move_pages.2: Minor tweaks to Yang Shi's patch

[thirdparty/man-pages.git] / man7 / bpf-helpers.7

.\" Man page generated from reStructuredText.
.
.TH BPF-HELPERS 7 2019-11-19 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
BPF-HELPERS \- list of eBPF helper functions
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.\" Copyright (C) All BPF authors and contributors from 2014 to present.
.\" See git log include/uapi/linux/bpf.h in kernel tree for details.
.\"
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.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
.\" %%%LICENSE_END
.\"
.\" Please do not edit this file. It was generated from the documentation
.\" located in file include/uapi/linux/bpf.h of the Linux kernel sources
.\" (helpers description), and from scripts/bpf_helpers_doc.py in the same
.\" repository (header and footer).
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
The extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) subsystem consists in programs
written in a pseudo\-assembly language, then attached to one of the several
kernel hooks and run in reaction of specific events. This framework differs
from the older, "classic" BPF (or "cBPF") in several aspects, one of them being
the ability to call special functions (or "helpers") from within a program.
These functions are restricted to a white\-list of helpers defined in the
kernel.
.sp
These helpers are used by eBPF programs to interact with the system, or with
the context in which they work. For instance, they can be used to print
debugging messages, to get the time since the system was booted, to interact
with eBPF maps, or to manipulate network packets. Since there are several eBPF
program types, and that they do not run in the same context, each program type
can only call a subset of those helpers.
.sp
Due to eBPF conventions, a helper can not have more than five arguments.
.sp
Internally, eBPF programs call directly into the compiled helper functions
without requiring any foreign\-function interface. As a result, calling helpers
introduces no overhead, thus offering excellent performance.
.sp
This document is an attempt to list and document the helpers available to eBPF
developers. They are sorted by chronological order (the oldest helpers in the
kernel at the top).
.SH HELPERS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fBvoid *bpf_map_lookup_elem(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Perform a lookup in \fImap\fP for an entry associated to \fIkey\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
Map value associated to \fIkey\fP, or \fBNULL\fP if no entry was
found.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_map_update_elem(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIvalue\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Add or update the value of the entry associated to \fIkey\fP in
\fImap\fP with \fIvalue\fP\&. \fIflags\fP is one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_NOEXIST\fP
The entry for \fIkey\fP must not exist in the map.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_EXIST\fP
The entry for \fIkey\fP must already exist in the map.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_ANY\fP
No condition on the existence of the entry for \fIkey\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
Flag value \fBBPF_NOEXIST\fP cannot be used for maps of types
\fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY\fP or \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_ARRAY\fP  (all
elements always exist), the helper would return an error.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_map_delete_elem(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Delete entry with \fIkey\fP from \fImap\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_probe_read(void *\fP\fIdst\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIsrc\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
For tracing programs, safely attempt to read \fIsize\fP bytes from
address \fIsrc\fP and store the data in \fIdst\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_ktime_get_ns(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Return the time elapsed since system boot, in nanoseconds.
.TP
.B Return
Current \fIktime\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_trace_printk(const char *\fP\fIfmt\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIfmt_size\fP\fB, ...)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is a "printk()\-like" facility for debugging. It
prints a message defined by format \fIfmt\fP (of size \fIfmt_size\fP)
to file \fI/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace\fP from DebugFS, if
available. It can take up to three additional \fBu64\fP
arguments (as an eBPF helpers, the total number of arguments is
limited to five).
.sp
Each time the helper is called, it appends a line to the trace.
Lines are discarded while \fI/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace\fP is
open, use \fI/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe\fP to avoid this.
The format of the trace is customizable, and the exact output
one will get depends on the options set in
\fI/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options\fP (see also the
\fIREADME\fP file under the same directory). However, it usually
defaults to something like:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
telnet\-470   [001] .N.. 419421.045894: 0x00000001: <formatted msg>
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
In the above:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.INDENT 0.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBtelnet\fP is the name of the current task.
.IP \(bu 2
\fB470\fP is the PID of the current task.
.IP \(bu 2
\fB001\fP is the CPU number on which the task is
running.
.IP \(bu 2
In \fB\&.N..\fP, each character refers to a set of
options (whether irqs are enabled, scheduling
options, whether hard/softirqs are running, level of
preempt_disabled respectively). \fBN\fP means that
\fBTIF_NEED_RESCHED\fP and \fBPREEMPT_NEED_RESCHED\fP
are set.
.IP \(bu 2
\fB419421.045894\fP is a timestamp.
.IP \(bu 2
\fB0x00000001\fP is a fake value used by BPF for the
instruction pointer register.
.IP \(bu 2
\fB<formatted msg>\fP is the message formatted with
\fIfmt\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The conversion specifiers supported by \fIfmt\fP are similar, but
more limited than for printk(). They are \fB%d\fP, \fB%i\fP,
\fB%u\fP, \fB%x\fP, \fB%ld\fP, \fB%li\fP, \fB%lu\fP, \fB%lx\fP, \fB%lld\fP,
\fB%lli\fP, \fB%llu\fP, \fB%llx\fP, \fB%p\fP, \fB%s\fP\&. No modifier (size
of field, padding with zeroes, etc.) is available, and the
helper will return \fB\-EINVAL\fP (but print nothing) if it
encounters an unknown specifier.
.sp
Also, note that \fBbpf_trace_printk\fP() is slow, and should
only be used for debugging purposes. For this reason, a notice
bloc (spanning several lines) is printed to kernel logs and
states that the helper should not be used "for production use"
the first time this helper is used (or more precisely, when
\fBtrace_printk\fP() buffers are allocated). For passing values
to user space, perf events should be preferred.
.TP
.B Return
The number of bytes written to the buffer, or a negative error
in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu32 bpf_get_prandom_u32(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get a pseudo\-random number.
.sp
From a security point of view, this helper uses its own
pseudo\-random internal state, and cannot be used to infer the
seed of other random functions in the kernel. However, it is
essential to note that the generator used by the helper is not
cryptographically secure.
.TP
.B Return
A random 32\-bit unsigned value.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu32 bpf_get_smp_processor_id(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get the SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) processor id. Note that
all programs run with preemption disabled, which means that the
SMP processor id is stable during all the execution of the
program.
.TP
.B Return
The SMP id of the processor running the program.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_store_bytes(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIoffset\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIfrom\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Store \fIlen\fP bytes from address \fIfrom\fP into the packet
associated to \fIskb\fP, at \fIoffset\fP\&. \fIflags\fP are a combination of
\fBBPF_F_RECOMPUTE_CSUM\fP (automatically recompute the
checksum for the packet after storing the bytes) and
\fBBPF_F_INVALIDATE_HASH\fP (set \fIskb\fP\fB\->hash\fP, \fIskb\fP\fB\->swhash\fP and \fIskb\fP\fB\->l4hash\fP to 0).
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_l3_csum_replace(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIoffset\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIfrom\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIto\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIsize\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Recompute the layer 3 (e.g. IP) checksum for the packet
associated to \fIskb\fP\&. Computation is incremental, so the helper
must know the former value of the header field that was
modified (\fIfrom\fP), the new value of this field (\fIto\fP), and the
number of bytes (2 or 4) for this field, stored in \fIsize\fP\&.
Alternatively, it is possible to store the difference between
the previous and the new values of the header field in \fIto\fP, by
setting \fIfrom\fP and \fIsize\fP to 0. For both methods, \fIoffset\fP
indicates the location of the IP checksum within the packet.
.sp
This helper works in combination with \fBbpf_csum_diff\fP(),
which does not update the checksum in\-place, but offers more
flexibility and can handle sizes larger than 2 or 4 for the
checksum to update.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_l4_csum_replace(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIoffset\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIfrom\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIto\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Recompute the layer 4 (e.g. TCP, UDP or ICMP) checksum for the
packet associated to \fIskb\fP\&. Computation is incremental, so the
helper must know the former value of the header field that was
modified (\fIfrom\fP), the new value of this field (\fIto\fP), and the
number of bytes (2 or 4) for this field, stored on the lowest
four bits of \fIflags\fP\&. Alternatively, it is possible to store
the difference between the previous and the new values of the
header field in \fIto\fP, by setting \fIfrom\fP and the four lowest
bits of \fIflags\fP to 0. For both methods, \fIoffset\fP indicates the
location of the IP checksum within the packet. In addition to
the size of the field, \fIflags\fP can be added (bitwise OR) actual
flags. With \fBBPF_F_MARK_MANGLED_0\fP, a null checksum is left
untouched (unless \fBBPF_F_MARK_ENFORCE\fP is added as well), and
for updates resulting in a null checksum the value is set to
\fBCSUM_MANGLED_0\fP instead. Flag \fBBPF_F_PSEUDO_HDR\fP indicates
the checksum is to be computed against a pseudo\-header.
.sp
This helper works in combination with \fBbpf_csum_diff\fP(),
which does not update the checksum in\-place, but offers more
flexibility and can handle sizes larger than 2 or 4 for the
checksum to update.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_tail_call(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fIprog_array_map\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIindex\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This special helper is used to trigger a "tail call", or in
other words, to jump into another eBPF program. The same stack
frame is used (but values on stack and in registers for the
caller are not accessible to the callee). This mechanism allows
for program chaining, either for raising the maximum number of
available eBPF instructions, or to execute given programs in
conditional blocks. For security reasons, there is an upper
limit to the number of successive tail calls that can be
performed.
.sp
Upon call of this helper, the program attempts to jump into a
program referenced at index \fIindex\fP in \fIprog_array_map\fP, a
special map of type \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY\fP, and passes
\fIctx\fP, a pointer to the context.
.sp
If the call succeeds, the kernel immediately runs the first
instruction of the new program. This is not a function call,
and it never returns to the previous program. If the call
fails, then the helper has no effect, and the caller continues
to run its subsequent instructions. A call can fail if the
destination program for the jump does not exist (i.e. \fIindex\fP
is superior to the number of entries in \fIprog_array_map\fP), or
if the maximum number of tail calls has been reached for this
chain of programs. This limit is defined in the kernel by the
macro \fBMAX_TAIL_CALL_CNT\fP (not accessible to user space),
which is currently set to 32.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_clone_redirect(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIifindex\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Clone and redirect the packet associated to \fIskb\fP to another
net device of index \fIifindex\fP\&. Both ingress and egress
interfaces can be used for redirection. The \fBBPF_F_INGRESS\fP
value in \fIflags\fP is used to make the distinction (ingress path
is selected if the flag is present, egress path otherwise).
This is the only flag supported for now.
.sp
In comparison with \fBbpf_redirect\fP() helper,
\fBbpf_clone_redirect\fP() has the associated cost of
duplicating the packet buffer, but this can be executed out of
the eBPF program. Conversely, \fBbpf_redirect\fP() is more
efficient, but it is handled through an action code where the
redirection happens only after the eBPF program has returned.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_get_current_pid_tgid(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Return
A 64\-bit integer containing the current tgid and pid, and
created as such:
\fIcurrent_task\fP\fB\->tgid << 32 |\fP
\fIcurrent_task\fP\fB\->pid\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_get_current_uid_gid(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Return
A 64\-bit integer containing the current GID and UID, and
created as such: \fIcurrent_gid\fP \fB<< 32 |\fP \fIcurrent_uid\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_get_current_comm(char *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize_of_buf\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Copy the \fBcomm\fP attribute of the current task into \fIbuf\fP of
\fIsize_of_buf\fP\&. The \fBcomm\fP attribute contains the name of
the executable (excluding the path) for the current task. The
\fIsize_of_buf\fP must be strictly positive. On success, the
helper makes sure that the \fIbuf\fP is NUL\-terminated. On failure,
it is filled with zeroes.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu32 bpf_get_cgroup_classid(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Retrieve the classid for the current task, i.e. for the net_cls
cgroup to which \fIskb\fP belongs.
