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023a4f67 | 1 | <?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*--> |
dd1eb43b | 2 | <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" |
12b42c76 | 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> |
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4 | |
5 | <!-- | |
6 | This file is part of systemd. | |
7 | ||
8 | Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering | |
9 | ||
10 | systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
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11 | under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by |
12 | the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or | |
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13 | (at your option) any later version. |
14 | ||
15 | systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but | |
16 | WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
17 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU | |
5430f7f2 | 18 | Lesser General Public License for more details. |
dd1eb43b | 19 | |
5430f7f2 | 20 | You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License |
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21 | along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
22 | --> | |
23 | ||
24 | <refentry id="systemd.exec"> | |
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25 | <refentryinfo> |
26 | <title>systemd.exec</title> | |
27 | <productname>systemd</productname> | |
28 | ||
29 | <authorgroup> | |
30 | <author> | |
31 | <contrib>Developer</contrib> | |
32 | <firstname>Lennart</firstname> | |
33 | <surname>Poettering</surname> | |
34 | <email>lennart@poettering.net</email> | |
35 | </author> | |
36 | </authorgroup> | |
37 | </refentryinfo> | |
38 | ||
39 | <refmeta> | |
40 | <refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle> | |
41 | <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> | |
42 | </refmeta> | |
43 | ||
44 | <refnamediv> | |
45 | <refname>systemd.exec</refname> | |
46 | <refpurpose>Execution environment configuration</refpurpose> | |
47 | </refnamediv> | |
48 | ||
49 | <refsynopsisdiv> | |
50 | <para><filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>, | |
51 | <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>, | |
52 | <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>, | |
53 | <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename></para> | |
54 | </refsynopsisdiv> | |
55 | ||
56 | <refsect1> | |
57 | <title>Description</title> | |
58 | ||
59 | <para>Unit configuration files for services, sockets, mount | |
60 | points, and swap devices share a subset of configuration options | |
61 | which define the execution environment of spawned | |
62 | processes.</para> | |
63 | ||
64 | <para>This man page lists the configuration options shared by | |
65 | these four unit types. See | |
66 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
67 | for the common options of all unit configuration files, and | |
68 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
69 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
70 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
71 | and | |
72 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
73 | for more information on the specific unit configuration files. The | |
74 | execution specific configuration options are configured in the | |
75 | [Service], [Socket], [Mount], or [Swap] sections, depending on the | |
76 | unit type.</para> | |
77 | </refsect1> | |
78 | ||
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79 | <refsect1> |
80 | <title>Automatic Dependencies</title> | |
81 | ||
82 | <para>A few execution parameters result in additional, automatic | |
83 | dependencies to be added.</para> | |
84 | ||
85 | <para>Units with <varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname> or | |
86 | <varname>RootDirectory=</varname> set automatically gain | |
87 | dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname> and | |
88 | <varname>After=</varname> on all mount units required to access | |
89 | the specified paths. This is equivalent to having them listed | |
90 | explicitly in <varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname>.</para> | |
91 | ||
92 | <para>Similar, units with <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> enabled | |
93 | automatically get mount unit dependencies for all mounts | |
94 | required to access <filename>/tmp</filename> and | |
95 | <filename>/var/tmp</filename>.</para> | |
96 | ||
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97 | <para>Units whose standard output or error output is connected to <option>journal</option>, <option>syslog</option> |
98 | or <option>kmsg</option> (or their combinations with console output, see below) automatically acquire dependencies | |
99 | of type <varname>After=</varname> on <filename>systemd-journald.socket</filename>.</para> | |
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100 | </refsect1> |
101 | ||
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102 | <refsect1> |
103 | <title>Options</title> | |
104 | ||
105 | <variablelist class='unit-directives'> | |
106 | ||
107 | <varlistentry> | |
108 | <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term> | |
109 | ||
043cc715 AP |
110 | <listitem><para>Takes a directory path relative to the service's root |
111 | directory specified by <varname>RootDirectory=</varname>, or the | |
5f5d8eab | 112 | special value <literal>~</literal>. Sets the working directory |
b938cb90 | 113 | for executed processes. If set to <literal>~</literal>, the |
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114 | home directory of the user specified in |
115 | <varname>User=</varname> is used. If not set, defaults to the | |
116 | root directory when systemd is running as a system instance | |
117 | and the respective user's home directory if run as user. If | |
118 | the setting is prefixed with the <literal>-</literal> | |
119 | character, a missing working directory is not considered | |
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120 | fatal. If <varname>RootDirectory=</varname> is not set, then |
121 | <varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname> is relative to the root of | |
122 | the system running the service manager. | |
123 | Note that setting this parameter might result in | |
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124 | additional dependencies to be added to the unit (see |
125 | above).</para></listitem> | |
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126 | </varlistentry> |
127 | ||
128 | <varlistentry> | |
129 | <term><varname>RootDirectory=</varname></term> | |
130 | ||
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131 | <listitem><para>Takes a directory path relative to the host's root directory |
132 | (i.e. the root of the system running the service manager). Sets the | |
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133 | root directory for executed processes, with the <citerefentry |
134 | project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
798d3a52 | 135 | system call. If this is used, it must be ensured that the |
5f5d8eab | 136 | process binary and all its auxiliary files are available in |
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137 | the <function>chroot()</function> jail. Note that setting this |
138 | parameter might result in additional dependencies to be added | |
139 | to the unit (see above).</para></listitem> | |
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140 | </varlistentry> |
141 | ||
142 | <varlistentry> | |
143 | <term><varname>User=</varname></term> | |
144 | <term><varname>Group=</varname></term> | |
145 | ||
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146 | <listitem><para>Set the UNIX user or group that the processes are executed as, respectively. Takes a single |
147 | user or group name, or numeric ID as argument. If no group is set, the default group of the user is used. This | |
dadd6ecf | 148 | setting does not affect commands whose command line is prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para></listitem> |
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149 | </varlistentry> |
150 | ||
151 | <varlistentry> | |
152 | <term><varname>DynamicUser=</varname></term> | |
153 | ||
154 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If set, a UNIX user and group pair is allocated dynamically when the | |
155 | unit is started, and released as soon as it is stopped. The user and group will not be added to | |
156 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or <filename>/etc/group</filename>, but are managed transiently during | |
157 | runtime. The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
158 | glibc NSS module provides integration of these dynamic users/groups into the system's user and group | |
159 | databases. The user and group name to use may be configured via <varname>User=</varname> and | |
160 | <varname>Group=</varname> (see above). If these options are not used and dynamic user/group allocation is | |
161 | enabled for a unit, the name of the dynamic user/group is implicitly derived from the unit name. If the unit | |
162 | name without the type suffix qualifies as valid user name it is used directly, otherwise a name incorporating a | |
163 | hash of it is used. If a statically allocated user or group of the configured name already exists, it is used | |
164 | and no dynamic user/group is allocated. Dynamic users/groups are allocated from the UID/GID range | |
165 | 61184…65519. It is recommended to avoid this range for regular system or login users. At any point in time | |
166 | each UID/GID from this range is only assigned to zero or one dynamically allocated users/groups in | |
167 | use. However, UID/GIDs are recycled after a unit is terminated. Care should be taken that any processes running | |
168 | as part of a unit for which dynamic users/groups are enabled do not leave files or directories owned by these | |
169 | users/groups around, as a different unit might get the same UID/GID assigned later on, and thus gain access to | |
170 | these files or directories. If <varname>DynamicUser=</varname> is enabled, <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> is | |
171 | implied. This ensures that the lifetime of temporary files created by the executed processes is bound to the | |
172 | runtime of the service, and hence the lifetime of the dynamic user/group. Since <filename>/tmp</filename> and | |
173 | <filename>/var/tmp</filename> are usually the only world-writable directories on a system this ensures that a | |
174 | unit making use of dynamic user/group allocation cannot leave files around after unit termination. Use | |
175 | <varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname> (see below) in order to assign a writable runtime directory to a service, | |
176 | owned by the dynamic user/group and removed automatically when the unit is terminated. Defaults to | |
177 | off.</para></listitem> | |
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178 | </varlistentry> |
179 | ||
180 | <varlistentry> | |
181 | <term><varname>SupplementaryGroups=</varname></term> | |
182 | ||
183 | <listitem><para>Sets the supplementary Unix groups the | |
184 | processes are executed as. This takes a space-separated list | |
185 | of group names or IDs. This option may be specified more than | |
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186 | once, in which case all listed groups are set as supplementary |
187 | groups. When the empty string is assigned, the list of | |
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188 | supplementary groups is reset, and all assignments prior to |
189 | this one will have no effect. In any way, this option does not | |
190 | override, but extends the list of supplementary groups | |
191 | configured in the system group database for the | |
43eb109a | 192 | user. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para></listitem> |
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193 | </varlistentry> |
194 | ||
195 | <varlistentry> | |
196 | <term><varname>Nice=</varname></term> | |
197 | ||
198 | <listitem><para>Sets the default nice level (scheduling | |
199 | priority) for executed processes. Takes an integer between -20 | |
200 | (highest priority) and 19 (lowest priority). See | |
201 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
