proc.5: Note kernel version for /proc/PID/smaps VmFlags "wf" flag

[thirdparty/man-pages.git] / man3 / dl_iterate_phdr.3

.\" Copyright (c) 2003, 2017 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
.\" preserved on all copies.
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
.\" permission notice identical to this one
.\"
.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
.\" the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
.\" professionally.
.\"
.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
.\" %%%LICENSE_END
.\"
.TH DL_ITERATE_PHDR 3 2019-03-06 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
dl_iterate_phdr \- walk through list of shared objects
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.BR "#define _GNU_SOURCE" "         /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
.B #include <link.h>
.PP
.BI "int dl_iterate_phdr("
.BI "          int (*" callback ") (struct dl_phdr_info *" info ,
.BI "                           size_t " size ", void *" data "),"
.BI "          void *" data ");"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR dl_iterate_phdr ()
function allows an application to inquire at run time to find
out which shared objects it has loaded,
and the order in which they were loaded.
.PP
The
.BR dl_iterate_phdr ()
function walks through the list of an
application's shared objects and calls the function
.I callback
once for each object,
until either all shared objects have been processed or
.I callback
returns a nonzero value.
.PP
Each call to
.I callback
receives three arguments:
.IR info ,
which is a pointer to a structure containing information
about the shared object;
.IR size ,
which is the size of the structure pointed to by
.IR info ;
and
.IR data ,
which is a copy of whatever value was passed by the calling
program as the second argument (also named
.IR data )
in the call to
.BR dl_iterate_phdr ().
.PP
The
.I info
argument is a structure of the following type:
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
struct dl_phdr_info {
    ElfW(Addr)        dlpi_addr;  /* Base address of object */
    const char       *dlpi_name;  /* (Null-terminated) name of
                                     object */
    const ElfW(Phdr) *dlpi_phdr;  /* Pointer to array of
                                     ELF program headers
                                     for this object */
    ElfW(Half)        dlpi_phnum; /* # of items in \fIdlpi_phdr\fP */

    /* The following fields were added in glibc 2.4, after the first
       version of this structure was available.  Check the \fIsize\fP
       argument passed to the dl_iterate_phdr callback to determine
       whether or not each later member is available.  */

