proc.5: Add some detail to /proc/PID/timers

[thirdparty/man-pages.git] / man5 / proc.5

.\" Copyright (C) 1994, 1995 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
.\" and Copyright (C) 2002-2008 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\" with networking additions from Alan Cox (A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk)
.\" and scsi additions from Michael Neuffer (neuffer@mail.uni-mainz.de)
.\" and sysctl additions from Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
.\" and System V IPC (as well as various other) additions from
.\" Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
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.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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.\"
.\" Modified 1995-05-17 by faith@cs.unc.edu
.\" Minor changes by aeb and Marty Leisner (leisner@sdsp.mc.xerox.com).
.\" Modified 1996-04-13, 1996-07-22 by aeb@cwi.nl
.\" Modified 2001-12-16 by rwhron@earthlink.net
.\" Modified 2002-07-13 by jbelton@shaw.ca
.\" Modified 2002-07-22, 2003-05-27, 2004-04-06, 2004-05-25
.\"    by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\" 2004-11-17, mtk -- updated notes on /proc/loadavg
.\" 2004-12-01, mtk, rtsig-max and rtsig-nr went away in 2.6.8
.\" 2004-12-14, mtk, updated 'statm', and fixed error in order of list
.\" 2005-05-12, mtk, updated 'stat'
.\" 2005-07-13, mtk, added /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/*
.\" 2005-09-16, mtk, Added /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable
.\" 2005-09-19, mtk, added /proc/zoneinfo
.\" 2005-03-01, mtk, moved /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/* material to mq_overview.7.
.\" 2008-06-05, mtk, Added /proc/[pid]/oom_score, /proc/[pid]/oom_adj,
.\"     /proc/[pid]/limits, /proc/[pid]/mountinfo, /proc/[pid]/mountstats,
.\"     and /proc/[pid]/fdinfo/*.
.\" 2008-06-19, mtk, Documented /proc/[pid]/status.
.\" 2008-07-15, mtk, added /proc/config.gz
.\"
.\" FIXME . cross check against Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
.\" to see what information could be imported from that file
.\" into this file.
.\"
.TH PROC 5 2015-03-29 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
proc \- process information pseudo-filesystem
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.I proc
filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem which provides an interface to
kernel data structures.
It is commonly mounted at
.IR /proc .
Most of it is read-only, but some files allow kernel variables to be
changed.
.LP
The following list describes many of the files and directories under the
.I /proc
hierarchy.
.PD 1
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]
There is a numerical subdirectory for each running process; the
subdirectory is named by the process ID.
Each such subdirectory contains the following
pseudo-files and directories.
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/attr
.\" https://lwn.net/Articles/28222/
.\" From:    Stephen Smalley <sds@epoch.ncsc.mil>
.\" To:	     LKML and others
.\" Subject: [RFC][PATCH] Process Attribute API for Security Modules
.\" Date:    08 Apr 2003 16:17:52 -0400
.\"
.\"	http://www.nsa.gov/research/_files/selinux/papers/module/x362.shtml
.\"
The files in this directory provide an API for security modules.
The contents of this directory are files that can be read and written
in order to set security-related attributes.
This directory was added to support SELinux,
but the intention was that the API be general enough to support
other security modules.
For the purpose of explanation,
examples of how SELinux uses these files are provided below.

This directory is present only if the kernel was configured with
.BR CONFIG_SECURITY .
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/current " (since Linux 2.6.0)"
The contents of this file represent the current
security attributes of the process.

In SELinux, this file is used to get the security context of a process.
Prior to Linux 2.6.11, this file could not be used to set the security
context (a write was always denied), since SELinux limited process security
transitions to
.BR execve (2)
(see the description of
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/exec ,
below).
Since Linux 2.6.11, SELinux lifted this restriction and began supporting
"set" operations via writes to this node if authorized by policy,
although use of this operation is only suitable for applications that are
trusted to maintain any desired separation between the old and new security
contexts.
Prior to Linux 2.6.28, SELinux did not allow threads within a
multi-threaded process to set their security context via this node
as it would yield an inconsistency among the security contexts of the
threads sharing the same memory space.
Since Linux 2.6.28, SELinux lifted
this restriction and began supporting "set" operations for threads within
a multithreaded process if the new security context is bounded by the old
security context, where the bounded relation is defined in policy and
guarantees that the new security context has a subset of the permissions
of the old security context.
Other security modules may choose to support "set" operations via
writes to this node.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/exec " (since Linux 2.6.0)"
This file represents the attributes to assign to the
process upon a subsequent
.BR execve (2).

In SELinux,
this is needed to support role/domain transitions, and
.BR execve (2)
is the preferred point to make such transitions because it offers better
control over the initialization of the process in the new security label
and the inheritance of state.
In SELinux, this attribute is reset on
.BR execve (2)
so that the new program reverts to the default behavior for any
.BR execve (2)
calls that it may make.
In SELinux, a process can set
only its own
.I /proc/[pid]/attr/exec
attribute.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/fscreate " (since Linux 2.6.0)"
This file represents the attributes to assign to files
created by subsequent calls to
.BR open (2),
.BR mkdir (2),
.BR symlink (2),
and
.BR mknod (2)

SELinux employs this file to support creation of a file
(using the aforementioned system calls)
in a secure state,
so that there is no risk of inappropriate access being obtained
between the time of creation and the time that attributes are set.
In SELinux, this attribute is reset on
.BR execve (2),
so that the new program reverts to the default behavior for
any file creation calls it may make, but the attribute will persist
across multiple file creation calls within a program unless it is
explicitly reset.
In SELinux, a process can set only its own
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/fscreate
attribute.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/prev " (since Linux 2.6.0)"
This file contains the security context of the process before the last
.BR execve (2);
that is, the previous value of
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/current .
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/keycreate " (since Linux 2.6.18)"
.\" commit 4eb582cf1fbd7b9e5f466e3718a59c957e75254e
.\" /Documentation/keys.txt
If a process writes a security context into this file,
all subsequently created keys
.RB ( add_key (2))
will be labeled with this context.
For further information, see the kernel source file
.IR Documentation/keys.txt .
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/attr/socketcreate " (since Linux 2.6.18)"
.\" commit 42c3e03ef6b298813557cdb997bd6db619cd65a2
If a process writes a security context into this file,
all subsequently created sockets will be labeled with this context.
.\"
.\" FIXME Describe /proc/[pid]/autogroup
.\"	2.6.38
.\"	commit 5091faa449ee0b7d73bc296a93bca9540fc51d0a
.\" 	CONFIG_SCHED_AUTOGROUP
.\"
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/auxv " (since 2.6.0-test7)"
This contains the contents of the ELF interpreter information passed
to the process at exec time.
The format is one \fIunsigned long\fP ID
plus one \fIunsigned long\fP value for each entry.
The last entry contains two zeros.
See also
.BR getauxval (3).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/cgroup " (since Linux 2.6.24)"
.\" 	  Info in Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt
This file describes control groups to which the process/task belongs.
For each cgroup hierarchy there is one entry containing
colon-separated fields of the form:
.nf
.ft CW

    5:cpuacct,cpu,cpuset:/daemons
.ft
.fi
.IP
The colon-separated fields are, from left to right:
.RS 11
.IP 1. 3
hierarchy ID number
.IP 2.
set of subsystems bound to the hierarchy
.IP 3.
control group in the hierarchy to which the process belongs
.RE
.IP
This file is present only if the
.B CONFIG_CGROUPS
kernel configuration option is enabled.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/clear_refs " (since Linux 2.6.22)"
.\" commit b813e931b4c8235bb42e301096ea97dbdee3e8fe (2.6.22)
.\" commit 398499d5f3613c47f2143b8c54a04efb5d7a6da9 (2.6.32)
.\" commit 040fa02077de01c7e08fa75be6125e4ca5636011 (3.11)
.\"
.\"       "Clears page referenced bits shown in smaps output"
.\"       write-only, writable only by the owner of the process

This is a write-only file, writable only by owner of the process.

The following values may be written to the file:
.RS
.TP
1 (since Linux 2.6.22)
.\" Internally: CLEAR_REFS_ALL
Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG
bits for all the pages associated with the process.
(Before kernel 2.6.32, writing any nonzero value to this file
had this effect.)
.TP
2 (since Linux 2.6.32)
.\" Internally: CLEAR_REFS_ANON
Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG
bits for all anonymous pages associated with the process.
.TP
3 (since Linux 2.6.32)
.\" Internally: CLEAR_REFS_MAPPED
Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG
bits for all file-mapped pages associated with the process.
.RE
.IP
Clearing the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits provides a method
to measure approximately how much memory a process is using.
One first inspects the values in the "Referenced" fields
for the VMAs shown in
.IR /proc/[pid]/smaps
to get an idea of the memory footprint of the
process.
One then clears the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits
and, after some measured time interval,
once again inspects the values in the "Referenced" fields
to get an idea of the change in memory footprint of the
process during the measured interval.
If one is interested only in inspecting the selected mapping types,
then the value 2 or 3 can be used instead of 1.

A further value can be written to affect a different bit:
.RS
.TP
4 (since Linux 3.11)
Clear the soft-dirty bit for all the pages associated with the process.
.\" Internally: CLEAR_REFS_SOFT_DIRTY
This is used (in conjunction with
.IR /proc/[pid]/pagemap )
by the check-point restore system to discover which pages of a process
have been dirtied since the file
.IR /proc/[pid]/clear_refs
was written to.
.RE
.IP
Writing any value to
.IR /proc/[pid]/clear_refs
other than those listed above has no effect.

The
.IR /proc/[pid]/clear_refs
file is present only if the
.B CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR
kernel configuration option is enabled.
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/cmdline
This read-only file holds the complete command line for the process,
unless the process is a zombie.
.\" In 2.3.26, this also used to be true if the process was swapped out.
In the latter case, there is nothing in this file:
that is, a read on this file will return 0 characters.
The command-line arguments appear in this file as a set of
strings separated by null bytes (\(aq\\0\(aq),
with a further null byte after the last string.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/comm " (since Linux 2.6.33)"
.\" commit 4614a696bd1c3a9af3a08f0e5874830a85b889d4
This file exposes the process's
.I comm
value\(emthat is, the command name associated with the process.
Different threads in the same process may have different
.I comm
values, accessible via
.IR /proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/comm .
A thread may modify its
.I comm
value, or that of any of other thread in the same thread group (see
the discussion of
.B CLONE_THREAD
in
.BR clone (2)),
by writing to the file
.IR /proc/self/task/[tid]/comm .
Strings longer than
.B TASK_COMM_LEN
(16) characters are silently truncated.

This file provides a superset of the
.BR prctl (2)
.B PR_SET_NAME
and
.B PR_GET_NAME
operations, and is employed by
.BR pthread_setname_np (3)
when used to rename threads other than the caller.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/coredump_filter " (since Linux 2.6.23)"
See
.BR core (5).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/cpuset " (since Linux 2.6.12)"
.\" and/proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/cpuset
See
.BR cpuset (7).
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/cwd
This is a symbolic link to the current working directory of the process.
To find out the current working directory of process 20,
for instance, you can do this:

.in +4n
.nf
.RB "$" " cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd"
.fi
.in

Note that the
.I pwd
command is often a shell built-in, and might
not work properly.
In
.BR bash (1),
you may use
.IR "pwd\ \-P" .

