systemd-sysv-install: unset ROOT rather than setting it to ""

[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / core / dbus-execute.c

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
/***
  This file is part of systemd.

  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering

  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
***/

#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <stdio_ext.h>

#if HAVE_SECCOMP
#include <seccomp.h>
#endif

#include "af-list.h"
#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "bus-util.h"
#include "cap-list.h"
#include "capability-util.h"
#include "cpu-set-util.h"
#include "dbus-execute.h"
#include "dbus-util.h"
#include "env-util.h"
#include "errno-list.h"
#include "escape.h"
#include "execute.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "hexdecoct.h"
#include "io-util.h"
#include "ioprio.h"
#include "journal-util.h"
#include "missing.h"
#include "mount-util.h"
#include "namespace.h"
#include "parse-util.h"
#include "path-util.h"
#include "process-util.h"
#include "rlimit-util.h"
#if HAVE_SECCOMP
#include "seccomp-util.h"
#endif
#include "securebits-util.h"
#include "specifier.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "syslog-util.h"
#include "unit-printf.h"
#include "user-util.h"
#include "utf8.h"

BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(bus_property_get_exec_output, exec_output, ExecOutput);
static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_exec_input, exec_input, ExecInput);

static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_exec_utmp_mode, exec_utmp_mode, ExecUtmpMode);
static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_exec_preserve_mode, exec_preserve_mode, ExecPreserveMode);
static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_exec_keyring_mode, exec_keyring_mode, ExecKeyringMode);

static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(bus_property_get_protect_home, protect_home, ProtectHome);
static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(bus_property_get_protect_system, protect_system, ProtectSystem);

static int property_get_environment_files(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        char **j;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sb)");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        STRV_FOREACH(j, c->environment_files) {
                const char *fn = *j;

                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(sb)", fn[0] == '-' ? fn + 1 : fn, fn[0] == '-');
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

static int property_get_oom_score_adjust(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {


        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        int32_t n;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (c->oom_score_adjust_set)
                n = c->oom_score_adjust;
        else {
                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;

                n = 0;
                if (read_one_line_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", &t) >= 0)
                        safe_atoi32(t, &n);
        }

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
}

static int property_get_nice(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {


        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        int32_t n;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (c->nice_set)
                n = c->nice;
        else {
                errno = 0;
                n = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0);
                if (errno > 0)
                        n = 0;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
}

static int property_get_ioprio(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {


        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", exec_context_get_effective_ioprio(c));
}

static int property_get_ioprio_class(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {


        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(exec_context_get_effective_ioprio(c)));
}

static int property_get_ioprio_priority(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {


        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(exec_context_get_effective_ioprio(c)));
}

static int property_get_cpu_sched_policy(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        int32_t n;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (c->cpu_sched_set)
                n = c->cpu_sched_policy;
        else {
                n = sched_getscheduler(0);
                if (n < 0)
                        n = SCHED_OTHER;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
}

static int property_get_cpu_sched_priority(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        int32_t n;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (c->cpu_sched_set)
                n = c->cpu_sched_priority;
        else {
                struct sched_param p = {};

                if (sched_getparam(0, &p) >= 0)
                        n = p.sched_priority;
                else
                        n = 0;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
}

static int property_get_cpu_affinity(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (c->cpuset)
                return sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', c->cpuset, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus));
        else
                return sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', NULL, 0);
}

static int property_get_timer_slack_nsec(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        uint64_t u;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
                u = (uint64_t) c->timer_slack_nsec;
        else
                u = (uint64_t) prctl(PR_GET_TIMERSLACK);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", u);
}

static int property_get_capability_bounding_set(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", c->capability_bounding_set);
}

static int property_get_ambient_capabilities(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", c->capability_ambient_set);
}

static int property_get_empty_string(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", "");
}

static int property_get_syscall_filter(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
        int r;

#if HAVE_SECCOMP
        Iterator i;
        void *id, *val;
#endif

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "bas");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", c->syscall_whitelist);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