    unsigned long long int dlpi_adds;
                    /* Incremented when a new object may
                       have been added */
    unsigned long long int dlpi_subs;
                    /* Incremented when an object may
                       have been removed */
    size_t dlpi_tls_modid;
                    /* If there is a PT_TLS segment, its module
                       ID as used in TLS relocations, else zero */
    void  *dlpi_tls_data;
                    /* The address of the calling thread's instance
                       of this module's PT_TLS segment, if it has
                       one and it has been allocated in the calling
                       thread, otherwise a null pointer */
};
.EE
.in
.PP
(The
.IR ElfW ()
macro definition turns its argument into the name of an ELF data
type suitable for the hardware architecture.
For example, on a 32-bit platform,
.I ElfW(Addr)
yields the data type name
.IR Elf32_Addr .
Further information on these types can be found in the
.IR <elf.h> " and " <link.h>
header files.)
.PP
The
.I dlpi_addr
field indicates the base address of the shared object
(i.e., the difference between the virtual memory address of
the shared object and the offset of that object in the file
from which it was loaded).
The
.I dlpi_name
field is a null-terminated string giving the pathname
from which the shared object was loaded.
.PP
To understand the meaning of the
.I dlpi_phdr
and
.I dlpi_phnum
fields, we need to be aware that an ELF shared object consists
of a number of segments, each of which has a corresponding
program header describing the segment.
The
.I dlpi_phdr
field is a pointer to an array of the program headers for this
shared object.
The
.I dlpi_phnum
field indicates the size of this array.
.PP
These program headers are structures of the following form:
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
typedef struct {
    Elf32_Word  p_type;    /* Segment type */
    Elf32_Off   p_offset;  /* Segment file offset */
    Elf32_Addr  p_vaddr;   /* Segment virtual address */
    Elf32_Addr  p_paddr;   /* Segment physical address */
    Elf32_Word  p_filesz;  /* Segment size in file */
    Elf32_Word  p_memsz;   /* Segment size in memory */
    Elf32_Word  p_flags;   /* Segment flags */
    Elf32_Word  p_align;   /* Segment alignment */
} Elf32_Phdr;
.EE
.in
.PP
Note that we can calculate the location of a particular program header,
.IR x ,
in virtual memory using the formula:
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
addr == info\->dlpi_addr + info\->dlpi_phdr[x].p_vaddr;
.EE
.in
.PP
Possible values for
.I p_type
include the following (see
.IR <elf.h>
for further details):
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
#define PT_LOAD         1    /* Loadable program segment */
#define PT_DYNAMIC      2    /* Dynamic linking information */
#define PT_INTERP       3    /* Program interpreter */
#define PT_NOTE         4    /* Auxiliary information */
#define PT_SHLIB        5    /* Reserved */
#define PT_PHDR         6    /* Entry for header table itself */
#define PT_TLS          7    /* Thread-local storage segment */
#define PT_GNU_EH_FRAME 0x6474e550 /* GCC .eh_frame_hdr segment */
#define PT_GNU_STACK  0x6474e551 /* Indicates stack executability */
.\" For PT_GNU_STACK, see http://www.airs.com/blog/archives/518
#define PT_GNU_RELRO  0x6474e552 /* Read-only after relocation */
.EE
.in
.SH RETURN VALUE
The
.BR dl_iterate_phdr ()
function returns whatever value was returned by the last call to
.IR callback .
.SH VERSIONS
.BR dl_iterate_phdr ()
has been supported in glibc since version 2.2.4.
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.TS
allbox;
lb lb lb
l l l.
Interface	Attribute	Value
T{
.BR dl_iterate_phdr ()
T}	Thread safety	MT-Safe
.TE
.sp 1
.SH CONFORMING TO
The
.BR dl_iterate_phdr ()
function is not specified in any standard.
Various other systems provide a version of this function,
although details of the returned
.I dl_phdr_info
structure differ.
On the BSDs and Solaris, the structure includes the fields
.IR dlpi_addr ,
.IR dlpi_name ,
.IR dlpi_phdr ,
and
.IR dlpi_phnum
in addition to other implementation-specific fields.
.SH NOTES
Future versions of the C library may add further fields to the
.IR dl_phdr_info
structure; in that event, the
.I size
argument provides a mechanism for the callback function to discover
whether it is running on a system with added fields.
.PP
The first object visited by
.IR callback
is the main program.
For the main program, the
.I dlpi_name
field will be an empty string.
.SH EXAMPLE
The following program displays a list of pathnames of the
shared objects it has loaded.
For each shared object, the program lists some information
(virtual address, size, flags, and type)
for each of the objects ELF segments.
.PP
The following shell session demonstrates the output
produced by the program on an x86-64 system.
The first shared object for which output is displayed
(where the name is an empty string)
is the main program.
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
$ \fB./a.out\fP
Name: "" (9 segments)
     0: [      0x400040; memsz:    1f8] flags: 0x5; PT_PHDR
     1: [      0x400238; memsz:     1c] flags: 0x4; PT_INTERP
     2: [      0x400000; memsz:    ac4] flags: 0x5; PT_LOAD
     3: [      0x600e10; memsz:    240] flags: 0x6; PT_LOAD
     4: [      0x600e28; memsz:    1d0] flags: 0x6; PT_DYNAMIC
     5: [      0x400254; memsz:     44] flags: 0x4; PT_NOTE
     6: [      0x400970; memsz:     3c] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_EH_FRAME
     7: [         (nil); memsz:      0] flags: 0x6; PT_GNU_STACK
     8: [      0x600e10; memsz:    1f0] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_RELRO
Name: "linux-vdso.so.1" (4 segments)
     0: [0x7ffc6edd1000; memsz:    e89] flags: 0x5; PT_LOAD
     1: [0x7ffc6edd1360; memsz:    110] flags: 0x4; PT_DYNAMIC
     2: [0x7ffc6edd17b0; memsz:     3c] flags: 0x4; PT_NOTE
     3: [0x7ffc6edd17ec; memsz:     3c] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_EH_FRAME
Name: "/lib64/libc.so.6" (10 segments)
     0: [0x7f55712ce040; memsz:    230] flags: 0x5; PT_PHDR
     1: [0x7f557145b980; memsz:     1c] flags: 0x4; PT_INTERP
     2: [0x7f55712ce000; memsz: 1b6a5c] flags: 0x5; PT_LOAD
     3: [0x7f55716857a0; memsz:   9240] flags: 0x6; PT_LOAD
     4: [0x7f5571688b80; memsz:    1f0] flags: 0x6; PT_DYNAMIC
     5: [0x7f55712ce270; memsz:     44] flags: 0x4; PT_NOTE
     6: [0x7f55716857a0; memsz:     78] flags: 0x4; PT_TLS
     7: [0x7f557145b99c; memsz:   544c] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_EH_FRAME
     8: [0x7f55712ce000; memsz:      0] flags: 0x6; PT_GNU_STACK
     9: [0x7f55716857a0; memsz:   3860] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_RELRO
Name: "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" (7 segments)
     0: [0x7f557168f000; memsz:  20828] flags: 0x5; PT_LOAD
     1: [0x7f55718afba0; memsz:   15a8] flags: 0x6; PT_LOAD
     2: [0x7f55718afe10; memsz:    190] flags: 0x6; PT_DYNAMIC
     3: [0x7f557168f1c8; memsz:     24] flags: 0x4; PT_NOTE
     4: [0x7f55716acec4; memsz:    604] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_EH_FRAME
     5: [0x7f557168f000; memsz:      0] flags: 0x6; PT_GNU_STACK
     6: [0x7f55718afba0; memsz:    460] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_RELRO
.EE
.in
.PP
.SS Program source
\&
.EX
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <link.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

