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f9a7c34f UM |
1 | OpenSSL - Frequently Asked Questions |
2 | -------------------------------------- | |
3 | ||
0ae485dc RL |
4 | [MISC] Miscellaneous questions |
5 | ||
49976df5 | 6 | * Which is the current version of OpenSSL? |
f9a7c34f UM |
7 | * Where is the documentation? |
8 | * How can I contact the OpenSSL developers? | |
0ae485dc RL |
9 | * Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL? |
10 | * Why aren't tools like 'autoconf' and 'libtool' used? | |
9c11a0e5 | 11 | * What is an 'engine' version? |
0ae485dc RL |
12 | |
13 | [LEGAL] Legal questions | |
14 | ||
c1ce32f1 | 15 | * Do I need patent licenses to use OpenSSL? |
17e75747 | 16 | * Can I use OpenSSL with GPL software? |
0ae485dc RL |
17 | |
18 | [USER] Questions on using the OpenSSL applications | |
19 | ||
f9a7c34f | 20 | * Why do I get a "PRNG not seeded" error message? |
24cc290b | 21 | * Why do I get an "unable to write 'random state'" error message? |
46e80a30 DSH |
22 | * How do I create certificates or certificate requests? |
23 | * Why can't I create certificate requests? | |
afee764c | 24 | * Why does <SSL program> fail with a certificate verify error? |
a331a305 | 25 | * Why can I only use weak ciphers when I connect to a server using OpenSSL? |
afee764c DSH |
26 | * How can I create DSA certificates? |
27 | * Why can't I make an SSL connection using a DSA certificate? | |
a331a305 | 28 | * How can I remove the passphrase on a private key? |
1a7b2d33 | 29 | * Why can't I use OpenSSL certificates with SSL client authentication? |
7522254b | 30 | * Why does my browser give a warning about a mismatched hostname? |
0b33bc6b | 31 | * How do I install a CA certificate into a browser? |
17e2c77a | 32 | * Why is OpenSSL x509 DN output not conformant to RFC2253? |
0ae485dc RL |
33 | |
34 | [BUILD] Questions about building and testing OpenSSL | |
35 | ||
36 | * Why does the linker complain about undefined symbols? | |
c32364f5 | 37 | * Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: command not found"? |
a6ed5dd6 | 38 | * Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: 1 no implemented"? |
6bc847e4 | 39 | * Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Alpha Tru64 Unix? |
b364e5d2 | 40 | * Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail with "ar: command not found"? |
bf55ece1 | 41 | * Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Win32 with VC++? |
f9a7c34f | 42 | |
0ae485dc RL |
43 | [PROG] Questions about programming with OpenSSL |
44 | ||
45 | * Is OpenSSL thread-safe? | |
46 | * I've compiled a program under Windows and it crashes: why? | |
47 | * How do I read or write a DER encoded buffer using the ASN1 functions? | |
48 | * I've tried using <M_some_evil_pkcs12_macro> and I get errors why? | |
49 | * I've called <some function> and it fails, why? | |
50 | * I just get a load of numbers for the error output, what do they mean? | |
51 | * Why do I get errors about unknown algorithms? | |
52 | * Why can't the OpenSSH configure script detect OpenSSL? | |
53 | * Can I use OpenSSL's SSL library with non-blocking I/O? | |
19732245 | 54 | * Why doesn't my server application receive a client certificate? |
0ae485dc RL |
55 | |
56 | =============================================================================== | |
57 | ||
58 | [MISC] ======================================================================== | |
f9a7c34f | 59 | |
49976df5 UM |
60 | * Which is the current version of OpenSSL? |
61 | ||
62 | The current version is available from <URL: http://www.openssl.org>. | |
72b52156 | 63 | OpenSSL 0.9.6d was released on May 9, 2002. |
49976df5 UM |
64 | |
65 | In addition to the current stable release, you can also access daily | |
66 | snapshots of the OpenSSL development version at <URL: | |
67 | ftp://ftp.openssl.org/snapshot/>, or get it by anonymous CVS access. | |
68 | ||
69 | ||
f9a7c34f UM |
70 | * Where is the documentation? |
71 | ||
72 | OpenSSL is a library that provides cryptographic functionality to | |
73 | applications such as secure web servers. Be sure to read the | |
74 | documentation of the application you want to use. The INSTALL file | |
75 | explains how to install this library. | |
76 | ||
77 | OpenSSL includes a command line utility that can be used to perform a | |
