tree-ssa-structalias.c (set_uids_in_ptset): Add is_deref'd parameter, use it.

[thirdparty/gcc.git] / gcc / tree-ssa-loop-prefetch.c

/* Array prefetching.
   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   
This file is part of GCC.
   
GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
later version.
   
GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.
   
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307, USA.  */

#include "config.h"
#include "system.h"
#include "coretypes.h"
#include "tm.h"
#include "tree.h"
#include "rtl.h"
#include "tm_p.h"
#include "hard-reg-set.h"
#include "basic-block.h"
#include "output.h"
#include "diagnostic.h"
#include "tree-flow.h"
#include "tree-dump.h"
#include "timevar.h"
#include "cfgloop.h"
#include "varray.h"
#include "expr.h"
#include "tree-pass.h"
#include "ggc.h"
#include "insn-config.h"
#include "recog.h"
#include "hashtab.h"
#include "tree-chrec.h"
#include "tree-scalar-evolution.h"
#include "toplev.h"
#include "params.h"
#include "langhooks.h"
#include "tree-inline.h"
#include "tree-data-ref.h"

/* This pass inserts prefetch instructions to optimize cache usage during
   accesses to arrays in loops.  It processes loops sequentially and:

   1) Gathers all memory references in the single loop.
   2) For each of the references it decides when it is profitable to prefetch
      it.  To do it, we evaluate the reuse among the accesses, and determines
      two values: PREFETCH_BEFORE (meaning that it only makes sense to do
      prefetching in the first PREFETCH_BEFORE iterations of the loop) and
      PREFETCH_MOD (meaning that it only makes sense to prefetch in the
      iterations of the loop that are zero modulo PREFETCH_MOD).  For example
      (assuming cache line size is 64 bytes, char has size 1 byte and there
      is no hardware sequential prefetch):

      char *a;
      for (i = 0; i < max; i++)
	{
	  a[255] = ...;		(0)
	  a[i] = ...;		(1)
	  a[i + 64] = ...;	(2)
	  a[16*i] = ...;	(3)
	  a[187*i] = ...;	(4)
	  a[187*i + 50] = ...;	(5)
	}

       (0) obviously has PREFETCH_BEFORE 1
       (1) has PREFETCH_BEFORE 64, since (2) accesses the same memory
           location 64 iterations before it, and PREFETCH_MOD 64 (since
	   it hits the same cache line otherwise).
       (2) has PREFETCH_MOD 64
       (3) has PREFETCH_MOD 4
       (4) has PREFETCH_MOD 1.  We do not set PREFETCH_BEFORE here, since
           the cache line accessed by (4) is the same with probability only
	   7/32.
       (5) has PREFETCH_MOD 1 as well.

      Additionally, we use data dependence analysis to determine for each
      reference the distance till the first reuse; this information is used
      to determine the temporality of the issued prefetch instruction.

   3) We determine how much ahead we need to prefetch.  The number of
      iterations needed is time to fetch / time spent in one iteration of
      the loop.  The problem is that we do not know either of these values,
      so we just make a heuristic guess based on a magic (possibly)
      target-specific constant and size of the loop.

   4) Determine which of the references we prefetch.  We take into account
      that there is a maximum number of simultaneous prefetches (provided
      by machine description).  We prefetch as many prefetches as possible
      while still within this bound (starting with those with lowest
      prefetch_mod, since they are responsible for most of the cache
      misses).
      
   5) We unroll and peel loops so that we are able to satisfy PREFETCH_MOD
      and PREFETCH_BEFORE requirements (within some bounds), and to avoid
      prefetching nonaccessed memory.
      TODO -- actually implement peeling.
      
   6) We actually emit the prefetch instructions.  ??? Perhaps emit the
      prefetch instructions with guards in cases where 5) was not sufficient
      to satisfy the constraints?

   Some other TODO:
      -- write and use more general reuse analysis (that could be also used
	 in other cache aimed loop optimizations)
      -- make it behave sanely together with the prefetches given by user
	 (now we just ignore them; at the very least we should avoid
	 optimizing loops in that user put his own prefetches)
      -- we assume cache line size alignment of arrays; this could be
	 improved.  */

/* Magic constants follow.  These should be replaced by machine specific
   numbers.  */

/* True if write can be prefetched by a read prefetch.  */

#ifndef WRITE_CAN_USE_READ_PREFETCH
#define WRITE_CAN_USE_READ_PREFETCH 1
#endif

/* True if read can be prefetched by a write prefetch. */

#ifndef READ_CAN_USE_WRITE_PREFETCH
#define READ_CAN_USE_WRITE_PREFETCH 0
#endif

/* The size of the block loaded by a single prefetch.  Usually, this is
   the same as cache line size (at the moment, we only consider one level
   of cache hierarchy).  */

#ifndef PREFETCH_BLOCK
#define PREFETCH_BLOCK L1_CACHE_LINE_SIZE
#endif

/* Do we have a forward hardware sequential prefetching?  */

#ifndef HAVE_FORWARD_PREFETCH
#define HAVE_FORWARD_PREFETCH 0
#endif

/* Do we have a backward hardware sequential prefetching?  */

#ifndef HAVE_BACKWARD_PREFETCH
#define HAVE_BACKWARD_PREFETCH 0
#endif

/* In some cases we are only able to determine that there is a certain
   probability that the two accesses hit the same cache line.  In this
   case, we issue the prefetches for both of them if this probability
   is less then (1000 - ACCEPTABLE_MISS_RATE) promile.  */

#ifndef ACCEPTABLE_MISS_RATE
#define ACCEPTABLE_MISS_RATE 50
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_prefetch
#define HAVE_prefetch 0
#endif

#define L1_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES ((unsigned) (L1_CACHE_SIZE * L1_CACHE_LINE_SIZE))
/* TODO:  Add parameter to specify L2 cache size.  */
#define L2_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES (8 * L1_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES)