.sp
This helper can be used on TC egress path, but not on ingress.
.sp
The net_cls cgroup provides an interface to tag network packets
based on a user\-provided identifier for all traffic coming from
the tasks belonging to the related cgroup. See also the related
kernel documentation, available from the Linux sources in file
\fIDocumentation/admin\-guide/cgroup\-v1/net_cls.rst\fP\&.
.sp
The Linux kernel has two versions for cgroups: there are
cgroups v1 and cgroups v2. Both are available to users, who can
use a mixture of them, but note that the net_cls cgroup is for
cgroup v1 only. This makes it incompatible with BPF programs
run on cgroups, which is a cgroup\-v2\-only feature (a socket can
only hold data for one version of cgroups at a time).
.sp
This helper is only available is the kernel was compiled with
the \fBCONFIG_CGROUP_NET_CLASSID\fP configuration option set to
"\fBy\fP" or to "\fBm\fP".
.TP
.B Return
The classid, or 0 for the default unconfigured classid.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_vlan_push(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, __be16\fP \fIvlan_proto\fP\fB, u16\fP \fIvlan_tci\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Push a \fIvlan_tci\fP (VLAN tag control information) of protocol
\fIvlan_proto\fP to the packet associated to \fIskb\fP, then update
the checksum. Note that if \fIvlan_proto\fP is different from
\fBETH_P_8021Q\fP and \fBETH_P_8021AD\fP, it is considered to
be \fBETH_P_8021Q\fP\&.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_vlan_pop(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Pop a VLAN header from the packet associated to \fIskb\fP\&.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_get_tunnel_key(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, struct bpf_tunnel_key *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get tunnel metadata. This helper takes a pointer \fIkey\fP to an
empty \fBstruct bpf_tunnel_key\fP of \fBsize\fP, that will be
filled with tunnel metadata for the packet associated to \fIskb\fP\&.
The \fIflags\fP can be set to \fBBPF_F_TUNINFO_IPV6\fP, which
indicates that the tunnel is based on IPv6 protocol instead of
IPv4.
.sp
The \fBstruct bpf_tunnel_key\fP is an object that generalizes the
principal parameters used by various tunneling protocols into a
single struct. This way, it can be used to easily make a
decision based on the contents of the encapsulation header,
"summarized" in this struct. In particular, it holds the IP
address of the remote end (IPv4 or IPv6, depending on the case)
in \fIkey\fP\fB\->remote_ipv4\fP or \fIkey\fP\fB\->remote_ipv6\fP\&. Also,
this struct exposes the \fIkey\fP\fB\->tunnel_id\fP, which is
generally mapped to a VNI (Virtual Network Identifier), making
it programmable together with the \fBbpf_skb_set_tunnel_key\fP() helper.
.sp
Let\(aqs imagine that the following code is part of a program
attached to the TC ingress interface, on one end of a GRE
tunnel, and is supposed to filter out all messages coming from
remote ends with IPv4 address other than 10.0.0.1:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
int ret;
struct bpf_tunnel_key key = {};

ret = bpf_skb_get_tunnel_key(skb, &key, sizeof(key), 0);
if (ret < 0)
        return TC_ACT_SHOT;     // drop packet

if (key.remote_ipv4 != 0x0a000001)
        return TC_ACT_SHOT;     // drop packet

return TC_ACT_OK;               // accept packet
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This interface can also be used with all encapsulation devices
that can operate in "collect metadata" mode: instead of having
one network device per specific configuration, the "collect
metadata" mode only requires a single device where the
configuration can be extracted from this helper.
.sp
This can be used together with various tunnels such as VXLan,
Geneve, GRE or IP in IP (IPIP).
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_set_tunnel_key(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, struct bpf_tunnel_key *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Populate tunnel metadata for packet associated to \fIskb.\fP The
tunnel metadata is set to the contents of \fIkey\fP, of \fIsize\fP\&. The
\fIflags\fP can be set to a combination of the following values:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_TUNINFO_IPV6\fP
Indicate that the tunnel is based on IPv6 protocol
instead of IPv4.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_ZERO_CSUM_TX\fP
For IPv4 packets, add a flag to tunnel metadata
indicating that checksum computation should be skipped
and checksum set to zeroes.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_DONT_FRAGMENT\fP
Add a flag to tunnel metadata indicating that the
packet should not be fragmented.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_SEQ_NUMBER\fP
Add a flag to tunnel metadata indicating that a
sequence number should be added to tunnel header before
sending the packet. This flag was added for GRE
encapsulation, but might be used with other protocols
as well in the future.
.UNINDENT
.sp
Here is a typical usage on the transmit path:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
struct bpf_tunnel_key key;
     populate key ...
bpf_skb_set_tunnel_key(skb, &key, sizeof(key), 0);
bpf_clone_redirect(skb, vxlan_dev_ifindex, 0);
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
See also the description of the \fBbpf_skb_get_tunnel_key\fP()
helper for additional information.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_perf_event_read(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Read the value of a perf event counter. This helper relies on a
\fImap\fP of type \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY\fP\&. The nature of
the perf event counter is selected when \fImap\fP is updated with
perf event file descriptors. The \fImap\fP is an array whose size
is the number of available CPUs, and each cell contains a value
relative to one CPU. The value to retrieve is indicated by
\fIflags\fP, that contains the index of the CPU to look up, masked
with \fBBPF_F_INDEX_MASK\fP\&. Alternatively, \fIflags\fP can be set to
\fBBPF_F_CURRENT_CPU\fP to indicate that the value for the
current CPU should be retrieved.
.sp
Note that before Linux 4.13, only hardware perf event can be
retrieved.
.sp
Also, be aware that the newer helper
\fBbpf_perf_event_read_value\fP() is recommended over
\fBbpf_perf_event_read\fP() in general. The latter has some ABI
quirks where error and counter value are used as a return code
(which is wrong to do since ranges may overlap). This issue is
fixed with \fBbpf_perf_event_read_value\fP(), which at the same
time provides more features over the \fBbpf_perf_event_read\fP() interface. Please refer to the description of
\fBbpf_perf_event_read_value\fP() for details.
.TP
.B Return
The value of the perf event counter read from the map, or a
negative error code in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_redirect(u32\fP \fIifindex\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Redirect the packet to another net device of index \fIifindex\fP\&.
This helper is somewhat similar to \fBbpf_clone_redirect\fP(), except that the packet is not cloned, which provides
increased performance.
.sp
Except for XDP, both ingress and egress interfaces can be used
for redirection. The \fBBPF_F_INGRESS\fP value in \fIflags\fP is used
to make the distinction (ingress path is selected if the flag
is present, egress path otherwise). Currently, XDP only
supports redirection to the egress interface, and accepts no
flag at all.
.sp
The same effect can be attained with the more generic
\fBbpf_redirect_map\fP(), which requires specific maps to be
used but offers better performance.
.TP
.B Return
For XDP, the helper returns \fBXDP_REDIRECT\fP on success or
\fBXDP_ABORTED\fP on error. For other program types, the values
are \fBTC_ACT_REDIRECT\fP on success or \fBTC_ACT_SHOT\fP on
error.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu32 bpf_get_route_realm(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Retrieve the realm or the route, that is to say the
\fBtclassid\fP field of the destination for the \fIskb\fP\&. The
indentifier retrieved is a user\-provided tag, similar to the
one used with the net_cls cgroup (see description for
\fBbpf_get_cgroup_classid\fP() helper), but here this tag is
held by a route (a destination entry), not by a task.
.sp
Retrieving this identifier works with the clsact TC egress hook
(see also \fBtc\-bpf(8)\fP), or alternatively on conventional
classful egress qdiscs, but not on TC ingress path. In case of
clsact TC egress hook, this has the advantage that, internally,
the destination entry has not been dropped yet in the transmit
path. Therefore, the destination entry does not need to be
artificially held via \fBnetif_keep_dst\fP() for a classful
qdisc until the \fIskb\fP is freed.
.sp
This helper is available only if the kernel was compiled with
\fBCONFIG_IP_ROUTE_CLASSID\fP configuration option.
.TP
.B Return
The realm of the route for the packet associated to \fIskb\fP, or 0
if none was found.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_perf_event_output(struct pt_regs *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIdata\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIsize\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Write raw \fIdata\fP blob into a special BPF perf event held by
\fImap\fP of type \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY\fP\&. This perf
event must have the following attributes: \fBPERF_SAMPLE_RAW\fP
as \fBsample_type\fP, \fBPERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE\fP as \fBtype\fP, and
\fBPERF_COUNT_SW_BPF_OUTPUT\fP as \fBconfig\fP\&.
.sp
The \fIflags\fP are used to indicate the index in \fImap\fP for which
the value must be put, masked with \fBBPF_F_INDEX_MASK\fP\&.
Alternatively, \fIflags\fP can be set to \fBBPF_F_CURRENT_CPU\fP
to indicate that the index of the current CPU core should be
used.
.sp
The value to write, of \fIsize\fP, is passed through eBPF stack and
pointed by \fIdata\fP\&.
.sp
The context of the program \fIctx\fP needs also be passed to the
helper.
.sp
On user space, a program willing to read the values needs to
call \fBperf_event_open\fP() on the perf event (either for
one or for all CPUs) and to store the file descriptor into the
\fImap\fP\&. This must be done before the eBPF program can send data
into it. An example is available in file
\fIsamples/bpf/trace_output_user.c\fP in the Linux kernel source
tree (the eBPF program counterpart is in
\fIsamples/bpf/trace_output_kern.c\fP).
.sp
\fBbpf_perf_event_output\fP() achieves better performance
than \fBbpf_trace_printk\fP() for sharing data with user
space, and is much better suitable for streaming data from eBPF
programs.
.sp
Note that this helper is not restricted to tracing use cases
and can be used with programs attached to TC or XDP as well,
where it allows for passing data to user space listeners. Data
can be:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
Only custom structs,
.IP \(bu 2
Only the packet payload, or
.IP \(bu 2
A combination of both.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_load_bytes(const struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIoffset\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIto\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper was provided as an easy way to load data from a
packet. It can be used to load \fIlen\fP bytes from \fIoffset\fP from
the packet associated to \fIskb\fP, into the buffer pointed by
\fIto\fP\&.
.sp
Since Linux 4.7, usage of this helper has mostly been replaced
by "direct packet access", enabling packet data to be
manipulated with \fIskb\fP\fB\->data\fP and \fIskb\fP\fB\->data_end\fP
pointing respectively to the first byte of packet data and to
the byte after the last byte of packet data. However, it
remains useful if one wishes to read large quantities of data
at once from a packet into the eBPF stack.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_get_stackid(struct pt_regs *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Walk a user or a kernel stack and return its id. To achieve
this, the helper needs \fIctx\fP, which is a pointer to the context
on which the tracing program is executed, and a pointer to a
\fImap\fP of type \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE\fP\&.