#if HAVE_SECCOMP
        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(val, id, c->syscall_filter, i) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
                const char *e = NULL;
                char *s;
                int num = PTR_TO_INT(val);

                name = seccomp_syscall_resolve_num_arch(SCMP_ARCH_NATIVE, PTR_TO_INT(id) - 1);
                if (!name)
                        continue;

                if (num >= 0) {
                        e = errno_to_name(num);
                        if (e) {
                                s = strjoin(name, ":", e);
                                if (!s)
                                        return -ENOMEM;
                        } else {
                                r = asprintf(&s, "%s:%d", name, num);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return -ENOMEM;
                        }
                } else {
                        s = name;
                        name = NULL;
                }

                r = strv_consume(&l, s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }
#endif

        strv_sort(l);

        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, l);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

static int property_get_syscall_archs(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
        int r;

#if HAVE_SECCOMP
        Iterator i;
        void *id;
#endif

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

#if HAVE_SECCOMP
        SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_archs, i) {
                const char *name;

                name = seccomp_arch_to_string(PTR_TO_UINT32(id) - 1);
                if (!name)
                        continue;

                r = strv_extend(&l, name);
                if (r < 0)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }
#endif

        strv_sort(l);

        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, l);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return 0;
}

static int property_get_syscall_errno(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", (int32_t) c->syscall_errno);
}

static int property_get_selinux_context(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(bs)", c->selinux_context_ignore, c->selinux_context);
}

static int property_get_apparmor_profile(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(bs)", c->apparmor_profile_ignore, c->apparmor_profile);
}

static int property_get_smack_process_label(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(bs)", c->smack_process_label_ignore, c->smack_process_label);
}

static int property_get_personality(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", personality_to_string(c->personality));
}

static int property_get_address_families(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
        Iterator i;
        void *af;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "bas");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", c->address_families_whitelist);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        SET_FOREACH(af, c->address_families, i) {
                const char *name;

                name = af_to_name(PTR_TO_INT(af));
                if (!name)
                        continue;

                r = strv_extend(&l, name);
                if (r < 0)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }

        strv_sort(l);

        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, l);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

static int property_get_working_directory(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        const char *wd;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (c->working_directory_home)
                wd = "~";
        else
                wd = c->working_directory;

        if (c->working_directory_missing_ok)
                wd = strjoina("!", wd);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", wd);
}

static int property_get_syslog_level(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority));
}

static int property_get_syslog_facility(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", LOG_FAC(c->syslog_priority));
}

static int property_get_stdio_fdname(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        int fileno;

        assert(bus);
        assert(c);
        assert(property);
        assert(reply);

        if (streq(property, "StandardInputFileDescriptorName"))
                fileno = STDIN_FILENO;
        else if (streq(property, "StandardOutputFileDescriptorName"))
                fileno = STDOUT_FILENO;
        else {
                assert(streq(property, "StandardErrorFileDescriptorName"));
                fileno = STDERR_FILENO;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", exec_context_fdname(c, fileno));
}

static int property_get_input_data(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;

        assert(bus);
        assert(c);
        assert(property);
        assert(reply);

        return sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', c->stdin_data, c->stdin_data_size);
}

static int property_get_bind_paths(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        unsigned i;
        bool ro;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(c);
        assert(property);
        assert(reply);

        ro = !!strstr(property, "ReadOnly");

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(ssbt)");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        for (i = 0; i < c->n_bind_mounts; i++) {

                if (ro != c->bind_mounts[i].read_only)
                        continue;

                r = sd_bus_message_append(
                                reply, "(ssbt)",
                                c->bind_mounts[i].source,
                                c->bind_mounts[i].destination,
                                c->bind_mounts[i].ignore_enoent,
                                c->bind_mounts[i].recursive ? (uint64_t) MS_REC : (uint64_t) 0);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

static int property_get_temporary_filesystems(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        unsigned i;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(c);
        assert(property);
        assert(reply);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(ss)");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        for (i = 0; i < c->n_temporary_filesystems; i++) {
                TemporaryFileSystem *t = c->temporary_filesystems + i;

                r = sd_bus_message_append(
                                reply, "(ss)",
                                t->path,
                                t->options);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

