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.TH INOTIFY 7 2013-02-25 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
inotify \- monitoring file system events
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.I inotify
API provides a mechanism for monitoring file system events.
Inotify can be used to monitor individual files,
or to monitor directories.
When a directory is monitored, inotify will return events
for the directory itself, and for files inside the directory.

The following system calls are used with this API:
.BR inotify_init (2)
(or
.BR inotify_init1 (2)),
.BR inotify_add_watch (2),
.BR inotify_rm_watch (2),
.BR read (2),
and
.BR close (2).

.BR inotify_init (2)
creates an inotify instance and returns a file descriptor
referring to the inotify instance.
The more recent
.BR inotify_init1 (2)
is like
.BR inotify_init (2),
but provides some extra functionality.

.BR inotify_add_watch (2)
manipulates the "watch list" associated with an inotify instance.
Each item ("watch") in the watch list specifies the pathname of
a file or directory,
along with some set of events that the kernel should monitor for the
file referred to by that pathname.
.BR inotify_add_watch (2)
either creates a new watch item, or modifies an existing watch.
Each watch has a unique "watch descriptor", an integer
returned by
.BR inotify_add_watch (2)
when the watch is created.

.BR inotify_rm_watch (2)
removes an item from an inotify watch list.

When all file descriptors referring to an inotify
instance have been closed,
the underlying object and its resources are
freed for reuse by the kernel;
all associated watches are automatically freed.

To determine what events have occurred, an application
.BR read (2)s
from the inotify file descriptor.
If no events have so far occurred, then,
assuming a blocking file descriptor,
.BR read (2)
will block until at least one event occurs
(unless interrupted by a signal,
in which case the call fails with the error
.BR EINTR ;
see
.BR signal (7)).

Each successful
.BR read (2)
returns a buffer containing one or more of the following structures:
.in +4n
.nf

struct inotify_event {
    int      wd;       /* Watch descriptor */
.\" FIXME . The type of the 'wd' field should probably be "int32_t".
.\" I submitted a patch to fix this.  See the LKML thread
.\" "[patch] Fix type errors in inotify interfaces", 18 Nov 2008
.\" Glibc bug filed: http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=7040
    uint32_t mask;     /* Mask of events */
    uint32_t cookie;   /* Unique cookie associating related
                          events (for rename(2)) */
    uint32_t len;      /* Size of \fIname\fP field */
    char     name[];   /* Optional null-terminated name */
};
.fi
.in

.I wd
identifies the watch for which this event occurs.
It is one of the watch descriptors returned by a previous call to
.BR inotify_add_watch (2).

.I mask
contains bits that describe the event that occurred (see below).

.I cookie
is a unique integer that connects related events.
Currently this is used only for rename events, and
allows the resulting pair of
.B IN_MOVED_FROM
and
.B IN_MOVED_TO
events to be connected by the application.
For all other event types,
.I cookie
is set to 0.

The
.I name
field is present only when an event is returned
for a file inside a watched directory;
it identifies the file pathname relative to the watched directory.
This pathname is null-terminated,
and may include further null bytes (\(aq\\0\(aq) to align subsequent reads to a
suitable address boundary.

The
.I len
field counts all of the bytes in
.IR name ,
including the null bytes;
the length of each
.I inotify_event
structure is thus
.IR "sizeof(struct inotify_event)+len" .

The behavior when the buffer given to
.BR read (2)
is too small to return information about the next event depends
on the kernel version: in kernels before 2.6.21,
.BR read (2)
returns 0; since kernel 2.6.21,
.BR read (2)
fails with the error
.BR EINVAL .
Specifying a buffer of size

    sizeof(struct inotify_event) + NAME_MAX + 1

will be sufficient to read at least one event.
.SS inotify events
The
.BR inotify_add_watch (2)
.I mask
argument and the
.I mask
field of the
.I inotify_event
structure returned when
.BR read (2)ing
an inotify file descriptor are both bit masks identifying
inotify events.
The following bits can be specified in
.I mask
when calling
.BR inotify_add_watch (2)
and may be returned in the
.I mask
field returned by
.BR read (2):
.RS 4
.sp
.PD 0
.TP 18
.B IN_ACCESS
File was accessed (read) (*).
.TP
.B IN_ATTRIB
Metadata changed, e.g., permissions, timestamps, extended attributes,
link count (since Linux 2.6.25), UID, GID, etc. (*).
.TP
.B IN_CLOSE_WRITE
File opened for writing was closed (*).
.TP
.B IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE
File not opened for writing was closed (*).
.TP
.B IN_CREATE
File/directory created in watched directory (*).
.TP
.B IN_DELETE
File/directory deleted from watched directory (*).
.TP
.B IN_DELETE_SELF
Watched file/directory was itself deleted.
.TP
.B IN_MODIFY
File was modified (*).
.TP
.B IN_MOVE_SELF
Watched file/directory was itself moved.
.TP
.B IN_MOVED_FROM
File moved out of watched directory (*).
.TP
.B IN_MOVED_TO
File moved into watched directory (*).
.TP
.B IN_OPEN
File was opened (*).
.PD
.RE
.PP
When monitoring a directory,
the events marked with an asterisk (*) above can occur for
files in the directory, in which case the
.I name
field in the returned
.I inotify_event
structure identifies the name of the file within the directory.
.PP
The
.B IN_ALL_EVENTS
macro is defined as a bit mask of all of the above events.
This macro can be used as the
.I mask
argument when calling
.BR inotify_add_watch (2).

