglob</code>
shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
-‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’ will match.
+‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’
+match.
To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’, make ‘<samp class="samp">.*</samp>’ one of the patterns in <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>.
The <code class="code">dotglob</code> option is disabled when <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
<dd><p>Matches any string, including the null string.
When the <code class="code">globstar</code> shell option is enabled, and ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’ is used in
a filename expansion context, two adjacent ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’s used as a single
-pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+pattern match all files and zero or more directories and
subdirectories.
-If followed by a ‘<samp class="samp">/</samp>’, two adjacent ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’s will match only
+If followed by a ‘<samp class="samp">/</samp>’, two adjacent ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’s match only
directories and subdirectories.
</p></dd>
<dt><code class="code">?</code></dt>
<dd><p>Matches any single character.
</p></dd>
<dt><code class="code">[…]</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
+<dd><p>Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the brackets.
+This is known as a <em class="dfn">bracket expression</em>
+and matches a single character.
A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a <em class="dfn">range expression</em>;
any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
using the current locale’s collating sequence and character set, matches.
If the first character following the
-‘<samp class="samp">[</samp>’ is a ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’ or a ‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’
+‘<samp class="samp">[</samp>’ is a ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’ or a ‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’
then any character not within the range matches.
To match a ‘<samp class="samp">−</samp>’, include it as the first
or last character in the set.
<code class="env">LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value ‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’, or enable the
<code class="code">globasciiranges</code> shell option.
</p>
-<p>Within ‘<samp class="samp">[</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">]</samp>’, <em class="dfn">character classes</em> can be specified
+<p>Within a bracket expression, <em class="dfn">character classes</em> can be specified
using the syntax
<code class="code">[:</code><var class="var">class</var><code class="code">:]</code>, where <var class="var">class</var> is one of the
following classes defined in the <small class="sc">POSIX</small> standard:
The <code class="code">word</code> character class matches letters, digits, and the character
‘<samp class="samp">_</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>Within ‘<samp class="samp">[</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">]</samp>’, an <em class="dfn">equivalence class</em> can be
+<p>For instance, the following pattern will match any character belonging
+to the <code class="code">space</code> character class in the current locale, then any
+upper case letter or ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’, a dot, and finally any lower case letter
+or a hyphen.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">[[:space:]][[:upper:]!].[-[:lower:]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Within a bracket expression, an <em class="dfn">equivalence class</em> can be
specified using the syntax <code class="code">[=</code><var class="var">c</var><code class="code">=]</code>, which
matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
by the current locale) as the character <var class="var">c</var>.
</p>
-<p>Within ‘<samp class="samp">[</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">]</samp>’, the syntax <code class="code">[.</code><var class="var">symbol</var><code class="code">.]</code>
+<p>Within a bracket expression, the syntax <code class="code">[.</code><var class="var">symbol</var><code class="code">.]</code>
matches the collating symbol <var class="var">symbol</var>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<h3 class="section" id="Redirections-1"><span>3.6 Redirections<a class="copiable-link" href="#Redirections-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-redirection"></a>
-<p>Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be <em class="dfn">redirected</em>
+<p>Before a command is executed, its input and output may be
+<em class="dfn">redirected</em>
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
<em class="dfn">Redirection</em> allows commands’ file handles to be
duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files,
<p>Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<var class="var">varname</var>}.
In this case, for each redirection operator except
->&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than 10 and assign it to {<var class="var">varname</var>}.
-If {<var class="var">varname</var>} precedes >&- or <&-,
-the value of <var class="var">varname</var> defines the file
-descriptor to close.
+<code class="code">>&-</code>
+and
+<code class="code"><&-</code>,
+the shell allocates a file descriptor greater
+than or equal to 10 and assigns it to {<var class="var">varname</var>}.
+If {<var class="var">varname</var>} precedes
+<code class="code">>&-</code>
+or
+<code class="code"><&-</code>,
+the value of <var class="var">varname</var> defines the file descriptor to close.
If {<var class="var">varname</var>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
-the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to manage
-the file descriptor’s lifetime manually without using
+the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to
+manage the file descriptor’s lifetime manually without using
the <code class="code">exec</code> builtin.
The <code class="code">varredir_close</code> shell option manages this behavior
(see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
</p>
<p>In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
-‘<samp class="samp"><</samp>’, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
-descriptor 0).
-If the first character of the redirection operator
-is ‘<samp class="samp">></samp>’, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
-descriptor 1).
+‘<samp class="samp"><</samp>’,
+the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).
+If the first character of the redirection operator is
+‘<samp class="samp">></samp>’,
+the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
</p>
<p>The <var class="var">word</var> following the redirection operator in the following
descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to
<p>Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table.
If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
-special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+special files, Bash uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with the behavior described below.
</p>
<dl class="table">
<pre class="example-preformatted">[<var class="var">n</var>]>[|]<var class="var">word</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>If the redirection operator is ‘<samp class="samp">></samp>’, and the <code class="code">noclobber</code>
-option to the <code class="code">set</code> builtin has been enabled, the redirection
-will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
-<var class="var">word</var> exists and is a regular file.
+<p>If the redirection operator is
+‘<samp class="samp">></samp>’,
+and the
+<code class="code">noclobber</code>
+option to the
+<code class="code">set</code>
+builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of <var class="var">word</var> exists and is
+a regular file.
If the redirection operator is ‘<samp class="samp">>|</samp>’, or the redirection operator is
‘<samp class="samp">></samp>’ and the <code class="code">noclobber</code> option is not enabled,
Bash attemps the redirection
</p>
<p>If the <samp class="option">-e</samp> option is supplied with <samp class="option">-P</samp>
and <code class="code">cd</code> cannot successfully determine the current working directory
-after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+after a successful directory change, it returns a non-zero status.
</p>
<p>On systems that support it, the <samp class="option">-@</samp> option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
In normal operation, <code class="code">getopts</code> prints diagnostic messages
when it encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.
If the variable <code class="env">OPTERR</code>
-is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of <code class="code">optstring</code> is not a colon.
+is set to 0, <code class="code">getopts</code> does not display any error messages,
+even if the first character of <code class="code">optstring</code> is not a colon.
</p>
<p>If <code class="code">getopts</code> detects an invalid option, it
places ‘<samp class="samp">?</samp>’ into <var class="var">name</var> and, if not silent,
<dd><p>When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
script (identical to <code class="code">$0</code>; See <a class="xref" href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>,
for the description of special parameter 0).
-Assigning a value to <code class="code">BASH_ARGV0</code>
-assigns the same value to <code class="code">$0</code>.
-If <code class="env">BASH_ARGV0</code>
+Assigning a value to
+<code class="code">BASH_ARGV0</code>
+sets <code class="code">$0</code> to the same value.
+If
+<code class="env">BASH_ARGV0</code>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
</p>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"></a><span><code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
-will write the trace output generated when ‘<samp class="samp">set -x</samp>’
-is enabled to that file descriptor
+<dd><p>If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+Bash writes the trace output generated when
+‘<samp class="samp">set -x</samp>’
+is enabled to that file descriptor,
instead of the standard error.
This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
messages.
-The file descriptor is closed when <code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code> is unset or assigned
-a new value.
-Unsetting <code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code> or assigning it the empty string causes the
+The file descriptor is closed when
+<code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code>
+is unset or assigned a new value.
+Unsetting
+<code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code>
+or assigning it the empty string causes the
trace output to be sent to the standard error.
-Note that setting <code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code> to 2 (the standard error file
+Note that setting
+<code class="code">BASH_XTRACEFD</code>
+to 2 (the standard error file
descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
</p>
Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
directories already in the stack, but the <code class="code">pushd</code> and <code class="code">popd</code>
builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
-Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+Assigning to this variable does not change the current directory.
If <code class="env">DIRSTACK</code>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
<p>This variable can be used with <code class="code">BASH_LINENO</code> and <code class="code">BASH_SOURCE</code>.
Each element of <code class="code">FUNCNAME</code> has corresponding elements in
<code class="code">BASH_LINENO</code> and <code class="code">BASH_SOURCE</code> to describe the call stack.
-For instance, <code class="code">${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called from the file
-<code class="code">${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code> at line number <code class="code">${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code>.
+For instance,
+<code class="code">${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code>
+was called from the file
+<code class="code">${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>
+at line number
+<code class="code">${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code>.
The <code class="code">caller</code> builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
</p>
<dt><a id="index-FUNCNEST"></a><span><code class="code">FUNCNEST</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-FUNCNEST"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A numeric value greater than 0 defines a maximum function nesting level.
Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
-will cause the current command to abort.
+cause the current command to abort.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-GLOBIGNORE"></a><span><code class="code">GLOBIGNORE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-GLOBIGNORE"> ¶</a></span></dt>
</p>
<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">numeric</samp>’ specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as
numbers and sorts them using their numeric value
-(so "2" will sort before "10", for example).
+(so “2” sorts before “10”, for example).
When using ‘<samp class="samp">numeric</samp>’, names containing non-digits sort after all
the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior.
</p>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-histchars"></a><span><code class="code">histchars</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-histchars"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
-substitution, and tokenization (see <a class="pxref" href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
-The first character is the
-<em class="dfn">history expansion</em> character,
-the character which begins a history expansion, normally ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’.
-The second character is the
-character which signifies "quick substitution" when seen as the first
-character on a line, normally ‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’.
-The optional third character is the
-character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
-found as the first character of a word, usually ‘<samp class="samp">#</samp>’.
-The history
-comment character disables history substitution for the
-remaining words on the line.
-It does not necessarily cause the shell
-parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+<dd><p>The two or three characters which control history expansion,
+quick substitution, and tokenization
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
+The first character is the <em class="dfn">history expansion</em> character,
+the character which begins a history expansion, normally
+‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’.
+The second character is the “quick substitution” character, normally
+‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’.
+When it appears as the first character on the line,
+history substitution repeats the previous command,
+replacing one string with another.
+The optional third character is the character which indicates that
+the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character
+of a word, usually ‘<samp class="samp">#</samp>’.
+The history comment character disables history substitution
+for the remaining words on the line.
+It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the
+line as a comment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-HISTCMD"></a><span><code class="code">HISTCMD</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-HISTCMD"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
command.
-Assignments to <code class="env">HISTCMD</code> are ignored.
+Assignments to <code class="env">HISTCMD</code>
+have no effect.
If <code class="env">HISTCMD</code>
is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
current line to be removed from the history list before that line
is saved.
Any value not in the above list is ignored.
-If <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code> is unset, or does not include a valid value,
-all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+If <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code> is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+Bash saves all lines read by the shell parser on the history list,
subject to the value of <code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-<code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code> if the first line of the command was saved.
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>.
If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
-the command are not saved, either.
+the command are not saved either.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-HISTFILE"></a><span><code class="code">HISTFILE</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-HISTFILE"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
lines should be saved on the history list.
If a command line matches one of the patterns in the value of
-<code class="code">HISTIGNORE</code>, it is not saved on the history list.
-Each pattern is
-anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
-line (Bash will not implicitly append a ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’).
-Each pattern is tested
-against the line after the checks specified by <code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>
+<code class="code">HISTIGNORE</code>,
+it is not saved on the history list.
+Each pattern is anchored at the
+beginning of the line and must match the complete line
+(Bash does not implicitly append a
+‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’).
+Each pattern is tested against the line
+after the checks specified by
+<code class="env">HISTCONTROL</code>
are applied.
-In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’
+In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters,
+‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’
matches the previous history line.
-‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
-before attempting a match.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-<code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>, if the first line was saved.
+A backslash escapes the
+‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’;
+the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<code class="env">HISTIGNORE</code>.
If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
-the command are not saved, either.
+the command are not saved either.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code class="code">extglob</code> shell
option.
</p>
the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
existing list.
-If <code class="env">HOSTFILE</code> is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+If <code class="env">HOSTFILE</code>
+is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
Bash attempts to read
-<samp class="file">/etc/hosts</samp> to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
-When <code class="env">HOSTFILE</code> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+<samp class="file">/etc/hosts</samp>
+to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When <code class="env">HOSTFILE</code> is unset,
+Bash clears the hostname list.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-HOSTNAME"></a><span><code class="code">HOSTNAME</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-HOSTNAME"> ¶</a></span></dt>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-RANDOM"></a><span><code class="code">RANDOM</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-RANDOM"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer
-between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this
-variable initializes (seeds) the random number generator.
-Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value will
-produce the same sequence of values.
+between 0 and 32767.
+Assigning a value to
+<code class="env">RANDOM</code>
+initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers.
+Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value
+produces the same sequence of values.
If <code class="env">RANDOM</code>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<p>The optional <var class="var">p</var> is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
fractional digits after a decimal point.
A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
-<code class="code">time</code> will print at most six digits after the decimal point;
+<code class="code">time</code> prints at most six digits after the decimal point;
values of <var class="var">p</var> greater than 6 are changed to 6.
If <var class="var">p</var> is not specified,
<code class="code">time</code> prints three digits after the decimal point.
After reading that file, it looks for <samp class="file">~/.bash_profile</samp>,
<samp class="file">~/.bash_login</samp>, and <samp class="file">~/.profile</samp>, in that order, and reads
and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
-The <samp class="option">--noprofile</samp> option may be used when the shell is started to
-inhibit this behavior.
+The
+<samp class="option">--noprofile</samp>
+option inhibits this behavior.
</p>
<p>When an interactive login shell exits,
or a non-interactive login shell executes the <code class="code">exit</code> builtin command,
<p>When Bash runs as an interactive shell that is not a login shell, it
reads and executes commands from <samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>, if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the <samp class="option">--norc</samp> option.
+The <samp class="option">--norc</samp> option inhibits this behavior.
The <samp class="option">--rcfile <var class="var">file</var></samp> option
causes Bash to
use <var class="var">file</var> instead of <samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>.
shell with the <samp class="option">--login</samp> option, it first attempts to read
and execute commands from <samp class="file">/etc/profile</samp> and <samp class="file">~/.profile</samp>, in
that order.
-The <samp class="option">--noprofile</samp> option will inhibit this behavior.
+The <samp class="option">--noprofile</samp> option inhibits this behavior.
</p>
<p>When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <code class="code">sh</code>, Bash
looks for the variable <code class="env">ENV</code>, expands its value if it is defined,
determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion,
it reads and executes commands from <samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>, if that
file exists and is readable.
-It will not do this if invoked as <code class="code">sh</code>.
-The <samp class="option">--norc</samp> option will inhibit this behavior, and the
-<samp class="option">--rcfile</samp> option
-will make Bash use a different file instead of
-<samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>, but neither
+Bash does not read this file if invoked as <code class="code">sh</code>.
+The
+<samp class="option">--norc</samp>
+option inhibits this behavior, and the
+<samp class="option">--rcfile</samp>
+option makes Bash use a different file instead of
+<samp class="file">~/.bashrc</samp>,
+but neither
<code class="code">rshd</code> nor <code class="code">sshd</code> generally invoke the shell with those
options or allow them to be specified.
</p>
<p>Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
expressions.
If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
-special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+special files, Bash uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with this behavior:
If the <var class="var">file</var> argument to one of the primaries is of the form
<samp class="file">/dev/fd/<var class="var">N</var></samp>, then Bash checks file descriptor <var class="var">N</var>.
alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <code class="code">alias</code>
in compound commands.
</p>
-<p>For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+<p>For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Arrays-1"><span>6.7 Arrays<a class="copiable-link" href="#Arrays-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrays"></a>
-<p>Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array;
-the <code class="code">declare</code> builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+<p>Bash
+provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
+<code class="code">declare</code>
+builtin explicitly declares an array.
There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
-Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-
expressions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>)) and are zero-based;
+Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
+
that must expand to an integer (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>)) and are zero-based;
associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
</p>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">declare -a <var class="var">name</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>The syntax
+<p>(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
+The syntax
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">declare -a <var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]
</pre></div>
<var class="var">name</var>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
</p>
-<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">+=</samp>’ operator will append to an array variable when assigning
+<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">+=</samp>’ operator appends to an array variable when assigning
using the compound assignment syntax; see <a class="ref" href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a> above.
</p>
<p>An array element is referenced using
</p>
<p>Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing with a subscript of 0.
-Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid, and
-Bash will create an array if necessary.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid;
+Bash creates an array if necessary.
</p>
<p>An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value.
<dd><p>A backslash.
</p></dd>
<dt><code class="code">\[</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
+<dd><p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.
+Thiss could be used to
embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
</p></dd>
<dt><code class="code">\]</code></dt>
The characters present in the value of the <code class="code">isearch-terminators</code> variable
are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> and
-<kbd class="kbd">C-J</kbd> characters will terminate an incremental search.
-<kbd class="kbd">C-g</kbd> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+<kbd class="kbd">C-j</kbd> characters terminate an incremental search.
+<kbd class="kbd">C-g</kbd> aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
</p>
<p>To find other matching entries in the history list, type <kbd class="kbd">C-r</kbd> or
<kbd class="kbd">C-s</kbd> as appropriate.
-This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+This searches backward or forward in the history for the next
entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate
-the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a <kbd class="key">RET</kbd> will terminate the search and accept
+Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command terminates
+the search and executes that command.
+For instance, a <kbd class="key">RET</kbd> terminates the search and accepts
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
keybindings and variables.
See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>.
</p>
-<p>When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
+<p>When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
</p>
<p>In addition, the <code class="code">C-x C-r</code> command re-reads this init file, thus
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
-A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+A value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
</p>
</dd>
<dd><p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked
whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than
-or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
-the user wishes to view them;
+or equal to this value,
+Readline asks whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions.
This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-convert_002dmeta"></a><span><code class="code">convert-meta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-convert_002dmeta"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline will convert characters it reads
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline converts characters it reads
that have the eighth bit set to an <small class="sc">ASCII</small> key sequence by
clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> character,
converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
-The default value is ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, but Readline will set it to ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’
+The default value is ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, but Readline sets it to ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’
if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <code class="code">LC_CTYPE</code> locale category, and
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-disable_002dcompletion"></a><span><code class="code">disable-completion</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-disable_002dcompletion"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">On</samp>’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
-Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">On</samp>’, Readline inhibits word completion.
+Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they
had been mapped to <code class="code">self-insert</code>.
The default is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’.
</p>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-enable_002dkeypad"></a><span><code class="code">enable-keypad</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline will try to enable the application
+<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called.
Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
The default is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-enable_002dmeta_002dkey"></a><span><code class="code">enable-meta-key</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-enable_002dmeta_002dkey"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline will try to enable any meta
+<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline tries to enable any meta
modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
</dd>
<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-meta_002dflag"></a>
<a id="index-input_002dmeta"></a><span><code class="code">input-meta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-input_002dmeta"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
-will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The default value is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’, but Readline will set it to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’
+The default value is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’, but Readline sets it to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <code class="code">LC_CTYPE</code> locale category, and
<dd><p>The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
subsequently executing the character as a command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Searching">Searching for Commands in the History</a>).
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <kbd class="key">ESC</kbd> and
-<kbd class="kbd">C-J</kbd> will terminate an incremental search.
+<kbd class="kbd">C-j</kbd> terminate an incremental search.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-keymap"></a><span><code class="code">keymap</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-keymap"> ¶</a></span></dt>
reading an ambiguous key sequence
(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
-If Readline doesn’t receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+If Readline doesn’t receive any input within the timeout, it uses the
shorter but complete key sequence.
Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
available on the current input source (<code class="code">rl_instream</code> by default).
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
The default value is <code class="code">500</code>.
</p>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"></a><span><code class="code">mark-modified-lines</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>When this variable is set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline will to display an
+<dd><p>When this variable is set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline displays an
asterisk (‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’ by default.
</p>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-output_002dmeta"></a><span><code class="code">output-meta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-output_002dmeta"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline will display characters with the
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline displays characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
-The default is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’, but Readline will set it to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’
+The default is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’, but Readline sets it to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <code class="code">LC_CTYPE</code> locale category, and
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-page_002dcompletions"></a><span><code class="code">page-completions</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-page_002dcompletions"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline uses an internal <code class="code">more</code>-like pager
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+<i class="i">more</i>(1)
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’ by default.
</p>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">print-completions-horizontally</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline will display completions with matches
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp class="samp">on</samp>’, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
The default is ‘<samp class="samp">off</samp>’.
</p>
<var class="var">NEWLINE</var>,
<var class="var">RET</var>,
<var class="var">RETURN</var>,
-<var class="var">RUBOUT</var> (a destructive backspace),
+<var class="var">RUBOUT</var>
+(a destructive backspace),
<var class="var">SPACE</var>,
<var class="var">SPC</var>,
and
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"></a><span><code class="code">forward-char (C-f)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move forward a character.
+This may also be bound to the right arrow key on some keyboards.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"></a><span><code class="code">backward-char (C-b)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move back a character.
+This may also be bound to the left arrow key on some keyboards.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"></a><span><code class="code">forward-word (M-f)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"></a><span><code class="code">previous-history (C-p)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move ‘back’ through the history list, fetching the previous command.
+This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"></a><span><code class="code">next-history (C-n)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move ‘forward’ through the history list, fetching the next command.
+This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"></a><span><code class="code">beginning-of-history (M-<)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
This command is unbound by default.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><a id="index-export_002dcompletions-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">export-completions ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-export_002dcompletions-_0028_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform completion on the word before point as described above
+and write the list of possible completions to Readline’s output stream
+using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
+</p>
+<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
+<li>the number of matches <var class="var">N</var>;
+</li><li>the word being completed;
+</li><li><var class="var">S</var>:<var class="var">E</var>,
+where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+in the Readline line buffer; then
+</li><li>each match, one per line
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>If there are no matches, the first line will be “0”,
+and this command does not print any output after the <var class="var">S</var>:<var class="var">E</var>.
+If there is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
+If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the <var class="var">S</var>:<var class="var">E</var>,
+then the matches on subsequent lines.
+In this case, <var class="var">N</var> will include the first line with the common prefix.
+</p>
+<p>The user or application
+should be able to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.
+The intent is that the user or application reads <var class="var">N</var> lines after
+the line containing <var class="var">S</var>:<var class="var">E</var> to obtain the match list.
+This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><a id="index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">delete-char-or-list ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like <code class="code">delete-char</code>).
<dt><a id="index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">skip-csi-sequence ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End.
-CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually
+<kbd class="kbd">ESC [</kbd>.
If this sequence is bound to "\e[",
-keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.
-This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+keys producing CSI sequences have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a Readline command,
+instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to
+<kbd class="kbd">ESC [</kbd>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"></a><span><code class="code">insert-comment (M-#)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<h3 class="section" id="Programmable-Completion-1"><span>8.6 Programmable Completion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Programmable-Completion-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-programmable-completion"></a>
-<p>When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a <em class="dfn">compspec</em>) has been defined
-using the <code class="code">complete</code> builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>),
+<p>When the user attempts word completion
+for a command or an argument to a command for which a
+completion specification (a <em class="dfn">compspec</em>) has been defined
+using the <code class="code">complete</code> builtin
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>),
Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
</p>
<p>First, Bash identifies the command name.
If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
beginning of an empty line), Bash uses any compspec defined with
the <samp class="option">-E</samp> option to <code class="code">complete</code>.
-If the command word is a full pathname, Bash
+The <samp class="option">-I</samp> option to <code class="code">complete</code>
+indicates that the command word is the first non-assignment word
+on the line, or after a command delimiter such as
+‘<samp class="samp">;</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">|</samp>’.
+This usually indicates command name completion.
+</p>
+<p>If the command word is a full pathname, Bash
searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
If there is no compspec for the full pathname, Bash attempts to
find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
-If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
-the <samp class="option">-D</samp> option to <code class="code">complete</code> is used as the default.
-If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
-on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec,
+or if there is no compspec for the command word,
+Bash uses any compspec defined with
+the <samp class="option">-D</samp> option to <code class="code">complete</code> as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, Bash performs alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort,
+and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
+resulting from any successful expansion.
</p>
<p>If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a>).
the list of matching words.
</p>
<p>First, Bash performs the <var class="var">actions</var> specified by the compspec.
-Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
-returned.
+This only returns matches which are prefixes
+of the word being completed.
When the <samp class="option">-f</samp> or <samp class="option">-d</samp> option is used for filename or
directory name completion, Bash uses shell the variable <code class="env">FIGNORE</code>
to filter the matches.
See <a class="xref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code class="env">FIGNORE</code>.
</p>
-<p>Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
-<samp class="option">-G</samp> option are generated next.
+<p>Next, programmable completion generates matches
+specified by a pathname expansion pattern
+supplied as an argument to the
+<samp class="option">-G</samp> option.
The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
Bash uses the <code class="env">FIGNORE</code>
variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
the string specified as the argument to the <samp class="option">-W</samp> option.
The string is first split using the characters in the <code class="env">IFS</code>
special variable as delimiters.
-Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a
+This honors shell quoting within the string, in order to provide a
mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
in the value of <code class="env">IFS</code>.
Each word is then expanded using
</p>
<p>After these matches have been generated,
Bash executes any shell function or command
-any shell function or command
specified with the <samp class="option">-F</samp> and <samp class="option">-C</samp> options.
-When the command or function is invoked, the <code class="env">COMP_LINE</code>,
-<code class="env">COMP_POINT</code>, <code class="env">COMP_KEY</code>, and <code class="env">COMP_TYPE</code> variables are
-assigned values as described above (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
-If a shell function is being invoked, the <code class="env">COMP_WORDS</code> and
-<code class="env">COMP_CWORD</code> variables are also set.
+When the command or function is invoked, Bash
+assigns values to the
+<code class="env">COMP_LINE</code>,
+<code class="env">COMP_POINT</code>,
+<code class="env">COMP_KEY</code>,
+and
+<code class="env">COMP_TYPE</code>
+variables as described above
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+If a shell function is being invoked, Bash
+also sets the
+<code class="env">COMP_WORDS</code>
+and
+<code class="env">COMP_CWORD</code>
+variables.
When the function or command is invoked,
the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments
are being completed,
completed on the current command line.
There is no filtering of the generated completions against the
word being completed;
-the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches
+and they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
</p>
<p>Any function specified with <samp class="option">-F</samp> is invoked first.
The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
It should print a list of completions, one per line, to
the standard output.
-Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+Backslash will escape a newline, if necessary.
These are added to the set of possible completions.
</p>
-<p>After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the <samp class="option">-X</samp> option is applied to the list.
+<p>After generating all of the possible completions,
+Bash applies any filter
+specified with the <samp class="option">-X</samp> option to the completions in the list.
The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’
in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
A literal ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
is removed before attempting a match.
-Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’ negates the pattern; in this case any completion
-not matching the pattern will be removed.
-If the <code class="code">nocasematch</code> shell option
-(see the description of <code class="code">shopt</code> in <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the list.
+A leading ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’ negates the pattern;
+in this case Bash removes
+any completion that does not match the pattern.
+If the <code class="code">nocasematch</code> shell option is enabled
+(see the description of <code class="code">shopt</code> in <a class="ref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+Bash performs the match without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
</p>
-<p>Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <samp class="option">-P</samp> and <samp class="option">-S</samp>
-options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
-returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
+<p>Finally, programmable completion adds
+any prefix and suffix specified with the
+<samp class="option">-P</samp> and <samp class="option">-S</samp>
+options, respectively, to each completion,
+and returns the result
+to Readline as the list of possible completions.
</p>
<p>If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
<samp class="option">-o dirnames</samp> option was supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> when the
The default Bash completions and the Readline default
of filename completion are disabled.
If the <samp class="option">-o bashdefault</samp> option was supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> when
-the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
+the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no matches,
Bash attempts its default completions.
-If the <samp class="option">-o default</samp> option was supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> when the
-compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
-Readline’s default completion
-if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
-generate no matches.
-</p>
-<p>When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
-the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
-to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
-the value of the <var class="var">mark-directories</var> Readline variable, regardless
-of the setting of the <var class="var">mark-symlinked-directories</var> Readline variable.
+If the compspec and, if attempted, the default Bash completions
+generate no matches,
+and the <samp class="option">-o default</samp> option was supplied to
+<code class="code">complete</code> when the compspec was defined,
+programmable completion performs Readline’s default completion.
+</p>
+<p>The options supplied to <code class="code">complete</code> and <code class="code">compopt</code>
+can control how Readline treats the completions.
+For instance, the <samp class="option">-o fullquote</samp> option tells Readline
+to quote the matches as if they were filenames.
+See the description of <code class="code">complete</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>)
+for details.
+</p>
+<p>When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion,
+the programmable completion functions force Readline
+to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links
+to directories, subject to the value of the
+<var class="var">mark-directories</var> Readline variable,
+regardless of the setting of the
+<var class="var">mark-symlinked-directories</var> Readline variable.
</p>
<p>There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
attempt to find a new compspec for that command.
-This allows a set of completions to be built dynamically as completion
-is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.
+This can be used to build a set of completions dynamically
+as completion is attempted, rather than loading them all at once.
</p>
<p>For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">file</code></dt>
-<dd><p>File names.
+<dd><p>File and directory names, similar to Readline’s filename completion.
May also be specified as <samp class="option">-f</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
</p>
<p>Several shell options settable with the <code class="code">shopt</code>
builtin (see <a class="pxref" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
-will modify history expansion behavior
+modify history expansion behavior
If the <code class="code">histverify</code> shell option is enabled, and Readline
is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
the shell parser.
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">$</code></dt>
<dd><p>The last word.
-This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+This is usually the last argument, but expands to the
zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
</p>
</dd>
The delimiter may be quoted in <var class="var">old</var> and <var class="var">new</var>
with a single backslash.
If ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ appears in <var class="var">new</var>, it is replaced with <var class="var">old</var>.
-A single backslash will quote the ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ in <var class="var">old</var> and <var class="var">new</var>.
+A single backslash quotes the ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ in <var class="var">old</var> and <var class="var">new</var>.
If <var class="var">old</var> is null, it is set to the last <var class="var">old</var>
substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
the last <var class="var">string</var>
<h3 class="appendixsec"><span>B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell<a class="copiable-link" href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
-many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.
+For instance:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
a shell control structure such as an <code class="code">if</code> or <code class="code">while</code>
statement.