static int property_get_log_extra_fields(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        ExecContext *c = userdata;
        size_t i;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(c);
        assert(property);
        assert(reply);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "ay");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        for (i = 0; i < c->n_log_extra_fields; i++) {
                r = sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', c->log_extra_fields[i].iov_base, c->log_extra_fields[i].iov_len);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Environment", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, environment), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("EnvironmentFiles", "a(sb)", property_get_environment_files, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PassEnvironment", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, pass_environment), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UnsetEnvironment", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, unset_environment), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UMask", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, umask), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCPU", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCPUSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitFSIZE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitFSIZESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitDATA", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitDATASoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSTACK", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSTACKSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCORE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCORESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRSS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRSSSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNOFILE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNOFILESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitAS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitASSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNPROC", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNPROCSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMEMLOCK", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMEMLOCKSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitLOCKS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitLOCKSSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSIGPENDING", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSIGPENDINGSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMSGQUEUE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMSGQUEUESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNICE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNICESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTPRIO", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTPRIOSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTTIME", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTTIMESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("WorkingDirectory", "s", property_get_working_directory, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RootDirectory", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, root_directory), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RootImage", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, root_image), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("OOMScoreAdjust", "i", property_get_oom_score_adjust, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Nice", "i", property_get_nice, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IOSchedulingClass", "i", property_get_ioprio_class, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IOSchedulingPriority", "i", property_get_ioprio_priority, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUSchedulingPolicy", "i", property_get_cpu_sched_policy, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUSchedulingPriority", "i", property_get_cpu_sched_priority, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUAffinity", "ay", property_get_cpu_affinity, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimerSlackNSec", "t", property_get_timer_slack_nsec, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUSchedulingResetOnFork", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, cpu_sched_reset_on_fork), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NonBlocking", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, non_blocking), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardInput", "s", property_get_exec_input, offsetof(ExecContext, std_input), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardInputFileDescriptorName", "s", property_get_stdio_fdname, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardInputData", "ay", property_get_input_data, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardOutput", "s", bus_property_get_exec_output, offsetof(ExecContext, std_output), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardOutputFileDescriptorName", "s", property_get_stdio_fdname, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardError", "s", bus_property_get_exec_output, offsetof(ExecContext, std_error), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardErrorFileDescriptorName", "s", property_get_stdio_fdname, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYPath", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_path), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYReset", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_reset), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYVHangup", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_vhangup), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYVTDisallocate", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_vt_disallocate), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogPriority", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_priority), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogIdentifier", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_identifier), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogLevelPrefix", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_level_prefix), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogLevel", "i", property_get_syslog_level, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogFacility", "i", property_get_syslog_facility, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LogLevelMax", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(ExecContext, log_level_max), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LogExtraFields", "aay", property_get_log_extra_fields, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SecureBits", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(ExecContext, secure_bits), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CapabilityBoundingSet", "t", property_get_capability_bounding_set, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AmbientCapabilities", "t", property_get_ambient_capabilities, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("User", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, user), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Group", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, group), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DynamicUser", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, dynamic_user), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RemoveIPC", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, remove_ipc), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SupplementaryGroups", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, supplementary_groups), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PAMName", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, pam_name), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadWritePaths", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_write_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadOnlyPaths", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_only_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("InaccessiblePaths", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, inaccessible_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MountFlags", "t", bus_property_get_ulong, offsetof(ExecContext, mount_flags), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateTmp", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_tmp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateDevices", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_devices), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectKernelTunables", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_kernel_tunables), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectKernelModules", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_kernel_modules), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectControlGroups", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_control_groups), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateNetwork", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_network), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateUsers", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_users), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectHome", "s", bus_property_get_protect_home, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_home), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectSystem", "s", bus_property_get_protect_system, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_system), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SameProcessGroup", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, same_pgrp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UtmpIdentifier", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, utmp_id), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UtmpMode", "s", property_get_exec_utmp_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, utmp_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SELinuxContext", "(bs)", property_get_selinux_context, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AppArmorProfile", "(bs)", property_get_apparmor_profile, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SmackProcessLabel", "(bs)", property_get_smack_process_label, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IgnoreSIGPIPE", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, ignore_sigpipe), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NoNewPrivileges", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, no_new_privileges), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SystemCallFilter", "(bas)", property_get_syscall_filter, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SystemCallArchitectures", "as", property_get_syscall_archs, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SystemCallErrorNumber", "i", property_get_syscall_errno, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Personality", "s", property_get_personality, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LockPersonality", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, lock_personality), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RestrictAddressFamilies", "(bas)", property_get_address_families, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeDirectoryPreserve", "s", property_get_exec_preserve_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, runtime_directory_preserve_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeDirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_RUNTIME].mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeDirectory", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_RUNTIME].paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StateDirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_STATE].mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StateDirectory", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_STATE].paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CacheDirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_CACHE].mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CacheDirectory", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_CACHE].paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LogsDirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_LOGS].mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LogsDirectory", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_LOGS].paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ConfigurationDirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_CONFIGURATION].mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ConfigurationDirectory", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_CONFIGURATION].paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryDenyWriteExecute", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, memory_deny_write_execute), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RestrictRealtime", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, restrict_realtime), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RestrictNamespaces", "t", bus_property_get_ulong, offsetof(ExecContext, restrict_namespaces), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BindPaths", "a(ssbt)", property_get_bind_paths, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BindReadOnlyPaths", "a(ssbt)", property_get_bind_paths, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TemporaryFileSystem", "a(ss)", property_get_temporary_filesystems, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MountAPIVFS", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, mount_apivfs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("KeyringMode", "s", property_get_exec_keyring_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, keyring_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),