/* We consider a memory access nontemporal if it is not reused sooner than
   after L2_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES of memory are accessed.  However, we ignore
   accesses closer than L1_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES / NONTEMPORAL_FRACTION,
   so that we use nontemporal prefetches e.g. if single memory location
   is accessed several times in a single iteration of the loop.  */
#define NONTEMPORAL_FRACTION 16

/* The group of references between that reuse may occur.  */

struct mem_ref_group
{
  tree base;			/* Base of the reference.  */
  HOST_WIDE_INT step;		/* Step of the reference.  */
  struct mem_ref *refs;		/* References in the group.  */
  struct mem_ref_group *next;	/* Next group of references.  */
};

/* Assigned to PREFETCH_BEFORE when all iterations are to be prefetched.  */

#define PREFETCH_ALL		(~(unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) 0)

/* The memory reference.  */

struct mem_ref
{
  tree stmt;			/* Statement in that the reference appears.  */
  tree mem;			/* The reference.  */
  HOST_WIDE_INT delta;		/* Constant offset of the reference.  */
  bool write_p;			/* Is it a write?  */
  struct mem_ref_group *group;	/* The group of references it belongs to.  */
  unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT prefetch_mod;
				/* Prefetch only each PREFETCH_MOD-th
				   iteration.  */
  unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT prefetch_before;
				/* Prefetch only first PREFETCH_BEFORE
				   iterations.  */
  unsigned reuse_distance;	/* The amount of data accessed before the first
				   reuse of this value.  */
  bool issue_prefetch_p;	/* Should we really issue the prefetch?  */
  struct mem_ref *next;		/* The next reference in the group.  */
};

/* Dumps information about reference REF to FILE.  */

static void
dump_mem_ref (FILE *file, struct mem_ref *ref)
{
  fprintf (file, "Reference %p:\n", (void *) ref);

  fprintf (file, "  group %p (base ", (void *) ref->group);
  print_generic_expr (file, ref->group->base, TDF_SLIM);
  fprintf (file, ", step ");
  fprintf (file, HOST_WIDE_INT_PRINT_DEC, ref->group->step);
  fprintf (file, ")\n");

  fprintf (file, "  delta ");
  fprintf (file, HOST_WIDE_INT_PRINT_DEC, ref->delta);
  fprintf (file, "\n");

  fprintf (file, "  %s\n", ref->write_p ? "write" : "read");

  fprintf (file, "\n");
}

/* Finds a group with BASE and STEP in GROUPS, or creates one if it does not
   exist.  */

static struct mem_ref_group *
find_or_create_group (struct mem_ref_group **groups, tree base,
		      HOST_WIDE_INT step)
{
  struct mem_ref_group *group;

  for (; *groups; groups = &(*groups)->next)
    {
      if ((*groups)->step == step
	  && operand_equal_p ((*groups)->base, base, 0))
	return *groups;

      /* Keep the list of groups sorted by decreasing step.  */
      if ((*groups)->step < step)
	break;
    }

  group = XNEW (struct mem_ref_group);
  group->base = base;
  group->step = step;
  group->refs = NULL;
  group->next = *groups;
  *groups = group;

  return group;
}

/* Records a memory reference MEM in GROUP with offset DELTA and write status
   WRITE_P.  The reference occurs in statement STMT.  */

static void
record_ref (struct mem_ref_group *group, tree stmt, tree mem,
	    HOST_WIDE_INT delta, bool write_p)
{
  struct mem_ref **aref;

  /* Do not record the same address twice.  */
  for (aref = &group->refs; *aref; aref = &(*aref)->next)
    {
      /* It does not have to be possible for write reference to reuse the read
	 prefetch, or vice versa.  */
      if (!WRITE_CAN_USE_READ_PREFETCH
	  && write_p
	  && !(*aref)->write_p)
	continue;
      if (!READ_CAN_USE_WRITE_PREFETCH
	  && !write_p
	  && (*aref)->write_p)
	continue;

      if ((*aref)->delta == delta)
	return;
    }

  (*aref) = XNEW (struct mem_ref);
  (*aref)->stmt = stmt;
  (*aref)->mem = mem;
  (*aref)->delta = delta;
  (*aref)->write_p = write_p;
  (*aref)->prefetch_before = PREFETCH_ALL;
  (*aref)->prefetch_mod = 1;
  (*aref)->reuse_distance = 0;
  (*aref)->issue_prefetch_p = false;
  (*aref)->group = group;
  (*aref)->next = NULL;

  if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
    dump_mem_ref (dump_file, *aref);
}

/* Release memory references in GROUPS.  */

static void
release_mem_refs (struct mem_ref_group *groups)
{
  struct mem_ref_group *next_g;
  struct mem_ref *ref, *next_r;

  for (; groups; groups = next_g)
    {
      next_g = groups->next;
      for (ref = groups->refs; ref; ref = next_r)
	{
	  next_r = ref->next;
	  free (ref);
	}
      free (groups);
    }
}

/* A structure used to pass arguments to idx_analyze_ref.  */

struct ar_data
{
  struct loop *loop;			/* Loop of the reference.  */
  tree stmt;				/* Statement of the reference.  */
  HOST_WIDE_INT *step;			/* Step of the memory reference.  */
  HOST_WIDE_INT *delta;			/* Offset of the memory reference.  */
};