-</li><li>Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently
+</li><li>Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes.
+The SVR4.2 shell will silently
insert a needed closing quote at <code class="code">EOF</code> under certain circumstances.
This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
</li><li>The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
-trapping <code class="code">SIGSEGV</code>. If the shell is started from a process with
+trapping <code class="code">SIGSEGV</code>.
+If the shell is started from a process with
<code class="code">SIGSEGV</code> blocked (e.g., by using the <code class="code">system()</code> C library
function call), it misbehaves badly.
‘<samp class="samp">|</samp>’.
</li><li>Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (<code class="code">-x -v</code>);
-the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (<code class="code">-xv</code>). In
-fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (<code class="code">-xv</code>).
+In fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
with a ‘<samp class="samp">-</samp>’.
</li><li>The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-execute_002dnamed_002dcommand-_0028M_002dx_0029"><code>execute-named-command (M-x)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-export_002dcompletions-_0028_0029"><code>export-completions ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-F">F</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029"><code>fetch-history ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 23 October 2024).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 November 2024).
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 23 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 November 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 23 October 2024). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 November 2024). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 23 October 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 November 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
languages in your scripts.
Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign (‘$’), such as
-$"hello, world", will cause the string to be translated according to the
+$"hello, world", causes the string to be translated according to the
current locale. The ‘gettext’ infrastructure performs the lookup and
translation, using the ‘LC_MESSAGES’, ‘TEXTDOMAINDIR’, and ‘TEXTDOMAIN’
shell variables, as explained below. See the gettext documentation for
variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched
literally.
- The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. If
- you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, anchor
+ The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
+ If you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, anchor
the pattern using the ‘^’ and ‘$’ regular expression operators.
For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
For example, if a variable ‘var’ is declared as local in function
‘func1’, and ‘func1’ calls another function ‘func2’, references to ‘var’
-made from within ‘func2’ will resolve to the local variable ‘var’ from
+made from within ‘func2’ resolve to the local variable ‘var’ from
‘func1’, shadowing any global variable named ‘var’.
The following script demonstrates this behavior. When executed, the
func1
The ‘unset’ builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
-variable is local to the current scope, ‘unset’ will unset it; otherwise
-the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as
-described above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it
-will remain so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or
-until the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of
-the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts
-on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that
-name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how
+variable is local to the current scope, ‘unset’ unsets it; otherwise the
+unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described
+above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains so
+(appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the
+function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the
+variable at a previous scope becomes visible. If the unset acts on a
+variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name
+that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the
‘localvar_unset’ shell option changes this behavior).
The ‘-f’ option to the ‘declare’ (‘typeset’) builtin command (*note
-Bash Builtins::) will list function names and definitions. The ‘-F’
-option to ‘declare’ or ‘typeset’ will list the function names only (and
-optionally the source file and line number, if the ‘extdebug’ shell
-option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell
-processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation)
-automatically have them defined with the ‘-f’ option to the ‘export’
-builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). The ‘-f’ option to the ‘unset’
-builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) will delete a function
-definition.
+Bash Builtins::) lists function names and definitions. The ‘-F’ option
+to ‘declare’ or ‘typeset’ lists the function names only (and optionally
+the source file and line number, if the ‘extdebug’ shell option is
+enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
+(those created when executing a separate shell invocation) automatically
+have them defined with the ‘-f’ option to the ‘export’ builtin (*note
+Bourne Shell Builtins::). The ‘-f’ option to the ‘unset’ builtin (*note
+Bourne Shell Builtins::) deletes a function definition.
Functions may be recursive. The ‘FUNCNEST’ variable may be used to
limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
command export var=value
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
-a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the ‘+=’ operator will
-append to or add to the variable's previous value. This includes
+a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the ‘+=’ operator
+appends to or adds to the variable's previous value. This includes
arguments to declaration commands such as ‘declare’ that accept
assignment statements. When ‘+=’ is applied to a variable for which the
‘integer’ attribute has been set, the variable's current value and VALUE
If the control variable in a ‘for’ loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+is established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the ‘-n’ option to the
‘unset’ builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if ‘unset’
is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the
-variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters
A sequence expression takes the form ‘{X..Y[..INCR]}’, where X and Y
are either integers or letters, and INCR, an optional increment, is an
integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
-number between X and Y, inclusive. When either X or Y begins with a
-zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the
-same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are
-supplied, the expression expands to each character lexicographically
-between X and Y, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both
-X and Y must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the
-increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term.
-The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+number between X and Y, inclusive. If either X or Y begins with a zero,
+each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding
+where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to
+each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
+default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type
+(integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the
+difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as
+appropriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
Quoting any part of STRING inhibits replacement in the expansion of
the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in shell
- variables. Backslash will escape ‘&’ in STRING; the backslash is
+ variables. Backslash escapes ‘&’ in STRING; the backslash is
removed in order to permit a literal ‘&’ in the replacement string.
Users should take care if STRING is double-quoted to avoid unwanted
interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since
Controlling the Prompt::).
‘A’
The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
- statement or ‘declare’ command that, if evaluated, will
- recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
+ statement or ‘declare’ command that, if evaluated, recreates
+ PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
‘K’
Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of PARAMETER,
except that it prints the values of indexed and associative
Any side effects of COMMAND take effect immediately in the current
execution environment and persist in the current environment after the
-command completes (e.g., the ‘exit’ builtin will exit the shell).
+command completes (e.g., the ‘exit’ builtin exits the shell).
This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing
an unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current
command as the result of the expansion.
- If the ‘>(LIST)’ form is used, writing to the file will provide input
-for LIST. If the ‘<(LIST)’ form is used, reading the file will obtain
-the output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the ‘<’ or
-‘>’ and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be
-interpreted as a redirection.
+ If the ‘>(LIST)’ form is used, writing to the file provides input for
+LIST. If the ‘<(LIST)’ form is used, reading the file obtains the
+output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the ‘<’ or ‘>’
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes
(FIFOs) or the ‘/dev/fd’ method of naming open files.
regard to case. The filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’ are always ignored when
‘GLOBIGNORE’ is set and not null. However, setting ‘GLOBIGNORE’ to a
non-null value has the effect of enabling the ‘dotglob’ shell option, so
-all other filenames beginning with a ‘.’ will match. To get the old
-behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a ‘.’, make ‘.*’ one of
-the patterns in ‘GLOBIGNORE’. The ‘dotglob’ option is disabled when
+all other filenames beginning with a ‘.’ match. To get the old behavior
+of ignoring filenames beginning with a ‘.’, make ‘.*’ one of the
+patterns in ‘GLOBIGNORE’. The ‘dotglob’ option is disabled when
‘GLOBIGNORE’ is unset. The ‘GLOBIGNORE’ pattern matching honors the
setting of the ‘extglob’ shell option.
‘*’
Matches any string, including the null string. When the ‘globstar’
shell option is enabled, and ‘*’ is used in a filename expansion
- context, two adjacent ‘*’s used as a single pattern will match all
- files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed
- by a ‘/’, two adjacent ‘*’s will match only directories and
- subdirectories.
+ context, two adjacent ‘*’s used as a single pattern match all files
+ and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed by a
+ ‘/’, two adjacent ‘*’s match only directories and subdirectories.
‘?’
Matches any single character.
‘[...]’
- Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
- separated by a hyphen denotes a “range expression”; any character
- that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
- current locale's collating sequence and character set, matches. If
- the first character following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any
- character not within the range matches. To match a ‘−’, include it
- as the first or last character in the set. To match a ‘]’, include
- it as the first character in the set.
+ Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the brackets.
+ This is known as a “bracket expression” and matches a single
+ character. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a
+ “range expression”; any character that falls between those two
+ characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating
+ sequence and character set, matches. If the first character
+ following the ‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ then any character not within
+ the range matches. To match a ‘−’, include it as the first or last
+ character in the set. To match a ‘]’, include it as the first
+ character in the set.
The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and the
characters included in the range, are determined by the current
setting the ‘LC_COLLATE’ or ‘LC_ALL’ environment variable to the
value ‘C’, or enable the ‘globasciiranges’ shell option.
- Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, “character classes” can be specified using the
- syntax ‘[:’CLASS‘:]’, where CLASS is one of the following classes
- defined in the POSIX standard:
+ Within a bracket expression, “character classes” can be specified
+ using the syntax ‘[:’CLASS‘:]’, where CLASS is one of the following
+ classes defined in the POSIX standard:
alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
print punct space upper word xdigit
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
The ‘word’ character class matches letters, digits, and the
character ‘_’.
- Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, an “equivalence class” can be specified using
- the syntax ‘[=’C‘=]’, which matches all characters with the same
- collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
- character C.
+ For instance, the following pattern will match any character
+ belonging to the ‘space’ character class in the current locale,
+ then any upper case letter or ‘!’, a dot, and finally any lower
+ case letter or a hyphen.
- Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, the syntax ‘[.’SYMBOL‘.]’ matches the collating
- symbol SYMBOL.
+ [[:space:]][[:upper:]!].[-[:lower:]]
+
+ Within a bracket expression, an “equivalence class” can be
+ specified using the syntax ‘[=’C‘=]’, which matches all characters
+ with the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale)
+ as the character C.
+
+ Within a bracket expression, the syntax ‘[.’SYMBOL‘.]’ matches the
+ collating symbol SYMBOL.
If the ‘extglob’ shell option is enabled using the ‘shopt’ builtin,
the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In
Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for
-each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
-file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If
-{VARNAME} precedes >&- or <&-, the value of VARNAME defines the file
-descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists
-beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to
-manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using the ‘exec’
-builtin. The ‘varredir_close’ shell option manages this behavior (*note
-The Shopt Builtin::).
+each redirection operator except ‘>&-’ and ‘<&-’, the shell allocates a
+file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to {VARNAME}.
+If {VARNAME} precedes ‘>&-’ or ‘<&-’, the value of VARNAME defines the
+file descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection
+persists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell
+programmer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without
+using the ‘exec’ builtin. The ‘varredir_close’ shell option manages
+this behavior (*note The Shopt Builtin::).
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is ‘<’, the
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table. If the operating
-system on which Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will
-use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior
-described below.
+system on which Bash is running provides these special files, Bash uses
+them; otherwise it emulates them internally with the behavior described
+below.
‘/dev/fd/FD’
If FD is a valid integer, duplicate file descriptor FD.
[N]>[|]WORD
If the redirection operator is ‘>’, and the ‘noclobber’ option to the
-‘set’ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
-whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular
-file. If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection operator
-is ‘>’ and the ‘noclobber’ option is not enabled, Bash attemps the
-redirection even if the file named by WORD exists.
+‘set’ builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose
+name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection operator is ‘>’
+and the ‘noclobber’ option is not enabled, Bash attemps the redirection
+even if the file named by WORD exists.
3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
---------------------------------
If the ‘-e’ option is supplied with ‘-P’ and ‘cd’ cannot
successfully determine the current working directory after a
- successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+ successful directory change, it returns a non-zero status.
On systems that support it, the ‘-@’ option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
OPTSTRING is a colon, ‘getopts’ uses _silent_ error reporting. In
normal operation, ‘getopts’ prints diagnostic messages when it
encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
- variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed,
- even if the first character of ‘optstring’ is not a colon.
+ variable ‘OPTERR’ is set to 0, ‘getopts’ does not display any error
+ messages, even if the first character of ‘optstring’ is not a
+ colon.
If ‘getopts’ detects an invalid option, it places ‘?’ into NAME
and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets ‘OPTARG’.
When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or
shell script (identical to ‘$0’; *Note Special Parameters::, for
the description of special parameter 0). Assigning a value to
- ‘BASH_ARGV0’ assigns the same value to ‘$0’. If ‘BASH_ARGV0’ is
+ ‘BASH_ARGV0’ sets ‘$0’ to the same value. If ‘BASH_ARGV0’ is
unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
‘BASH_XTRACEFD’
If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
- will write the trace output generated when ‘set -x’ is enabled to
- that file descriptor instead of the standard error. This allows
+ writes the trace output generated when ‘set -x’ is enabled to that
+ file descriptor, instead of the standard error. This allows
tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error messages.
The file descriptor is closed when ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’ is unset or
assigned a new value. Unsetting ‘BASH_XTRACEFD’ or assigning it
displayed by the ‘dirs’ builtin. Assigning to members of this
array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
stack, but the ‘pushd’ and ‘popd’ builtins must be used to add and
- remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change
- the current directory. If ‘DIRSTACK’ is unset, it loses its
- special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ remove directories. Assigning to this variable does not change the
+ current directory. If ‘DIRSTACK’ is unset, it loses its special
+ properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
‘EMACS’
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
‘FUNCNEST’
A numeric value greater than 0 defines a maximum function nesting
- level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will
- cause the current command to abort.
+ level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level cause
+ the current command to abort.
‘GLOBIGNORE’
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names
order by modification time (newest first).
The ‘numeric’ specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as
- numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" will sort
+ numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" sorts
before "10", for example). When using ‘numeric’, names containing
non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by
name using the traditional behavior.
is subsequently reset.
‘histchars’
- Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion, quick
substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The
first character is the “history expansion” character, the character
which begins a history expansion, normally ‘!’. The second
- character is the character which signifies "quick substitution"
- when seen as the first character on a line, normally ‘^’. The
- optional third character is the character which indicates that the
- remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first
- character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment character
- disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line.
- It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of
- the line as a comment.
+ character is the "quick substitution" character, normally ‘^’.
+ When it appears as the first character on the line, history
+ substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one string
+ with another. The optional third character is the character which
+ indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as
+ the first character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment
+ character disables history substitution for the remaining words on
+ the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat
+ the rest of the line as a comment.
‘HISTCMD’
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. Assignments to ‘HISTCMD’ are ignored. If ‘HISTCMD’ is
+ command. Assignments to ‘HISTCMD’ have no effect. If ‘HISTCMD’ is
unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
‘erasedups’ causes all previous lines matching the current line to
be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any
value not in the above list is ignored. If ‘HISTCONTROL’ is unset,
- or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell
- parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of
- ‘HISTIGNORE’. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
- compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
- regardless of the value of ‘HISTCONTROL’ if the first line of the
- command was saved. If the first line was not saved, the second and
- subsequent lines of the command are not saved, either.
+ or does not include a valid value, Bash saves all lines read by the
+ shell parser on the history list, subject to the value of
+ ‘HISTIGNORE’. If the first line of a multi-line compound command
+ was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
+ added to the history regardless of the value of ‘HISTCONTROL’. If
+ the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
+ the command are not saved either.
‘HISTFILE’
The name of the file to which the command history is saved. Bash
lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
matches one of the patterns in the value of ‘HISTIGNORE’, it is not
saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
- beginning of the line and must match the complete line (Bash will
+ beginning of the line and must match the complete line (Bash does
not implicitly append a ‘*’). Each pattern is tested against the
line after the checks specified by ‘HISTCONTROL’ are applied. In
addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, ‘&’
- matches the previous history line. ‘&’ may be escaped using a
- backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The
- second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
- not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
- ‘HISTIGNORE’, if the first line was saved. If the first line was
- not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not
- saved, either. The pattern matching honors the setting of the
- ‘extglob’ shell option.
+ matches the previous history line. A backslash escapes the ‘&’;
+ the backslash is removed before attempting a match. If the first
+ line of a multi-line compound command was saved, the second and
+ subsequent lines are not tested, and are added to the history
+ regardless of the value of ‘HISTIGNORE’. If the first line was not
+ saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved
+ either. The pattern matching honors the setting of the ‘extglob’
+ shell option.
‘HISTIGNORE’ subsumes some of the function of ‘HISTCONTROL’. A
pattern of ‘&’ is identical to ‘ignoredups’, and a pattern of ‘[
to the existing list. If ‘HOSTFILE’ is set, but has no value, or
does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read ‘/etc/hosts’
to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When
- ‘HOSTFILE’ is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+ ‘HOSTFILE’ is unset, Bash clears the hostname list.
‘HOSTNAME’
The name of the current host.
‘RANDOM’
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random
- integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this variable
- initializes (seeds) the random number generator. Seeding the
- random number generator with the same constant value will produce
- the same sequence of values. If ‘RANDOM’ is unset, it loses its
+ integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to ‘RANDOM’
+ initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the
+ random number generator with the same constant value produces the
+ same sequence of values. If ‘RANDOM’ is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
‘READLINE_ARGUMENT’
The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no
- decimal point or fraction to be output. ‘time’ will print at most
- six digits after the decimal point; values of P greater than 6 are
+ decimal point or fraction to be output. ‘time’ prints at most six
+ digits after the decimal point; values of P greater than 6 are
changed to 6. If P is not specified, ‘time’ prints three digits
after the decimal point.
After reading that file, it looks for ‘~/.bash_profile’,
‘~/.bash_login’, and ‘~/.profile’, in that order, and reads and executes
commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
-‘--noprofile’ option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
-this behavior.
+‘--noprofile’ option inhibits this behavior.
When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login
shell executes the ‘exit’ builtin command, Bash reads and executes
.........................................
When Bash runs as an interactive shell that is not a login shell, it
-reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that file exists. This
-may be inhibited by using the ‘--norc’ option. The ‘--rcfile FILE’
-option causes Bash to use FILE instead of ‘~/.bashrc’.
+reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that file exists. The
+‘--norc’ option inhibits this behavior. The ‘--rcfile FILE’ option
+causes Bash to use FILE instead of ‘~/.bashrc’.
So, typically, your ‘~/.bash_profile’ contains the line
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
shell with the ‘--login’ option, it first attempts to read and execute
commands from ‘/etc/profile’ and ‘~/.profile’, in that order. The
-‘--noprofile’ option will inhibit this behavior.
+‘--noprofile’ option inhibits this behavior.
When invoked as an interactive shell with the name ‘sh’, Bash looks
for the variable ‘ENV’, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually ‘rshd’, or the secure shell
daemon ‘sshd’. If Bash determines it is being run non-interactively in
this fashion, it reads and executes commands from ‘~/.bashrc’, if that
-file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as ‘sh’.
-The ‘--norc’ option will inhibit this behavior, and the ‘--rcfile’
-option will make Bash use a different file instead of ‘~/.bashrc’, but
+file exists and is readable. Bash does not read this file if invoked as
+‘sh’. The ‘--norc’ option inhibits this behavior, and the ‘--rcfile’
+option makes Bash use a different file instead of ‘~/.bashrc’, but
neither ‘rshd’ nor ‘sshd’ generally invoke the shell with those options
or allow them to be specified.
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
expressions. If the operating system on which Bash is running provides
-these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+these special files, Bash uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the
primaries is of the form ‘/dev/fd/N’, then Bash checks file descriptor
N. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of ‘/dev/stdin’,
safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
‘alias’ in compound commands.
- For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+ For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features
==========
Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ‘declare’ builtin will
-explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ‘declare’ builtin
+explicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned
-contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
-arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based;
-associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted,
-indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic
+expressions that must expand to an integer (*note Shell Arithmetic::))
+and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless
+otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
to using the syntax
to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
array, use
declare -a NAME
-The syntax
+(*note Bash Builtins::). The syntax
declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the
end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
- The ‘+=’ operator will append to an array variable when assigning
-using the compound assignment syntax; see *note Shell Parameters::
-above.
+ The ‘+=’ operator appends to an array variable when assigning using
+the compound assignment syntax; see *note Shell Parameters:: above.
An array element is referenced using ‘${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}’. The
braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a
-valid subscript is valid, and Bash will create an array if necessary.
+valid subscript is valid; Bash creates an array if necessary.
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
a value. The null string is a valid value.
‘\\’
A backslash.
‘\[’
- Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
- embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. Thiss could be used
+ to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
‘\]’
End a sequence of non-printing characters.
string. Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history. The
characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable
are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not
-been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an
-incremental search. ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore
-the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
+been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-j’ characters terminate an
+incremental search. ‘C-g’ aborts an incremental search and restores the
+original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
containing the search string becomes the current line.
To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
-‘C-s’ as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
-history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any
-other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
-and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
-search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
-history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
-last line found the current line, and begin editing.
+‘C-s’ as appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history
+for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other
+key sequence bound to a Readline command terminates the search and
+executes that command. For instance, a <RET> terminates the search and
+accepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two ‘C-r’s
are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’. The ‘bind’ builtin command can also be used
to set Readline keybindings and variables. *Note Bash Builtins::.
- When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
+ When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
- value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
- The default value is -1.
+ value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line. The
+ default value is -1.
‘completion-ignore-case’
If set to ‘on’, Readline performs filename matching and
The number of possible completions that determines when the
user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
- than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
- the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists
- the completions. This variable must be set to an integer
- value greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means
- Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as
- zero. The default limit is ‘100’.
+ than or equal to this value, Readline asks whether or not the
+ user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists the
+ completions. This variable must be set to an integer value
+ greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline
+ should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The
+ default limit is ‘100’.
‘convert-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline converts characters it reads that
have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing
the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting
them to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is
- ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
+ ‘on’, but Readline sets it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth
bit set. This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale
category, and may change if the locale changes. This variable
‘force-meta-prefix’ below.
‘disable-completion’
- If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
- Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
- they had been mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
+ If set to ‘On’, Readline inhibits word completion. Completion
+ characters are inserted into the line as if they had been
+ mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
‘echo-control-characters’
When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they
appearing in the pasted text. The default is ‘On’.
‘enable-keypad’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
the arrow keys. The default is ‘off’.
‘enable-meta-key’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta
- modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
- On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit
- characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability
- that indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that
- sets the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is
- held down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable any meta modifier
+ key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
+ terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
+ this variable checks for the terminal capability that
+ indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets
+ the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held
+ down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
default is ‘on’.
‘expand-tilde’
default, this variable is set to ‘off’.
‘input-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
- it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+ does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
- default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
- the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
- bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
- the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
- the locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
+ default value is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’ if the
+ locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+ with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the
+ ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if the
+ locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
‘input-meta’.
‘isearch-terminators’
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
- given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-J’ will terminate
- an incremental search.
+ given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-j’ terminate an
+ incremental search.
‘keymap’
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If
- Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will
- use the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
+ Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it uses
+ the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
value to determine whether or not input is available on the
current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default). The value is
specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this
variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
- non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
- pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default
- value is ‘500’.
+ non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed
+ to decide which key sequence to complete. The default value
+ is ‘500’.
‘mark-directories’
If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash
appended. The default is ‘on’.
‘mark-modified-lines’
- When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an
+ When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline displays an
asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
modified. This variable is ‘off’ by default.
cycling through the list. The default is ‘off’.
‘output-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the
- eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
- sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
- ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may
- include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is
- dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may
- change if the locale changes.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays characters with the eighth
+ bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+ sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’
+ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+ bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
+ the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
+ the locale changes.
‘page-completions’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
- display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This
- variable is ‘on’ by default.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+ more(1) to display a screenful of possible completions at a
+ time. This variable is ‘on’ by default.
‘prefer-visible-bell’
See ‘bell-style’.
‘print-completions-horizontally’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
the screen. The default is ‘off’.
on some keyboards.
‘forward-char (C-f)’
- Move forward a character.
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
+ arrow key on some keyboards.
‘backward-char (C-b)’
- Move back a character.
+ Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow
+ key on some keyboards.
‘forward-word (M-f)’
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
‘previous-history (C-p)’
Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
- command.
+ command. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
‘next-history (C-n)’
Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+ This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
‘beginning-of-history (M-<)’
Move to the first line in the history.
write the list of possible completions to Readline's output stream
using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
- The number of matches;
- The word being completed;
- S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
- in the readline line buffer; then
- Each match, one per line
+ • the number of matches N;
+ • the word being completed;
+ • S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+ in the Readline line buffer; then
+ • each match, one per line
- If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this command
- will not print any output after the S:E. If there is only a single
- match, this prints a single line containing it. If there is more
- than one match, this prints the common prefix of the matches, which
- may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then the matches on
- subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the first line with
- the common prefix.
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
+ command does not print any output after the S:E. If there is only
+ a single match, this prints a single line containing it. If there
+ is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+ matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then
+ the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the
+ first line with the common prefix.
The user or application should be able to accommodate the
possibility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or
‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with
- a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have
- no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
+ a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ‘ESC [’. If this
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
+ effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is
- unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ unbound by default, but usually bound to ‘ESC [’.
‘insert-comment (M-#)’
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’
8.6 Programmable Completion
===========================
-When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been defined using
-the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::),
-Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
+When the user attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a
+command for which a completion specification (a “compspec”) has been
+defined using the ‘complete’ builtin (*note Programmable Completion
+Builtins::), Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
First, Bash identifies the command name. If a compspec has been
defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), Bash
-uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’. If the
-command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec for the
-full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname,
-Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final
-slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
-defined with the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ is used as the default. If
-there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the
-command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the
-command word from any successful expansion.
+uses any compspec defined with the ‘-E’ option to ‘complete’. The ‘-I’
+option to ‘complete’ indicates that the command word is the first
+non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as
+‘;’ or ‘|’. This usually indicates command name completion.
+
+ If the command word is a full pathname, Bash searches for a compspec
+for the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full
+pathname, Bash attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the
+final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, or if there
+is no compspec for the command word, Bash uses any compspec defined with
+the ‘-D’ option to ‘complete’ as the default. If there is no default
+compspec, Bash performs alias expansion on the command word as a final
+resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word resulting
+from any successful expansion.
If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
described above (*note Commands For Completion::). Otherwise, once a
compspec has been found, Bash uses it to generate the list of matching
words.
- First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec. Only
-matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.
+ First, Bash performs the ACTIONS specified by the compspec. This
+only returns matches which are prefixes of the word being completed.
When the ‘-f’ or ‘-d’ option is used for filename or directory name
completion, Bash uses shell the variable ‘FIGNORE’ to filter the
matches. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of ‘FIGNORE’.
- Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the ‘-G’
-option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
-match the word being completed. Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to
-filter the matches, but does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable.
+ Next, programmable completion generates matches specified by a
+pathname expansion pattern supplied as an argument to the ‘-G’ option.
+The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being
+completed. Bash uses the ‘FIGNORE’ variable to filter the matches, but
+does not use the ‘GLOBIGNORE’ shell variable.
Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to
the ‘-W’ option. The string is first split using the characters in the
-‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within
+‘IFS’ special variable as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within
the string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
shell metacharacters or characters in the value of ‘IFS’. Each word is
then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
matching words become possible completions.
After these matches have been generated, Bash executes any shell
-function or command any shell function or command specified with the
-‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options. When the command or function is invoked, the
-‘COMP_LINE’, ‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables are
-assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell
-function is being invoked, the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables
-are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first
-argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being
-completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the
-third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on
-the current command line. There is no filtering of the generated
-completions against the word being completed; the function or command
-has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+function or command specified with the ‘-F’ and ‘-C’ options. When the
+command or function is invoked, Bash assigns values to the ‘COMP_LINE’,
+‘COMP_POINT’, ‘COMP_KEY’, and ‘COMP_TYPE’ variables as described above
+(*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, Bash
+also sets the ‘COMP_WORDS’ and ‘COMP_CWORD’ variables. When the
+function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
+the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
+($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
+word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.
+There is no filtering of the generated completions against the word
+being completed; the function or command has complete freedom in
+generating the matches and they do not need to match a prefix of the
+word.
Any function specified with ‘-F’ is invoked first. The function may
use any of the shell facilities, including the ‘compgen’ and ‘compopt’
Next, any command specified with the ‘-C’ option is invoked in an
environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list
-of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
-used to escape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of
-possible completions.
-
- After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the ‘-X’ option is applied to the list. The filter is a
-pattern as used for pathname expansion; a ‘&’ in the pattern is replaced
-with the text of the word being completed. A literal ‘&’ may be escaped
-with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
-Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading ‘!’ negates the pattern; in this case any completion not
-matching the pattern will be removed. If the ‘nocasematch’ shell option
-(see the description of ‘shopt’ in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
-enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
-characters.
-
- Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the ‘-P’ and ‘-S’
-options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result
-is returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
+of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash will
+escape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of possible
+completions.
+
+ After generating all of the possible completions, Bash applies any
+filter specified with the ‘-X’ option to the completions in the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a ‘&’ in the
+pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A
+literal ‘&’ may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed
+before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern is
+removed from the list. A leading ‘!’ negates the pattern; in this case
+Bash removes any completion that does not match the pattern. If the
+‘nocasematch’ shell option is enabled (see the description of ‘shopt’ in
+*note The Shopt Builtin::), Bash performs the match without regard to
+the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ Finally, programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified
+with the ‘-P’ and ‘-S’ options, respectively, to each completion, and
+returns the result to Readline as the list of possible completions.
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
the ‘-o dirnames’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec
to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default Bash completions and the Readline default of filename completion
are disabled. If the ‘-o bashdefault’ option was supplied to ‘complete’
-when the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
-Bash attempts its default completions. If the ‘-o default’ option was
-supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was defined, programmable
-completion will perform Readline's default completion if the compspec
-(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
-
- When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+when the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no matches,
+Bash attempts its default completions. If the compspec and, if
+attempted, the default Bash completions generate no matches, and the ‘-o
+default’ option was supplied to ‘complete’ when the compspec was
+defined, programmable completion performs Readline's default completion.
+
+ The options supplied to ‘complete’ and ‘compopt’ can control how
+Readline treats the completions. For instance, the ‘-o fullquote’
+option tells Readline to quote the matches as if they were filenames.
+See the description of ‘complete’ (*note Programmable Completion
+Builtins::) for details.
+
+ When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion,
the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the
compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
-completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
-than being loaded all at once.
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This can be used to
+build a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempted,
+rather than loading them all at once.
For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each
kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following
as ‘-e’.
‘file’
- File names. May also be specified as ‘-f’.
+ File and directory names, similar to Readline's filename
+ completion. May also be specified as ‘-f’.
‘function’
Names of shell functions.
with the history expansion character.