.\" The following was still true as at kernel 2.6.13
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link
are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling
.BR pthread_exit (3)).
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/environ
This file contains the environment for the process.
The entries are separated by null bytes (\(aq\\0\(aq),
and there may be a null byte at the end.
Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do:
.in +4n
.nf

.ft CW
.RB "$" " strings /proc/1/environ"
.fi
.ft P
.in
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/exe
Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link
containing the actual pathname of the executed command.
This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to open
it will open the executable.
You can even type
.I /proc/[pid]/exe
to run another copy of the same executable as is being run by
process [pid].
.\" The following was still true as at kernel 2.6.13
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link
are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling
.BR pthread_exit (3)).

Under Linux 2.0 and earlier,
.I /proc/[pid]/exe
is a pointer to the binary which was executed,
and appears as a symbolic link.
A
.BR readlink (2)
call on this file under Linux 2.0 returns a string in the format:

    [device]:inode

For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device major 03 (IDE,
MFM, etc. drives) minor 01 (first partition on the first drive).

.BR find (1)
with the
.I \-inum
option can be used to locate the file.
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/fd/
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the
process has open, named by its file descriptor, and which is a
symbolic link to the actual file.
Thus, 0 is standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard error, and so on.

For file descriptors for pipes and sockets,
the entries will be symbolic links whose content is the
file type with the inode.
A
.BR readlink (2)
call on this file returns a string in the format:

    type:[inode]

For example,
.I socket:[2248868]
will be a socket and its inode is 2248868.
For sockets, that inode can be used to find more information
in one of the files under
.IR /proc/net/ .

For file descriptors that have no corresponding inode
(e.g., file descriptors produced by
.BR epoll_create (2),
.BR eventfd (2),
.BR inotify_init (2),
.BR signalfd (2),
and
.BR timerfd (2)),
the entry will be a symbolic link with contents of the form

    anon_inode:<file-type>

In some cases, the
.I file-type
is surrounded by square brackets.

For example, an epoll file descriptor will have a symbolic link
whose content is the string
.IR "anon_inode:[eventpoll]" .

.\"The following was still true as at kernel 2.6.13
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this directory
are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling
.BR pthread_exit (3)).

Programs that will take a filename as a command-line argument,
but will not take input from standard input if no argument is supplied,
or that write to a file named as a command-line argument,
but will not send their output to standard output
if no argument is supplied, can nevertheless be made to use
standard input or standard out using
.IR /proc/[pid]/fd .
For example, assuming that
.I \-i
is the flag designating an input file and
.I \-o
is the flag designating an output file:
.in +4n
.nf

.RB "$" " foobar \-i /proc/self/fd/0 \-o /proc/self/fd/1 ..."
.fi
.in

and you have a working filter.
.\" The following is not true in my tests (MTK):
.\" Note that this will not work for
.\" programs that seek on their files, as the files in the fd directory
.\" are not seekable.

.I /proc/self/fd/N
is approximately the same as
.I /dev/fd/N
in some UNIX and UNIX-like systems.
Most Linux MAKEDEV scripts symbolically link
.I /dev/fd
to
.IR /proc/self/fd ,
in fact.

Most systems provide symbolic links
.IR /dev/stdin ,
.IR /dev/stdout ,
and
.IR /dev/stderr ,
which respectively link to the files
.IR 0 ,
.IR 1 ,
and
.IR 2
in
.IR /proc/self/fd .
Thus the example command above could be written as:
.in +4n
.nf

.RB "$" " foobar \-i /dev/stdin \-o /dev/stdout ..."
.fi
.in
.\" FIXME Describe /proc/[pid]/loginuid
.\"       Added in 2.6.11; updating requires CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL
.\"       CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/fdinfo/ " (since Linux 2.6.22)"
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the
process has open, named by its file descriptor.
The contents of each file can be read to obtain information
about the corresponding file descriptor, for example:
.in +4n
.nf

.RB "$" " cat /proc/12015/fdinfo/4"
pos:    1000
flags:  01002002
.fi
.in

The
.I pos
field is a decimal number showing the current file offset.
The
.I flags
field is an octal number that displays the
file access mode and file status flags (see
.BR open (2)).

The files in this directory are readable only by the owner of the process.
.\" FIXME
.\" Certain file types include additional info; see
.\" Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
.\"
.\" Especially interesting is this:
.\"
.\"     commit ab49bdecc3ebb46ab661f5f05d5c5ea9606406c6
.\"     Author: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org>
.\"     Date:   Mon Dec 17 16:05:06 2012 -0800
.\"
.\" Basically, the /proc/PID/fdinfo/ entry for an inotify FD
.\" includes the file handles for all watched FDs
.\"
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/io " (since kernel 2.6.20)"
.\" commit 7c3ab7381e79dfc7db14a67c6f4f3285664e1ec2
This file contains I/O statistics for the process, for example:
.in +4n
.nf

.RB "#" " cat /proc/3828/io"
rchar: 323934931
wchar: 323929600
syscr: 632687
syscw: 632675
read_bytes: 0
write_bytes: 323932160
cancelled_write_bytes: 0
.fi
.in

The fields are as follows:
.RS
.TP
.IR rchar ": characters read"
The number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage.
This is simply the sum of bytes which this process passed to
.BR read (2)
and similar system calls.
It includes things such as terminal I/O and
is unaffected by whether or not actual
physical disk I/O was required (the read might have been satisfied from
pagecache).
.TP
.IR wchar ": characters written"
The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written
to disk.
Similar caveats apply here as with
.IR rchar .
.TP
.IR syscr ": read syscalls"
Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations\(emthat is,
system calls such as
.BR read (2)
and
.BR pread (2).
.TP
.IR syscw ": write syscalls"
Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations\(emthat is,
system calls such as
.BR write (2)
and
.BR pwrite (2).
.TP
.IR read_bytes ": bytes read"
Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to
be fetched from the storage layer.
This is accurate for block-backed filesystems.
.TP
.IR write_bytes ": bytes written"
Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to
the storage layer.
.TP
.IR cancelled_write_bytes :
The big inaccuracy here is truncate.
If a process writes 1MB to a file and then deletes the file,
it will in fact perform no writeout.
But it will have been accounted as having caused 1MB of write.
In other words: this field represents the number of bytes which this process
caused to not happen, by truncating pagecache.
A task can cause "negative" I/O too.
If this task truncates some dirty pagecache,
some I/O which another task has been accounted for
(in its
.IR write_bytes )
will not be happening.
.RE
.IP
.IR Note :
In the current implementation, things are a bit racy on 32-bit systems:
if process A reads process B's
.I /proc/[pid]/io
while process B is updating one of these 64-bit counters,
process A could see an intermediate result.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/gid_map " (since Linux 3.5)"
See
.BR user_namespaces (7).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/limits " (since Linux 2.6.24)"
This file displays the soft limit, hard limit, and units of measurement
for each of the process's resource limits (see
.BR getrlimit (2)).
Up to and including Linux 2.6.35,
this file is protected to allow reading only by the real UID of the process.
Since Linux 2.6.36,
.\" commit 3036e7b490bf7878c6dae952eec5fb87b1106589
this file is readable by all users on the system.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/map_files/ " (since kernel 3.3)
.\" commit 640708a2cff7f81e246243b0073c66e6ece7e53e
This subdirectory contains entries corresponding to memory-mapped
files (see
.BR mmap (2)).
Entries are named by memory region start and end
address pair (expressed as hexadecimal numbers),
and are symbolic links to the mapped files themselves.
Here is an example, with the output wrapped and reformatted to fit on an 80-column display:
.in +4n
.nf

.RB "#" " ls -l /proc/self/map_files/"
lr\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:31
            3252e00000\-3252e20000 \-> /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
\&...
.fi
.in

Although these entries are present for memory regions that were
mapped with the
.BR MAP_FILE
flag, the way anonymous shared memory (regions created with the
.B MAP_ANON | MAP_SHARED
flags)
is implemented in Linux
means that such regions also appear on this directory.
Here is an example where the target file is the deleted
.I /dev/zero
one:
.in +4n
.nf

.RB
lrw\-\-\-\-\-\-\-. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:33
            7fc075d2f000\-7fc075e6f000 \-> /dev/zero (deleted)
.fi
.in

This directory appears only if the
.B CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE
kernel configuration option is enabled.
Privilege
.RB ( CAP_SYS_ADMIN )
.\" FIXME
.\" This may change. See the mail thread
.\" [RFC][PATCH v2] procfs: Always expose /proc/<pid>/map_files/ and make it readable
.\" from Jan 2015
is required to view the contents of this directory.
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/maps
A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their access
permissions.
See
.BR mmap (2)
for some further information about memory mappings.

The format of the file is:

.in -7n
.nf
.ft CW
.ft
.I "address           perms offset  dev   inode       pathname"
00400000-00452000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
00651000-00652000 r--p 00051000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
00652000-00655000 rw-p 00052000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
00e03000-00e24000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0           [heap]
00e24000-011f7000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0           [heap]
\&...
35b1800000-35b1820000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
35b1a1f000-35b1a20000 r--p 0001f000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
35b1a20000-35b1a21000 rw-p 00020000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
35b1a21000-35b1a22000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
35b1c00000-35b1dac000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
35b1dac000-35b1fac000 ---p 001ac000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
35b1fac000-35b1fb0000 r--p 001ac000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
35b1fb0000-35b1fb2000 rw-p 001b0000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
\&...
f2c6ff8c000-7f2c7078c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0    [stack:986]
\&...
7fffb2c0d000-7fffb2c2e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0   [stack]
7fffb2d48000-7fffb2d49000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0   [vdso]
.fi
.in

The
.I address
field is the address space in the process that the mapping occupies.
The
.I perms
field is a set of permissions:

.nf
.in +5
r = read
w = write
x = execute
s = shared
p = private (copy on write)
.fi
.in

The
.I offset
field is the offset into the file/whatever;
.I dev
is the device
(major:minor);
.I inode
is the inode on that device.
0 indicates that no inode is associated with the memory region,
as would be the case with BSS (uninitialized data).

The
.I pathname
field will usually be the file that is backing the mapping.
For ELF files,
you can easily coordinate with the
.I offset
field by looking at the
Offset field in the ELF program headers
.RI ( "readelf\ \-l" ).

There are additional helpful pseudo-paths:
.RS 12
.TP
.IR [stack]
The initial process's (also known as the main thread's) stack.
.TP
.IR [stack:<tid>] " (since Linux 3.4)"
.\" commit b76437579d1344b612cf1851ae610c636cec7db0
A thread's stack (where the
.IR <tid>
is a thread ID).
It corresponds to the
.IR /proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/
path.
.TP
.IR [vdso]
The virtual dynamically linked shared object.
.TP
.IR [heap]
The process's heap.
.in
.RE
.IP
If the
.I pathname
field is blank,
this is an anonymous mapping as obtained via the
.BR mmap (2)
function.
There is no easy way to coordinate this back to a process's source,
short of running it through
.BR gdb (1),
.BR strace (1),
or similar.