78 | variety of cryptographic functions. It is described in the openssl(1) | |
79 | manpage. Documentation for developers is currently being written. A | |
80 | few manual pages already are available; overviews over libcrypto and | |
81 | libssl are given in the crypto(3) and ssl(3) manpages. | |
82 | ||
83 | The OpenSSL manpages are installed in /usr/local/ssl/man/ (or a | |
84 | different directory if you specified one as described in INSTALL). | |
85 | In addition, you can read the most current versions at | |
86 | <URL: http://www.openssl.org/docs/>. | |
87 | ||
88 | For information on parts of libcrypto that are not yet documented, you | |
89 | might want to read Ariel Glenn's documentation on SSLeay 0.9, OpenSSL's | |
90 | predecessor, at <URL: http://www.columbia.edu/~ariel/ssleay/>. Much | |
91 | of this still applies to OpenSSL. | |
92 | ||
fbb41ae0 DSH |
93 | There is some documentation about certificate extensions and PKCS#12 |
94 | in doc/openssl.txt | |
95 | ||
f9a7c34f | 96 | The original SSLeay documentation is included in OpenSSL as |
cacbb51e | 97 | doc/ssleay.txt. It may be useful when none of the other resources |
f9a7c34f UM |
98 | help, but please note that it reflects the obsolete version SSLeay |
99 | 0.6.6. | |
100 | ||
101 | ||
102 | * How can I contact the OpenSSL developers? | |
103 | ||
104 | The README file describes how to submit bug reports and patches to | |
105 | OpenSSL. Information on the OpenSSL mailing lists is available from | |
106 | <URL: http://www.openssl.org>. | |
107 | ||
108 | ||
0ae485dc | 109 | * Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL? |
f9a7c34f | 110 | |
0ae485dc RL |
111 | Some applications that use OpenSSL are distributed in binary form. |
112 | When using such an application, you don't need to install OpenSSL | |
113 | yourself; the application will include the required parts (e.g. DLLs). | |
f9a7c34f | 114 | |
0ae485dc RL |
115 | If you want to install OpenSSL on a Windows system and you don't have |
116 | a C compiler, read the "Mingw32" section of INSTALL.W32 for information | |
117 | on how to obtain and install the free GNU C compiler. | |
f9a7c34f | 118 | |
0ae485dc | 119 | A number of Linux and *BSD distributions include OpenSSL. |
f9a7c34f | 120 | |
f9a7c34f | 121 | |
0ae485dc | 122 | * Why aren't tools like 'autoconf' and 'libtool' used? |
f9a7c34f | 123 | |
ba93fd6a UM |
124 | autoconf will probably be used in future OpenSSL versions. If it was |
125 | less Unix-centric, it might have been used much earlier. | |
f9a7c34f | 126 | |
a0256f46 | 127 | * What is an 'engine' version? |
679df234 LJ |
128 | |
129 | With version 0.9.6 OpenSSL was extended to interface to external crypto | |
130 | hardware. This was realized in a special release '0.9.6-engine'. With | |
a0256f46 LJ |
131 | version 0.9.7 (not yet released) the changes were merged into the main |
132 | development line, so that the special release is no longer necessary. | |
b1d6e3f5 | 133 | |
0ae485dc | 134 | [LEGAL] ======================================================================= |
b1d6e3f5 | 135 | |
0ae485dc | 136 | * Do I need patent licenses to use OpenSSL? |
b1d6e3f5 | 137 | |
0ae485dc RL |
138 | The patents section of the README file lists patents that may apply to |
139 | you if you want to use OpenSSL. For information on intellectual | |
140 | property rights, please consult a lawyer. The OpenSSL team does not | |
141 | offer legal advice. | |
142 | ||
143 | You can configure OpenSSL so as not to use RC5 and IDEA by using | |
144 | ./config no-rc5 no-idea | |
145 | ||
146 | ||
17e75747 UM |
147 | * Can I use OpenSSL with GPL software? |
148 | ||
149 | On many systems including the major Linux and BSD distributions, yes (the | |
150 | GPL does not place restrictions on using libraries that are part of the | |
151 | normal operating system distribution). | |
152 | ||
153 | On other systems, the situation is less clear. Some GPL software copyright | |
154 | holders claim that you infringe on their rights if you use OpenSSL with | |
155 | their software on operating systems that don't normally include OpenSSL. | |
156 | ||
157 | If you develop open source software that uses OpenSSL, you may find it | |
e3fefbfd | 158 | useful to choose an other license than the GPL, or state explicitly that |