Several shell options settable with the ‘shopt’ builtin (*note The
-Shopt Builtin::) will modify history expansion behavior If the
-‘histverify’ shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used,
-history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
-Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer
-for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the
-‘histreedit’ shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion is
-reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
+Shopt Builtin::) modify history expansion behavior If the ‘histverify’
+shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, history
+substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead,
+the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for
+further modification. If Readline is being used, and the ‘histreedit’
+shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion is reloaded into the
+Readline editing buffer for correction.
The ‘-p’ option to the ‘history’ builtin command shows what a history
expansion will do before using it. The ‘-s’ option to the ‘history’
The first argument: word 1.
‘$’
- The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand
- to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but expands to
+ the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
‘%’
The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘/’. The
delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If
‘&’ appears in NEW, it is replaced with OLD. A single backslash
- will quote the ‘&’ in OLD and NEW. If OLD is null, it is set to
- the last OLD substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
- took place, the last STRING in a !?STRING‘[?]’ search. If NEW is
- null, each matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is
- optional if it is the last character on the input line.
+ quotes the ‘&’ in OLD and NEW. If OLD is null, it is set to the
+ last OLD substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took
+ place, the last STRING in a !?STRING‘[?]’ search. If NEW is null,
+ each matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is optional if
+ it is the last character on the input line.
‘&’
Repeat the previous substitution.
* .: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 17)
* [: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 337)
+ (line 338)
* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11)
* bg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 7)
* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 37)
* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins.
- (line 257)
+ (line 258)
* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 106)
* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 179)
* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 179)
* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 230)
+ (line 231)
* help: Bash Builtins. (line 374)
* history: Bash History Builtins.
(line 59)
* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 70)
* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 262)
+ (line 263)
* read: Bash Builtins. (line 548)
* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 659)
* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 274)
+ (line 275)
* return: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 299)
+ (line 300)
* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11)
* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 324)
+ (line 325)
* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9)
* source: Bash Builtins. (line 668)
* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
(line 139)
* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 337)
+ (line 338)
* times: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 437)
+ (line 438)
* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 443)
+ (line 444)
* true: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 509)
+ (line 510)
* type: Bash Builtins. (line 673)
* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 710)
* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 716)
* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 514)
+ (line 515)
* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 824)
* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 532)
+ (line 533)
* wait: Job Control Builtins.
(line 86)
* GLOBSORT: Bash Variables. (line 376)
* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 414)
* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 420)
-* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 434)
-* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 440)
-* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 458)
-* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 464)
-* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 475)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 435)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 441)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 459)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 465)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 476)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 232)
* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 238)
-* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 499)
-* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 506)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 500)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 507)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 248)
-* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 515)
-* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 526)
-* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 529)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 516)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 527)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 530)
* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 18)
-* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 532)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 533)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 256)
-* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 541)
-* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 545)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 542)
+* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 546)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 267)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 274)
* LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
-* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 551)
-* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 555)
-* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 559)
-* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 566)
+* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 552)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 556)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 560)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 567)
* LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
-* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 571)
-* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 575)
-* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 579)
-* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 583)
-* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 590)
-* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 596)
+* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 572)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 576)
+* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 580)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 584)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 591)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 597)
* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 24)
-* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 600)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 601)
* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 29)
-* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 608)
+* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 609)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 304)
* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 321)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 256)
-* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 612)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 613)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 36)
-* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 615)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 616)
* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 40)
-* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 620)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 621)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 326)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 335)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 44)
-* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 623)
-* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 629)
-* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 639)
-* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 643)
-* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 649)
-* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 655)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 624)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 630)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 640)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 644)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 650)
+* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 656)
* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 53)
* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 58)
-* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 660)
-* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 665)
-* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 673)
-* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 676)
-* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 684)
-* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 688)
-* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 692)
-* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 698)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 702)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 661)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 666)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 674)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 677)
+* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 685)
+* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 689)
+* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 693)
+* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 699)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 703)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 348)
* search-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 355)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 706)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 716)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 721)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 730)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 707)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 717)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 722)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 731)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 360)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 375)
* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 381)
-* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 735)
+* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 736)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
(line 51)
-* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 744)
-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 783)
-* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 795)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 799)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 745)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 784)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 796)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 800)
* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 394)
* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 6)
* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 133)
-* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 17)
+* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 18)
* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
(line 11)
* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing.
(line 28)
-* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 24)
+* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History.
- (line 20)
+ (line 22)
* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 35)
* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
(line 41)
* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 45)
-* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 50)
-* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 55)
+* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 52)
+* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 57)
* complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
(line 6)
* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion.
* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
- (line 23)
+ (line 25)
* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 10)
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 37)
* export-completions (): Commands For Completion.
(line 44)
* fetch-history (): Commands For History.
- (line 106)
+ (line 108)
* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 23)
* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 14)
* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
- (line 33)
-* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 20)
+ (line 35)
+* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 103)
* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands.
* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 126)
* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
- (line 51)
+ (line 53)
* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
- (line 58)
+ (line 60)
* history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History.
- (line 65)
+ (line 67)
* history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History.
- (line 71)
+ (line 73)
* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 59)
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
(line 39)
* next-history (C-n): Commands For History.
- (line 17)
-* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 43)
+ (line 18)
+* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 45)
* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
- (line 45)
+ (line 47)
* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
- (line 39)
+ (line 41)
* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Commands For History.
- (line 99)
+ (line 101)
* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 77)
* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion.
(line 111)
(line 19)
* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History.
(line 13)
-* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 36)
+* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38)
* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 28)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 6)
-* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 59)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 61)
* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
- (line 27)
+ (line 29)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 26)
* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 32)
(line 33)
* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
(line 37)
-* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 32)
+* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 119)
-* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 28)
+* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
* shell-kill-word (M-C-d): Commands For Killing.
(line 32)
* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t): Commands For Text. (line 58)
* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing.
(line 72)
* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History.
- (line 87)
+ (line 89)
* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History.
- (line 77)
+ (line 79)
* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.
(line 75)
\1f
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-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f583365
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-Node: Function Index\7f603229
-Node: Concept Index\7f617227
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for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
-features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
+features that only appear in Bash.
+Some of the shells that Bash has
borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (@file{sh}), the Korn Shell
(@file{ksh}), and the C-shell (@file{csh} and its successor,
-@file{tcsh}). The following menu breaks the features up into
+@file{tcsh}).
+The following menu breaks the features up into
categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
which are specific to Bash.
-This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
-Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
+This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in Bash.
+The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
reference on shell behavior.
@menu
A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
a backslash.
-If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an @samp{!}
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+@samp{!}
appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
The backslash preceding the @samp{!} is not removed.
Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign (@samp{$}), such
as @verb{|$"hello, world"|},
-will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+causes the string to be translated according to the current locale.
The @code{gettext} infrastructure performs the lookup and
translation, using the @code{LC_MESSAGES}, @code{TEXTDOMAINDIR},
and @code{TEXTDOMAIN} shell variables, as explained below.
If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally.
-The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string.
+The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
If you want to force the pattern to match the entire string,
anchor the pattern using the @samp{^} and @samp{$} regular expression
operators.
For example, if a variable @env{var} is declared as local in function
@code{func1}, and @code{func1} calls another function @code{func2},
-references to @env{var} made from within @code{func2} will resolve to the
+references to @env{var} made from within @code{func2} resolve to the
local variable @env{var} from @code{func1}, shadowing any global variable
named @env{var}.
func1
@end example
-The @code{unset} builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
-variable is local to the current scope, @code{unset} will unset it;
-otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
+The @code{unset} builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
+variable is local to the current scope, @code{unset} unsets it;
+otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
as described above.
-If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains so
(appearing as unset)
until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
-scope will become visible.
-If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
+scope becomes visible.
+If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible
-(see below how @code{localvar_unset} shell option changes this behavior).
+(see below how the @code{localvar_unset} shell option changes this behavior).
The @option{-f} option to the @code{declare} (@code{typeset})
builtin command (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
-will list function names and definitions.
+lists function names and definitions.
The @option{-F} option to @code{declare} or @code{typeset}
-will list the function names only
+lists the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the @code{extdebug}
shell option is enabled).
Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
The @option{-f} option to
the @code{unset} builtin
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
-will delete a function definition.
+deletes a function definition.
Functions may be recursive.
The @code{FUNCNEST} variable may be used to limit the depth of the
@end example
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=}
-operator will append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-This includes arguments to declaration commands such as @code{declare}
-that accept assignment statements.
-When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the @code{integer} attribute
-has been set,
+to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}),
+the @samp{+=} operator appends to or adds to
+the variable's previous value.
+This includes arguments to declaration commands such as
+@code{declare} that accept assignment statements.
+When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable
+for which the @code{integer} attribute has been set,
the variable's current value and @var{value} are each evaluated as
arithmetic expressions,
and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value.
If the control variable in a @code{for} loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+is established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
Namerefs can be unset using the @option{-n} option to the @code{unset} builtin
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
Otherwise, if @code{unset} is executed with the name of a nameref variable
-as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset.
@node Positional Parameters
@subsection Positional Parameters
and @var{incr}, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
@var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive.
-When either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero, the shell
-attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
+If either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero,
+each generated term will contain the same number of digits,
zero-padding where necessary.
When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive,
Quoting any part of @var{string} inhibits replacement in the
expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored
in shell variables.
-Backslash will escape @samp{&} in @var{string}; the backslash is removed
+Backslash escapes @samp{&} in @var{string}; the backslash is removed
in order to permit a literal @samp{&} in the replacement string.
Users should take care if @var{string} is double-quoted to avoid
unwanted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since
@item A
The expansion is a string in the form of
an assignment statement or @code{declare} command that, if
-evaluated, will recreate @var{parameter} with its attributes and value.
+evaluated, recreates @var{parameter} with its attributes and value.
@item K
Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of @var{parameter},
except that it prints the values of
Any side effects of @var{command} take effect immediately
in the current execution environment and persist in the current
environment after the command completes (e.g., the @code{exit} builtin
-will exit the shell).
+exits the shell).
This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
expansion.
If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for @var{list}.
+the file provides input for @var{list}.
If the
@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, reading the file
-will obtain the output of @var{list}.
+obtains the output of @var{list}.
Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>}
and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
as a redirection.
and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
-Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
+Expanding a parameter with no value within double quotes
produces a null field,
which is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.
However, setting @env{GLOBIGNORE} to a non-null value has the effect of
enabling the @code{dotglob}
shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
-@samp{.} will match.
+@samp{.}
+match.
To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
@samp{.}, make @samp{.*} one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}.
The @code{dotglob} option is disabled when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
Matches any string, including the null string.
When the @code{globstar} shell option is enabled, and @samp{*} is used in
a filename expansion context, two adjacent @samp{*}s used as a single
-pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+pattern match all files and zero or more directories and
subdirectories.
-If followed by a @samp{/}, two adjacent @samp{*}s will match only
+If followed by a @samp{/}, two adjacent @samp{*}s match only
directories and subdirectories.
@item ?
Matches any single character.
@section Redirections
@cindex redirection
-Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be @dfn{redirected}
+Before a command is executed, its input and output may be
+@dfn{redirected}
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
@dfn{Redirection} allows commands' file handles to be
duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files,
Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
may instead be preceded by a word of the form @{@var{varname}@}.
In this case, for each redirection operator except
->&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than 10 and assign it to @{@var{varname}@}.
-If @{@var{varname}@} precedes >&- or <&-,
-the value of @var{varname} defines the file
-descriptor to close.
+@code{>&-}
+and
+@code{<&-},
+the shell allocates a file descriptor greater
+than or equal to 10 and assigns it to @{@var{varname}@}.
+If @{@var{varname}@} precedes
+@code{>&-}
+or
+@code{<&-},
+the value of @var{varname} defines the file descriptor to close.
If @{@var{varname}@} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
-the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to manage
-the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using
+the scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to
+manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using
the @code{exec} builtin.
The @code{varredir_close} shell option manages this behavior
(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
-@samp{<}, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
-descriptor 0).
-If the first character of the redirection operator
-is @samp{>}, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
-descriptor 1).
+@samp{<},
+the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).
+If the first character of the redirection operator is
+@samp{>},
+the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
The @var{word} following the redirection operator in the following
descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table.
If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
-special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+special files, Bash uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with the behavior described below.
@table @code
[@var{n}]>[|]@var{word}
@end example
-If the redirection operator is @samp{>}, and the @code{noclobber}
-option to the @code{set} builtin has been enabled, the redirection
-will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
-@var{word} exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is
+@samp{>},
+and the
+@code{noclobber}
+option to the
+@code{set}
+builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of @var{word} exists and is
+a regular file.
If the redirection operator is @samp{>|}, or the redirection operator is
@samp{>} and the @code{noclobber} option is not enabled,
Bash attemps the redirection
If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P}
and @code{cd} cannot successfully determine the current working directory
-after a successful directory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+after a successful directory change, it returns a non-zero status.
On systems that support it, the @option{-@@} option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
In normal operation, @code{getopts} prints diagnostic messages
when it encounters invalid options or missing option arguments.
If the variable @env{OPTERR}
-is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of @code{optstring} is not a colon.
+is set to 0, @code{getopts} does not display any error messages,
+even if the first character of @code{optstring} is not a colon.
If @code{getopts} detects an invalid option, it
places @samp{?} into @var{name} and, if not silent,
When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
script (identical to @code{$0}; @xref{Special Parameters},
for the description of special parameter 0).
-Assigning a value to @code{BASH_ARGV0}
-assigns the same value to @code{$0}.
-If @env{BASH_ARGV0}
+Assigning a value to
+@code{BASH_ARGV0}
+sets @code{$0} to the same value.
+If
+@env{BASH_ARGV0}
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
Bash (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release).
@item BASH_XTRACEFD
-If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
-will write the trace output generated when @samp{set -x}
-is enabled to that file descriptor
+If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+Bash writes the trace output generated when
+@samp{set -x}
+is enabled to that file descriptor,
instead of the standard error.
This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
messages.
-The file descriptor is closed when @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} is unset or assigned
-a new value.
-Unsetting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} or assigning it the empty string causes the
+The file descriptor is closed when
+@code{BASH_XTRACEFD}
+is unset or assigned a new value.
+Unsetting
+@code{BASH_XTRACEFD}
+or assigning it the empty string causes the
trace output to be sent to the standard error.
-Note that setting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} to 2 (the standard error file
+Note that setting
+@code{BASH_XTRACEFD}
+to 2 (the standard error file
descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
directories already in the stack, but the @code{pushd} and @code{popd}
builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
-Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+Assigning to this variable does not change the current directory.
If @env{DIRSTACK}
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
This variable can be used with @code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE}.
Each element of @code{FUNCNAME} has corresponding elements in
@code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE} to describe the call stack.
-For instance, @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called from the file
-@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} at line number @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}}.
+For instance,
+@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}}
+was called from the file
+@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}
+at line number
+@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}}.
The @code{caller} builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
@item FUNCNEST
A numeric value greater than 0 defines a maximum function nesting level.
Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
-will cause the current command to abort.
+cause the current command to abort.
@item GLOBIGNORE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
The @samp{numeric} specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as
numbers and sorts them using their numeric value
-(so "2" will sort before "10", for example).
+(so ``2'' sorts before ``10'', for example).
When using @samp{numeric}, names containing non-digits sort after all
the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior.
subsequently reset.
@item histchars
-Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
-substitution, and tokenization (@pxref{History Interaction}).
-The first character is the
-@dfn{history expansion} character,
-the character which begins a history expansion, normally @samp{!}.
-The second character is the
-character which signifies "quick substitution" when seen as the first
-character on a line, normally @samp{^}.
-The optional third character is the
-character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
-found as the first character of a word, usually @samp{#}.
-The history
-comment character disables history substitution for the
-remaining words on the line.
-It does not necessarily cause the shell
-parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+The two or three characters which control history expansion,
+quick substitution, and tokenization
+(@pxref{History Interaction}).
+The first character is the @dfn{history expansion} character,
+the character which begins a history expansion, normally
+@samp{!}.
+The second character is the ``quick substitution'' character, normally
+@samp{^}.
+When it appears as the first character on the line,
+history substitution repeats the previous command,
+replacing one string with another.
+The optional third character is the character which indicates that
+the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character
+of a word, usually @samp{#}.
+The history comment character disables history substitution
+for the remaining words on the line.
+It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the
+line as a comment.
@item HISTCMD
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
command.
-Assignments to @env{HISTCMD} are ignored.
+Assignments to @env{HISTCMD}
+have no effect.
If @env{HISTCMD}
is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
current line to be removed from the history list before that line
is saved.
Any value not in the above list is ignored.
-If @env{HISTCONTROL} is unset, or does not include a valid value,
-all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+If @env{HISTCONTROL} is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+Bash saves all lines read by the shell parser on the history list,
subject to the value of @env{HISTIGNORE}.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-@env{HISTCONTROL} if the first line of the command was saved.
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+@env{HISTCONTROL}.
If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
-the command are not saved, either.
+the command are not saved either.
@item HISTFILE
The name of the file to which the command history is saved.
A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
lines should be saved on the history list.
If a command line matches one of the patterns in the value of
-@code{HISTIGNORE}, it is not saved on the history list.
-Each pattern is
-anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
-line (Bash will not implicitly append a @samp{*}).
-Each pattern is tested
-against the line after the checks specified by @env{HISTCONTROL}
+@code{HISTIGNORE},
+it is not saved on the history list.
+Each pattern is anchored at the
+beginning of the line and must match the complete line
+(Bash does not implicitly append a
+@samp{*}).
+Each pattern is tested against the line
+after the checks specified by
+@env{HISTCONTROL}
are applied.
-In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, @samp{&}
+In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters,
+@samp{&}
matches the previous history line.
-@samp{&} may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
-before attempting a match.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-@env{HISTIGNORE}, if the first line was saved.
+A backslash escapes the
+@samp{&};
+the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+If the first line of a multi-line compound command was saved,
+the second and subsequent lines are not tested,
+and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+@env{HISTIGNORE}.
If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
-the command are not saved, either.
+the command are not saved either.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
option.
the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
existing list.
-If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+If @env{HOSTFILE}
+is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
Bash attempts to read
-@file{/etc/hosts} to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
-When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+@file{/etc/hosts}
+to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset,
+Bash clears the hostname list.
@item HOSTNAME
The name of the current host.
@item RANDOM
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer
-between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this
-variable initializes (seeds) the random number generator.
-Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value will
-produce the same sequence of values.
+between 0 and 32767.
+Assigning a value to
+@env{RANDOM}
+initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers.
+Seeding the random number generator with the same constant value
+produces the same sequence of values.
If @env{RANDOM}
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
The optional @var{p} is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
fractional digits after a decimal point.
A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
-@code{time} will print at most six digits after the decimal point;
+@code{time} prints at most six digits after the decimal point;
values of @var{p} greater than 6 are changed to 6.
If @var{p} is not specified,
@code{time} prints three digits after the decimal point.
After reading that file, it looks for @file{~/.bash_profile},
@file{~/.bash_login}, and @file{~/.profile}, in that order, and reads
and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
-The @option{--noprofile} option may be used when the shell is started to
-inhibit this behavior.
+The
+@option{--noprofile}
+option inhibits this behavior.
When an interactive login shell exits,
or a non-interactive login shell executes the @code{exit} builtin command,
When Bash runs as an interactive shell that is not a login shell, it
reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the @option{--norc} option.
+The @option{--norc} option inhibits this behavior.
The @option{--rcfile @var{file}} option
causes Bash to
use @var{file} instead of @file{~/.bashrc}.
shell with the @option{--login} option, it first attempts to read
and execute commands from @file{/etc/profile} and @file{~/.profile}, in
that order.
-The @option{--noprofile} option will inhibit this behavior.
+The @option{--noprofile} option inhibits this behavior.
When invoked as an interactive shell with the name @code{sh}, Bash
looks for the variable @env{ENV}, expands its value if it is defined,
determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion,
it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that
file exists and is readable.
-It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}.
-The @option{--norc} option will inhibit this behavior, and the
-@option{--rcfile} option
-will make Bash use a different file instead of
-@file{~/.bashrc}, but neither
+Bash does not read this file if invoked as @code{sh}.
+The
+@option{--norc}
+option inhibits this behavior, and the
+@option{--rcfile}
+option makes Bash use a different file instead of
+@file{~/.bashrc},
+but neither
@code{rshd} nor @code{sshd} generally invoke the shell with those
options or allow them to be specified.
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
expressions.
If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
-special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+special files, Bash uses them; otherwise it emulates them
internally with this behavior:
If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form
@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then Bash checks file descriptor @var{N}.
alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @code{alias}
in compound commands.
-For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
@node Arrays
@section Arrays
@cindex arrays
-Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array;
-the @code{declare} builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+Bash
+provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
+@code{declare}
+builtin explicitly declares an array.
There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
-Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic})) and are zero-based;
+Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
+that must expand to an integer (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic})) and are zero-based;
associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
declare -a @var{name}
@end example
@noindent
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
The syntax
@example
declare -a @var{name}[@var{subscript}]
@var{name}, so negative indices count back from the end of the
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
-The @samp{+=} operator will append to an array variable when assigning
+The @samp{+=} operator appends to an array variable when assigning
using the compound assignment syntax; see @ref{Shell Parameters} above.
An array element is referenced using
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing with a subscript of 0.
-Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid, and
-Bash will create an array if necessary.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid;
+Bash creates an array if necessary.
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value.
@item \\
A backslash.
@item \[
-Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
+Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.
+Thiss could be used to
embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
@item \]
End a sequence of non-printing characters.
@appendixsec Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
-many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.
+For instance:
@itemize @bullet
statement.
@item
-Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently
+Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes.
+The SVR4.2 shell will silently
insert a needed closing quote at @code{EOF} under certain circumstances.
This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
@item
The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
-trapping @code{SIGSEGV}. If the shell is started from a process with
+trapping @code{SIGSEGV}.
+If the shell is started from a process with
@code{SIGSEGV} blocked (e.g., by using the @code{system()} C library
function call), it misbehaves badly.
@item
Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (@code{-x -v});
-the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (@code{-xv}). In
-fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (@code{-xv}).
+In fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
with a @samp{-}.
@item
@numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{40}
@numsecentry{Redirections}{3.6}{Redirections}{40}
@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Input}{3.6.1}{}{41}
-@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{41}
+@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{42}
@numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{42}
@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{42}
@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{42}
-@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{42}
+@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{43}
@numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{43}
@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{43}
-@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{43}
+@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{44}
@numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{44}
@numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{44}
@numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{44}
@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{153}
@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{156}
@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{156}
-@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{158}
-@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{162}
-@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{165}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{165}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{166}
-@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{168}
-@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{169}
-@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{170}
-@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{171}
-@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{172}
-@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{172}
-@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{173}
-@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{173}
-@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{174}
-@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{174}
-@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{174}
-@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{175}
-@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{175}
-@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{181}
-@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{182}
-@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{187}
-@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{189}
-@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{197}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{197}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{198}
-@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{199}
-@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{201}
-@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{203}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{159}
+@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{163}
+@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{166}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{166}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{167}
+@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{169}
+@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{170}
+@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{171}
+@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{172}
+@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{173}
+@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{173}
+@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{174}
+@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{174}
+@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{175}
+@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{175}
+@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{175}
+@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{176}
+@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{176}
+@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{182}
+@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{183}
+@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{188}
+@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{190}
+@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{198}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{198}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{199}
+@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{200}
+@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{202}
+@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{204}
routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
- c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. The vari-
able C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH exists, and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd
If the -\b-e\be option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and c\bcd\bd cannot successfully
determine the current working directory after a successful di-
- rectory change, it will return a non-zero status.
+ rectory change, it returns a non-zero status.
On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
- f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
+ f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
+ filename completion. May also be specified as
+ -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
Names of shell functions.
g\bgr\bro\bou\bup\bp Group names. May also be specified as -\b-g\bg.
of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
- played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error
+ messages, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a
+ colon.
If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and,
- if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
+ if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does not print a diagnostic message.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
it sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG,
- and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
- the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
+ and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
+ the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
- command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
- $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
+ $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
as the full pathname of the command.
- The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
- tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
- filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
+ The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
+ tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
+ filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
bered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname cor-
- responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
- plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
+ responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
+ plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
hashed full pathname. The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format
that may be reused as input.
- If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
- -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
+ If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
+ -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
tually exclusive. Only one will be active. If more than one is
- supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
+ supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
priority than -\b-d\bd.
- The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
+ The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
valid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and
shell compound commands.
-\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- With no options, display the command history list with numbers.
- Entries prefixed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of _\bn
- lists only the last _\bn entries. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does
- not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
+ With no options, display the command history list with numbers.
+ Entries prefixed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of _\bn
+ lists only the last _\bn entries. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does
+ not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
and the history entry.
If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the his-
- tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
+ tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
and -\b-w\bw options have no effect.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
can be used with the other options to replace the history
list.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
- Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
+ Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
than the last history position, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
+ back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
-\b-d\bd _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd
- Delete the range of history entries between positions
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values
+ Delete the range of history entries between positions
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values
for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd are interpreted as described above.
- -\b-a\ba Append the history lines to the history file. These are
- history lines entered since the beginning of the current
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the history
+ -\b-a\ba Append the history lines to the history file. These are
+ history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the history
file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
file and add them to the current history list. These are
lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
rent history list.
-\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, over-
writing the history file.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output, without stor-
- ing the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output, without stor-
+ ing the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
adding the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
stamp information associated with each history entry to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character as de-
- scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning
- with the history comment character followed immediately by a
- digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character as de-
+ scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning
+ with the history comment character followed immediately by a
+ digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history
entry.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the
history expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
-\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information
about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option
is encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] _\bi_\bd [ ... ]
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
named by each _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or
- a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal
- name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a sig-
- nal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not sup-
+ a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal
+ name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a sig-
+ nal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not sup-
plied, then k\bki\bil\bll\bl sends S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
The -\b-l\bl option lists the signal names. If any arguments are sup-
plied when -\b-l\bl is given, k\bki\bil\bll\bl lists the names of the signals cor-
- responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The
- _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a sig-
- nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig-
- nal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl prints the name of the signal that
+ responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The
+ _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a sig-
+ nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig-
+ nal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl prints the name of the signal that
caused the process to terminate. k\bki\bil\bll\bl assumes that process exit
statuses are greater than 128; anything less than that is a sig-
nal number. The -\b-L\bL option is equivalent to -\b-l\bl.
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent,
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent,
or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0,
+ Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0,
l\ble\bet\bt returns 1; otherwise l\ble\bet\bt returns 0.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
For each argument, create a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and assign
- it _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
+ it _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\be-\b-
+ c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
within a function.
- If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the
- function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed
- using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\bo-\b-
- c\bca\bal\bl are restored to their original values when the function re-
- turns. The restore is performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands
- were executed to restore the values that were in place before
+ If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the
+ function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed
+ using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\bo-\b-
+ c\bca\bal\bl are restored to their original values when the function re-
+ turns. The restore is performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands
+ were executed to restore the values that were in place before
the function.
- With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
+ With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
standard output.
- The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function,
+ The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function,
an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt [\b[_\bn]\b]
- Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's par-
+ Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's par-
ent.
m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd
- if the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable
- _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd
+ if the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable
+ _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
+ -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string,
m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL charac-
ter.
-\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, copy all lines.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
index is 0.
-\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
- -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
+ -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
-\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
_\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument
- is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is
+ is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is
not an indexed array.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
- bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so
- p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is equivalent to With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top
- directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
+ Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
+ bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so
+ p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is equivalent to With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top
+ directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when removing di-
rectories from the stack, only manipulate the stack.
- +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
+ +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
example: removes the first directory, the second.
- -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: removes
+ -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: removes
the last directory, the next to last.
- If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
- _\b-_\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
+ If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
+ _\b-_\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
to the directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
returns a non-zero value.
- Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied,
- the directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent di-
+ Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied,
+ the directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent di-
rectory stack entry.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
- final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
0.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the
variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than printing it to the standard output.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
- objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
- output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
- copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
- of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
- addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bS-\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
+ copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
+ of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
+ addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bS-\b-
n\bnd\bdi\bio\bou\bux\bxX\bXe\beE\bEf\bfF\bFg\bgG\bGa\baA\bA, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf interprets the following additional for-
mat specifiers:
%\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
- %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
- format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
- the $\b$ quoting style if any characters in the argument
- string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
- the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
+ %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
+ format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
+ the $\b$ quoting style if any characters in the argument
+ string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
+ the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
two formats quote the argument string using single
quotes.
- %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt before quoting it.
%\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
number of seconds since the epoch. This format specifier
recognizes two special argument values: -1 represents the
- current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was
+ current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was
invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves
- as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the
+ as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the
usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behavior.
The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and
precision arguments from the format specification and write that
- many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
- gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
+ many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
+ gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
nal.
The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is
treated as a shell variable name.
- The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
+ The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-char-
acter string and apply any supplied field width and precision in
terms of characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format specifiers
are equivalent to %ls and %lc, respectively.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
- is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur-
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur-
rent locale.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
- value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup-
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup-
plied or a write or assignment error occurs.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the
- stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di-
- rectory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
- ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
+ stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di-
+ rectory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
+ ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
- adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the
+ -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
+ adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the
stack.
+\b+_\bn Rotate the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from
- the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero)
+ the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero)
is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top.
After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
- plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
+ plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero
value.
- Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero un-
- less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
+ Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero un-
+ less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
stack, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or
_\bn specifies a non-existent directory stack element.
- If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
final contents of the directory stack.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in-
valid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-E\bEe\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs]
[-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descrip-
- tor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into
- words as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh (1) under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign
- the first word to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re-
- maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
- the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
- stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
- ues. The characters in the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used
+ tor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into
+ words as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh (1) under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign
+ the first word to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re-
+ maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+ the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
+ stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
+ ues. The characters in the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used
to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
for expansion (described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh (1) under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The
backslash character (\\b\) removes any special meaning for the next
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any
- new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
+ new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
nored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
- rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
+ rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
- -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the
- line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line
- editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
+ -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the
+ line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line
+ editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion.