202 | for details.</para></listitem> | |
203 | </varlistentry> | |
204 | ||
205 | <varlistentry> | |
206 | <term><varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term> | |
207 | ||
208 | <listitem><para>Sets the adjustment level for the | |
209 | Out-Of-Memory killer for executed processes. Takes an integer | |
210 | between -1000 (to disable OOM killing for this process) and | |
211 | 1000 (to make killing of this process under memory pressure | |
212 | very likely). See <ulink | |
213 | url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt">proc.txt</ulink> | |
214 | for details.</para></listitem> | |
215 | </varlistentry> | |
216 | ||
217 | <varlistentry> | |
218 | <term><varname>IOSchedulingClass=</varname></term> | |
219 | ||
b938cb90 | 220 | <listitem><para>Sets the I/O scheduling class for executed |
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221 | processes. Takes an integer between 0 and 3 or one of the |
222 | strings <option>none</option>, <option>realtime</option>, | |
223 | <option>best-effort</option> or <option>idle</option>. See | |
224 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
225 | for details.</para></listitem> | |
226 | </varlistentry> | |
227 | ||
228 | <varlistentry> | |
229 | <term><varname>IOSchedulingPriority=</varname></term> | |
230 | ||
b938cb90 | 231 | <listitem><para>Sets the I/O scheduling priority for executed |
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232 | processes. Takes an integer between 0 (highest priority) and 7 |
233 | (lowest priority). The available priorities depend on the | |
b938cb90 | 234 | selected I/O scheduling class (see above). See |
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235 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
236 | for details.</para></listitem> | |
237 | </varlistentry> | |
238 | ||
239 | <varlistentry> | |
240 | <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPolicy=</varname></term> | |
241 | ||
242 | <listitem><para>Sets the CPU scheduling policy for executed | |
243 | processes. Takes one of | |
244 | <option>other</option>, | |
245 | <option>batch</option>, | |
246 | <option>idle</option>, | |
247 | <option>fifo</option> or | |
248 | <option>rr</option>. See | |
249 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
250 | for details.</para></listitem> | |
251 | </varlistentry> | |
252 | ||
253 | <varlistentry> | |
254 | <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPriority=</varname></term> | |
255 | ||
256 | <listitem><para>Sets the CPU scheduling priority for executed | |
257 | processes. The available priority range depends on the | |
258 | selected CPU scheduling policy (see above). For real-time | |
259 | scheduling policies an integer between 1 (lowest priority) and | |
260 | 99 (highest priority) can be used. See | |
261 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
262 | for details. </para></listitem> | |
263 | </varlistentry> | |
264 | ||
265 | <varlistentry> | |
266 | <term><varname>CPUSchedulingResetOnFork=</varname></term> | |
267 | ||
268 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, elevated | |
269 | CPU scheduling priorities and policies will be reset when the | |
270 | executed processes fork, and can hence not leak into child | |
271 | processes. See | |
272 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
273 | for details. Defaults to false.</para></listitem> | |
274 | </varlistentry> | |
275 | ||
276 | <varlistentry> | |
277 | <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term> | |
278 | ||
279 | <listitem><para>Controls the CPU affinity of the executed | |
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280 | processes. Takes a list of CPU indices or ranges separated by |
281 | either whitespace or commas. CPU ranges are specified by the | |
282 | lower and upper CPU indices separated by a dash. | |
b938cb90 | 283 | This option may be specified more than once, in which case the |
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284 | specified CPU affinity masks are merged. If the empty string |
285 | is assigned, the mask is reset, all assignments prior to this | |
286 | will have no effect. See | |
287 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
288 | for details.</para></listitem> | |
289 | </varlistentry> | |
290 | ||
291 | <varlistentry> | |
292 | <term><varname>UMask=</varname></term> | |
293 | ||
294 | <listitem><para>Controls the file mode creation mask. Takes an | |
295 | access mode in octal notation. See | |
296 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
297 | for details. Defaults to 0022.</para></listitem> | |
298 | </varlistentry> | |
299 | ||
300 | <varlistentry> | |
301 | <term><varname>Environment=</varname></term> | |
302 | ||
303 | <listitem><para>Sets environment variables for executed | |
304 | processes. Takes a space-separated list of variable | |
b938cb90 | 305 | assignments. This option may be specified more than once, in |
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306 | which case all listed variables will be set. If the same |
307 | variable is set twice, the later setting will override the | |
308 | earlier setting. If the empty string is assigned to this | |
309 | option, the list of environment variables is reset, all prior | |
310 | assignments have no effect. Variable expansion is not | |
311 | performed inside the strings, however, specifier expansion is | |
312 | possible. The $ character has no special meaning. If you need | |
313 | to assign a value containing spaces to a variable, use double | |
314 | quotes (") for the assignment.</para> | |
315 | ||
316 | <para>Example: | |
317 | <programlisting>Environment="VAR1=word1 word2" VAR2=word3 "VAR3=$word 5 6"</programlisting> | |
318 | gives three variables <literal>VAR1</literal>, | |
319 | <literal>VAR2</literal>, <literal>VAR3</literal> | |
320 | with the values <literal>word1 word2</literal>, | |
321 | <literal>word3</literal>, <literal>$word 5 6</literal>. | |
322 | </para> | |
323 | ||
324 | <para> | |
325 | See | |
326 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
327 | for details about environment variables.</para></listitem> | |
328 | </varlistentry> | |
329 | <varlistentry> | |
330 | <term><varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname></term> | |
331 | <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>Environment=</varname> but | |
332 | reads the environment variables from a text file. The text | |
333 | file should contain new-line-separated variable assignments. | |
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334 | Empty lines, lines without an <literal>=</literal> separator, |
335 | or lines starting with ; or # will be ignored, | |
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336 | which may be used for commenting. A line ending with a |
337 | backslash will be concatenated with the following one, | |
338 | allowing multiline variable definitions. The parser strips | |
339 | leading and trailing whitespace from the values of | |
340 | assignments, unless you use double quotes (").</para> | |
341 | ||
342 | <para>The argument passed should be an absolute filename or | |
343 | wildcard expression, optionally prefixed with | |
344 | <literal>-</literal>, which indicates that if the file does | |
345 | not exist, it will not be read and no error or warning message | |
346 | is logged. This option may be specified more than once in | |
347 | which case all specified files are read. If the empty string | |
348 | is assigned to this option, the list of file to read is reset, | |
349 | all prior assignments have no effect.</para> | |
350 | ||
351 | <para>The files listed with this directive will be read | |
352 | shortly before the process is executed (more specifically, | |
353 | after all processes from a previous unit state terminated. | |
354 | This means you can generate these files in one unit state, and | |
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355 | read it with this option in the next).</para> |
356 | ||
357 | <para>Settings from these | |
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358 | files override settings made with |
359 | <varname>Environment=</varname>. If the same variable is set | |
360 | twice from these files, the files will be read in the order | |
361 | they are specified and the later setting will override the | |
362 | earlier setting.</para></listitem> | |
363 | </varlistentry> | |
364 | ||
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365 | <varlistentry> |
366 | <term><varname>PassEnvironment=</varname></term> | |
367 | ||
368 | <listitem><para>Pass environment variables from the systemd system | |
369 | manager to executed processes. Takes a space-separated list of variable | |
370 | names. This option may be specified more than once, in which case all | |
371 | listed variables will be set. If the empty string is assigned to this | |
372 | option, the list of environment variables is reset, all prior | |
373 | assignments have no effect. Variables that are not set in the system | |
374 | manager will not be passed and will be silently ignored.</para> | |
375 | ||
376 | <para>Variables passed from this setting are overridden by those passed | |
377 | from <varname>Environment=</varname> or | |
378 | <varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname>.</para> | |
379 | ||
380 | <para>Example: | |
381 | <programlisting>PassEnvironment=VAR1 VAR2 VAR3</programlisting> | |
382 | passes three variables <literal>VAR1</literal>, | |
383 | <literal>VAR2</literal>, <literal>VAR3</literal> | |
384 | with the values set for those variables in PID1.</para> | |
385 | ||
386 | <para> | |
387 | See | |
388 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
389 | for details about environment variables.</para></listitem> | |
390 | </varlistentry> | |
391 | ||
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392 | <varlistentry> |
393 | <term><varname>StandardInput=</varname></term> | |
394 | <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 0 (STDIN) of | |
395 | the executed processes is connected to. Takes one of | |
396 | <option>null</option>, | |
397 | <option>tty</option>, | |
398 | <option>tty-force</option>, | |
399 | <option>tty-fail</option> or | |
400 | <option>socket</option>.</para> | |
401 | ||
402 | <para>If <option>null</option> is selected, standard input | |
403 | will be connected to <filename>/dev/null</filename>, i.e. all | |
404 | read attempts by the process will result in immediate | |
405 | EOF.</para> | |
406 | ||
407 | <para>If <option>tty</option> is selected, standard input is | |
408 | connected to a TTY (as configured by | |
409 | <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see below) and the executed | |
410 | process becomes the controlling process of the terminal. If | |
411 | the terminal is already being controlled by another process, | |
412 | the executed process waits until the current controlling | |
413 | process releases the terminal.</para> | |
414 | ||
415 | <para><option>tty-force</option> is similar to | |
416 | <option>tty</option>, but the executed process is forcefully | |
417 | and immediately made the controlling process of the terminal, | |
418 | potentially removing previous controlling processes from the | |
419 | terminal.</para> | |
420 | ||
421 | <para><option>tty-fail</option> is similar to | |
422 | <option>tty</option> but if the terminal already has a | |
423 | controlling process start-up of the executed process | |
424 | fails.</para> | |
425 | ||
426 | <para>The <option>socket</option> option is only valid in | |
427 | socket-activated services, and only when the socket | |
428 | configuration file (see | |
429 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
430 | for details) specifies a single socket only. If this option is | |
431 | set, standard input will be connected to the socket the | |
432 | service was activated from, which is primarily useful for | |
433 | compatibility with daemons designed for use with the | |
434 | traditional | |
b5c7d097 | 435 | <citerefentry project='freebsd'><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
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436 | daemon.</para> |
437 | ||
438 | <para>This setting defaults to | |
439 | <option>null</option>.</para></listitem> | |
440 | </varlistentry> | |
c129bd5d | 441 | |
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442 | <varlistentry> |
