database: Fall back when mmap() isn't available

[people/ms/libloc.git] / src / database.c

/*
        libloc - A library to determine the location of someone on the Internet

        Copyright (C) 2017 IPFire Development Team <info@ipfire.org>

        This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
        modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
        License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
        version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

        This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
        but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
        MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
        Lesser General Public License for more details.
*/

#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef HAVE_ENDIAN_H
#  include <endian.h>
#endif

#include <openssl/err.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <openssl/pem.h>

#include <libloc/libloc.h>
#include <libloc/address.h>
#include <libloc/as.h>
#include <libloc/as-list.h>
#include <libloc/compat.h>
#include <libloc/country.h>
#include <libloc/country-list.h>
#include <libloc/database.h>
#include <libloc/format.h>
#include <libloc/network.h>
#include <libloc/network-list.h>
#include <libloc/private.h>
#include <libloc/stringpool.h>

struct loc_database_objects {
        void* p;
        off_t offset;
        size_t length;
        size_t count;
};

struct loc_database {
        struct loc_ctx* ctx;
        int refcount;

        FILE* f;

        enum loc_database_version version;
        time_t created_at;
        off_t vendor;
        off_t description;
        off_t license;

        // Signatures
        char* signature1;
        size_t signature1_length;
        char* signature2;
        size_t signature2_length;

        struct loc_stringpool* pool;

        // ASes in the database
        struct loc_database_objects as_objects;

        // Network tree
        struct loc_database_objects network_node_objects;

        // Networks
        struct loc_database_objects network_objects;

        // Countries
        struct loc_database_objects country_objects;
};

#define MAX_STACK_DEPTH 256

struct loc_node_stack {
        off_t offset;
        int i; // Is this node 0 or 1?
        int depth;
};

struct loc_database_enumerator {
        struct loc_ctx* ctx;
        struct loc_database* db;
        enum loc_database_enumerator_mode mode;
        int refcount;

        // Search string
        char* string;
        struct loc_country_list* countries;
        struct loc_as_list* asns;
        enum loc_network_flags flags;
        int family;

        // Flatten output?
        int flatten;

        // Index of the AS we are looking at
        unsigned int as_index;

        // Index of the country we are looking at
        unsigned int country_index;

        // Network state
        struct in6_addr network_address;
        struct loc_node_stack network_stack[MAX_STACK_DEPTH];
        int network_stack_depth;
        unsigned int* networks_visited;

        // For subnet search and bogons
        struct loc_network_list* stack;
        struct loc_network_list* subnets;

        // For bogons
        struct in6_addr gap6_start;
        struct in6_addr gap4_start;
};

#define loc_database_read_object(db, buffer, objects, pos) \
        __loc_database_read_object(db, buffer, sizeof(*buffer), objects, pos)

/*
        Reads an object into memory (used when mmap() isn't available)
*/
static void* __loc_database_read_object(struct loc_database* db, void* buffer,
                const size_t length, const struct loc_database_objects* objects, const off_t pos) {
        // Calculate offset
        const off_t offset = pos * length;

        // Map the object first if possible
        if (objects->p)
                return (uint8_t*)objects->p + offset;

        // Otherwise fall back and read the object into the buffer
        const int fd = fileno(db->f);

        // Read object
        ssize_t bytes_read = pread(fd, buffer, length, objects->offset + offset);

        // Check if we could read what we wanted
        if (bytes_read < (ssize_t)length) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Error reading object from database: %m\n");
                return NULL;
        }

        // Success!
        return buffer;
}

static int loc_database_read_magic(struct loc_database* db) {
        struct loc_database_magic magic;

        // Read from file
        size_t bytes_read = fread(&magic, 1, sizeof(magic), db->f);

        // Check if we have been able to read enough data
        if (bytes_read < sizeof(magic)) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not read enough data to validate magic bytes\n");
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Read %zu bytes, but needed %zu\n", bytes_read, sizeof(magic));
                goto ERROR;
        }

        // Compare magic bytes
        if (memcmp(LOC_DATABASE_MAGIC, magic.magic, strlen(LOC_DATABASE_MAGIC)) == 0) {
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Magic value matches\n");

                // Parse version
                db->version = magic.version;

                return 0;
        }

ERROR:
        ERROR(db->ctx, "Unrecognized file type\n");
        errno = ENOMSG;

        // Return an error
        return 1;
}

/*
        Maps arbitrary objects from the database into memory.
*/
static int loc_database_map_objects(struct loc_database* db,
                struct loc_database_objects* objects, const size_t size,
                off_t offset, size_t length) {
        int r = 0;

        // Store parameters
        objects->offset = offset;
        objects->length = length;
        objects->count  = objects->length / size;

        // End if there is nothing to map
        if (!objects->length)
                return 0;

        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Mapping %zu object(s) from %jd (%zu bytes)\n",
                objects->count, (intmax_t)objects->offset, objects->length);

        // mmap() objects into memory
        void* p = mmap(NULL, objects->length, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE,
                fileno(db->f), objects->offset);

        if (p == MAP_FAILED) {
                // Ignore if the database wasn't page aligned for this architecture
                // and fall back to use pread().
                if (errno == EINVAL) {
                        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Falling back to pread()\n");
                        return 0;
                }