- -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the
- line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line
- editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
- uses bash's default completion, including programmable
+ -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the
+ line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line
+ editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
+ uses bash's default completion, including programmable
completion.
-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places
_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt into the editing buffer before editing begins.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
- ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
+ ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it
reads fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters before the delimiter.
-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
it encounters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Any delimiter char-
- acters in the input are not treated specially and do not
+ acters in the input are not treated specially and do not
cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until it has read _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters.
The result is not split on the characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS; the in-
tent is that the variable is assigned exactly the charac-
- ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the -\b-r\br
+ ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the -\b-r\br
option below).
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
- line, before attempting to read any input, but only if
+ line, before attempting to read any input, but only if
input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
line continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not
- read a complete line of input (or a specified number of
- characters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a
- decimal number with a fractional portion following the
- decimal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the exit status is
- greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns immedi-
- ately, without trying to read any data. In this case,
- the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
- fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not
+ read a complete line of input (or a specified number of
+ characters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a
+ decimal number with a fractional portion following the
+ decimal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
+ reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
+ file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any partial input read into
+ the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the exit status is
+ greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns immedi-
+ ately, without trying to read any data. In this case,
+ the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
+ fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-
zero otherwise.
- -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ig-
+ Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ig-
nores any NUL characters in the input.
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without
- the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without
+ the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable
R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY.
The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
+ times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly vari-
- able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
+ able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
may not be changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the -\b-f\bf
- option is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The
- -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA op-
+ option is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The
+ -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA op-
tion restricts the variables to associative arrays. If both op-
- tions are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
- are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of
- all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict
+ tions are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
+ are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of
+ all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict
the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The -\b-p\bp op-
tion displays output in a format that may be reused as input.
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same
time the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable
- name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to
+ name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to
_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the readonly attribute.
- The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is
+ The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is
supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the
+ Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the
value specified by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return
- status is that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is exe-
- cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the
+ status is that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is exe-
+ cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the
status is the last command executed before the trap handler. If
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last command used to
- determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+ determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked.
When r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used to terminate execution of a script being ex-
- ecuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
- executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
- the last command executed within the script as the exit status
- of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
+ ecuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
+ executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
+ the last command executed within the script as the exit status
+ of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
significant 8 bits.
- Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before
+ Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before
execution resumes after the function or script.
- The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-nu-
+ The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-nu-
meric argument, or is used outside a function and not during ex-
ecution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo
- s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
- able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
+ s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
+ able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot
- be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The
- output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
- are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
- ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
+ be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The
+ output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
+ are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
+ ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1,
- $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
+ $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
ings:
-\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
- given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
environment of subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt or af-
- ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective
+ ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective
only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), exits with a non-zero
- status. The shell does not exit if the command that
- fails is part of the command list immediately following
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), exits with a non-zero
+ status. The shell does not exit if the command that
+ fails is part of the command list immediately following
a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the
- i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed
- in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the fi-
- nal &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last
- (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or
- if the command's return value is being inverted with !\b!.
- If a compound command other than a subshell returns a
- non-zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was
- being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR,
+ i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed
+ in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the fi-
+ nal &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last
+ (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or
+ if the command's return value is being inverted with !\b!.
+ If a compound command other than a subshell returns a
+ non-zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was
+ being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR,
if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT in
_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), and may cause subshells to exit before execut-
ing all the commands in the subshell.
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
+ executed within the compound command or function body
+ will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
+ and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
+ command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
+ any effect until the compound command or the command
containing the function call completes.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). All processes
- run in a separate process group. When a background job
- completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). All processes
+ run in a separate process group. When a background job
+ completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit
status.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
nored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
+ the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
h\bha\bas\bsh\bha\bal\bll\bl Same as -\b-h\bh.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bte\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-H\bH.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by Enable command history, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)
- under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by Enable command history, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)
+ under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in
interactive shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command had been
+ The effect is as if the shell command had been
executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
- match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
- in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a reference to a document that
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a reference to a document that
details how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for
r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
- If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
- current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
- no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
- recreate the current option settings on the standard
+ If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
+ current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
+ no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
+ recreate the current option settings on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
- not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
- are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
- L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
- they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
- shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
- equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
- not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
+ not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
+ are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
+ L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
+ they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
+ shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
+ equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
+ not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is
supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and
group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un-
set once it has been set.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters and or array variables subscripted with
- or as an error when performing parameter expansion. If
- expansion is attempted on an unset variable or parame-
- ter, the shell prints an error message, and, if not in-
+ cial parameters and or array variables subscripted with
+ or as an error when performing parameter expansion. If
+ expansion is attempted on an unset variable or parame-
+ ter, the shell prints an error message, and, if not in-
teractive, exits with a non-zero status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
- and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
the standard error.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
- redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
+ redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
and force the creation of an output file.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
-\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional
parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to
the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
-\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs
to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are
- turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
+ turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
meters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
+ shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
+ turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
- represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
- be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
- no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
- be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
- not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
+ represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
+ be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
+ no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
+ be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
+ not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+ ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command.
- With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
- settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
- set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
+ With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
+ settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
+ set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
those options. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
be reused as input.
Other options have the following meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
status is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero oth-
erwise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+ Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
+ tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic
expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can
- perform variable assignments, and while executing
+ perform variable assignments, and while executing
builtins that perform array dereferencing.
a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
- able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
+ able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
- c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
- in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
- include transposed characters, a missing character, and
+ c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
+ in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
+ include transposed characters, a missing character, and
one extra character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name,
- it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
+ it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
search.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is
- attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
+ attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The shell always postpones exiting if
any jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
- associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
+ values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
+ associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
This option is enabled by default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
- history is enabled, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
+ enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+ history is enabled, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
+ pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
This changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing
- buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a in the
- results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and _\b._\b.
- must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a in the
+ results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and _\b._\b.
+ must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
set.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
If set, aliases are expanded as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) un-
- der A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for in-
+ der A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for in-
teractive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
+ ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
is enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
- e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
+ e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg and $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg quoting is performed within
+ If set, $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg and $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg quoting is performed within
$\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This
option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
+ ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a
+ description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
fault.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1))
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1))
behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
- comparisons. That is, pattern matching does not take
+ comparisons. That is, pattern matching does not take
the current locale's collating sequence into account, so
- b\bb will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
+ b\bb will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
- names _\b. and _\b._\b. even if the pattern begins with a This
+ If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
+ names _\b. and _\b._\b. even if the pattern begins with a This
option is enabled by default.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
only directories and subdirectories match.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
its, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
- the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
+ the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
tion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in
_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
enabled.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
- that word and all remaining characters on that line to
- be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
+ In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
+ that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+ be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This option is enabled by default.
l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at-
tribute is not inherited.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
+ function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+ cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
current function scope.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
displays the message
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
tempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
pletions as part of programmable completion.
n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$...
- quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$...
+ quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
the string is not translated, this has no effect.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
- (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) expand to nothing
+ (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) expand to nothing
and are removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
- string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
- the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
+ the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in
_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1). This option is enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
- If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
- (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This option
+ If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
+ (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This option
is enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
+ If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
- has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
+ has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
- moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG in
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
+ moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG in
_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1). This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
- stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The
- value may not be changed. This is not reset when the
- startup files are executed, allowing the startup files
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
+ stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The
+ value may not be changed. This is not reset when the
+ startup files are executed, allowing the startup files
to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
- argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
tion is enabled by default.
v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
- assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
- R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) instead of leaving them open
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
+ assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
+ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) instead of leaving them open
when the command completes.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
- quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
+ quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret any options.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
- cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
- the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
- login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
+ cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
+ the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
+ login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
plied.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
- ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
- operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
- of the primaries described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
+ ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
+ operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
+ of the primaries described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and
ignore an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
pends on the number of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator
precedence when there are five or more arguments.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
normal operator precedence.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed in
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
- operators listed in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the result of the expression is the result of the
- binary test using the first and third arguments as
- operands. The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary
- operators when there are three arguments. If the first
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ operators listed in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
+ S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the result of the expression is the result of the
+ binary test using the first and third arguments as
+ operands. The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary
+ operators when there are three arguments. If the first
argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the two-argu-
- ment test using the second and third arguments. If the
+ ment test using the second and third arguments. If the
first argument is exactly (\b( and the third argument is ex-
- actly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the sec-
+ actly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the sec-
ond argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argu-
- ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
- the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
+ the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of
the [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current lo-
- cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
+ cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
- The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
- ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
- look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
- Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
- restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
+ The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
+ ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
+ look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
+ Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
+ restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
- receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
+ receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
- to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
- the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
+ to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+ the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
+ If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
- be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
- tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
+ be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
+ tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+ displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
- that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
- dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
- only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
- quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
- be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
- and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
+ that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+ dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
+ only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
+ quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
+ be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
+ and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
- The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
- sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
+ The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
+ sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen-
- sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
+ sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
- shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
- _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
- arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
- mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
+ shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
+ _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
+ arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
+ mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). Refer to the description of the
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) for details of its
+ e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) for details of its
effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is ex-
- ecuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the
+ ecuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the
.\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
- (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
- compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
- following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
+ (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
+ compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+ following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
+ following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+ last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
the command's return value is being inverted using !\b!. These are
the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not
- being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
- or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
+ being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
+ or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
name.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
- shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
- spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
+ shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
+ spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
returns a non-zero exit status.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
- the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces
- a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
+ the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces
+ a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print
the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
- If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
- contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
- words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
- and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
- files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
+ If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
+ contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
+ words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
+ and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
+ files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
+ m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
found, false if any are not found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
- The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
+ The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by
a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the
- resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
- which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
- and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
- the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
- -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
- the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
+ resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
+ which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+ and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
+ the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
+ -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
+ the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
value. Other options are interpreted as follows:
-\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
-\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority (
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children.
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
-\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit).
-\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set).
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user.
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children.
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
-\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
blocking, in microseconds.
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
- the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
+ the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
plied, then -\b-f\bf is assumed.
- Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
- seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
- 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
- values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
- 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
+ seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
+ 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
+ values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
+ 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting
a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
- Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
+ Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in-
- terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
_\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of
the mask. The -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask
in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If
the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in
- a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
- if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
+ a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
+ if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
- moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
- with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
- variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
- supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
- When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
- from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
- tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
- no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
- unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
+ and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
+ moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
+ with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
+ variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
+ supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
+ When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
+ from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
+ tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
+ no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
+ unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
- even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
+ even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly or may not be unset.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termina-
- tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
- a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
+ tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
+ a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
waits for all processes in the job.
- If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
+ If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
+ background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
given _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substi-
tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the
- supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
- and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
+ supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
+ and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
127.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
- identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
- the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
- able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
- any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
+ identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
+ the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
+ able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
+ any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
tion.
- Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
+ Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
tus, instead of returning when it changes status.
- If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
- processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
- a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
+ If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
+ processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
+ a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
- Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
+ Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
+ p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is
- intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
- is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
- current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
+ intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
+ is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
+ current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
tion.
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
- side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
- in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
+ lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
+ side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
+ in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
sions).
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
+ compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
+ level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
+ that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
+ present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
+ based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
+ ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
+ cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
+ levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
find out the current behavior.
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
+ ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
patibility level.
Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility lev-
els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
- Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
- option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
+ Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
+ option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
+ nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
+ set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
+ later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
ator (=) has no special effect.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+ lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
+ +\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
tation 267).
+\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
+ quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
+ that characters within the single quotes are considered
quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+\bo The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
+ tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
sions after bash-4.2.
- +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
+ +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
+ expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
+ expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
+ other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
+ tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
special within double-quoted word expansions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
+ +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
+ mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
that cause the shell to exit).
- +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
+ +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
(while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
that function will break or continue loops in the calling
context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
vent this.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
- parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
+ +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
+ parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
abled.
- +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
+ +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
+ Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
exit
- +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
with the same name in the calling environment even if the
shell is not in posix mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
- duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
+ +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
+ duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
+ from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
+ dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0.
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
+ +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
+ to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
+ fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
+ input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
tion is supplied.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
- +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
- scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
- ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
+ +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
+ scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
+ ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
previous versions.
+\bo Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
- the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
+ +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
+ the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
once.
- +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
+ +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
can be expanded more than once.
+\bo The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
panded more than once.
- +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
+ +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
+ +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
existing associative array, will return true if the array
- has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
+ has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
on a key named @\b@.
+\bo The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2
will return the final value assigned to the variable.
- +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
+ +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above)
- is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
+ is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func-
- tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
- able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
- pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
- time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
+ tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
+ able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
+ pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
+ time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
mand is executed.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
- +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
- parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
+ +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
+ parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
guments.
- +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
+ +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats any arguments remaining after option process-
- ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
- quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
+ ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
+ quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
arguments as key sequences to bind.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
Copyright (C) 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
-@set LASTCHANGE Mon Nov 25 15:20:23 EST 2024
+@set LASTCHANGE Fri Nov 29 18:18:39 EST 2024
@set EDITION 5.3
@set VERSION 5.3
-@set UPDATED 25 November 2024
+@set UPDATED 29 November 2024
@set UPDATED-MONTH November 2024
this is the command word.
_\bn The _\bnth word.
^\b^ The first argument: word 1.
- $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex-
- pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+ $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but expands
+ to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
%\b% The first word matched by the most recent "?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?" search, if
the search string begins with a character that is part of a
word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and
Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
- the event line. A single backslash will quote the delimiter in
- _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A
- single backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
- the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
- tions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search. If
- _\bn_\be_\bw is null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is deleted.
+ the event line. A single backslash quotes the delimiter in _\bo_\bl_\bd
+ and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
+ gle backslash quotes the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to the
+ last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
+ took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search. If _\bn_\be_\bw is
+ null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is deleted.
&\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
used in conjunction with ":\b:s\bs" (e.g., ":\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/") or ":\b:&\b&".
_\b*_\bc_\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx is modified to point to after the event specifier. At function
entry, _\bc_\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx points to the index into _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg where the history event
specification begins. _\bq_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br is a character that is allowed to end the
- event specification in addition to the ``normal'' terminating charac-
- ters.
+ event specification in addition to the "normal" terminating characters.
_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br _\b*_\b* h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_t\bto\bok\bke\ben\bni\biz\bze\be (_\bc_\bo_\bn_\bs_\bt _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br _\b*_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg)
- Return an array of tokens parsed out of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, much as the shell
- might. The tokens are split on the characters in the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_w\bwo\bor\brd\bd_\b_d\bde\be-\b-
+ Return an array of tokens parsed out of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, much as the shell
+ might. The tokens are split on the characters in the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_w\bwo\bor\brd\bd_\b_d\bde\be-\b-
l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\ber\brs\bs variable, and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br _\b* h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_a\bar\brg\bg_\b_e\bex\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bct\bt (_\bi_\bn_\bt _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt_\b, _\bi_\bn_\bt _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt_\b, _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bs_\bt _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br _\b*_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg)
_\bi_\bn_\bt h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_w\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be_\b_t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bst\bta\bam\bmp\bps\bs
If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be
preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, meaning that time-
- stamps are not saved. The current timestamp format uses the value of
- _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b__\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\b__\bc_\bh_\ba_\br to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.
- If that variable does not have a value (the default), timestamps will
- not be written.
+ stamps are not saved. The current timestamp format uses the value of
+ _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b__\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\b__\bc_\bh_\ba_\br to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.
+ If that variable does not have a value (the default), the history li-
+ brary will not write timestamps.
_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn_\b_c\bch\bha\bar\br
The character that introduces a history event. The default is !\b!. Set-
line. The default is ^\b^.
_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt_\b_c\bch\bha\bar\br
- During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
- of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
- ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
+ During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
+ of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
+ ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
This is disabled by default.
_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br _\b* h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_w\bwo\bor\brd\bd_\b_d\bde\bel\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\ber\brs\bs
- The characters that separate tokens for h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_t\bto\bok\bke\ben\bni\biz\bze\be(\b()\b). The de-
+ The characters that separate tokens for h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_t\bto\bok\bke\ben\bni\biz\bze\be(\b()\b). The de-
fault value is "\b" \\b\t\bt\\b\n\bn(\b()\b)<\b<>\b>;\b;&\b&|\b|"\b".
_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br _\b* h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_n\bno\bo_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immedi-
- ately following h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn_\b_c\bch\bha\bar\br. The default is space, tab,
+ ately following h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn_\b_c\bch\bha\bar\br. The default is space, tab,
newline, \\b\r\br, and =\b=.
_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br _\b* h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh_\b_d\bde\bel\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\ber\br_\b_c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
- The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
- string, in addition to space, tab, _\b: and _\b? in the case of a substring
+ The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
+ string, in addition to space, tab, _\b: and _\b? in the case of a substring
search. The default is empty.
_\bi_\bn_\bt h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bes\bs_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhi\bib\bbi\bit\bt_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- If non-zero, the history expansion code implements shell-like quoting:
+ If non-zero, the history expansion code implements shell-like quoting:
single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion character
or the history comment character, and double-quoted words may have his-
- tory expansion performed, since single quotes are not special within
+ tory expansion performed, since single quotes are not special within
double quotes. The default value is 0.
_\bi_\bn_\bt h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_q\bqu\buo\bot\bti\bin\bng\bg_\b_s\bst\bta\bat\bte\be
- An application may set this variable to indicate that the current line
- being expanded is subject to existing quoting. If set to _\b', the history
- expansion function will assume that the line is single-quoted and in-
- hibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote; if set
- to _\b", history expansion will assume the line is double quoted until it
- reads an unquoted closing double quote. If set to zero, the default,
- the history expansion function will assume the line is not quoted and
- treat quote characters within the line as described above. This is
- only effective if h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bes\bs_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhi\bib\bbi\bit\bt_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn is set.
+ An application may set this variable to indicate that the current line
+ being expanded is subject to existing quoting. If set to _\b', history
+ expansion assumes that the line is single-quoted and inhibit expansion
+ until it reads an unquoted closing single quote; if set to _\b", history
+ expansion assumes the line is double quoted until it reads an unquoted
+ closing double quote. If set to zero, the default, history expansion
+ assumes the line is not quoted and treats quote characters within the
+ line as described above. This is only effective if h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bes\bs_\b_i\bin\bn-\b-
+ h\bhi\bib\bbi\bit\bt_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn is set.
_\br_\bl_\b__\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\bb_\bu_\bf_\b__\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b__\bt _\b* h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhi\bib\bbi\bit\bt_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn_\b_f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
- This should be set to the address of a function that takes two argu-
- ments: a c\bch\bha\bar\br *\b* (_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg) and an i\bin\bnt\bt index into that string (_\bi). It
- should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b[_\bi_\b] should not be performed; zero if the expansion should be
- done. It is intended for use by applications like b\bba\bas\bsh\bh that use the
- history expansion character for additional purposes. By default, this
+ This should be set to the address of a function that takes two argu-
+ ments: a c\bch\bha\bar\br *\b* (_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg) and an i\bin\bnt\bt index into that string (_\bi). It
+ should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b[_\bi_\b] should not be performed; zero if the expansion should be
+ done. It is intended for use by applications like b\bba\bas\bsh\bh that use the
+ history expansion character for additional purposes. By default, this
variable is set to N\bNU\bUL\bLL\bL.
F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
chet.ramey@case.edu
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
- If you find a bug in the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by library, you should report it. But
- first, you should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it ap-
+ If you find a bug in the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by library, you should report it. But
+ first, you should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it ap-
pears in the latest version of the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by library that you have.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a bug report
- to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg. If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail
- that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be
- mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a bug report
+ to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg. If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail
+ that as well! Suggestions and "philosophical" bug reports may be
+ mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
to _\bc_\bh_\be_\bt_\b._\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\by_\b@_\bc_\ba_\bs_\be_\b._\be_\bd_\bu.
-GNU History 8.3 2024 October 10 _\bH_\bI_\bS_\bT_\bO_\bR_\bY(3)
+GNU History 8.3 2024 November 29 _\bH_\bI_\bS_\bT_\bO_\bR_\bY(3)
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Thu Oct 10 16:50:53 EDT 2024
+.\" Last Change: Fri Nov 29 18:17:58 EST 2024
.\"
-.TH HISTORY 3 "2024 October 10" "GNU History 8.3"
+.TH HISTORY 3 "2024 November 29" "GNU History 8.3"
.\"
.ie \n(.g \{\
.ds ' \(aq
.\}
.el \{\
.ds ' '
-.\" not usable in macro arguments on AT&T troff (DWB, Solaris 10)
+.\" \*" is not usable in macro arguments on AT&T troff (DWB, Solaris 10)
.ds " ""\" two adjacent quotes and no space before this comment
.ds ^ ^
.ds ~ ~
.
.\" Fix broken EX/EE macros on DWB troff.
.\" Detect it: only DWB sets up a `)Y` register.
+.if \n(.g .nr )Y 0 \" silence "groff -wreg" warning
.if \n()Y \{\
.\" Revert the undesired changes to indentation.
.am EX
.
.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
+.\" \% at the beginning of the string protects the filename from hyphenation.
.\"
.de FN
\%\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
..
+.\"
+.\" Quotation macro: generate consistent quoted strings that don't rely
+.\" on the presence of the `CW' constant-width font.
+.\"
.de Q
.ie \n(.g \(lq\\$1\(rq\\$2
.el \{\
.TP
.B $
The last word.
-This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+This is usually the last argument, but expands to the
zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
.TP
.B %
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
event line.
-A single backslash will quote the delimiter in
+A single backslash quotes the delimiter in
.I old
and
.IR new .
.IR new ,
it is replaced with
.IR old .
-A single backslash will quote the &.
+A single backslash quotes the &.
If
.I old
is null, it is set to the last
.Vb "typedef void *" histdata_t;
.PP
.nf
+.EX
typedef struct _hist_entry {
char *line;
char *timestamp;
histdata_t data;
} HIST_ENTRY;
+.EE
.fi
.PP
The history list itself might therefore be declared as
specifier. At function entry, \fIcindex\fP points to the index into
\fIstring\fP where the history event specification begins. \fIqchar\fP
is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition
-to the ``normal'' terminating characters.
+to the
+.Q normal
+terminating characters.
.PP
.F1 "char **" history_tokenize "const char *string"
Return an array of tokens parsed out of \fIstring\fP, much as the
preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, meaning that
timestamps are not saved.
The current timestamp format uses the value of \fIhistory_comment_char\fP
-to delimit timestamp entries in the history file. If that variable does
-not have a value (the default), timestamps will not be written.
+to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.
+If that variable does
+not have a value (the default),
+the history library will not write timestamps.
.PP
.Vb char history_expansion_char
-The character that introduces a history event. The default is \fB!\fP.
+The character that introduces a history event.
+The default is \fB!\fP.
Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
.PP
.Vb char history_subst_char
The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
-a line. The default is \fB\*^\fP.
+a line.
+The default is \fB\*^\fP.
.PP
.Vb char history_comment_char
During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
.PP
.Vb int history_quoting_state
An application may set this variable to indicate that the current line
-being expanded is subject to existing quoting. If set to \fI\*'\fP, the
-history expansion function will assume that the line is single-quoted and
-inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote; if set
-to \fI\*"\fP, history expansion will assume the line is double quoted until
-it reads an unquoted closing double quote. If set to zero, the default,
-the history expansion function will assume the line is not quoted and
-treat quote characters within the line as described above.
+being expanded is subject to existing quoting.
+If set to \fI\*'\fP,
+history expansion assumes that the line is single-quoted and
+inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote;
+if set to \fI\*"\fP, history expansion assumes the line is double quoted
+until it reads an unquoted closing double quote.
+If set to zero, the default,
+history expansion assumes the line is not quoted and
+treats quote characters within the line as described above.
This is only effective if \fBhistory_quotes_inhibit_expansion\fP is set.
.PP
.Vb "rl_linebuf_func_t *" history_inhibit_expansion_function
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a
bug report to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP.
If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail that
-as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
+as well! Suggestions and
+.Q philosophical
+bug reports may be mailed
to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
newsgroup
.BR gnu.bash.bug .
<HTML>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on November, 1 2024 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on December, 2 2024 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
<DT><CODE>$</CODE>
<DD>The last word.
-This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+This is usually the last argument, but expands to the
zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
<P>
The delimiter may be quoted in <VAR>old</VAR> and <VAR>new</VAR>
with a single backslash.
If <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> appears in <VAR>new</VAR>, it is replaced with <VAR>old</VAR>.
-A single backslash will quote the <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> in <VAR>old</VAR> and <VAR>new</VAR>.
+A single backslash quotes the <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> in <VAR>old</VAR> and <VAR>new</VAR>.
If <VAR>old</VAR> is null, it is set to the last <VAR>old</VAR>
substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
the last <VAR>string</VAR>
The current timestamp format uses the value of <VAR>history_comment_char</VAR>
to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.
-If that variable does not have a value (the default), this will not
-write timestamps.
+If that variable does not have a value (the default),
+the history library will not write timestamps.
</DL>
</P><P>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>history_quoting_state</B>
<DD>An application may set this variable to indicate that the current line
being expanded is subject to existing quoting.
-If set to <SAMP>`''</SAMP>, the
-history expansion function will assume that the line is single-quoted and
+If set to <SAMP>`''</SAMP>,
+history expansion assumes that the line is single-quoted and
inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote;
-if set to <SAMP>`"'</SAMP>, history expansion will assume the line is
-double quoted until it reads an unquoted closing double quote.
+if set to <SAMP>`"'</SAMP>,
+history expansion assumes the line is double quoted
+until it reads an unquoted closing double quote.
If set to 0, the default,
-the history expansion function will assume the line is not quoted and
-treat quote characters within the line as described above.
+history expansion assumes the line is not quoted and
+treats quote characters within the line as described above.
This is only effective if <VAR>history_quotes_inhibit_expansion</VAR> is set.
This is intended for use by applications like Bash which allow
quoted strings to span multiple lines.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="history.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>November, 1 2024</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 2 2024</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>November, 1 2024</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 2 2024</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
This is history.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from
history.texi.
-This document describes the GNU History library (version 8.3, 15
+This document describes the GNU History library (version 8.3, 29
November 2024), a programming tool that provides a consistent user
interface for recalling lines of previously typed input.
The first argument: word 1.
‘$’
- The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand
- to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but expands to
+ the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
‘%’
The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘/’. The
delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If
‘&’ appears in NEW, it is replaced with OLD. A single backslash
- will quote the ‘&’ in OLD and NEW. If OLD is null, it is set to
- the last OLD substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
- took place, the last STRING in a !?STRING‘[?]’ search. If NEW is
- null, each matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is
- optional if it is the last character on the input line.
+ quotes the ‘&’ in OLD and NEW. If OLD is null, it is set to the
+ last OLD substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took
+ place, the last STRING in a !?STRING‘[?]’ search. If NEW is null,
+ each matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is optional if
+ it is the last character on the input line.
‘&’
Repeat the previous substitution.
The current timestamp format uses the value of HISTORY_COMMENT_CHAR
to delimit timestamp entries in the history file. If that variable
- does not have a value (the default), this will not write
- timestamps.
+ does not have a value (the default), the history library will not
+ write timestamps.
-- Variable: char history_expansion_char
The character that introduces a history event. The default is ‘!’.
-- Variable: int history_quoting_state
An application may set this variable to indicate that the current
line being expanded is subject to existing quoting. If set to ‘'’,
- the history expansion function will assume that the line is
- single-quoted and inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted
- closing single quote; if set to ‘"’, history expansion will assume
- the line is double quoted until it reads an unquoted closing double
- quote. If set to 0, the default, the history expansion function
- will assume the line is not quoted and treat quote characters
- within the line as described above. This is only effective if
- HISTORY_QUOTES_INHIBIT_EXPANSION is set. This is intended for use
- by applications like Bash which allow quoted strings to span
- multiple lines.
+ history expansion assumes that the line is single-quoted and
+ inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote;
+ if set to ‘"’, history expansion assumes the line is double quoted
+ until it reads an unquoted closing double quote. If set to 0, the
+ default, history expansion assumes the line is not quoted and
+ treats quote characters within the line as described above. This
+ is only effective if HISTORY_QUOTES_INHIBIT_EXPANSION is set. This
+ is intended for use by applications like Bash which allow quoted
+ strings to span multiple lines.
-- Variable: rl_linebuf_func_t * history_inhibit_expansion_function
This should be set to the address of a function that takes two
(line 14)
* history_get_time: Information About the History List.
(line 28)
-* history_inhibit_expansion_function: History Variables. (line 79)
+* history_inhibit_expansion_function: History Variables. (line 78)
* history_is_stifled: History List Management.