/* Analyzes a single INDEX of a memory reference to obtain information
   described at analyze_ref.  Callback for for_each_index.  */

static bool
idx_analyze_ref (tree base, tree *index, void *data)
{
  struct ar_data *ar_data = (struct ar_data *) data;
  tree ibase, step, stepsize;
  HOST_WIDE_INT istep, idelta = 0, imult = 1;
  affine_iv iv;

  if (TREE_CODE (base) == MISALIGNED_INDIRECT_REF
      || TREE_CODE (base) == ALIGN_INDIRECT_REF)
    return false;

  if (!simple_iv (ar_data->loop, ar_data->stmt, *index, &iv, false))
    return false;
  ibase = iv.base;
  step = iv.step;

  if (!cst_and_fits_in_hwi (step))
    return false;
  istep = int_cst_value (step);

  if (TREE_CODE (ibase) == PLUS_EXPR
      && cst_and_fits_in_hwi (TREE_OPERAND (ibase, 1)))
    {
      idelta = int_cst_value (TREE_OPERAND (ibase, 1));
      ibase = TREE_OPERAND (ibase, 0);
    }
  if (cst_and_fits_in_hwi (ibase))
    {
      idelta += int_cst_value (ibase);
      ibase = build_int_cst (TREE_TYPE (ibase), 0);
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (base) == ARRAY_REF)
    {
      stepsize = array_ref_element_size (base);
      if (!cst_and_fits_in_hwi (stepsize))
	return false;
      imult = int_cst_value (stepsize);

      istep *= imult;
      idelta *= imult;
    }

  *ar_data->step += istep;
  *ar_data->delta += idelta;
  *index = ibase;

  return true;
}

/* Tries to express REF_P in shape &BASE + STEP * iter + DELTA, where DELTA and
   STEP are integer constants and iter is number of iterations of LOOP.  The
   reference occurs in statement STMT.  Strips nonaddressable component
   references from REF_P.  */

static bool
analyze_ref (struct loop *loop, tree *ref_p, tree *base,
	     HOST_WIDE_INT *step, HOST_WIDE_INT *delta,
	     tree stmt)
{
  struct ar_data ar_data;
  tree off;
  HOST_WIDE_INT bit_offset;
  tree ref = *ref_p;

  *step = 0;
  *delta = 0;

  /* First strip off the component references.  Ignore bitfields.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (ref) == COMPONENT_REF
      && DECL_NONADDRESSABLE_P (TREE_OPERAND (ref, 1)))
    ref = TREE_OPERAND (ref, 0);

  *ref_p = ref;

  for (; TREE_CODE (ref) == COMPONENT_REF; ref = TREE_OPERAND (ref, 0))
    {
      off = DECL_FIELD_BIT_OFFSET (TREE_OPERAND (ref, 1));
      bit_offset = TREE_INT_CST_LOW (off);
      gcc_assert (bit_offset % BITS_PER_UNIT == 0);
      
      *delta += bit_offset / BITS_PER_UNIT;
    }

  *base = unshare_expr (ref);
  ar_data.loop = loop;
  ar_data.stmt = stmt;
  ar_data.step = step;
  ar_data.delta = delta;
  return for_each_index (base, idx_analyze_ref, &ar_data);
}

/* Record a memory reference REF to the list REFS.  The reference occurs in
   LOOP in statement STMT and it is write if WRITE_P.  */

static void
gather_memory_references_ref (struct loop *loop, struct mem_ref_group **refs,
			      tree ref, bool write_p, tree stmt)
{
  tree base;
  HOST_WIDE_INT step, delta;
  struct mem_ref_group *agrp;

  if (!analyze_ref (loop, &ref, &base, &step, &delta, stmt))
    return;

  /* Now we know that REF = &BASE + STEP * iter + DELTA, where DELTA and STEP
     are integer constants.  */
  agrp = find_or_create_group (refs, base, step);
  record_ref (agrp, stmt, ref, delta, write_p);
}

/* Record the suitable memory references in LOOP.  */

static struct mem_ref_group *
gather_memory_references (struct loop *loop)
{
  basic_block *body = get_loop_body_in_dom_order (loop);
  basic_block bb;
  unsigned i;
  block_stmt_iterator bsi;
  tree stmt, lhs, rhs;
  struct mem_ref_group *refs = NULL;

  /* Scan the loop body in order, so that the former references precede the
     later ones.  */
  for (i = 0; i < loop->num_nodes; i++)
    {
      bb = body[i];
      if (bb->loop_father != loop)
	continue;

      for (bsi = bsi_start (bb); !bsi_end_p (bsi); bsi_next (&bsi))
	{
	  stmt = bsi_stmt (bsi);
	  if (TREE_CODE (stmt) != GIMPLE_MODIFY_STMT)
	    continue;

	  lhs = GIMPLE_STMT_OPERAND (stmt, 0);
	  rhs = GIMPLE_STMT_OPERAND (stmt, 1);

	  if (REFERENCE_CLASS_P (rhs))
	    gather_memory_references_ref (loop, &refs, rhs, false, stmt);
	  if (REFERENCE_CLASS_P (lhs))
	    gather_memory_references_ref (loop, &refs, lhs, true, stmt);
	}
    }
  free (body);

  return refs;
}

/* Prune the prefetch candidate REF using the self-reuse.  */

static void
prune_ref_by_self_reuse (struct mem_ref *ref)
{
  HOST_WIDE_INT step = ref->group->step;
  bool backward = step < 0;

  if (step == 0)
    {
      /* Prefetch references to invariant address just once.  */
      ref->prefetch_before = 1;
      return;
    }

  if (backward)
    step = -step;

  if (step > PREFETCH_BLOCK)
    return;

  if ((backward && HAVE_BACKWARD_PREFETCH)
      || (!backward && HAVE_FORWARD_PREFETCH))
    {
      ref->prefetch_before = 1;
      return;
    }

  ref->prefetch_mod = PREFETCH_BLOCK / step;
}

/* Divides X by BY, rounding down.  */

static HOST_WIDE_INT
ddown (HOST_WIDE_INT x, unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT by)
{
  gcc_assert (by > 0);