.sp
The last argument, \fIflags\fP, holds the number of stack frames to
skip (from 0 to 255), masked with
\fBBPF_F_SKIP_FIELD_MASK\fP\&. The next bits can be used to set
a combination of the following flags:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_USER_STACK\fP
Collect a user space stack instead of a kernel stack.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_FAST_STACK_CMP\fP
Compare stacks by hash only.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_REUSE_STACKID\fP
If two different stacks hash into the same \fIstackid\fP,
discard the old one.
.UNINDENT
.sp
The stack id retrieved is a 32 bit long integer handle which
can be further combined with other data (including other stack
ids) and used as a key into maps. This can be useful for
generating a variety of graphs (such as flame graphs or off\-cpu
graphs).
.sp
For walking a stack, this helper is an improvement over
\fBbpf_probe_read\fP(), which can be used with unrolled loops
but is not efficient and consumes a lot of eBPF instructions.
Instead, \fBbpf_get_stackid\fP() can collect up to
\fBPERF_MAX_STACK_DEPTH\fP both kernel and user frames. Note that
this limit can be controlled with the \fBsysctl\fP program, and
that it should be manually increased in order to profile long
user stacks (such as stacks for Java programs). To do so, use:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
# sysctl kernel.perf_event_max_stack=<new value>
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
The positive or null stack id on success, or a negative error
in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBs64 bpf_csum_diff(__be32 *\fP\fIfrom\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIfrom_size\fP\fB, __be32 *\fP\fIto\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIto_size\fP\fB, __wsum\fP \fIseed\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Compute a checksum difference, from the raw buffer pointed by
\fIfrom\fP, of length \fIfrom_size\fP (that must be a multiple of 4),
towards the raw buffer pointed by \fIto\fP, of size \fIto_size\fP
(same remark). An optional \fIseed\fP can be added to the value
(this can be cascaded, the seed may come from a previous call
to the helper).
.sp
This is flexible enough to be used in several ways:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
With \fIfrom_size\fP == 0, \fIto_size\fP > 0 and \fIseed\fP set to
checksum, it can be used when pushing new data.
.IP \(bu 2
With \fIfrom_size\fP > 0, \fIto_size\fP == 0 and \fIseed\fP set to
checksum, it can be used when removing data from a packet.
.IP \(bu 2
With \fIfrom_size\fP > 0, \fIto_size\fP > 0 and \fIseed\fP set to 0, it
can be used to compute a diff. Note that \fIfrom_size\fP and
\fIto_size\fP do not need to be equal.
.UNINDENT
.sp
This helper can be used in combination with
\fBbpf_l3_csum_replace\fP() and \fBbpf_l4_csum_replace\fP(), to
which one can feed in the difference computed with
\fBbpf_csum_diff\fP().
.TP
.B Return
The checksum result, or a negative error code in case of
failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_get_tunnel_opt(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u8 *\fP\fIopt\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Retrieve tunnel options metadata for the packet associated to
\fIskb\fP, and store the raw tunnel option data to the buffer \fIopt\fP
of \fIsize\fP\&.
.sp
This helper can be used with encapsulation devices that can
operate in "collect metadata" mode (please refer to the related
note in the description of \fBbpf_skb_get_tunnel_key\fP() for
more details). A particular example where this can be used is
in combination with the Geneve encapsulation protocol, where it
allows for pushing (with \fBbpf_skb_get_tunnel_opt\fP() helper)
and retrieving arbitrary TLVs (Type\-Length\-Value headers) from
the eBPF program. This allows for full customization of these
headers.
.TP
.B Return
The size of the option data retrieved.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_set_tunnel_opt(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u8 *\fP\fIopt\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Set tunnel options metadata for the packet associated to \fIskb\fP
to the option data contained in the raw buffer \fIopt\fP of \fIsize\fP\&.
.sp
See also the description of the \fBbpf_skb_get_tunnel_opt\fP()
helper for additional information.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_change_proto(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, __be16\fP \fIproto\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Change the protocol of the \fIskb\fP to \fIproto\fP\&. Currently
supported are transition from IPv4 to IPv6, and from IPv6 to
IPv4. The helper takes care of the groundwork for the
transition, including resizing the socket buffer. The eBPF
program is expected to fill the new headers, if any, via
\fBskb_store_bytes\fP() and to recompute the checksums with
\fBbpf_l3_csum_replace\fP() and \fBbpf_l4_csum_replace\fP(). The main case for this helper is to perform NAT64
operations out of an eBPF program.
.sp
Internally, the GSO type is marked as dodgy so that headers are
checked and segments are recalculated by the GSO/GRO engine.
The size for GSO target is adapted as well.
.sp
All values for \fIflags\fP are reserved for future usage, and must
be left at zero.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_change_type(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fItype\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Change the packet type for the packet associated to \fIskb\fP\&. This
comes down to setting \fIskb\fP\fB\->pkt_type\fP to \fItype\fP, except
the eBPF program does not have a write access to \fIskb\fP\fB\->pkt_type\fP beside this helper. Using a helper here allows
for graceful handling of errors.
.sp
The major use case is to change incoming \fIskb*s to
**PACKET_HOST*\fP in a programmatic way instead of having to
recirculate via \fBredirect\fP(..., \fBBPF_F_INGRESS\fP), for
example.
.sp
Note that \fItype\fP only allows certain values. At this time, they
are:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBPACKET_HOST\fP
Packet is for us.
.TP
.B \fBPACKET_BROADCAST\fP
Send packet to all.
.TP
.B \fBPACKET_MULTICAST\fP
Send packet to group.
.TP
.B \fBPACKET_OTHERHOST\fP
Send packet to someone else.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_under_cgroup(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIindex\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Check whether \fIskb\fP is a descendant of the cgroup2 held by
\fImap\fP of type \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY\fP, at \fIindex\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
The return value depends on the result of the test, and can be:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
0, if the \fIskb\fP failed the cgroup2 descendant test.
.IP \(bu 2
1, if the \fIskb\fP succeeded the cgroup2 descendant test.
.IP \(bu 2
A negative error code, if an error occurred.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu32 bpf_get_hash_recalc(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Retrieve the hash of the packet, \fIskb\fP\fB\->hash\fP\&. If it is
not set, in particular if the hash was cleared due to mangling,
recompute this hash. Later accesses to the hash can be done
directly with \fIskb\fP\fB\->hash\fP\&.
.sp
Calling \fBbpf_set_hash_invalid\fP(), changing a packet
prototype with \fBbpf_skb_change_proto\fP(), or calling
\fBbpf_skb_store_bytes\fP() with the
\fBBPF_F_INVALIDATE_HASH\fP are actions susceptible to clear
the hash and to trigger a new computation for the next call to
\fBbpf_get_hash_recalc\fP().
.TP
.B Return
The 32\-bit hash.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_get_current_task(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Return
A pointer to the current task struct.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_probe_write_user(void *\fP\fIdst\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIsrc\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Attempt in a safe way to write \fIlen\fP bytes from the buffer
\fIsrc\fP to \fIdst\fP in memory. It only works for threads that are in
user context, and \fIdst\fP must be a valid user space address.
.sp
This helper should not be used to implement any kind of
security mechanism because of TOC\-TOU attacks, but rather to
debug, divert, and manipulate execution of semi\-cooperative
processes.
.sp
Keep in mind that this feature is meant for experiments, and it
has a risk of crashing the system and running programs.
Therefore, when an eBPF program using this helper is attached,
a warning including PID and process name is printed to kernel
logs.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_current_task_under_cgroup(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIindex\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Check whether the probe is being run is the context of a given
subset of the cgroup2 hierarchy. The cgroup2 to test is held by
\fImap\fP of type \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY\fP, at \fIindex\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
The return value depends on the result of the test, and can be:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
0, if the \fIskb\fP task belongs to the cgroup2.
.IP \(bu 2
1, if the \fIskb\fP task does not belong to the cgroup2.
.IP \(bu 2
A negative error code, if an error occurred.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_change_tail(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Resize (trim or grow) the packet associated to \fIskb\fP to the
new \fIlen\fP\&. The \fIflags\fP are reserved for future usage, and must
be left at zero.
.sp
The basic idea is that the helper performs the needed work to
change the size of the packet, then the eBPF program rewrites
the rest via helpers like \fBbpf_skb_store_bytes\fP(),
\fBbpf_l3_csum_replace\fP(), \fBbpf_l3_csum_replace\fP()
and others. This helper is a slow path utility intended for
replies with control messages. And because it is targeted for
slow path, the helper itself can afford to be slow: it
implicitly linearizes, unclones and drops offloads from the
\fIskb\fP\&.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_pull_data(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Pull in non\-linear data in case the \fIskb\fP is non\-linear and not
all of \fIlen\fP are part of the linear section. Make \fIlen\fP bytes
from \fIskb\fP readable and writable. If a zero value is passed for
\fIlen\fP, then the whole length of the \fIskb\fP is pulled.
.sp
This helper is only needed for reading and writing with direct
packet access.
.sp
For direct packet access, testing that offsets to access
are within packet boundaries (test on \fIskb\fP\fB\->data_end\fP) is
susceptible to fail if offsets are invalid, or if the requested
data is in non\-linear parts of the \fIskb\fP\&. On failure the
program can just bail out, or in the case of a non\-linear
buffer, use a helper to make the data available. The
\fBbpf_skb_load_bytes\fP() helper is a first solution to access
the data. Another one consists in using \fBbpf_skb_pull_data\fP
to pull in once the non\-linear parts, then retesting and
eventually access the data.
.sp
At the same time, this also makes sure the \fIskb\fP is uncloned,
which is a necessary condition for direct write. As this needs
to be an invariant for the write part only, the verifier
detects writes and adds a prologue that is calling
\fBbpf_skb_pull_data()\fP to effectively unclone the \fIskb\fP from
the very beginning in case it is indeed cloned.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBs64 bpf_csum_update(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, __wsum\fP \fIcsum\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Add the checksum \fIcsum\fP into \fIskb\fP\fB\->csum\fP in case the
driver has supplied a checksum for the entire packet into that
field. Return an error otherwise. This helper is intended to be
used in combination with \fBbpf_csum_diff\fP(), in particular
when the checksum needs to be updated after data has been
written into the packet through direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
The checksum on success, or a negative error code in case of
failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBvoid bpf_set_hash_invalid(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Invalidate the current \fIskb\fP\fB\->hash\fP\&. It can be used after
mangling on headers through direct packet access, in order to
indicate that the hash is outdated and to trigger a
recalculation the next time the kernel tries to access this
hash or when the \fBbpf_get_hash_recalc\fP() helper is called.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_get_numa_node_id(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Return the id of the current NUMA node. The primary use case
for this helper is the selection of sockets for the local NUMA
node, when the program is attached to sockets using the
\fBSO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF\fP option (see also \fBsocket(7)\fP),
but the helper is also available to other eBPF program types,
similarly to \fBbpf_get_smp_processor_id\fP().
.TP
.B Return
The id of current NUMA node.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_change_head(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Grows headroom of packet associated to \fIskb\fP and adjusts the
offset of the MAC header accordingly, adding \fIlen\fP bytes of
space. It automatically extends and reallocates memory as
required.
.sp
This helper can be used on a layer 3 \fIskb\fP to push a MAC header
for redirection into a layer 2 device.