(line 52)
* history_length: History Variables. (line 12)
Node: History Interaction\7f2001
Node: Event Designators\7f4715
Node: Word Designators\7f6217
-Node: Modifiers\7f8528
-Node: Programming with GNU History\7f10179
-Node: Introduction to History\7f10923
-Node: History Storage\7f12655
-Node: History Functions\7f13835
-Node: Initializing History and State Management\7f14824
-Node: History List Management\7f15627
-Node: Information About the History List\7f18058
-Node: Moving Around the History List\7f19671
-Node: Searching the History List\7f20751
-Node: Managing the History File\7f22697
-Node: History Expansion\7f25167
-Node: History Variables\7f27140
-Node: History Programming Example\7f31282
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f33936
-Node: Concept Index\7f59111
-Node: Function and Variable Index\7f59816
+Node: Modifiers\7f8524
+Node: Programming with GNU History\7f10171
+Node: Introduction to History\7f10915
+Node: History Storage\7f12647
+Node: History Functions\7f13827
+Node: Initializing History and State Management\7f14816
+Node: History List Management\7f15619
+Node: Information About the History List\7f18050
+Node: Moving Around the History List\7f19663
+Node: Searching the History List\7f20743
+Node: Managing the History File\7f22689
+Node: History Expansion\7f25159
+Node: History Variables\7f27132
+Node: History Programming Example\7f31247
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f33901
+Node: Concept Index\7f59076
+Node: Function and Variable Index\7f59781
\1f
End Tag Table
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y(fprintf)f(\(stderr,)f("No)j(such)f(entry)f(\045d\\n",)h(which\);)470
-2329 y(else)509 2372 y({)548 2416 y(free)g(\(entry->li)o(ne)o(\);)548
-2460 y(free)g(\(entry\);)509 2503 y(})430 2547 y(})391
-2590 y(else)430 2634 y({)p eop end
+2242 y(else)509 2285 y({)548 2329 y(free)g(\(entry->li)o(ne)o(\);)548
+2372 y(free)g(\(entry\);)509 2416 y(})430 2460 y(})391
+2503 y(else)430 2547 y({)470 2590 y(fprintf)e(\(stderr,)h("non-numer)o
+(ic)f(arg)i(given)g(to)h(`delete'\\n)o("\))o(;)430 2634
+y(})p eop end
%%Page: 12 15
TeXDict begin 12 14 bop 75 -58 a Fq(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(Programming)14
-b(with)g(GNU)h(History)866 b(12)470 149 y Fe(fprintf)16
-b(\(stderr,)h("non-numer)o(ic)f(arg)i(given)g(to)h(`delete'\\n)o("\))o
-(;)430 193 y(})352 237 y(})273 280 y(})195 324 y(})p
-eop end
+b(with)g(GNU)h(History)866 b(12)352 149 y Fe(})273 193
+y(})195 237 y(})p eop end
%%Page: 13 16
TeXDict begin 13 15 bop 1830 -58 a Fq(13)75 149 y Fm(App)r(endix)26
b(A)41 b(GNU)27 b(F)-7 b(ree)26 b(Do)r(cumen)n(tation)j(License)679
The current timestamp format uses the value of @var{history_comment_char}
to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.
-If that variable does not have a value (the default), this will not
-write timestamps.
+If that variable does not have a value (the default),
+the history library will not write timestamps.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar char history_expansion_char
@deftypevar int history_quoting_state
An application may set this variable to indicate that the current line
being expanded is subject to existing quoting.
-If set to @samp{'}, the
-history expansion function will assume that the line is single-quoted and
+If set to @samp{'},
+history expansion assumes that the line is single-quoted and
inhibit expansion until it reads an unquoted closing single quote;
-if set to @samp{"}, history expansion will assume the line is
-double quoted until it reads an unquoted closing double quote.
+if set to @samp{"},
+history expansion assumes the line is double quoted
+until it reads an unquoted closing double quote.
If set to 0, the default,
-the history expansion function will assume the line is not quoted and
-treat quote characters within the line as described above.
+history expansion assumes the line is not quoted and
+treats quote characters within the line as described above.
This is only effective if @var{history_quotes_inhibit_expansion} is set.
This is intended for use by applications like Bash which allow
quoted strings to span multiple lines.
@ifset BashFeatures
Several shell options settable with the @code{shopt}
builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin})
-will modify history expansion behavior
+modify history expansion behavior
If the @code{histverify} shell option is enabled, and Readline
is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
the shell parser.
@item $
The last word.
-This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+This is usually the last argument, but expands to the
zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
@item %
The delimiter may be quoted in @var{old} and @var{new}
with a single backslash.
If @samp{&} appears in @var{new}, it is replaced with @var{old}.
-A single backslash will quote the @samp{&} in @var{old} and @var{new}.
+A single backslash quotes the @samp{&} in @var{old} and @var{new}.
If @var{old} is null, it is set to the last @var{old}
substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
the last @var{string}
Readline is Copyright (C) 1989-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will read a line from the terminal and return it, using p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt
- as a prompt. If p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt is N\bNU\bUL\bLL\bL or the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
- issue a prompt. The line returned is allocated with _\bm_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bo_\bc(3); the
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads a line from the terminal and return it, using p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt as
+ a prompt. If p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt is N\bNU\bUL\bLL\bL or the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not is-
+ sue a prompt. The line returned is allocated with _\bm_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bo_\bc(3); the
caller must free it when finished. The line returned has the final
newline removed, so only the text of the line remains. Since it's pos-
sible to enter characters into the line while quoting them to disable
On keyboards without a _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press and re-
lease the Escape key, then press and release the _\bx key, in sequence.
- This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx means ESC-Con-
+ This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx means ESC Con-
trol-_\bx: press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the Con-
trol key while pressing the _\bx key, then release both.
(the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC environment variable. If that variable is unset, the de-
fault is _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read,
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be looks for _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
- l\bli\bin\bne\be library starts up, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads the initialization file and sets
- the key bindings and variables found there, before reading any user in-
- put.
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be looks for _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program that uses the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ library starts up, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads the initialization file and sets the
+ key bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input.
There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file.
Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a #\b# are comments. Lines
_\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _\bD_\bE_\bL,
- _\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bE_\bS_\bC_\bA_\bP_\bE, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT(a_\bd_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bu_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\bebackspace),
- _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, _\bS_\bP_\bC, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
+ _\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bE_\bS_\bC_\bA_\bP_\bE, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT (a destructive back-
+ space), _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, _\bS_\bP_\bC, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
In addition to command names, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo). The differ-
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded in the
- macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
- text, including " and '.
+ tion name. The backslash escapes described above are expanded in the
+ macro body. Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text,
+ including " and '.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will display or modify the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key bindings with the
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin
- will change the editing mode during interactive use. Other programs
- using this library provide similar mechanisms. A user may always edit
- the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file and have r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be re-read it if a program does not
- provide any other means to incorporate new bindings.
+ change the editing mode during interactive use. Other programs using
+ this library provide similar mechanisms. A user may always edit the
+ _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file and have r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be re-read it if a program does not provide
+ any other means to incorporate new bindings.
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
- Except where noted, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
- (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+ Except where noted, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
+ (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
When r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case-
- insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to O\bOn\bn. All other values are
+ insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to O\bOn\bn. All other values are
equivalent to O\bOf\bff\bf.
The variables and their default values are:
a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
- A string variable that controls the text color and background
- when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip-
- tion of e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn below). This string must not take
+ A string variable that controls the text color and background
+ when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip-
+ tion of e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn below). This string must not take
up any physical character positions on the display, so it should
- consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the
- terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This
- variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal
- type changes. The default value is the string that puts the
- terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter-
+ consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the
+ terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This
+ variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal
+ type changes. The default value is the string that puts the
+ terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter-
minfo description. A sample value might be "\e[01;33m".
a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
- A string variable that "undoes" the effects of a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
- g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br and restores "normal" terminal display appear-
- ance after displaying text in the active region. This string
- must not take up any physical character positions on the dis-
- play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences.
- It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the
- active region. This variable is reset to the default value
- whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the
- string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob-
+ A string variable that "undoes" the effects of a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
+ g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br and restores "normal" terminal display appear-
+ ance after displaying text in the active region. This string
+ must not take up any physical character positions on the dis-
+ play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences.
+ It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the
+ active region. This variable is reset to the default value
+ whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the
+ string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob-
tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value
might be "\e[0m".
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be (\b(a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be)\b)
- Controls what happens when r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be wants to ring the terminal
+ Controls what happens when r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be wants to ring the terminal
bell. If set to n\bno\bon\bne\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be never rings the bell. If set to
- v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a visible bell if one is available. If
+ v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a visible bell if one is available. If
set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd-\b-t\btt\bty\by-\b-s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to bind the control characters
- that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to bind the control characters
+ that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to
their r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be equivalents. These override the default r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
bindings described here. Type "stty -a" at a b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prompt to see
- your current terminal settings, including the special control
+ your current terminal settings, including the special control
characters (usually c\bcc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs).
b\bbl\bli\bin\bnk\bk-\b-m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg-\b-p\bpa\bar\bre\ben\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, when listing completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, when listing completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays the
common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ-
- ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of
+ ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of
the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment variable. If there is a color defini-
- tion in $\b$L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com-
- pletion-prefix", r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses this color for the common prefix
+ tion in $\b$L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com-
+ pletion-prefix", r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses this color for the common prefix
instead of its default.
c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays possible completions using dif-
- ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini-
- tions are taken from the value of the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays possible completions using dif-
+ ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini-
+ tions are taken from the value of the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment
variable.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b("#\b#")\b)
- The string that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt command inserts.
- This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode and to #\b# in vi com-
+ The string that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt command inserts.
+ This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode and to #\b# in vi com-
mand mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh (\b(-\b-1\b1)\b)
- The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
- when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less
- than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0
- will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default
- value is -1.
+ The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+ when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less
+ than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0
+ causes matches to be displayed one per line. The default value
+ is -1.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-m\bma\bap\bp-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be is enabled, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- treats hyphens (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent when per-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be is enabled, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ treats hyphens (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent when per-
forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh (\b(0\b0)\b)
- The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list
- of possible completions that is displayed without modification.
- When set to a value greater than zero, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be replaces common
+ The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list
+ of possible completions that is displayed without modification.
+ When set to a value greater than zero, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be replaces common
prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying
possible completions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
- This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
- ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
- or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
- greater than or equal to the value of this variable, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means
+ This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
+ ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
+ t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
+ or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
+ greater than or equal to the value of this variable, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ asks whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be should never ask; negative values are treated as zero.
c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will convert characters it reads that
- have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be converts characters it reads that have
+ the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the
eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting
the character to have the meta prefix). The default is _\bO_\bn, but
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will set it to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains characters
- whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This
- variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains characters whose
+ encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This vari-
+ able is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may
change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key
bindings; see the description of f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx below.
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will inhibit word completion. Completion
- characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
- mapped to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be inhibits word completion. Completion
+ characters are inserted into the line as if they had been mapped
+ to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo-\b-c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
When set to O\bOn\bn, on operating systems that indicate they support
it, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows certain com-
mands to designate the region as _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be. When the region is ac-
tive, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be highlights the text in the region using the value
- of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br, which defaults to the string
- that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region
- shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching text
- found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
+ of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable, which defaults to the
+ string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active
+ region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any match-
+ ing text found by incremental and non-incremental history
+ searches.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be configures the terminal to insert each
paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be from executing any editing commands bound to key se-
quences appearing in the pasted text.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will try to enable the application key-
- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar-
- row keys.
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable the application keypad
+ when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow
+ keys.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will try to enable any meta modifier
- key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta
- key is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks
- for the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can en-
- able and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable any meta modifier key
+ the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key
+ is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for
+ the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can enable
+ and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character
(0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed
(a meta character).
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled
for terminals of height 1.
i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
- will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), re-
- gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The de-
- fault is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale con-
- tains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
- eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
- cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes.
- The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
- i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-J\bJ")\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
- ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be enables eight-bit input (that is, it does
+ not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless
+ of what the terminal claims it can support. The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf,
+ but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains characters
+ whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This
+ variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and its
+ value may change if the locale changes. The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a
+ synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
+ i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-j\bj")\b)
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
+ mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+ ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search.
k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
+ Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names
+ is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq-\b-t\bti\bim\bme\beo\bou\but\bt (\b(5\b50\b00\b0)\b)
- Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when
- reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
+ Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when
+ reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
- input to complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
- receive any input within the timeout, it will use the shorter
- but complete key sequence. The value is specified in millisec-
- onds, so a value of 1000 means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one sec-
- ond for additional input. If this variable is set to a value
- less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key se-
- quence to complete.
+ input to complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
+ receive any input within the timeout, it uses the shorter but
+ complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds,
+ so a value of 1000 means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one second for
+ additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than
+ or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be waits un-
+ til another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to com-
+ plete.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been
modified with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
+ tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
r\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs.
m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files
- whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files
+ whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing
+ filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
leading "." in the filename to be completed.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
through the list.
o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will display characters with the eighth
- bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
- The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will set it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
- contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
- eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays characters with the eighth bit
+ set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+ The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
+ contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
+ eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes.
p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
- play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses an internal pager resembling _\bm_\bo_\br_\be(1)
+ to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfe\ber\br-\b-v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbe\bel\bll\bl
See b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will display completions with matches
- sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
- screen.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays completions with matches sorted
+ horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-a\bat\bt-\b-n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines
- before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, his-
- tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines
+ before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, his-
+ tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
across calls to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be(\b()\b).
s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental
history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to O\bOn\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to O\bOn\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
stead of ringing the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-i\bin\bn-\b-p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
- cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
+ cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg).
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-t\bte\bex\bxt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
- inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
- performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not insert characters from the completion that
- match characters after point in the word being completed, so
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
+ inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
+ performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not insert characters from the completion that
+ match characters after point in the word being completed, so
portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
v\bvi\bi-\b-c\bcm\bmd\bd-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(c\bcm\bmd\bd)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
- when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
+ when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
+ control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+ characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
quence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bi-\b-i\bin\bns\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(i\bin\bns\bs)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
+ control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+ characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
quence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
pletions.
C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives available.
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no char-
acters are required to isolate it.
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
- stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
+ whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
+ stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in
emacs mode.
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
of the =\b= is tested against both the full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first -\b-. This allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and
_\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\b-_\b2_\b5_\b6_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bo_\br, for instance.
v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
- against specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
- to the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison
- operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
- The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
- erator consists of a major version number, an optional
+ The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
+ against specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
+ to the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison
+ operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
+ The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
+ erator consists of a major version number, an optional
decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 7\b7.\b.1\b1).
- If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The
- operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
+ If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The
+ operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
from the version number argument by whitespace.
_\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
The _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn construct is used to include application-
- specific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
- brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+ specific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
+ brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh:
$\b$i\bif\bf Bash
_\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
The _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be construct provides simple equality tests for
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison
- operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison
+ operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
- operator may be separated from the value on the right
- hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables
- may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against
+ operator may be separated from the value on the right
+ hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables
+ may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against
the values _\bo_\bn and _\bo_\bf_\bf.
$\b$e\bel\bls\bse\be Commands in this branch of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive are executed if the
command.
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
commands and key bindings from that file. For example, the fol-
lowing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSE\bEA\bAR\bRC\bCH\bHI\bIN\bNG\bG
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history
- for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes:
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history
+ for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes:
_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing
- mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search backward in the history for a particular
- string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history. The charac-
- ters present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
- to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as-
- signed a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search. _\bC_\b-_\bg
- will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When
- the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search
- string becomes the current line.
-
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as
- appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for
- the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key
- sequence bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command will terminate the search and exe-
- cute that command. For instance, a newline will terminate the search
- and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history
- list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line
- found the current line, and begin editing.
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing
+ mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search backward in the history for a particular
+ string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history. The charac-
+ ters present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
+ to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as-
+ signed a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search. C\bC-\b-g\bg
+ aborts an incremental search and restores the original line. When the
+ search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
+ becomes the current line.
+
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as
+ appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history for the
+ next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key se-
+ quence bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command terminates the search and executes
+ that command. For instance, a newline terminates the search and ac-
+ cepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A
+ movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+ the current line, and begin editing.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be remembers the last incremental search string. If two C\bC-\b-r\brs are
typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string,
Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End
key on some keyboards.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
- Move forward a character.
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
+ arrow key on some keyboards.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
Move back a character.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-f\bf)\b)
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
- previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired
- effect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than
- one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+ previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired
+ effect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than
+ one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
the prompt plus the screen width.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
- next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef-
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+ next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef-
fect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than one
- physical line or if the length of the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line is
+ physical line or if the length of the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line is
not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
- buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line
+ Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
+ buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line
at the top of the screen.
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur-
- rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh
+ rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh
the current line without clearing the screen.
r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Refresh the current line.
a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
is non-empty, it may be added to the history list for future re-
- call with a\bad\bdd\bd_\b_h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by(\b()\b). If the line is a modified history
+ call with a\bad\bdd\bd_\b_h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by(\b()\b). If the line is a modified history
line, restore the history line to its original state.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
- the list.
+ the list. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
- the list.
+ the list. This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
Move to the first line in the history.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
Accept the current line for return to the calling application as
- if a newline had been entered, and fetch the next line relative
+ if a newline had been entered, and fetch the next line relative
to the current line from the history for editing. A numeric ar-
- gument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
+ gument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
of the current line.
f\bfe\bet\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
- With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
+ With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to
the first entry in the history list.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up"
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
- search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
- activates the region.
- f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down"
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up"
through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
activates the region.
+ f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down"
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
+ activates the region.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
+ using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
user. The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user. The search string may
match anywhere in a history line.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on
some keyboards.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
- non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key
+ non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key
on some keyboards.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
cremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
cremental search.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn,
- insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in-
- serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
- the argument _\bn is computed, this uses the history expansion fa-
- cilities to extract the _\bnth word, as if the "!_\bn" history expan-
+ insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in-
+ serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
+ the argument _\bn is computed, this uses the history expansion fa-
+ cilities to extract the _\bnth word, as if the "!_\bn" history expan-
sion had been specified.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave
- exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
- the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
+ exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
+ the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
- calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
- negative argument switches the direction through the history
- (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities
- to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had
+ calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
+ negative argument switches the direction through the history
+ (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities
+ to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had
been specified.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br C\bCh\bha\ban\bng\bgi\bin\bng\bg T\bTe\bex\bxt\bt
_\be_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bo_\bf_\b-_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be (\b(u\bus\bsu\bua\bal\bll\bly\by C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+ The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
_\bs_\bt_\bt_\by(1). If this character is read when there are no characters
on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
interprets it as the end of input and returns E\bEO\bOF\bF.
above for the effects. This may also be bound to the Delete key
on some keyboards.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
- Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
sor is deleted.
q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
to insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Insert a tab character.
s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, ...)\b)
Insert the character typed.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
- This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
- escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
- assigned by default. It allows r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to insert the pasted
- text as a single unit without treating each character as if it
- had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in-
- serted as if each one was bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt instead of exe-
+ This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
+ escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
+ assigned by default. It allows r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to insert the pasted
+ text as a single unit without treating each character as if it
+ had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in-
+ serted as if each one was bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt instead of exe-
cuting any editing commands.
- Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti-
+ Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti-
vates the region.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the character before point forward over the character at
- point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
- the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
+ Drag the character before point forward over the character at
+ point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
+ the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
Negative arguments have no effect.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
+ point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
- Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive
numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects
- only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
+ only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode.
- In overwrite mode, characters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the
- text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char-
- acters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character be-
- fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound,
+ In overwrite mode, characters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the
+ text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char-
+ acters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character be-
+ fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound,
but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-k\bk)\b)
Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a
- negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+ negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
beginning of the line.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. With a neg-
- ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end
+ ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end
of the line.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving
+ Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving
the killed text on the kill-ring.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
is.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
- Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
ary, saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
- Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
- character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+ character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
kill-ring.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn
Kill the text in the current region.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
- Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be
+ Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be
yanked immediately.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
- Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
+ Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
ing y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
N\bNu\bum\bme\ber\bri\bic\bc A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, ...,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
- Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
- followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
+ followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the nu-
meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei-
- ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
+ ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
+ one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
and so on.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The ac-
- tual completion performed is application-specific. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh, for
+ tual completion performed is application-specific. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh, for
instance, attempts programmable completion first, otherwise
- treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with $\b$),
- username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname (if the text be-
- gins with @\b@), or command (including aliases, functions, and
- builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a match, it falls
- back to filename completion. G\bGd\bdb\bb, on the other hand, allows
+ treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with $\b$),
+ username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname (if the text be-
+ gins with @\b@), or command (including aliases, functions, and
+ builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a match, it falls
+ back to filename completion. G\bGd\bdb\bb, on the other hand, allows
completion of program functions and variables, and only attempts
- filename completion under certain circumstances. The default
+ filename completion under certain circumstances. The default
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be completion is filename completion.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point. When
+ List the possible completions of the text before point. When
displaying completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets the number of columns used
- for display to the value of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh, the value
- of the environment variable C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, or the screen width, in
+ for display to the value of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh, the value
+ of the environment variable C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, or the screen width, in
that order.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
- Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs, separated by a space.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat-
- edly executing m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
- completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
- list of completions, m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be rings the bell (subject to
- the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and restores the original text. An
- argument of _\bn moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches;
- a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com-
+ Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
+ a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat-
+ edly executing m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
+ completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
+ list of completions, m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be rings the bell (subject to
+ the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and restores the original text. An
+ argument of _\bn moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches;
+ a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com-
mand is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by default.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
- of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
+ Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
+ of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
negative argument. This command is unbound by default.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Perform completion on the word before point as described above
- and write the list of possible completions to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's output
- stream using the following format, writing information on sepa-
+ Perform completion on the word before point as described above
+ and write the list of possible completions to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's output
+ stream using the following format, writing information on sepa-
rate lines:
- The number of matches;
- The word being completed;
- S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
- in the readline line buffer; then
- Each match, one per line
-
- If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this com-
- mand will not print any output after the S:E. If there is only
- a single match, this prints a single line containing it. If
- there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of
- the matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the
- S:E, then the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, N will
+ +\bo the number of matches _\bN;
+ +\bo the word being completed;
+ +\bo _\bS:_\bE, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the
+ word in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer; then
+ +\bo each match, one per line
+
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
+ command does not print any output after the _\bS:_\bE. If there is
+ only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
+ If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix
+ of the matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the
+ _\bS:_\bE, then the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, _\bN will
include the first line with the common prefix.
The user or application should be able to accommodate the possi-
bility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or applica-
- tion reads N lines after the line containing S:E. This command
- is unbound by default.
+ tion reads _\bN lines after the line containing _\bS:_\bE to obtain the
+ match list. This command is unbound by default.
+
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
- Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
- or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). At the end of the line,
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
+ or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). At the end of the line,
it behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command is
unbound by default.
K\bKe\bey\byb\bbo\boa\bar\brd\bd M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
- Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
macro.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and store the definition.
c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
- Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b()\b)
- Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
+ Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
M\bMi\bis\bsc\bce\bel\bll\bla\ban\bne\beo\bou\bus\bs
r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
+ Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
(subject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
d\bdo\bo-\b-l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-A\bA,\b, M\bM-\b-B\bB,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, ...)\b)
- If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that
+ If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that
is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The
behavior is undefined if _\bx is already lowercase.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
state.
t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
set the mark to that position.
e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position
+ Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position
to the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor posi-
tion.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
- character. A negative argument searches for previous occur-
+ Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
+ character. A negative argument searches for previous occur-
rences.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of
+ Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of
that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent oc-
currences.
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bcs\bsi\bi-\b-s\bse\beq\bqu\bue\ben\bnc\bce\be
- Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
- those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin
- with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will
- have no effect unless explicitly bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command,
- instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
- This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+ those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin
+ with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[. If this
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
+ effect unless explicitly bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command, instead of
+ inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is un-
+ bound by default, but usually bound to _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable at the beginning of the current line. If
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a bug report
to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg. If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail
- that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be
+ that as well! Suggestions and "philosophical" bug reports may be
mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
It's too big and too slow.
-GNU Readline 8.3 2024 October 10 _\bR_\bE_\bA_\bD_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE(3)
+GNU Readline 8.3 2024 November 29 _\bR_\bE_\bA_\bD_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE(3)
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Fri Nov 15 17:57:09 EST 2024
+.\" Last Change: Fri Nov 29 18:17:27 EST 2024
.\"
-.TH READLINE 3 "2024 November 15" "GNU Readline 8.3"
+.TH READLINE 3 "2024 November 29" "GNU Readline 8.3"
.\"
.ie \n(.g \{\
.ds ' \(aq
.\}
.el \{\
.ds ' '
-.\" not usable in macro arguments on AT&T troff (DWB, Solaris 10)
+.\" \*" is not usable in macro arguments on AT&T troff (DWB, Solaris 10)
.ds " ""\" two adjacent quotes and no space before this comment
.ds ^ ^
.ds ~ ~
.
.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
+.\" \% at the beginning of the string protects the filename from hyphenation.
.\"
.de FN
\%\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
..
+.\"
+.\" Quotation macro: generate consistent quoted strings that don't rely
+.\" on the presence of the `CW' constant-width font.
+.\"
.de Q
.ie \n(.g \(lq\\$1\(rq\\$2
.el \{\
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
.B readline
-will read a line from the terminal
+reads a line from the terminal
and return it, using
.B prompt
as a prompt.
.I x
key, in sequence.
This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP.
-The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP:
+The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC Control\-\fIx\fP:
press and release the Escape key,
then press and hold the Control key while pressing the
.I x
.IR \*~/.inputrc .
If that file does not exist or cannot be read, \fBreadline\fP looks for
.IR /etc/inputrc .
-When a program which uses the \fBreadline\fP library starts up,
+When a program that uses the \fBreadline\fP library starts up,
\fBreadline\fP reads the initialization file
and sets the key bindings and variables found there,
before reading any user input.
.IR NEWLINE ,
.IR RET ,
.IR RETURN ,
-.IR RUBOUT (a destructive backspace),
+.I RUBOUT
+(a destructive backspace),
.IR SPACE ,
.IR SPC ,
and
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
be used to indicate a macro definition.
Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-Tthe backslash escapes described above are expanded
+The backslash escapes described above are expanded
in the macro body.
-Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text,
including \*" and \*'.
.PP
.B Bash
options to the
.B set
builtin
-will change the editing mode during interactive use.
+change the editing mode during interactive use.
Other programs using this library provide similar mechanisms.
A user may always edit the
.I inputrc
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
-A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+A value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is \-1.
.TP
.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off)
It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
If the number of possible completions is greater than
or equal to the value of this variable,
-\fBreadline\fP will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
+\fBreadline\fP asks whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise \fBreadline\fP simply lists them on the terminal.
A zero value means \fBreadline\fP should never ask; negative values are
treated as zero.
.TP
.B convert\-meta (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will convert characters it reads
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP converts characters it reads
that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
(converting the character to have the meta prefix).
-The default is \fIOn\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOff\fP
+The default is \fIOn\fP, but \fBreadline\fP sets it to \fIOff\fP
if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
\fBforce\-meta\-prefix\fP below.
.TP
.B disable\-completion (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will inhibit word completion.
-Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP inhibits word completion.
+Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they
had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
.TP
.B echo\-control\-characters (On)
.B enable\-active\-region (On)
When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP allows certain commands
to designate the region as \fIactive\fP.
-When the region is active, \fBreadline\fP highlights
-the text in the region using
-the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the
-string that enables the terminal's standout mode.
+When the region is active, \fBreadline\fP
+highlights the text in the region using the value of the
+.B active\-region\-start\-color
+variable, which defaults to the string that enables
+the terminal's standout mode.
The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
.TP
sequences appearing in the pasted text.
.TP
.B enable\-keypad (Off)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will try to enable the application
+When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called.
Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
.TP
.B enable\-meta\-key (On)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will try to enable any meta modifier
+When set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP tries to enable any meta modifier
key the terminal claims to support.
On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.
.TP
.B input\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
-will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOn\fP
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP sets it to \fIOn\fP
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
The name \fBmeta\-flag\fP is a synonym for \fBinput\-meta\fP.
.TP
.BR isearch\-terminators\ ( \c
-.Q \fBC\-[C\-J\fP \fB)\fP
+.Q \fBC\-[C\-j\fP \fB)\fP
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a command.
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
-\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
+\fIESC\fP and \fBC\-j\fP terminate an incremental search.
.TP
.B keymap (emacs)
Set the current \fBreadline\fP keymap.
(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
If \fBreadline\fP does not receive any input within the timeout,
-it will use the shorter but complete key sequence.
+it uses the shorter but complete key sequence.
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
\fBreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, \fBreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, \fBreadline\fP waits until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
.TP
.B mark\-directories (On)
the list.
.TP
.B output\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will display characters with the
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP displays characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
-The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP will set it to \fIOn\fP
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but \fBreadline\fP sets it to \fIOn\fP
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and
its value may change if the locale changes.
.TP
.B page\-completions (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP uses an internal pager resembling
+.IR more (1)
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
.TP
.B prefer\-visible\-bell
See \fBbell\-style\fP.
.TP
.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP will display completions with matches
+If set to \fBOn\fP, \fBreadline\fP displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
.TP
.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value,
-\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
-\fIC\-g\fP will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+\fIESC\fP and \fBC\-j\fP terminate an incremental search.
+\fBC\-g\fP aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
.PP
To find other matching entries in the history list, type \fBC\-r\fP or
\fBC\-s\fP as appropriate.
-This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+This searches backward or forward in the history for the next
entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a \fBreadline\fP command will terminate
-the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept
+Any other key sequence bound to a \fBreadline\fP command terminates
+the search and executes that command.
+For instance, a newline terminates the search and accepts
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
.B Readline
has the concept of an \fIactive region\fP:
when the region is active, \fBreadline\fP redisplay
-highlights the region using the
-value of the \fBactive-region-start-color\fP variable.
+highlights the region using the value of the
+.B active\-region\-start\-color
+variable.
The \fBenable\-active\-region\fP variable turns this on and off.
Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
.SS Commands for Moving
.TP
.B forward\-char (C\-f)
Move forward a character.
+This may also be bound to the right arrow key on some keyboards.
.TP
.B backward\-char (C\-b)
Move back a character.
.B previous\-history (C\-p)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
+This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
.TP
.B next\-history (C\-n)
Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
list.
+This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
.TP
.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<)
Move to the first line in the history.
Perform completion on the word before point as described above
and write the list of possible completions to \fBreadline\fP's output
stream using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
-.sp
-.IP
.RS
-.nf
-The number of matches;
-The word being completed;
-S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
-in the readline line buffer; then
-Each match, one per line
-.fi
+.PD
+.IP \(bu
+.PD 0
+the number of matches \fIN\fP;
+.IP \(bu
+the word being completed;
+.IP \(bu
+\fIS\fP:\fIE\fP,
+where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+in the \fBreadline\fP line buffer; then
+.IP \(bu
+each match, one per line
.RE
-.sp
+.PD
.IP
-If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this command will
-not print any output after the S:E.
+If there are no matches, the first line will be
+.Q 0 ,
+and this command does not print any output after the \fIS\fP:\fIE\fP.