  if (x >= 0)
    return x / by;
  else
    return (x + by - 1) / by;
}

/* Prune the prefetch candidate REF using the reuse with BY.
   If BY_IS_BEFORE is true, BY is before REF in the loop.  */

static void
prune_ref_by_group_reuse (struct mem_ref *ref, struct mem_ref *by,
			  bool by_is_before)
{
  HOST_WIDE_INT step = ref->group->step;
  bool backward = step < 0;
  HOST_WIDE_INT delta_r = ref->delta, delta_b = by->delta;
  HOST_WIDE_INT delta = delta_b - delta_r;
  HOST_WIDE_INT hit_from;
  unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT prefetch_before, prefetch_block;

  if (delta == 0)
    {
      /* If the references has the same address, only prefetch the
	 former.  */
      if (by_is_before)
	ref->prefetch_before = 0;
      
      return;
    }

  if (!step)
    {
      /* If the reference addresses are invariant and fall into the
	 same cache line, prefetch just the first one.  */
      if (!by_is_before)
	return;

      if (ddown (ref->delta, PREFETCH_BLOCK)
	  != ddown (by->delta, PREFETCH_BLOCK))
	return;

      ref->prefetch_before = 0;
      return;
    }

  /* Only prune the reference that is behind in the array.  */
  if (backward)
    {
      if (delta > 0)
	return;

      /* Transform the data so that we may assume that the accesses
	 are forward.  */
      delta = - delta;
      step = -step;
      delta_r = PREFETCH_BLOCK - 1 - delta_r;
      delta_b = PREFETCH_BLOCK - 1 - delta_b;
    }
  else
    {
      if (delta < 0)
	return;
    }

  /* Check whether the two references are likely to hit the same cache
     line, and how distant the iterations in that it occurs are from
     each other.  */

  if (step <= PREFETCH_BLOCK)
    {
      /* The accesses are sure to meet.  Let us check when.  */
      hit_from = ddown (delta_b, PREFETCH_BLOCK) * PREFETCH_BLOCK;
      prefetch_before = (hit_from - delta_r + step - 1) / step;

      if (prefetch_before < ref->prefetch_before)
	ref->prefetch_before = prefetch_before;

      return;
    }

  /* A more complicated case.  First let us ensure that size of cache line
     and step are coprime (here we assume that PREFETCH_BLOCK is a power
     of two.  */
  prefetch_block = PREFETCH_BLOCK;
  while ((step & 1) == 0
	 && prefetch_block > 1)
    {
      step >>= 1;
      prefetch_block >>= 1;
      delta >>= 1;
    }

  /* Now step > prefetch_block, and step and prefetch_block are coprime.
     Determine the probability that the accesses hit the same cache line.  */

  prefetch_before = delta / step;
  delta %= step;
  if ((unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) delta
      <= (prefetch_block * ACCEPTABLE_MISS_RATE / 1000))
    {
      if (prefetch_before < ref->prefetch_before)
	ref->prefetch_before = prefetch_before;

      return;
    }

  /* Try also the following iteration.  */
  prefetch_before++;
  delta = step - delta;
  if ((unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) delta
      <= (prefetch_block * ACCEPTABLE_MISS_RATE / 1000))
    {
      if (prefetch_before < ref->prefetch_before)
	ref->prefetch_before = prefetch_before;

      return;
    }

  /* The ref probably does not reuse by.  */
  return;
}

/* Prune the prefetch candidate REF using the reuses with other references
   in REFS.  */

static void
prune_ref_by_reuse (struct mem_ref *ref, struct mem_ref *refs)
{
  struct mem_ref *prune_by;
  bool before = true;

  prune_ref_by_self_reuse (ref);

  for (prune_by = refs; prune_by; prune_by = prune_by->next)
    {
      if (prune_by == ref)
	{
	  before = false;
	  continue;
	}

      if (!WRITE_CAN_USE_READ_PREFETCH
	  && ref->write_p
	  && !prune_by->write_p)
	continue;
      if (!READ_CAN_USE_WRITE_PREFETCH
	  && !ref->write_p
	  && prune_by->write_p)
	continue;

      prune_ref_by_group_reuse (ref, prune_by, before);
    }
}

/* Prune the prefetch candidates in GROUP using the reuse analysis.  */

static void
prune_group_by_reuse (struct mem_ref_group *group)
{
  struct mem_ref *ref_pruned;

  for (ref_pruned = group->refs; ref_pruned; ref_pruned = ref_pruned->next)
    {
      prune_ref_by_reuse (ref_pruned, group->refs);

      if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
	{
	  fprintf (dump_file, "Reference %p:", (void *) ref_pruned);

	  if (ref_pruned->prefetch_before == PREFETCH_ALL
	      && ref_pruned->prefetch_mod == 1)
	    fprintf (dump_file, " no restrictions");
	  else if (ref_pruned->prefetch_before == 0)
	    fprintf (dump_file, " do not prefetch");
	  else if (ref_pruned->prefetch_before <= ref_pruned->prefetch_mod)
	    fprintf (dump_file, " prefetch once");
	  else
	    {
	      if (ref_pruned->prefetch_before != PREFETCH_ALL)
		{
		  fprintf (dump_file, " prefetch before ");
		  fprintf (dump_file, HOST_WIDE_INT_PRINT_DEC,
			   ref_pruned->prefetch_before);
		}
	      if (ref_pruned->prefetch_mod != 1)
		{
		  fprintf (dump_file, " prefetch mod ");
		  fprintf (dump_file, HOST_WIDE_INT_PRINT_DEC,
			   ref_pruned->prefetch_mod);
		}
	    }
	  fprintf (dump_file, "\n");
	}
    }
}

/* Prune the list of prefetch candidates GROUPS using the reuse analysis.  */

static void
prune_by_reuse (struct mem_ref_group *groups)
{
  for (; groups; groups = groups->next)
    prune_group_by_reuse (groups);
}