443 | <term><varname>StandardOutput=</varname></term> | |
444 | <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 1 (STDOUT) of | |
445 | the executed processes is connected to. Takes one of | |
446 | <option>inherit</option>, | |
447 | <option>null</option>, | |
448 | <option>tty</option>, | |
449 | <option>journal</option>, | |
450 | <option>syslog</option>, | |
451 | <option>kmsg</option>, | |
452 | <option>journal+console</option>, | |
453 | <option>syslog+console</option>, | |
454 | <option>kmsg+console</option> or | |
455 | <option>socket</option>.</para> | |
456 | ||
457 | <para><option>inherit</option> duplicates the file descriptor | |
458 | of standard input for standard output.</para> | |
459 | ||
460 | <para><option>null</option> connects standard output to | |
461 | <filename>/dev/null</filename>, i.e. everything written to it | |
462 | will be lost.</para> | |
463 | ||
464 | <para><option>tty</option> connects standard output to a tty | |
465 | (as configured via <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see below). If | |
466 | the TTY is used for output only, the executed process will not | |
467 | become the controlling process of the terminal, and will not | |
468 | fail or wait for other processes to release the | |
469 | terminal.</para> | |
470 | ||
471 | <para><option>journal</option> connects standard output with | |
472 | the journal which is accessible via | |
473 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
474 | Note that everything that is written to syslog or kmsg (see | |
475 | below) is implicitly stored in the journal as well, the | |
476 | specific two options listed below are hence supersets of this | |
477 | one.</para> | |
478 | ||
479 | <para><option>syslog</option> connects standard output to the | |
480 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
481 | system syslog service, in addition to the journal. Note that | |
482 | the journal daemon is usually configured to forward everything | |
483 | it receives to syslog anyway, in which case this option is no | |
484 | different from <option>journal</option>.</para> | |
485 | ||
486 | <para><option>kmsg</option> connects standard output with the | |
487 | kernel log buffer which is accessible via | |
488 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
489 | in addition to the journal. The journal daemon might be | |
490 | configured to send all logs to kmsg anyway, in which case this | |
491 | option is no different from <option>journal</option>.</para> | |
492 | ||
493 | <para><option>journal+console</option>, | |
494 | <option>syslog+console</option> and | |
495 | <option>kmsg+console</option> work in a similar way as the | |
496 | three options above but copy the output to the system console | |
497 | as well.</para> | |
498 | ||
499 | <para><option>socket</option> connects standard output to a | |
500 | socket acquired via socket activation. The semantics are | |
501 | similar to the same option of | |
502 | <varname>StandardInput=</varname>.</para> | |
503 | ||
dfe85b38 LP |
504 | <para>If the standard output (or error output, see below) of a unit is connected to the journal, syslog or the |
505 | kernel log buffer, the unit will implicitly gain a dependency of type <varname>After=</varname> on | |
28c75e25 LP |
506 | <filename>systemd-journald.socket</filename> (also see the automatic dependencies section above).</para> |
507 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
508 | <para>This setting defaults to the value set with |
509 | <option>DefaultStandardOutput=</option> in | |
510 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
c129bd5d LP |
511 | which defaults to <option>journal</option>. Note that setting |
512 | this parameter might result in additional dependencies to be | |
513 | added to the unit (see above).</para></listitem> | |
798d3a52 | 514 | </varlistentry> |
c129bd5d | 515 | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
516 | <varlistentry> |
517 | <term><varname>StandardError=</varname></term> | |
518 | <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 2 (STDERR) of | |
519 | the executed processes is connected to. The available options | |
520 | are identical to those of <varname>StandardOutput=</varname>, | |
521 | with one exception: if set to <option>inherit</option> the | |
522 | file descriptor used for standard output is duplicated for | |
523 | standard error. This setting defaults to the value set with | |
524 | <option>DefaultStandardError=</option> in | |
525 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
c129bd5d LP |
526 | which defaults to <option>inherit</option>. Note that setting |
527 | this parameter might result in additional dependencies to be | |
528 | added to the unit (see above).</para></listitem> | |
798d3a52 | 529 | </varlistentry> |
c129bd5d | 530 | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
531 | <varlistentry> |
532 | <term><varname>TTYPath=</varname></term> | |
533 | <listitem><para>Sets the terminal device node to use if | |
534 | standard input, output, or error are connected to a TTY (see | |
535 | above). Defaults to | |
536 | <filename>/dev/console</filename>.</para></listitem> | |
537 | </varlistentry> | |
538 | <varlistentry> | |
539 | <term><varname>TTYReset=</varname></term> | |
540 | <listitem><para>Reset the terminal device specified with | |
541 | <varname>TTYPath=</varname> before and after execution. | |
542 | Defaults to <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem> | |
543 | </varlistentry> | |
544 | <varlistentry> | |
545 | <term><varname>TTYVHangup=</varname></term> | |
546 | <listitem><para>Disconnect all clients which have opened the | |
547 | terminal device specified with <varname>TTYPath=</varname> | |
548 | before and after execution. Defaults to | |
549 | <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem> | |
550 | </varlistentry> | |
551 | <varlistentry> | |
552 | <term><varname>TTYVTDisallocate=</varname></term> | |
553 | <listitem><para>If the terminal device specified with | |
554 | <varname>TTYPath=</varname> is a virtual console terminal, try | |
555 | to deallocate the TTY before and after execution. This ensures | |
556 | that the screen and scrollback buffer is cleared. Defaults to | |
557 | <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem> | |
558 | </varlistentry> | |
559 | <varlistentry> | |
560 | <term><varname>SyslogIdentifier=</varname></term> | |
561 | <listitem><para>Sets the process name to prefix log lines sent | |
562 | to the logging system or the kernel log buffer with. If not | |
563 | set, defaults to the process name of the executed process. | |
564 | This option is only useful when | |
565 | <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or | |
566 | <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to | |
567 | <option>syslog</option>, <option>journal</option> or | |
568 | <option>kmsg</option> (or to the same settings in combination | |
569 | with <option>+console</option>).</para></listitem> | |
570 | </varlistentry> | |
571 | <varlistentry> | |
572 | <term><varname>SyslogFacility=</varname></term> | |
573 | <listitem><para>Sets the syslog facility to use when logging | |
574 | to syslog. One of <option>kern</option>, | |
575 | <option>user</option>, <option>mail</option>, | |
576 | <option>daemon</option>, <option>auth</option>, | |
577 | <option>syslog</option>, <option>lpr</option>, | |
578 | <option>news</option>, <option>uucp</option>, | |
579 | <option>cron</option>, <option>authpriv</option>, | |
580 | <option>ftp</option>, <option>local0</option>, | |
581 | <option>local1</option>, <option>local2</option>, | |
582 | <option>local3</option>, <option>local4</option>, | |
583 | <option>local5</option>, <option>local6</option> or | |
584 | <option>local7</option>. See | |
585 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
586 | for details. This option is only useful when | |
587 | <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or | |
588 | <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to | |
589 | <option>syslog</option>. Defaults to | |
590 | <option>daemon</option>.</para></listitem> | |
591 | </varlistentry> | |
592 | <varlistentry> | |
593 | <term><varname>SyslogLevel=</varname></term> | |
a8eaaee7 | 594 | <listitem><para>The default syslog level to use when logging to |
798d3a52 ZJS |
595 | syslog or the kernel log buffer. One of |
596 | <option>emerg</option>, | |
597 | <option>alert</option>, | |
598 | <option>crit</option>, | |
599 | <option>err</option>, | |
600 | <option>warning</option>, | |
601 | <option>notice</option>, | |
602 | <option>info</option>, | |
603 | <option>debug</option>. See | |
604 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
605 | for details. This option is only useful when | |
606 | <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or | |
607 | <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to | |
608 | <option>syslog</option> or <option>kmsg</option>. Note that | |
609 | individual lines output by the daemon might be prefixed with a | |
610 | different log level which can be used to override the default | |
611 | log level specified here. The interpretation of these prefixes | |
612 | may be disabled with <varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname>, | |
b938cb90 | 613 | see below. For details, see |
798d3a52 ZJS |
614 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
615 | ||
616 | Defaults to | |
617 | <option>info</option>.</para></listitem> | |
618 | </varlistentry> | |
619 | ||
620 | <varlistentry> | |
621 | <term><varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname></term> | |
622 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true and | |
623 | <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or | |
624 | <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to | |
625 | <option>syslog</option>, <option>kmsg</option> or | |
626 | <option>journal</option>, log lines written by the executed | |
627 | process that are prefixed with a log level will be passed on | |
628 | to syslog with this log level set but the prefix removed. If | |
629 | set to false, the interpretation of these prefixes is disabled | |
630 | and the logged lines are passed on as-is. For details about | |
631 | this prefixing see | |
632 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
633 | Defaults to true.</para></listitem> | |
634 | </varlistentry> | |
635 | ||
636 | <varlistentry> | |
637 | <term><varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname></term> | |
638 | <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack in nanoseconds for the | |
639 | executed processes. The timer slack controls the accuracy of | |
640 | wake-ups triggered by timers. See | |
641 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
642 | for more information. Note that in contrast to most other time | |
643 | span definitions this parameter takes an integer value in | |
644 | nano-seconds if no unit is specified. The usual time units are | |
645 | understood too.</para></listitem> | |
646 | </varlistentry> | |
647 | ||
648 | <varlistentry> | |
649 | <term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term> | |
650 | <term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term> | |
651 | <term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term> | |
652 | <term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term> | |
653 | <term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term> | |
654 | <term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term> | |
655 | <term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term> | |
656 | <term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term> | |
657 | <term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term> | |
658 | <term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term> | |
659 | <term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term> | |
660 | <term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term> | |
661 | <term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term> | |
662 | <term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term> | |
663 | <term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term> | |
664 | <term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term> | |
29857001 LP |
665 | <listitem><para>Set soft and hard limits on various resources for executed processes. See |
666 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on | |