                ERROR(db->ctx, "mmap() failed: %m\n");
                return 1;
        }

        // Store pointer
        objects->p = p;

        return r;
}

static int loc_database_unmap_objects(struct loc_database* db,
                struct loc_database_objects* objects) {
        int r;

        // Nothing to do if nothing was mapped
        if (!objects->p)
                return 0;

        // Call munmap() to free everything
        r = munmap(objects->p, objects->length);
        if (r) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not unmap objects: %m\n");
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int loc_database_read_signature(struct loc_database* db,
                char** dst, char* src, size_t length) {
        // Check for a plausible signature length
        if (length > LOC_SIGNATURE_MAX_LENGTH) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Signature too long: %zu\n", length);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Reading signature of %zu bytes\n", length);

        // Allocate space
        *dst = malloc(length);
        if (!*dst)
                return -ENOMEM;

        // Copy payload
        memcpy(*dst, src, length);

        return 0;
}

static int loc_database_read_header_v1(struct loc_database* db) {
        struct loc_database_header_v1 header;
        int r;

        // Read from file
        size_t size = fread(&header, 1, sizeof(header), db->f);

        if (size < sizeof(header)) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not read enough data for header\n");
                errno = ENOMSG;
                return 1;
        }

        // Copy over data
        db->created_at  = be64toh(header.created_at);
        db->vendor      = be32toh(header.vendor);
        db->description = be32toh(header.description);
        db->license     = be32toh(header.license);

        db->signature1_length = be16toh(header.signature1_length);
        db->signature2_length = be16toh(header.signature2_length);

        // Read signatures
        if (db->signature1_length) {
                r = loc_database_read_signature(db, &db->signature1,
                        header.signature1, db->signature1_length);
                if (r)
                        return r;
        }

        if (db->signature2_length) {
                r = loc_database_read_signature(db, &db->signature2,
                        header.signature2, db->signature2_length);
                if (r)
                        return r;
        }

        // Open the stringpool
        r = loc_stringpool_open(db->ctx, &db->pool, db->f,
                be32toh(header.pool_length), be32toh(header.pool_offset));
        if (r)
                return r;

        // Map AS objects
        r = loc_database_map_objects(db, &db->as_objects,
                sizeof(struct loc_database_as_v1),
                be32toh(header.as_offset),
                be32toh(header.as_length));
        if (r)
                return r;

        // Map Network Nodes
        r = loc_database_map_objects(db, &db->network_node_objects,
                sizeof(struct loc_database_network_node_v1),
                be32toh(header.network_tree_offset),
                be32toh(header.network_tree_length));
        if (r)
                return r;

        // Map Networks
        r = loc_database_map_objects(db, &db->network_objects,
                sizeof(struct loc_database_network_v1),
                be32toh(header.network_data_offset),
                be32toh(header.network_data_length));
        if (r)
                return r;

        // Map countries
        r = loc_database_map_objects(db, &db->country_objects,
                sizeof(struct loc_database_country_v1),
                be32toh(header.countries_offset),
                be32toh(header.countries_length));
        if (r)
                return r;

        return 0;
}

static int loc_database_read_header(struct loc_database* db) {
        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Database version is %u\n", db->version);

        switch (db->version) {
                case LOC_DATABASE_VERSION_1:
                        return loc_database_read_header_v1(db);

                default:
                        ERROR(db->ctx, "Incompatible database version: %u\n", db->version);
                        return 1;
        }
}

static int loc_database_read(struct loc_database* db, FILE* f) {
        clock_t start = clock();

        int fd = fileno(f);

        // Clone file descriptor
        fd = dup(fd);
        if (!fd) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not duplicate file descriptor\n");
                return -1;
        }

        // Reopen the file so that we can keep our own file handle
        db->f = fdopen(fd, "r");
        if (!db->f) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not re-open database file\n");
                return -1;
        }

        // Rewind to the start of the file
        rewind(db->f);

        // Read magic bytes
        int r = loc_database_read_magic(db);
        if (r)
                return r;

        // Read the header
        r = loc_database_read_header(db);
        if (r)
                return r;

        clock_t end = clock();

        INFO(db->ctx, "Opened database in %.4fms\n",
                (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000);

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_new(struct loc_ctx* ctx, struct loc_database** database, FILE* f) {
        // Fail on invalid file handle
        if (!f)
                return -EINVAL;

        struct loc_database* db = calloc(1, sizeof(*db));
        if (!db)
                return -ENOMEM;

        // Reference context
        db->ctx = loc_ref(ctx);
        db->refcount = 1;

        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Database object allocated at %p\n", db);

        int r = loc_database_read(db, f);
        if (r) {
                loc_database_unref(db);
                return r;
        }

        *database = db;

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT struct loc_database* loc_database_ref(struct loc_database* db) {
        db->refcount++;

        return db;
}

static void loc_database_free(struct loc_database* db) {
        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Releasing database %p\n", db);

        // Removing all ASes
        loc_database_unmap_objects(db, &db->as_objects);

