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Commit | Line | Data |
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81a6c781 | 1 | |
f1c236f8 | 2 | OpenSSL CHANGES |
651d0aff RE |
3 | _______________ |
4 | ||
4d94ae00 BM |
5 | Changes between 0.9.7 and 0.9.8 [xx XXX 2002] |
6 | ||
b53e44e5 BM |
7 | *) Extend the BIGNUM API by creating new macros that behave like |
8 | functions | |
9 | ||
10 | void BN_set_sign(BIGNUM *a, int neg); | |
11 | int BN_get_sign(const BIGNUM *a); | |
12 | ||
13 | and avoid the need to access 'a->neg' directly in applications. | |
14 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] | |
15 | ||
5c6bf031 BM |
16 | *) Implement fast modular reduction for pseudo-Mersenne primes |
17 | used in NIST curves (crypto/bn/bn_nist.c, crypto/ec/ecp_nist.c). | |
18 | EC_GROUP_new_curve_GFp() will now automatically use this | |
19 | if applicable. | |
20 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] | |
21 | ||
19b8d06a BM |
22 | *) Add new lock type (CRYPTO_LOCK_BN). |
23 | [Bodo Moeller] | |
24 | ||
6f7c2cb3 RL |
25 | *) Change the ENGINE framework to automatically load engines |
26 | dynamically from specific directories unless they could be | |
27 | found to already be built in or loaded. Move all the | |
28 | current engines except for the cryptodev one to a new | |
29 | directory engines/. | |
30 | The engines in engines/ are built as shared libraries if | |
31 | the "shared" options was given to ./Configure or ./config. | |
32 | Otherwise, they are inserted in libcrypto.a. | |
33 | /usr/local/ssl/engines is the default directory for dynamic | |
874fee47 RL |
34 | engines, but that can be overriden at configure time through |
35 | the usual use of --prefix and/or --openssldir, and at run | |
36 | time with the environment variable OPENSSL_ENGINES. | |
6f7c2cb3 RL |
37 | [Geoff Thorpe and Richard Levitte] |
38 | ||
30afcc07 RL |
39 | *) Add Makefile.shared, a helper makefile to build shared |
40 | libraries. Addapt Makefile.org. | |
41 | [Richard Levitte] | |
42 | ||
fc6a6a10 DSH |
43 | *) Add version info to Win32 DLLs. |
44 | [Peter 'Luna' Runestig" <peter@runestig.com>] | |
45 | ||
9a48b07e DSH |
46 | *) Add new 'medium level' PKCS#12 API. Certificates and keys |
47 | can be added using this API to created arbitrary PKCS#12 | |
48 | files while avoiding the low level API. | |
49 | ||
50 | New options to PKCS12_create(), key or cert can be NULL and | |
51 | will then be omitted from the output file. The encryption | |
52 | algorithm NIDs can be set to -1 for no encryption, the mac | |
53 | iteration count can be set to 0 to omit the mac. | |
54 | ||
55 | Enhance pkcs12 utility by making the -nokeys and -nocerts | |
56 | options work when creating a PKCS#12 file. New option -nomac | |
57 | to omit the mac, NONE can be set for an encryption algorithm. | |
58 | New code is modified to use the enhanced PKCS12_create() | |
59 | instead of the low level API. | |
60 | [Steve Henson] | |
61 | ||
230fd6b7 DSH |
62 | *) Extend ASN1 encoder to support indefinite length constructed |
63 | encoding. This can output sequences tags and octet strings in | |
64 | this form. Modify pk7_asn1.c to support indefinite length | |
65 | encoding. This is experimental and needs additional code to | |
66 | be useful, such as an ASN1 bio and some enhanced streaming | |
67 | PKCS#7 code. | |
68 | ||
69 | Extend template encode functionality so that tagging is passed | |
70 | down to the template encoder. | |
71 | [Steve Henson] | |
72 | ||
9226e218 BM |
73 | *) Let 'openssl req' fail if an argument to '-newkey' is not |
74 | recognized instead of using RSA as a default. | |
75 | [Bodo Moeller] | |
76 | ||
ea262260 BM |
77 | *) Add support for ECC-based ciphersuites from draft-ietf-tls-ecc-01.txt. |