17e75747 UM |
159 | "This program is released under the GPL with the additional exemption that |
160 | compiling, linking, and/or using OpenSSL is allowed." If you are using | |
161 | GPL software developed by others, you may want to ask the copyright holder | |
162 | for permission to use their software with OpenSSL. | |
163 | ||
164 | ||
0ae485dc | 165 | [USER] ======================================================================== |
b1d6e3f5 | 166 | |
f9a7c34f UM |
167 | * Why do I get a "PRNG not seeded" error message? |
168 | ||
169 | Cryptographic software needs a source of unpredictable data to work | |
170 | correctly. Many open source operating systems provide a "randomness | |
171 | device" that serves this purpose. On other systems, applications have | |
172 | to call the RAND_add() or RAND_seed() function with appropriate data | |
173 | before generating keys or performing public key encryption. | |
24cc290b | 174 | (These functions initialize the pseudo-random number generator, PRNG.) |
f9a7c34f UM |
175 | |
176 | Some broken applications do not do this. As of version 0.9.5, the | |
177 | OpenSSL functions that need randomness report an error if the random | |
178 | number generator has not been seeded with at least 128 bits of | |
179 | randomness. If this error occurs, please contact the author of the | |
180 | application you are using. It is likely that it never worked | |
8311d323 UM |
181 | correctly. OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later make the error visible by refusing |
182 | to perform potentially insecure encryption. | |
183 | ||
d9a770e6 BM |
184 | On systems without /dev/urandom and /dev/random, it is a good idea to |
185 | use the Entropy Gathering Demon (EGD); see the RAND_egd() manpage for | |
186 | details. Starting with version 0.9.7, OpenSSL will automatically look | |
187 | for an EGD socket at /var/run/egd-pool, /dev/egd-pool, /etc/egd-pool and | |
188 | /etc/entropy. | |
2b670ea2 | 189 | |
24cc290b BM |
190 | Most components of the openssl command line utility automatically try |
191 | to seed the random number generator from a file. The name of the | |
192 | default seeding file is determined as follows: If environment variable | |
193 | RANDFILE is set, then it names the seeding file. Otherwise if | |
194 | environment variable HOME is set, then the seeding file is $HOME/.rnd. | |
195 | If neither RANDFILE nor HOME is set, versions up to OpenSSL 0.9.6 will | |
196 | use file .rnd in the current directory while OpenSSL 0.9.6a uses no | |
197 | default seeding file at all. OpenSSL 0.9.6b and later will behave | |
6af59bc0 | 198 | similarly to 0.9.6a, but will use a default of "C:\" for HOME on |
24cc290b BM |
199 | Windows systems if the environment variable has not been set. |
200 | ||
201 | If the default seeding file does not exist or is too short, the "PRNG | |
202 | not seeded" error message may occur. | |
203 | ||
204 | The openssl command line utility will write back a new state to the | |
205 | default seeding file (and create this file if necessary) unless | |
206 | there was no sufficient seeding. | |
207 | ||
35feed50 LJ |
208 | Pointing $RANDFILE to an Entropy Gathering Daemon socket does not work. |
209 | Use the "-rand" option of the OpenSSL command line tools instead. | |
210 | The $RANDFILE environment variable and $HOME/.rnd are only used by the | |
211 | OpenSSL command line tools. Applications using the OpenSSL library | |
212 | provide their own configuration options to specify the entropy source, | |
213 | please check out the documentation coming the with application. | |
8311d323 | 214 | |
9b296157 RL |
215 | For Solaris 2.6, Tim Nibbe <tnibbe@sprint.net> and others have suggested |
216 | installing the SUNski package from Sun patch 105710-01 (Sparc) which | |
217 | adds a /dev/random device and make sure it gets used, usually through | |
218 | $RANDFILE. There are probably similar patches for the other Solaris | |
219 | versions. However, be warned that /dev/random is usually a blocking | |
7cae5f9f | 220 | device, which may have some effects on OpenSSL. |
9b296157 | 221 | |
2b670ea2 | 222 | |
24cc290b BM |
223 | * Why do I get an "unable to write 'random state'" error message? |
224 | ||
225 | ||