        // Remove mapped network sections
        loc_database_unmap_objects(db, &db->network_objects);

        // Remove mapped network nodes section
        loc_database_unmap_objects(db, &db->network_node_objects);

        // Remove mapped countries section
        loc_database_unmap_objects(db, &db->country_objects);

        // Free the stringpool
        if (db->pool)
                loc_stringpool_unref(db->pool);

        // Free signature
        if (db->signature1)
                free(db->signature1);
        if (db->signature2)
                free(db->signature2);

        // Close database file
        if (db->f)
                fclose(db->f);

        loc_unref(db->ctx);
        free(db);
}

LOC_EXPORT struct loc_database* loc_database_unref(struct loc_database* db) {
        if (--db->refcount > 0)
                return NULL;

        loc_database_free(db);
        return NULL;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_verify(struct loc_database* db, FILE* f) {
        size_t bytes_read = 0;

        // Cannot do this when no signature is available
        if (!db->signature1 && !db->signature2) {
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "No signature available to verify\n");
                return 1;
        }

        // Start the stopwatch
        clock_t start = clock();

        // Load public key
        EVP_PKEY* pkey = PEM_read_PUBKEY(f, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        if (!pkey) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not parse public key: %s\n",
                        ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL));

                return -1;
        }

        int r = 0;

        EVP_MD_CTX* mdctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();

        // Initialise hash function
        r = EVP_DigestVerifyInit(mdctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, pkey);
        if (r != 1) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Error initializing signature validation: %s\n",
                        ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL));
                r = 1;

                goto CLEANUP;
        }

        // Reset file to start
        rewind(db->f);

        // Read magic
        struct loc_database_magic magic;
        bytes_read = fread(&magic, 1, sizeof(magic), db->f);
        if (bytes_read < sizeof(magic)) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not read header: %m\n");
                r = 1;
                goto CLEANUP;
        }

        hexdump(db->ctx, &magic, sizeof(magic));

        // Feed magic into the hash
        r = EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate(mdctx, &magic, sizeof(magic));
        if (r != 1) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "%s\n", ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL));
                r = 1;

                goto CLEANUP;
        }

        // Read the header
        struct loc_database_header_v1 header_v1;

        switch (db->version) {
                case LOC_DATABASE_VERSION_1:
                        bytes_read = fread(&header_v1, 1, sizeof(header_v1), db->f);
                        if (bytes_read < sizeof(header_v1)) {
                                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not read header\n");
                                r = 1;

                                goto CLEANUP;
                        }

                        // Clear signatures
                        memset(header_v1.signature1, '\0', sizeof(header_v1.signature1));
                        header_v1.signature1_length = 0;
                        memset(header_v1.signature2, '\0', sizeof(header_v1.signature2));
                        header_v1.signature2_length = 0;

                        hexdump(db->ctx, &header_v1, sizeof(header_v1));

                        // Feed header into the hash
                        r = EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate(mdctx, &header_v1, sizeof(header_v1));
                        if (r != 1) {
                                ERROR(db->ctx, "%s\n", ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL));
                                r = 1;

                                goto CLEANUP;
                        }
                        break;

                default:
                        ERROR(db->ctx, "Cannot compute hash for database with format %d\n",
                                db->version);
                        r = -EINVAL;
                        goto CLEANUP;
        }

        // Walk through the file in chunks of 64kB
        char buffer[64 * 1024];

        while (!feof(db->f)) {
                bytes_read = fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), db->f);

                hexdump(db->ctx, buffer, bytes_read);

                r = EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate(mdctx, buffer, bytes_read);
                if (r != 1) {
                        ERROR(db->ctx, "%s\n", ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL));
                        r = 1;

                        goto CLEANUP;
                }
        }

        // Check first signature
        if (db->signature1) {
                hexdump(db->ctx, db->signature1, db->signature1_length);

                r = EVP_DigestVerifyFinal(mdctx,
                        (unsigned char*)db->signature1, db->signature1_length);

                if (r == 0) {
                        DEBUG(db->ctx, "The first signature is invalid\n");
                        r = 1;
                } else if (r == 1) {
                        DEBUG(db->ctx, "The first signature is valid\n");
                        r = 0;
                } else {
                        ERROR(db->ctx, "Error verifying the first signature: %s\n",
                                ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL));
                        r = -1;
                }
        }

        // Check second signature only when the first one was invalid
        if (r && db->signature2) {
                hexdump(db->ctx, db->signature2, db->signature2_length);

                r = EVP_DigestVerifyFinal(mdctx,
                        (unsigned char*)db->signature2, db->signature2_length);

                if (r == 0) {
                        DEBUG(db->ctx, "The second signature is invalid\n");
                        r = 1;
                } else if (r == 1) {
                        DEBUG(db->ctx, "The second signature is valid\n");
                        r = 0;
                } else {
                        ERROR(db->ctx, "Error verifying the second signature: %s\n",
                                ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL));
                        r = -1;
                }
        }

        clock_t end = clock();
        INFO(db->ctx, "Signature checked in %.4fms\n",
                (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000);

CLEANUP:
        // Cleanup
        EVP_MD_CTX_free(mdctx);
        EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);

        return r;
}

LOC_EXPORT time_t loc_database_created_at(struct loc_database* db) {
        return db->created_at;
}