.sp
All values for \fIflags\fP are reserved for future usage, and must
be left at zero.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_xdp_adjust_head(struct xdp_buff *\fP\fIxdp_md\fP\fB, int\fP \fIdelta\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Adjust (move) \fIxdp_md\fP\fB\->data\fP by \fIdelta\fP bytes. Note that
it is possible to use a negative value for \fIdelta\fP\&. This helper
can be used to prepare the packet for pushing or popping
headers.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_probe_read_str(void *\fP\fIdst\fP\fB, int\fP \fIsize\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIunsafe_ptr\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Copy a NUL terminated string from an unsafe address
\fIunsafe_ptr\fP to \fIdst\fP\&. The \fIsize\fP should include the
terminating NUL byte. In case the string length is smaller than
\fIsize\fP, the target is not padded with further NUL bytes. If the
string length is larger than \fIsize\fP, just \fIsize\fP\-1 bytes are
copied and the last byte is set to NUL.
.sp
On success, the length of the copied string is returned. This
makes this helper useful in tracing programs for reading
strings, and more importantly to get its length at runtime. See
the following snippet:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
SEC("kprobe/sys_open")
void bpf_sys_open(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
        char buf[PATHLEN]; // PATHLEN is defined to 256
        int res = bpf_probe_read_str(buf, sizeof(buf),
                                     ctx\->di);

        // Consume buf, for example push it to
        // userspace via bpf_perf_event_output(); we
        // can use res (the string length) as event
        // size, after checking its boundaries.
}
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
In comparison, using \fBbpf_probe_read()\fP helper here instead
to read the string would require to estimate the length at
compile time, and would often result in copying more memory
than necessary.
.sp
Another useful use case is when parsing individual process
arguments or individual environment variables navigating
\fIcurrent\fP\fB\->mm\->arg_start\fP and \fIcurrent\fP\fB\->mm\->env_start\fP: using this helper and the return value,
one can quickly iterate at the right offset of the memory area.
.TP
.B Return
On success, the strictly positive length of the string,
including the trailing NUL character. On error, a negative
value.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_get_socket_cookie(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
If the \fBstruct sk_buff\fP pointed by \fIskb\fP has a known socket,
retrieve the cookie (generated by the kernel) of this socket.
If no cookie has been set yet, generate a new cookie. Once
generated, the socket cookie remains stable for the life of the
socket. This helper can be useful for monitoring per socket
networking traffic statistics as it provides a global socket
identifier that can be assumed unique.
.TP
.B Return
A 8\-byte long non\-decreasing number on success, or 0 if the
socket field is missing inside \fIskb\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_get_socket_cookie(struct bpf_sock_addr *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Equivalent to bpf_get_socket_cookie() helper that accepts
\fIskb\fP, but gets socket from \fBstruct bpf_sock_addr\fP context.
.TP
.B Return
A 8\-byte long non\-decreasing number.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_get_socket_cookie(struct bpf_sock_ops *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Equivalent to bpf_get_socket_cookie() helper that accepts
\fIskb\fP, but gets socket from \fBstruct bpf_sock_ops\fP context.
.TP
.B Return
A 8\-byte long non\-decreasing number.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu32 bpf_get_socket_uid(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Return
The owner UID of the socket associated to \fIskb\fP\&. If the socket
is \fBNULL\fP, or if it is not a full socket (i.e. if it is a
time\-wait or a request socket instead), \fBoverflowuid\fP value
is returned (note that \fBoverflowuid\fP might also be the actual
UID value for the socket).
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu32 bpf_set_hash(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIhash\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Set the full hash for \fIskb\fP (set the field \fIskb\fP\fB\->hash\fP)
to value \fIhash\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_setsockopt(struct bpf_sock_ops *\fP\fIbpf_socket\fP\fB, int\fP \fIlevel\fP\fB, int\fP \fIoptname\fP\fB, char *\fP\fIoptval\fP\fB, int\fP \fIoptlen\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Emulate a call to \fBsetsockopt()\fP on the socket associated to
\fIbpf_socket\fP, which must be a full socket. The \fIlevel\fP at
which the option resides and the name \fIoptname\fP of the option
must be specified, see \fBsetsockopt(2)\fP for more information.
The option value of length \fIoptlen\fP is pointed by \fIoptval\fP\&.
.sp
This helper actually implements a subset of \fBsetsockopt()\fP\&.
It supports the following \fIlevel\fPs:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBSOL_SOCKET\fP, which supports the following \fIoptname\fPs:
\fBSO_RCVBUF\fP, \fBSO_SNDBUF\fP, \fBSO_MAX_PACING_RATE\fP,
\fBSO_PRIORITY\fP, \fBSO_RCVLOWAT\fP, \fBSO_MARK\fP\&.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBIPPROTO_TCP\fP, which supports the following \fIoptname\fPs:
\fBTCP_CONGESTION\fP, \fBTCP_BPF_IW\fP,
\fBTCP_BPF_SNDCWND_CLAMP\fP\&.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBIPPROTO_IP\fP, which supports \fIoptname\fP \fBIP_TOS\fP\&.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBIPPROTO_IPV6\fP, which supports \fIoptname\fP \fBIPV6_TCLASS\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_adjust_room(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, s32\fP \fIlen_diff\fP\fB, u32\fP \fImode\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Grow or shrink the room for data in the packet associated to
\fIskb\fP by \fIlen_diff\fP, and according to the selected \fImode\fP\&.
.sp
There are two supported modes at this time:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_ADJ_ROOM_MAC\fP: Adjust room at the mac layer
(room space is added or removed below the layer 2 header).
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_ADJ_ROOM_NET\fP: Adjust room at the network layer
(room space is added or removed below the layer 3 header).
.UNINDENT
.sp
The following flags are supported at this time:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_FIXED_GSO\fP: Do not adjust gso_size.
Adjusting mss in this way is not allowed for datagrams.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_ENCAP_L3_IPV4\fP,
\fBBPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_ENCAP_L3_IPV6\fP:
Any new space is reserved to hold a tunnel header.
Configure skb offsets and other fields accordingly.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_ENCAP_L4_GRE\fP,
\fBBPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_ENCAP_L4_UDP\fP:
Use with ENCAP_L3 flags to further specify the tunnel type.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_ENCAP_L2\fP(\fIlen\fP):
Use with ENCAP_L3/L4 flags to further specify the tunnel
type; \fIlen\fP is the length of the inner MAC header.
.UNINDENT
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_redirect_map(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Redirect the packet to the endpoint referenced by \fImap\fP at
index \fIkey\fP\&. Depending on its type, this \fImap\fP can contain
references to net devices (for forwarding packets through other
ports), or to CPUs (for redirecting XDP frames to another CPU;
but this is only implemented for native XDP (with driver
support) as of this writing).
.sp
The lower two bits of \fIflags\fP are used as the return code if
the map lookup fails. This is so that the return value can be
one of the XDP program return codes up to XDP_TX, as chosen by
the caller. Any higher bits in the \fIflags\fP argument must be
unset.
.sp
When used to redirect packets to net devices, this helper
provides a high performance increase over \fBbpf_redirect\fP().
This is due to various implementation details of the underlying
mechanisms, one of which is the fact that \fBbpf_redirect_map\fP() tries to send packet as a "bulk" to the device.
.TP
.B Return
\fBXDP_REDIRECT\fP on success, or \fBXDP_ABORTED\fP on error.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sk_redirect_map(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Redirect the packet to the socket referenced by \fImap\fP (of type
\fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP\fP) at index \fIkey\fP\&. Both ingress and
egress interfaces can be used for redirection. The
\fBBPF_F_INGRESS\fP value in \fIflags\fP is used to make the
distinction (ingress path is selected if the flag is present,
egress path otherwise). This is the only flag supported for now.
.TP
.B Return
\fBSK_PASS\fP on success, or \fBSK_DROP\fP on error.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sock_map_update(struct bpf_sock_ops *\fP\fIskops\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Add an entry to, or update a \fImap\fP referencing sockets. The
\fIskops\fP is used as a new value for the entry associated to
\fIkey\fP\&. \fIflags\fP is one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_NOEXIST\fP
The entry for \fIkey\fP must not exist in the map.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_EXIST\fP
The entry for \fIkey\fP must already exist in the map.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_ANY\fP
No condition on the existence of the entry for \fIkey\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
If the \fImap\fP has eBPF programs (parser and verdict), those will
be inherited by the socket being added. If the socket is
already attached to eBPF programs, this results in an error.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_xdp_adjust_meta(struct xdp_buff *\fP\fIxdp_md\fP\fB, int\fP \fIdelta\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Adjust the address pointed by \fIxdp_md\fP\fB\->data_meta\fP by
\fIdelta\fP (which can be positive or negative). Note that this
operation modifies the address stored in \fIxdp_md\fP\fB\->data\fP,
so the latter must be loaded only after the helper has been
called.
.sp
The use of \fIxdp_md\fP\fB\->data_meta\fP is optional and programs
are not required to use it. The rationale is that when the
packet is processed with XDP (e.g. as DoS filter), it is
possible to push further meta data along with it before passing
to the stack, and to give the guarantee that an ingress eBPF
program attached as a TC classifier on the same device can pick
this up for further post\-processing. Since TC works with socket
buffers, it remains possible to set from XDP the \fBmark\fP or
\fBpriority\fP pointers, or other pointers for the socket buffer.
Having this scratch space generic and programmable allows for
more flexibility as the user is free to store whatever meta
data they need.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_perf_event_read_value(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB, struct bpf_perf_event_value *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIbuf_size\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Read the value of a perf event counter, and store it into \fIbuf\fP
of size \fIbuf_size\fP\&. This helper relies on a \fImap\fP of type
\fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY\fP\&. The nature of the perf event
counter is selected when \fImap\fP is updated with perf event file
descriptors. The \fImap\fP is an array whose size is the number of
available CPUs, and each cell contains a value relative to one
CPU. The value to retrieve is indicated by \fIflags\fP, that
contains the index of the CPU to look up, masked with
\fBBPF_F_INDEX_MASK\fP\&. Alternatively, \fIflags\fP can be set to
\fBBPF_F_CURRENT_CPU\fP to indicate that the value for the
current CPU should be retrieved.
.sp
This helper behaves in a way close to
\fBbpf_perf_event_read\fP() helper, save that instead of
just returning the value observed, it fills the \fIbuf\fP
structure. This allows for additional data to be retrieved: in
particular, the enabled and running times (in \fIbuf\fP\fB\->enabled\fP and \fIbuf\fP\fB\->running\fP, respectively) are
copied. In general, \fBbpf_perf_event_read_value\fP() is
recommended over \fBbpf_perf_event_read\fP(), which has some
ABI issues and provides fewer functionalities.
.sp
These values are interesting, because hardware PMU (Performance
Monitoring Unit) counters are limited resources. When there are
more PMU based perf events opened than available counters,
kernel will multiplex these events so each event gets certain
percentage (but not all) of the PMU time. In case that
multiplexing happens, the number of samples or counter value
will not reflect the case compared to when no multiplexing
occurs. This makes comparison between different runs difficult.
Typically, the counter value should be normalized before
comparing to other experiments. The usual normalization is done
as follows.
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
normalized_counter = counter * t_enabled / t_running
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Where t_enabled is the time enabled for event and t_running is
the time running for event since last normalization. The
enabled and running times are accumulated since the perf event
open. To achieve scaling factor between two invocations of an
eBPF program, users can can use CPU id as the key (which is
typical for perf array usage model) to remember the previous
value and do the calculation inside the eBPF program.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_perf_prog_read_value(struct bpf_perf_event_data *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_perf_event_value *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIbuf_size\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
For en eBPF program attached to a perf event, retrieve the
value of the event counter associated to \fIctx\fP and store it in
the structure pointed by \fIbuf\fP and of size \fIbuf_size\fP\&. Enabled
and running times are also stored in the structure (see
description of helper \fBbpf_perf_event_read_value\fP() for
more details).