        /* Obsolete/redundant properties: */
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Capabilities", "s", property_get_empty_string, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadWriteDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_write_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadOnlyDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_only_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("InaccessibleDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, inaccessible_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IOScheduling", "i", property_get_ioprio, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),

        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
};

static int append_exec_command(sd_bus_message *reply, ExecCommand *c) {
        int r;

        assert(reply);
        assert(c);

        if (!c->path)
                return 0;

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "sasbttttuii");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", c->path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, c->argv);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "bttttuii",
                                  !!(c->flags & EXEC_COMMAND_IGNORE_FAILURE),
                                  c->exec_status.start_timestamp.realtime,
                                  c->exec_status.start_timestamp.monotonic,
                                  c->exec_status.exit_timestamp.realtime,
                                  c->exec_status.exit_timestamp.monotonic,
                                  (uint32_t) c->exec_status.pid,
                                  (int32_t) c->exec_status.code,
                                  (int32_t) c->exec_status.status);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

int bus_property_get_exec_command(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *ret_error) {

        ExecCommand *c = (ExecCommand*) userdata;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sasbttttuii)");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = append_exec_command(reply, c);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

int bus_property_get_exec_command_list(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                const char *interface,
                const char *property,
                sd_bus_message *reply,
                void *userdata,
                sd_bus_error *ret_error) {

        ExecCommand *c = *(ExecCommand**) userdata;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(reply);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sasbttttuii)");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        LIST_FOREACH(command, c, c) {
                r = append_exec_command(reply, c);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
}

int bus_set_transient_exec_command(
                Unit *u,
                const char *name,
                ExecCommand **exec_command,
                sd_bus_message *message,
                UnitWriteFlags flags,
                sd_bus_error *error) {
        unsigned n = 0;
        int r;

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(sasb)");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "sasb")) > 0) {
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **argv = NULL;
                const char *path;
                int b;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!path_is_absolute(path))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Path %s is not absolute.", path);

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &argv);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        ExecCommand *c;

                        c = new0(ExecCommand, 1);
                        if (!c)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        c->path = strdup(path);
                        if (!c->path) {
                                free(c);
                                return -ENOMEM;
                        }

                        c->argv = argv;
                        argv = NULL;

                        c->flags = b ? EXEC_COMMAND_IGNORE_FAILURE : 0;