667 | the resource limit concept. Resource limits may be specified in two formats: either as single value to set a | |
668 | specific soft and hard limit to the same value, or as colon-separated pair <option>soft:hard</option> to set | |
669 | both limits individually (e.g. <literal>LimitAS=4G:16G</literal>). Use the string <varname>infinity</varname> | |
670 | to configure no limit on a specific resource. The multiplicative suffixes K, M, G, T, P and E (to the base | |
671 | 1024) may be used for resource limits measured in bytes (e.g. LimitAS=16G). For the limits referring to time | |
672 | values, the usual time units ms, s, min, h and so on may be used (see | |
673 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for | |
674 | details). Note that if no time unit is specified for <varname>LimitCPU=</varname> the default unit of seconds | |
675 | is implied, while for <varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname> the default unit of microseconds is implied. Also, note | |
676 | that the effective granularity of the limits might influence their enforcement. For example, time limits | |
677 | specified for <varname>LimitCPU=</varname> will be rounded up implicitly to multiples of 1s. For | |
678 | <varname>LimitNICE=</varname> the value may be specified in two syntaxes: if prefixed with <literal>+</literal> | |
679 | or <literal>-</literal>, the value is understood as regular Linux nice value in the range -20..19. If not | |
680 | prefixed like this the value is understood as raw resource limit parameter in the range 0..40 (with 0 being | |
681 | equivalent to 1).</para> | |
a4c18002 LP |
682 | |
683 | <para>Note that most process resource limits configured with | |
684 | these options are per-process, and processes may fork in order | |
685 | to acquire a new set of resources that are accounted | |
686 | independently of the original process, and may thus escape | |
687 | limits set. Also note that <varname>LimitRSS=</varname> is not | |
688 | implemented on Linux, and setting it has no effect. Often it | |
689 | is advisable to prefer the resource controls listed in | |
690 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
691 | over these per-process limits, as they apply to services as a | |
692 | whole, may be altered dynamically at runtime, and are | |
693 | generally more expressive. For example, | |
694 | <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname> is a more powerful (and | |
695 | working) replacement for <varname>LimitRSS=</varname>.</para> | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
696 | |
697 | <table> | |
698 | <title>Limit directives and their equivalent with ulimit</title> | |
699 | ||
a4c18002 | 700 | <tgroup cols='3'> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
701 | <colspec colname='directive' /> |
702 | <colspec colname='equivalent' /> | |
a4c18002 | 703 | <colspec colname='unit' /> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
704 | <thead> |
705 | <row> | |
706 | <entry>Directive</entry> | |
707 | <entry>ulimit equivalent</entry> | |
a4c18002 | 708 | <entry>Unit</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
709 | </row> |
710 | </thead> | |
711 | <tbody> | |
712 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 713 | <entry>LimitCPU=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 714 | <entry>ulimit -t</entry> |
a4c18002 | 715 | <entry>Seconds</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
716 | </row> |
717 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 718 | <entry>LimitFSIZE=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 719 | <entry>ulimit -f</entry> |
a4c18002 | 720 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
721 | </row> |
722 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 723 | <entry>LimitDATA=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 724 | <entry>ulimit -d</entry> |
a4c18002 | 725 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
726 | </row> |
727 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 728 | <entry>LimitSTACK=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 729 | <entry>ulimit -s</entry> |
a4c18002 | 730 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
731 | </row> |
732 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 733 | <entry>LimitCORE=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 734 | <entry>ulimit -c</entry> |
a4c18002 | 735 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
736 | </row> |
737 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 738 | <entry>LimitRSS=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 739 | <entry>ulimit -m</entry> |
a4c18002 | 740 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
741 | </row> |
742 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 743 | <entry>LimitNOFILE=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 744 | <entry>ulimit -n</entry> |
a4c18002 | 745 | <entry>Number of File Descriptors</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
746 | </row> |
747 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 748 | <entry>LimitAS=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 749 | <entry>ulimit -v</entry> |
a4c18002 | 750 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
751 | </row> |
752 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 753 | <entry>LimitNPROC=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 754 | <entry>ulimit -u</entry> |
a4c18002 | 755 | <entry>Number of Processes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
756 | </row> |
757 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 758 | <entry>LimitMEMLOCK=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 759 | <entry>ulimit -l</entry> |
a4c18002 | 760 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
761 | </row> |
762 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 763 | <entry>LimitLOCKS=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 764 | <entry>ulimit -x</entry> |
a4c18002 | 765 | <entry>Number of Locks</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
766 | </row> |
767 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 768 | <entry>LimitSIGPENDING=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 769 | <entry>ulimit -i</entry> |
a4c18002 | 770 | <entry>Number of Queued Signals</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
771 | </row> |
772 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 773 | <entry>LimitMSGQUEUE=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 774 | <entry>ulimit -q</entry> |
a4c18002 | 775 | <entry>Bytes</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
776 | </row> |
777 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 778 | <entry>LimitNICE=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 779 | <entry>ulimit -e</entry> |
a4c18002 | 780 | <entry>Nice Level</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
781 | </row> |
782 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 783 | <entry>LimitRTPRIO=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 784 | <entry>ulimit -r</entry> |
a4c18002 | 785 | <entry>Realtime Priority</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
786 | </row> |
787 | <row> | |
a4c18002 | 788 | <entry>LimitRTTIME=</entry> |
798d3a52 | 789 | <entry>No equivalent</entry> |
a4c18002 | 790 | <entry>Microseconds</entry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
791 | </row> |
792 | </tbody> | |
793 | </tgroup> | |
a4c18002 | 794 | </table></listitem> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
795 | </varlistentry> |
796 | ||
797 | <varlistentry> | |
798 | <term><varname>PAMName=</varname></term> | |
799 | <listitem><para>Sets the PAM service name to set up a session | |
800 | as. If set, the executed process will be registered as a PAM | |
801 | session under the specified service name. This is only useful | |
802 | in conjunction with the <varname>User=</varname> setting. If | |
803 | not set, no PAM session will be opened for the executed | |
804 | processes. See | |
805 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
806 | for details.</para></listitem> | |
807 | </varlistentry> | |
808 | ||
809 | <varlistentry> | |
810 | <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname></term> | |
811 | ||
479050b3 LP |
812 | <listitem><para>Controls which capabilities to include in the capability bounding set for the executed |
813 | process. See <citerefentry | |
814 | project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for | |
815 | details. Takes a whitespace-separated list of capability names as read by <citerefentry | |
816 | project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
817 | e.g. <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>, <constant>CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</constant>, | |
818 | <constant>CAP_SYS_PTRACE</constant>. Capabilities listed will be included in the bounding set, all others are | |
819 | removed. If the list of capabilities is prefixed with <literal>~</literal>, all but the listed capabilities | |
820 | will be included, the effect of the assignment inverted. Note that this option also affects the respective | |
821 | capabilities in the effective, permitted and inheritable capability sets. If this option is not used, the | |
822 | capability bounding set is not modified on process execution, hence no limits on the capabilities of the | |
823 | process are enforced. This option may appear more than once, in which case the bounding sets are merged. If the | |
824 | empty string is assigned to this option, the bounding set is reset to the empty capability set, and all prior | |
825 | settings have no effect. If set to <literal>~</literal> (without any further argument), the bounding set is | |
cf677fe6 | 826 | reset to the full set of available capabilities, also undoing any previous settings. This does not affect |
43eb109a | 827 | commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para></listitem> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
828 | </varlistentry> |
829 | ||
ece87975 IP |
830 | <varlistentry> |
831 | <term><varname>AmbientCapabilities=</varname></term> | |
832 | ||
833 | <listitem><para>Controls which capabilities to include in the | |
834 | ambient capability set for the executed process. Takes a | |
835 | whitespace-separated list of capability names as read by | |
836 | <citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
837 | e.g. <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>, | |
838 | <constant>CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</constant>, | |
839 | <constant>CAP_SYS_PTRACE</constant>. This option may appear more than | |
840 | once in which case the ambient capability sets are merged. | |
841 | If the list of capabilities is prefixed with <literal>~</literal>, all | |
842 | but the listed capabilities will be included, the effect of the | |
843 | assignment inverted. If the empty string is | |
844 | assigned to this option, the ambient capability set is reset to | |
845 | the empty capability set, and all prior settings have no effect. | |
846 | If set to <literal>~</literal> (without any further argument), the | |
847 | ambient capability set is reset to the full set of available | |
848 | capabilities, also undoing any previous settings. Note that adding | |
849 | capabilities to ambient capability set adds them to the process's | |
850 | inherited capability set. | |
851 | </para><para> | |
852 | Ambient capability sets are useful if you want to execute a process | |
853 | as a non-privileged user but still want to give it some capabilities. | |
854 | Note that in this case option <constant>keep-caps</constant> is | |
855 | automatically added to <varname>SecureBits=</varname> to retain the | |
cf677fe6 | 856 | capabilities over the user change. <varname>AmbientCapabilities=</varname> does not affect |
43eb109a | 857 | commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para></listitem> |
ece87975 IP |
858 | </varlistentry> |
859 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
860 | <varlistentry> |
861 | <term><varname>SecureBits=</varname></term> | |
862 | <listitem><para>Controls the secure bits set for the executed | |
863 | process. Takes a space-separated combination of options from | |
864 | the following list: | |
865 | <option>keep-caps</option>, | |
866 | <option>keep-caps-locked</option>, | |
867 | <option>no-setuid-fixup</option>, | |
868 | <option>no-setuid-fixup-locked</option>, | |