Under Linux 2.0, there is no field giving pathname.
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/mem
This file can be used to access the pages of a process's memory through
.BR open (2),
.BR read (2),
and
.BR lseek (2).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/mountinfo " (since Linux 2.6.26)"
.\" This info adapted from Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
This file contains information about mount points.
It contains lines of the form:
.nf
.ft CW

36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
(1)(2)(3)   (4)   (5)      (6)      (7)   (8) (9)   (10)         (11)
.ft
.fi
.IP
The numbers in parentheses are labels for the descriptions below:
.RS 7
.TP 5
(1)
mount ID: unique identifier of the mount (may be reused after
.BR umount (2)).
.TP
(2)
parent ID: ID of parent mount (or of self for the top of the mount tree).
.TP
(3)
major:minor: value of
.I st_dev
for files on filesystem (see
.BR stat (2)).
.TP
(4)
root: root of the mount within the filesystem.
.TP
(5)
mount point: mount point relative to the process's root.
.TP
(6)
mount options: per-mount options.
.TP
(7)
optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]".
.TP
(8)
separator: marks the end of the optional fields.
.TP
(9)
filesystem type: name of filesystem in the form "type[.subtype]".
.TP
(10)
mount source: filesystem-specific information or "none".
.TP
(11)
super options: per-superblock options.
.RE
.IP
Parsers should ignore all unrecognized optional fields.
Currently the possible optional fields are:
.RS 12
.TP 18
shared:X
mount is shared in peer group X
.TP
master:X
mount is slave to peer group X
.TP
propagate_from:X
mount is slave and receives propagation from peer group X (*)
.TP
unbindable
mount is unbindable
.RE
.IP
(*) X is the closest dominant peer group under the process's root.
If X is the immediate master of the mount,
or if there is no dominant peer group under the same root,
then only the "master:X" field is present
and not the "propagate_from:X" field.

For more information on mount propagation see:
.I Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt
in the Linux kernel source tree.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/mounts " (since Linux 2.4.19)"
This is a list of all the filesystems currently mounted in the
process's mount namespace.
The format of this file is documented in
.BR fstab (5).
Since kernel version 2.6.15, this file is pollable:
after opening the file for reading, a change in this file
(i.e., a filesystem mount or unmount) causes
.BR select (2)
to mark the file descriptor as readable, and
.BR poll (2)
and
.BR epoll_wait (2)
mark the file as having an error condition.
See
.BR namespaces (7)
for more information.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/mountstats " (since Linux 2.6.17)"
This file exports information (statistics, configuration information)
about the mount points in the process's mount namespace.
Lines in this file have the form:
.nf

device /dev/sda7 mounted on /home with fstype ext3 [statistics]
(       1      )            ( 2 )             (3 ) (4)
.fi
.IP
The fields in each line are:
.RS 7
.TP 5
(1)
The name of the mounted device
(or "nodevice" if there is no corresponding device).
.TP
(2)
The mount point within the filesystem tree.
.TP
(3)
The filesystem type.
.TP
(4)
Optional statistics and configuration information.
Currently (as at Linux 2.6.26), only NFS filesystems export
information via this field.
.RE
.IP
This file is readable only by the owner of the process.

See
.BR namespaces (7)
for more information.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/ns/ " (since Linux 3.0)"
.\" See commit 6b4e306aa3dc94a0545eb9279475b1ab6209a31f
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each namespace that
supports being manipulated by
.BR setns (2).
For more information, see
.BR namespaces (7).

.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/numa_maps " (since Linux 2.6.14)"
See
.BR numa (7).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/oom_adj " (since Linux 2.6.11)"
This file can be used to adjust the score used to select which process
should be killed in an out-of-memory (OOM) situation.
The kernel uses this value for a bit-shift operation of the process's
.IR oom_score
value:
valid values are in the range \-16 to +15,
plus the special value \-17,
which disables OOM-killing altogether for this process.
A positive score increases the likelihood of this
process being killed by the OOM-killer;
a negative score decreases the likelihood.
.IP
The default value for this file is 0;
a new process inherits its parent's
.I oom_adj
setting.
A process must be privileged
.RB ( CAP_SYS_RESOURCE )
to update this file.
.IP
Since Linux 2.6.36, use of this file is deprecated in favor of
.IR /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj .
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/oom_score " (since Linux 2.6.11)"
.\" See mm/oom_kill.c::badness() in the 2.6.25 sources
This file displays the current score that the kernel gives to
this process for the purpose of selecting a process
for the OOM-killer.
A higher score means that the process is more likely to be
selected by the OOM-killer.
The basis for this score is the amount of memory used by the process,
with increases (+) or decreases (\-) for factors including:
.\" See mm/oom_kill.c::badness() in the 2.6.25 sources
.RS
.IP * 2
whether the process creates a lot of children using
.BR fork (2)
(+);
.IP *
whether the process has been running a long time,
or has used a lot of CPU time (\-);
.IP *
whether the process has a low nice value (i.e., > 0) (+);
.IP *
whether the process is privileged (\-); and
.\" More precisely, if it has CAP_SYS_ADMIN or CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
.IP *
whether the process is making direct hardware access (\-).
.\" More precisely, if it has CAP_SYS_RAWIO
.RE
.IP
The
.I oom_score
also reflects the adjustment specified by the
.I oom_score_adj
or
.I oom_adj
setting for the process.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj " (since Linux 2.6.36)"
.\" Text taken from 3.7 Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
This file can be used to adjust the badness heuristic used to select which
process gets killed in out-of-memory conditions.

The badness heuristic assigns a value to each candidate task ranging from 0
(never kill) to 1000 (always kill) to determine which process is targeted.
The units are roughly a proportion along that range of
allowed memory the process may allocate from,
based on an estimation of its current memory and swap use.
For example, if a task is using all allowed memory,
its badness score will be 1000.
If it is using half of its allowed memory, its score will be 500.

There is an additional factor included in the badness score: root
processes are given 3% extra memory over other tasks.

The amount of "allowed" memory depends on the context
in which the OOM-killer was called.
If it is due to the memory assigned to the allocating task's cpuset
being exhausted,
the allowed memory represents the set of mems assigned to that
cpuset (see
.BR cpuset (7)).
If it is due to a mempolicy's node(s) being exhausted,
the allowed memory represents the set of mempolicy nodes.
If it is due to a memory limit (or swap limit) being reached,
the allowed memory is that configured limit.
Finally, if it is due to the entire system being out of memory, the
allowed memory represents all allocatable resources.

The value of
.I oom_score_adj
is added to the badness score before it
is used to determine which task to kill.
Acceptable values range from \-1000
(OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN) to +1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX).
This allows user space to control the preference for OOM-killing,
ranging from always preferring a certain
task or completely disabling it from OOM killing.
The lowest possible value, \-1000, is
equivalent to disabling OOM-killing entirely for that task,
since it will always report a badness score of 0.

Consequently, it is very simple for user space to define
the amount of memory to consider for each task.
Setting a
.I oom_score_adj
value of +500, for example,
is roughly equivalent to allowing the remainder of tasks sharing the
same system, cpuset, mempolicy, or memory controller resources
to use at least 50% more memory.
A value of \-500, on the other hand, would be roughly
equivalent to discounting 50% of the task's
allowed memory from being considered as scoring against the task.

For backward compatibility with previous kernels,
.I /proc/[pid]/oom_adj
can still be used to tune the badness score.
Its value is
scaled linearly with
.IR oom_score_adj .

Writing to
.IR /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj
or
.IR /proc/[pid]/oom_adj
will change the other with its scaled value.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/pagemap " (since Linux 2.6.25)"
This file shows the mapping of each of the process's virtual pages
into physical page frames or swap area.
It contains one 64-bit value for each virtual page,
with the bits set as follows:
.RS 12
.TP
63
If set, the page is present in RAM.
.TP
62
If set, the page is in swap space
.TP
61 (since Linux 3.5)
The page is a file-mapped page or a shared anonymous page.
.TP
60-56 (since Linux 3.11)
Zero
.\" Not quite true; see commit 541c237c0923f567c9c4cabb8a81635baadc713f
.TP
55 (Since Linux 3.11)
PTE is soft-dirty
(see the kernel source file
.IR Documentation/vm/soft-dirty.txt ).
.TP
54-0
If the page is present in RAM (bit 63), then these bits
provide the page frame number, which can be used to index
.IR /proc/kpageflags
and
.IR /proc/kpagecount .
If the page is present in swap (bit 62),
then bits 4-0 give the swap type, and bits 54-5 encode the swap offset.
.RE
.IP
Before Linux 3.11, bits 60-55 were
used to encode the base-2 log of the page size.
.IP
To employ
.IR /proc/[pid]/pagemap
efficiently, use
.IR /proc/[pid]/maps
to determine which areas of memory are actually mapped and seek
to skip over unmapped regions.
.IP
The
.IR /proc/[pid]/pagemap
file is present only if the
.B CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR
kernel configuration option is enabled.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/personality " (since Linux 2.6.28)"
.\" commit 478307230810d7e2a753ed220db9066dfdf88718
This read-only file exposes the process's execution domain, as set by
.BR personality (2).
The value is displayed in hexadecimal notation.
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/root
UNIX and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of the
filesystem, set by the
.BR chroot (2)
system call.
This file is a symbolic link that points to the process's
root directory, and behaves in the same way as
.IR exe ,
and
.IR fd/* .

.\" The following was still true as at kernel 2.6.13
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link
are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling
.BR pthread_exit (3)).
.\" FIXME Describe /proc/[pid]/projid_map
.\"       Added in 3.7, commit f76d207a66c3a53defea67e7d36c3eb1b7d6d61d
.\" FIXME Describe /proc/[pid]/seccomp
.\"       Added in 2.6.12
.\"
.\" FIXME Describe /proc/[pid]/sessionid
.\"       Added in 2.6.25; read-only; only readable by real UID
.\"	  commit 1e0bd7550ea9cf474b1ad4c6ff5729a507f75fdc
.\"       CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
.\"
.\" FIXME Describe /proc/[pid]/sched
.\"       Added in 2.6.23
.\"       CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG, and additional fields if CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
.\"       Displays various scheduling parameters
.\"       This file can be written, to reset stats
.\"       The set of fields exposed by this file have changed
.\"	  significantly over time.
.\"       commit 43ae34cb4cd650d1eb4460a8253a8e747ba052ac
.\"
.\" FIXME Describe /proc/[pid]/schedstats and
.\"       /proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/schedstats
.\"       Added in 2.6.9
.\"       CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/seccomp " (from Linux 2.6.12 to 2.6.22)"
Read/set the seccomp mode for the process.
If this file contains the value zero, seccomp mode is not enabled.
Writing the value 1 to this file (irreversibly) places the process in
seccomp mode: the only permitted system calls are
.BR read (2),
.BR write (2),
.BR _exit (2),
and
.BR sigreturn (2).
This file went away in Linux 2.6.23,
.\" commit 1d9d02feeee89e9132034d504c9a45eeaf618a3d
when it was replaced by a
.BR prctl (2)-based
mechanism.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/setgroups " (since Linux 3.19)"
See
.BR user_namespaces (7).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/smaps " (since Linux 2.6.14)"
This file shows memory consumption for each of the process's mappings.
(The
.BR pmap (1)
command displays similar information,
in a form that may be easier for parsing.)
For each mapping there is a series of lines such as the following:
.in +4n
.nf

00400000-0048a000 r-xp 00000000 fd:03 960637       /bin/bash
Size:                552 kB
Rss:                 460 kB
Pss:                 100 kB
Shared_Clean:        452 kB
Shared_Dirty:          0 kB
Private_Clean:         8 kB
Private_Dirty:         0 kB
Referenced:          460 kB
Anonymous:             0 kB
AnonHugePages:         0 kB
Swap:                  0 kB
KernelPageSize:        4 kB
MMUPageSize:           4 kB
Locked:                0 kB

.fi
.in
The first of these lines shows the same information as is displayed
for the mapping in
.IR /proc/[pid]/maps .
The remaining lines show the size of the mapping,
the amount of the mapping that is currently resident in RAM ("Rss"),
the process' proportional share of this mapping ("Pss"),
the number of clean and dirty shared pages in the mapping,
and the number of clean and dirty private pages in the mapping.
"Referenced" indicates the amount of memory currently marked as
referenced or accessed.
"Anonymous" shows the amount of memory
that does not belong to any file.
"Swap" shows how much
would-be-anonymous memory is also used, but out on swap.