                        path_kill_slashes(c->path);
                        exec_command_append_list(exec_command, c);
                }

                n++;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
                ExecCommand *c;
                size_t size = 0;

                if (n == 0)
                        *exec_command = exec_command_free_list(*exec_command);

                f = open_memstream(&buf, &size);
                if (!f)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                (void) __fsetlocking(f, FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER);

                fputs("ExecStart=\n", f);

                LIST_FOREACH(command, c, *exec_command) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *a = NULL, *t = NULL;
                        const char *p;

                        p = unit_escape_setting(c->path, UNIT_ESCAPE_C|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, &t);
                        if (!p)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        a = unit_concat_strv(c->argv, UNIT_ESCAPE_C|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS);
                        if (!a)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        fprintf(f, "%s=%s@%s %s\n",
                                name,
                                c->flags & EXEC_COMMAND_IGNORE_FAILURE ? "-" : "",
                                p,
                                a);
                }

                r = fflush_and_check(f);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                unit_write_setting(u, flags, name, buf);
        }

        return 1;
}

static int parse_personality(const char *s, unsigned long *p) {
        unsigned long v;

        assert(p);

        v = personality_from_string(s);
        if (v == PERSONALITY_INVALID)
                return -EINVAL;

        *p = v;
        return 0;
}

static const char* mount_propagation_flags_to_string_with_check(unsigned long n) {
        if (!IN_SET(n, 0, MS_SHARED, MS_PRIVATE, MS_SLAVE))
                return NULL;

        return mount_propagation_flags_to_string(n);
}

static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT(nsec, "t", uint64_t, nsec_t, NSEC_FMT);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_IS_VALID(log_level, "i", int32_t, int, "%" PRIi32, log_level_is_valid);
#if HAVE_SECCOMP
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_IS_VALID(errno, "i", int32_t, int, "%" PRIi32, errno_is_valid);
#endif
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_IS_VALID(sched_priority, "i", int32_t, int, "%" PRIi32, sched_priority_is_valid);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_IS_VALID(nice, "i", int32_t, int, "%" PRIi32, nice_is_valid);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(std_input, ExecInput, exec_input_from_string);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(std_output, ExecOutput, exec_output_from_string);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(utmp_mode, ExecUtmpMode, exec_utmp_mode_from_string);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(protect_system, ProtectSystem, parse_protect_system_or_bool);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(protect_home, ProtectHome, parse_protect_home_or_bool);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(keyring_mode, ExecKeyringMode, exec_keyring_mode_from_string);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE(preserve_mode, ExecPreserveMode, exec_preserve_mode_from_string);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_PARSE_PTR(personality, unsigned long, parse_personality);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_TO_STRING_ALLOC(secure_bits, "i", int32_t, int, "%" PRIi32, secure_bits_to_string_alloc_with_check);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_TO_STRING_ALLOC(capability, "t", uint64_t, uint64_t, "%" PRIu64, capability_set_to_string_alloc);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_TO_STRING_ALLOC(sched_policy, "i", int32_t, int, "%" PRIi32, sched_policy_to_string_alloc_with_check);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_TO_STRING_ALLOC(namespace_flag, "t", uint64_t, unsigned long, "%" PRIu64, namespace_flag_to_string_many_with_check);
static BUS_DEFINE_SET_TRANSIENT_TO_STRING(mount_flags, "t", uint64_t, unsigned long, "%" PRIu64, mount_propagation_flags_to_string_with_check);

int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                Unit *u,
                ExecContext *c,
                const char *name,
                sd_bus_message *message,
                UnitWriteFlags flags,
                sd_bus_error *error) {

        const char *soft = NULL;
        int r, ri;

        assert(u);
        assert(c);
        assert(name);
        assert(message);

        flags |= UNIT_PRIVATE;