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_getsockopt(struct bpf_sock_ops *\fP\fIbpf_socket\fP\fB, int\fP \fIlevel\fP\fB, int\fP \fIoptname\fP\fB, char *\fP\fIoptval\fP\fB, int\fP \fIoptlen\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Emulate a call to \fBgetsockopt()\fP on the socket associated to
\fIbpf_socket\fP, which must be a full socket. The \fIlevel\fP at
which the option resides and the name \fIoptname\fP of the option
must be specified, see \fBgetsockopt(2)\fP for more information.
The retrieved value is stored in the structure pointed by
\fIopval\fP and of length \fIoptlen\fP\&.
.sp
This helper actually implements a subset of \fBgetsockopt()\fP\&.
It supports the following \fIlevel\fPs:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBIPPROTO_TCP\fP, which supports \fIoptname\fP
\fBTCP_CONGESTION\fP\&.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBIPPROTO_IP\fP, which supports \fIoptname\fP \fBIP_TOS\fP\&.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBIPPROTO_IPV6\fP, which supports \fIoptname\fP \fBIPV6_TCLASS\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_override_return(struct pt_regs *\fP\fIregs\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIrc\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Used for error injection, this helper uses kprobes to override
the return value of the probed function, and to set it to \fIrc\fP\&.
The first argument is the context \fIregs\fP on which the kprobe
works.
.sp
This helper works by setting setting the PC (program counter)
to an override function which is run in place of the original
probed function. This means the probed function is not run at
all. The replacement function just returns with the required
value.
.sp
This helper has security implications, and thus is subject to
restrictions. It is only available if the kernel was compiled
with the \fBCONFIG_BPF_KPROBE_OVERRIDE\fP configuration
option, and in this case it only works on functions tagged with
\fBALLOW_ERROR_INJECTION\fP in the kernel code.
.sp
Also, the helper is only available for the architectures having
the CONFIG_FUNCTION_ERROR_INJECTION option. As of this writing,
x86 architecture is the only one to support this feature.
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sock_ops_cb_flags_set(struct bpf_sock_ops *\fP\fIbpf_sock\fP\fB, int\fP \fIargval\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Attempt to set the value of the \fBbpf_sock_ops_cb_flags\fP field
for the full TCP socket associated to \fIbpf_sock_ops\fP to
\fIargval\fP\&.
.sp
The primary use of this field is to determine if there should
be calls to eBPF programs of type
\fBBPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCK_OPS\fP at various points in the TCP
code. A program of the same type can change its value, per
connection and as necessary, when the connection is
established. This field is directly accessible for reading, but
this helper must be used for updates in order to return an
error if an eBPF program tries to set a callback that is not
supported in the current kernel.
.sp
\fIargval\fP is a flag array which can combine these flags:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_SOCK_OPS_RTO_CB_FLAG\fP (retransmission time out)
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_SOCK_OPS_RETRANS_CB_FLAG\fP (retransmission)
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_SOCK_OPS_STATE_CB_FLAG\fP (TCP state change)
.IP \(bu 2
\fBBPF_SOCK_OPS_RTT_CB_FLAG\fP (every RTT)
.UNINDENT
.sp
Therefore, this function can be used to clear a callback flag by
setting the appropriate bit to zero. e.g. to disable the RTO
callback:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBbpf_sock_ops_cb_flags_set(bpf_sock,\fP
\fBbpf_sock\->bpf_sock_ops_cb_flags & ~BPF_SOCK_OPS_RTO_CB_FLAG)\fP
.UNINDENT
.sp
Here are some examples of where one could call such eBPF
program:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
When RTO fires.
.IP \(bu 2
When a packet is retransmitted.
.IP \(bu 2
When the connection terminates.
.IP \(bu 2
When a packet is sent.
.IP \(bu 2
When a packet is received.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
Code \fB\-EINVAL\fP if the socket is not a full TCP socket;
otherwise, a positive number containing the bits that could not
be set is returned (which comes down to 0 if all bits were set
as required).
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_msg_redirect_map(struct sk_msg_buff *\fP\fImsg\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is used in programs implementing policies at the
socket level. If the message \fImsg\fP is allowed to pass (i.e. if
the verdict eBPF program returns \fBSK_PASS\fP), redirect it to
the socket referenced by \fImap\fP (of type
\fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP\fP) at index \fIkey\fP\&. Both ingress and
egress interfaces can be used for redirection. The
\fBBPF_F_INGRESS\fP value in \fIflags\fP is used to make the
distinction (ingress path is selected if the flag is present,
egress path otherwise). This is the only flag supported for now.
.TP
.B Return
\fBSK_PASS\fP on success, or \fBSK_DROP\fP on error.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_msg_apply_bytes(struct sk_msg_buff *\fP\fImsg\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIbytes\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
For socket policies, apply the verdict of the eBPF program to
the next \fIbytes\fP (number of bytes) of message \fImsg\fP\&.
.sp
For example, this helper can be used in the following cases:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
A single \fBsendmsg\fP() or \fBsendfile\fP() system call
contains multiple logical messages that the eBPF program is
supposed to read and for which it should apply a verdict.
.IP \(bu 2
An eBPF program only cares to read the first \fIbytes\fP of a
\fImsg\fP\&. If the message has a large payload, then setting up
and calling the eBPF program repeatedly for all bytes, even
though the verdict is already known, would create unnecessary
overhead.
.UNINDENT
.sp
When called from within an eBPF program, the helper sets a
counter internal to the BPF infrastructure, that is used to
apply the last verdict to the next \fIbytes\fP\&. If \fIbytes\fP is
smaller than the current data being processed from a
\fBsendmsg\fP() or \fBsendfile\fP() system call, the first
\fIbytes\fP will be sent and the eBPF program will be re\-run with
the pointer for start of data pointing to byte number \fIbytes\fP
\fB+ 1\fP\&. If \fIbytes\fP is larger than the current data being
processed, then the eBPF verdict will be applied to multiple
\fBsendmsg\fP() or \fBsendfile\fP() calls until \fIbytes\fP are
consumed.
.sp
Note that if a socket closes with the internal counter holding
a non\-zero value, this is not a problem because data is not
being buffered for \fIbytes\fP and is sent as it is received.
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_msg_cork_bytes(struct sk_msg_buff *\fP\fImsg\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIbytes\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
For socket policies, prevent the execution of the verdict eBPF
program for message \fImsg\fP until \fIbytes\fP (byte number) have been
accumulated.
.sp
This can be used when one needs a specific number of bytes
before a verdict can be assigned, even if the data spans
multiple \fBsendmsg\fP() or \fBsendfile\fP() calls. The extreme
case would be a user calling \fBsendmsg\fP() repeatedly with
1\-byte long message segments. Obviously, this is bad for
performance, but it is still valid. If the eBPF program needs
\fIbytes\fP bytes to validate a header, this helper can be used to
prevent the eBPF program to be called again until \fIbytes\fP have
been accumulated.
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_msg_pull_data(struct sk_msg_buff *\fP\fImsg\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIstart\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIend\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
For socket policies, pull in non\-linear data from user space
for \fImsg\fP and set pointers \fImsg\fP\fB\->data\fP and \fImsg\fP\fB\->data_end\fP to \fIstart\fP and \fIend\fP bytes offsets into \fImsg\fP,
respectively.
.sp
If a program of type \fBBPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_MSG\fP is run on a
\fImsg\fP it can only parse data that the (\fBdata\fP, \fBdata_end\fP)
pointers have already consumed. For \fBsendmsg\fP() hooks this
is likely the first scatterlist element. But for calls relying
on the \fBsendpage\fP handler (e.g. \fBsendfile\fP()) this will
be the range (\fB0\fP, \fB0\fP) because the data is shared with
user space and by default the objective is to avoid allowing
user space to modify data while (or after) eBPF verdict is
being decided. This helper can be used to pull in data and to
set the start and end pointer to given values. Data will be
copied if necessary (i.e. if data was not linear and if start
and end pointers do not point to the same chunk).
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.sp
All values for \fIflags\fP are reserved for future usage, and must
be left at zero.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_bind(struct bpf_sock_addr *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct sockaddr *\fP\fIaddr\fP\fB, int\fP \fIaddr_len\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Bind the socket associated to \fIctx\fP to the address pointed by
\fIaddr\fP, of length \fIaddr_len\fP\&. This allows for making outgoing
connection from the desired IP address, which can be useful for
example when all processes inside a cgroup should use one
single IP address on a host that has multiple IP configured.
.sp
This helper works for IPv4 and IPv6, TCP and UDP sockets. The
domain (\fIaddr\fP\fB\->sa_family\fP) must be \fBAF_INET\fP (or
\fBAF_INET6\fP). Looking for a free port to bind to can be
expensive, therefore binding to port is not permitted by the
helper: \fIaddr\fP\fB\->sin_port\fP (or \fBsin6_port\fP, respectively)
must be set to zero.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_xdp_adjust_tail(struct xdp_buff *\fP\fIxdp_md\fP\fB, int\fP \fIdelta\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Adjust (move) \fIxdp_md\fP\fB\->data_end\fP by \fIdelta\fP bytes. It is
only possible to shrink the packet as of this writing,
therefore \fIdelta\fP must be a negative integer.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_get_xfrm_state(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIindex\fP\fB, struct bpf_xfrm_state *\fP\fIxfrm_state\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Retrieve the XFRM state (IP transform framework, see also
\fBip\-xfrm(8)\fP) at \fIindex\fP in XFRM "security path" for \fIskb\fP\&.
.sp
The retrieved value is stored in the \fBstruct bpf_xfrm_state\fP
pointed by \fIxfrm_state\fP and of length \fIsize\fP\&.
.sp
All values for \fIflags\fP are reserved for future usage, and must
be left at zero.
.sp
This helper is available only if the kernel was compiled with
\fBCONFIG_XFRM\fP configuration option.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_get_stack(struct pt_regs *\fP\fIregs\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIsize\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Return a user or a kernel stack in bpf program provided buffer.
To achieve this, the helper needs \fIctx\fP, which is a pointer
to the context on which the tracing program is executed.
To store the stacktrace, the bpf program provides \fIbuf\fP with
a nonnegative \fIsize\fP\&.
.sp
The last argument, \fIflags\fP, holds the number of stack frames to
skip (from 0 to 255), masked with
\fBBPF_F_SKIP_FIELD_MASK\fP\&. The next bits can be used to set
the following flags:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_USER_STACK\fP
Collect a user space stack instead of a kernel stack.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_F_USER_BUILD_ID\fP
Collect buildid+offset instead of ips for user stack,
only valid if \fBBPF_F_USER_STACK\fP is also specified.