/* Returns true if we should issue prefetch for REF.  */

static bool
should_issue_prefetch_p (struct mem_ref *ref)
{
  /* For now do not issue prefetches for only first few of the
     iterations.  */
  if (ref->prefetch_before != PREFETCH_ALL)
    return false;

  return true;
}

/* Decide which of the prefetch candidates in GROUPS to prefetch.
   AHEAD is the number of iterations to prefetch ahead (which corresponds
   to the number of simultaneous instances of one prefetch running at a
   time).  UNROLL_FACTOR is the factor by that the loop is going to be
   unrolled.  Returns true if there is anything to prefetch.  */

static bool
schedule_prefetches (struct mem_ref_group *groups, unsigned unroll_factor,
		     unsigned ahead)
{
  unsigned remaining_prefetch_slots, n_prefetches, prefetch_slots;
  unsigned slots_per_prefetch;
  struct mem_ref *ref;
  bool any = false;

  /* At most SIMULTANEOUS_PREFETCHES should be running at the same time.  */
  remaining_prefetch_slots = SIMULTANEOUS_PREFETCHES;

  /* The prefetch will run for AHEAD iterations of the original loop, i.e.,
     AHEAD / UNROLL_FACTOR iterations of the unrolled loop.  In each iteration,
     it will need a prefetch slot.  */
  slots_per_prefetch = (ahead + unroll_factor / 2) / unroll_factor;
  if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
    fprintf (dump_file, "Each prefetch instruction takes %u prefetch slots.\n",
	     slots_per_prefetch);

  /* For now we just take memory references one by one and issue
     prefetches for as many as possible.  The groups are sorted
     starting with the largest step, since the references with
     large step are more likely to cause many cache misses.  */

  for (; groups; groups = groups->next)
    for (ref = groups->refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
      {
	if (!should_issue_prefetch_p (ref))
	  continue;

	/* If we need to prefetch the reference each PREFETCH_MOD iterations,
	   and we unroll the loop UNROLL_FACTOR times, we need to insert
	   ceil (UNROLL_FACTOR / PREFETCH_MOD) instructions in each
	   iteration.  */
	n_prefetches = ((unroll_factor + ref->prefetch_mod - 1)
			/ ref->prefetch_mod);
	prefetch_slots = n_prefetches * slots_per_prefetch;

	/* If more than half of the prefetches would be lost anyway, do not
	   issue the prefetch.  */
	if (2 * remaining_prefetch_slots < prefetch_slots)
	  continue;

	ref->issue_prefetch_p = true;

	if (remaining_prefetch_slots <= prefetch_slots)
	  return true;
	remaining_prefetch_slots -= prefetch_slots;
	any = true;
      }

  return any;
}

/* Determine whether there is any reference suitable for prefetching
   in GROUPS.  */

static bool
anything_to_prefetch_p (struct mem_ref_group *groups)
{
  struct mem_ref *ref;

  for (; groups; groups = groups->next)
    for (ref = groups->refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
      if (should_issue_prefetch_p (ref))
	return true;

  return false;
}

/* Issue prefetches for the reference REF into loop as decided before.
   HEAD is the number of iterations to prefetch ahead.  UNROLL_FACTOR
   is the factor by which LOOP was unrolled.  */

static void
issue_prefetch_ref (struct mem_ref *ref, unsigned unroll_factor, unsigned ahead)
{
  HOST_WIDE_INT delta;
  tree addr, addr_base, prefetch, write_p, local;
  block_stmt_iterator bsi;
  unsigned n_prefetches, ap;
  bool nontemporal = ref->reuse_distance >= L2_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES;

  if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
    fprintf (dump_file, "Issued%s prefetch for %p.\n",
	     nontemporal ? " nontemporal" : "",
	     (void *) ref);

  bsi = bsi_for_stmt (ref->stmt);

  n_prefetches = ((unroll_factor + ref->prefetch_mod - 1)
		  / ref->prefetch_mod);
  addr_base = build_fold_addr_expr_with_type (ref->mem, ptr_type_node);
  addr_base = force_gimple_operand_bsi (&bsi, unshare_expr (addr_base), true, NULL);
  write_p = ref->write_p ? integer_one_node : integer_zero_node;
  local = build_int_cst (integer_type_node, nontemporal ? 0 : 3);

  for (ap = 0; ap < n_prefetches; ap++)
    {
      /* Determine the address to prefetch.  */
      delta = (ahead + ap * ref->prefetch_mod) * ref->group->step;
      addr = fold_build2 (PLUS_EXPR, ptr_type_node,
			  addr_base, build_int_cst (ptr_type_node, delta));
      addr = force_gimple_operand_bsi (&bsi, unshare_expr (addr), true, NULL);

      /* Create the prefetch instruction.  */
      prefetch = build_call_expr (built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_PREFETCH],
				  3, addr, write_p, local);
      bsi_insert_before (&bsi, prefetch, BSI_SAME_STMT);
    }
}

/* Issue prefetches for the references in GROUPS into loop as decided before.
   HEAD is the number of iterations to prefetch ahead.  UNROLL_FACTOR is the
   factor by that LOOP was unrolled.  */

static void
issue_prefetches (struct mem_ref_group *groups,
		  unsigned unroll_factor, unsigned ahead)
{
  struct mem_ref *ref;

  for (; groups; groups = groups->next)
    for (ref = groups->refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
      if (ref->issue_prefetch_p)
	issue_prefetch_ref (ref, unroll_factor, ahead);
}

/* Determines whether we can profitably unroll LOOP FACTOR times, and if
   this is the case, fill in DESC by the description of number of
   iterations.  */

static bool
should_unroll_loop_p (struct loop *loop, struct tree_niter_desc *desc,
		      unsigned factor)
{
  if (!can_unroll_loop_p (loop, factor, desc))
    return false;