        if (streq(name, "User"))
                return bus_set_transient_user(u, name, &c->user, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "Group"))
                return bus_set_transient_user(u, name, &c->group, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "TTYPath"))
                return bus_set_transient_path(u, name, &c->tty_path, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "RootImage"))
                return bus_set_transient_path(u, name, &c->root_image, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "RootDirectory"))
                return bus_set_transient_path(u, name, &c->root_directory, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "SyslogIdentifier"))
                return bus_set_transient_string(u, name, &c->syslog_identifier, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "LogLevelMax"))
                return bus_set_transient_log_level(u, name, &c->log_level_max, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "CPUSchedulingPriority"))
                return bus_set_transient_sched_priority(u, name, &c->cpu_sched_priority, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "Personality"))
                return bus_set_transient_personality(u, name, &c->personality, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "Nice"))
                return bus_set_transient_nice(u, name, &c->nice, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "StandardInput"))
                return bus_set_transient_std_input(u, name, &c->std_input, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "StandardOutput"))
                return bus_set_transient_std_output(u, name, &c->std_output, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "StandardError"))
                return bus_set_transient_std_output(u, name, &c->std_error, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "IgnoreSIGPIPE"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->ignore_sigpipe, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "TTYVHangup"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->tty_vhangup, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "TTYReset"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->tty_reset, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "TTYVTDisallocate"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->tty_vt_disallocate, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "PrivateTmp"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->private_tmp, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "PrivateDevices"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->private_devices, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "PrivateNetwork"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->private_network, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "PrivateUsers"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->private_users, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "NoNewPrivileges"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->no_new_privileges, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "SyslogLevelPrefix"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->syslog_level_prefix, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "MemoryDenyWriteExecute"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->memory_deny_write_execute, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "RestrictRealtime"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->restrict_realtime, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "DynamicUser"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->dynamic_user, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "RemoveIPC"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->remove_ipc, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "ProtectKernelTunables"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->protect_kernel_tunables, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "ProtectKernelModules"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->protect_kernel_modules, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "ProtectControlGroups"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->protect_control_groups, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "MountAPIVFS"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->mount_apivfs, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "CPUSchedulingResetOnFork"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "NonBlocking"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->non_blocking, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "LockPersonality"))
                return bus_set_transient_bool(u, name, &c->lock_personality, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "UtmpIdentifier"))
                return bus_set_transient_string(u, name, &c->utmp_id, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "UtmpMode"))
                return bus_set_transient_utmp_mode(u, name, &c->utmp_mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "PAMName"))
                return bus_set_transient_string(u, name, &c->pam_name, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "TimerSlackNSec"))
                return bus_set_transient_nsec(u, name, &c->timer_slack_nsec, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "ProtectSystem"))
                return bus_set_transient_protect_system(u, name, &c->protect_system, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "ProtectHome"))
                return bus_set_transient_protect_home(u, name, &c->protect_home, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "KeyringMode"))
                return bus_set_transient_keyring_mode(u, name, &c->keyring_mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "RuntimeDirectoryPreserve"))
                return bus_set_transient_preserve_mode(u, name, &c->runtime_directory_preserve_mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "UMask"))
                return bus_set_transient_mode_t(u, name, &c->umask, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "RuntimeDirectoryMode"))
                return bus_set_transient_mode_t(u, name, &c->directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_RUNTIME].mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "StateDirectoryMode"))
                return bus_set_transient_mode_t(u, name, &c->directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_STATE].mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "CacheDirectoryMode"))
                return bus_set_transient_mode_t(u, name, &c->directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_CACHE].mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "LogsDirectoryMode"))
                return bus_set_transient_mode_t(u, name, &c->directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_LOGS].mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "ConfigurationDirectoryMode"))
                return bus_set_transient_mode_t(u, name, &c->directories[EXEC_DIRECTORY_CONFIGURATION].mode, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "SELinuxContext"))
                return bus_set_transient_string(u, name, &c->selinux_context, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "SecureBits"))
                return bus_set_transient_secure_bits(u, name, &c->secure_bits, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "CapabilityBoundingSet"))
                return bus_set_transient_capability(u, name, &c->capability_bounding_set, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "AmbientCapabilities"))
                return bus_set_transient_capability(u, name, &c->capability_ambient_set, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "CPUSchedulingPolicy"))
                return bus_set_transient_sched_policy(u, name, &c->cpu_sched_policy, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "RestrictNamespaces"))
                return bus_set_transient_namespace_flag(u, name, &c->restrict_namespaces, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "MountFlags"))
                return bus_set_transient_mount_flags(u, name, &c->mount_flags, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "SupplementaryGroups")) {
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
                char **p;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                STRV_FOREACH(p, l) {
                        if (!isempty(*p) && !valid_user_group_name_or_id(*p))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid supplementary group names");
                }