226 | Sometimes the openssl command line utility does not abort with | |
227 | a "PRNG not seeded" error message, but complains that it is | |
228 | "unable to write 'random state'". This message refers to the | |
229 | default seeding file (see previous answer). A possible reason | |
230 | is that no default filename is known because neither RANDFILE | |
231 | nor HOME is set. (Versions up to 0.9.6 used file ".rnd" in the | |
232 | current directory in this case, but this has changed with 0.9.6a.) | |
233 | ||
234 | ||
0ae485dc RL |
235 | * How do I create certificates or certificate requests? |
236 | ||
237 | Check out the CA.pl(1) manual page. This provides a simple wrapper round | |
238 | the 'req', 'verify', 'ca' and 'pkcs12' utilities. For finer control check | |
239 | out the manual pages for the individual utilities and the certificate | |
240 | extensions documentation (currently in doc/openssl.txt). | |
241 | ||
242 | ||
243 | * Why can't I create certificate requests? | |
244 | ||
245 | You typically get the error: | |
246 | ||
247 | unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config | |
248 | problems making Certificate Request | |
249 | ||
250 | This is because it can't find the configuration file. Check out the | |
251 | DIAGNOSTICS section of req(1) for more information. | |
252 | ||
253 | ||
254 | * Why does <SSL program> fail with a certificate verify error? | |
255 | ||
256 | This problem is usually indicated by log messages saying something like | |
257 | "unable to get local issuer certificate" or "self signed certificate". | |
258 | When a certificate is verified its root CA must be "trusted" by OpenSSL | |
259 | this typically means that the CA certificate must be placed in a directory | |
260 | or file and the relevant program configured to read it. The OpenSSL program | |
261 | 'verify' behaves in a similar way and issues similar error messages: check | |
262 | the verify(1) program manual page for more information. | |
263 | ||
264 | ||
265 | * Why can I only use weak ciphers when I connect to a server using OpenSSL? | |
266 | ||
267 | This is almost certainly because you are using an old "export grade" browser | |
268 | which only supports weak encryption. Upgrade your browser to support 128 bit | |
269 | ciphers. | |
270 | ||
271 | ||
272 | * How can I create DSA certificates? | |
273 | ||
274 | Check the CA.pl(1) manual page for a DSA certificate example. | |
275 | ||
276 | ||
277 | * Why can't I make an SSL connection to a server using a DSA certificate? | |
278 | ||
279 | Typically you'll see a message saying there are no shared ciphers when | |
280 | the same setup works fine with an RSA certificate. There are two possible | |
281 | causes. The client may not support connections to DSA servers most web | |
282 | browsers (including Netscape and MSIE) only support connections to servers | |
283 | supporting RSA cipher suites. The other cause is that a set of DH parameters | |
284 | has not been supplied to the server. DH parameters can be created with the | |
285 | dhparam(1) command and loaded using the SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh() for example: | |
286 | check the source to s_server in apps/s_server.c for an example. | |
287 | ||
288 | ||
289 | * How can I remove the passphrase on a private key? | |
290 | ||
291 | Firstly you should be really *really* sure you want to do this. Leaving | |
292 | a private key unencrypted is a major security risk. If you decide that | |
293 | you do have to do this check the EXAMPLES sections of the rsa(1) and | |
294 | dsa(1) manual pages. | |
295 | ||
296 | ||
1a7b2d33 DSH |
297 | * Why can't I use OpenSSL certificates with SSL client authentication? |
298 | ||
299 | What will typically happen is that when a server requests authentication | |
300 | it will either not include your certificate or tell you that you have | |
301 | no client certificates (Netscape) or present you with an empty list box | |
302 | (MSIE). The reason for this is that when a server requests a client | |
303 | certificate it includes a list of CAs names which it will accept. Browsers | |
304 | will only let you select certificates from the list on the grounds that | |
305 | there is little point presenting a certificate which the server will | |
306 | reject. | |