78 | As these are not official, they are not included in "ALL"; | |
79 | the "ECCdraft" ciphersuite group alias can be used to select them. | |
80 | [Vipul Gupta and Sumit Gupta (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
81 | ||
e172d60d BM |
82 | *) Add ECDH engine support. |
83 | [Nils Gura and Douglas Stebila (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
84 | ||
85 | *) Add ECDH in new directory crypto/ecdh/. | |
49a0f778 BM |
86 | TODO: more general interface (return x coordinate, not its hash) |
87 | TODO: bug: pad x with leading zeros if necessary | |
e172d60d BM |
88 | [Douglas Stebila (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] |
89 | ||
95ecacf8 BM |
90 | *) Let BN_rand_range() abort with an error after 100 iterations |
91 | without success (which indicates a broken PRNG). | |
92 | [Bodo Moeller] | |
93 | ||
6fb60a84 BM |
94 | *) Change BN_mod_sqrt() so that it verifies that the input value |
95 | is really the square of the return value. (Previously, | |
96 | BN_mod_sqrt would show GIGO behaviour.) | |
97 | [Bodo Moeller] | |
98 | ||
7793f30e BM |
99 | *) Add named elliptic curves over binary fields from X9.62, SECG, |
100 | and WAP/WTLS; add OIDs that were still missing. | |
101 | ||
102 | [Sheueling Chang Shantz and Douglas Stebila | |
103 | (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
104 | ||
105 | *) Extend the EC library for elliptic curves over binary fields | |
106 | (new files ec2_smpl.c, ec2_smpt.c, ec2_mult.c in crypto/ec/). | |
107 | New EC_METHOD: | |
108 | ||
109 | EC_GF2m_simple_method | |
110 | ||
111 | New API functions: | |
112 | ||
113 | EC_GROUP_new_curve_GF2m | |
114 | EC_GROUP_set_curve_GF2m | |
115 | EC_GROUP_get_curve_GF2m | |
7793f30e BM |
116 | EC_POINT_set_affine_coordinates_GF2m |
117 | EC_POINT_get_affine_coordinates_GF2m | |
118 | EC_POINT_set_compressed_coordinates_GF2m | |
119 | ||
120 | Point compression for binary fields is disabled by default for | |
121 | patent reasons (compile with OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP defined to | |
122 | enable it). | |
123 | ||
124 | As binary polynomials are represented as BIGNUMs, various members | |
125 | of the EC_GROUP and EC_POINT data structures can be shared | |
126 | between the implementations for prime fields and binary fields; | |
127 | the above ..._GF2m functions (except for EX_GROUP_new_curve_GF2m) | |
128 | are essentially identical to their ..._GFp counterparts. | |
9e4f9b36 BM |
129 | (For simplicity, the '..._GFp' prefix has been dropped from |
130 | various internal method names.) | |
7793f30e BM |
131 | |
132 | An internal 'field_div' method (similar to 'field_mul' and | |
133 | 'field_sqr') has been added; this is used only for binary fields. | |
134 | ||
135 | [Sheueling Chang Shantz and Douglas Stebila | |
136 | (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
137 | ||
9e4f9b36 | 138 | *) Optionally dispatch EC_POINT_mul(), EC_POINT_precompute_mult() |
7793f30e BM |
139 | through methods ('mul', 'precompute_mult'). |
140 | ||
141 | The generic implementations (now internally called 'ec_wNAF_mul' | |
142 | and 'ec_wNAF_precomputed_mult') remain the default if these | |
143 | methods are undefined. | |
144 | ||
145 | [Sheueling Chang Shantz and Douglas Stebila | |
146 | (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
147 | ||
148 | *) New function EC_GROUP_get_degree, which is defined through | |
149 | EC_METHOD. For curves over prime fields, this returns the bit | |
150 | length of the modulus. | |
151 | ||
152 | [Sheueling Chang Shantz and Douglas Stebila | |
153 | (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
154 | ||
155 | *) New functions EC_GROUP_dup, EC_POINT_dup. | |
156 | (These simply call ..._new and ..._copy). | |