  /* We only consider loops without control flow for unrolling.  This is not
     a hard restriction -- tree_unroll_loop works with arbitrary loops
     as well; but the unrolling/prefetching is usually more profitable for
     loops consisting of a single basic block, and we want to limit the
     code growth.  */
  if (loop->num_nodes > 2)
    return false;

  return true;
}

/* Determine the coefficient by that unroll LOOP, from the information
   contained in the list of memory references REFS.  Description of
   umber of iterations of LOOP is stored to DESC.  NINSNS is the number of
   insns of the LOOP.  EST_NITER is the estimated number of iterations of
   the loop, or -1 if no estimate is available.  */

static unsigned
determine_unroll_factor (struct loop *loop, struct mem_ref_group *refs,
			 unsigned ninsns, struct tree_niter_desc *desc,
			 HOST_WIDE_INT est_niter)
{
  unsigned upper_bound;
  unsigned nfactor, factor, mod_constraint;
  struct mem_ref_group *agp;
  struct mem_ref *ref;

  /* First check whether the loop is not too large to unroll.  We ignore
     PARAM_MAX_UNROLL_TIMES, because for small loops, it prevented us
     from unrolling them enough to make exactly one cache line covered by each
     iteration.  Also, the goal of PARAM_MAX_UNROLL_TIMES is to prevent
     us from unrolling the loops too many times in cases where we only expect
     gains from better scheduling and decreasing loop overhead, which is not
     the case here.  */
  upper_bound = PARAM_VALUE (PARAM_MAX_UNROLLED_INSNS) / ninsns;

  /* If we unrolled the loop more times than it iterates, the unrolled version
     of the loop would be never entered.  */
  if (est_niter >= 0 && est_niter < (HOST_WIDE_INT) upper_bound)
    upper_bound = est_niter;

  if (upper_bound <= 1)
    return 1;

  /* Choose the factor so that we may prefetch each cache just once,
     but bound the unrolling by UPPER_BOUND.  */
  factor = 1;
  for (agp = refs; agp; agp = agp->next)
    for (ref = agp->refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
      if (should_issue_prefetch_p (ref))
	{
	  mod_constraint = ref->prefetch_mod;
	  nfactor = least_common_multiple (mod_constraint, factor);
	  if (nfactor <= upper_bound)
	    factor = nfactor;
	}

  if (!should_unroll_loop_p (loop, desc, factor))
    return 1;

  return factor;
}

/* Returns the total volume of the memory references REFS, taking into account
   reuses in the innermost loop and cache line size.  TODO -- we should also
   take into account reuses across the iterations of the loops in the loop
   nest.  */

static unsigned
volume_of_references (struct mem_ref_group *refs)
{
  unsigned volume = 0;
  struct mem_ref_group *gr;
  struct mem_ref *ref;

  for (gr = refs; gr; gr = gr->next)
    for (ref = gr->refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
      {
	/* Almost always reuses another value?  */
	if (ref->prefetch_before != PREFETCH_ALL)
	  continue;

	/* If several iterations access the same cache line, use the size of
	   the line divided by this number.  Otherwise, a cache line is
	   accessed in each iteration.  TODO -- in the latter case, we should
	   take the size of the reference into account, rounding it up on cache
	   line size multiple.  */
	volume += L1_CACHE_LINE_SIZE / ref->prefetch_mod;
      }
  return volume;
}

/* Returns the volume of memory references accessed across VEC iterations of
   loops, whose sizes are described in the LOOP_SIZES array.  N is the number
   of the loops in the nest (length of VEC and LOOP_SIZES vectors).  */

static unsigned
volume_of_dist_vector (lambda_vector vec, unsigned *loop_sizes, unsigned n)
{
  unsigned i;

  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    if (vec[i] != 0)
      break;

  if (i == n)
    return 0;

  gcc_assert (vec[i] > 0);

  /* We ignore the parts of the distance vector in subloops, since usually
     the numbers of iterations are much smaller.  */
  return loop_sizes[i] * vec[i];
}

/* Add the steps of ACCESS_FN multiplied by STRIDE to the array STRIDE
   at the position corresponding to the loop of the step.  N is the depth
   of the considered loop nest, and, LOOP is its innermost loop.  */

static void
add_subscript_strides (tree access_fn, unsigned stride,
		       HOST_WIDE_INT *strides, unsigned n, struct loop *loop)
{
  struct loop *aloop;
  tree step;
  HOST_WIDE_INT astep;
  unsigned min_depth = loop_depth (loop) - n;

  while (TREE_CODE (access_fn) == POLYNOMIAL_CHREC)
    {
      aloop = get_chrec_loop (access_fn);
      step = CHREC_RIGHT (access_fn);
      access_fn = CHREC_LEFT (access_fn);

      if ((unsigned) loop_depth (aloop) <= min_depth)
	continue;

      if (host_integerp (step, 0))
	astep = tree_low_cst (step, 0);
      else
	astep = L1_CACHE_LINE_SIZE;

      strides[n - 1 - loop_depth (loop) + loop_depth (aloop)] += astep * stride;

    }
}

/* Returns the volume of memory references accessed between two consecutive
   self-reuses of the reference DR.  We consider the subscripts of DR in N
   loops, and LOOP_SIZES contains the volumes of accesses in each of the
   loops.  LOOP is the innermost loop of the current loop nest.  */

static unsigned
self_reuse_distance (data_reference_p dr, unsigned *loop_sizes, unsigned n,
		     struct loop *loop)
{
  tree stride, access_fn;
  HOST_WIDE_INT *strides, astride;
  VEC (tree, heap) *access_fns;
  tree ref = DR_REF (dr);
  unsigned i, ret = ~0u;

  /* In the following example:

     for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
       for (j = 0; j < N; j++)
         use (a[j][i]);
     the same cache line is accessed each N steps (except if the change from
     i to i + 1 crosses the boundary of the cache line).  Thus, for self-reuse,
     we cannot rely purely on the results of the data dependence analysis.