The "KernelPageSize" entry is the page size used by the kernel to back a VMA.
This matches the size used by the MMU in the majority of cases.
However, one counter-example occurs on PPC64 kernels
whereby a kernel using 64K as a base page size may still use 4K
pages for the MMU on older processors.
To distinguish, this
patch reports "MMUPageSize" as the page size used by the MMU.

The "Locked" indicates whether the mapping is locked in memory
or not.

"VmFlags" field represents the kernel flags associated with
the particular virtual memory area in two letter encoded manner.
The codes are the following:

    rd  - readable
    wr  - writable
    ex  - executable
    sh  - shared
    mr  - may read
    mw  - may write
    me  - may execute
    ms  - may share
    gd  - stack segment grows down
    pf  - pure PFN range
    dw  - disabled write to the mapped file
    lo  - pages are locked in memory
    io  - memory mapped I/O area
    sr  - sequential read advise provided
    rr  - random read advise provided
    dc  - do not copy area on fork
    de  - do not expand area on remapping
    ac  - area is accountable
    nr  - swap space is not reserved for the area
    ht  - area uses huge tlb pages
    nl  - non-linear mapping
    ar  - architecture specific flag
    dd  - do not include area into core dump
    sd  - soft-dirty flag
    mm  - mixed map area
    hg  - huge page advise flag
    nh  - no-huge page advise flag
    mg  - mergeable advise flag

The
.IR /proc/[pid]/smaps
file is present only if the
.B CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR
kernel configuration option is enabled.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/stack " (since Linux 2.6.29)"
.\" 2ec220e27f5040aec1e88901c1b6ea3d135787ad
This file provides a symbolic trace of the function calls in this
process's kernel stack.
This file is provided only if the kernel was built with the
.B CONFIG_STACKTRACE
configuration option.
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/stat
Status information about the process.
This is used by
.BR ps (1).
It is defined in the kernel source file
.IR fs/proc/array.c "."

The fields, in order, with their proper
.BR scanf (3)
format specifiers, are:
.RS
.TP 10
(1) \fIpid\fP \ %d
.br
The process ID.
.TP
(2) \fIcomm\fP \ %s
The filename of the executable, in parentheses.
This is visible whether or not the executable is swapped out.
.TP
(3) \fIstate\fP \ %c
One of the following characters, indicating process state:
.RS
.IP R 3
Running
.IP S
Sleeping in an interruptible wait
.IP D
Waiting in uninterruptible
disk sleep
.IP Z
Zombie
.IP T
Stopped (on a signal) or (before Linux 2.6.33) trace stopped
.IP t
.\" commit 44d90df6b757c59651ddd55f1a84f28132b50d29
Tracing stop (Linux 2.6.33 onward)
.IP W
Paging (only before Linux 2.6.0)
.IP X
Dead (from Linux 2.6.0 onward)
.IP x
.\" commit 44d90df6b757c59651ddd55f1a84f28132b50d29
Dead (Linux 2.6.33 to
.\" commit 74e37200de8e9c4e09b70c21c3f13c2071e77457
3.13 only)
.IP K
.\" commit 44d90df6b757c59651ddd55f1a84f28132b50d29
Wakekill (Linux 2.6.33 to
.\" commit 74e37200de8e9c4e09b70c21c3f13c2071e77457
3.13 only)
.IP W
.\" commit 44d90df6b757c59651ddd55f1a84f28132b50d29
Waking (Linux 2.6.33 to
.\" commit 74e37200de8e9c4e09b70c21c3f13c2071e77457
3.13 only)
.IP P
.\" commit f2530dc71cf0822f90bb63ea4600caaef33a66bb
Parked (Linux 3.9 to
.\" commit 74e37200de8e9c4e09b70c21c3f13c2071e77457
3.13 only)
.RE
.TP
(4) \fIppid\fP \ %d
The PID of the parent of this process.
.TP
(5) \fIpgrp\fP \ %d
The process group ID of the process.
.TP
(6) \fIsession\fP \ %d
The session ID of the process.
.TP
(7) \fItty_nr\fP \ %d
The controlling terminal of the process.
(The minor device number is contained in the combination of bits
31 to 20 and 7 to 0;
the major device number is in bits 15 to 8.)
.TP
(8) \fItpgid\fP \ %d
.\" This field and following, up to and including wchan added 0.99.1
The ID of the foreground process group of the controlling
terminal of the process.
.TP
(9) \fIflags\fP \ %u
The kernel flags word of the process.
For bit meanings,
see the PF_* defines in the Linux kernel source file
.IR include/linux/sched.h .
Details depend on the kernel version.

The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.
.TP
(10) \fIminflt\fP \ %lu
The number of minor faults the process has made which have not
required loading a memory page from disk.
.TP
(11) \fIcminflt\fP \ %lu
The number of minor faults that the process's
waited-for children have made.
.TP
(12) \fImajflt\fP \ %lu
The number of major faults the process has made which have
required loading a memory page from disk.
.TP
(13) \fIcmajflt\fP \ %lu
The number of major faults that the process's
waited-for children have made.
.TP
(14) \fIutime\fP \ %lu
Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in user mode,
measured in clock ticks (divide by
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) ).
This includes guest time, \fIguest_time\fP
(time spent running a virtual CPU, see below),
so that applications that are not aware of the guest time field
do not lose that time from their calculations.
.TP
(15) \fIstime\fP \ %lu
Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in kernel mode,
measured in clock ticks (divide by
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) ).
.TP
(16) \fIcutime\fP \ %ld
Amount of time that this process's
waited-for children have been scheduled in user mode,
measured in clock ticks (divide by
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) ).
(See also
.BR times (2).)
This includes guest time, \fIcguest_time\fP
(time spent running a virtual CPU, see below).
.TP
(17) \fIcstime\fP \ %ld
Amount of time that this process's
waited-for children have been scheduled in kernel mode,
measured in clock ticks (divide by
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) ).
.TP
(18) \fIpriority\fP \ %ld
(Explanation for Linux 2.6)
For processes running a real-time scheduling policy
.RI ( policy
below; see
.BR sched_setscheduler (2)),
this is the negated scheduling priority, minus one;
that is, a number in the range \-2 to \-100,
corresponding to real-time priorities 1 to 99.
For processes running under a non-real-time scheduling policy,
this is the raw nice value
.RB ( setpriority (2))
as represented in the kernel.
The kernel stores nice values as numbers
in the range 0 (high) to 39 (low),
corresponding to the user-visible nice range of \-20 to 19.

Before Linux 2.6, this was a scaled value based on
the scheduler weighting given to this process.
.\" And back in kernel 1.2 days things were different again.
.TP
(19) \fInice\fP \ %ld
The nice value (see
.BR setpriority (2)),
a value in the range 19 (low priority) to \-20 (high priority).
.\" Back in kernel 1.2 days things were different.
.\" .TP
.\" \fIcounter\fP %ld
.\" The current maximum size in jiffies of the process's next timeslice,
.\" or what is currently left of its current timeslice, if it is the
.\" currently running process.
.\" .TP
.\" \fItimeout\fP %u
.\" The time in jiffies of the process's next timeout.
.\" timeout was removed sometime around 2.1/2.2
.TP
(20) \fInum_threads\fP \ %ld
Number of threads in this process (since Linux 2.6).
Before kernel 2.6, this field was hard coded to 0 as a placeholder
for an earlier removed field.
.TP
(21) \fIitrealvalue\fP \ %ld
The time in jiffies before the next
.B SIGALRM
is sent to the process due to an interval timer.
Since kernel 2.6.17, this field is no longer maintained,
and is hard coded as 0.
.TP
(22) \fIstarttime\fP \ %llu
The time the process started after system boot.
In kernels before Linux 2.6, this value was expressed in jiffies.
Since Linux 2.6, the value is expressed in clock ticks (divide by
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) ).

The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.
.TP
(23) \fIvsize\fP \ %lu
Virtual memory size in bytes.
.TP
(24) \fIrss\fP \ %ld
Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real memory.
This is just the pages which
count toward text, data, or stack space.
This does not include pages
which have not been demand-loaded in, or which are swapped out.
.TP
(25) \fIrsslim\fP \ %lu
Current soft limit in bytes on the rss of the process;
see the description of
.B RLIMIT_RSS
in
.BR getrlimit (2).
.TP
(26) \fIstartcode\fP \ %lu
The address above which program text can run.
.TP
(27) \fIendcode\fP \ %lu
The address below which program text can run.
.TP
(28) \fIstartstack\fP \ %lu
The address of the start (i.e., bottom) of the stack.
.TP
(29) \fIkstkesp\fP \ %lu
The current value of ESP (stack pointer), as found in the
kernel stack page for the process.
.TP
(30) \fIkstkeip\fP \ %lu
The current EIP (instruction pointer).
.TP
(31) \fIsignal\fP \ %lu
The bitmap of pending signals, displayed as a decimal number.
Obsolete, because it does not provide information on real-time signals; use
.I /proc/[pid]/status
instead.
.TP
(32) \fIblocked\fP \ %lu
The bitmap of blocked signals, displayed as a decimal number.
Obsolete, because it does not provide information on real-time signals; use
.I /proc/[pid]/status
instead.
.TP
(33) \fIsigignore\fP \ %lu
The bitmap of ignored signals, displayed as a decimal number.
Obsolete, because it does not provide information on real-time signals; use
.I /proc/[pid]/status
instead.
.TP
(34) \fIsigcatch\fP \ %lu
The bitmap of caught signals, displayed as a decimal number.
Obsolete, because it does not provide information on real-time signals; use
.I /proc/[pid]/status
instead.
.TP
(35) \fIwchan\fP \ %lu
This is the "channel" in which the process is waiting.
It is the address of a location in the kernel where the process is sleeping.
The corresponding symbolic name can be found in
.IR /proc/[pid]/wchan .
.TP
(36) \fInswap\fP \ %lu
.\" nswap was added in 2.0
Number of pages swapped (not maintained).
.TP
(37) \fIcnswap\fP \ %lu
.\" cnswap was added in 2.0
Cumulative \fInswap\fP for child processes (not maintained).
.TP
(38) \fIexit_signal\fP \ %d \ (since Linux 2.1.22)
Signal to be sent to parent when we die.
.TP
(39) \fIprocessor\fP \ %d \ (since Linux 2.2.8)
CPU number last executed on.
.TP
(40) \fIrt_priority\fP \ %u \ (since Linux 2.5.19)
Real-time scheduling priority, a number in the range 1 to 99 for
processes scheduled under a real-time policy,
or 0, for non-real-time processes (see
.BR sched_setscheduler (2)).
.TP
(41) \fIpolicy\fP \ %u \ (since Linux 2.5.19)
Scheduling policy (see
.BR sched_setscheduler (2)).
Decode using the SCHED_* constants in
.IR linux/sched.h .