If there is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
-matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the S:E,
+matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the \fIS\fP:\fIE\fP,
then the matches on subsequent lines.
-In this case, N will include the first line with the common prefix.
-.PD
+In this case, \fIN\fP will include the first line with the common prefix.
.IP
-.PD 0
The user or application
should be able to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.
-The intent is that the user or application reads N lines after the line
-containing S:E to obtain the match list.
+The intent is that the user or application reads \fIN\fP lines after
+the line containing \fIS\fP:\fIE\fP to obtain the match list.
This command is unbound by default.
.TP
.B delete\-char\-or\-list
.B skip\-csi\-sequence
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End.
-CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually
+.IR "ESC [" .
If this sequence is bound to
.Q \ee[ ,
-keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a \fBreadline\fP command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.
-This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC\-[.
+keys producing CSI sequences have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a \fBreadline\fP command,
+instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to
+.IR "ESC [" .
.TP
.B insert\-comment (M\-#)
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the \fBreadline\fP
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a
bug report to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP.
If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail that
-as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
+as well! Suggestions and
+.Q philosophical
+bug reports may be mailed
to \fPbug-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
newsgroup
.BR gnu.bash.bug .
<HTML>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on November, 1 2024 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on December, 2 2024 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
The characters present in the value of the <CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE> variable
are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
-<KBD>C-J</KBD> characters will terminate an incremental search.
-<KBD>C-g</KBD> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+<KBD>C-j</KBD> characters terminate an incremental search.
+<KBD>C-g</KBD> aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
</P><P>
To find other matching entries in the history list, type <KBD>C-r</KBD> or
<KBD>C-s</KBD> as appropriate.
-This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+This searches backward or forward in the history for the next
entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate
-the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a <KBD>RET</KBD> will terminate the search and accept
+Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command terminates
+the search and executes that command.
+For instance, a <KBD>RET</KBD> terminates the search and accepts
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
<TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>.
</P><P>
-When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
+When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
</P><P>
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
-A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+A value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
<P>
The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked
whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than
-or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
-the user wishes to view them;
+or equal to this value,
+Readline asks whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions.
This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative
<DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX18"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters it reads
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline converts characters it reads
that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character,
converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
-The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, but Readline will set it to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>
+The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, but Readline sets it to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>
if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> locale category, and
<DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX19"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion.
-Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline inhibits word completion.
+Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they
had been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>.
The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX25"></A>
-When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application
+When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called.
Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<DT><CODE>enable-meta-key</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX26"></A>
-When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable any meta
+When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline tries to enable any meta
modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
<DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX32"></A>
<A NAME="IDX33"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
-will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline will set it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
+The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline sets it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> locale category, and
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC8">1.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>).
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
-<KBD>C-J</KBD> will terminate an incremental search.
+<KBD>C-j</KBD> terminate an incremental search.
<P>
<DT><CODE>keymap</CODE>
reading an ambiguous key sequence
(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
-If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it uses the
shorter but complete key sequence.
Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
available on the current input source (<CODE>rl_instream</CODE> by default).
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
The default value is <CODE>500</CODE>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX36"></A>
-When this variable is set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will to display an
+When this variable is set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays an
asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
<DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX40"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
-The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline will set it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
+The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline sets it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> locale category, and
<DT><CODE>page-completions</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX41"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal <CODE>more</CODE>-like pager
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+<I>more</I>(1)
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
<P>
<DT><CODE>print-completions-horizontally</CODE>
-<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display completions with matches
+<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<VAR>NEWLINE</VAR>,
<VAR>RET</VAR>,
<VAR>RETURN</VAR>,
-<VAR>RUBOUT</VAR> (a destructive backspace),
+<VAR>RUBOUT</VAR>
+(a destructive backspace),
<VAR>SPACE</VAR>,
<VAR>SPC</VAR>,
and
<DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX56"></A>
Move forward a character.
+This may also be bound to the right arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX57"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX58"></A>
Move back a character.
+This may also be bound to the left arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX59"></A>
<DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX76"></A>
Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
+This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX77"></A>
<DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX78"></A>
Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX79"></A>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX179"></A>
-<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE>
+<DT><CODE>export-completions ()</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX180"></A>
+Perform completion on the word before point as described above
+and write the list of possible completions to Readline's output stream
+using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<A NAME="IDX181"></A>
+<LI>
+the number of matches <VAR>N</VAR>;
+<A NAME="IDX182"></A>
+<LI>
+the word being completed;
+<A NAME="IDX183"></A>
+<LI>
+<VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR>,
+where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+in the Readline line buffer; then
+<A NAME="IDX184"></A>
+<LI>
+each match, one per line
+</UL>
+<P>
+
+If there are no matches, the first line will be "0",
+and this command does not print any output after the <VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR>.
+If there is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
+If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the <VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR>,
+then the matches on subsequent lines.
+In this case, <VAR>N</VAR> will include the first line with the common prefix.
+</P><P>
+
+The user or application
+should be able to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.
+The intent is that the user or application reads <VAR>N</VAR> lines after
+the line containing <VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR> to obtain the match list.
+This command is unbound by default.
+</P><P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX185"></A>
+<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX186"></A>
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>).
At the end of the line, it behaves identically to <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>.
<!--docid::SEC20::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX181"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX187"></A>
<DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX182"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX188"></A>
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX183"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX189"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX184"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX190"></A>
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX185"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX191"></A>
<DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX186"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX192"></A>
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX187"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX193"></A>
<DT><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX188"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX194"></A>
Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file.
<P>
<!--docid::SEC21::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX189"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX195"></A>
<DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX190"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX196"></A>
Read in the contents of the <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, and incorporate
any bindings or variable assignments found there.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX191"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX197"></A>
<DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX192"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX198"></A>
Abort the current editing command and
ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
<CODE>bell-style</CODE>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX193"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX199"></A>
<DT><CODE>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX194"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX200"></A>
If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is upper case, run the command
that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
The behavior is undefined if <VAR>x</VAR> is already lower case.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX195"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX201"></A>
<DT><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX196"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX202"></A>
Metafy the next character typed.
Typing <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing <KBD>M-f</KBD>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX197"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX203"></A>
<DT><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX198"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX204"></A>
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX199"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX205"></A>
<DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX200"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX206"></A>
Undo all changes made to this line.
This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE>
command enough times to get back to the initial state.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX201"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX207"></A>
<DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX202"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX208"></A>
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX203"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX209"></A>
<DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX204"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX210"></A>
Set the mark to the point.
If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX205"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX211"></A>
<DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX206"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX212"></A>
Swap the point with the mark.
Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
then set the mark to the old cursor position.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX207"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX213"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX208"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX214"></A>
Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX209"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX215"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX210"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX216"></A>
Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX211"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX217"></A>
<DT><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX212"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX218"></A>
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End.
-CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually
+<KBD>ESC [</KBD>.
If this sequence is bound to "\e[",
-keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.
-This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+keys producing CSI sequences have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a Readline command,
+instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to
+<KBD>ESC [</KBD>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX213"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX219"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX214"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX220"></A>
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
variable at the beginning of the current line.
If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX215"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX221"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX216"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX222"></A>
Print all of the functions and their key bindings
to the Readline output stream.
If a numeric argument is supplied,
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX217"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX223"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX218"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX224"></A>
Print all of the settable variables and their values
to the Readline output stream.
If a numeric argument is supplied,
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX219"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX225"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX220"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX226"></A>
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output
to the Readline output stream.
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX221"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX227"></A>
<DT><CODE>execute-named-command (M-x)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX222"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX228"></A>
Read a bindable Readline command name from the input and execute the
function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
bound appeared in the input.
argument to the function it executes.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX223"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX229"></A>
<DT><CODE>emacs-editing-mode (C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX224"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX230"></A>
When in <CODE>vi</CODE> command mode, this causes a switch to <CODE>emacs</CODE>
editing mode.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX225"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX231"></A>
<DT><CODE>vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX226"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX232"></A>
When in <CODE>emacs</CODE> editing mode, this causes a switch to <CODE>vi</CODE>
editing mode.
<P>
<CODE>fgets()</CODE>.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX227"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX228"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX233"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX234"></A>
</P><P>
The function <CODE>readline()</CODE> prints a prompt <VAR>prompt</VAR>
These variables are available to function writers.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX229"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX235"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_line_buffer</B>
<DD>This is the line gathered so far.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX230"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX236"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_point</B>
<DD>The offset of the current cursor position in <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE>
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX231"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX237"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_end</B>
<DD>The number of characters present in <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX232"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX238"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_mark</B>
<DD>The <VAR>mark</VAR> (saved position) in the current line.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX233"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX239"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_done</B>
<DD>Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to return the current
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX234"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX240"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_eof_found</B>
<DD>Readline will set this variable when it has read an EOF character
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX235"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX241"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_num_chars_to_read</B>
<DD>Setting this to a positive value before calling <CODE>readline()</CODE> causes
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX236"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX242"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_pending_input</B>
<DD>Setting this to a value makes it the next keystroke read.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX237"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX243"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_dispatching</B>
<DD>Set to a non-zero value if a function is being called from a key binding;
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX238"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX244"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_erase_empty_line</B>
<DD>Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to completely erase
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX239"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX245"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_prompt</B>
<DD>The prompt Readline uses.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX240"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX246"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_display_prompt</B>
<DD>The string displayed as the prompt.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX241"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX247"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_already_prompted</B>
<DD>If an application wishes to display the prompt itself, rather than have
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX242"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX248"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_library_version</B>
<DD>The version number of this revision of the Readline library, as a string
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX243"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX249"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_readline_version</B>
<DD>An integer encoding the current version of the library.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX244"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX250"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_gnu_readline_p</B>
<DD>Always set to 1, denoting that this is GNU Readline rather than some
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX245"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX251"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_terminal_name</B>
<DD>The terminal type, used for initialization.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX246"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX252"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_readline_name</B>
<DD>This variable is set to a unique name by each application using Readline.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX247"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX253"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> FILE * <B>rl_instream</B>
<DD>The stdio stream from which Readline reads input.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX248"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX254"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> FILE * <B>rl_outstream</B>
<DD>The stdio stream to which Readline performs output.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX249"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX255"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_prefer_env_winsize</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline gives values found in the <CODE>LINES</CODE> and
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX250"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX256"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_command_func_t * <B>rl_last_func</B>
<DD>The address of the last command function Readline executed.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX251"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX257"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_hook_func_t * <B>rl_startup_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call just
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX252"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX258"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_hook_func_t * <B>rl_pre_input_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call after
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX253"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX259"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_hook_func_t * <B>rl_event_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call periodically
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX254"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX260"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_getc_func_t * <B>rl_getc_function</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline will call indirectly through this pointer
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX255"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX261"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_hook_func_t * <B>rl_signal_event_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call if a read system
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX256"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX262"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_hook_func_t * <B>rl_timeout_event_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call if Readline times
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX257"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX263"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_hook_func_t * <B>rl_input_available_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline will use this function's return value when it needs
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX258"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX264"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_voidfunc_t * <B>rl_redisplay_function</B>
<DD>Readline will call indirectly through this pointer
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX259"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX265"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_vintfunc_t * <B>rl_prep_term_function</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline will call indirectly through this pointer
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX260"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX266"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_voidfunc_t * <B>rl_deprep_term_function</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline will call indirectly through this pointer
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX261"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX267"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> void <B>rl_macro_display_hook</B>
<DD>If set, this points to a function that <CODE>rl_macro_dumper</CODE> will call to
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX262"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX268"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> Keymap <B>rl_executing_keymap</B>
<DD>This variable is set to the keymap (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A>) in which the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX263"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX269"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> Keymap <B>rl_binding_keymap</B>
<DD>This variable is set to the keymap (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A>) in which the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX264"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX270"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_executing_macro</B>
<DD>This variable is set to the text of any currently-executing macro.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX265"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX271"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_executing_key</B>
<DD>The key that caused the dispatch to the currently-executing Readline function.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX266"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX272"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_executing_keyseq</B>
<DD>The full key sequence that caused the dispatch to the currently-executing
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX267"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX273"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_key_sequence_length</B>
<DD>The number of characters in <VAR>rl_executing_keyseq</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX268"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX274"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_readline_state</B>
<DD>A variable with bit values that encapsulate the current Readline state.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX269"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX275"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_explicit_arg</B>
<DD>Set to a non-zero value if an explicit numeric argument was specified by
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX270"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX276"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_numeric_arg</B>
<DD>Set to the value of any numeric argument explicitly specified by the user
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX271"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX277"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_editing_mode</B>
<DD>Set to a value denoting Readline's current editing mode.
Readline provides a function for doing that:
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX272"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX278"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_add_defun</B> <I>(const char *name, rl_command_func_t *function, int key)</I>
<DD>Add <VAR>name</VAR> to the list of named functions.
Readline which keymap to use.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX273"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX279"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_make_bare_keymap</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Returns a new, empty keymap.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX274"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX280"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_copy_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Return a new keymap which is a copy of <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX275"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX281"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_make_keymap</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Return a new keymap with the printing characters bound to rl_insert,
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX276"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX282"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_discard_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I>
<DD>Free the storage associated with the data in <VAR>keymap</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX277"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX283"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_free_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I>
<DD>Free all storage associated with <VAR>keymap</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX278"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX284"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_empty_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I>
<DD>Return non-zero if there are no keys bound to functions in <VAR>keymap</VAR>;
This is one way to switch editing modes, for example.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX279"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX285"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_get_keymap</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Returns the currently active keymap.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX280"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX286"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_set_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I>
<DD>Makes <VAR>keymap</VAR> the currently active keymap.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX281"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX287"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_get_keymap_by_name</B> <I>(const char *name)</I>
<DD>Return the keymap matching <VAR>name</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX282"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX288"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_get_keymap_name</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I>
<DD>Return the name matching <VAR>keymap</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX283"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX289"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_keymap_name</B> <I>(const char *name, Keymap keymap)</I>
<DD>Set the name of <VAR>keymap</VAR>.
These functions manage key bindings.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX284"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX290"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_key</B> <I>(int key, rl_command_func_t *function)</I>
<DD>Binds <VAR>key</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> in the currently active keymap.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX285"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX291"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_key_in_map</B> <I>(int key, rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Bind <VAR>key</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> in <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX286"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX292"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_key_if_unbound</B> <I>(int key, rl_command_func_t *function)</I>
<DD>Binds <VAR>key</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> if it is not already bound in the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX287"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX293"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map</B> <I>(int key, rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Binds <VAR>key</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> if it is not already bound in <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX288"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX294"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_key</B> <I>(int key)</I>
<DD>Bind <VAR>key</VAR> to the null function in the currently active keymap.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX289"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX295"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_key_in_map</B> <I>(int key, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Bind <VAR>key</VAR> to the null function in <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX290"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX296"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_function_in_map</B> <I>(rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Unbind all keys that execute <VAR>function</VAR> in <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX291"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX297"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_command_in_map</B> <I>(const char *command, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Unbind all keys that are bound to <VAR>command</VAR> in <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX292"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX298"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_keyseq</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, rl_command_func_t *function)</I>
<DD>Bind the key sequence represented by the string <VAR>keyseq</VAR> to the function
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX293"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX299"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_keyseq_in_map</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Bind the key sequence represented by the string <VAR>keyseq</VAR> to the function
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX294"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX300"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_key</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Equivalent to <CODE>rl_bind_keyseq_in_map</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX295"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX301"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, rl_command_func_t *function)</I>
<DD>Binds <VAR>keyseq</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> if it is not already bound in the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX296"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX302"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Binds <VAR>keyseq</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> if it is not already bound in <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX297"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX303"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_generic_bind</B> <I>(int type, const char *keyseq, char *data, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Bind the key sequence represented by the string <VAR>keyseq</VAR> to the arbitrary
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX298"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX304"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_parse_and_bind</B> <I>(char *line)</I>
<DD>Parse <VAR>line</VAR> as if it had been read from the <CODE>inputrc</CODE> file and
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX299"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX305"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_read_init_file</B> <I>(const char *filename)</I>
<DD>Read keybindings and variable assignments from <VAR>filename</VAR>
You may also associate a new function name with an arbitrary function.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX300"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX306"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> rl_command_func_t * <B>rl_named_function</B> <I>(const char *name)</I>
<DD>Return the function with name <VAR>name</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX301"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX307"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> rl_command_func_t * <B>rl_function_of_keyseq</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, Keymap map, int *type)</I>
<DD>Return the function invoked by <VAR>keyseq</VAR> in keymap <VAR>map</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX302"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX308"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> rl_command_func_t * <B>rl_function_of_keyseq_len</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, size_t len, Keymap map, int *type)</I>
<DD>Return the function invoked by <VAR>keyseq</VAR> of length <VAR>len</VAR>
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX303"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX309"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_trim_arg_from_keyseq</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, size_t len, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>If there is a numeric argument at the beginning of <VAR>keyseq</VAR>, possibly
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX304"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX310"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char ** <B>rl_invoking_keyseqs</B> <I>(rl_command_func_t *function)</I>
<DD>Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX305"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX311"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char ** <B>rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map</B> <I>(rl_command_func_t *function, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX306"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX312"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_print_keybinding</B> <I>(const char *name, Keymap map, int readable)</I>
<DD>Print key sequences bound to Readline function name <VAR>name</VAR> in
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX307"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX313"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_function_dumper</B> <I>(int readable)</I>
<DD>Print the Readline function names and the key sequences currently
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX308"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX314"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_list_funmap_names</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Print the names of all bindable Readline functions to <CODE>rl_outstream</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX309"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX315"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> const char ** <B>rl_funmap_names</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Return a NULL terminated array of known function names.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX310"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX316"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_add_funmap_entry</B> <I>(const char *name, rl_command_func_t *function)</I>
<DD>Add <VAR>name</VAR> to the list of bindable Readline command names, and make
undone together.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX311"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX317"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_begin_undo_group</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Begins saving undo information in a group construct.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX312"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX318"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_end_undo_group</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Closes the current undo group started with <CODE>rl_begin_undo_group()</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX313"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX319"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_add_undo</B> <I>(enum undo_code what, int start, int end, char *text)</I>
<DD>Remember how to undo an event (according to <VAR>what</VAR>).
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX314"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX320"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_free_undo_list</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Free the existing undo list.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX315"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX321"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_do_undo</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Undo the first thing on the undo list.
Readline will create an undo group for you.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX316"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX322"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_modifying</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I>
<DD>Tell Readline to save the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> as a
<!--docid::SEC35::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX317"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX323"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_redisplay</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Change what's displayed on the screen to reflect the current contents
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX318"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX324"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_forced_update_display</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Force the line to be updated and redisplayed, whether or not
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX319"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX325"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_on_new_line</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Tell the update functions that we have moved onto a new (empty) line,
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX320"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX326"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_on_new_line_with_prompt</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Tell the update functions that we have moved onto a new line, with
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX321"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX327"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_clear_visible_line</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Clear the screen lines corresponding to the current line's contents.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX322"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX328"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_reset_line_state</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Reset the display state to a clean state and redisplay the current line
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX323"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX329"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_crlf</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Move the cursor to the start of the next screen line.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX324"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX330"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_show_char</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>Display character <VAR>c</VAR> on <CODE>rl_outstream</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX325"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX331"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_message</B> <I>(const char *, <small>...</small>)</I>
<DD>The arguments are a format string as would be supplied to <CODE>printf</CODE>,
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX326"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX332"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_clear_message</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Clear the message in the echo area.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX327"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX333"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_save_prompt</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Save the local Readline prompt display state in preparation for
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX328"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX334"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_restore_prompt</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Restore the local Readline prompt display state saved by the most
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX329"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX335"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_expand_prompt</B> <I>(char *prompt)</I>
<DD>Expand any special character sequences in <VAR>prompt</VAR> and set up the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX330"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX336"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_prompt</B> <I>(const char *prompt)</I>
<DD>Make Readline use <VAR>prompt</VAR> for subsequent redisplay.
<!--docid::SEC36::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX331"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX337"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_insert_text</B> <I>(const char *text)</I>
<DD>Insert <VAR>text</VAR> into the line at the current cursor position.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX332"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX338"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_delete_text</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I>
<DD>Delete the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> in the current line.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX333"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX339"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_copy_text</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I>
<DD>Return a copy of the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> in
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX334"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX340"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_kill_text</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I>
<DD>Copy the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> in the current line
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX335"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX341"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_replace_line</B> <I>(const char *text, int clear_undo)</I>
<DD>Replace the contents of <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE> with <VAR>text</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX336"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX342"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_push_macro_input</B> <I>(char *macro)</I>
<DD>Insert <VAR>macro</VAR> into the line, as if it had been invoked
<!--docid::SEC37::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX337"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX343"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_read_key</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Return the next character available from Readline's current input stream.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX338"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX344"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_getc</B> <I>(FILE *stream)</I>
<DD>Return the next character available from <VAR>stream</VAR>, which is assumed to
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX339"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX345"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_stuff_char</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>Insert <VAR>c</VAR> into the Readline input stream.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX340"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX346"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_execute_next</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>Make <VAR>c</VAR> be the next command to be executed when <CODE>rl_read_key()</CODE>
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX341"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX347"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_clear_pending_input</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Unset <VAR>rl_pending_input</VAR>, effectively negating the effect of any
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX342"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX348"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout</B> <I>(int u)</I>
<DD>While waiting for keyboard input in <CODE>rl_read_key()</CODE>, Readline will
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX343"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX349"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_timeout</B> <I>(unsigned int secs, unsigned int usecs)</I>
<DD>Set a timeout for subsequent calls to <CODE>readline()</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX344"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX350"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_timeout_remaining</B> <I>(unsigned int *secs, unsigned int *usecs)</I>
<DD>Return the number of seconds and microseconds remaining in the current
<!--docid::SEC38::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX345"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX351"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_prep_terminal</B> <I>(int meta_flag)</I>
<DD>Modify the terminal settings for Readline's use, so <CODE>readline()</CODE>
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX346"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX352"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_deprep_terminal</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Undo the effects of <CODE>rl_prep_terminal()</CODE>, leaving the terminal in
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX347"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX353"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_tty_set_default_bindings</B> <I>(Keymap kmap)</I>
<DD>Read the operating system's terminal editing characters (as would be
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX348"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX354"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_tty_unset_default_bindings</B> <I>(Keymap kmap)</I>
<DD>Reset the bindings manipulated by <CODE>rl_tty_set_default_bindings</CODE> so
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX349"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX355"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_tty_set_echoing</B> <I>(int value)</I>
<DD>Set Readline's idea of whether or not it is
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX350"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX356"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_reset_terminal</B> <I>(const char *terminal_name)</I>
<DD>Reinitialize Readline's idea of the terminal settings using
<!--docid::SEC39::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX351"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX357"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_save_state</B> <I>(struct readline_state *sp)</I>
<DD>Save a snapshot of Readline's internal state to <VAR>sp</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX352"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX358"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_restore_state</B> <I>(struct readline_state *sp)</I>
<DD>Restore Readline's internal state to that stored in <VAR>sp</VAR>,
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX353"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX359"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_free</B> <I>(void *mem)</I>
<DD>Deallocate the memory pointed to by <VAR>mem</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX354"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX360"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_extend_line_buffer</B> <I>(int len)</I>
<DD>Ensure that <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE> has enough space to hold <VAR>len</VAR>
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX355"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX361"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_initialize</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Initialize or re-initialize Readline's internal state.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX356"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX362"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_ding</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Ring the terminal bell, obeying the setting of <CODE>bell-style</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX357"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX363"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_alphabetic</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is an alphabetic character.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX358"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX364"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_display_match_list</B> <I>(char **matches, int len, int max)</I>
<DD>A convenience function for displaying a list of strings in
Applications should refrain from using them.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX359"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX365"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>_rl_uppercase_p</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is an uppercase alphabetic character.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX360"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX366"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>_rl_lowercase_p</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is a lowercase alphabetic character.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX361"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX367"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>_rl_digit_p</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is a numeric character.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX362"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX368"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>_rl_to_upper</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>If <VAR>c</VAR> is a lowercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX363"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX369"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>_rl_to_lower</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>If <VAR>c</VAR> is an uppercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX364"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX370"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>_rl_digit_value</B> <I>(int c)</I>
<DD>If <VAR>c</VAR> is a number, return the value it represents.
<!--docid::SEC40::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX365"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX371"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_macro_bind</B> <I>(const char *keyseq, const char *macro, Keymap map)</I>
<DD>Bind the key sequence <VAR>keyseq</VAR> to invoke the macro <VAR>macro</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX366"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX372"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_macro_dumper</B> <I>(int readable)</I>
<DD>Print the key sequences bound to macros and their values, using
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX367"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX373"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_variable_bind</B> <I>(const char *variable, const char *value)</I>
<DD>Make the Readline variable <VAR>variable</VAR> have <VAR>value</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX368"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX374"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_variable_value</B> <I>(const char *variable)</I>
<DD>Return a string representing the value of the Readline variable <VAR>variable</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX369"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX375"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_variable_dumper</B> <I>(int readable)</I>
<DD>Print the Readline variable names and their current values
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX370"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX376"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_paren_blink_timeout</B> <I>(int u)</I>
<DD>Set the time interval (in microseconds) that Readline waits when showing
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX371"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX377"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_get_termcap</B> <I>(const char *cap)</I>
<DD>Retrieve the string value of the termcap capability <VAR>cap</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX372"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX378"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_reparse_colors</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Read or re-read color definitions from <CODE>LS_COLORS</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX373"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX379"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_clear_history</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Clear the history list by deleting all of the entries, in the same manner
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX374"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX380"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_activate_mark</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Enable an <EM>active</EM> region.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX375"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX381"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_deactivate_mark</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Turn off the active region.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX376"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX382"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_keep_mark_active</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Indicate that the mark should remain active when the current Readline
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX377"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX383"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_mark_active_p</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Return a non-zero value if the mark is currently active; zero otherwise.
There are functions available to make this easy.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX378"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX384"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_callback_handler_install</B> <I>(const char *prompt, rl_vcpfunc_t *line_handler)</I>
<DD>Set up the terminal for Readline I/O and display the initial
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX379"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX385"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_callback_read_char</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Whenever an application determines that keyboard input is available, it
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX380"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX386"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_callback_sigcleanup</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Clean up any internal state the callback interface uses to maintain state
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX381"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX387"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_callback_handler_remove</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Restore the terminal to its initial state and remove the line handler.
is not corrupted.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX382"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX388"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_catch_signals</B>
<DD>If this variable is non-zero, Readline will install signal handlers for
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX383"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX389"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_catch_sigwinch</B>
<DD>If this variable is set to a non-zero value,
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX384"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX390"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_persistent_signal_handlers</B>
<DD>If an application using the callback interface wishes Readline's signal
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX385"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX391"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_change_environment</B>
<DD>If this variable is set to a non-zero value,
and internal state cleanup upon receipt of a signal.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX386"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX392"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_pending_signal</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Return the signal number of the most recent signal Readline received but
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX387"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX393"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_cleanup_after_signal</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>This function will reset the state of the terminal to what it was before
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX388"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX394"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_free_line_state</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>This will free any partial state associated with the current input line
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX389"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX395"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_reset_after_signal</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>This will reinitialize the terminal and reinstall any Readline signal
to handle signals received while waiting for input.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX390"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX396"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_check_signals</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>If there are any pending signals, call Readline's internal signal
a <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX391"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX397"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_echo_signal_char</B> <I>(int sig)</I>
<DD>If an application wishes to install its own signal handlers, but still
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX392"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX398"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_resize_terminal</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Update Readline's internal screen size by reading values from the kernel.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX393"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX399"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_set_screen_size</B> <I>(int rows, int cols)</I>
<DD>Set Readline's idea of the terminal size to <VAR>rows</VAR> rows and
of the screen size.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX394"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX400"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_get_screen_size</B> <I>(int *rows, int *cols)</I>
<DD>Return Readline's idea of the terminal's size in the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX395"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX401"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_reset_screen_size</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Cause Readline to reobtain the screen size and recalculate its dimensions.
The following functions install and remove Readline's signal handlers.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX396"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX402"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_signals</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Install Readline's signal handler for <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>, <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE>,
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX397"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX403"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_clear_signals</B> <I>(void)</I>
<DD>Remove all of the Readline signal handlers installed by
</OL>
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX398"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX404"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_complete</B> <I>(int ignore, int invoking_key)</I>
<DD>Complete the word at or before point.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX399"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX405"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_compentry_func_t * <B>rl_completion_entry_function</B>
<DD>This is a pointer to the generator function for
Readline.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX400"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX406"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_complete_internal</B> <I>(int what_to_do)</I>
<DD>Complete the word at or before point.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX401"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX407"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_complete</B> <I>(int ignore, int invoking_key)</I>
<DD>Complete the word at or before point.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX402"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX408"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_possible_completions</B> <I>(int count, int invoking_key)</I>
<DD>List the possible completions.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX403"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX409"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_insert_completions</B> <I>(int count, int invoking_key)</I>
<DD>Insert the list of possible completions into the line, deleting the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX404"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX410"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_completion_mode</B> <I>(rl_command_func_t *cfunc)</I>
<DD>Returns the appropriate value to pass to <CODE>rl_complete_internal()</CODE>
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX405"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX411"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char ** <B>rl_completion_matches</B> <I>(const char *text, rl_compentry_func_t *entry_func)</I>
<DD>Returns an array of strings which is a list of completions for <VAR>text</VAR>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX406"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX412"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_filename_completion_function</B> <I>(const char *text, int state)</I>
<DD>A generator function for filename completion in the general case.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX407"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX413"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_username_completion_function</B> <I>(const char *text, int state)</I>
<DD>A completion generator for usernames.