157 | ||
158 | [Sheueling Chang Shantz and Douglas Stebila | |
159 | (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
160 | ||
1dc920c8 BM |
161 | *) Add binary polynomial arithmetic software in crypto/bn/bn_gf2m.c. |
162 | Polynomials are represented as BIGNUMs (where the sign bit is not | |
163 | used) in the following functions [macros]: | |
164 | ||
165 | BN_GF2m_add | |
166 | BN_GF2m_sub [= BN_GF2m_add] | |
167 | BN_GF2m_mod [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_arr] | |
168 | BN_GF2m_mod_mul [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_mul_arr] | |
169 | BN_GF2m_mod_sqr [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_sqr_arr] | |
170 | BN_GF2m_mod_inv | |
171 | BN_GF2m_mod_exp [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_exp_arr] | |
172 | BN_GF2m_mod_sqrt [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_sqrt_arr] | |
173 | BN_GF2m_mod_solve_quad [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_solve_quad_arr] | |
174 | BN_GF2m_cmp [= BN_ucmp] | |
175 | ||
176 | (Note that only the 'mod' functions are actually for fields GF(2^m). | |
177 | BN_GF2m_add() is misnomer, but this is for the sake of consistency.) | |
178 | ||
179 | For some functions, an the irreducible polynomial defining a | |
180 | field can be given as an 'unsigned int[]' with strictly | |
181 | decreasing elements giving the indices of those bits that are set; | |
182 | i.e., p[] represents the polynomial | |
183 | f(t) = t^p[0] + t^p[1] + ... + t^p[k] | |
184 | where | |
185 | p[0] > p[1] > ... > p[k] = 0. | |
186 | This applies to the following functions: | |
187 | ||
188 | BN_GF2m_mod_arr | |
189 | BN_GF2m_mod_mul_arr | |
190 | BN_GF2m_mod_sqr_arr | |
191 | BN_GF2m_mod_inv_arr [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_inv] | |
192 | BN_GF2m_mod_div_arr [wrapper for BN_GF2m_mod_div] | |
193 | BN_GF2m_mod_exp_arr | |
194 | BN_GF2m_mod_sqrt_arr | |
195 | BN_GF2m_mod_solve_quad_arr | |
196 | BN_GF2m_poly2arr | |
197 | BN_GF2m_arr2poly | |
198 | ||
199 | Conversion can be performed by the following functions: | |
200 | ||
201 | BN_GF2m_poly2arr | |
202 | BN_GF2m_arr2poly | |
203 | ||
204 | bntest.c has additional tests for binary polynomial arithmetic. | |
205 | ||
909abce8 BM |
206 | Two implementations for BN_GF2m_mod_div() are available. |
207 | The default algorithm simply uses BN_GF2m_mod_inv() and | |
208 | BN_GF2m_mod_mul(). The alternative algorithm is compiled in only | |
209 | if OPENSSL_SUN_GF2M_DIV is defined (patent pending; read the | |
210 | copyright notice in crypto/bn/bn_gf2m.c before enabling it). | |
1dc920c8 BM |
211 | |
212 | [Sheueling Chang Shantz and Douglas Stebila | |
213 | (Sun Microsystems Laboratories)] | |
214 | ||
16dc1cfb BM |
215 | *) Add new error code 'ERR_R_DISABLED' that can be used when some |
216 | functionality is disabled at compile-time. | |
217 | [Douglas Stebila <douglas.stebila@sun.com>] | |
218 | ||
ea4f109c BM |
219 | *) Change default behaviour of 'openssl asn1parse' so that more |
220 | information is visible when viewing, e.g., a certificate: | |
221 | ||
222 | Modify asn1_parse2 (crypto/asn1/asn1_par.c) so that in non-'dump' | |
223 | mode the content of non-printable OCTET STRINGs is output in a | |
224 | style similar to INTEGERs, but with '[HEX DUMP]' prepended to | |
225 | avoid the appearance of a printable string. | |
226 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] | |
227 | ||
254ef80d BM |
228 | *) Add 'asn1_flag' and 'asn1_form' member to EC_GROUP with access |
229 | functions | |
230 | EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag() | |
231 | EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag() | |
232 | EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form() | |