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fBbpf_get_stack\fP() can collect up to
\fBPERF_MAX_STACK_DEPTH\fP both kernel and user frames, subject
to sufficient large buffer size. Note that
this limit can be controlled with the \fBsysctl\fP program, and
that it should be manually increased in order to profile long
user stacks (such as stacks for Java programs). To do so, use:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
# sysctl kernel.perf_event_max_stack=<new value>
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
A non\-negative value equal to or less than \fIsize\fP on success,
or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative(const struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIoffset\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIto\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIstart_header\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is similar to \fBbpf_skb_load_bytes\fP() in that
it provides an easy way to load \fIlen\fP bytes from \fIoffset\fP
from the packet associated to \fIskb\fP, into the buffer pointed
by \fIto\fP\&. The difference to \fBbpf_skb_load_bytes\fP() is that
a fifth argument \fIstart_header\fP exists in order to select a
base offset to start from. \fIstart_header\fP can be one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_HDR_START_MAC\fP
Base offset to load data from is \fIskb\fP\(aqs mac header.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_HDR_START_NET\fP
Base offset to load data from is \fIskb\fP\(aqs network header.
.UNINDENT
.sp
In general, "direct packet access" is the preferred method to
access packet data, however, this helper is in particular useful
in socket filters where \fIskb\fP\fB\->data\fP does not always point
to the start of the mac header and where "direct packet access"
is not available.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_fib_lookup(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_fib_lookup *\fP\fIparams\fP\fB, int\fP \fIplen\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Do FIB lookup in kernel tables using parameters in \fIparams\fP\&.
If lookup is successful and result shows packet is to be
forwarded, the neighbor tables are searched for the nexthop.
If successful (ie., FIB lookup shows forwarding and nexthop
is resolved), the nexthop address is returned in ipv4_dst
or ipv6_dst based on family, smac is set to mac address of
egress device, dmac is set to nexthop mac address, rt_metric
is set to metric from route (IPv4/IPv6 only), and ifindex
is set to the device index of the nexthop from the FIB lookup.
.sp
\fIplen\fP argument is the size of the passed in struct.
\fIflags\fP argument can be a combination of one or more of the
following values:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_FIB_LOOKUP_DIRECT\fP
Do a direct table lookup vs full lookup using FIB
rules.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_FIB_LOOKUP_OUTPUT\fP
Perform lookup from an egress perspective (default is
ingress).
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fIctx\fP is either \fBstruct xdp_md\fP for XDP programs or
\fBstruct sk_buff\fP tc cls_act programs.
.TP
.B Return
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
< 0 if any input argument is invalid
.IP \(bu 2
0 on success (packet is forwarded, nexthop neighbor exists)
.IP \(bu 2
> 0 one of \fBBPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_\fP codes explaining why the
packet is not forwarded or needs assist from full stack
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sock_hash_update(struct bpf_sock_ops_kern *\fP\fIskops\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Add an entry to, or update a sockhash \fImap\fP referencing sockets.
The \fIskops\fP is used as a new value for the entry associated to
\fIkey\fP\&. \fIflags\fP is one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_NOEXIST\fP
The entry for \fIkey\fP must not exist in the map.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_EXIST\fP
The entry for \fIkey\fP must already exist in the map.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_ANY\fP
No condition on the existence of the entry for \fIkey\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
If the \fImap\fP has eBPF programs (parser and verdict), those will
be inherited by the socket being added. If the socket is
already attached to eBPF programs, this results in an error.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_msg_redirect_hash(struct sk_msg_buff *\fP\fImsg\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is used in programs implementing policies at the
socket level. If the message \fImsg\fP is allowed to pass (i.e. if
the verdict eBPF program returns \fBSK_PASS\fP), redirect it to
the socket referenced by \fImap\fP (of type
\fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKHASH\fP) using hash \fIkey\fP\&. Both ingress and
egress interfaces can be used for redirection. The
\fBBPF_F_INGRESS\fP value in \fIflags\fP is used to make the
distinction (ingress path is selected if the flag is present,
egress path otherwise). This is the only flag supported for now.
.TP
.B Return
\fBSK_PASS\fP on success, or \fBSK_DROP\fP on error.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sk_redirect_hash(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is used in programs implementing policies at the
skb socket level. If the sk_buff \fIskb\fP is allowed to pass (i.e.
if the verdeict eBPF program returns \fBSK_PASS\fP), redirect it
to the socket referenced by \fImap\fP (of type
\fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKHASH\fP) using hash \fIkey\fP\&. Both ingress and
egress interfaces can be used for redirection. The
\fBBPF_F_INGRESS\fP value in \fIflags\fP is used to make the
distinction (ingress path is selected if the flag is present,
egress otherwise). This is the only flag supported for now.
.TP
.B Return
\fBSK_PASS\fP on success, or \fBSK_DROP\fP on error.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_lwt_push_encap(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fItype\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIhdr\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Encapsulate the packet associated to \fIskb\fP within a Layer 3
protocol header. This header is provided in the buffer at
address \fIhdr\fP, with \fIlen\fP its size in bytes. \fItype\fP indicates
the protocol of the header and can be one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_LWT_ENCAP_SEG6\fP
IPv6 encapsulation with Segment Routing Header
(\fBstruct ipv6_sr_hdr\fP). \fIhdr\fP only contains the SRH,
the IPv6 header is computed by the kernel.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_LWT_ENCAP_SEG6_INLINE\fP
Only works if \fIskb\fP contains an IPv6 packet. Insert a
Segment Routing Header (\fBstruct ipv6_sr_hdr\fP) inside
the IPv6 header.
.TP
.B \fBBPF_LWT_ENCAP_IP\fP
IP encapsulation (GRE/GUE/IPIP/etc). The outer header
must be IPv4 or IPv6, followed by zero or more
additional headers, up to \fBLWT_BPF_MAX_HEADROOM\fP
total bytes in all prepended headers. Please note that
if \fBskb_is_gso\fP(\fIskb\fP) is true, no more than two
headers can be prepended, and the inner header, if
present, should be either GRE or UDP/GUE.
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fBBPF_LWT_ENCAP_SEG6\fP* types can be called by BPF programs
of type \fBBPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_IN\fP; \fBBPF_LWT_ENCAP_IP\fP type can
be called by bpf programs of types \fBBPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_IN\fP and
\fBBPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_XMIT\fP\&.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_lwt_seg6_store_bytes(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIoffset\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIfrom\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Store \fIlen\fP bytes from address \fIfrom\fP into the packet
associated to \fIskb\fP, at \fIoffset\fP\&. Only the flags, tag and TLVs
inside the outermost IPv6 Segment Routing Header can be
modified through this helper.
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_lwt_seg6_adjust_srh(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIoffset\fP\fB, s32\fP \fIdelta\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Adjust the size allocated to TLVs in the outermost IPv6
Segment Routing Header contained in the packet associated to
\fIskb\fP, at position \fIoffset\fP by \fIdelta\fP bytes. Only offsets
after the segments are accepted. \fIdelta\fP can be as well
positive (growing) as negative (shrinking).
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_lwt_seg6_action(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIaction\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIparam\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIparam_len\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Apply an IPv6 Segment Routing action of type \fIaction\fP to the
packet associated to \fIskb\fP\&. Each action takes a parameter
contained at address \fIparam\fP, and of length \fIparam_len\fP bytes.
\fIaction\fP can be one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBSEG6_LOCAL_ACTION_END_X\fP
End.X action: Endpoint with Layer\-3 cross\-connect.
Type of \fIparam\fP: \fBstruct in6_addr\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBSEG6_LOCAL_ACTION_END_T\fP
End.T action: Endpoint with specific IPv6 table lookup.
Type of \fIparam\fP: \fBint\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBSEG6_LOCAL_ACTION_END_B6\fP
End.B6 action: Endpoint bound to an SRv6 policy.
Type of \fIparam\fP: \fBstruct ipv6_sr_hdr\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBSEG6_LOCAL_ACTION_END_B6_ENCAP\fP
End.B6.Encap action: Endpoint bound to an SRv6
encapsulation policy.
Type of \fIparam\fP: \fBstruct ipv6_sr_hdr\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
A call to this helper is susceptible to change the underlying
packet buffer. Therefore, at load time, all checks on pointers
previously done by the verifier are invalidated and must be
performed again, if the helper is used in combination with
direct packet access.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_rc_repeat(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is used in programs implementing IR decoding, to
report a successfully decoded repeat key message. This delays
the generation of a key up event for previously generated
key down event.
.sp
Some IR protocols like NEC have a special IR message for
repeating last button, for when a button is held down.
.sp
The \fIctx\fP should point to the lirc sample as passed into
the program.
.sp
This helper is only available is the kernel was compiled with
the \fBCONFIG_BPF_LIRC_MODE2\fP configuration option set to
"\fBy\fP".
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_rc_keydown(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIprotocol\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIscancode\fP\fB, u32\fP \fItoggle\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is used in programs implementing IR decoding, to
report a successfully decoded key press with \fIscancode\fP,
\fItoggle\fP value in the given \fIprotocol\fP\&. The scancode will be
translated to a keycode using the rc keymap, and reported as
an input key down event. After a period a key up event is
generated. This period can be extended by calling either
\fBbpf_rc_keydown\fP() again with the same values, or calling
\fBbpf_rc_repeat\fP().
.sp
Some protocols include a toggle bit, in case the button was
released and pressed again between consecutive scancodes.
.sp
The \fIctx\fP should point to the lirc sample as passed into
the program.
.sp
The \fIprotocol\fP is the decoded protocol number (see
\fBenum rc_proto\fP for some predefined values).
.sp
This helper is only available is the kernel was compiled with
the \fBCONFIG_BPF_LIRC_MODE2\fP configuration option set to
"\fBy\fP".
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_skb_cgroup_id(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Return the cgroup v2 id of the socket associated with the \fIskb\fP\&.
This is roughly similar to the \fBbpf_get_cgroup_classid\fP()
helper for cgroup v1 by providing a tag resp. identifier that
can be matched on or used for map lookups e.g. to implement
policy. The cgroup v2 id of a given path in the hierarchy is
exposed in user space through the f_handle API in order to get
to the same 64\-bit id.
.sp
This helper can be used on TC egress path, but not on ingress,
and is available only if the kernel was compiled with the
\fBCONFIG_SOCK_CGROUP_DATA\fP configuration option.
.TP
.B Return
The id is returned or 0 in case the id could not be retrieved.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_get_current_cgroup_id(void)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Return
A 64\-bit integer containing the current cgroup id based
on the cgroup within which the current task is running.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBvoid *bpf_get_local_storage(void *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get the pointer to the local storage area.
The type and the size of the local storage is defined
by the \fImap\fP argument.
The \fIflags\fP meaning is specific for each map type,
and has to be 0 for cgroup local storage.
.sp
Depending on the BPF program type, a local storage area
can be shared between multiple instances of the BPF program,
running simultaneously.
.sp
A user should care about the synchronization by himself.
For example, by using the \fBBPF_STX_XADD\fP instruction to alter
the shared data.
.TP
.B Return
A pointer to the local storage area.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sk_select_reuseport(struct sk_reuseport_md *\fP\fIreuse\fP\fB, struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIkey\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Select a \fBSO_REUSEPORT\fP socket from a
\fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_REUSEPORT_ARRAY\fP \fImap\fP\&.
It checks the selected socket is matching the incoming
request in the socket buffer.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBu64 bpf_skb_ancestor_cgroup_id(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, int\fP \fIancestor_level\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Return id of cgroup v2 that is ancestor of cgroup associated
with the \fIskb\fP at the \fIancestor_level\fP\&.  The root cgroup is at
\fIancestor_level\fP zero and each step down the hierarchy
increments the level. If \fIancestor_level\fP == level of cgroup
associated with \fIskb\fP, then return value will be same as that
of \fBbpf_skb_cgroup_id\fP().
.sp
The helper is useful to implement policies based on cgroups
that are upper in hierarchy than immediate cgroup associated
with \fIskb\fP\&.