<!--docid::SEC48::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX408"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX414"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_compentry_func_t * <B>rl_completion_entry_function</B>
<DD>A pointer to the generator function for <CODE>rl_completion_matches()</CODE>.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX409"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX415"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_completion_func_t * <B>rl_attempted_completion_function</B>
<DD>A pointer to an alternative function to create matches.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX410"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX416"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_quote_func_t * <B>rl_filename_quoting_function</B>
<DD>A pointer to a function that will quote a filename in an
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX411"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX417"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_dequote_func_t * <B>rl_filename_dequoting_function</B>
<DD>A pointer to a function that will remove application-specific quoting
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX412"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX418"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_linebuf_func_t * <B>rl_char_is_quoted_p</B>
<DD>A pointer to a function to call that determines whether or not a specific
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX413"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX419"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_compignore_func_t * <B>rl_ignore_some_completions_function</B>
<DD>Readline calls this function, if defined, when filename
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX414"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX420"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_icppfunc_t * <B>rl_directory_completion_hook</B>
<DD>This function, if defined, is allowed to modify the directory portion
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX415"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX421"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_icppfunc_t * <B>rl_directory_rewrite_hook;</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call when completing
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX416"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX422"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_icppfunc_t * <B>rl_filename_stat_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function for the completer to
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX417"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX423"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_dequote_func_t * <B>rl_filename_rewrite_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX418"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX424"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_dequote_func_t * <B>rl_completion_rewrite_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX419"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX425"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_compdisp_func_t * <B>rl_completion_display_matches_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, then this is the address of a function to call when
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX420"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX426"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_basic_word_break_characters</B>
<DD>The basic list of characters that signal a break between words for the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX421"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX427"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_basic_quote_characters</B>
<DD>A list of quote characters which can cause a word break.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX422"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX428"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_completer_word_break_characters</B>
<DD>The list of characters that signal a break between words for
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX423"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX429"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> rl_cpvfunc_t * <B>rl_completion_word_break_hook</B>
<DD>If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call when Readline is
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX424"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX430"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_completer_quote_characters</B>
<DD>A list of characters which can be used to quote a substring of the line.
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX425"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX431"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_filename_quote_characters</B>
<DD>A list of characters that cause Readline to quote a filename
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX426"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX432"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> const char * <B>rl_special_prefixes</B>
<DD>The list of characters that are word break characters, but should be
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX427"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX433"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_query_items</B>
<DD>This determines the maximum number of items
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX428"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX434"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_append_character</B>
<DD>When a single completion alternative matches at the end of the command
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX429"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX435"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_suppress_append</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline will not append the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX430"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX436"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_suppress_quote</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline does not append a matching quote character when
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX431"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX437"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_found_quote</B>
<DD>When Readline is completing quoted text, it sets this variable
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX432"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX438"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_quote_character</B>
<DD>When Readline is completing quoted text, as delimited by one of the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX433"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX439"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs</B>
<DD>If non-zero, Readline appends a slash to completed filenames that are
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX434"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX440"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_ignore_completion_duplicates</B>
<DD>If non-zero, then Readline removes duplicates in the set of possible
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX435"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX441"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_filename_completion_desired</B>
<DD>A non-zero value means that Readline should treat the results of the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX436"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX442"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_filename_quoting_desired</B>
<DD>A non-zero value means that Readline should quote the results of the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX437"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX443"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_full_quoting_desired</B>
<DD>A non-zero value means that Readline should apply filename-style quoting,
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX438"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX444"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_attempted_completion_over</B>
<DD>If an application-specific completion function assigned to
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX439"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX445"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_sort_completion_matches</B>
<DD>If an application sets this variable to 0, Readline will not sort the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX440"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX446"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_type</B>
<DD>Set to a character describing the type of completion Readline is currently
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX441"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX447"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_invoking_key</B>
<DD>Set to the final character in the key sequence that invoked one of the
</DL>
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX442"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX448"></A>
<DL>
<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_inhibit_completion</B>
<DD>If this variable is non-zero, Readline does not perform completion,
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC4">notation, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC4">1.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
28">readline, function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC24">2.1 Basic Behavior</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
34">readline, function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC24">2.1 Basic Behavior</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4">variables, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> Function and Variable Index </H1>
<!--docid::SEC53::-->
-<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="readline.html#fn__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A>
+<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="readline.html#fn_" style="text-decoration:none"><b></b></A>
+
+<A HREF="readline.html#fn_ " style="text-decoration:none"><b> </b></A>
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+<A HREF="readline.html#fn__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A>
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<TABLE border=0>
<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
+<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_"></A></TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX181"><CODE></CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
+<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_ "></A> </TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX182"><CODE></CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX183"><CODE></CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX184"><CODE></CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn__"></A>_</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
1"><CODE>_rl_digit_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
64"><CODE>_rl_digit_value</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
0"><CODE>_rl_lowercase_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
3"><CODE>_rl_to_lower</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
2"><CODE>_rl_to_upper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
59"><CODE>_rl_uppercase_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
7"><CODE>_rl_digit_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
70"><CODE>_rl_digit_value</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
6"><CODE>_rl_lowercase_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
9"><CODE>_rl_to_lower</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36
8"><CODE>_rl_to_upper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
65"><CODE>_rl_uppercase_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
1"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
2"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
7"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
8"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX73"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX74"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX6">active-region-end-color</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX122"><CODE>bracketed-paste-begin ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
85"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
86"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
91"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
92"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX131"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX132"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
07"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
08"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
09"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
0"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
13"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
14"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
15"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
6"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX67"><CODE>clear-display (M-C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX68"><CODE>clear-display (M-C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX69"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX109"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX110"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
79"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
0"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
85"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
6"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX151"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC17">1.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX152"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC17">1.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX165"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC18">1.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX166"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC18">1.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19">disable-completion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
3"><CODE>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
194"><CODE>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
9"><CODE>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
200"><CODE>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX129"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX130"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
15"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
16"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
19"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
0"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
17"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
18"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
21"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
22"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
25"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
6"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
23"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
24"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20">echo-control-characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21">editing-mode</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
3"><CODE>emacs-editing-mode (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
24"><CODE>emacs-editing-mode (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
9"><CODE>emacs-editing-mode (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
30"><CODE>emacs-editing-mode (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22">emacs-mode-string</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23">enable-active-region The</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24">enable-bracketed-paste</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25">enable-keypad</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26">enable-meta-key</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
3"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
84"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
9"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
90"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX107"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX108"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX81"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX82"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX53"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX54"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
05"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
06"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
1"><CODE>execute-named-command (M-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
2"><CODE>execute-named-command (M-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
11"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
12"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
7"><CODE>execute-named-command (M-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22
8"><CODE>execute-named-command (M-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27">expand-tilde</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX179"><CODE>export-completions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX180"><CODE>export-completions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX105"><CODE>fetch-history ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32">input-meta</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
3"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
14"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
9"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
20"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX173"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX174"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34">isearch-terminators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41">page-completions</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX171"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX172"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">1.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
195"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
196"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
201"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
202"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX75"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX76"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX63"><CODE>previous-screen-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX64"><CODE>previous-screen-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
87"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
88"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
93"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
94"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX115"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX116"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
89"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
0"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
27"><CODE>readline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC24">2.1 Basic Behavior</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1
95"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19
6"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
33"><CODE>readline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC24">2.1 Basic Behavior</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX71"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX72"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">1.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX83"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX84"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">1.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42">revert-all-at-newline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
199"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
0"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
74"><CODE>rl_activate_mark</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
2"><CODE>rl_add_defun</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC30">2.4.1 Naming a Function</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
0"><CODE>rl_add_funmap_entry</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
3"><CODE>rl_add_undo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
57"><CODE>rl_alphabetic</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
1">rl_already_prompted</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
09">rl_attempted_completion_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
38">rl_attempted_completion_over</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
1">rl_basic_quote_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
0">rl_basic_word_break_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
1"><CODE>rl_begin_undo_group</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
84"><CODE>rl_bind_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
86"><CODE>rl_bind_key_if_unbound</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
87"><CODE>rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
85"><CODE>rl_bind_key_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
2"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
295"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
296"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
3"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
3">rl_binding_keymap</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
78"><CODE>rl_callback_handler_install</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
1"><CODE>rl_callback_handler_remove</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
79"><CODE>rl_callback_read_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
0"><CODE>rl_callback_sigcleanup</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
2">rl_catch_signals</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
3">rl_catch_sigwinch</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
85">rl_change_environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
2">rl_char_is_quoted_p</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
0"><CODE>rl_check_signals</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
87"><CODE>rl_cleanup_after_signal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
3"><CODE>rl_clear_history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
26"><CODE>rl_clear_message</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
1"><CODE>rl_clear_pending_input</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
397"><CODE>rl_clear_signals</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
1"><CODE>rl_clear_visible_line</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
398"><CODE>rl_complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC46">2.6.1 How Completing Works</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
1"><CODE>rl_complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
0"><CODE>rl_complete_internal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
24">rl_completer_quote_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
2">rl_completer_word_break_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
28">rl_completion_append_character</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
19">rl_completion_display_matches_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
399">rl_completion_entry_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC46">2.6.1 How Completing Works</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
08">rl_completion_entry_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
1">rl_completion_found_quote</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44
1">rl_completion_invoking_key</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
3">rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
05"><CODE>rl_completion_matches</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
04"><CODE>rl_completion_mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
27">rl_completion_query_items</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
2">rl_completion_quote_character</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
18">rl_completion_rewrite_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
29">rl_completion_suppress_append</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
0">rl_completion_suppress_quote</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44
0">rl_completion_type</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
3">rl_completion_word_break_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
74"><CODE>rl_copy_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
3"><CODE>rl_copy_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
3"><CODE>rl_crlf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
75"><CODE>rl_deactivate_mark</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
2"><CODE>rl_delete_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
0">rl_deprep_term_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
46"><CODE>rl_deprep_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
56"><CODE>rl_ding</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
14">rl_directory_completion_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
15">rl_directory_rewrite_hook;</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
76"><CODE>rl_discard_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
37">rl_dispatching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
58"><CODE>rl_display_match_list</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
0">rl_display_prompt</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
15"><CODE>rl_do_undo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
3">rl_done</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
1"><CODE>rl_echo_signal_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
1">rl_editing_mode</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
78"><CODE>rl_empty_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
1">rl_end</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
2"><CODE>rl_end_undo_group</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
34">rl_eof_found</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
38">rl_erase_empty_line</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
3">rl_event_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
0"><CODE>rl_execute_next</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
65">rl_executing_key</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
2">rl_executing_keymap</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
66">rl_executing_keyseq</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
64">rl_executing_macro</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
29"><CODE>rl_expand_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
69">rl_explicit_arg</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
54"><CODE>rl_extend_line_buffer</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
35">rl_filename_completion_desired</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
06"><CODE>rl_filename_completion_function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
1">rl_filename_dequoting_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
25">rl_filename_quote_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
36">rl_filename_quoting_desired</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
0">rl_filename_quoting_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
17">rl_filename_rewrite_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
16">rl_filename_stat_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
18"><CODE>rl_forced_update_display</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
3"><CODE>rl_free</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
77"><CODE>rl_free_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
88"><CODE>rl_free_line_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
14"><CODE>rl_free_undo_list</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
37">rl_full_quoting_desired</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
07"><CODE>rl_function_dumper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
1"><CODE>rl_function_of_keyseq</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
2"><CODE>rl_function_of_keyseq_len</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
09"><CODE>rl_funmap_names</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
297"><CODE>rl_generic_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
79"><CODE>rl_get_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
1"><CODE>rl_get_keymap_by_name</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
2"><CODE>rl_get_keymap_name</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
394"><CODE>rl_get_screen_size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
1"><CODE>rl_get_termcap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
38"><CODE>rl_getc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
54">rl_getc_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
44">rl_gnu_readline_p</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
34">rl_ignore_completion_duplicates</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
3">rl_ignore_some_completions_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44
2">rl_inhibit_completion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
55"><CODE>rl_initialize</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
57">rl_input_available_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
3"><CODE>rl_insert_completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
1"><CODE>rl_insert_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
47">rl_instream</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
04"><CODE>rl_invoking_keyseqs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
05"><CODE>rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
76"><CODE>rl_keep_mark_active</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
67">rl_key_sequence_length</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
34"><CODE>rl_kill_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
0">rl_last_func</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
2">rl_library_version</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
29">rl_line_buffer</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
08"><CODE>rl_list_funmap_names</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
65"><CODE>rl_macro_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
1">rl_macro_display_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
66"><CODE>rl_macro_dumper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
3"><CODE>rl_make_bare_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
75"><CODE>rl_make_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
2">rl_mark</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
77"><CODE>rl_mark_active_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
25"><CODE>rl_message</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
16"><CODE>rl_modifying</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
0"><CODE>rl_named_function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
35">rl_num_chars_to_read</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
0">rl_numeric_arg</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
19"><CODE>rl_on_new_line</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
0"><CODE>rl_on_new_line_with_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
48">rl_outstream</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
298"><CODE>rl_parse_and_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
36">rl_pending_input</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
86"><CODE>rl_pending_signal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
84">rl_persistent_signal_handlers</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
0">rl_point</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
2"><CODE>rl_possible_completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
2">rl_pre_input_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
49">rl_prefer_env_winsize</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
59">rl_prep_term_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
45"><CODE>rl_prep_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
06"><CODE>rl_print_keybinding</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
39">rl_prompt</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
36"><CODE>rl_push_macro_input</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
299"><CODE>rl_read_init_file</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
37"><CODE>rl_read_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
46">rl_readline_name</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
68">rl_readline_state</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
3">rl_readline_version</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
17"><CODE>rl_redisplay</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
58">rl_redisplay_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
2"><CODE>rl_reparse_colors</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
35"><CODE>rl_replace_line</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
89"><CODE>rl_reset_after_signal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
2"><CODE>rl_reset_line_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
395"><CODE>rl_reset_screen_size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
0"><CODE>rl_reset_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
2"><CODE>rl_resize_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
28"><CODE>rl_restore_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
2"><CODE>rl_restore_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
27"><CODE>rl_save_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
1"><CODE>rl_save_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
294"><CODE>rl_set_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
2"><CODE>rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
0"><CODE>rl_set_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
3"><CODE>rl_set_keymap_name</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
0"><CODE>rl_set_paren_blink_timeout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
0"><CODE>rl_set_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
3"><CODE>rl_set_screen_size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
396"><CODE>rl_set_signals</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
3"><CODE>rl_set_timeout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
24"><CODE>rl_show_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
55">rl_signal_event_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
39">rl_sort_completion_matches</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
26">rl_special_prefixes</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
1">rl_startup_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
39"><CODE>rl_stuff_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
45">rl_terminal_name</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
56">rl_timeout_event_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
44"><CODE>rl_timeout_remaining</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
3"><CODE>rl_trim_arg_from_keyseq</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
47"><CODE>rl_tty_set_default_bindings</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
49"><CODE>rl_tty_set_echoing</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
48"><CODE>rl_tty_unset_default_bindings</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
1"><CODE>rl_unbind_command_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
0"><CODE>rl_unbind_function_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
88"><CODE>rl_unbind_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
89"><CODE>rl_unbind_key_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
07"><CODE>rl_username_completion_function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
67"><CODE>rl_variable_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
69"><CODE>rl_variable_dumper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
68"><CODE>rl_variable_value</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
205"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
6"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
80"><CODE>rl_activate_mark</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
8"><CODE>rl_add_defun</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC30">2.4.1 Naming a Function</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
6"><CODE>rl_add_funmap_entry</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
9"><CODE>rl_add_undo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
63"><CODE>rl_alphabetic</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
7">rl_already_prompted</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
15">rl_attempted_completion_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
44">rl_attempted_completion_over</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
7">rl_basic_quote_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
6">rl_basic_word_break_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
7"><CODE>rl_begin_undo_group</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
90"><CODE>rl_bind_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
92"><CODE>rl_bind_key_if_unbound</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
93"><CODE>rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
91"><CODE>rl_bind_key_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
8"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
301"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
302"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
9"><CODE>rl_bind_keyseq_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
9">rl_binding_keymap</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
84"><CODE>rl_callback_handler_install</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
7"><CODE>rl_callback_handler_remove</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
85"><CODE>rl_callback_read_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
6"><CODE>rl_callback_sigcleanup</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">2.4.12 Alternate Interface</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
8">rl_catch_signals</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38
9">rl_catch_sigwinch</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
91">rl_change_environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
8">rl_char_is_quoted_p</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
6"><CODE>rl_check_signals</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
93"><CODE>rl_cleanup_after_signal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
9"><CODE>rl_clear_history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
32"><CODE>rl_clear_message</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
7"><CODE>rl_clear_pending_input</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
403"><CODE>rl_clear_signals</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
7"><CODE>rl_clear_visible_line</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
404"><CODE>rl_complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC46">2.6.1 How Completing Works</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
7"><CODE>rl_complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
6"><CODE>rl_complete_internal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
30">rl_completer_quote_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
8">rl_completer_word_break_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
34">rl_completion_append_character</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
25">rl_completion_display_matches_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
405">rl_completion_entry_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC46">2.6.1 How Completing Works</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
14">rl_completion_entry_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
7">rl_completion_found_quote</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44
7">rl_completion_invoking_key</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
9">rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
11"><CODE>rl_completion_matches</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
10"><CODE>rl_completion_mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
33">rl_completion_query_items</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
8">rl_completion_quote_character</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
24">rl_completion_rewrite_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
35">rl_completion_suppress_append</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43
6">rl_completion_suppress_quote</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44
6">rl_completion_type</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42
9">rl_completion_word_break_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
80"><CODE>rl_copy_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
9"><CODE>rl_copy_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
9"><CODE>rl_crlf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
81"><CODE>rl_deactivate_mark</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
8"><CODE>rl_delete_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
6">rl_deprep_term_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
52"><CODE>rl_deprep_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
62"><CODE>rl_ding</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
20">rl_directory_completion_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
21">rl_directory_rewrite_hook;</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
82"><CODE>rl_discard_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
43">rl_dispatching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
64"><CODE>rl_display_match_list</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
6">rl_display_prompt</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
21"><CODE>rl_do_undo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
9">rl_done</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
7"><CODE>rl_echo_signal_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
7">rl_editing_mode</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
84"><CODE>rl_empty_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
7">rl_end</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31
8"><CODE>rl_end_undo_group</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
40">rl_eof_found</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
44">rl_erase_empty_line</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
9">rl_event_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
6"><CODE>rl_execute_next</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
71">rl_executing_key</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
8">rl_executing_keymap</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
72">rl_executing_keyseq</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
70">rl_executing_macro</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
35"><CODE>rl_expand_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
75">rl_explicit_arg</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
60"><CODE>rl_extend_line_buffer</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
41">rl_filename_completion_desired</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
12"><CODE>rl_filename_completion_function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
7">rl_filename_dequoting_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
31">rl_filename_quote_characters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
42">rl_filename_quoting_desired</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
6">rl_filename_quoting_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
23">rl_filename_rewrite_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
22">rl_filename_stat_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
24"><CODE>rl_forced_update_display</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
9"><CODE>rl_free</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
83"><CODE>rl_free_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
94"><CODE>rl_free_line_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
20"><CODE>rl_free_undo_list</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
43">rl_full_quoting_desired</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
13"><CODE>rl_function_dumper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
7"><CODE>rl_function_of_keyseq</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
8"><CODE>rl_function_of_keyseq_len</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
15"><CODE>rl_funmap_names</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
303"><CODE>rl_generic_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
85"><CODE>rl_get_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
7"><CODE>rl_get_keymap_by_name</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
8"><CODE>rl_get_keymap_name</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
400"><CODE>rl_get_screen_size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
7"><CODE>rl_get_termcap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
44"><CODE>rl_getc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
60">rl_getc_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
50">rl_gnu_readline_p</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
40">rl_ignore_completion_duplicates</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41
9">rl_ignore_some_completions_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44
8">rl_inhibit_completion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
61"><CODE>rl_initialize</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
63">rl_input_available_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
9"><CODE>rl_insert_completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
7"><CODE>rl_insert_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
53">rl_instream</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
10"><CODE>rl_invoking_keyseqs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
11"><CODE>rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
82"><CODE>rl_keep_mark_active</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
73">rl_key_sequence_length</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
40"><CODE>rl_kill_text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
6">rl_last_func</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
8">rl_library_version</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
35">rl_line_buffer</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
14"><CODE>rl_list_funmap_names</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
71"><CODE>rl_macro_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26
7">rl_macro_display_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
72"><CODE>rl_macro_dumper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
9"><CODE>rl_make_bare_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
81"><CODE>rl_make_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
8">rl_mark</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
83"><CODE>rl_mark_active_p</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
31"><CODE>rl_message</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
22"><CODE>rl_modifying</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">2.4.5 Allowing Undoing</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
6"><CODE>rl_named_function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
41">rl_num_chars_to_read</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27
6">rl_numeric_arg</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
25"><CODE>rl_on_new_line</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
6"><CODE>rl_on_new_line_with_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
54">rl_outstream</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
304"><CODE>rl_parse_and_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
42">rl_pending_input</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
92"><CODE>rl_pending_signal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
90">rl_persistent_signal_handlers</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23
6">rl_point</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40
8"><CODE>rl_possible_completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
8">rl_pre_input_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
55">rl_prefer_env_winsize</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
65">rl_prep_term_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
51"><CODE>rl_prep_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
12"><CODE>rl_print_keybinding</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
45">rl_prompt</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
42"><CODE>rl_push_macro_input</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
305"><CODE>rl_read_init_file</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
43"><CODE>rl_read_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
52">rl_readline_name</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
74">rl_readline_state</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24
9">rl_readline_version</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
23"><CODE>rl_redisplay</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
64">rl_redisplay_function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
8"><CODE>rl_reparse_colors</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
41"><CODE>rl_replace_line</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">2.4.7 Modifying Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
95"><CODE>rl_reset_after_signal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32
8"><CODE>rl_reset_line_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
401"><CODE>rl_reset_screen_size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
6"><CODE>rl_reset_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
8"><CODE>rl_resize_terminal</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
34"><CODE>rl_restore_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
8"><CODE>rl_restore_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
33"><CODE>rl_save_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35
7"><CODE>rl_save_state</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC39">2.4.10 Utility Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
300"><CODE>rl_set_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
8"><CODE>rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
6"><CODE>rl_set_keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28
9"><CODE>rl_set_keymap_name</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">2.4.2 Selecting a Keymap</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37
6"><CODE>rl_set_paren_blink_timeout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33
6"><CODE>rl_set_prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39
9"><CODE>rl_set_screen_size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
402"><CODE>rl_set_signals</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">2.5 Readline Signal Handling</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34
9"><CODE>rl_set_timeout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
30"><CODE>rl_show_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">2.4.6 Redisplay</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
61">rl_signal_event_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
45">rl_sort_completion_matches</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
32">rl_special_prefixes</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC48">2.6.3 Completion Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25
7">rl_startup_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
45"><CODE>rl_stuff_char</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
51">rl_terminal_name</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
62">rl_timeout_event_hook</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">2.3 Readline Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
50"><CODE>rl_timeout_remaining</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">2.4.8 Character Input</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30
9"><CODE>rl_trim_arg_from_keyseq</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">2.4.4 Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
53"><CODE>rl_tty_set_default_bindings</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
55"><CODE>rl_tty_set_echoing</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
54"><CODE>rl_tty_unset_default_bindings</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">2.4.9 Terminal Management</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
7"><CODE>rl_unbind_command_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29
6"><CODE>rl_unbind_function_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
94"><CODE>rl_unbind_key</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
95"><CODE>rl_unbind_key_in_map</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">2.4.3 Binding Keys</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4
13"><CODE>rl_username_completion_function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC47">2.6.2 Completion Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
73"><CODE>rl_variable_bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
75"><CODE>rl_variable_dumper</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3
74"><CODE>rl_variable_value</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">2.4.11 Miscellaneous Functions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43">search-ignore-case</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX119"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX120"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
3"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
04"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
9"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
10"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44">show-all-if-ambiguous</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX45">show-all-if-unmodified</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX46">show-mode-in-prompt</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX47">skip-completed-text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
1"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
2"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
1"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
2"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
7"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21
8"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
7"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18
8"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">1.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX117"><CODE>tab-insert (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX118"><CODE>tab-insert (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
1"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
2"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
7"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20
8"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX123"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX124"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX125"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX126"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">1.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
197"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
198"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
203"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX
204"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX167"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC18">1.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX168"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC18">1.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX149"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC17">1.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX48">vi-cmd-mode-string</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
25"><CODE>vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
26"><CODE>vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
31"><CODE>vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2
32"><CODE>vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">1.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX49">vi-ins-mode-string</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX50">visible-stats</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">1.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX163"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC17">1.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#IDX164"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="readline.html#SEC17">1.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="readline.html#fn__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A>
+</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="readline.html#fn_" style="text-decoration:none"><b></b></A>
+
+<A HREF="readline.html#fn_ " style="text-decoration:none"><b> </b></A>
+
+<A HREF="readline.html#fn__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A>
<BR>
<A HREF="readline.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="readline.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>November, 1 2024</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 2 2024</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>November, 1 2024</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 2 2024</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
This is readline.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from rlman.texi.
-This manual describes the GNU Readline Library (version 8.3, 15 November
+This manual describes the GNU Readline Library (version 8.3, 29 November
2024), a library which aids in the consistency of user interface across
discrete programs which provide a command line interface.
string. Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history. The
characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable
are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not
-been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an
-incremental search. ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore
-the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
+been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-j’ characters terminate an
+incremental search. ‘C-g’ aborts an incremental search and restores the
+original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
containing the search string becomes the current line.
To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
-‘C-s’ as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
-history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any
-other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
-and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
-search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
-history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
-last line found the current line, and begin editing.
+‘C-s’ as appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history
+for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other
+key sequence bound to a Readline command terminates the search and
+executes that command. For instance, a <RET> terminates the search and
+accepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two ‘C-r’s
are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
is ‘~/.inputrc’. If that file does not exist or cannot be read,
Readline looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’.
- When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
+ When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
- value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
- The default value is -1.
+ value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line. The
+ default value is -1.
‘completion-ignore-case’
If set to ‘on’, Readline performs filename matching and
The number of possible completions that determines when the
user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
- than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
- the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists
- the completions. This variable must be set to an integer
- value greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means
- Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as
- zero. The default limit is ‘100’.
+ than or equal to this value, Readline asks whether or not the
+ user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists the
+ completions. This variable must be set to an integer value
+ greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline
+ should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The
+ default limit is ‘100’.
‘convert-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline converts characters it reads that
have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing
the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting
them to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is
- ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
+ ‘on’, but Readline sets it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth
bit set. This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale
category, and may change if the locale changes. This variable
‘force-meta-prefix’ below.
‘disable-completion’
- If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
- Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
- they had been mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
+ If set to ‘On’, Readline inhibits word completion. Completion
+ characters are inserted into the line as if they had been
+ mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
‘echo-control-characters’
When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they
appearing in the pasted text. The default is ‘On’.
‘enable-keypad’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
the arrow keys. The default is ‘off’.
‘enable-meta-key’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta
- modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
- On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit
- characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability
- that indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that
- sets the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is
- held down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable any meta modifier
+ key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
+ terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
+ this variable checks for the terminal capability that
+ indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets
+ the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held
+ down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
default is ‘on’.
‘expand-tilde’
default, this variable is set to ‘off’.
‘input-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
- it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+ does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
- default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
- the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
- bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
- the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
- the locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
+ default value is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’ if the
+ locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+ with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the
+ ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if the
+ locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
‘input-meta’.
‘isearch-terminators’
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
- given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-J’ will terminate
- an incremental search.
+ given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-j’ terminate an
+ incremental search.
‘keymap’
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If
- Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will
- use the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
+ Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it uses
+ the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
value to determine whether or not input is available on the
current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default). The value is
specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this
variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
- non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
- pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default
- value is ‘500’.
+ non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed
+ to decide which key sequence to complete. The default value
+ is ‘500’.
‘mark-directories’
If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash
appended. The default is ‘on’.
‘mark-modified-lines’
- When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an
+ When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline displays an
asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
modified. This variable is ‘off’ by default.
cycling through the list. The default is ‘off’.
‘output-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the
- eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
- sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
- ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may
- include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is
- dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may
- change if the locale changes.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays characters with the eighth
+ bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+ sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’
+ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+ bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
+ the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
+ the locale changes.
‘page-completions’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
- display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This
- variable is ‘on’ by default.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+ more(1) to display a screenful of possible completions at a
+ time. This variable is ‘on’ by default.
‘prefer-visible-bell’
See ‘bell-style’.
‘print-completions-horizontally’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
the screen. The default is ‘off’.
on some keyboards.
‘forward-char (C-f)’
- Move forward a character.
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
+ arrow key on some keyboards.
‘backward-char (C-b)’
- Move back a character.
+ Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow
+ key on some keyboards.
‘forward-word (M-f)’
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
‘previous-history (C-p)’
Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
- command.
+ command. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
‘next-history (C-n)’
Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+ This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
‘beginning-of-history (M-<)’
Move to the first line in the history.
write the list of possible completions to Readline's output stream
using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
- The number of matches;
- The word being completed;
- S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
- in the readline line buffer; then
- Each match, one per line
+ • the number of matches N;
+ • the word being completed;
+ • S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+ in the Readline line buffer; then
+ • each match, one per line
- If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this command
- will not print any output after the S:E. If there is only a single
- match, this prints a single line containing it. If there is more
- than one match, this prints the common prefix of the matches, which
- may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then the matches on
- subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the first line with
- the common prefix.
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
+ command does not print any output after the S:E. If there is only
+ a single match, this prints a single line containing it. If there
+ is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+ matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then
+ the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the
+ first line with the common prefix.
The user or application should be able to accommodate the
possibility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or
‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with
- a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have
- no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
+ a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ‘ESC [’. If this
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
+ effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is
- unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ unbound by default, but usually bound to ‘ESC [’.
‘insert-comment (M-#)’
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’
(line 48)
* active-region-start-color: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 35)
-* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 17)
+* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 18)
* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
(line 11)
* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing.
(line 28)
-* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 24)
+* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History.
- (line 19)
+ (line 21)
* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 61)
(line 41)
* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 45)
-* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 42)
-* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 47)
+* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 44)
+* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 49)
* colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 81)
* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
- (line 22)
+ (line 24)
* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 10)
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 37)
* export-completions (): Commands For Completion.