233 | EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form() | |
234 | These control ASN1 encoding details: | |
b8e0e123 BM |
235 | - Curves (i.e., groups) are encoded explicitly unless asn1_flag |
236 | has been set to OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE. | |
5f3d6f70 | 237 | - Points are encoded in uncompressed form by default; options for |
254ef80d BM |
238 | asn1_for are as for point2oct, namely |
239 | POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED | |
240 | POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED | |
241 | POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID | |
5f3d6f70 BM |
242 | |
243 | Also add 'seed' and 'seed_len' members to EC_GROUP with access | |
244 | functions | |
245 | EC_GROUP_set_seed() | |
246 | EC_GROUP_get0_seed() | |
247 | EC_GROUP_get_seed_len() | |
248 | This is used only for ASN1 purposes (so far). | |
458c2917 BM |
249 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] |
250 | ||
251 | *) Add 'field_type' member to EC_METHOD, which holds the NID | |
252 | of the appropriate field type OID. The new function | |
253 | EC_METHOD_get_field_type() returns this value. | |
254 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] | |
255 | ||
6cbe6382 BM |
256 | *) Add functions |
257 | EC_POINT_point2bn() | |
258 | EC_POINT_bn2point() | |
259 | EC_POINT_point2hex() | |
260 | EC_POINT_hex2point() | |
261 | providing useful interfaces to EC_POINT_point2oct() and | |
262 | EC_POINT_oct2point(). | |
263 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] | |
264 | ||
b6db386f BM |
265 | *) Change internals of the EC library so that the functions |
266 | EC_GROUP_set_generator() | |
267 | EC_GROUP_get_generator() | |
268 | EC_GROUP_get_order() | |
269 | EC_GROUP_get_cofactor() | |
270 | are implemented directly in crypto/ec/ec_lib.c and not dispatched | |
271 | to methods, which would lead to unnecessary code duplication when | |
272 | adding different types of curves. | |
6cbe6382 | 273 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de> with input by Bodo Moeller] |
b6db386f | 274 | |
47234cd3 BM |
275 | *) Implement compute_wNAF (crypto/ec/ec_mult.c) without BIGNUM |
276 | arithmetic, and such that modified wNAFs are generated | |
277 | (which avoid length expansion in many cases). | |
278 | [Bodo Moeller] | |
279 | ||
82652aaf BM |
280 | *) Add a function EC_GROUP_check_discriminant() (defined via |
281 | EC_METHOD) that verifies that the curve discriminant is non-zero. | |
282 | ||
283 | Add a function EC_GROUP_check() that makes some sanity tests | |
284 | on a EC_GROUP, its generator and order. This includes | |
285 | EC_GROUP_check_discriminant(). | |
286 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] | |
287 | ||
4d94ae00 BM |
288 | *) Add ECDSA in new directory crypto/ecdsa/. |
289 | ||
5dbd3efc BM |
290 | Add applications 'openssl ecparam' and 'openssl ecdsa' |
291 | (these are based on 'openssl dsaparam' and 'openssl dsa'). | |
4d94ae00 BM |
292 | |
293 | ECDSA support is also included in various other files across the | |
294 | library. Most notably, | |
295 | - 'openssl req' now has a '-newkey ecdsa:file' option; | |
296 | - EVP_PKCS82PKEY (crypto/evp/evp_pkey.c) now can handle ECDSA; | |
297 | - X509_PUBKEY_get (crypto/asn1/x_pubkey.c) and | |
298 | d2i_PublicKey (crypto/asn1/d2i_pu.c) have been modified to make | |
299 | them suitable for ECDSA where domain parameters must be | |
e172d60d BM |
300 | extracted before the specific public key; |
301 | - ECDSA engine support has been added. | |
f8e21776 | 302 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de>] |
4d94ae00 | 303 | |
af28dd6c | 304 | *) Include some named elliptic curves, and add OIDs from X9.62, |