307 | ||
308 | The solution is to add the relevant CA certificate to your servers "trusted | |
e3fefbfd | 309 | CA list". How you do this depends on the server software in uses. You can |
1a7b2d33 DSH |
310 | print out the servers list of acceptable CAs using the OpenSSL s_client tool: |
311 | ||
312 | openssl s_client -connect www.some.host:443 -prexit | |
313 | ||
959f67d6 | 314 | If your server only requests certificates on certain URLs then you may need |
1a7b2d33 DSH |
315 | to manually issue an HTTP GET command to get the list when s_client connects: |
316 | ||
317 | GET /some/page/needing/a/certificate.html | |
318 | ||
319 | If your CA does not appear in the list then this confirms the problem. | |
320 | ||
321 | ||
322 | * Why does my browser give a warning about a mismatched hostname? | |
323 | ||
324 | Browsers expect the server's hostname to match the value in the commonName | |
325 | (CN) field of the certificate. If it does not then you get a warning. | |
326 | ||
327 | ||
0b33bc6b DSH |
328 | * How do I install a CA certificate into a browser? |
329 | ||
330 | The usual way is to send the DER encoded certificate to the browser as | |
331 | MIME type application/x-x509-ca-cert, for example by clicking on an appropriate | |
332 | link. On MSIE certain extensions such as .der or .cacert may also work, or you | |
333 | can import the certificate using the certificate import wizard. | |
334 | ||
335 | You can convert a certificate to DER form using the command: | |
336 | ||
337 | openssl x509 -in ca.pem -outform DER -out ca.der | |
338 | ||
339 | Occasionally someone suggests using a command such as: | |
340 | ||
341 | openssl pkcs12 -export -out cacert.p12 -in cacert.pem -inkey cakey.pem | |
342 | ||
343 | DO NOT DO THIS! This command will give away your CAs private key and | |
344 | reduces its security to zero: allowing anyone to forge certificates in | |
345 | whatever name they choose. | |
346 | ||
17e2c77a LJ |
347 | * Why is OpenSSL x509 DN output not conformant to RFC2253? |
348 | ||
349 | The ways to print out the oneline format of the DN (Distinguished Name) have | |
350 | been extended in version 0.9.7 of OpenSSL. Using the new X509_NAME_print_ex() | |
351 | interface, the "-nameopt" option could be introduded. See the manual | |
352 | page of the "openssl x509" commandline tool for details. The old behaviour | |
353 | has however been left as default for the sake of compatibility. | |
0b33bc6b | 354 | |
0ae485dc RL |
355 | [BUILD] ======================================================================= |
356 | ||
49976df5 UM |
357 | * Why does the linker complain about undefined symbols? |
358 | ||
cacbb51e | 359 | Maybe the compilation was interrupted, and make doesn't notice that |
49976df5 UM |
360 | something is missing. Run "make clean; make". |
361 | ||
362 | If you used ./Configure instead of ./config, make sure that you | |
363 | selected the right target. File formats may differ slightly between | |
364 | OS versions (for example sparcv8/sparcv9, or a.out/elf). | |
365 | ||
0816bc22 UM |
366 | In case you get errors about the following symbols, use the config |
367 | option "no-asm", as described in INSTALL: | |
368 | ||
369 | BF_cbc_encrypt, BF_decrypt, BF_encrypt, CAST_cbc_encrypt, | |
370 | CAST_decrypt, CAST_encrypt, RC4, RC5_32_cbc_encrypt, RC5_32_decrypt, | |
371 | RC5_32_encrypt, bn_add_words, bn_div_words, bn_mul_add_words, | |
372 | bn_mul_comba4, bn_mul_comba8, bn_mul_words, bn_sqr_comba4, | |
373 | bn_sqr_comba8, bn_sqr_words, bn_sub_words, des_decrypt3, | |
374 | des_ede3_cbc_encrypt, des_encrypt, des_encrypt2, des_encrypt3, | |
375 | des_ncbc_encrypt, md5_block_asm_host_order, sha1_block_asm_data_order | |
376 | ||
569be071 | 377 | If none of these helps, you may want to try using the current snapshot. |
49976df5 UM |
378 | If the problem persists, please submit a bug report. |
379 | ||
380 | ||
0ae485dc | 381 | * Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: command not found"? |
2b670ea2 | 382 | |
0ae485dc RL |
383 | You didn't install "bc", the Unix calculator. If you want to run the |
384 | tests, get GNU bc from ftp://ftp.gnu.org or from your OS distributor. | |
2b670ea2 | 385 | |
2b670ea2 | 386 | |
a6ed5dd6 | 387 | * Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: 1 no implemented"? |
