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c11b1abf | 1 | .\" Copyright (c) 2006, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> |
d8f1eb2e | 2 | .\" |
1dd72f9c | 3 | .\" %%%LICENSE_START(GPLv2+_DOC_FULL) |
d8f1eb2e MK |
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6a8d8745 | 22 | .\" %%%LICENSE_END |
d8f1eb2e | 23 | .\" |
97986708 | 24 | .TH STANDARDS 7 2016-03-15 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual" |
d8f1eb2e | 25 | .SH NAME |
64ceb688 | 26 | standards \- C and UNIX Standards |
d8f1eb2e | 27 | .SH DESCRIPTION |
3d341b33 | 28 | The CONFORMING TO section that appears in many manual pages identifies |
d8f1eb2e MK |
29 | various standards to which the documented interface conforms. |
30 | The following list briefly describes these standards. | |
31 | .TP | |
2b886a28 | 32 | .B V7 |
442bd855 MK |
33 | Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX, |
34 | released by AT&T/Bell Labs in 1979. | |
35 | After this point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects: | |
36 | BSD and System V. | |
c13182ef | 37 | .TP |
2b886a28 MK |
38 | .B 4.2BSD |
39 | This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release | |
c13182ef | 40 | of the |
2b886a28 MK |
41 | .IR "Berkeley Software Distribution", |
42 | released by the University of California at Berkeley. | |
43 | This was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP/IP | |
44 | stack and the sockets API. | |
45 | 4.2BSD was released in 1983. | |
ca92ce95 | 46 | |
aeb9b6a6 | 47 | Earlier major BSD releases included |
51700fd7 | 48 | .IR 3BSD |
aeb9b6a6 MK |
49 | (1980), |
50 | .I 4BSD | |
51 | (1980), | |
52 | and | |
53 | .I 4.1BSD | |
54 | (1981). | |
c13182ef | 55 | .TP |
2b886a28 MK |
56 | .B 4.3BSD |
57 | The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986. | |
c13182ef | 58 | .TP |
2b886a28 MK |
59 | .B 4.4BSD |
60 | The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993. | |
61 | This was the last major Berkeley release. | |
62 | .TP | |
63 | .B System V | |
64 | This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone 1983 | |
65 | release of its commercial System V (five) release. | |
c13182ef | 66 | The previous major AT&T release was |
2b886a28 MK |
67 | .IR "System III" , |
68 | released in 1981. | |
69 | .TP | |
70 | .B System V release 2 (SVr2) | |
71 | This was the next System V release, made in 1985. | |
72 | The SVr2 was formally described in the | |
0daa9e92 | 73 | .I "System V Interface Definition version 1" |
2b886a28 MK |
74 | .RI ( "SVID 1" ) |
75 | published in 1985. | |
76 | .TP | |
77 | .B System V release 3 (SVr3) | |
78 | This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986. | |
79 | This release was formally described in the | |
0daa9e92 | 80 | .I "System V Interface Definition version 2" |
2b886a28 MK |
81 | .RI ( "SVID 2" ). |
82 | .TP | |
83 | .B System V release 4 (SVr4) | |
84 | This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989. | |
85 | This version of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference | |
d8f1eb2e MK |
86 | Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall |
87 | 1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2) | |
2b886a28 | 88 | This release was formally described in the |
0daa9e92 | 89 | .I "System V Interface Definition version 3" |
2b886a28 MK |
90 | .RI ( "SVID 3" ), |
91 | and is considered the definitive System V release. | |
d8f1eb2e | 92 | .TP |
2b886a28 MK |
93 | .B SVID 4 |
94 | System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995. | |
608bf950 SK |
95 | Available online at |
96 | .UR http://www.sco.com\:/developers\:/devspecs/ | |
97 | .UE . | |
c13182ef MK |
98 | .TP |
99 | .B C89 | |
100 | This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI | |
101 | (American National Standards Institute) in 1989 | |
d8f1eb2e | 102 | .RI ( X3.159-1989 ). |
c13182ef MK |
103 | Sometimes this is known as |
104 | .IR "ANSI C" , | |
d8f1eb2e MK |
105 | but since C99 is also an |
106 | ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous. | |
c13182ef MK |
107 | This standard was also ratified by |
108 | ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990 | |
d8f1eb2e | 109 | .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1990" ), |
c13182ef | 110 | and is thus occasionally referred to as |
d8f1eb2e MK |
111 | .IR "ISO C90" . |
112 | .TP | |
2b886a28 | 113 | .B C99 |
c13182ef | 114 | This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999 |
d8f1eb2e | 115 | .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1999" ). |
cb5df216 | 116 | Available online at |
608bf950 SK |
117 | .UR http://www.open-std.org\:/jtc1\:/sc22\:/wg14\:/www\:/standards |
118 | .UE . | |
d8f1eb2e | 119 | .TP |
8285d50f MK |
120 | .B C11 |
121 | This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 2011 | |
122 | .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:2011" ). | |
123 | .TP | |
2b886a28 | 124 | .B POSIX.1-1990 |
d8f1eb2e MK |
125 | "Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments". |
126 | IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990 | |
127 | .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990" ). | |
d8f1eb2e | 128 | The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman. |
c13182ef | 129 | .TP |
2b886a28 | 130 | .B POSIX.2 |
c13182ef | 131 | IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, |
d8f1eb2e MK |
132 | describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993 |
133 | .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993" ). | |
134 | .TP | |
2b886a28 | 135 | .BR POSIX.1b " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4\fP)" |
f1596307 | 136 | IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993, |