ed5e37c3 | 305 | SECG, and WAP/WTLS. Each curve can be obtained from the new |
7eb18f12 | 306 | function |
ed5e37c3 BM |
307 | EC_GROUP_new_by_nid(), |
308 | and the list of available named curves can be obtained with | |
309 | EC_get_builtin_curves(). | |
254ef80d BM |
310 | Also add a 'curve_name' member to EC_GROUP objects, which can be |
311 | accessed via | |
4d94ae00 BM |
312 | EC_GROUP_set_nid() |
313 | EC_GROUP_get_nid() | |
314 | [Nils Larsch <nla@trustcenter.de, Bodo Moeller] | |
315 | ||
3e06fb75 BM |
316 | Changes between 0.9.6h and 0.9.7 [XX xxx 2002] |
317 | ||
54a656ef BL |
318 | *) Introduce safe string copy and catenation functions |
319 | (BUF_strlcpy() and BUF_strlcat()). | |
320 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS) and Richard Levitte] | |
321 | ||
322 | *) Avoid using fixed-size buffers for one-line DNs. | |
323 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
324 | ||
325 | *) Add BUF_MEM_grow_clean() to avoid information leakage when | |
326 | resizing buffers containing secrets, and use where appropriate. | |
327 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
328 | ||
329 | *) Avoid using fixed size buffers for configuration file location. | |
330 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
331 | ||
332 | *) Avoid filename truncation for various CA files. | |
333 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
334 | ||
335 | *) Use sizeof in preference to magic numbers. | |
336 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
337 | ||
338 | *) Avoid filename truncation in cert requests. | |
339 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
340 | ||
341 | *) New OPENSSL_assert() macro (similar to assert(), but enabled | |
342 | unconditionally). | |
343 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
344 | ||
345 | *) Add assertions to check for (supposedly impossible) buffer | |
346 | overflows. | |
347 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
348 | ||
349 | *) Don't cache truncated DNS entries in the local cache (this could | |
350 | potentially lead to a spoofing attack). | |
351 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
352 | ||
353 | *) Fix various buffers to be large enough for hex/decimal | |
354 | representations in a platform independent manner. | |
355 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
356 | ||
357 | *) Add CRYPTO_realloc_clean() to avoid information leakage when | |
358 | resizing buffers containing secrets, and use where appropriate. | |
359 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
360 | ||
361 | *) Add BIO_indent() to avoid much slightly worrying code to do | |
362 | indents. | |
363 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
364 | ||
365 | *) Convert sprintf()/BIO_puts() to BIO_printf(). | |
366 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
367 | ||
368 | *) buffer_gets() could terminate with the buffer only half | |
369 | full. Fixed. | |
370 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
371 | ||
372 | *) Add assertions to prevent user-supplied crypto functions from | |
373 | overflowing internal buffers by having large block sizes, etc. | |
374 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
375 | ||
376 | *) Eliminate unused copy of key in RC4. | |
377 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
378 | ||
379 | *) Eliminate unused and incorrectly sized buffers for IV in pem.h. | |
380 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
381 | ||
382 | *) Fix off-by-one error in EGD path. | |
383 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
384 | ||
385 | *) If RANDFILE path is too long, ignore instead of truncating. | |
386 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
387 | ||