0ae485dc | 388 | |
1417f2dc RL |
389 | On some SCO installations or versions, bc has a bug that gets triggered |
390 | when you run the test suite (using "make test"). The message returned is | |
a6ed5dd6 | 391 | "bc: 1 not implemented". |
1417f2dc RL |
392 | |
393 | The best way to deal with this is to find another implementation of bc | |
394 | and compile/install it. GNU bc (see http://www.gnu.org/software/software.html | |
395 | for download instructions) can be safely used, for example. | |
0ae485dc RL |
396 | |
397 | ||
6bc847e4 | 398 | * Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Alpha Tru64 Unix? |
0ae485dc | 399 | |
6bc847e4 | 400 | On some Alpha installations running Tru64 Unix and Compaq C, the compilation |
0ae485dc RL |
401 | of crypto/sha/sha_dgst.c fails with the message 'Fatal: Insufficient virtual |
402 | memory to continue compilation.' As far as the tests have shown, this may be | |
403 | a compiler bug. What happens is that it eats up a lot of resident memory | |
404 | to build something, probably a table. The problem is clearly in the | |
405 | optimization code, because if one eliminates optimization completely (-O0), | |
406 | the compilation goes through (and the compiler consumes about 2MB of resident | |
407 | memory instead of 240MB or whatever one's limit is currently). | |
408 | ||
409 | There are three options to solve this problem: | |
410 | ||
411 | 1. set your current data segment size soft limit higher. Experience shows | |
412 | that about 241000 kbytes seems to be enough on an AlphaServer DS10. You do | |
413 | this with the command 'ulimit -Sd nnnnnn', where 'nnnnnn' is the number of | |
414 | kbytes to set the limit to. | |
415 | ||
416 | 2. If you have a hard limit that is lower than what you need and you can't | |
417 | get it changed, you can compile all of OpenSSL with -O0 as optimization | |
418 | level. This is however not a very nice thing to do for those who expect to | |
419 | get the best result from OpenSSL. A bit more complicated solution is the | |
420 | following: | |
421 | ||
422 | ----- snip:start ----- | |
423 | make DIRS=crypto SDIRS=sha "`grep '^CFLAG=' Makefile.ssl | \ | |
424 | sed -e 's/ -O[0-9] / -O0 /'`" | |
425 | rm `ls crypto/*.o crypto/sha/*.o | grep -v 'sha_dgst\.o'` | |
426 | make | |
427 | ----- snip:end ----- | |
428 | ||
429 | This will only compile sha_dgst.c with -O0, the rest with the optimization | |
430 | level chosen by the configuration process. When the above is done, do the | |
431 | test and installation and you're set. | |
432 | ||
433 | ||
434 | * Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail with "ar: command not found"? | |
435 | ||
436 | Getting this message is quite usual on Solaris 2, because Sun has hidden | |
437 | away 'ar' and other development commands in directories that aren't in | |
438 | $PATH by default. One of those directories is '/usr/ccs/bin'. The | |
439 | quickest way to fix this is to do the following (it assumes you use sh | |
440 | or any sh-compatible shell): | |
441 | ||
442 | ----- snip:start ----- | |
443 | PATH=${PATH}:/usr/ccs/bin; export PATH | |
444 | ----- snip:end ----- | |
445 | ||
446 | and then redo the compilation. What you should really do is make sure | |
447 | '/usr/ccs/bin' is permanently in your $PATH, for example through your | |
448 | '.profile' (again, assuming you use a sh-compatible shell). | |
449 | ||
450 | ||
451 | * Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Win32 with VC++? | |
452 | ||
453 | Sometimes, you may get reports from VC++ command line (cl) that it | |
454 | can't find standard include files like stdio.h and other weirdnesses. | |
455 | One possible cause is that the environment isn't correctly set up. | |
456 | To solve that problem, one should run VCVARS32.BAT which is found in | |
457 | the 'bin' subdirectory of the VC++ installation directory (somewhere | |
458 | under 'Program Files'). This needs to be done prior to running NMAKE, | |
459 | and the changes are only valid for the current DOS session. | |
460 | ||
461 | ||
462 | [PROG] ======================================================================== | |
463 | ||
464 | * Is OpenSSL thread-safe? | |
465 | ||
466 | Yes (with limitations: an SSL connection may not concurrently be used | |