869 | <option>noroot</option>, and | |
870 | <option>noroot-locked</option>. | |
b938cb90 | 871 | This option may appear more than once, in which case the secure |
798d3a52 | 872 | bits are ORed. If the empty string is assigned to this option, |
43eb109a | 873 | the bits are reset to 0. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>. |
cf677fe6 | 874 | See <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
875 | for details.</para></listitem> |
876 | </varlistentry> | |
877 | ||
798d3a52 | 878 | <varlistentry> |
2a624c36 AP |
879 | <term><varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname></term> |
880 | <term><varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname></term> | |
881 | <term><varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname></term> | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
882 | |
883 | <listitem><para>Sets up a new file system namespace for | |
884 | executed processes. These options may be used to limit access | |
885 | a process might have to the main file system hierarchy. Each | |
c4b41707 | 886 | setting takes a space-separated list of paths relative to |
043cc715 | 887 | the host's root directory (i.e. the system running the service manager). |
c4b41707 | 888 | Note that if entries contain symlinks, they are resolved from the host's root directory as well. |
2a624c36 AP |
889 | Entries (files or directories) listed in |
890 | <varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname> are accessible from | |
798d3a52 | 891 | within the namespace with the same access rights as from |
c4b41707 | 892 | outside. Entries listed in |
2a624c36 | 893 | <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname> are accessible for |
798d3a52 | 894 | reading only, writing will be refused even if the usual file |
c4b41707 | 895 | access controls would permit this. Entries listed in |
2a624c36 | 896 | <varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname> will be made |
b50a16af NBS |
897 | inaccessible for processes inside the namespace, and may not |
898 | countain any other mountpoints, including those specified by | |
2a624c36 AP |
899 | <varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname> or |
900 | <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname>. | |
b50a16af | 901 | Note that restricting access with these options does not extend |
c4b41707 AP |
902 | to submounts of a directory that are created later on. |
903 | Non-directory paths can be specified as well. These | |
b938cb90 | 904 | options may be specified more than once, in which case all |
c4b41707 | 905 | paths listed will have limited access from within the |
798d3a52 ZJS |
906 | namespace. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the |
907 | specific list is reset, and all prior assignments have no | |
908 | effect.</para> | |
909 | <para>Paths in | |
2a624c36 | 910 | <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname> |
798d3a52 | 911 | and |
2a624c36 | 912 | <varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
913 | may be prefixed with |
914 | <literal>-</literal>, in which case | |
915 | they will be ignored when they do not | |
916 | exist. Note that using this | |
917 | setting will disconnect propagation of | |
918 | mounts from the service to the host | |
919 | (propagation in the opposite direction | |
920 | continues to work). This means that | |
921 | this setting may not be used for | |
922 | services which shall be able to | |
923 | install mount points in the main mount | |
924 | namespace.</para></listitem> | |
925 | </varlistentry> | |
926 | ||
927 | <varlistentry> | |
928 | <term><varname>PrivateTmp=</varname></term> | |
929 | ||
930 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a | |
931 | new file system namespace for the executed processes and | |
932 | mounts private <filename>/tmp</filename> and | |
933 | <filename>/var/tmp</filename> directories inside it that is | |
934 | not shared by processes outside of the namespace. This is | |
935 | useful to secure access to temporary files of the process, but | |
936 | makes sharing between processes via <filename>/tmp</filename> | |
937 | or <filename>/var/tmp</filename> impossible. If this is | |
938 | enabled, all temporary files created by a service in these | |
939 | directories will be removed after the service is stopped. | |
940 | Defaults to false. It is possible to run two or more units | |
941 | within the same private <filename>/tmp</filename> and | |
942 | <filename>/var/tmp</filename> namespace by using the | |
943 | <varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname> directive, see | |
944 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
945 | for details. Note that using this setting will disconnect | |
946 | propagation of mounts from the service to the host | |
947 | (propagation in the opposite direction continues to work). | |
948 | This means that this setting may not be used for services | |
949 | which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount | |
950 | namespace.</para></listitem> | |
951 | </varlistentry> | |
952 | ||
953 | <varlistentry> | |
954 | <term><varname>PrivateDevices=</varname></term> | |
955 | ||
956 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a | |
957 | new /dev namespace for the executed processes and only adds | |
958 | API pseudo devices such as <filename>/dev/null</filename>, | |
959 | <filename>/dev/zero</filename> or | |
960 | <filename>/dev/random</filename> (as well as the pseudo TTY | |
961 | subsystem) to it, but no physical devices such as | |
962 | <filename>/dev/sda</filename>. This is useful to securely turn | |
963 | off physical device access by the executed process. Defaults | |
964 | to false. Enabling this option will also remove | |
965 | <constant>CAP_MKNOD</constant> from the capability bounding | |
966 | set for the unit (see above), and set | |
967 | <varname>DevicePolicy=closed</varname> (see | |
968 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
969 | for details). Note that using this setting will disconnect | |
970 | propagation of mounts from the service to the host | |
971 | (propagation in the opposite direction continues to work). | |
972 | This means that this setting may not be used for services | |
973 | which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount | |
737ba3c8 | 974 | namespace. The /dev namespace will be mounted read-only and 'noexec'. |
975 | The latter may break old programs which try to set up executable | |
976 | memory by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
977 | of <filename>/dev/zero</filename> instead of using <constant>MAP_ANON</constant>.</para></listitem> | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
978 | </varlistentry> |
979 | ||
980 | <varlistentry> | |
981 | <term><varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname></term> | |
982 | ||
983 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a | |
984 | new network namespace for the executed processes and | |
985 | configures only the loopback network device | |
986 | <literal>lo</literal> inside it. No other network devices will | |
987 | be available to the executed process. This is useful to | |
988 | securely turn off network access by the executed process. | |
989 | Defaults to false. It is possible to run two or more units | |
990 | within the same private network namespace by using the | |
991 | <varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname> directive, see | |
992 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
993 | for details. Note that this option will disconnect all socket | |
994 | families from the host, this includes AF_NETLINK and AF_UNIX. | |
995 | The latter has the effect that AF_UNIX sockets in the abstract | |
996 | socket namespace will become unavailable to the processes | |
997 | (however, those located in the file system will continue to be | |
998 | accessible).</para></listitem> | |
999 | </varlistentry> | |
1000 | ||
1001 | <varlistentry> | |
1002 | <term><varname>ProtectSystem=</varname></term> | |
1003 | ||
1004 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or | |
1005 | <literal>full</literal>. If true, mounts the | |
1006 | <filename>/usr</filename> and <filename>/boot</filename> | |
1007 | directories read-only for processes invoked by this unit. If | |
1008 | set to <literal>full</literal>, the <filename>/etc</filename> | |
1009 | directory is mounted read-only, too. This setting ensures that | |
b938cb90 | 1010 | any modification of the vendor-supplied operating system (and |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1011 | optionally its configuration) is prohibited for the service. |
1012 | It is recommended to enable this setting for all long-running | |
1013 | services, unless they are involved with system updates or need | |
1014 | to modify the operating system in other ways. Note however | |
1015 | that processes retaining the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can undo | |
1016 | the effect of this setting. This setting is hence particularly | |
1017 | useful for daemons which have this capability removed, for | |
1018 | example with <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>. | |
1019 | Defaults to off.</para></listitem> | |
1020 | </varlistentry> | |
1021 | ||
1022 | <varlistentry> | |
1023 | <term><varname>ProtectHome=</varname></term> | |
1024 | ||
1025 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or | |
1026 | <literal>read-only</literal>. If true, the directories | |
58331437 CH |
1027 | <filename>/home</filename>, <filename>/root</filename> and |
1028 | <filename>/run/user</filename> | |
798d3a52 | 1029 | are made inaccessible and empty for processes invoked by this |
58331437 | 1030 | unit. If set to <literal>read-only</literal>, the three |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1031 | directories are made read-only instead. It is recommended to |
1032 | enable this setting for all long-running services (in | |
1033 | particular network-facing ones), to ensure they cannot get | |
1034 | access to private user data, unless the services actually | |
1035 | require access to the user's private data. Note however that | |
1036 | processes retaining the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can undo the | |
1037 | effect of this setting. This setting is hence particularly | |
1038 | useful for daemons which have this capability removed, for | |
1039 | example with <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>. | |
1040 | Defaults to off.</para></listitem> | |
1041 | </varlistentry> | |
1042 | ||
1043 | <varlistentry> | |
1044 | <term><varname>MountFlags=</varname></term> | |
1045 | ||
1046 | <listitem><para>Takes a mount propagation flag: | |
1047 | <option>shared</option>, <option>slave</option> or | |
1048 | <option>private</option>, which control whether mounts in the | |
1049 | file system namespace set up for this unit's processes will | |
1050 | receive or propagate mounts or unmounts. See | |
3ba3a79d | 1051 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1052 | for details. Defaults to <option>shared</option>. Use |
1053 | <option>shared</option> to ensure that mounts and unmounts are | |
1054 | propagated from the host to the container and vice versa. Use | |
1055 | <option>slave</option> to run processes so that none of their | |
1056 | mounts and unmounts will propagate to the host. Use | |
1057 | <option>private</option> to also ensure that no mounts and | |
1058 | unmounts from the host will propagate into the unit processes' | |
1059 | namespace. Note that <option>slave</option> means that file | |
1060 | systems mounted on the host might stay mounted continuously in | |
1061 | the unit's namespace, and thus keep the device busy. Note that | |
1062 | the file system namespace related options | |
1063 | (<varname>PrivateTmp=</varname>, | |
1064 | <varname>PrivateDevices=</varname>, | |
1065 | <varname>ProtectSystem=</varname>, | |
1066 | <varname>ProtectHome=</varname>, | |
2a624c36 AP |
1067 | <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname>, |
1068 | <varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname> and | |
1069 | <varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname>) require that mount | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1070 | and unmount propagation from the unit's file system namespace |
1071 | is disabled, and hence downgrade <option>shared</option> to | |