LOC_EXPORT const char* loc_database_get_vendor(struct loc_database* db) {
        return loc_stringpool_get(db->pool, db->vendor);
}

LOC_EXPORT const char* loc_database_get_description(struct loc_database* db) {
        return loc_stringpool_get(db->pool, db->description);
}

LOC_EXPORT const char* loc_database_get_license(struct loc_database* db) {
        return loc_stringpool_get(db->pool, db->license);
}

LOC_EXPORT size_t loc_database_count_as(struct loc_database* db) {
        return db->as_objects.count;
}

// Returns the AS at position pos
static int loc_database_fetch_as(struct loc_database* db, struct loc_as** as, off_t pos) {
        struct loc_database_as_v1 as_v1;
        struct loc_database_as_v1* p_v1;
        int r;

        if ((size_t)pos >= db->as_objects.count) {
                errno = ERANGE;
                return 1;
        }

        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Fetching AS at position %jd\n", (intmax_t)pos);

        switch (db->version) {
                case LOC_DATABASE_VERSION_1:
                        // Read the object
                        p_v1 = loc_database_read_object(db, &as_v1, &db->as_objects, pos);
                        if (!p_v1)
                                return 1;

                        r = loc_as_new_from_database_v1(db->ctx, db->pool, as, p_v1);
                        break;

                default:
                        errno = ENOTSUP;
                        return 1;
        }

        if (r == 0)
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Got AS%u\n", loc_as_get_number(*as));

        return r;
}

// Performs a binary search to find the AS in the list
LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_get_as(struct loc_database* db, struct loc_as** as, uint32_t number) {
        off_t lo = 0;
        off_t hi = db->as_objects.count - 1;

#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
        // Save start time
        clock_t start = clock();
#endif

        while (lo <= hi) {
                off_t i = (lo + hi) / 2;

                // Fetch AS in the middle between lo and hi
                int r = loc_database_fetch_as(db, as, i);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                // Check if this is a match
                uint32_t as_number = loc_as_get_number(*as);
                if (as_number == number) {
#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
                        clock_t end = clock();

                        // Log how fast this has been
                        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Found AS%u in %.4fms\n", as_number,
                                (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000);
#endif

                        return 0;
                }

                // If it wasn't, we release the AS and
                // adjust our search pointers
                loc_as_unref(*as);

                if (as_number < number) {
                        lo = i + 1;
                } else
                        hi = i - 1;
        }

        // Nothing found
        *as = NULL;

        return 1;
}

// Returns the network at position pos
static int loc_database_fetch_network(struct loc_database* db, struct loc_network** network,
                struct in6_addr* address, unsigned int prefix, off_t pos) {
        struct loc_database_network_v1 network_v1;
        struct loc_database_network_v1* p_v1;
        int r;

        if ((size_t)pos >= db->network_objects.count) {
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Network ID out of range: %jd/%jd\n",
                        (intmax_t)pos, (intmax_t)db->network_objects.count);
                errno = ERANGE;
                return 1;
        }

        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Fetching network at position %jd\n", (intmax_t)pos);

        switch (db->version) {
                case LOC_DATABASE_VERSION_1:
                        // Read the object
                        p_v1 = loc_database_read_object(db, &network_v1, &db->network_objects, pos);
                        if (!p_v1)
                                return 1;

                        r = loc_network_new_from_database_v1(db->ctx, network, address, prefix, p_v1);
                        break;

                default:
                        errno = ENOTSUP;
                        return 1;
        }

        if (r == 0)
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Got network %s\n", loc_network_str(*network));

        return r;
}

static int __loc_database_node_is_leaf(const struct loc_database_network_node_v1* node) {
        return (node->network != htobe32(0xffffffff));
}

static int __loc_database_lookup_handle_leaf(struct loc_database* db, const struct in6_addr* address,
                struct loc_network** network, struct in6_addr* network_address, unsigned int prefix,
                const struct loc_database_network_node_v1* node) {
        off_t network_index = be32toh(node->network);

        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Handling leaf node at %jd\n", (intmax_t)network_index);

        // Fetch the network
        int r = loc_database_fetch_network(db, network, network_address, prefix, network_index);
        if (r) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not fetch network %jd from database: %m\n",
                        (intmax_t)network_index);
                return r;
        }

        // Check if the given IP address is inside the network
        if (!loc_network_matches_address(*network, address)) {
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Searched address is not part of the network\n");

                loc_network_unref(*network);
                *network = NULL;
                return 1;
        }

        // A network was found and the IP address matches
        return 0;
}

// Searches for an exact match along the path
static int __loc_database_lookup(struct loc_database* db, const struct in6_addr* address,
                struct loc_network** network, struct in6_addr* network_address,
                off_t node_index, unsigned int level) {
        struct loc_database_network_node_v1 node_v1;
        struct loc_database_network_node_v1* p_v1;

        int r;

        // Fetch the next node
        p_v1 = loc_database_read_object(db, &node_v1, &db->network_node_objects, node_index);
        if (!p_v1)
                return 1;