467 | by multiple threads). On Windows and many Unix systems, OpenSSL | |
468 | automatically uses the multi-threaded versions of the standard | |
469 | libraries. If your platform is not one of these, consult the INSTALL | |
470 | file. | |
471 | ||
472 | Multi-threaded applications must provide two callback functions to | |
473 | OpenSSL. This is described in the threads(3) manpage. | |
e8dbc159 | 474 | |
afee764c | 475 | |
46e80a30 DSH |
476 | * I've compiled a program under Windows and it crashes: why? |
477 | ||
a542db90 RL |
478 | This is usually because you've missed the comment in INSTALL.W32. |
479 | Your application must link against the same version of the Win32 | |
480 | C-Runtime against which your openssl libraries were linked. The | |
481 | default version for OpenSSL is /MD - "Multithreaded DLL". | |
482 | ||
483 | If you are using Microsoft Visual C++'s IDE (Visual Studio), in | |
484 | many cases, your new project most likely defaulted to "Debug | |
485 | Singlethreaded" - /ML. This is NOT interchangeable with /MD and your | |
486 | program will crash, typically on the first BIO related read or write | |
487 | operation. | |
488 | ||
489 | For each of the six possible link stage configurations within Win32, | |
490 | your application must link against the same by which OpenSSL was | |
491 | built. If you are using MS Visual C++ (Studio) this can be changed | |
492 | by: | |
493 | ||
494 | 1. Select Settings... from the Project Menu. | |
495 | 2. Select the C/C++ Tab. | |
496 | 3. Select "Code Generation from the "Category" drop down list box | |
497 | 4. Select the Appropriate library (see table below) from the "Use | |
498 | run-time library" drop down list box. Perform this step for both | |
499 | your debug and release versions of your application (look at the | |
500 | top left of the settings panel to change between the two) | |
501 | ||
502 | Single Threaded /ML - MS VC++ often defaults to | |
503 | this for the release | |
504 | version of a new project. | |
505 | Debug Single Threaded /MLd - MS VC++ often defaults to | |
506 | this for the debug version | |
507 | of a new project. | |
508 | Multithreaded /MT | |
509 | Debug Multithreaded /MTd | |
510 | Multithreaded DLL /MD - OpenSSL defaults to this. | |
511 | Debug Multithreaded DLL /MDd | |
512 | ||
513 | Note that debug and release libraries are NOT interchangeable. If you | |
514 | built OpenSSL with /MD your application must use /MD and cannot use /MDd. | |
46e80a30 DSH |
515 | |
516 | ||
c5a3b7e7 DSH |
517 | * How do I read or write a DER encoded buffer using the ASN1 functions? |
518 | ||
519 | You have two options. You can either use a memory BIO in conjunction | |
520 | with the i2d_XXX_bio() or d2i_XXX_bio() functions or you can use the | |
521 | i2d_XXX(), d2i_XXX() functions directly. Since these are often the | |
522 | cause of grief here are some code fragments using PKCS7 as an example: | |
523 | ||
524 | unsigned char *buf, *p; | |
525 | int len; | |
526 | ||
527 | len = i2d_PKCS7(p7, NULL); | |
7cae5f9f | 528 | buf = OPENSSL_malloc(len); /* or Malloc, error checking omitted */ |
c5a3b7e7 DSH |
529 | p = buf; |
530 | i2d_PKCS7(p7, &p); | |
531 | ||
532 | At this point buf contains the len bytes of the DER encoding of | |
533 | p7. | |
534 | ||
535 | The opposite assumes we already have len bytes in buf: | |
536 | ||
537 | unsigned char *p; | |
538 | p = buf; | |
539 | p7 = d2i_PKCS7(NULL, &p, len); | |
540 | ||
541 | At this point p7 contains a valid PKCS7 structure of NULL if an error | |
542 | occurred. If an error occurred ERR_print_errors(bio) should give more | |
543 | information. | |
544 | ||
545 | The reason for the temporary variable 'p' is that the ASN1 functions | |
546 | increment the passed pointer so it is ready to read or write the next | |
547 | structure. This is often a cause of problems: without the temporary | |
548 | variable the buffer pointer is changed to point just after the data | |
549 | that has been read or written. This may well be uninitialized data | |
550 | and attempts to free the buffer will have unpredictable results | |
551 | because it no longer points to the same address. | |
552 | ||
553 | ||
84b65340 DSH |
554 | * I've tried using <M_some_evil_pkcs12_macro> and I get errors why? |