The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.22.
.TP
(42) \fIdelayacct_blkio_ticks\fP \ %llu \ (since Linux 2.6.18)
Aggregated block I/O delays, measured in clock ticks (centiseconds).
.TP
(43) \fIguest_time\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 2.6.24)
Guest time of the process (time spent running a virtual CPU
for a guest operating system), measured in clock ticks (divide by
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) ).
.TP
(44) \fIcguest_time\fP \ %ld \ (since Linux 2.6.24)
Guest time of the process's children, measured in clock ticks (divide by
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) ).
.TP
(45) \fIstart_data\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 3.3)
.\" commit b3f7f573a20081910e34e99cbc91831f4f02f1ff
Address above which program initialized and
uninitialized (BSS) data are placed.
.TP
(46) \fIend_data\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 3.3)
.\" commit b3f7f573a20081910e34e99cbc91831f4f02f1ff
Address below which program initialized and
uninitialized (BSS) data are placed.
.TP
(47) \fIstart_brk\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 3.3)
.\" commit b3f7f573a20081910e34e99cbc91831f4f02f1ff
Address above which program heap can be expanded with
.BR brk (2).
.TP
(48) \fIarg_start\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 3.5)
.\" commit 5b172087f99189416d5f47fd7ab5e6fb762a9ba3
Address above which program command-line arguments
.RI ( argv )
are placed.
.TP
(49) \fIarg_end\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 3.5)
.\" commit 5b172087f99189416d5f47fd7ab5e6fb762a9ba3
Address below program command-line arguments
.RI ( argv )
are placed.
.TP
(50) \fIenv_start\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 3.5)
.\" commit 5b172087f99189416d5f47fd7ab5e6fb762a9ba3
Address above which program environment is placed.
.TP
(51) \fIenv_end\fP \ %lu \ (since Linux 3.5)
.\" commit 5b172087f99189416d5f47fd7ab5e6fb762a9ba3
Address below which program environment is placed.
.TP
(52) \fIexit_code\fP \ %d \ (since Linux 3.5)
.\" commit 5b172087f99189416d5f47fd7ab5e6fb762a9ba3
The thread's exit status in the form reported by
.BR waitpid (2).
.RE
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/statm
Provides information about memory usage, measured in pages.
The columns are:
.in +4n
.nf

size       (1) total program size
           (same as VmSize in \fI/proc/[pid]/status\fP)
resident   (2) resident set size
           (same as VmRSS in \fI/proc/[pid]/status\fP)
share      (3) shared pages (i.e., backed by a file)
text       (4) text (code)
.\" (not including libs; broken, includes data segment)
lib        (5) library (unused in Linux 2.6)
data       (6) data + stack
.\" (including libs; broken, includes library text)
dt         (7) dirty pages (unused in Linux 2.6)
.fi
.in
.TP
.I /proc/[pid]/status
Provides much of the information in
.I /proc/[pid]/stat
and
.I /proc/[pid]/statm
in a format that's easier for humans to parse.
Here's an example:
.in +4n
.nf

.RB "$" " cat /proc/$$/status"
Name:   bash
State:  S (sleeping)
Tgid:   3515
Pid:    3515
PPid:   3452
TracerPid:      0
Uid:    1000    1000    1000    1000
Gid:    100     100     100     100
FDSize: 256
Groups: 16 33 100
VmPeak:     9136 kB
VmSize:     7896 kB
VmLck:         0 kB
VmPin:         0 kB
VmHWM:      7572 kB
VmRSS:      6316 kB
VmData:     5224 kB
VmStk:        88 kB
VmExe:       572 kB
VmLib:      1708 kB
VmPTE:        20 kB
VmSwap:        0 kB
Threads:        1
SigQ:   0/3067
SigPnd: 0000000000000000
ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
SigBlk: 0000000000010000
SigIgn: 0000000000384004
SigCgt: 000000004b813efb
CapInh: 0000000000000000
CapPrm: 0000000000000000
CapEff: 0000000000000000
CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
Seccomp:        0
Cpus_allowed:   00000001
Cpus_allowed_list:      0
Mems_allowed:   1
Mems_allowed_list:      0
voluntary_ctxt_switches:        150
nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches:     545
.fi
.in
.IP
The fields are as follows:
.RS
.IP * 2
.IR Name :
Command run by this process.
.IP *
.IR State :
Current state of the process.
One of
"R (running)",
"S (sleeping)",
"D (disk sleep)",
"T (stopped)",
"T (tracing stop)",
"Z (zombie)",
or
"X (dead)".
.IP *
.IR Tgid :
Thread group ID (i.e., Process ID).
.IP *
.IR Pid :
Thread ID (see
.BR gettid (2)).
.IP *
.IR PPid :
PID of parent process.
.IP *
.IR TracerPid :
PID of process tracing this process (0 if not being traced).
.IP *
.IR Uid ", " Gid :
Real, effective, saved set, and filesystem UIDs (GIDs).
.IP *
.IR FDSize :
Number of file descriptor slots currently allocated.
.IP *
.IR Groups :
Supplementary group list.
.IP *
.IR VmPeak :
Peak virtual memory size.
.IP *
.IR VmSize :
Virtual memory size.
.IP *
.IR VmLck :
Locked memory size (see
.BR mlock (3)).
.IP *
.IR VmPin :
Pinned memory size
.\" commit bc3e53f682d93df677dbd5006a404722b3adfe18
(since Linux 3.2).
These are pages that can't be moved because something needs to
directly access physical memory.
.IP *
.IR VmHWM :
Peak resident set size ("high water mark").
.IP *
.IR VmRSS :
Resident set size.
.IP *
.IR VmData ", " VmStk ", " VmExe :
Size of data, stack, and text segments.
.IP *
.IR VmLib :
Shared library code size.
.IP *
.IR VmPTE :
Page table entries size (since Linux 2.6.10).
.IP *
.IR VmSwap :
.\" commit b084d4353ff99d824d3bc5a5c2c22c70b1fba722
Swapped-out virtual memory size (since Linux 2.6.34).
.IP *
.IR Threads :
Number of threads in process containing this thread.
.IP *
.IR SigQ :
This field contains two slash-separated numbers that relate to
queued signals for the real user ID of this process.
The first of these is the number of currently queued
signals for this real user ID, and the second is the
resource limit on the number of queued signals for this process
(see the description of
.BR RLIMIT_SIGPENDING
in
.BR getrlimit (2)).
.IP *
.IR SigPnd ", " ShdPnd :
Number of signals pending for thread and for process as a whole (see
.BR pthreads (7)
and
.BR signal (7)).
.IP *
.IR SigBlk ", " SigIgn ", " SigCgt :
Masks indicating signals being blocked, ignored, and caught (see
.BR signal (7)).
.IP *
.IR CapInh ", " CapPrm ", " CapEff :
Masks of capabilities enabled in inheritable, permitted, and effective sets
(see
.BR capabilities (7)).
.IP *
.IR CapBnd :
Capability Bounding set
(since Linux 2.6.26, see
.BR capabilities (7)).
.IP *
.IR Seccomp :
.\" commit 2f4b3bf6b2318cfaa177ec5a802f4d8d6afbd816
Seccomp mode of the process
(since Linux 3.8, see
.BR seccomp (2)).
0 means
.BR SECCOMP_MODE_DISABLED ;
1 means
.BR SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT ;
2 means
.BR SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER .
This field is provided only if the kernel was built with the
.BR CONFIG_SECCOMP
kernel configuration option enabled.
.IP *
.IR Cpus_allowed :
Mask of CPUs on which this process may run
(since Linux 2.6.24, see
.BR cpuset (7)).
.IP *
.IR Cpus_allowed_list :
Same as previous, but in "list format"
(since Linux 2.6.26, see
.BR cpuset (7)).
.IP *
.IR Mems_allowed :
Mask of memory nodes allowed to this process
(since Linux 2.6.24, see
.BR cpuset (7)).
.IP *
.IR Mems_allowed_list :
Same as previous, but in "list format"
(since Linux 2.6.26, see
.BR cpuset (7)).
.IP *
.IR voluntary_ctxt_switches ", " nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches :
Number of voluntary and involuntary context switches (since Linux 2.6.23).
.RE
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/syscall " (since Linux 2.6.27)"
.\" commit ebcb67341fee34061430f3367f2e507e52ee051b
This file exposes the system call number and argument registers for the
system call currently being executed by the process,
followed by the values of the stack pointer and program counter registers.
The values of all six argument registers are exposed,
although most system calls use fewer registers.

If the process is blocked, but not in a system call,
then the file displays \-1 in place of the system call number,
followed by just the values of the stack pointer and program counter.
If process is not blocked, then file contains just the string "running".

This file is present only if the kernel was configured with
.BR CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_TRACEHOOK .
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/task " (since Linux 2.6.0-test6)"
This is a directory that contains one subdirectory
for each thread in the process.
The name of each subdirectory is the numerical thread ID
.RI ( [tid] )
of the thread (see
.BR gettid (2)).
Within each of these subdirectories, there is a set of
files with the same names and contents as under the
.I /proc/[pid]
directories.
For attributes that are shared by all threads, the contents for
each of the files under the
.I task/[tid]
subdirectories will be the same as in the corresponding
file in the parent
.I /proc/[pid]
directory
(e.g., in a multithreaded process, all of the
.I task/[tid]/cwd
files will have the same value as the
.I /proc/[pid]/cwd
file in the parent directory, since all of the threads in a process
share a working directory).
For attributes that are distinct for each thread,
the corresponding files under
.I task/[tid]
may have different values (e.g., various fields in each of the
.I task/[tid]/status
files may be different for each thread).

.\" The following was still true as at kernel 2.6.13
In a multithreaded process, the contents of the
.I /proc/[pid]/task
directory are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling
.BR pthread_exit (3)).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/uid_map ", " /proc/[pid]/gid_map " (since Linux 3.5)"
See
.BR user_namespaces (7).
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/wchan " (since Linux 2.6.0)"
The symbolic name corresponding to the location
in the kernel where the process is sleeping.
.TP
.I /proc/apm
Advanced power management version and battery information when
.B CONFIG_APM
is defined at kernel compilation time.
.TP
.I /proc/buddyinfo
This file contains information which is used for diagnosing memory
fragmentation issues.
Each line starts with the identification of the node and the name
of the zone which together identify a memory region
This is then
followed by the count of available chunks of a certain order in
which these zones are split.
The size in bytes of a certain order is given by the formula:

    (2^order)\ *\ PAGE_SIZE

The binary buddy allocator algorithm inside the kernel will split
one chunk into two chunks of a smaller order (thus with half the
size) or combine two contiguous chunks into one larger chunk of
a higher order (thus with double the size) to satisfy allocation
requests and to counter memory fragmentation.
The order matches the column number, when starting to count at zero.