.sp
The format of returned id and helper limitations are same as in
\fBbpf_skb_cgroup_id\fP().
.TP
.B Return
The id is returned or 0 in case the id could not be retrieved.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBstruct bpf_sock *bpf_sk_lookup_tcp(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_sock_tuple *\fP\fItuple\fP\fB, u32\fP \fItuple_size\fP\fB, u64\fP \fInetns\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Look for TCP socket matching \fItuple\fP, optionally in a child
network namespace \fInetns\fP\&. The return value must be checked,
and if non\-\fBNULL\fP, released via \fBbpf_sk_release\fP().
.sp
The \fIctx\fP should point to the context of the program, such as
the skb or socket (depending on the hook in use). This is used
to determine the base network namespace for the lookup.
.sp
\fItuple_size\fP must be one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBsizeof\fP(\fItuple\fP\fB\->ipv4\fP)
Look for an IPv4 socket.
.TP
.B \fBsizeof\fP(\fItuple\fP\fB\->ipv6\fP)
Look for an IPv6 socket.
.UNINDENT
.sp
If the \fInetns\fP is a negative signed 32\-bit integer, then the
socket lookup table in the netns associated with the \fIctx\fP will
will be used. For the TC hooks, this is the netns of the device
in the skb. For socket hooks, this is the netns of the socket.
If \fInetns\fP is any other signed 32\-bit value greater than or
equal to zero then it specifies the ID of the netns relative to
the netns associated with the \fIctx\fP\&. \fInetns\fP values beyond the
range of 32\-bit integers are reserved for future use.
.sp
All values for \fIflags\fP are reserved for future usage, and must
be left at zero.
.sp
This helper is available only if the kernel was compiled with
\fBCONFIG_NET\fP configuration option.
.TP
.B Return
Pointer to \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP, or \fBNULL\fP in case of failure.
For sockets with reuseport option, the \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP
result is from \fIreuse\fP\fB\->socks\fP[] using the hash of the
tuple.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBstruct bpf_sock *bpf_sk_lookup_udp(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_sock_tuple *\fP\fItuple\fP\fB, u32\fP \fItuple_size\fP\fB, u64\fP \fInetns\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Look for UDP socket matching \fItuple\fP, optionally in a child
network namespace \fInetns\fP\&. The return value must be checked,
and if non\-\fBNULL\fP, released via \fBbpf_sk_release\fP().
.sp
The \fIctx\fP should point to the context of the program, such as
the skb or socket (depending on the hook in use). This is used
to determine the base network namespace for the lookup.
.sp
\fItuple_size\fP must be one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBsizeof\fP(\fItuple\fP\fB\->ipv4\fP)
Look for an IPv4 socket.
.TP
.B \fBsizeof\fP(\fItuple\fP\fB\->ipv6\fP)
Look for an IPv6 socket.
.UNINDENT
.sp
If the \fInetns\fP is a negative signed 32\-bit integer, then the
socket lookup table in the netns associated with the \fIctx\fP will
will be used. For the TC hooks, this is the netns of the device
in the skb. For socket hooks, this is the netns of the socket.
If \fInetns\fP is any other signed 32\-bit value greater than or
equal to zero then it specifies the ID of the netns relative to
the netns associated with the \fIctx\fP\&. \fInetns\fP values beyond the
range of 32\-bit integers are reserved for future use.
.sp
All values for \fIflags\fP are reserved for future usage, and must
be left at zero.
.sp
This helper is available only if the kernel was compiled with
\fBCONFIG_NET\fP configuration option.
.TP
.B Return
Pointer to \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP, or \fBNULL\fP in case of failure.
For sockets with reuseport option, the \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP
result is from \fIreuse\fP\fB\->socks\fP[] using the hash of the
tuple.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sk_release(struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsock\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Release the reference held by \fIsock\fP\&. \fIsock\fP must be a
non\-\fBNULL\fP pointer that was returned from
\fBbpf_sk_lookup_xxx\fP().
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_map_push_elem(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, const void *\fP\fIvalue\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Push an element \fIvalue\fP in \fImap\fP\&. \fIflags\fP is one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBBPF_EXIST\fP
If the queue/stack is full, the oldest element is
removed to make room for this.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_map_pop_elem(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIvalue\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Pop an element from \fImap\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_map_peek_elem(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIvalue\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get an element from \fImap\fP without removing it.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_msg_push_data(struct sk_buff *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIstart\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIlen\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
For socket policies, insert \fIlen\fP bytes into \fImsg\fP at offset
\fIstart\fP\&.
.sp
If a program of type \fBBPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_MSG\fP is run on a
\fImsg\fP it may want to insert metadata or options into the \fImsg\fP\&.
This can later be read and used by any of the lower layer BPF
hooks.
.sp
This helper may fail if under memory pressure (a malloc
fails) in these cases BPF programs will get an appropriate
error and BPF programs will need to handle them.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_msg_pop_data(struct sk_msg_buff *\fP\fImsg\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIstart\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIpop\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Will remove \fIpop\fP bytes from a \fImsg\fP starting at byte \fIstart\fP\&.
This may result in \fBENOMEM\fP errors under certain situations if
an allocation and copy are required due to a full ring buffer.
However, the helper will try to avoid doing the allocation
if possible. Other errors can occur if input parameters are
invalid either due to \fIstart\fP byte not being valid part of \fImsg\fP
payload and/or \fIpop\fP value being to large.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_rc_pointer_rel(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, s32\fP \fIrel_x\fP\fB, s32\fP \fIrel_y\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper is used in programs implementing IR decoding, to
report a successfully decoded pointer movement.
.sp
The \fIctx\fP should point to the lirc sample as passed into
the program.
.sp
This helper is only available is the kernel was compiled with
the \fBCONFIG_BPF_LIRC_MODE2\fP configuration option set to
"\fBy\fP".
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_spin_lock(struct bpf_spin_lock *\fP\fIlock\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Acquire a spinlock represented by the pointer \fIlock\fP, which is
stored as part of a value of a map. Taking the lock allows to
safely update the rest of the fields in that value. The
spinlock can (and must) later be released with a call to
\fBbpf_spin_unlock\fP(\fIlock\fP).
.sp
Spinlocks in BPF programs come with a number of restrictions
and constraints:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBbpf_spin_lock\fP objects are only allowed inside maps of
types \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH\fP and \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY\fP (this
list could be extended in the future).
.IP \(bu 2
BTF description of the map is mandatory.
.IP \(bu 2
The BPF program can take ONE lock at a time, since taking two
or more could cause dead locks.
.IP \(bu 2
Only one \fBstruct bpf_spin_lock\fP is allowed per map element.
.IP \(bu 2
When the lock is taken, calls (either BPF to BPF or helpers)
are not allowed.
.IP \(bu 2
The \fBBPF_LD_ABS\fP and \fBBPF_LD_IND\fP instructions are not
allowed inside a spinlock\-ed region.
.IP \(bu 2
The BPF program MUST call \fBbpf_spin_unlock\fP() to release
the lock, on all execution paths, before it returns.
.IP \(bu 2
The BPF program can access \fBstruct bpf_spin_lock\fP only via
the \fBbpf_spin_lock\fP() and \fBbpf_spin_unlock\fP()
helpers. Loading or storing data into the \fBstruct
bpf_spin_lock\fP \fIlock\fP\fB;\fP field of a map is not allowed.
.IP \(bu 2
To use the \fBbpf_spin_lock\fP() helper, the BTF description
of the map value must be a struct and have \fBstruct
bpf_spin_lock\fP \fIanyname\fP\fB;\fP field at the top level.
Nested lock inside another struct is not allowed.
.IP \(bu 2
The \fBstruct bpf_spin_lock\fP \fIlock\fP field in a map value must
be aligned on a multiple of 4 bytes in that value.
.IP \(bu 2
Syscall with command \fBBPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM\fP does not copy
the \fBbpf_spin_lock\fP field to user space.
.IP \(bu 2
Syscall with command \fBBPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM\fP, or update from
a BPF program, do not update the \fBbpf_spin_lock\fP field.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBbpf_spin_lock\fP cannot be on the stack or inside a
networking packet (it can only be inside of a map values).
.IP \(bu 2
\fBbpf_spin_lock\fP is available to root only.
.IP \(bu 2
Tracing programs and socket filter programs cannot use
\fBbpf_spin_lock\fP() due to insufficient preemption checks
(but this may change in the future).
.IP \(bu 2
\fBbpf_spin_lock\fP is not allowed in inner maps of map\-in\-map.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_spin_unlock(struct bpf_spin_lock *\fP\fIlock\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Release the \fIlock\fP previously locked by a call to
\fBbpf_spin_lock\fP(\fIlock\fP).
.TP
.B Return
0
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBstruct bpf_sock *bpf_sk_fullsock(struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsk\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper gets a \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP pointer such
that all the fields in this \fBbpf_sock\fP can be accessed.
.TP
.B Return
A \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP pointer on success, or \fBNULL\fP in
case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBstruct bpf_tcp_sock *bpf_tcp_sock(struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsk\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
This helper gets a \fBstruct bpf_tcp_sock\fP pointer from a
\fBstruct bpf_sock\fP pointer.
.TP
.B Return
A \fBstruct bpf_tcp_sock\fP pointer on success, or \fBNULL\fP in
case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_skb_ecn_set_ce(struct sk_buf *\fP\fIskb\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Set ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) field of IP header
to \fBCE\fP (Congestion Encountered) if current value is \fBECT\fP
(ECN Capable Transport). Otherwise, do nothing. Works with IPv6
and IPv4.
.TP
.B Return
1 if the \fBCE\fP flag is set (either by the current helper call
or because it was already present), 0 if it is not set.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBstruct bpf_sock *bpf_get_listener_sock(struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsk\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Return a \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP pointer in \fBTCP_LISTEN\fP state.
\fBbpf_sk_release\fP() is unnecessary and not allowed.
.TP
.B Return
A \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP pointer on success, or \fBNULL\fP in
case of failure.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBstruct bpf_sock *bpf_skc_lookup_tcp(void *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, struct bpf_sock_tuple *\fP\fItuple\fP\fB, u32\fP \fItuple_size\fP\fB, u64\fP \fInetns\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Look for TCP socket matching \fItuple\fP, optionally in a child
network namespace \fInetns\fP\&. The return value must be checked,
and if non\-\fBNULL\fP, released via \fBbpf_sk_release\fP().
.sp
This function is identical to \fBbpf_sk_lookup_tcp\fP(), except
that it also returns timewait or request sockets. Use
\fBbpf_sk_fullsock\fP() or \fBbpf_tcp_sock\fP() to access the
full structure.
.sp
This helper is available only if the kernel was compiled with
\fBCONFIG_NET\fP configuration option.
.TP
.B Return
Pointer to \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP, or \fBNULL\fP in case of failure.
For sockets with reuseport option, the \fBstruct bpf_sock\fP
result is from \fIreuse\fP\fB\->socks\fP[] using the hash of the
tuple.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_tcp_check_syncookie(struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsk\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIiph\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIiph_len\fP\fB, struct tcphdr *\fP\fIth\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIth_len\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Check whether \fIiph\fP and \fIth\fP contain a valid SYN cookie ACK for
the listening socket in \fIsk\fP\&.