4314687b | 137 | describing real-time facilities |
d8f1eb2e MK |
138 | for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996 |
139 | .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996" ). | |
d8f1eb2e | 140 | .TP |
2b886a28 | 141 | .B POSIX.1c |
f1596307 | 142 | IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces. |
d8f1eb2e | 143 | .TP |
1f271126 | 144 | .B POSIX.1d |
f1596307 | 145 | IEEE Std 1003.1c-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions. |
1f271126 MK |
146 | .TP |
147 | .B POSIX.1g | |
f1596307 | 148 | IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets). |
1f271126 MK |
149 | .TP |
150 | .B POSIX.1j | |
f1596307 | 151 | IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions. |
1f271126 | 152 | .TP |
2b886a28 | 153 | .B POSIX.1-1996 |
d8f1eb2e MK |
154 | A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c. |
155 | .TP | |
2b886a28 | 156 | .B XPG3 |
d8f1eb2e MK |
157 | Released in 1989, this was the first significant release of the |
158 | .IR "X/Open Portability Guide" , | |
159 | produced by the | |
ae03dc66 MK |
160 | X/Open Company, a multivendor consortium. |
161 | This multivolume guide was based on the POSIX standards. | |
d8f1eb2e | 162 | .TP |
2b886a28 | 163 | .B XPG4 |
d8f1eb2e MK |
164 | A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992. |
165 | .TP | |
2b886a28 | 166 | .B XPG4v2 |
d8f1eb2e MK |
167 | A 1994 revision of XPG4. |
168 | This is also referred to as | |
169 | .IR "Spec 1170" , | |
c13182ef | 170 | where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces |
d8f1eb2e MK |
171 | defined by this standard. |
172 | .TP | |
6ea90ba9 | 173 | .B "SUS (SUSv1)" |
bf31de0e | 174 | Single UNIX Specification. |
2b886a28 | 175 | This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X/Open standards |
c13182ef | 176 | (X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, |
d8f1eb2e MK |
177 | X/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4). |
178 | Systems conforming to this standard can be branded | |
179 | .IR "UNIX 95" . | |
180 | .TP | |
2b886a28 | 181 | .B SUSv2 |
bf31de0e | 182 | Single UNIX Specification version 2. |
d8f1eb2e MK |
183 | Sometimes also referred to as |
184 | .IR XPG5 . | |
185 | This standard appeared in 1997. | |
186 | Systems conforming to this standard can be branded | |
187 | .IR "UNIX 98" . | |
188 | See also | |
608bf950 SK |
189 | .UR http://www.UNIX-systems.org\:/version2/ |
190 | .UE .) | |
d8f1eb2e | 191 | .TP |
2b886a28 | 192 | .B POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3 |
c13182ef MK |
193 | This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the |
194 | POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document, | |
1bcb7fdb | 195 | conducted under the auspices of the Austin Group |
608bf950 SK |
196 | .UR http://www.opengroup.org\:/austin/ |
197 | .UE . | |
c13182ef | 198 | The standard is available online at |
608bf950 SK |
199 | .UR http://www.unix-systems.org\:/version3/ |
200 | .UE , | |
c13182ef | 201 | and the interfaces that it describes are also available in the Linux |
d8f1eb2e | 202 | manual pages package under sections 1p and 3p (e.g., "man 3p open"). |
ca92ce95 | 203 | |
c13182ef | 204 | The standard defines two levels of conformance: |
d8f1eb2e | 205 | .IR "POSIX conformance" , |
c13182ef | 206 | which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a conforming system; |
d8f1eb2e | 207 | and |
c13182ef | 208 | .IR "XSI Conformance", |
d8f1eb2e | 209 | which additionally mandates a set of interfaces |
c13182ef | 210 | (the "XSI extension") which are only optional for POSIX conformance. |
d8f1eb2e MK |
211 | XSI-conformant systems can be branded |
212 | .IR "UNIX 03" . | |
e670f722 | 213 | (XSI conformance constitutes the |
bf31de0e | 214 | .I "Single UNIX Specification version 3" |
e670f722 | 215 | .RI ( SUSv3 ).) |
ca92ce95 | 216 | |
e670f722 | 217 | The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts: |
ca92ce95 | 218 | |
e670f722 MK |
219 | .BR XBD : |
220 | Definitions, terms and concepts, header file specifications. | |
ca92ce95 | 221 | |
e670f722 | 222 | .BR XSH : |
c13182ef | 223 | Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library |
e670f722 | 224 | functions in actual implementations). |
ca92ce95 | 225 | |
e670f722 MK |
226 | .BR XCU : |
227 | Specifications of commands and utilities | |
228 | (i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2). | |
ca92ce95 | 229 | |
e670f722 MK |
230 | .BR XRAT : |
231 | Informative text on the other parts of the standard. | |
ca92ce95 | 232 | |
d8f1eb2e | 233 | POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the |
d9bfdb9c | 234 | library functions standardized in C99 are also |
81b36e1d | 235 | standardized in POSIX.1-2001. |
ca92ce95 | 236 | |
c13182ef | 237 | Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements) |
d8f1eb2e | 238 | of the original 2001 standard have occurred: |
36712271 | 239 | TC1 in 2003 (also known as |
c13182ef | 240 | .IR POSIX.1-2003 ), |
36712271 | 241 | and TC2 in 2004 (also known as |
d8f1eb2e | 242 | .IR POSIX.1-2004 ). |
21247ac6 | 243 | .TP |
30106ecf MK |
244 | .B POSIX.1-2008, SUSv4 |
245 | Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and | |
246 | ratified in 2008. | |
21247ac6 | 247 | |
c8500297 MK |
248 | The changes in this revision are not as large as those |
249 | that occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, | |
250 | but a number of new interfaces are added | |
21247ac6 MK |
251 | and various details of existing specifications are modified. |
252 | Many of the interfaces that were optional in | |
30106ecf | 253 | POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the standard. |
e2858a6d | 254 | A few interfaces that are present in POSIX.1-2001 are marked |