     Instead, we compute the stride of the reference in each loop, and consider
     the innermost loop in that the stride is less than cache size.  */

  strides = XCNEWVEC (HOST_WIDE_INT, n);
  access_fns = DR_ACCESS_FNS (dr);

  for (i = 0; VEC_iterate (tree, access_fns, i, access_fn); i++)
    {
      /* Keep track of the reference corresponding to the subscript, so that we
	 know its stride.  */
      while (handled_component_p (ref) && TREE_CODE (ref) != ARRAY_REF)
	ref = TREE_OPERAND (ref, 0);
      
      if (TREE_CODE (ref) == ARRAY_REF)
	{
	  stride = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT (TREE_TYPE (ref));
	  if (host_integerp (stride, 1))
	    astride = tree_low_cst (stride, 1);
	  else
	    astride = L1_CACHE_LINE_SIZE;

	  ref = TREE_OPERAND (ref, 0);
	}
      else
	astride = 1;

      add_subscript_strides (access_fn, astride, strides, n, loop);
    }

  for (i = n; i-- > 0; )
    {
      unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT s;

      s = strides[i] < 0 ?  -strides[i] : strides[i];

      if (s < (unsigned) L1_CACHE_LINE_SIZE
	  && (loop_sizes[i]
	      > (unsigned) (L1_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES / NONTEMPORAL_FRACTION)))
	{
	  ret = loop_sizes[i];
	  break;
	}
    }

  free (strides);
  return ret;
}

/* Determines the distance till the first reuse of each reference in REFS
   in the loop nest of LOOP.  */

static void
determine_loop_nest_reuse (struct loop *loop, struct mem_ref_group *refs)
{
  struct loop *nest, *aloop;
  VEC (data_reference_p, heap) *datarefs = NULL;
  VEC (ddr_p, heap) *dependences = NULL;
  struct mem_ref_group *gr;
  struct mem_ref *ref;
  VEC (loop_p, heap) *vloops = NULL;
  unsigned *loop_data_size;
  unsigned i, j, n;
  unsigned volume, dist, adist;
  HOST_WIDE_INT vol;
  data_reference_p dr;
  ddr_p dep;

  if (loop->inner)
    return;

  /* Find the outermost loop of the loop nest of loop (we require that
     there are no sibling loops inside the nest).  */
  nest = loop;
  while (1)
    {
      aloop = loop_outer (nest);

      if (aloop == current_loops->tree_root
	  || aloop->inner->next)
	break;

      nest = aloop;
    }

  /* For each loop, determine the amount of data accessed in each iteration.
     We use this to estimate whether the reference is evicted from the
     cache before its reuse.  */
  find_loop_nest (nest, &vloops);
  n = VEC_length (loop_p, vloops);
  loop_data_size = XNEWVEC (unsigned, n);
  volume = volume_of_references (refs);
  i = n;
  while (i-- != 0)
    {
      loop_data_size[i] = volume;
      /* Bound the volume by the L2 cache size, since above this bound,
	 all dependence distances are equivalent.  */
      if (volume > L2_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES)
	continue;

      aloop = VEC_index (loop_p, vloops, i);
      vol = estimated_loop_iterations_int (aloop, false);
      if (vol < 0)
	vol = expected_loop_iterations (aloop);
      volume *= vol;
    }

  /* Prepare the references in the form suitable for data dependence
     analysis.  We ignore unanalysable data references (the results
     are used just as a heuristics to estimate temporality of the
     references, hence we do not need to worry about correctness).  */
  for (gr = refs; gr; gr = gr->next)
    for (ref = gr->refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
      {
	dr = create_data_ref (nest, ref->mem, ref->stmt, !ref->write_p);

	if (dr)
	  {
	    ref->reuse_distance = volume;
	    dr->aux = ref;
	    VEC_safe_push (data_reference_p, heap, datarefs, dr);
	  }
      }

  for (i = 0; VEC_iterate (data_reference_p, datarefs, i, dr); i++)
    {
      dist = self_reuse_distance (dr, loop_data_size, n, loop);
      ref = dr->aux;
      if (ref->reuse_distance > dist)
	ref->reuse_distance = dist;
    }

  compute_all_dependences (datarefs, &dependences, vloops, true);

  for (i = 0; VEC_iterate (ddr_p, dependences, i, dep); i++)
    {
      if (DDR_ARE_DEPENDENT (dep) == chrec_known)
	continue;

      if (DDR_ARE_DEPENDENT (dep) == chrec_dont_know
	  || DDR_NUM_DIST_VECTS (dep) == 0)
	{
	  /* If the dependence cannot be analysed, assume that there might be
	     a reuse.  */
	  dist = 0;
	}
      else
	{
	  /* The distance vectors are normalised to be always lexicographically
	     positive, hence we cannot tell just from them whether DDR_A comes
	     before DDR_B or vice versa.  However, it is not important,
	     anyway -- if DDR_A is close to DDR_B, then it is either reused in
	     DDR_B (and it is not nontemporal), or it reuses the value of DDR_B
	     in cache (and marking it as nontemporal would not affect
	     anything).  */

	  dist = volume;
	  for (j = 0; j < DDR_NUM_DIST_VECTS (dep); j++)
	    {
	      adist = volume_of_dist_vector (DDR_DIST_VECT (dep, j),
					     loop_data_size, n);