        // Follow the path
        int bit = loc_address_get_bit(address, level);
        loc_address_set_bit(network_address, level, bit);

        if (bit == 0)
                node_index = be32toh(p_v1->zero);
        else
                node_index = be32toh(p_v1->one);

        // If the node index is zero, the tree ends here
        // and we cannot descend any further
        if (node_index > 0) {
                // Check boundaries
                if ((size_t)node_index >= db->network_node_objects.count) {
                        errno = ERANGE;
                        return 1;
                }

                // Move on to the next node
                r = __loc_database_lookup(db, address, network, network_address, node_index, level + 1);

                // End here if a result was found
                if (r == 0)
                        return r;

                // Raise any errors
                else if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                DEBUG(db->ctx, "No match found below level %u\n", level);
        } else {
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Tree ended at level %u\n", level);
        }

        // If this node has a leaf, we will check if it matches
        if (__loc_database_node_is_leaf(p_v1)) {
                r = __loc_database_lookup_handle_leaf(db, address, network, network_address, level, p_v1);
                if (r <= 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 1;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_lookup(struct loc_database* db,
                const struct in6_addr* address, struct loc_network** network) {
        struct in6_addr network_address;
        memset(&network_address, 0, sizeof(network_address));

        *network = NULL;

#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
        // Save start time
        clock_t start = clock();
#endif

        int r = __loc_database_lookup(db, address, network, &network_address, 0, 0);

#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
        clock_t end = clock();

        // Log how fast this has been
        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Executed network search in %.4fms\n",
                (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000);
#endif

        return r;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_lookup_from_string(struct loc_database* db,
                const char* string, struct loc_network** network) {
        struct in6_addr address;

        int r = loc_address_parse(&address, NULL, string);
        if (r)
                return r;

        return loc_database_lookup(db, &address, network);
}

// Returns the country at position pos
static int loc_database_fetch_country(struct loc_database* db,
                struct loc_country** country, off_t pos) {
        struct loc_database_country_v1 country_v1;
        struct loc_database_country_v1* p_v1;
        int r;

        // Check if the country is within range
        if ((size_t)pos >= db->country_objects.count) {
                errno = ERANGE;
                return 1;
        }

        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Fetching country at position %jd\n", (intmax_t)pos);

        switch (db->version) {
                case LOC_DATABASE_VERSION_1:
                        // Read the object
                        p_v1 = loc_database_read_object(db, &country_v1, &db->country_objects, pos);
                        if (!p_v1)
                                return 1;

                        r = loc_country_new_from_database_v1(db->ctx, db->pool, country, p_v1);
                        break;

                default:
                        errno = ENOTSUP;
                        return 1;
        }

        if (r == 0)
                DEBUG(db->ctx, "Got country %s\n", loc_country_get_code(*country));

        return r;
}

// Performs a binary search to find the country in the list
LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_get_country(struct loc_database* db,
                struct loc_country** country, const char* code) {
        off_t lo = 0;
        off_t hi = db->country_objects.count - 1;

#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
        // Save start time
        clock_t start = clock();
#endif

        while (lo <= hi) {
                off_t i = (lo + hi) / 2;

                // Fetch country in the middle between lo and hi
                int r = loc_database_fetch_country(db, country, i);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                // Check if this is a match
                const char* cc = loc_country_get_code(*country);
                int result = strcmp(code, cc);

                if (result == 0) {
#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG
                        clock_t end = clock();

                        // Log how fast this has been
                        DEBUG(db->ctx, "Found country %s in %.4fms\n", cc,
                                (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000);
#endif

                        return 0;
                }

                // If it wasn't, we release the country and
                // adjust our search pointers
                loc_country_unref(*country);

                if (result > 0) {
                        lo = i + 1;
                } else
                        hi = i - 1;
        }

        // Nothing found
        *country = NULL;

        return 1;
}

// Enumerator

static void loc_database_enumerator_free(struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator) {
        DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Releasing database enumerator %p\n", enumerator);

        // Release all references
        loc_database_unref(enumerator->db);
        loc_unref(enumerator->ctx);

        if (enumerator->string)
                free(enumerator->string);

        if (enumerator->countries)
                loc_country_list_unref(enumerator->countries);

        if (enumerator->asns)
                loc_as_list_unref(enumerator->asns);

        // Free network search
        if (enumerator->networks_visited)
                free(enumerator->networks_visited);

        // Free subnet/bogons stack
        if (enumerator->stack)
                loc_network_list_unref(enumerator->stack);

        if (enumerator->subnets)
                loc_network_list_unref(enumerator->subnets);

        free(enumerator);
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_new(struct loc_database_enumerator** enumerator,
                struct loc_database* db, enum loc_database_enumerator_mode mode, int flags) {
        int r;

        struct loc_database_enumerator* e = calloc(1, sizeof(*e));
        if (!e) {
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        // Reference context
        e->ctx = loc_ref(db->ctx);
        e->db = loc_database_ref(db);
        e->mode = mode;
        e->refcount = 1;

        // Flatten output?
        e->flatten = (flags & LOC_DB_ENUMERATOR_FLAGS_FLATTEN);