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                c->supplementary_groups = strv_free(c->supplementary_groups);
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=", name);
                        } else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;

                                r = strv_extend_strv(&c->supplementary_groups, l, true);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                joined = strv_join(c->supplementary_groups, " ");
                                if (!joined)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "%s=%s", name, joined);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "SyslogLevel")) {
                int32_t level;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &level);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!log_level_is_valid(level))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Log level value out of range");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        c->syslog_priority = (c->syslog_priority & LOG_FACMASK) | level;
                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "SyslogLevel=%i", level);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "SyslogFacility")) {
                int32_t facility;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &facility);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!log_facility_unshifted_is_valid(facility))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Log facility value out of range");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        c->syslog_priority = (facility << 3) | LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority);
                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "SyslogFacility=%i", facility);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "LogExtraFields")) {
                size_t n = 0;

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "ay");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                for (;;) {
                        _cleanup_free_ void *copy = NULL;
                        struct iovec *t;
                        const char *eq;
                        const void *p;
                        size_t sz;

                        /* Note that we expect a byte array for each field, instead of a string. That's because on the
                         * lower-level journal fields can actually contain binary data and are not restricted to text,
                         * and we should not "lose precision" in our types on the way. That said, I am pretty sure
                         * actually encoding binary data as unit metadata is not a good idea. Hence we actually refuse
                         * any actual binary data, and only accept UTF-8. This allows us to eventually lift this
                         * limitation, should a good, valid usecase arise. */

                        r = sd_bus_message_read_array(message, 'y', &p, &sz);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                break;

                        if (memchr(p, 0, sz))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Journal field contains zero byte");

                        eq = memchr(p, '=', sz);
                        if (!eq)
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Journal field contains no '=' character");
                        if (!journal_field_valid(p, eq - (const char*) p, false))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Journal field invalid");

                        if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                                t = reallocarray(c->log_extra_fields, c->n_log_extra_fields+1, sizeof(struct iovec));
                                if (!t)
                                        return -ENOMEM;
                                c->log_extra_fields = t;
                        }

                        copy = malloc(sz + 1);
                        if (!copy)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        memcpy(copy, p, sz);
                        ((uint8_t*) copy)[sz] = 0;

                        if (!utf8_is_valid(copy))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Journal field is not valid UTF-8");

                        if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                                c->log_extra_fields[c->n_log_extra_fields++] = IOVEC_MAKE(copy, sz);
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS|UNIT_ESCAPE_C, name, "LogExtraFields=%s", (char*) copy);

                                copy = NULL;
                        }

                        n++;
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags) && n == 0) {
                        exec_context_free_log_extra_fields(c);
                        unit_write_setting(u, flags, name, "LogExtraFields=");
                }

                return 1;
        }

#if HAVE_SECCOMP

        if (streq(name, "SystemCallErrorNumber"))
                return bus_set_transient_errno(u, name, &c->syscall_errno, message, flags, error);

        if (streq(name, "SystemCallFilter")) {
                int whitelist;
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "bas");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &whitelist);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
                        bool invert = !whitelist;
                        char **s;

                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                c->syscall_whitelist = false;
                                c->syscall_filter = hashmap_free(c->syscall_filter);

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "SystemCallFilter=");
                                return 1;
                        }

                        if (!c->syscall_filter) {
                                c->syscall_filter = hashmap_new(NULL);
                                if (!c->syscall_filter)
                                        return log_oom();

                                c->syscall_whitelist = whitelist;

                                if (c->syscall_whitelist) {
                                        r = seccomp_parse_syscall_filter(invert, "@default", -1, c->syscall_filter, true);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return r;
                                }
                        }