For example on a x86_64 system:

.in -12n
.nf
Node 0, zone     DMA     1    1    1    0    2    1    1    0    1    1    3
Node 0, zone   DMA32    65   47    4   81   52   28   13   10    5    1  404
Node 0, zone  Normal   216   55  189  101   84   38   37   27    5    3  587
.fi
.in

In this example, there is one node containing three zones and there
are 11 different chunk sizes.
If the page size is 4 kilobytes, then the first zone called
.I DMA
(on x86 the first 16 megabyte of memory) has 1 chunk of 4 kilobytes
(order 0) available and has 3 chunks of 4 megabytes (order 10) available.

If the memory is heavily fragmented, the counters for higher
order chunks will be zero and allocation of large contiguous areas
will fail.

Further information about the zones can be found in
.IR /proc/zoneinfo .
.TP
.I /proc/bus
Contains subdirectories for installed busses.
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pccard
Subdirectory for PCMCIA devices when
.B CONFIG_PCMCIA
is set at kernel compilation time.
.TP
.IR /proc/[pid]/timers " (since Linux 3.10)"
.\" commit 5ed67f05f66c41e39880a6d61358438a25f9fee5
.\" commit 48f6a7a511ef8823fdff39afee0320092d43a8a0
A list of the POSIX timers for this process.
Each timer is listed with a line that starts with the string "ID:".
For example:

.in +4n
.nf
ID: 1
signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
notify: signal/pid.2634
ClockID: 0
ID: 0
signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
notify: signal/pid.2634
ClockID: 1
.fi
.in

The lines shown for each timer have the following meanings:
.RS
.TP
.I ID
The ID for this timer.
This is not the same as the timer ID returned by
.BR timer_create (2);
rather, it is the same kernel-internal ID that is available via the
.I si_timerid
field of the
.IR siginfo_t
structure (see
.BR sigaction (2)).
.TP
.I signal
This is the signal number that this timer uses to deliver notifications
followed by a slash, and then the
.I sigev_value
value supplied to the signal handler.
Valid only for timers that notify via a signal.
.TP
.I notify
The part before the slash specifies the mechanism
that this timer uses to deliver notifications,
and is one of "thread", "signal", or "none".
Immediately following the slash is either the string "tid" for timers
with
.B SIGEV_THREAD_ID
notification, or "pid" for timers that notify by other mechanisms.
Following the "." is the PID of the process
(or the kernel thread ID of the thread)  that will be delivered
a signal if the timer delivers notifications via a signal.
.TP
.I ClockID
This field identifies the clock that the timer uses for measuring time.
For most clocks, this is a number that matches one of the user-space
.BR CLOCK_*
constants exposed via
.IR <time.h> .
.B CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
timers display with a value of -6
in this field.
.B CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
timers display with a value of -2
in this field.
.RE
.IP
This file is available only when the kernel was configured with
.BR CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE .
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pccard/drivers
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pci
Contains various bus subdirectories and pseudo-files containing
information about PCI busses, installed devices, and device
drivers.
Some of these files are not ASCII.
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pci/devices
Information about PCI devices.
They may be accessed through
.BR lspci (8)
and
.BR setpci (8).
.TP
.I /proc/cmdline
Arguments passed to the Linux kernel at boot time.
Often done via a boot manager such as
.BR lilo (8)
or
.BR grub (8).
.TP
.IR /proc/config.gz " (since Linux 2.6)"
This file exposes the configuration options that were used
to build the currently running kernel,
in the same format as they would be shown in the
.I .config
file that resulted when configuring the kernel (using
.IR "make xconfig" ,
.IR "make config" ,
or similar).
The file contents are compressed; view or search them using
.BR zcat (1)
and
.BR zgrep (1).
As long as no changes have been made to the following file,
the contents of
.I /proc/config.gz
are the same as those provided by :
.in +4n
.nf

cat /lib/modules/$(uname \-r)/build/.config
.fi
.in
.IP
.I /proc/config.gz
is provided only if the kernel is configured with
.BR CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC .
.TP
.I /proc/cpuinfo
This is a collection of CPU and system architecture dependent items,
for each supported architecture a different list.
Two common entries are \fIprocessor\fP which gives CPU number and
\fIbogomips\fP; a system constant that is calculated
during kernel initialization.
SMP machines have information for
each CPU.
The
.BR lscpu (1)
command gathers its information from this file.
.TP
.I /proc/devices
Text listing of major numbers and device groups.
This can be used by MAKEDEV scripts for consistency with the kernel.
.TP
.IR /proc/diskstats " (since Linux 2.5.69)"
This file contains disk I/O statistics for each disk device.
See the Linux kernel source file
.I Documentation/iostats.txt
for further information.
.TP
.I /proc/dma
This is a list of the registered \fIISA\fP DMA (direct memory access)
channels in use.
.TP
.I /proc/driver
Empty subdirectory.
.TP
.I /proc/execdomains
List of the execution domains (ABI personalities).
.TP
.I /proc/fb
Frame buffer information when
.B CONFIG_FB
is defined during kernel compilation.
.TP
.I /proc/filesystems
A text listing of the filesystems which are supported by the kernel,
namely filesystems which were compiled into the kernel or whose kernel
modules are currently loaded.
(See also
.BR filesystems (5).)
If a filesystem is marked with "nodev",
this means that it does not require a block device to be mounted
(e.g., virtual filesystem, network filesystem).

Incidentally, this file may be used by
.BR mount (8)
when no filesystem is specified and it didn't manage to determine the
filesystem type.
Then filesystems contained in this file are tried
(excepted those that are marked with "nodev").
.TP
.I /proc/fs
.\" FIXME Much more needs to be said about /proc/fs
.\"
Contains subdirectories that in turn contain files
with information about (certain) mounted filesystems.
.TP
.I /proc/ide
This directory
exists on systems with the IDE bus.
There are directories for each IDE channel and attached device.
Files include:

.in +4n
.nf
cache              buffer size in KB
capacity           number of sectors
driver             driver version
geometry           physical and logical geometry
identify           in hexadecimal
media              media type
model              manufacturer's model number
settings           drive settings
smart_thresholds   in hexadecimal
smart_values       in hexadecimal
.fi
.in

The
.BR hdparm (8)
utility provides access to this information in a friendly format.
.TP
.I /proc/interrupts
This is used to record the number of interrupts per CPU per IO device.
Since Linux 2.6.24,
for the i386 and x86_64 architectures, at least, this also includes
interrupts internal to the system (that is, not associated with a device
as such), such as NMI (nonmaskable interrupt), LOC (local timer interrupt),
and for SMP systems, TLB (TLB flush interrupt), RES (rescheduling
interrupt), CAL (remote function call interrupt), and possibly others.
Very easy to read formatting, done in ASCII.
.TP
.I /proc/iomem
I/O memory map in Linux 2.4.
.TP
.I /proc/ioports
This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port regions that
are in use.
.TP
.IR /proc/kallsyms " (since Linux 2.5.71)"
This holds the kernel exported symbol definitions used by the
.BR modules (X)
tools to dynamically link and bind loadable modules.
In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar file with slightly different syntax
was named
.IR ksyms .
.TP
.I /proc/kcore
This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored
in the ELF core file format.
With this pseudo-file, and an unstripped
kernel
.RI ( /usr/src/linux/vmlinux )
binary, GDB can be used to
examine the current state of any kernel data structures.

The total length of the file is the size of physical memory (RAM) plus
4KB.
.TP
.I /proc/kmsg
This file can be used instead of the
.BR syslog (2)
system call to read kernel messages.
A process must have superuser
privileges to read this file, and only one process should read this
file.
This file should not be read if a syslog process is running
which uses the
.BR syslog (2)
system call facility to log kernel messages.

Information in this file is retrieved with the
.BR dmesg (1)
program.
.TP
.IR /proc/kpagecount " (since Linux 2.6.25)"
This file contains a 64-bit count of the number of
times each physical page frame is mapped,
indexed by page frame number (see the discussion of
.IR /proc/[pid]/pagemap ).
.IP
The
.IR /proc/kpagecount
file is present only if the
.B CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR
kernel configuration option is enabled.
.TP
.IR /proc/kpageflags " (since Linux 2.6.25)"
This file contains 64-bit masks corresponding to each physical page frame;
it is indexed by page frame number (see the discussion of
.IR /proc/[pid]/pagemap ).
The bits are as follows:

     0 - KPF_LOCKED
     1 - KPF_ERROR
     2 - KPF_REFERENCED
     3 - KPF_UPTODATE
     4 - KPF_DIRTY
     5 - KPF_LRU
     6 - KPF_ACTIVE
     7 - KPF_SLAB
     8 - KPF_WRITEBACK
     9 - KPF_RECLAIM
    10 - KPF_BUDDY
    11 - KPF_MMAP           (since Linux 2.6.31)
    12 - KPF_ANON           (since Linux 2.6.31)
    13 - KPF_SWAPCACHE      (since Linux 2.6.31)
    14 - KPF_SWAPBACKED     (since Linux 2.6.31)
    15 - KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD  (since Linux 2.6.31)
    16 - KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL  (since Linux 2.6.31)
    16 - KPF_HUGE           (since Linux 2.6.31)
    18 - KPF_UNEVICTABLE    (since Linux 2.6.31)
    19 - KPF_HWPOISON       (since Linux 2.6.31)
    20 - KPF_NOPAGE         (since Linux 2.6.31)
    21 - KPF_KSM            (since Linux 2.6.32)
    22 - KPF_THP            (since Linux 3.4)