        // Initialise graph search
        e->network_stack_depth = 1;
        e->networks_visited = calloc(db->network_node_objects.count, sizeof(*e->networks_visited));
        printf("COUNT = %zu, P = %p\n", db->network_node_objects.count, e->networks_visited);
        if (!e->networks_visited) {
                ERROR(db->ctx, "Could not allocated visited networks: %m\n");
                r = 1;
                goto ERROR;
        }

        // Allocate stack
        r = loc_network_list_new(e->ctx, &e->stack);
        if (r)
                goto ERROR;

        // Initialize bogon search
        loc_address_reset(&e->gap6_start, AF_INET6);
        loc_address_reset(&e->gap4_start, AF_INET);

        DEBUG(e->ctx, "Database enumerator object allocated at %p\n", e);

        *enumerator = e;
        return 0;

ERROR:
        if (e)
                loc_database_enumerator_free(e);

        return r;
}

LOC_EXPORT struct loc_database_enumerator* loc_database_enumerator_ref(struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator) {
        enumerator->refcount++;

        return enumerator;
}

LOC_EXPORT struct loc_database_enumerator* loc_database_enumerator_unref(struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator) {
        if (!enumerator)
                return NULL;

        if (--enumerator->refcount > 0)
                return enumerator;

        loc_database_enumerator_free(enumerator);
        return NULL;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_set_string(struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, const char* string) {
        enumerator->string = strdup(string);

        // Make the string lowercase
        for (char *p = enumerator->string; *p; p++)
                *p = tolower(*p);

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT struct loc_country_list* loc_database_enumerator_get_countries(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator) {
        if (!enumerator->countries)
                return NULL;

        return loc_country_list_ref(enumerator->countries);
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_set_countries(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_country_list* countries) {
        if (enumerator->countries)
                loc_country_list_unref(enumerator->countries);

        enumerator->countries = loc_country_list_ref(countries);

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT struct loc_as_list* loc_database_enumerator_get_asns(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator) {
        if (!enumerator->asns)
                return NULL;

        return loc_as_list_ref(enumerator->asns);
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_set_asns(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_as_list* asns) {
        if (enumerator->asns)
                loc_as_list_unref(enumerator->asns);

        enumerator->asns = loc_as_list_ref(asns);

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_set_flag(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, enum loc_network_flags flag) {
        enumerator->flags |= flag;

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_set_family(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, int family) {
        enumerator->family = family;

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_next_as(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_as** as) {
        *as = NULL;

        // Do not do anything if not in AS mode
        if (enumerator->mode != LOC_DB_ENUMERATE_ASES)
                return 0;

        struct loc_database* db = enumerator->db;

        while (enumerator->as_index < db->as_objects.count) {
                // Fetch the next AS
                int r = loc_database_fetch_as(db, as, enumerator->as_index++);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                r = loc_as_match_string(*as, enumerator->string);
                if (r == 1) {
                        DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "AS%d (%s) matches %s\n",
                                loc_as_get_number(*as), loc_as_get_name(*as), enumerator->string);

                        return 0;
                }

                // No match
                loc_as_unref(*as);
                *as = NULL;
        }

        // Reset the index
        enumerator->as_index = 0;

        // We have searched through all of them
        return 0;
}

static int loc_database_enumerator_stack_push_node(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* e, off_t offset, int i, int depth) {
        // Do not add empty nodes
        if (!offset)
                return 0;

        // Check if there is any space left on the stack
        if (e->network_stack_depth >= MAX_STACK_DEPTH) {
                ERROR(e->ctx, "Maximum stack size reached: %d\n", e->network_stack_depth);
                return 1;
        }

        // Check if the node is in range
        if (offset >= (off_t)e->db->network_node_objects.count) {
                ERROR(e->ctx, "Trying to add invalid node with offset %jd/%zu\n",
                        offset, e->db->network_node_objects.count);
                errno = ERANGE;
                return 1;
        }

        // Increase stack size
        int s = ++e->network_stack_depth;

        DEBUG(e->ctx, "Added node %jd to stack (%d)\n", (intmax_t)offset, depth);

        e->network_stack[s].offset = offset;
        e->network_stack[s].i = i;
        e->network_stack[s].depth = depth;

        return 0;
}

static int loc_database_enumerator_match_network(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_network* network) {
        // If family is set, it must match
        if (enumerator->family && loc_network_address_family(network) != enumerator->family) {
                DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Filtered network %p because of family not matching\n", network);
                return 0;
        }

        // Match if no filter criteria is configured
        if (!enumerator->countries && !enumerator->asns && !enumerator->flags)
                return 1;

        // Check if the country code matches
        if (enumerator->countries && !loc_country_list_empty(enumerator->countries)) {
                const char* country_code = loc_network_get_country_code(network);

                if (loc_country_list_contains_code(enumerator->countries, country_code)) {
                        DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Matched network %p because of its country code\n", network);
                        return 1;
                }
        }

        // Check if the ASN matches
        if (enumerator->asns && !loc_as_list_empty(enumerator->asns)) {
                uint32_t asn = loc_network_get_asn(network);

                if (loc_as_list_contains_number(enumerator->asns, asn)) {
                        DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Matched network %p because of its ASN\n", network);
                        return 1;
                }
        }