1072 | <option>slave</option>. </para></listitem> | |
1073 | </varlistentry> | |
1074 | ||
1075 | <varlistentry> | |
1076 | <term><varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname></term> | |
1077 | ||
1078 | <listitem><para>Takes a four character identifier string for | |
023a4f67 LP |
1079 | an <citerefentry |
1080 | project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>utmp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
1081 | and wtmp entry for this service. This should only be | |
1082 | set for services such as <command>getty</command> | |
1083 | implementations (such as <citerefentry | |
1084 | project='die-net'><refentrytitle>agetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>) | |
798d3a52 | 1085 | where utmp/wtmp entries must be created and cleared before and |
023a4f67 LP |
1086 | after execution, or for services that shall be executed as if |
1087 | they were run by a <command>getty</command> process (see | |
1088 | below). If the configured string is longer than four | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1089 | characters, it is truncated and the terminal four characters |
1090 | are used. This setting interprets %I style string | |
1091 | replacements. This setting is unset by default, i.e. no | |
1092 | utmp/wtmp entries are created or cleaned up for this | |
1093 | service.</para></listitem> | |
1094 | </varlistentry> | |
1095 | ||
023a4f67 LP |
1096 | <varlistentry> |
1097 | <term><varname>UtmpMode=</varname></term> | |
1098 | ||
1099 | <listitem><para>Takes one of <literal>init</literal>, | |
1100 | <literal>login</literal> or <literal>user</literal>. If | |
1101 | <varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname> is set, controls which | |
1102 | type of <citerefentry | |
1103 | project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>utmp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>/wtmp | |
1104 | entries for this service are generated. This setting has no | |
1105 | effect unless <varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname> is set | |
1106 | too. If <literal>init</literal> is set, only an | |
1107 | <constant>INIT_PROCESS</constant> entry is generated and the | |
6cd16034 LP |
1108 | invoked process must implement a |
1109 | <command>getty</command>-compatible utmp/wtmp logic. If | |
1110 | <literal>login</literal> is set, first an | |
a8eaaee7 | 1111 | <constant>INIT_PROCESS</constant> entry, followed by a |
6cd16034 | 1112 | <constant>LOGIN_PROCESS</constant> entry is generated. In |
b938cb90 | 1113 | this case, the invoked process must implement a <citerefentry |
023a4f67 LP |
1114 | project='die-net'><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible |
1115 | utmp/wtmp logic. If <literal>user</literal> is set, first an | |
1116 | <constant>INIT_PROCESS</constant> entry, then a | |
a8eaaee7 | 1117 | <constant>LOGIN_PROCESS</constant> entry and finally a |
023a4f67 | 1118 | <constant>USER_PROCESS</constant> entry is generated. In this |
b938cb90 | 1119 | case, the invoked process may be any process that is suitable |
023a4f67 LP |
1120 | to be run as session leader. Defaults to |
1121 | <literal>init</literal>.</para></listitem> | |
1122 | </varlistentry> | |
1123 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
1124 | <varlistentry> |
1125 | <term><varname>SELinuxContext=</varname></term> | |
1126 | ||
1127 | <listitem><para>Set the SELinux security context of the | |
1128 | executed process. If set, this will override the automated | |
1129 | domain transition. However, the policy still needs to | |
1130 | authorize the transition. This directive is ignored if SELinux | |
1131 | is disabled. If prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, all errors | |
43eb109a | 1132 | will be ignored. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>. |
cf677fe6 | 1133 | See <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>setexeccon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1134 | for details.</para></listitem> |
1135 | </varlistentry> | |
1136 | ||
1137 | <varlistentry> | |
1138 | <term><varname>AppArmorProfile=</varname></term> | |
1139 | ||
1140 | <listitem><para>Takes a profile name as argument. The process | |
1141 | executed by the unit will switch to this profile when started. | |
1142 | Profiles must already be loaded in the kernel, or the unit | |
1143 | will fail. This result in a non operation if AppArmor is not | |
1144 | enabled. If prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, all errors will | |
43eb109a | 1145 | be ignored. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para></listitem> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1146 | </varlistentry> |
1147 | ||
1148 | <varlistentry> | |
1149 | <term><varname>SmackProcessLabel=</varname></term> | |
1150 | ||
1151 | <listitem><para>Takes a <option>SMACK64</option> security | |
1152 | label as argument. The process executed by the unit will be | |
1153 | started under this label and SMACK will decide whether the | |
b938cb90 | 1154 | process is allowed to run or not, based on it. The process |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1155 | will continue to run under the label specified here unless the |
1156 | executable has its own <option>SMACK64EXEC</option> label, in | |
1157 | which case the process will transition to run under that | |
1158 | label. When not specified, the label that systemd is running | |
1159 | under is used. This directive is ignored if SMACK is | |
1160 | disabled.</para> | |
1161 | ||
1162 | <para>The value may be prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, in | |
1163 | which case all errors will be ignored. An empty value may be | |
cf677fe6 | 1164 | specified to unset previous assignments. This does not affect |
43eb109a | 1165 | commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1166 | </listitem> |
1167 | </varlistentry> | |
1168 | ||
1169 | <varlistentry> | |
1170 | <term><varname>IgnoreSIGPIPE=</varname></term> | |
1171 | ||
1172 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, causes | |
1173 | <constant>SIGPIPE</constant> to be ignored in the executed | |
1174 | process. Defaults to true because <constant>SIGPIPE</constant> | |
1175 | generally is useful only in shell pipelines.</para></listitem> | |
1176 | </varlistentry> | |
1177 | ||
1178 | <varlistentry> | |
1179 | <term><varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname></term> | |
1180 | ||
1181 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, ensures | |
1182 | that the service process and all its children can never gain | |
1183 | new privileges. This option is more powerful than the | |
1184 | respective secure bits flags (see above), as it also prohibits | |
1185 | UID changes of any kind. This is the simplest, most effective | |
1186 | way to ensure that a process and its children can never | |
1187 | elevate privileges again.</para></listitem> | |
1188 | </varlistentry> | |
1189 | ||
1190 | <varlistentry> | |
1191 | <term><varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname></term> | |
1192 | ||
1193 | <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of system call | |
1194 | names. If this setting is used, all system calls executed by | |
1195 | the unit processes except for the listed ones will result in | |
1196 | immediate process termination with the | |
1197 | <constant>SIGSYS</constant> signal (whitelisting). If the | |
1198 | first character of the list is <literal>~</literal>, the | |
1199 | effect is inverted: only the listed system calls will result | |
1200 | in immediate process termination (blacklisting). If running in | |
19c0b0b9 | 1201 | user mode, or in system mode, but without the |
008dce38 | 1202 | <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> capability (e.g. setting |
19c0b0b9 | 1203 | <varname>User=nobody</varname>), |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1204 | <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. This |
1205 | feature makes use of the Secure Computing Mode 2 interfaces of | |
1206 | the kernel ('seccomp filtering') and is useful for enforcing a | |
1207 | minimal sandboxing environment. Note that the | |
1208 | <function>execve</function>, | |
1209 | <function>rt_sigreturn</function>, | |
1210 | <function>sigreturn</function>, | |
1211 | <function>exit_group</function>, <function>exit</function> | |
1212 | system calls are implicitly whitelisted and do not need to be | |
b938cb90 | 1213 | listed explicitly. This option may be specified more than once, |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1214 | in which case the filter masks are merged. If the empty string |
1215 | is assigned, the filter is reset, all prior assignments will | |
43eb109a | 1216 | have no effect. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1217 | |
1218 | <para>If you specify both types of this option (i.e. | |
1219 | whitelisting and blacklisting), the first encountered will | |
1220 | take precedence and will dictate the default action | |
1221 | (termination or approval of a system call). Then the next | |
1222 | occurrences of this option will add or delete the listed | |
1223 | system calls from the set of the filtered system calls, | |
1224 | depending of its type and the default action. (For example, if | |
1225 | you have started with a whitelisting of | |
1226 | <function>read</function> and <function>write</function>, and | |
1227 | right after it add a blacklisting of | |
1228 | <function>write</function>, then <function>write</function> | |
201c1cc2 TM |
1229 | will be removed from the set.)</para> |
1230 | ||
1231 | <para>As the number of possible system | |
1232 | calls is large, predefined sets of system calls are provided. | |
1233 | A set starts with <literal>@</literal> character, followed by | |
1234 | name of the set. | |
1235 | ||
1236 | <table> | |
1237 | <title>Currently predefined system call sets</title> | |
1238 | ||
1239 | <tgroup cols='2'> | |
1240 | <colspec colname='set' /> | |
1241 | <colspec colname='description' /> | |
1242 | <thead> | |
1243 | <row> | |
1244 | <entry>Set</entry> | |
1245 | <entry>Description</entry> | |
1246 | </row> | |
1247 | </thead> | |
1248 | <tbody> | |
1249 | <row> | |
1250 | <entry>@clock</entry> | |
1f9ac68b LP |
1251 | <entry>System calls for changing the system clock (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>adjtimex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>settimeofday</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and related calls)</entry> |
1252 | </row> | |
1253 | <row> | |
1254 | <entry>@cpu-emulation</entry> | |
1255 | <entry>System calls for CPU emulation functionality (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>vm86</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry> | |
1256 | </row> | |
1257 | <row> | |
1258 | <entry>@debug</entry> | |
1259 | <entry>Debugging, performance monitoring and tracing functionality (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ptrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>perf_event_open</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry> | |
201c1cc2 TM |
1260 | </row> |
1261 | <row> | |
1262 | <entry>@io-event</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1263 | <entry>Event loop system calls (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>poll</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>select</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>epoll</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>eventfd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1264 | </row> |
1265 | <row> | |
1266 | <entry>@ipc</entry> | |
1f9ac68b LP |
1267 | <entry>SysV IPC, POSIX Message Queues or other IPC (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mq_overview</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>svipc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry> |
1268 | </row> | |
1269 | <row> | |
1270 | <entry>@keyring</entry> | |
1271 | <entry>Kernel keyring access (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>keyctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry> | |
201c1cc2 TM |
1272 | </row> |
1273 | <row> | |
1274 | <entry>@module</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1275 | <entry>Kernel module control (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>init_module</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>delete_module</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1276 | </row> |