	      /* Ignore accesses closer than
		 L1_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES / NONTEMPORAL_FRACTION,
	      	 so that we use nontemporal prefetches e.g. if single memory
		 location is accessed several times in a single iteration of
		 the loop.  */
	      if (adist < L1_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES / NONTEMPORAL_FRACTION)
		continue;

	      if (adist < dist)
		dist = adist;
	    }
	}

      ref = DDR_A (dep)->aux;
      if (ref->reuse_distance > dist)
	ref->reuse_distance = dist;
      ref = DDR_B (dep)->aux;
      if (ref->reuse_distance > dist)
	ref->reuse_distance = dist;
    }

  free_dependence_relations (dependences);
  free_data_refs (datarefs);
  free (loop_data_size);

  if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
    {
      fprintf (dump_file, "Reuse distances:\n");
      for (gr = refs; gr; gr = gr->next)
	for (ref = gr->refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
	  fprintf (dump_file, " ref %p distance %u\n",
		   (void *) ref, ref->reuse_distance);
    }
}

/* Issue prefetch instructions for array references in LOOP.  Returns
   true if the LOOP was unrolled.  */

static bool
loop_prefetch_arrays (struct loop *loop)
{
  struct mem_ref_group *refs;
  unsigned ahead, ninsns, time, unroll_factor;
  HOST_WIDE_INT est_niter;
  struct tree_niter_desc desc;
  bool unrolled = false;

  if (!maybe_hot_bb_p (loop->header))
    {
      if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
	fprintf (dump_file, "  ignored (cold area)\n");
      return false;
    }

  /* Step 1: gather the memory references.  */
  refs = gather_memory_references (loop);

  /* Step 2: estimate the reuse effects.  */
  prune_by_reuse (refs);

  if (!anything_to_prefetch_p (refs))
    goto fail;

  determine_loop_nest_reuse (loop, refs);

  /* Step 3: determine the ahead and unroll factor.  */

  /* FIXME: the time should be weighted by the probabilities of the blocks in
     the loop body.  */
  time = tree_num_loop_insns (loop, &eni_time_weights);
  ahead = (PREFETCH_LATENCY + time - 1) / time;
  est_niter = estimated_loop_iterations_int (loop, false);

  /* The prefetches will run for AHEAD iterations of the original loop.  Unless
     the loop rolls at least AHEAD times, prefetching the references does not
     make sense.  */
  if (est_niter >= 0 && est_niter <= (HOST_WIDE_INT) ahead)
    {
      if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
	fprintf (dump_file,
		 "Not prefetching -- loop estimated to roll only %d times\n",
		 (int) est_niter);
      goto fail;
    }

  ninsns = tree_num_loop_insns (loop, &eni_size_weights);
  unroll_factor = determine_unroll_factor (loop, refs, ninsns, &desc,
					   est_niter);
  if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
    fprintf (dump_file, "Ahead %d, unroll factor %d\n", ahead, unroll_factor);

  /* Step 4: what to prefetch?  */
  if (!schedule_prefetches (refs, unroll_factor, ahead))
    goto fail;

  /* Step 5: unroll the loop.  TODO -- peeling of first and last few
     iterations so that we do not issue superfluous prefetches.  */
  if (unroll_factor != 1)
    {
      tree_unroll_loop (loop, unroll_factor,
			single_dom_exit (loop), &desc);
      unrolled = true;
    }

  /* Step 6: issue the prefetches.  */
  issue_prefetches (refs, unroll_factor, ahead);

fail:
  release_mem_refs (refs);
  return unrolled;
}

/* Issue prefetch instructions for array references in loops.  */

unsigned int
tree_ssa_prefetch_arrays (void)
{
  loop_iterator li;
  struct loop *loop;
  bool unrolled = false;
  int todo_flags = 0;

  if (!HAVE_prefetch
      /* It is possible to ask compiler for say -mtune=i486 -march=pentium4.
	 -mtune=i486 causes us having PREFETCH_BLOCK 0, since this is part
	 of processor costs and i486 does not have prefetch, but
	 -march=pentium4 causes HAVE_prefetch to be true.  Ugh.  */
      || PREFETCH_BLOCK == 0)
    return 0;

  if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
    {
      fprintf (dump_file, "Prefetching parameters:\n");
      fprintf (dump_file, "    simultaneous prefetches: %d\n",
	       SIMULTANEOUS_PREFETCHES);
      fprintf (dump_file, "    prefetch latency: %d\n", PREFETCH_LATENCY);
      fprintf (dump_file, "    prefetch block size: %d\n", PREFETCH_BLOCK);
      fprintf (dump_file, "    L1 cache size: %d lines, %d bytes\n",
	       L1_CACHE_SIZE, L1_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES);
      fprintf (dump_file, "    L1 cache line size: %d\n", L1_CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
      fprintf (dump_file, "    L2 cache size: %d bytes\n", L2_CACHE_SIZE_BYTES);
      fprintf (dump_file, "\n");
    }

  initialize_original_copy_tables ();

  if (!built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_PREFETCH])
    {
      tree type = build_function_type (void_type_node,
				       tree_cons (NULL_TREE,
						  const_ptr_type_node,
						  NULL_TREE));
      tree decl = add_builtin_function ("__builtin_prefetch", type,
					BUILT_IN_PREFETCH, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
					NULL, NULL_TREE);
      DECL_IS_NOVOPS (decl) = true;
      built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_PREFETCH] = decl;
    }

  /* We assume that size of cache line is a power of two, so verify this
     here.  */
  gcc_assert ((PREFETCH_BLOCK & (PREFETCH_BLOCK - 1)) == 0);

  FOR_EACH_LOOP (li, loop, LI_FROM_INNERMOST)
    {
      if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
	fprintf (dump_file, "Processing loop %d:\n", loop->num);

      unrolled |= loop_prefetch_arrays (loop);

      if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS))
	fprintf (dump_file, "\n\n");
    }

  if (unrolled)
    {
      scev_reset ();
      todo_flags |= TODO_cleanup_cfg;
    }

  free_original_copy_tables ();
  return todo_flags;
}