555 | ||
556 | This usually happens when you try compiling something using the PKCS#12 | |
557 | macros with a C++ compiler. There is hardly ever any need to use the | |
558 | PKCS#12 macros in a program, it is much easier to parse and create | |
559 | PKCS#12 files using the PKCS12_parse() and PKCS12_create() functions | |
560 | documented in doc/openssl.txt and with examples in demos/pkcs12. The | |
561 | 'pkcs12' application has to use the macros because it prints out | |
562 | debugging information. | |
563 | ||
564 | ||
35af460f DSH |
565 | * I've called <some function> and it fails, why? |
566 | ||
02859fb7 BM |
567 | Before submitting a report or asking in one of the mailing lists, you |
568 | should try to determine the cause. In particular, you should call | |
35af460f | 569 | ERR_print_errors() or ERR_print_errors_fp() after the failed call |
02859fb7 BM |
570 | and see if the message helps. Note that the problem may occur earlier |
571 | than you think -- you should check for errors after every call where | |
572 | it is possible, otherwise the actual problem may be hidden because | |
573 | some OpenSSL functions clear the error state. | |
35af460f DSH |
574 | |
575 | ||
576 | * I just get a load of numbers for the error output, what do they mean? | |
577 | ||
578 | The actual format is described in the ERR_print_errors() manual page. | |
579 | You should call the function ERR_load_crypto_strings() before hand and | |
580 | the message will be output in text form. If you can't do this (for example | |
581 | it is a pre-compiled binary) you can use the errstr utility on the error | |
582 | code itself (the hex digits after the second colon). | |
583 | ||
584 | ||
46e80a30 DSH |
585 | * Why do I get errors about unknown algorithms? |
586 | ||
587 | This can happen under several circumstances such as reading in an | |
588 | encrypted private key or attempting to decrypt a PKCS#12 file. The cause | |
589 | is forgetting to load OpenSSL's table of algorithms with | |
590 | OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms(). See the manual page for more information. | |
591 | ||
592 | ||
e8dbc159 RL |
593 | * Why can't the OpenSSH configure script detect OpenSSL? |
594 | ||
a116afa4 LJ |
595 | Several reasons for problems with the automatic detection exist. |
596 | OpenSSH requires at least version 0.9.5a of the OpenSSL libraries. | |
597 | Sometimes the distribution has installed an older version in the system | |
598 | locations that is detected instead of a new one installed. The OpenSSL | |
599 | library might have been compiled for another CPU or another mode (32/64 bits). | |
600 | Permissions might be wrong. | |
601 | ||
602 | The general answer is to check the config.log file generated when running | |
603 | the OpenSSH configure script. It should contain the detailed information | |
604 | on why the OpenSSL library was not detected or considered incompatible. | |
31efc3a7 | 605 | |
0ae485dc | 606 | * Can I use OpenSSL's SSL library with non-blocking I/O? |
bf55ece1 | 607 | |
0ae485dc | 608 | Yes; make sure to read the SSL_get_error(3) manual page! |
bf55ece1 | 609 | |
0ae485dc RL |
610 | A pitfall to avoid: Don't assume that SSL_read() will just read from |
611 | the underlying transport or that SSL_write() will just write to it -- | |
612 | it is also possible that SSL_write() cannot do any useful work until | |
613 | there is data to read, or that SSL_read() cannot do anything until it | |
614 | is possible to send data. One reason for this is that the peer may | |
615 | request a new TLS/SSL handshake at any time during the protocol, | |
616 | requiring a bi-directional message exchange; both SSL_read() and | |
617 | SSL_write() will try to continue any pending handshake. | |
bf55ece1 | 618 | |
bf55ece1 | 619 | |
19732245 LJ |
620 | * Why doesn't my server application receive a client certificate? |
621 | ||
622 | Due to the TLS protocol definition, a client will only send a certificate, | |
e3fefbfd | 623 | if explicitly asked by the server. Use the SSL_VERIFY_PEER flag of the |
19732245 LJ |
624 | SSL_CTX_set_verify() function to enable the use of client certificates. |
625 | ||
626 | ||
0ae485dc | 627 | =============================================================================== |
bf55ece1 | 628 |