1277 | <row> | |
1278 | <entry>@mount</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1279 | <entry>File system mounting and unmounting (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and related calls)</entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1280 | </row> |
1281 | <row> | |
1282 | <entry>@network-io</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1283 | <entry>Socket I/O (including local AF_UNIX): <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1284 | </row> |
1285 | <row> | |
1286 | <entry>@obsolete</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1287 | <entry>Unusual, obsolete or unimplemented (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>create_module</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>gtty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)</entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1288 | </row> |
1289 | <row> | |
1290 | <entry>@privileged</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1291 | <entry>All system calls which need super-user capabilities (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1292 | </row> |
1293 | <row> | |
1294 | <entry>@process</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1295 | <entry>Process control, execution, namespaces (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>execve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>namespaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …</entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1296 | </row> |
1297 | <row> | |
1298 | <entry>@raw-io</entry> | |
1f9ac68b | 1299 | <entry>Raw I/O port access (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ioperm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>iopl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <function>pciconfig_read()</function>, …</entry> |
201c1cc2 TM |
1300 | </row> |
1301 | </tbody> | |
1302 | </tgroup> | |
1303 | </table> | |
1304 | ||
1305 | Note, that as new system calls are added to the kernel, additional system calls might be added to the groups | |
1306 | above, so the contents of the sets may change between systemd versions.</para></listitem> | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1307 | </varlistentry> |
1308 | ||
1309 | <varlistentry> | |
1310 | <term><varname>SystemCallErrorNumber=</varname></term> | |
1311 | ||
1312 | <listitem><para>Takes an <literal>errno</literal> error number | |
1313 | name to return when the system call filter configured with | |
1314 | <varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname> is triggered, instead of | |
1315 | terminating the process immediately. Takes an error name such | |
1316 | as <constant>EPERM</constant>, <constant>EACCES</constant> or | |
1317 | <constant>EUCLEAN</constant>. When this setting is not used, | |
1318 | or when the empty string is assigned, the process will be | |
1319 | terminated immediately when the filter is | |
1320 | triggered.</para></listitem> | |
1321 | </varlistentry> | |
1322 | ||
1323 | <varlistentry> | |
1324 | <term><varname>SystemCallArchitectures=</varname></term> | |
1325 | ||
b938cb90 | 1326 | <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of architecture |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1327 | identifiers to include in the system call filter. The known |
1328 | architecture identifiers are <constant>x86</constant>, | |
1329 | <constant>x86-64</constant>, <constant>x32</constant>, | |
1330 | <constant>arm</constant> as well as the special identifier | |
1331 | <constant>native</constant>. Only system calls of the | |
1332 | specified architectures will be permitted to processes of this | |
1333 | unit. This is an effective way to disable compatibility with | |
1334 | non-native architectures for processes, for example to | |
1335 | prohibit execution of 32-bit x86 binaries on 64-bit x86-64 | |
1336 | systems. The special <constant>native</constant> identifier | |
1337 | implicitly maps to the native architecture of the system (or | |
1338 | more strictly: to the architecture the system manager is | |
19c0b0b9 RC |
1339 | compiled for). If running in user mode, or in system mode, |
1340 | but without the <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> | |
008dce38 | 1341 | capability (e.g. setting <varname>User=nobody</varname>), |
19c0b0b9 | 1342 | <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. Note |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1343 | that setting this option to a non-empty list implies that |
1344 | <constant>native</constant> is included too. By default, this | |
1345 | option is set to the empty list, i.e. no architecture system | |
1346 | call filtering is applied.</para></listitem> | |
1347 | </varlistentry> | |
1348 | ||
1349 | <varlistentry> | |
1350 | <term><varname>RestrictAddressFamilies=</varname></term> | |
1351 | ||
1352 | <listitem><para>Restricts the set of socket address families | |
1353 | accessible to the processes of this unit. Takes a | |
1354 | space-separated list of address family names to whitelist, | |
1355 | such as | |
1356 | <constant>AF_UNIX</constant>, | |
1357 | <constant>AF_INET</constant> or | |
1358 | <constant>AF_INET6</constant>. When | |
1359 | prefixed with <constant>~</constant> the listed address | |
1360 | families will be applied as blacklist, otherwise as whitelist. | |
1361 | Note that this restricts access to the | |
3ba3a79d | 1362 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1363 | system call only. Sockets passed into the process by other |
1364 | means (for example, by using socket activation with socket | |
1365 | units, see | |
1366 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) | |
1367 | are unaffected. Also, sockets created with | |
1368 | <function>socketpair()</function> (which creates connected | |
1369 | AF_UNIX sockets only) are unaffected. Note that this option | |
1370 | has no effect on 32-bit x86 and is ignored (but works | |
19c0b0b9 RC |
1371 | correctly on x86-64). If running in user mode, or in system |
1372 | mode, but without the <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> | |
008dce38 | 1373 | capability (e.g. setting <varname>User=nobody</varname>), |
19c0b0b9 | 1374 | <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. By |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1375 | default, no restriction applies, all address families are |
1376 | accessible to processes. If assigned the empty string, any | |
1377 | previous list changes are undone.</para> | |
1378 | ||
1379 | <para>Use this option to limit exposure of processes to remote | |
1380 | systems, in particular via exotic network protocols. Note that | |
1381 | in most cases, the local <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> address | |
1382 | family should be included in the configured whitelist as it is | |
1383 | frequently used for local communication, including for | |
1384 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
43eb109a | 1385 | logging. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>+</literal>.</para></listitem> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1386 | </varlistentry> |
1387 | ||
1388 | <varlistentry> | |
1389 | <term><varname>Personality=</varname></term> | |
1390 | ||
7882632d LP |
1391 | <listitem><para>Controls which kernel architecture <citerefentry |
1392 | project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> shall report, | |
1393 | when invoked by unit processes. Takes one of the architecture identifiers <constant>x86</constant>, | |
1394 | <constant>x86-64</constant>, <constant>ppc</constant>, <constant>ppc-le</constant>, <constant>ppc64</constant>, | |
1395 | <constant>ppc64-le</constant>, <constant>s390</constant> or <constant>s390x</constant>. Which personality | |
1396 | architectures are supported depends on the system architecture. Usually the 64bit versions of the various | |
1397 | system architectures support their immediate 32bit personality architecture counterpart, but no others. For | |
1398 | example, <constant>x86-64</constant> systems support the <constant>x86-64</constant> and | |
1399 | <constant>x86</constant> personalities but no others. The personality feature is useful when running 32-bit | |
1400 | services on a 64-bit host system. If not specified, the personality is left unmodified and thus reflects the | |
1401 | personality of the host system's kernel.</para></listitem> | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1402 | </varlistentry> |
1403 | ||
1404 | <varlistentry> | |
1405 | <term><varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname></term> | |
1406 | <term><varname>RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname></term> | |
1407 | ||
1408 | <listitem><para>Takes a list of directory names. If set, one | |
1409 | or more directories by the specified names will be created | |
1410 | below <filename>/run</filename> (for system services) or below | |
1411 | <varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname> (for user services) when | |
1412 | the unit is started, and removed when the unit is stopped. The | |
1413 | directories will have the access mode specified in | |
1414 | <varname>RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname>, and will be owned by | |
1415 | the user and group specified in <varname>User=</varname> and | |
1416 | <varname>Group=</varname>. Use this to manage one or more | |
1417 | runtime directories of the unit and bind their lifetime to the | |
1418 | daemon runtime. The specified directory names must be | |
1419 | relative, and may not include a <literal>/</literal>, i.e. | |
1420 | must refer to simple directories to create or remove. This is | |
1421 | particularly useful for unprivileged daemons that cannot | |
1422 | create runtime directories in <filename>/run</filename> due to | |
1423 | lack of privileges, and to make sure the runtime directory is | |
1424 | cleaned up automatically after use. For runtime directories | |
1425 | that require more complex or different configuration or | |
1426 | lifetime guarantees, please consider using | |
1427 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem> | |
1428 | </varlistentry> | |
1429 | ||
f3e43635 TM |
1430 | <varlistentry> |
1431 | <term><varname>MemoryDenyWriteExecute=</varname></term> | |
1432 | ||
1433 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If set, attempts to create memory mappings that are writable and | |
1434 | executable at the same time, or to change existing memory mappings to become executable are prohibited. | |
1435 | Specifically, a system call filter is added that rejects | |
1436 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
1437 | system calls with both <constant>PROT_EXEC</constant> and <constant>PROT_WRITE</constant> set | |
1438 | and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mprotect</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
1439 | system calls with <constant>PROT_EXEC</constant> set. Note that this option is incompatible with programs | |
1440 | that generate program code dynamically at runtime, such as JIT execution engines, or programs compiled making | |
1441 | use of the code "trampoline" feature of various C compilers. This option improves service security, as it makes | |
1442 | harder for software exploits to change running code dynamically. | |
1443 | </para></listitem> | |
1444 | </varlistentry> | |
1445 | ||
f4170c67 LP |
1446 | <varlistentry> |
1447 | <term><varname>RestrictRealtime=</varname></term> | |
1448 | ||
1449 | <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If set, any attempts to enable realtime scheduling in a process of | |
1450 | the unit are refused. This restricts access to realtime task scheduling policies such as | |
1451 | <constant>SCHED_FIFO</constant>, <constant>SCHED_RR</constant> or <constant>SCHED_DEADLINE</constant>. See | |
0a07667d | 1452 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sched</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details about |
f4170c67 LP |
1453 | these scheduling policies. Realtime scheduling policies may be used to monopolize CPU time for longer periods |
1454 | of time, and may hence be used to lock up or otherwise trigger Denial-of-Service situations on the system. It | |
1455 | is hence recommended to restrict access to realtime scheduling to the few programs that actually require | |