388 | *) Eliminate unused and incorrectly sized X.509 structure | |
389 | CBCParameter. | |
390 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
391 | ||
392 | *) Eliminate unused and dangerous function knumber(). | |
393 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
394 | ||
395 | *) Eliminate unused and dangerous structure, KSSL_ERR. | |
396 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
397 | ||
398 | *) Protect against overlong session ID context length in an encoded | |
399 | session object. Since these are local, this does not appear to be | |
400 | exploitable. | |
401 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
402 | ||
3e06fb75 BM |
403 | *) Change from security patch (see 0.9.6e below) that did not affect |
404 | the 0.9.6 release series: | |
405 | ||
406 | Remote buffer overflow in SSL3 protocol - an attacker could | |
407 | supply an oversized master key in Kerberos-enabled versions. | |
408 | (CAN-2002-0657) | |
409 | [Ben Laurie (CHATS)] | |
dc014d43 | 410 | |
7ba3a4c3 RL |
411 | *) Change the SSL kerb5 codes to match RFC 2712. |
412 | [Richard Levitte] | |
413 | ||
ba111217 BM |
414 | *) Make -nameopt work fully for req and add -reqopt switch. |
415 | [Michael Bell <michael.bell@rz.hu-berlin.de>, Steve Henson] | |
416 | ||
3f6db7f5 DSH |
417 | *) The "block size" for block ciphers in CFB and OFB mode should be 1. |
418 | [Steve Henson, reported by Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen <yngve@opera.com>] | |
419 | ||
f013c7f2 RL |
420 | *) Make sure tests can be performed even if the corresponding algorithms |
421 | have been removed entirely. This was also the last step to make | |
422 | OpenSSL compilable with DJGPP under all reasonable conditions. | |
423 | [Richard Levitte, Doug Kaufman <dkaufman@rahul.net>] | |
424 | ||
648765ba | 425 | *) Add cipher selection rules COMPLEMENTOFALL and COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT |
c6ccf055 LJ |
426 | to allow version independent disabling of normally unselected ciphers, |
427 | which may be activated as a side-effect of selecting a single cipher. | |
648765ba BM |
428 | |
429 | (E.g., cipher list string "RSA" enables ciphersuites that are left | |
430 | out of "ALL" because they do not provide symmetric encryption. | |
431 | "RSA:!COMPLEMEMENTOFALL" avoids these unsafe ciphersuites.) | |
c6ccf055 LJ |
432 | [Lutz Jaenicke, Bodo Moeller] |
433 | ||
041843e4 RL |
434 | *) Add appropriate support for separate platform-dependent build |
435 | directories. The recommended way to make a platform-dependent | |
436 | build directory is the following (tested on Linux), maybe with | |
437 | some local tweaks: | |
438 | ||
439 | # Place yourself outside of the OpenSSL source tree. In | |
440 | # this example, the environment variable OPENSSL_SOURCE | |
441 | # is assumed to contain the absolute OpenSSL source directory. | |
3e06fb75 BM |
442 | mkdir -p objtree/"`uname -s`-`uname -r`-`uname -m`" |
443 | cd objtree/"`uname -s`-`uname -r`-`uname -m`" | |
041843e4 RL |
444 | (cd $OPENSSL_SOURCE; find . -type f -o -type l) | while read F; do |
445 | mkdir -p `dirname $F` | |
446 | ln -s $OPENSSL_SOURCE/$F $F | |
447 | done | |
448 | ||
449 | To be absolutely sure not to disturb the source tree, a "make clean" | |
450 | is a good thing. If it isn't successfull, don't worry about it, | |
451 | it probably means the source directory is very clean. | |
452 | [Richard Levitte] | |
453 | ||
a6c6874a GT |
454 | *) Make sure any ENGINE control commands make local copies of string |
455 | pointers passed to them whenever necessary. Otherwise it is possible | |
456 | the caller may have overwritten (or deallocated) the original string | |
457 | data when a later ENGINE operation tries to use the stored values. | |
458 |