static int
callback(struct dl_phdr_info *info, size_t size, void *data)
{
    char *type;
    int p_type, j;

    printf("Name: \e"%s\e" (%d segments)\en", info\->dlpi_name,
               info\->dlpi_phnum);

    for (j = 0; j < info\->dlpi_phnum; j++) {
        p_type = info\->dlpi_phdr[j].p_type;
        type =  (p_type == PT_LOAD) ? "PT_LOAD" :
                (p_type == PT_DYNAMIC) ? "PT_DYNAMIC" :
                (p_type == PT_INTERP) ? "PT_INTERP" :
                (p_type == PT_NOTE) ? "PT_NOTE" :
                (p_type == PT_INTERP) ? "PT_INTERP" :
                (p_type == PT_PHDR) ? "PT_PHDR" :
                (p_type == PT_TLS) ? "PT_TLS" :
                (p_type == PT_GNU_EH_FRAME) ? "PT_GNU_EH_FRAME" :
                (p_type == PT_GNU_STACK) ? "PT_GNU_STACK" :
                (p_type == PT_GNU_RELRO) ? "PT_GNU_RELRO" : NULL;

        printf("    %2d: [%14p; memsz:%7lx] flags: 0x%x; ", j,
                (void *) (info\->dlpi_addr + info\->dlpi_phdr[j].p_vaddr),
                info\->dlpi_phdr[j].p_memsz,
                info\->dlpi_phdr[j].p_flags);
        if (type != NULL)
            printf("%s\en", type);
        else
            printf("[other (0x%x)]\en", p_type);
    }

    return 0;
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    dl_iterate_phdr(callback, NULL);

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.EE
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR ldd (1),
.BR objdump (1),
.BR readelf (1),
.BR dladdr (3),
.BR dlopen (3),
.BR elf (5),
.BR ld.so (8)
.PP
.IR "Executable and Linking Format Specification" ,
available at various locations online.