1456 | them. Defaults to off.</para></listitem> | |
1457 | </varlistentry> | |
1458 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
1459 | </variablelist> |
1460 | </refsect1> | |
1461 | ||
1462 | <refsect1> | |
1463 | <title>Environment variables in spawned processes</title> | |
1464 | ||
1465 | <para>Processes started by the system are executed in a clean | |
1466 | environment in which select variables listed below are set. System | |
1467 | processes started by systemd do not inherit variables from PID 1, | |
1468 | but processes started by user systemd instances inherit all | |
1469 | environment variables from the user systemd instance. | |
1470 | </para> | |
1471 | ||
1472 | <variablelist class='environment-variables'> | |
1473 | <varlistentry> | |
1474 | <term><varname>$PATH</varname></term> | |
1475 | ||
1476 | <listitem><para>Colon-separated list of directories to use | |
1477 | when launching executables. Systemd uses a fixed value of | |
1478 | <filename>/usr/local/sbin</filename>:<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>:<filename>/usr/sbin</filename>:<filename>/usr/bin</filename>:<filename>/sbin</filename>:<filename>/bin</filename>. | |
1479 | </para></listitem> | |
1480 | </varlistentry> | |
1481 | ||
1482 | <varlistentry> | |
1483 | <term><varname>$LANG</varname></term> | |
1484 | ||
1485 | <listitem><para>Locale. Can be set in | |
3ba3a79d | 1486 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1487 | or on the kernel command line (see |
1488 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
1489 | and | |
1490 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). | |
1491 | </para></listitem> | |
1492 | </varlistentry> | |
1493 | ||
1494 | <varlistentry> | |
1495 | <term><varname>$USER</varname></term> | |
1496 | <term><varname>$LOGNAME</varname></term> | |
1497 | <term><varname>$HOME</varname></term> | |
1498 | <term><varname>$SHELL</varname></term> | |
1499 | ||
1500 | <listitem><para>User name (twice), home directory, and the | |
1501 | login shell. The variables are set for the units that have | |
1502 | <varname>User=</varname> set, which includes user | |
1503 | <command>systemd</command> instances. See | |
3ba3a79d | 1504 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1505 | </para></listitem> |
1506 | </varlistentry> | |
1507 | ||
1508 | <varlistentry> | |
1509 | <term><varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname></term> | |
1510 | ||
1511 | <listitem><para>The directory for volatile state. Set for the | |
1512 | user <command>systemd</command> instance, and also in user | |
1513 | sessions. See | |
1514 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
1515 | </para></listitem> | |
1516 | </varlistentry> | |
1517 | ||
1518 | <varlistentry> | |
1519 | <term><varname>$XDG_SESSION_ID</varname></term> | |
1520 | <term><varname>$XDG_SEAT</varname></term> | |
1521 | <term><varname>$XDG_VTNR</varname></term> | |
1522 | ||
1523 | <listitem><para>The identifier of the session, the seat name, | |
1524 | and virtual terminal of the session. Set by | |
1525 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
1526 | for login sessions. <varname>$XDG_SEAT</varname> and | |
1527 | <varname>$XDG_VTNR</varname> will only be set when attached to | |
1528 | a seat and a tty.</para></listitem> | |
1529 | </varlistentry> | |
1530 | ||
1531 | <varlistentry> | |
1532 | <term><varname>$MAINPID</varname></term> | |
1533 | ||
1534 | <listitem><para>The PID of the units main process if it is | |
1535 | known. This is only set for control processes as invoked by | |
1536 | <varname>ExecReload=</varname> and similar. </para></listitem> | |
1537 | </varlistentry> | |
1538 | ||
1539 | <varlistentry> | |
1540 | <term><varname>$MANAGERPID</varname></term> | |
1541 | ||
1542 | <listitem><para>The PID of the user <command>systemd</command> | |
1543 | instance, set for processes spawned by it. </para></listitem> | |
1544 | </varlistentry> | |
1545 | ||
1546 | <varlistentry> | |
1547 | <term><varname>$LISTEN_FDS</varname></term> | |
1548 | <term><varname>$LISTEN_PID</varname></term> | |
5c019cf2 | 1549 | <term><varname>$LISTEN_FDNAMES</varname></term> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1550 | |
1551 | <listitem><para>Information about file descriptors passed to a | |
1552 | service for socket activation. See | |
1553 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
1554 | </para></listitem> | |
1555 | </varlistentry> | |
1556 | ||
5c019cf2 EV |
1557 | <varlistentry> |
1558 | <term><varname>$NOTIFY_SOCKET</varname></term> | |
1559 | ||
1560 | <listitem><para>The socket | |
1561 | <function>sd_notify()</function> talks to. See | |
1562 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
1563 | </para></listitem> | |
1564 | </varlistentry> | |
1565 | ||
1566 | <varlistentry> | |
1567 | <term><varname>$WATCHDOG_PID</varname></term> | |
1568 | <term><varname>$WATCHDOG_USEC</varname></term> | |
1569 | ||
1570 | <listitem><para>Information about watchdog keep-alive notifications. See | |
1571 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_watchdog_enabled</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
1572 | </para></listitem> | |
1573 | </varlistentry> | |
1574 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
1575 | <varlistentry> |
1576 | <term><varname>$TERM</varname></term> | |
1577 | ||
1578 | <listitem><para>Terminal type, set only for units connected to | |
1579 | a terminal (<varname>StandardInput=tty</varname>, | |
1580 | <varname>StandardOutput=tty</varname>, or | |
1581 | <varname>StandardError=tty</varname>). See | |
1582 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>termcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
1583 | </para></listitem> | |
1584 | </varlistentry> | |
7bce046b LP |
1585 | |
1586 | <varlistentry> | |
1587 | <term><varname>$JOURNAL_STREAM</varname></term> | |
1588 | ||
1589 | <listitem><para>If the standard output or standard error output of the executed processes are connected to the | |
1590 | journal (for example, by setting <varname>StandardError=journal</varname>) <varname>$JOURNAL_STREAM</varname> | |
1591 | contains the device and inode numbers of the connection file descriptor, formatted in decimal, separated by a | |
1592 | colon (<literal>:</literal>). This permits invoked processes to safely detect whether their standard output or | |
1593 | standard error output are connected to the journal. The device and inode numbers of the file descriptors should | |
1594 | be compared with the values set in the environment variable to determine whether the process output is still | |
1595 | connected to the journal. Note that it is generally not sufficient to only check whether | |
1596 | <varname>$JOURNAL_STREAM</varname> is set at all as services might invoke external processes replacing their | |
1597 | standard output or standard error output, without unsetting the environment variable.</para> | |
1598 | ||
1599 | <para>This environment variable is primarily useful to allow services to optionally upgrade their used log | |
1600 | protocol to the native journal protocol (using | |
1601 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_journal_print</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> and other | |
1602 | functions) if their standard output or standard error output is connected to the journal anyway, thus enabling | |
1603 | delivery of structured metadata along with logged messages.</para></listitem> | |
1604 | </varlistentry> | |
136dc4c4 LP |
1605 | |
1606 | <varlistentry> | |
1607 | <term><varname>$SERVICE_RESULT</varname></term> | |
1608 | ||
1609 | <listitem><para>Only defined for the service unit type, this environment variable is passed to all | |
1610 | <varname>ExecStop=</varname> and <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname> processes, and encodes the service | |
1611 | "result". Currently, the following values are defined: <literal>timeout</literal> (in case of an operation | |
1612 | timeout), <literal>exit-code</literal> (if a service process exited with a non-zero exit code; see | |
1613 | <varname>$EXIT_STATUS</varname> below for the actual exit status returned), <literal>signal</literal> (if a | |
1614 | service process was terminated abnormally by a signal; see <varname>$EXIT_STATUS</varname> below for the actual | |
1615 | signal used for the termination), <literal>core-dump</literal> (if a service process terminated abnormally and | |
1616 | dumped core), <literal>watchdog</literal> (if the watchdog keep-alive ping was enabled for the service but it | |
1617 | missed the deadline), or <literal>resources</literal> (a catch-all condition in case a system operation | |
1618 | failed).</para> | |
1619 | ||
1620 | <para>This environment variable is useful to monitor failure or successful termination of a service. Even | |
1621 | though this variable is available in both <varname>ExecStop=</varname> and <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname>, it | |
1622 | is usually a better choice to place monitoring tools in the latter, as the former is only invoked for services | |
1623 | that managed to start up correctly, and the latter covers both services that failed during their start-up and | |
1624 | those which failed during their runtime.</para></listitem> | |
1625 | </varlistentry> | |
1626 | ||
1627 | <varlistentry> | |
1628 | <term><varname>$EXIT_CODE</varname></term> | |
1629 | <term><varname>$EXIT_STATUS</varname></term> | |
1630 | ||
1631 | <listitem><para>Only defined for the service unit type, these environment variables are passed to all | |
1632 | <varname>ExecStop=</varname>, <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname> processes and contain exit status/code | |
1633 | information of the main process of the service. For the precise definition of the exit code and status, see | |
1634 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wait</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>. <varname>$EXIT_CODE</varname> | |
1635 | is one of <literal>exited</literal>, <literal>killed</literal>, | |
1636 | <literal>dumped</literal>. <varname>$EXIT_STATUS</varname> contains the numeric exit code formatted as string | |
1637 | if <varname>$EXIT_CODE</varname> is <literal>exited</literal>, and the signal name in all other cases. Note | |
1638 | that these environment variables are only set if the service manager succeeded to start and identify the main | |
1639 | process of the service.</para></listitem> | |
1640 | </varlistentry> | |
1641 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
1642 | </variablelist> |
1643 | ||
1644 | <para>Additional variables may be configured by the following | |
1645 | means: for processes spawned in specific units, use the | |
5c019cf2 EV |
1646 | <varname>Environment=</varname>, <varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname> |
1647 | and <varname>PassEnvironment=</varname> options above; to specify | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1648 | variables globally, use <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname> |
1649 | (see | |
1650 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) | |
1651 | or the kernel option <varname>systemd.setenv=</varname> (see | |
1652 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>). | |
1653 | Additional variables may also be set through PAM, | |
1654 | cf. <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> | |
1655 | </refsect1> | |
1656 | ||
1657 | <refsect1> | |
1658 | <title>See Also</title> | |
1659 | <para> | |
1660 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1661 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1662 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1663 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1664 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1665 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1666 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1667 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1668 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1669 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
a4c18002 | 1670 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
798d3a52 ZJS |
1671 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
1672 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
1673 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
1674 | </para> | |
1675 | </refsect1> | |
dd1eb43b LP |
1676 | |
1677 | </refentry> |