        // Check if flags match
        if (enumerator->flags && loc_network_has_flag(network, enumerator->flags)) {
                DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Matched network %p because of its flags\n", network);
                return 1;
        }

        // Not a match
        return 0;
}

static int __loc_database_enumerator_next_network(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_network** network, int filter) {
        struct loc_database_network_node_v1 node_v1;

        // Return top element from the stack
        while (1) {
                *network = loc_network_list_pop_first(enumerator->stack);

                // Stack is empty
                if (!*network)
                        break;

                // Return everything if filter isn't enabled, or only return matches
                if (!filter || loc_database_enumerator_match_network(enumerator, *network))
                        return 0;

                // Throw away anything that doesn't match
                loc_network_unref(*network);
                *network = NULL;
        }

        DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Called with a stack of %u nodes\n",
                enumerator->network_stack_depth);

        // Perform DFS
        while (enumerator->network_stack_depth > 0) {
                DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Stack depth: %u\n", enumerator->network_stack_depth);

                // Get object from top of the stack
                struct loc_node_stack* node = &enumerator->network_stack[enumerator->network_stack_depth];

                DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "  Got node: %jd\n", node->offset);

                // Remove the node from the stack if we have already visited it
                if (enumerator->networks_visited[node->offset]) {
                        enumerator->network_stack_depth--;
                        continue;
                }

                // Mark the bits on the path correctly
                loc_address_set_bit(&enumerator->network_address,
                        (node->depth > 0) ? node->depth - 1 : 0, node->i);

                DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Looking at node %jd\n", (intmax_t)node->offset);
                enumerator->networks_visited[node->offset]++;

                // Pop node from top of the stack
                struct loc_database_network_node_v1* n = loc_database_read_object(enumerator->db,
                        &node_v1, &enumerator->db->network_node_objects, node->offset);
                if (!n)
                        return 1;

                // Add edges to stack
                int r = loc_database_enumerator_stack_push_node(enumerator,
                        be32toh(n->one), 1, node->depth + 1);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                r = loc_database_enumerator_stack_push_node(enumerator,
                        be32toh(n->zero), 0, node->depth + 1);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                // Check if this node is a leaf and has a network object
                if (__loc_database_node_is_leaf(n)) {
                        off_t network_index = be32toh(n->network);

                        DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Node has a network at %jd\n", (intmax_t)network_index);

                        // Fetch the network object
                        r = loc_database_fetch_network(enumerator->db, network,
                                &enumerator->network_address, node->depth, network_index);

                        // Break on any errors
                        if (r)
                                return r;

                        // Return all networks when the filter is disabled, or check for match
                        if (!filter || loc_database_enumerator_match_network(enumerator, *network))
                                return 0;

                        // Does not seem to be a match, so we cleanup and move on
                        loc_network_unref(*network);
                        *network = NULL;
                }
        }

        // Reached the end of the search
        return 0;
}

static int __loc_database_enumerator_next_network_flattened(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_network** network) {
        // Fetch the next network
        int r = __loc_database_enumerator_next_network(enumerator, network, 1);
        if (r)
                return r;

        // End if we could not read another network
        if (!*network)
                return 0;

        struct loc_network* subnet = NULL;

        // Create a list with all subnets
        if (!enumerator->subnets) {
                r = loc_network_list_new(enumerator->ctx, &enumerator->subnets);
                if (r)
                        return r;
        }

        // Search all subnets from the database
        while (1) {
                // Fetch the next network in line
                r = __loc_database_enumerator_next_network(enumerator, &subnet, 0);
                if (r) {
                        loc_network_unref(subnet);
                        loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);

                        return r;
                }

                // End if we did not receive another subnet
                if (!subnet)
                        break;

                // Collect all subnets in a list
                if (loc_network_is_subnet(*network, subnet)) {
                        r = loc_network_list_push(enumerator->subnets, subnet);
                        if (r) {
                                loc_network_unref(subnet);
                                loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);

                                return r;
                        }

                        loc_network_unref(subnet);
                        continue;
                }

                // If this is not a subnet, we push it back onto the stack and break
                r = loc_network_list_push(enumerator->stack, subnet);
                if (r) {
                        loc_network_unref(subnet);
                        loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);

                        return r;
                }

                loc_network_unref(subnet);
                break;
        }

        DEBUG(enumerator->ctx, "Found %zu subnet(s)\n",
                loc_network_list_size(enumerator->subnets));

        // We can abort here if the network has no subnets
        if (loc_network_list_empty(enumerator->subnets)) {
                loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);

                return 0;
        }

        // If the network has any subnets, we will break it into smaller parts
        // without the subnets.
        struct loc_network_list* excluded = loc_network_exclude_list(*network, enumerator->subnets);
        if (!excluded) {
                loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);
                return 1;
        }

        // Merge subnets onto the stack
        r = loc_network_list_merge(enumerator->stack, enumerator->subnets);
        if (r) {
                loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);
                loc_network_list_unref(excluded);

                return r;
        }

        // Push excluded list onto the stack
        r = loc_network_list_merge(enumerator->stack, excluded);
        if (r) {
                loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);
                loc_network_list_unref(excluded);

                return r;
        }

        loc_network_list_clear(enumerator->subnets);
        loc_network_list_unref(excluded);