.sp
\fIiph\fP points to the start of the IPv4 or IPv6 header, while
\fIiph_len\fP contains \fBsizeof\fP(\fBstruct iphdr\fP) or
\fBsizeof\fP(\fBstruct ip6hdr\fP).
.sp
\fIth\fP points to the start of the TCP header, while \fIth_len\fP
contains \fBsizeof\fP(\fBstruct tcphdr\fP).
.TP
.B Return
0 if \fIiph\fP and \fIth\fP are a valid SYN cookie ACK, or a negative
error otherwise.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sysctl_get_name(struct bpf_sysctl *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, char *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, size_t\fP \fIbuf_len\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get name of sysctl in /proc/sys/ and copy it into provided by
program buffer \fIbuf\fP of size \fIbuf_len\fP\&.
.sp
The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\(aqs zero\-sized.
.sp
If \fIflags\fP is zero, full name (e.g. "net/ipv4/tcp_mem") is
copied. Use \fBBPF_F_SYSCTL_BASE_NAME\fP flag to copy base name
only (e.g. "tcp_mem").
.TP
.B Return
Number of character copied (not including the trailing NUL).
.sp
\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\(aqt big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain
truncated name in this case).
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sysctl_get_current_value(struct bpf_sysctl *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, char *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, size_t\fP \fIbuf_len\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get current value of sysctl as it is presented in /proc/sys
(incl. newline, etc), and copy it as a string into provided
by program buffer \fIbuf\fP of size \fIbuf_len\fP\&.
.sp
The whole value is copied, no matter what file position user
space issued e.g. sys_read at.
.sp
The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\(aqs zero\-sized.
.TP
.B Return
Number of character copied (not including the trailing NUL).
.sp
\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\(aqt big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain
truncated name in this case).
.sp
\fB\-EINVAL\fP if current value was unavailable, e.g. because
sysctl is uninitialized and read returns \-EIO for it.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sysctl_get_new_value(struct bpf_sysctl *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, char *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, size_t\fP \fIbuf_len\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get new value being written by user space to sysctl (before
the actual write happens) and copy it as a string into
provided by program buffer \fIbuf\fP of size \fIbuf_len\fP\&.
.sp
User space may write new value at file position > 0.
.sp
The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\(aqs zero\-sized.
.TP
.B Return
Number of character copied (not including the trailing NUL).
.sp
\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\(aqt big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain
truncated name in this case).
.sp
\fB\-EINVAL\fP if sysctl is being read.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sysctl_set_new_value(struct bpf_sysctl *\fP\fIctx\fP\fB, const char *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, size_t\fP \fIbuf_len\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Override new value being written by user space to sysctl with
value provided by program in buffer \fIbuf\fP of size \fIbuf_len\fP\&.
.sp
\fIbuf\fP should contain a string in same form as provided by user
space on sysctl write.
.sp
User space may write new value at file position > 0. To override
the whole sysctl value file position should be set to zero.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success.
.sp
\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the \fIbuf_len\fP is too big.
.sp
\fB\-EINVAL\fP if sysctl is being read.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_strtol(const char *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, size_t\fP \fIbuf_len\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB, long *\fP\fIres\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Convert the initial part of the string from buffer \fIbuf\fP of
size \fIbuf_len\fP to a long integer according to the given base
and save the result in \fIres\fP\&.
.sp
The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space
(as determined by \fBisspace\fP(3)) followed by a single
optional \(aq\fB\-\fP\(aq sign.
.sp
Five least significant bits of \fIflags\fP encode base, other bits
are currently unused.
.sp
Base must be either 8, 10, 16 or 0 to detect it automatically
similar to user space \fBstrtol\fP(3).
.TP
.B Return
Number of characters consumed on success. Must be positive but
no more than \fIbuf_len\fP\&.
.sp
\fB\-EINVAL\fP if no valid digits were found or unsupported base
was provided.
.sp
\fB\-ERANGE\fP if resulting value was out of range.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_strtoul(const char *\fP\fIbuf\fP\fB, size_t\fP \fIbuf_len\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB, unsigned long *\fP\fIres\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Convert the initial part of the string from buffer \fIbuf\fP of
size \fIbuf_len\fP to an unsigned long integer according to the
given base and save the result in \fIres\fP\&.
.sp
The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space
(as determined by \fBisspace\fP(3)).
.sp
Five least significant bits of \fIflags\fP encode base, other bits
are currently unused.
.sp
Base must be either 8, 10, 16 or 0 to detect it automatically
similar to user space \fBstrtoul\fP(3).
.TP
.B Return
Number of characters consumed on success. Must be positive but
no more than \fIbuf_len\fP\&.
.sp
\fB\-EINVAL\fP if no valid digits were found or unsupported base
was provided.
.sp
\fB\-ERANGE\fP if resulting value was out of range.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBvoid *bpf_sk_storage_get(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsk\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIvalue\fP\fB, u64\fP \fIflags\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Get a bpf\-local\-storage from a \fIsk\fP\&.
.sp
Logically, it could be thought of getting the value from
a \fImap\fP with \fIsk\fP as the \fBkey\fP\&.  From this
perspective,  the usage is not much different from
\fBbpf_map_lookup_elem\fP(\fImap\fP, \fB&\fP\fIsk\fP) except this
helper enforces the key must be a full socket and the map must
be a \fBBPF_MAP_TYPE_SK_STORAGE\fP also.
.sp
Underneath, the value is stored locally at \fIsk\fP instead of
the \fImap\fP\&.  The \fImap\fP is used as the bpf\-local\-storage
"type". The bpf\-local\-storage "type" (i.e. the \fImap\fP) is
searched against all bpf\-local\-storages residing at \fIsk\fP\&.
.sp
An optional \fIflags\fP (\fBBPF_SK_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE\fP) can be
used such that a new bpf\-local\-storage will be
created if one does not exist.  \fIvalue\fP can be used
together with \fBBPF_SK_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE\fP to specify
the initial value of a bpf\-local\-storage.  If \fIvalue\fP is
\fBNULL\fP, the new bpf\-local\-storage will be zero initialized.
.TP
.B Return
A bpf\-local\-storage pointer is returned on success.
.sp
\fBNULL\fP if not found or there was an error in adding
a new bpf\-local\-storage.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_sk_storage_delete(struct bpf_map *\fP\fImap\fP\fB, struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsk\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Delete a bpf\-local\-storage from a \fIsk\fP\&.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success.
.sp
\fB\-ENOENT\fP if the bpf\-local\-storage cannot be found.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBint bpf_send_signal(u32\fP \fIsig\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Send signal \fIsig\fP to the current task.
.TP
.B Return
0 on success or successfully queued.
.sp
\fB\-EBUSY\fP if work queue under nmi is full.
.sp
\fB\-EINVAL\fP if \fIsig\fP is invalid.
.sp
\fB\-EPERM\fP if no permission to send the \fIsig\fP\&.
.sp
\fB\-EAGAIN\fP if bpf program can try again.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBs64 bpf_tcp_gen_syncookie(struct bpf_sock *\fP\fIsk\fP\fB, void *\fP\fIiph\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIiph_len\fP\fB, struct tcphdr *\fP\fIth\fP\fB, u32\fP \fIth_len\fP\fB)\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B Description
Try to issue a SYN cookie for the packet with corresponding
IP/TCP headers, \fIiph\fP and \fIth\fP, on the listening socket in \fIsk\fP\&.
.sp
\fIiph\fP points to the start of the IPv4 or IPv6 header, while
\fIiph_len\fP contains \fBsizeof\fP(\fBstruct iphdr\fP) or
\fBsizeof\fP(\fBstruct ip6hdr\fP).
.sp
\fIth\fP points to the start of the TCP header, while \fIth_len\fP
contains the length of the TCP header.
.TP
.B Return
On success, lower 32 bits hold the generated SYN cookie in
followed by 16 bits which hold the MSS value for that cookie,
and the top 16 bits are unused.
.sp
On failure, the returned value is one of the following:
.sp
\fB\-EINVAL\fP SYN cookie cannot be issued due to error
.sp
\fB\-ENOENT\fP SYN cookie should not be issued (no SYN flood)
.sp
\fB\-EOPNOTSUPP\fP kernel configuration does not enable SYN cookies
.sp
\fB\-EPROTONOSUPPORT\fP IP packet version is not 4 or 6
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH EXAMPLES
.sp
Example usage for most of the eBPF helpers listed in this manual page are
available within the Linux kernel sources, at the following locations:
.INDENT 0.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fIsamples/bpf/\fP
.IP \(bu 2
\fItools/testing/selftests/bpf/\fP
.UNINDENT
.SH LICENSE
.sp
eBPF programs can have an associated license, passed along with the bytecode
instructions to the kernel when the programs are loaded. The format for that
string is identical to the one in use for kernel modules (Dual licenses, such
as "Dual BSD/GPL", may be used). Some helper functions are only accessible to
programs that are compatible with the GNU Privacy License (GPL).
.sp
In order to use such helpers, the eBPF program must be loaded with the correct
license string passed (via \fBattr\fP) to the \fBbpf\fP() system call, and this
generally translates into the C source code of the program containing a line
similar to the following:
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
char ____license[] __attribute__((section("license"), used)) = "GPL";
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH IMPLEMENTATION
.sp
This manual page is an effort to document the existing eBPF helper functions.
But as of this writing, the BPF sub\-system is under heavy development. New eBPF
program or map types are added, along with new helper functions. Some helpers
are occasionally made available for additional program types. So in spite of
the efforts of the community, this page might not be up\-to\-date. If you want to
check by yourself what helper functions exist in your kernel, or what types of
programs they can support, here are some files among the kernel tree that you
may be interested in:
.INDENT 0.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fIinclude/uapi/linux/bpf.h\fP is the main BPF header. It contains the full list
of all helper functions, as well as many other BPF definitions including most
of the flags, structs or constants used by the helpers.
.IP \(bu 2
\fInet/core/filter.c\fP contains the definition of most network\-related helper
functions, and the list of program types from which they can be used.
.IP \(bu 2
\fIkernel/trace/bpf_trace.c\fP is the equivalent for most tracing program\-related
helpers.
.IP \(bu 2
\fIkernel/bpf/verifier.c\fP contains the functions used to check that valid types
of eBPF maps are used with a given helper function.
.IP \(bu 2
\fIkernel/bpf/\fP directory contains other files in which additional helpers are
defined (for cgroups, sockmaps, etc.).
.UNINDENT
.sp
Compatibility between helper functions and program types can generally be found
in the files where helper functions are defined. Look for the \fBstruct
bpf_func_proto\fP objects and for functions returning them: these functions
contain a list of helpers that a given program type can call. Note that the
\fBdefault:\fP label of the \fBswitch ... case\fP used to filter helpers can call
other functions, themselves allowing access to additional helpers. The
requirement for GPL license is also in those \fBstruct bpf_func_proto\fP\&.
.sp
Compatibility between helper functions and map types can be found in the
\fBcheck_map_func_compatibility\fP() function in file \fIkernel/bpf/verifier.c\fP\&.
.sp
Helper functions that invalidate the checks on \fBdata\fP and \fBdata_end\fP
pointers for network processing are listed in function
\fBbpf_helper_changes_pkt_data\fP() in file \fInet/core/filter.c\fP\&.
.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
\fBbpf\fP(2),
\fBcgroups\fP(7),
\fBip\fP(8),
\fBperf_event_open\fP(2),
\fBsendmsg\fP(2),
\fBsocket\fP(7),
\fBtc\-bpf\fP(8)
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