For further details on the meanings of these bits,
see the kernel source file
.IR Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt .
Before kernel 2.6.29,
.\" commit ad3bdefe877afb47480418fdb05ecd42842de65e
.\" commit e07a4b9217d1e97d2f3a62b6b070efdc61212110
.BR KPF_WRITEBACK ,
.BR KPF_RECLAIM ,
.BR KPF_BUDDY ,
and
.BR KPF_LOCKED
did not report correctly.
.IP
The
.IR /proc/kpageflags
file is present only if the
.B CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR
kernel configuration option is enabled.
.TP
.IR /proc/ksyms " (Linux 1.1.23-2.5.47)"
See
.IR /proc/kallsyms .
.TP
.I /proc/loadavg
The first three fields in this file are load average figures
giving the number of jobs in the run queue (state R)
or waiting for disk I/O (state D) averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
They are the same as the load average numbers given by
.BR uptime (1)
and other programs.
The fourth field consists of two numbers separated by a slash (/).
The first of these is the number of currently runnable kernel
scheduling entities (processes, threads).
The value after the slash is the number of kernel scheduling entities
that currently exist on the system.
The fifth field is the PID of the process that was most
recently created on the system.
.TP
.I /proc/locks
This file shows current file locks
.RB ( flock "(2) and " fcntl (2))
and leases
.RB ( fcntl (2)).
.TP
.IR /proc/malloc " (only up to and including Linux 2.2)"
.\" It looks like this only ever did something back in 1.0 days
This file is present only if
.B CONFIG_DEBUG_MALLOC
was defined during compilation.
.TP
.I /proc/meminfo
This file reports statistics about memory usage on the system.
It is used by
.BR free (1)
to report the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap)
on the system as well as the shared memory and buffers used by the
kernel.
Each line of the file consists of a parameter name, followed by a colon,
the value of the parameter, and an option unit of measurement (e.g., "kB").
The list below describes the parameter names and
the format specifier required to read the field value.
Except as noted below,
all of the fields have been present since at least Linux 2.6.0.
Some fields are displayed only if the kernel was configured
with various options; those dependencies are noted in the list.
.RS
.TP
.IR MemTotal " %lu"
Total usable RAM (i.e., physical RAM minus a few reserved
bits and the kernel binary code).
.TP
.IR MemFree " %lu"
The sum of
.IR LowFree + HighFree .
.TP
.IR Buffers " %lu"
Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks that
shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so).
.TP
.IR Cached " %lu"
In-memory cache for files read from the disk (the page cache).
Doesn't include
.IR SwapCached .
.TP
.IR SwapCached " %lu"
Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
still also is in the swap file.
(If memory pressure is high, these pages
don't need to be swapped out again because they are already
in the swap file.
This saves I/O.)
.TP
.IR Active " %lu"
Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.
.TP
.IR Inactive " %lu"
Memory which has been less recently used.
It is more eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes.
.TP
.IR Active(anon) " %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)"
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR Inactive(anon) " %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)"
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR Active(file) " %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)"
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR Inactive(file) " %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)"
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR Unevictable " %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)"
(From Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30,
\fBCONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU\fP was required.)
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR Mlocked " %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)"
(From Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30,
\fBCONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU\fP was required.)
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR HighTotal " %lu"
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, \fBCONFIG_HIGHMEM\fP is required.)
Total amount of highmem.
Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory.
Highmem areas are for use by user-space programs,
or for the page cache.
The kernel must use tricks to access
this memory, making it slower to access than lowmem.
.TP
.IR HighFree " %lu
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, \fBCONFIG_HIGHMEM\fP is required.)
Amount of free highmem.
.TP
.IR LowTotal " %lu
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, \fBCONFIG_HIGHMEM\fP is required.)
Total amount of lowmem.
Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the
kernel's use for its own data structures.
Among many other things,
it is where everything from
.I Slab
is allocated.
Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
.TP
.IR LowFree " %lu
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, \fBCONFIG_HIGHMEM\fP is required.)
Amount of free lowmem.
.TP
.IR MmapCopy " %lu (since Linux 2.6.29)"
.RB ( CONFIG_MMU
is required.)
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR SwapTotal " %lu"
Total amount of swap space available.
.TP
.IR SwapFree " %lu"
Amount of swap space that is currently unused.
.TP
.IR Dirty " %lu"
Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk.
.TP
.IR Writeback " %lu"
Memory which is actively being written back to the disk.
.TP
.IR AnonPages " %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)"
Non-file backed pages mapped into user-space page tables.
.TP
.IR Mapped " %lu"
Files which have been mapped into memory (with
.BR mmap (2)),
such as libraries.
.TP
.IR Shmem " %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)"
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR Slab " %lu"
In-kernel data structures cache.
.TP
.IR SReclaimable " %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)"
Part of
.IR Slab ,
that might be reclaimed, such as caches.
.TP
.IR SUnreclaim " %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)"
Part of
.IR Slab ,
that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure.
.TP
.IR KernelStack " %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)"
Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.
.TP
.IR PageTables " %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)"
Amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page tables.
.TP
.IR Quicklists " %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)"
(\fBCONFIG_QUICKLIST\fP is required.)
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR NFS_Unstable " %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)"
NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable storage.
.TP
.IR Bounce " %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)"
Memory used for block device "bounce buffers".
.TP
.IR WritebackTmp " %lu (since Linux 2.6.26)"
Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers.
.TP
.IR CommitLimit " %lu (since Linux 2.6.10)"
This is the total amount of memory currently available to
be allocated on the system, expressed in kilobytes.
This limit is adhered to
only if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
.IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory ).
The limit is calculated according to the formula described under
.IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory .
For further details, see the kernel source file
.IR Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting .
.TP
.IR Committed_AS " %lu"
The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory which
has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
"used" by them as of yet.
A process which allocates 1GB of memory (using
.BR malloc (3)
or similar), but touches only 300MB of that memory will show up
as using only 300MB of memory even if it has the address space
allocated for the entire 1GB.

This 1GB is memory which has been "committed" to by the VM
and can be used at any time by the allocating application.
With strict overcommit enabled on the system (mode 2 in
IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory ),
allocations which would exceed the
.I CommitLimit
will not be permitted.
This is useful if one needs to guarantee that processes will not
fail due to lack of memory once that memory has been successfully allocated.
.TP
.IR VmallocTotal " %lu"
Total size of vmalloc memory area.
.TP
.IR VmallocUsed " %lu"
Amount of vmalloc area which is used.
.TP
.IR VmallocChunk " %lu"
Largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free.
.TP
.IR HardwareCorrupted " %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)"
(\fBCONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE\fP is required.)
[To be documented.]
.TP
.IR AnonHugePages " %lu (since Linux 2.6.38)"
(\fBCONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE\fP is required.)
Non-file backed huge pages mapped into user-space page tables.
.TP
.IR HugePages_Total " %lu"
(\fBCONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE\fP is required.)
The size of the pool of huge pages.
.TP
.IR HugePages_Free " %lu"
(\fBCONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE\fP is required.)
The number of huge pages in the pool that are not yet allocated.
.TP
.IR HugePages_Rsvd " %lu (since Linux 2.6.17)"
(\fBCONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE\fP is required.)
This is the number of huge pages for
which a commitment to allocate from the pool has been made,
but no allocation has yet been made.
These reserved huge pages
guarantee that an application will be able to allocate a
huge page from the pool of huge pages at fault time.
.TP
.IR HugePages_Surp " %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)"
(\fBCONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE\fP is required.)
This is the number of huge pages in
the pool above the value in
.IR /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages .
The maximum number of surplus huge pages is controlled by
.IR /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages .
.TP
.IR Hugepagesize " %lu"
(\fBCONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE\fP is required.)
The size of huge pages.
.RE
.TP
.I /proc/modules
A text list of the modules that have been loaded by the system.
See also
.BR lsmod (8).
.TP
.I /proc/mounts
Before kernel 2.4.19, this file was a list
of all the filesystems currently mounted on the system.
With the introduction of per-process mount namespaces in
Linux 2.4.19, this file became a link to
.IR /proc/self/mounts ,
which lists the mount points of the process's own mount namespace.
The format of this file is documented in
.BR fstab (5).
.TP
.I /proc/mtrr
Memory Type Range Registers.
See the Linux kernel source file
.I Documentation/mtrr.txt
for details.
.TP
.I /proc/net
various net pseudo-files, all of which give the status of some part of
the networking layer.
These files contain ASCII structures and are,
therefore, readable with
.BR cat (1).
However, the standard
.BR netstat (8)
suite provides much cleaner access to these files.
.TP
.I /proc/net/arp
This holds an ASCII readable dump of the kernel ARP table used for
address resolutions.
It will show both dynamically learned and preprogrammed ARP entries.
The format is:

.nf
.ft CW
.in 8n
IP address     HW type   Flags     HW address          Mask   Device
192.168.0.50   0x1       0x2       00:50:BF:25:68:F3   *      eth0
192.168.0.250  0x1       0xc       00:00:00:00:00:00   *      eth0
.ft
.fi
.in

Here "IP address" is the IPv4 address of the machine and the "HW type"
is the hardware type of the address from RFC\ 826.
The flags are the internal
flags of the ARP structure (as defined in
.IR /usr/include/linux/if_arp.h )
and
the "HW address" is the data link layer mapping for that IP address if
it is known.
.TP
.I /proc/net/dev
The dev pseudo-file contains network device status information.
This gives
the number of received and sent packets, the number of errors and
collisions
and other basic statistics.
These are used by the
.BR ifconfig (8)
program to report device status.
The format is:

.nf
.ft CW
.in 1n
Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
    lo: 2776770   11307    0    0    0     0          0         0  2776770   11307    0    0    0     0       0          0
  eth0: 1215645    2751    0    0    0     0          0         0  1782404    4324    0    0    0   427       0          0
  ppp0: 1622270    5552    1    0    0     0          0         0   354130    5669    0    0    0     0       0          0
  tap0:    7714      81    0    0    0     0          0         0     7714      81    0    0    0     0       0          0
.in
.ft
.fi
.\" .TP
.\" .I /proc/net/ipx
.\" No information.
.\" .TP
.\" .I /proc/net/ipx_route
.\" No information.
.TP
.I /proc/net/dev_mcast
Defined in
.IR /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c :
.nf
.in +5
indx interface_name  dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address
2    eth0            1     0     01005e000001
3    eth1            1     0     01005e000001
4    eth2            1     0     01005e000001
.in
.fi
.TP
.I /proc/net/igmp
Internet Group Management Protocol.
Defined in
.IR /usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c .
.TP
.I /proc/net/rarp
This file uses the same format as the
.I arp
file and contains the current reverse mapping database used to provide
.BR rarp (8)
reverse address lookup services.
If RARP is not configured into the
kernel,
this file will not be present.
.TP
.I /proc/net/raw
Holds a dump of the RAW socket table.
Much of the information is not of
use
apart from debugging.
The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot for the
socket,
the "local_address" is the local address and protocol number pair.
\&"St" is
the internal status of the socket.
The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the
outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.
The "tr", "tm\->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by RAW.
The "uid"
field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket.
.\" .TP
.\" .I /proc/net/route
.\" No information, but looks similar to
.\" .BR route (8).
.TP
.I /proc/net/snmp
This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP
management
information bases for an SNMP agent.
.TP
.I /proc/net/tcp
Holds a dump of the TCP socket table.
Much of the information is not
of use apart from debugging.
The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot
for the socket, the "local_address" is the local address and port number pair.
The "rem_address" is the remote address and port number pair
(if connected).
\&"St" is the internal status of the socket.
The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the
outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.
The "tr", "tm\->when", and "rexmits" fields hold internal information of
the kernel socket state and are useful only for debugging.
The "uid"
field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket.
.TP
.I /proc/net/udp
Holds a dump of the UDP socket table.
Much of the information is not of
use apart from debugging.
The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot for the
socket, the "local_address" is the local address and port number pair.
The "rem_address" is the remote address and port number pair
(if connected). "St" is the internal status of the socket.
The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and incoming data queue
in terms of kernel memory usage.
The "tr", "tm\->when", and "rexmits" fields
are not used by UDP.
The "uid"
field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket.
The format is:

.nf
.ft CW
.in 1n
sl  local_address rem_address   st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits  tm\->when uid
 1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0
 1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0
 1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0
.in
.ft
.fi
.TP
.I /proc/net/unix
Lists the UNIX domain sockets present within the system and their
status.
The format is:
.nf
.sp .5
.ft CW
Num RefCount Protocol Flags    Type St Path
 0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03
 1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01 /dev/printer
.ft
.sp .5
.fi

Here "Num" is the kernel table slot number, "RefCount" is the number
of users of the socket, "Protocol" is currently always 0, "Flags"
represent the internal kernel flags holding the status of the
socket.
Currently, type is always "1" (UNIX domain datagram sockets are
not yet supported in the kernel).
\&"St" is the internal state of the
socket and Path is the bound path (if any) of the socket.
.TP
.I /proc/net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue
This file contains information about netfilter userspace queueing, if used.
Each line represents a queue.  Queues that have not been subscribed to
by userspace are not shown.
.nf

   1   4207     0  2 65535     0     0        0  1
  (1)   (2)    (3)(4)  (5)    (6)   (7)      (8)
.fi
.IP
The fields in each line are:
.RS 7
.TP 5
(1)
The ID of the queue.  This matches what is specified in the
.B \-\-queue\-num
or
.B \-\-queue\-balance
options to the
.BR iptables (8)
NFQUEUE target.  See
.BR iptables-extensions (8)
for more information.
.TP
(2)
The netlink port ID subscribed to the queue.
.TP
(3)
The number of packets currently queued and waiting to be processed by
the application.
.TP
(4)
The copy mode of the queue. It is either 1 (metadata only) or 2
(also copy payload data to userspace).
.TP
(5)
Copy range, i.e. how many bytes of packet payload should be copied to
userspace at most.
.TP
(6)
queue dropped.  Number of packets that had to be dropped by the kernel because
too many packets are already waiting for userspace to send back the mandatory
accept/drop verdicts.
.TP
(7)
queue user dropped.  Number of packets that were dropped within the netlink
subsystem.  Such drops usually happen when the corresponding socket buffer is
full, i.e.  userspace is not able to read messages fast enough.
.TP
(8)
sequence number. Every queued packet is associated with a (32-bit)
monotonically-increasing sequence number.
This shows the ID of the most recent packet queued.
.RE
.IP
The last number exists only for compatibility reasons and is always 1.
.TP
.I /proc/partitions
Contains the major and minor numbers of each partition as well as the number
of 1024-byte blocks and the partition name.
.TP
.I /proc/pci
This is a listing of all PCI devices found during kernel initialization
and their configuration.

This file has been deprecated in favor of a new
.I /proc
interface for PCI
.RI ( /proc/bus/pci ).
It became optional in Linux 2.2 (available with
.B CONFIG_PCI_OLD_PROC
set at kernel compilation).
It became once more nonoptionally enabled in Linux 2.4.
Next, it was deprecated in Linux 2.6 (still available with
.B CONFIG_PCI_LEGACY_PROC
set), and finally removed altogether since Linux 2.6.17.
.\" FIXME Document /proc/sched_debug
.\"
.\" .TP
.\" .IR /proc/sched_debug " (since Linux 2.6.23)"
.\" See also /proc/[pid]/sched
.TP
.IR /proc/profile " (since Linux 2.4)"
This file is present only if the kernel was booted with the
.I profile=1
command-line option.
It exposes kernel profiling information in a binary format for use by
.BR readprofile (1).
Writing (e.g., an empty string) to this file resets the profiling counters;
on some architectures,
writing a binary integer "profiling multiplier" of size
.IR sizeof(int)
sets the profiling interrupt frequency.
.TP
.I /proc/scsi
A directory with the
.I scsi
mid-level pseudo-file and various SCSI low-level
driver directories,
which contain a file for each SCSI host in this system, all of
which give the status of some part of the SCSI IO subsystem.
These files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore, readable with
.BR cat (1).

You can also write to some of the files to reconfigure the subsystem or
switch certain features on or off.
.TP
.I /proc/scsi/scsi
This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel.
The listing is similar to the one seen during bootup.
scsi currently supports only the \fIadd-single-device\fP command which
allows root to add a hotplugged device to the list of known devices.

The command
.in +4n
.nf

echo \(aqscsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0\(aq > /proc/scsi/scsi

.fi
.in
will cause
host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a device on ID 5 LUN 0.
If there
is already a device known on this address or the address is invalid, an
error will be returned.
.TP
.I /proc/scsi/[drivername]
\fI[drivername]\fP can currently be NCR53c7xx, aha152x, aha1542, aha1740,
aic7xxx, buslogic, eata_dma, eata_pio, fdomain, in2000, pas16, qlogic,
scsi_debug, seagate, t128, u15-24f, ultrastore, or wd7000.
These directories show up for all drivers that registered at least one
SCSI HBA.
Every directory contains one file per registered host.
Every host-file is named after the number the host was assigned during
initialization.

Reading these files will usually show driver and host configuration,
statistics, and so on.

Writing to these files allows different things on different hosts.
For example, with the \fIlatency\fP and \fInolatency\fP commands,
root can switch on and off command latency measurement code in the
eata_dma driver.
With the \fIlockup\fP and \fIunlock\fP commands,
root can control bus lockups simulated by the scsi_debug driver.
.TP
.I /proc/self
This directory refers to the process accessing the
.I /proc
filesystem,
and is identical to the
.I /proc
directory named by the process ID of the same process.
.TP
.I /proc/slabinfo
Information about kernel caches.
Since Linux 2.6.16 this file is present only if the
.B CONFIG_SLAB
kernel configuration option is enabled.
The columns in
.I /proc/slabinfo
are:
.in +4n
.nf

cache-name
num-active-objs
total-objs
object-size
num-active-slabs
total-slabs
num-pages-per-slab
.fi
.in

See
.BR slabinfo (5)
for details.
.TP
.I /proc/stat
kernel/system statistics.
Varies with architecture.
Common
entries include:
.RS
.TP
\fIcpu  3357 0 4313 1362393\fP
The amount of time, measured in units of
USER_HZ (1/100ths of a second on most architectures, use
.IR sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)
to obtain the right value),
.\" 1024 on Alpha and ia64
that the system spent in various states:
.RS
.TP
.I user
(1) Time spent in user mode.
.TP
.I nice
(2) Time spent in user mode with low priority (nice).
.TP
.I system
(3) Time spent in system mode.
.TP
.I idle
(4) Time spent in the idle task.
.\" FIXME . Actually, the following info about the /proc/stat 'cpu' field
.\"       does not seem to be quite right (at least in 2.6.12 or 3.6):
.\"       the idle time in /proc/uptime does not quite match this value
This value should be USER_HZ times the
second entry in the
.I /proc/uptime
pseudo-file.
.TP
.IR iowait " (since Linux 2.5.41)"
(5) Time waiting for I/O to complete.
.TP
.IR irq " (since Linux 2.6.0-test4)"
(6) Time servicing interrupts.
.TP
.IR softirq " (since Linux 2.6.0-test4)"
(7) Time servicing softirqs.
.TP
.IR steal " (since Linux 2.6.11)"
(8) Stolen time, which is the time spent in other operating systems when
running in a virtualized environment
.TP
.IR guest " (since Linux 2.6.24)"
(9) Time spent running a virtual CPU for guest
operating systems under the control of the Linux kernel.
.\" See Changelog entry for 5e84cfde51cf303d368fcb48f22059f37b3872de
.TP
.IR guest_nice " (since Linux 2.6.33)"
.\" commit ce0e7b28fb75cb003cfc8d0238613aaf1c55e797
(10) Time spent running a niced guest (virtual CPU for guest
operating systems under the control of the Linux kernel).
.RE
.TP
\fIpage 5741 1808\fP
The number of pages the system paged in and the number that were paged
out (from disk).
.TP
\fIswap 1 0\fP
The number of swap pages that have been brought in and out.
.TP
.\" FIXME . The following is not the full picture for the 'intr' of
.\"       /proc/stat on 2.6:
\fIintr 1462898\fP
This line shows counts of interrupts serviced since boot time,
for each of the possible system interrupts.
The first column is the total of all interrupts serviced
including unnumbered architecture specific interrupts;
each subsequent column is the total for that particular numbered interrupt.
Unnumbered interrupts are not shown, only summed into the total.
.TP
\fIdisk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):\fP...
(major,disk_idx):(noinfo, read_io_ops, blks_read, write_io_ops, blks_written)
.br
(Linux 2.4 only)
.TP
\fIctxt 115315\fP
The number of context switches that the system underwent.
.TP
\fIbtime 769041601\fP
boot time, in seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).
.TP
\fIprocesses 86031\fP
Number of forks since boot.
.TP
\fIprocs_running 6\fP
Number of processes in runnable state.
(Linux 2.5.45 onward.)
.TP
\fIprocs_blocked 2\fP
Number of processes blocked waiting for I/O to complete.
(Linux 2.5.45 onward.)
.RE
.TP
.I /proc/swaps
Swap areas in use.
See also
.BR swapon (8).
.TP
.I /proc/sys
This directory (present since 1.3.57) contains a number of files
and subdirectories corresponding to kernel variables.
These variables can be read and sometimes modified using
the \fI/proc\fP filesystem, and the (deprecated)
.BR sysctl (2)
system call.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/abi " (since Linux 2.4.10)"
This directory may contain files with application binary information.
.\" On some systems, it is not present.
See the Linux kernel source file
.I Documentation/sysctl/abi.txt
for more information.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/debug
This directory may be empty.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/dev
This directory contains device-specific information (e.g.,
.IR dev/cdrom/info ).
On
some systems, it may be empty.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs
This directory contains the files and subdirectories for kernel variables
related to filesystems.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
Documentation for files in this directory can be found
in the Linux kernel sources in
.IR Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt .
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state " (since Linux 2.2)"
This file contains information about the status of the
directory cache (dcache).
The file contains six numbers,
.IR nr_dentry ", " nr_unused ", " age_limit " (age in seconds), "
.I want_pages
(pages requested by system) and two dummy values.
.RS
.IP * 2
.I nr_dentry
is the number of allocated dentries (dcache entries).
This field is unused in Linux 2.2.
.IP *
.I nr_unused
is the number of unused dentries.
.IP *
.I age_limit
.\" looks like this is unused in kernels 2.2 to 2.6
is the age in seconds after which dcache entries
can be reclaimed when memory is short.
.IP *
.I want_pages
.\" looks like this is unused in kernels 2.2 to 2.6
is nonzero when the kernel has called shrink_dcache_pages() and the
dcache isn't pruned yet.
.RE
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable
This file can be used to disable or enable the
.I dnotify
interface described in
.BR fcntl (2)
on a system-wide basis.
A value of 0 in this file disables the interface,
and a value of 1 enables it.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
This file shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries.
On some (2.4) systems, it is not present.
If the number of free cached disk quota entries is very low and
you have some awesome number of simultaneous system users,
you might want to raise the limit.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr
This file shows the number of allocated disk quota
entries and the number of free disk quota entries.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/epoll " (since Linux 2.6.28)"
This directory contains the file
.IR max_user_watches ,
which can be used to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by the
.I epoll
interface.
For further details, see