        // Drop the network and restart the whole process again to pick the next network
        loc_network_unref(*network);

        return __loc_database_enumerator_next_network_flattened(enumerator, network);
}

/*
        This function finds all bogons (i.e. gaps) between the input networks
*/
static int __loc_database_enumerator_next_bogon(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_network** bogon) {
        int r;

        // Return top element from the stack
        while (1) {
                *bogon = loc_network_list_pop_first(enumerator->stack);

                // Stack is empty
                if (!*bogon)
                        break;

                // Return result
                return 0;
        }

        struct loc_network* network = NULL;
        struct in6_addr* gap_start = NULL;
        struct in6_addr gap_end = IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT;

        while (1) {
                r = __loc_database_enumerator_next_network(enumerator, &network, 1);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                // We have read the last network
                if (!network)
                        goto FINISH;

                const char* country_code = loc_network_get_country_code(network);

                /*
                        Skip anything that does not have a country code

                        Even if a network is part of the routing table, and the database provides
                        an ASN, this does not mean that this is a legitimate announcement.
                */
                if (country_code && !*country_code) {
                        loc_network_unref(network);
                        continue;
                }

                // Determine the network family
                int family = loc_network_address_family(network);

                switch (family) {
                        case AF_INET6:
                                gap_start = &enumerator->gap6_start;
                                break;

                        case AF_INET:
                                gap_start = &enumerator->gap4_start;
                                break;

                        default:
                                ERROR(enumerator->ctx, "Unsupported network family %d\n", family);
                                errno = ENOTSUP;
                                return 1;
                }

                const struct in6_addr* first_address = loc_network_get_first_address(network);
                const struct in6_addr* last_address = loc_network_get_last_address(network);

                // Skip if this network is a subnet of a former one
                if (loc_address_cmp(gap_start, last_address) >= 0) {
                        loc_network_unref(network);
                        continue;
                }

                // Search where the gap could end
                gap_end = *first_address;
                loc_address_decrement(&gap_end);

                // There is a gap
                if (loc_address_cmp(gap_start, &gap_end) <= 0) {
                        r = loc_network_list_summarize(enumerator->ctx,
                                gap_start, &gap_end, &enumerator->stack);
                        if (r) {
                                loc_network_unref(network);
                                return r;
                        }
                }

                // The gap now starts after this network
                *gap_start = *last_address;
                loc_address_increment(gap_start);

                loc_network_unref(network);

                // Try to return something
                *bogon = loc_network_list_pop_first(enumerator->stack);
                if (*bogon)
                        break;
        }

        return 0;

FINISH:

        if (!loc_address_all_zeroes(&enumerator->gap6_start)) {
                r = loc_address_reset_last(&gap_end, AF_INET6);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                if (loc_address_cmp(&enumerator->gap6_start, &gap_end) <= 0) {
                        r = loc_network_list_summarize(enumerator->ctx,
                                &enumerator->gap6_start, &gap_end, &enumerator->stack);
                        if (r)
                                return r;
                }

                // Reset start
                loc_address_reset(&enumerator->gap6_start, AF_INET6);
        }

        if (!loc_address_all_zeroes(&enumerator->gap4_start)) {
                r = loc_address_reset_last(&gap_end, AF_INET);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                if (loc_address_cmp(&enumerator->gap4_start, &gap_end) <= 0) {
                        r = loc_network_list_summarize(enumerator->ctx,
                                &enumerator->gap4_start, &gap_end, &enumerator->stack);
                        if (r)
                                return r;
                }

                // Reset start
                loc_address_reset(&enumerator->gap4_start, AF_INET);
        }

        // Try to return something
        *bogon = loc_network_list_pop_first(enumerator->stack);

        return 0;
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_next_network(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_network** network) {
        switch (enumerator->mode) {
                case LOC_DB_ENUMERATE_NETWORKS:
                        // Flatten output?
                        if (enumerator->flatten)
                                return __loc_database_enumerator_next_network_flattened(enumerator, network);

                        return __loc_database_enumerator_next_network(enumerator, network, 1);

                case LOC_DB_ENUMERATE_BOGONS:
                        return __loc_database_enumerator_next_bogon(enumerator, network);

                default:
                        return 0;
        }
}

LOC_EXPORT int loc_database_enumerator_next_country(
                struct loc_database_enumerator* enumerator, struct loc_country** country) {
        *country = NULL;

        // Do not do anything if not in country mode
        if (enumerator->mode != LOC_DB_ENUMERATE_COUNTRIES)
                return 0;

        struct loc_database* db = enumerator->db;

        while (enumerator->country_index < db->country_objects.count) {
                // Fetch the next country
                int r = loc_database_fetch_country(db, country, enumerator->country_index++);
                if (r)
                        return r;

                // We do not filter here, so it always is a match
                return 0;
        }

        // Reset the index
        enumerator->country_index = 0;

        // We have searched through all of them
        return 0;
}