(line 38)
* fetch-history (): Commands For History.
- (line 105)
+ (line 107)
* force-meta-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 216)
* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 23)
* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 14)
* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
- (line 32)
-* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 20)
+ (line 34)
+* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 229)
* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
- (line 50)
+ (line 52)
* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
- (line 57)
+ (line 59)
* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 235)
* history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History.
- (line 64)
+ (line 66)
* history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History.
- (line 70)
+ (line 72)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 244)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 252)
* next-history (C-n): Commands For History.
- (line 16)
-* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 35)
+ (line 17)
+* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 37)
* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
- (line 44)
+ (line 46)
* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
- (line 38)
+ (line 40)
* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Commands For History.
- (line 98)
+ (line 100)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 322)
* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 73)
(line 19)
* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History.
(line 12)
-* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 28)
+* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 28)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 6)
* readline: Basic Behavior. (line 11)
-* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 51)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 53)
* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
- (line 26)
+ (line 28)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 344)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing.
(line 63)
* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History.
- (line 86)
+ (line 88)
* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History.
- (line 76)
+ (line 78)
* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.
(line 66)
Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f8601
Node: Readline Arguments\7f10628
Node: Searching\7f11689
-Node: Readline Init File\7f13920
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f15118
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f41510
-Node: Sample Init File\7f45899
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f49024
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f50408
-Node: Commands For History\7f52338
-Node: Commands For Text\7f57543
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f61388
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f63844
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f65000
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f68270
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f68975
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f73299
-Node: Programming with GNU Readline\7f75196
-Node: Basic Behavior\7f76182
-Node: Custom Functions\7f80245
-Node: Readline Typedefs\7f81767
-Node: Function Writing\7f83653
-Node: Readline Variables\7f84959
-Node: Readline Convenience Functions\7f99913
-Node: Function Naming\7f100989
-Node: Keymaps\7f102320
-Node: Binding Keys\7f105482
-Node: Associating Function Names and Bindings\7f110307
-Node: Allowing Undoing\7f114137
-Node: Redisplay\7f116887
-Node: Modifying Text\7f121189
-Node: Character Input\7f122728
-Node: Terminal Management\7f125885
-Node: Utility Functions\7f127772
-Node: Miscellaneous Functions\7f130882
-Node: Alternate Interface\7f134772
-Node: A Readline Example\7f137667
-Node: Alternate Interface Example\7f139585
-Node: Readline Signal Handling\7f143204
-Node: Custom Completers\7f152754
-Node: How Completing Works\7f153474
-Node: Completion Functions\7f156850
-Node: Completion Variables\7f160517
-Node: A Short Completion Example\7f178835
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f191504
-Node: Concept Index\7f216681
-Node: Function and Variable Index\7f218202
+Node: Readline Init File\7f13902
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f15099
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f41427
+Node: Sample Init File\7f45816
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f48941
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f50325
+Node: Commands For History\7f52396
+Node: Commands For Text\7f57738
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f61583
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f64039
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f65195
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f68478
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f69183
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f73514
+Node: Programming with GNU Readline\7f75411
+Node: Basic Behavior\7f76397
+Node: Custom Functions\7f80460
+Node: Readline Typedefs\7f81982
+Node: Function Writing\7f83868
+Node: Readline Variables\7f85174
+Node: Readline Convenience Functions\7f100128
+Node: Function Naming\7f101204
+Node: Keymaps\7f102535
+Node: Binding Keys\7f105697
+Node: Associating Function Names and Bindings\7f110522
+Node: Allowing Undoing\7f114352
+Node: Redisplay\7f117102
+Node: Modifying Text\7f121404
+Node: Character Input\7f122943
+Node: Terminal Management\7f126100
+Node: Utility Functions\7f127987
+Node: Miscellaneous Functions\7f131097
+Node: Alternate Interface\7f134987
+Node: A Readline Example\7f137882
+Node: Alternate Interface Example\7f139800
+Node: Readline Signal Handling\7f143419
+Node: Custom Completers\7f152969
+Node: How Completing Works\7f153689
+Node: Completion Functions\7f157065
+Node: Completion Variables\7f160732
+Node: A Short Completion Example\7f179050
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f191719
+Node: Concept Index\7f216896
+Node: Function and Variable Index\7f218417
\1f
End Tag Table
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The characters present in the value of the @code{isearch-terminators} variable
are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value, the @key{ESC} and
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+@kbd{C-j} characters terminate an incremental search.
+@kbd{C-g} aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
To find other matching entries in the history list, type @kbd{C-r} or
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entry matching the search string typed so far.
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+For instance, a @key{RET} terminates the search and accepts
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
@xref{Bash Builtins}.
@end ifset
-When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
+When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
In addition, the @code{C-x C-r} command re-reads this init file, thus
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
-A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+A value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
@item completion-ignore-case
The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked
whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than
-or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
-the user wishes to view them;
+or equal to this value,
+Readline asks whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions.
This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative
@item convert-meta
@vindex convert-meta
-If set to @samp{on}, Readline will convert characters it reads
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline converts characters it reads
that have the eighth bit set to an @sc{ascii} key sequence by
clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an @key{ESC} character,
converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
-The default value is @samp{on}, but Readline will set it to @samp{off}
+The default value is @samp{on}, but Readline sets it to @samp{off}
if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
@item disable-completion
@vindex disable-completion
-If set to @samp{On}, Readline will inhibit word completion.
-Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+If set to @samp{On}, Readline inhibits word completion.
+Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they
had been mapped to @code{self-insert}.
The default is @samp{off}.
@item enable-keypad
@vindex enable-keypad
-When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable the application
+When set to @samp{on}, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called.
Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
The default is @samp{off}.
@item enable-meta-key
@vindex enable-meta-key
-When set to @samp{on}, Readline will try to enable any meta
+When set to @samp{on}, Readline tries to enable any meta
modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
@item input-meta
@vindex input-meta
@vindex meta-flag
-If set to @samp{on}, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
-will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The default value is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
+The default value is @samp{off}, but Readline sets it to @samp{on}
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
subsequently executing the character as a command (@pxref{Searching}).
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters @key{ESC} and
-@kbd{C-J} will terminate an incremental search.
+@kbd{C-j} terminate an incremental search.
@item keymap
@vindex keymap
reading an ambiguous key sequence
(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
-If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it uses the
shorter but complete key sequence.
Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
available on the current input source (@code{rl_instream} by default).
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
The default value is @code{500}.
@item mark-modified-lines
@vindex mark-modified-lines
-When this variable is set to @samp{on}, Readline will to display an
+When this variable is set to @samp{on}, Readline displays an
asterisk (@samp{*}) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is @samp{off} by default.
@item output-meta
@vindex output-meta
-If set to @samp{on}, Readline will display characters with the
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline displays characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
-The default is @samp{off}, but Readline will set it to @samp{on}
+The default is @samp{off}, but Readline sets it to @samp{on}
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale category, and
@item page-completions
@vindex page-completions
-If set to @samp{on}, Readline uses an internal @code{more}-like pager
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+@i{more}(1)
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is @samp{on} by default.
See @code{bell-style}.
@item print-completions-horizontally
-If set to @samp{on}, Readline will display completions with matches
+If set to @samp{on}, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
The default is @samp{off}.
@var{NEWLINE},
@var{RET},
@var{RETURN},
-@var{RUBOUT} (a destructive backspace),
+@var{RUBOUT}
+(a destructive backspace),
@var{SPACE},
@var{SPC},
and
@item forward-char (C-f)
Move forward a character.
+This may also be bound to the right arrow key on some keyboards.
@item backward-char (C-b)
Move back a character.
+This may also be bound to the left arrow key on some keyboards.
@item forward-word (M-f)
Move forward to the end of the next word.
@item previous-history (C-p)
Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
+This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
@item next-history (C-n)
Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
@item beginning-of-history (M-<)
Move to the first line in the history.
and write the list of possible completions to Readline's output stream
using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
-@example
-The number of matches;
-The word being completed;
-S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
-in the readline line buffer; then
-Each match, one per line
-@end example
-
-If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this command will
-not print any output after the S:E.
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the number of matches @var{N};
+@item
+the word being completed;
+@item
+@var{S}:@var{E},
+where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+in the Readline line buffer; then
+@item
+each match, one per line
+@end itemize
+
+If there are no matches, the first line will be ``0'',
+and this command does not print any output after the @var{S}:@var{E}.
If there is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
-matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the S:E,
+matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the @var{S}:@var{E},
then the matches on subsequent lines.
-In this case, N will include the first line with the common prefix.
+In this case, @var{N} will include the first line with the common prefix.
The user or application
should be able to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.
-The intent is that the user or application reads N lines after the line
-containing S:E to obtain the match list.
+The intent is that the user or application reads @var{N} lines after
+the line containing @var{S}:@var{E} to obtain the match list.
This command is unbound by default.
@item delete-char-or-list ()
@item skip-csi-sequence ()
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End.
-CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually
+@kbd{ESC [}.
If this sequence is bound to "\e[",
-keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.
-This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+keys producing CSI sequences have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a Readline command,
+instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to
+@kbd{ESC [}.
@item insert-comment (M-#)
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the @code{comment-begin}
@section Programmable Completion
@cindex programmable completion
-When the user attempts word completion for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a @dfn{compspec}) has been defined
-using the @code{complete} builtin (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}),
+When the user attempts word completion
+for a command or an argument to a command for which a
+completion specification (a @dfn{compspec}) has been defined
+using the @code{complete} builtin
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}),
Readline invokes the programmable completion facilities.
First, Bash identifies the command name.
If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
beginning of an empty line), Bash uses any compspec defined with
the @option{-E} option to @code{complete}.
+The @option{-I} option to @code{complete}
+indicates that the command word is the first non-assignment word
+on the line, or after a command delimiter such as
+@samp{;} or @samp{|}.
+This usually indicates command name completion.
+
If the command word is a full pathname, Bash
searches for a compspec for the full pathname first.
If there is no compspec for the full pathname, Bash attempts to
find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
-If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
-the @option{-D} option to @code{complete} is used as the default.
-If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
-on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
-for the command word from any successful expansion.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec,
+or if there is no compspec for the command word,
+Bash uses any compspec defined with
+the @option{-D} option to @code{complete} as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, Bash performs alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort,
+and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
+resulting from any successful expansion.
If a compspec is not found, Bash performs its default completion
described above (@pxref{Commands For Completion}).
the list of matching words.
First, Bash performs the @var{actions} specified by the compspec.
-Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
-returned.
+This only returns matches which are prefixes
+of the word being completed.
When the @option{-f} or @option{-d} option is used for filename or
directory name completion, Bash uses shell the variable @env{FIGNORE}
to filter the matches.
@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}.
-Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
-@option{-G} option are generated next.
+Next, programmable completion generates matches
+specified by a pathname expansion pattern
+supplied as an argument to the
+@option{-G} option.
The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
Bash uses the @env{FIGNORE}
variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
the string specified as the argument to the @option{-W} option.
The string is first split using the characters in the @env{IFS}
special variable as delimiters.
-Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a
+This honors shell quoting within the string, in order to provide a
mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
in the value of @env{IFS}.
Each word is then expanded using
After these matches have been generated,
Bash executes any shell function or command
-any shell function or command
specified with the @option{-F} and @option{-C} options.
-When the command or function is invoked, the @env{COMP_LINE},
-@env{COMP_POINT}, @env{COMP_KEY}, and @env{COMP_TYPE} variables are
-assigned values as described above (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
-If a shell function is being invoked, the @env{COMP_WORDS} and
-@env{COMP_CWORD} variables are also set.
+When the command or function is invoked, Bash
+assigns values to the
+@env{COMP_LINE},
+@env{COMP_POINT},
+@env{COMP_KEY},
+and
+@env{COMP_TYPE}
+variables as described above
+(@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+If a shell function is being invoked, Bash
+also sets the
+@env{COMP_WORDS}
+and
+@env{COMP_CWORD}
+variables.
When the function or command is invoked,
the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments
are being completed,
completed on the current command line.
There is no filtering of the generated completions against the
word being completed;
-the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches
+and they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
Any function specified with @option{-F} is invoked first.
The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
It should print a list of completions, one per line, to
the standard output.
-Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+Backslash will escape a newline, if necessary.
These are added to the set of possible completions.
-After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the @option{-X} option is applied to the list.
+After generating all of the possible completions,
+Bash applies any filter
+specified with the @option{-X} option to the completions in the list.
The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a @samp{&}
in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
A literal @samp{&} may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
is removed before attempting a match.
-Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading @samp{!} negates the pattern; in this case any completion
-not matching the pattern will be removed.
-If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
-(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the list.
+A leading @samp{!} negates the pattern;
+in this case Bash removes
+any completion that does not match the pattern.
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option is enabled
+(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}),
+Bash performs the match without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
-Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the @option{-P} and @option{-S}
-options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
-returned to Readline as the list of possible completions.
+Finally, programmable completion adds
+any prefix and suffix specified with the
+@option{-P} and @option{-S}
+options, respectively, to each completion,
+and returns the result
+to Readline as the list of possible completions.
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
@option{-o dirnames} option was supplied to @code{complete} when the
The default Bash completions and the Readline default
of filename completion are disabled.
If the @option{-o bashdefault} option was supplied to @code{complete} when
-the compspec was defined, if the compspec generates no matches,
+the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no matches,
Bash attempts its default completions.
-If the @option{-o default} option was supplied to @code{complete} when the
-compspec was defined, programmable completion will perform
-Readline's default completion
-if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
-generate no matches.
-
-When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
-the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
-to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
-the value of the @var{mark-directories} Readline variable, regardless
-of the setting of the @var{mark-symlinked-directories} Readline variable.
+If the compspec and, if attempted, the default Bash completions
+generate no matches,
+and the @option{-o default} option was supplied to
+@code{complete} when the compspec was defined,
+programmable completion performs Readline's default completion.
+
+The options supplied to @code{complete} and @code{compopt}
+can control how Readline treats the completions.
+For instance, the @option{-o fullquote} option tells Readline
+to quote the matches as if they were filenames.
+See the description of @code{complete}
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins})
+for details.
+
+When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion,
+the programmable completion functions force Readline
+to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links
+to directories, subject to the value of the
+@var{mark-directories} Readline variable,
+regardless of the setting of the
+@var{mark-symlinked-directories} Readline variable.
There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.
This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
attempt to find a new compspec for that command.
-This allows a set of completions to be built dynamically as completion
-is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.
+This can be used to build a set of completions dynamically
+as completion is attempted, rather than loading them all at once.
For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
May also be specified as @option{-e}.
@item file
-File names.
+File and directory names, similar to Readline's filename completion.
May also be specified as @option{-f}.
@item function
<HTML>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on November, 1 2024 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on December, 2 2024 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
The characters present in the value of the <CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE> variable
are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
-<KBD>C-J</KBD> characters will terminate an incremental search.
-<KBD>C-g</KBD> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+<KBD>C-j</KBD> characters terminate an incremental search.
+<KBD>C-g</KBD> aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
</P><P>
To find other matching entries in the history list, type <KBD>C-r</KBD> or
<KBD>C-s</KBD> as appropriate.
-This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+This searches backward or forward in the history for the next
entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate
-the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a <KBD>RET</KBD> will terminate the search and accept
+Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command terminates
+the search and executes that command.
+For instance, a <KBD>RET</KBD> terminates the search and accepts
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
<TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>.
</P><P>
-When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
+When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline reads
the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
</P><P>
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
-A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+A value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
<P>
The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked
whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than
-or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
-the user wishes to view them;
+or equal to this value,
+Readline asks whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise, Readline simply lists the completions.
This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative
<DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX18"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters it reads
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline converts characters it reads
that have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by
clearing the eighth bit and prefixing an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character,
converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
-The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, but Readline will set it to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>
+The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, but Readline sets it to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>
if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> locale category, and
<DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX19"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion.
-Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they
+If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline inhibits word completion.
+Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they
had been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>.
The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX25"></A>
-When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application
+When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called.
Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<DT><CODE>enable-meta-key</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX26"></A>
-When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable any meta
+When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline tries to enable any meta
modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
this variable checks for the terminal capability that indicates the
<DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX32"></A>
<A NAME="IDX33"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
-will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
-The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline will set it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
+The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline sets it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> locale category, and
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="rluserman.html#SEC8">1.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>).
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
-<KBD>C-J</KBD> will terminate an incremental search.
+<KBD>C-j</KBD> terminate an incremental search.
<P>
<DT><CODE>keymap</CODE>
reading an ambiguous key sequence
(one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far,
or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence).
-If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will use the
+If Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it uses the
shorter but complete key sequence.
Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
available on the current input source (<CODE>rl_instream</CODE> by default).
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to
+non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
The default value is <CODE>500</CODE>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX36"></A>
-When this variable is set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will to display an
+When this variable is set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays an
asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
<DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX40"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
-The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline will set it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
+The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, but Readline sets it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>
if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
bytes with the eighth bit set.
This variable is dependent on the <CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> locale category, and
<DT><CODE>page-completions</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX41"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal <CODE>more</CODE>-like pager
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+<I>more</I>(1)
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
<P>
<DT><CODE>print-completions-horizontally</CODE>
-<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display completions with matches
+<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<VAR>NEWLINE</VAR>,
<VAR>RET</VAR>,
<VAR>RETURN</VAR>,
-<VAR>RUBOUT</VAR> (a destructive backspace),
+<VAR>RUBOUT</VAR>
+(a destructive backspace),
<VAR>SPACE</VAR>,
<VAR>SPC</VAR>,
and
<DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX56"></A>
Move forward a character.
+This may also be bound to the right arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX57"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX58"></A>
Move back a character.
+This may also be bound to the left arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX59"></A>
<DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX76"></A>
Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
+This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX77"></A>
<DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX78"></A>
Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX79"></A>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX179"></A>
-<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE>
+<DT><CODE>export-completions ()</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX180"></A>
+Perform completion on the word before point as described above
+and write the list of possible completions to Readline's output stream
+using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<A NAME="IDX181"></A>
+<LI>
+the number of matches <VAR>N</VAR>;
+<A NAME="IDX182"></A>
+<LI>
+the word being completed;
+<A NAME="IDX183"></A>
+<LI>
+<VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR>,
+where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+in the Readline line buffer; then
+<A NAME="IDX184"></A>
+<LI>
+each match, one per line
+</UL>
+<P>
+
+If there are no matches, the first line will be "0",
+and this command does not print any output after the <VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR>.
+If there is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
+If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the <VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR>,
+then the matches on subsequent lines.
+In this case, <VAR>N</VAR> will include the first line with the common prefix.
+</P><P>
+
+The user or application
+should be able to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.
+The intent is that the user or application reads <VAR>N</VAR> lines after
+the line containing <VAR>S</VAR>:<VAR>E</VAR> to obtain the match list.
+This command is unbound by default.
+</P><P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX185"></A>
+<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX186"></A>
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>).
At the end of the line, it behaves identically to <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>.
<!--docid::SEC20::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX181"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX187"></A>
<DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX182"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX188"></A>
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX183"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX189"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX184"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX190"></A>
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX185"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX191"></A>
<DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX186"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX192"></A>
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX187"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX193"></A>
<DT><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX188"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX194"></A>
Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file.
<P>
<!--docid::SEC21::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX189"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX195"></A>
<DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX190"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX196"></A>
Read in the contents of the <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, and incorporate
any bindings or variable assignments found there.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX191"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX197"></A>
<DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX192"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX198"></A>
Abort the current editing command and
ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
<CODE>bell-style</CODE>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX193"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX199"></A>
<DT><CODE>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX194"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX200"></A>
If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is upper case, run the command
that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
The behavior is undefined if <VAR>x</VAR> is already lower case.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX195"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX201"></A>
<DT><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX196"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX202"></A>
Metafy the next character typed.
Typing <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing <KBD>M-f</KBD>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX197"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX203"></A>
<DT><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX198"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX204"></A>
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX199"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX205"></A>
<DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX200"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX206"></A>
Undo all changes made to this line.
This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE>
command enough times to get back to the initial state.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX201"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX207"></A>
<DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX202"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX208"></A>
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX203"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX209"></A>
<DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX204"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX210"></A>
Set the mark to the point.
If a numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that position.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX205"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX211"></A>
<DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX206"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX212"></A>
Swap the point with the mark.
Set the current cursor position to the saved position,
then set the mark to the old cursor position.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX207"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX213"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX208"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX214"></A>
Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that character.
A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX209"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX215"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX210"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX216"></A>
Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that character.
A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX211"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX217"></A>
<DT><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX212"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX218"></A>
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End.
-CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.
+CSI sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually
+<KBD>ESC [</KBD>.
If this sequence is bound to "\e[",
-keys producing CSI sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.
-This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+keys producing CSI sequences have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a Readline command,
+instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+This is unbound by default, but usually bound to
+<KBD>ESC [</KBD>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX213"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX219"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX214"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX220"></A>
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
variable at the beginning of the current line.
If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX215"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX221"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX216"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX222"></A>
Print all of the functions and their key bindings
to the Readline output stream.
If a numeric argument is supplied,
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX217"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX223"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX218"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX224"></A>
Print all of the settable variables and their values
to the Readline output stream.
If a numeric argument is supplied,
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX219"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX225"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX220"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX226"></A>
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output
to the Readline output stream.
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX221"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX227"></A>
<DT><CODE>execute-named-command (M-x)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX222"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX228"></A>
Read a bindable Readline command name from the input and execute the
function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
bound appeared in the input.
argument to the function it executes.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX223"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX229"></A>
<DT><CODE>emacs-editing-mode (C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX224"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX230"></A>
When in <CODE>vi</CODE> command mode, this causes a switch to <CODE>emacs</CODE>
editing mode.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX225"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX231"></A>
<DT><CODE>vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX226"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX232"></A>
When in <CODE>emacs</CODE> editing mode, this causes a switch to <CODE>vi</CODE>
editing mode.
<P>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="rluserman.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>November, 1 2024</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 2 2024</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>November, 1 2024</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 2 2024</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
rluserman.texi.
This manual describes the end user interface of the GNU Readline Library
-(version 8.3, 15 November 2024), a library which aids in the consistency
+(version 8.3, 29 November 2024), a library which aids in the consistency
of user interface across discrete programs which provide a command line
interface.
string. Typing ‘C-s’ searches forward through the history. The
characters present in the value of the ‘isearch-terminators’ variable
are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not
-been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-J’ characters will terminate an
-incremental search. ‘C-g’ will abort an incremental search and restore
-the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
+been assigned a value, the <ESC> and ‘C-j’ characters terminate an
+incremental search. ‘C-g’ aborts an incremental search and restores the
+original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
containing the search string becomes the current line.
To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
-‘C-s’ as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
-history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any
-other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
-and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
-search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
-history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
-last line found the current line, and begin editing.
+‘C-s’ as appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history
+for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other
+key sequence bound to a Readline command terminates the search and
+executes that command. For instance, a <RET> terminates the search and
+accepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two ‘C-r’s
are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
is ‘~/.inputrc’. If that file does not exist or cannot be read,
Readline looks for ‘/etc/inputrc’.
- When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
+ When a program that uses the Readline library starts up, Readline
reads the init file and sets any variables and key bindings it contains.
In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
- value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
- The default value is -1.
+ value of 0 causes matches to be displayed one per line. The
+ default value is -1.
‘completion-ignore-case’
If set to ‘on’, Readline performs filename matching and
The number of possible completions that determines when the
user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
- than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
- the user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists
- the completions. This variable must be set to an integer
- value greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means
- Readline should never ask; negative values are treated as
- zero. The default limit is ‘100’.
+ than or equal to this value, Readline asks whether or not the
+ user wishes to view them; otherwise, Readline simply lists the
+ completions. This variable must be set to an integer value
+ greater than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline
+ should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The
+ default limit is ‘100’.
‘convert-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters it reads that
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline converts characters it reads that
have the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing
the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting
them to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is
- ‘on’, but Readline will set it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
+ ‘on’, but Readline sets it to ‘off’ if the locale contains
characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth
bit set. This variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale
category, and may change if the locale changes. This variable
‘force-meta-prefix’ below.
‘disable-completion’
- If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
- Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
- they had been mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
+ If set to ‘On’, Readline inhibits word completion. Completion
+ characters are inserted into the line as if they had been
+ mapped to ‘self-insert’. The default is ‘off’.
‘echo-control-characters’
When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they
appearing in the pasted text. The default is ‘On’.
‘enable-keypad’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
the arrow keys. The default is ‘off’.
‘enable-meta-key’
- When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta
- modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
- On many terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit
- characters; this variable checks for the terminal capability
- that indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that
- sets the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is
- held down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
+ When set to ‘on’, Readline tries to enable any meta modifier
+ key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
+ terminals, the Meta key is used to send eight-bit characters;
+ this variable checks for the terminal capability that
+ indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets
+ the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is held
+ down when the character is typed (a meta character). The
default is ‘on’.
‘expand-tilde’
default, this variable is set to ‘off’.
‘input-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
- it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline enables eight-bit input (that is, it
+ does not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
- default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
- the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
- bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
- the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
- the locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
+ default value is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’ if the
+ locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes
+ with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the
+ ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if the
+ locale changes. The name ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for
‘input-meta’.
‘isearch-terminators’
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
- given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-J’ will terminate
- an incremental search.
+ given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-j’ terminate an
+ incremental search.
‘keymap’
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If
- Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it will
- use the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
+ Readline doesn't receive any input within the timeout, it uses
+ the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
value to determine whether or not input is available on the
current input source (‘rl_instream’ by default). The value is
specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this
variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
- non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
- pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default
- value is ‘500’.
+ non-numeric value, Readline waits until another key is pressed
+ to decide which key sequence to complete. The default value
+ is ‘500’.
‘mark-directories’
If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash
appended. The default is ‘on’.
‘mark-modified-lines’
- When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline will to display an
+ When this variable is set to ‘on’, Readline displays an
asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
modified. This variable is ‘off’ by default.
cycling through the list. The default is ‘off’.
‘output-meta’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the
- eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
- sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
- ‘on’ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may
- include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is
- dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may
- change if the locale changes.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays characters with the eighth
+ bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+ sequence. The default is ‘off’, but Readline sets it to ‘on’
+ if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+ bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on
+ the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and its value may change if
+ the locale changes.
‘page-completions’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
- display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This
- variable is ‘on’ by default.
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal pager resembling
+ more(1) to display a screenful of possible completions at a
+ time. This variable is ‘on’ by default.
‘prefer-visible-bell’
See ‘bell-style’.
‘print-completions-horizontally’
- If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches
+ If set to ‘on’, Readline displays completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
the screen. The default is ‘off’.
on some keyboards.
‘forward-char (C-f)’
- Move forward a character.
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
+ arrow key on some keyboards.
‘backward-char (C-b)’
- Move back a character.
+ Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow
+ key on some keyboards.
‘forward-word (M-f)’
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
‘previous-history (C-p)’
Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
- command.
+ command. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
+ keyboards.
‘next-history (C-n)’
Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+ This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.
‘beginning-of-history (M-<)’
Move to the first line in the history.
write the list of possible completions to Readline's output stream
using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
- The number of matches;
- The word being completed;
- S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
- in the readline line buffer; then
- Each match, one per line
+ • the number of matches N;
+ • the word being completed;
+ • S:E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word
+ in the Readline line buffer; then
+ • each match, one per line
- If there are no matches, the first line will be 0, and this command
- will not print any output after the S:E. If there is only a single
- match, this prints a single line containing it. If there is more
- than one match, this prints the common prefix of the matches, which
- may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then the matches on
- subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the first line with
- the common prefix.
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
+ command does not print any output after the S:E. If there is only
+ a single match, this prints a single line containing it. If there
+ is more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the
+ matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the S:E, then
+ the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, N will include the
+ first line with the common prefix.
The user or application should be able to accommodate the
possibility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or
‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with
- a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences will have
- no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
+ a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ‘ESC [’. If this
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
+ effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is
- unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ unbound by default, but usually bound to ‘ESC [’.
‘insert-comment (M-#)’
Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the ‘comment-begin’
Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f8447
Node: Readline Arguments\7f10475
Node: Searching\7f11537
-Node: Readline Init File\7f13769
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f14968
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f41361
-Node: Sample Init File\7f45751
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f48877
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f50262
-Node: Commands For History\7f52193
-Node: Commands For Text\7f57399
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f61245
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f63702
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f64859
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f68130
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f68836
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f73161
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f74155
+Node: Readline Init File\7f13751
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f14949
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f41278
+Node: Sample Init File\7f45668
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f48794
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f50179
+Node: Commands For History\7f52251
+Node: Commands For Text\7f57594
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f61440
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f63897
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f65054
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f68338
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f69044
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f73376
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f74370
\1f
End Tag Table
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%%Title: rluserman.dvi
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@set EDITION 8.3
@set VERSION 8.3
-@set UPDATED 15 November 2024
+@set UPDATED 29 November 2024
@set UPDATED-MONTH November 2024
-@set LASTCHANGE Fri Nov 15 17:56:11 EST 2024
+@set LASTCHANGE Fri Nov 29 18:18:20 EST 2024
if (count == 0)
return 0;
+ /* If the current line has changed, save the changes. */
+#if 0 /* XXX old code can leak or corrupt rl_undo_list */
rl_maybe_replace_line ();
+#else
+ _rl_maybe_replace_line (1);
+#endif
r = _rl_next_history_internal (count);
/* If we don't have a line saved, then save this one. */
had_saved_line = _rl_saved_line_for_history != 0;
+
+ /* XXX - if we are not editing a history line and we already had a saved
+ line, we're going to lose this undo list. Not sure what the right thing
+ is here - replace the saved line? */
+
rl_maybe_save_line ();
/* If the current line has changed, save the changes. */
+#if 0 /* XXX old code can leak or corrupt rl_undo_list */
rl_maybe_replace_line ();
+#else
+ _rl_maybe_replace_line (1);
+#endif
r = _rl_previous_history_internal (count);
extern char *realloc ();
#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
#if defined (HAVE_STRING_H)
#include <string.h>
#endif
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