Two additional convenience macros are
.BR IN_MOVE ,
which equates to
IN_MOVED_FROM|IN_MOVED_TO,
and
.BR IN_CLOSE ,
which equates to
IN_CLOSE_WRITE|IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE.
.PP
The following further bits can be specified in
.I mask
when calling
.BR inotify_add_watch (2):
.RS 4
.sp
.PD 0
.TP 18
.BR IN_DONT_FOLLOW " (since Linux 2.6.15)"
Don't dereference \fIpathname\fP if it is a symbolic link.
.TP
.BR IN_EXCL_UNLINK " (since Linux 2.6.36)"
.\" commit 8c1934c8d70b22ca8333b216aec6c7d09fdbd6a6
By default, when watching events on the children of a directory,
events are generated for children even after they have been unlinked
from the directory.
This can result in large numbers of uninteresting events for
some applications (e.g., if watching
.IR /tmp ,
in which many applications create temporary files whose
names are immediately unlinked).
Specifying
.B IN_EXCL_UNLINK
changes the default behavior,
so that events are not generated for children after
they have been unlinked from the watched directory.
.TP
.B IN_MASK_ADD
Add (OR) events to watch mask for this pathname if
it already exists (instead of replacing mask).
.TP
.B IN_ONESHOT
Monitor \fIpathname\fP for one event, then remove from
watch list.
.TP
.BR IN_ONLYDIR " (since Linux 2.6.15)"
Only watch \fIpathname\fP if it is a directory.
.PD
.RE
.PP
The following bits may be set in the
.I mask
field returned by
.BR read (2):
.RS 4
.sp
.PD 0
.TP 18
.B IN_IGNORED
Watch was removed explicitly (\fBinotify_rm_watch\fP(2))
or automatically (file was deleted, or file system was unmounted).
.TP
.B IN_ISDIR
Subject of this event is a directory.
.TP
.B IN_Q_OVERFLOW
Event queue overflowed (\fIwd\fP is \-1 for this event).
.TP
.B IN_UNMOUNT
File system containing watched object was unmounted.
.PD
.RE
.SS /proc interfaces
The following interfaces can be used to limit the amount of
kernel memory consumed by inotify:
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_queued_events
The value in this file is used when an application calls
.BR inotify_init (2)
to set an upper limit on the number of events that can be
queued to the corresponding inotify instance.
Events in excess of this limit are dropped, but an
.B IN_Q_OVERFLOW
event is always generated.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_instances
This specifies an upper limit on the number of inotify instances
that can be created per real user ID.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches
This specifies an upper limit on the number of watches
that can be created per real user ID.
.SH VERSIONS
Inotify was merged into the 2.6.13 Linux kernel.
The required library interfaces were added to glibc in version 2.4.
.RB ( IN_DONT_FOLLOW ,
.BR IN_MASK_ADD ,
and
.B IN_ONLYDIR
were added in version 2.5.)
.SH CONFORMING TO
The inotify API is Linux-specific.
.SH NOTES
Inotify file descriptors can be monitored using
.BR select (2),
.BR poll (2),
and
.BR epoll (7).
When an event is available, the file descriptor indicates as readable.

Since Linux 2.6.25,
signal-driven I/O notification is available for inotify file descriptors;
see the discussion of
.B F_SETFL
(for setting the
.B O_ASYNC
flag),
.BR F_SETOWN ,
and
.B F_SETSIG
in
.BR fcntl (2).
The
.I siginfo_t
structure (described in
.BR sigaction (2))
that is passed to the signal handler has the following fields set:
.IR si_fd
is set to the inotify file descriptor number;
.IR si_signo
is set to the signal number;
.IR si_code
is set to
.BR POLL_IN ;
and
.B POLLIN
is set in
.IR si_band .

If successive output inotify events produced on the
inotify file descriptor are identical (same
.IR wd ,
.IR mask ,
.IR cookie ,
and
.IR name )
then they are coalesced into a single event if the
older event has not yet been read (but see BUGS).

The events returned by reading from an inotify file descriptor
form an ordered queue.
Thus, for example, it is guaranteed that when renaming from
one directory to another, events will be produced in the
correct order on the inotify file descriptor.

The
.B FIONREAD
.BR ioctl (2)
returns the number of bytes available to read from an
inotify file descriptor.
.SS Limitations and caveats
Inotify monitoring of directories is not recursive:
to monitor subdirectories under a directory,
additional watches must be created.
This can take a significant amount time for large directory trees.

The inotify API provides no information about the user or process that
triggered the inotify event.
In particular, there is no easy
way for a process that is monitoring events via inotify
to distinguish events that it triggers
itself from those that are triggered by other processes.

Note that the event queue can overflow.
In this case, events are lost.
Robust applications should handle the possibility of
lost events gracefully.

The inotify API identifies affected files by filename.
However, by the time an application processes an inotify event,
the filename may already have been deleted or renamed.

If monitoring an entire directory subtree,
and a new subdirectory is created in that tree,
be aware that by the time you create a watch for the new subdirectory,
new files may already have been created in the subdirectory.
Therefore, you may want to scan the contents of the subdirectory
immediately after adding the watch.
.SH BUGS
In kernels before 2.6.16, the
.B IN_ONESHOT
.I mask
flag does not work.

Before kernel 2.6.25,
the kernel code that was intended to coalesce successive identical events
(i.e., the two most recent events could potentially be coalesced
if the older had not yet been read)
instead checked if the most recent event could be coalesced with the
.I oldest
unread event.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR inotify_add_watch (2),
.BR inotify_init (2),
.BR inotify_init1 (2),
.BR inotify_rm_watch (2),
.BR read (2),
.BR stat (2)

.IR Documentation/filesystems/inotify.txt
in the Linux kernel source tree