                        STRV_FOREACH(s, l) {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
                                int e;

                                r = parse_syscall_and_errno(*s, &n, &e);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                r = seccomp_parse_syscall_filter(invert, n, e, c->syscall_filter, c->syscall_whitelist);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        }

                        joined = strv_join(l, " ");
                        if (!joined)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "SystemCallFilter=%s%s", whitelist ? "" : "~", joined);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "SystemCallArchitectures")) {
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;

                        if (strv_isempty(l))
                                c->syscall_archs = set_free(c->syscall_archs);
                        else {
                                char **s;

                                r = set_ensure_allocated(&c->syscall_archs, NULL);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                STRV_FOREACH(s, l) {
                                        uint32_t a;

                                        r = seccomp_arch_from_string(*s, &a);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return r;

                                        r = set_put(c->syscall_archs, UINT32_TO_PTR(a + 1));
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return r;
                                }

                        }

                        joined = strv_join(l, " ");
                        if (!joined)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=%s", name, joined);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "RestrictAddressFamilies")) {
                int whitelist;
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "bas");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &whitelist);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
                        bool invert = !whitelist;
                        char **s;

                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                c->address_families_whitelist = false;
                                c->address_families = set_free(c->address_families);

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "RestrictAddressFamilies=");
                                return 1;
                        }

                        if (!c->address_families) {
                                c->address_families = set_new(NULL);
                                if (!c->address_families)
                                        return log_oom();

                                c->address_families_whitelist = whitelist;
                        }

                        STRV_FOREACH(s, l) {
                                int af;

                                af = af_from_name(*s);
                                if (af <= 0)
                                        return -EINVAL;

                                if (!invert == c->address_families_whitelist) {
                                        r = set_put(c->address_families, INT_TO_PTR(af));
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return r;
                                } else
                                        (void) set_remove(c->address_families, INT_TO_PTR(af));
                        }

                        joined = strv_join(l, " ");
                        if (!joined)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "RestrictAddressFamilies=%s%s", whitelist ? "" : "~", joined);
                }

                return 1;
        }
#endif
        if (streq(name, "CPUAffinity")) {
                const void *a;
                size_t n = 0;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(message, 'y', &a, &n);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (n == 0) {
                                c->cpuset = cpu_set_mfree(c->cpuset);
                                c->cpuset_ncpus = 0;
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=", name);
                        } else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *str = NULL;
                                size_t allocated = 0, len = 0, i, ncpus;

                                ncpus = CPU_SIZE_TO_NUM(n);

                                for (i = 0; i < ncpus; i++) {
                                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
                                        size_t add;

                                        if (!CPU_ISSET_S(i, n, (cpu_set_t*) a))
                                                continue;

                                        r = asprintf(&p, "%zu", i);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return -ENOMEM;

                                        add = strlen(p);

                                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(str, allocated, len + add + 2))
                                                return -ENOMEM;

                                        strcpy(mempcpy(str + len, p, add), " ");
                                        len += add + 1;
                                }

                                if (len != 0)
                                        str[len - 1] = '\0';

                                if (!c->cpuset || c->cpuset_ncpus < ncpus) {
                                        cpu_set_t *cpuset;

                                        cpuset = CPU_ALLOC(ncpus);
                                        if (!cpuset)
                                                return -ENOMEM;

                                        CPU_ZERO_S(n, cpuset);
                                        if (c->cpuset) {
                                                CPU_OR_S(CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus), cpuset, c->cpuset, (cpu_set_t*) a);
                                                CPU_FREE(c->cpuset);
                                        } else
                                                CPU_OR_S(n, cpuset, cpuset, (cpu_set_t*) a);

                                        c->cpuset = cpuset;
                                        c->cpuset_ncpus = ncpus;
                                } else
                                        CPU_OR_S(n, c->cpuset, c->cpuset, (cpu_set_t*) a);

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=%s", name, str);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "IOSchedulingClass")) {
                int32_t q;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &q);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!ioprio_class_is_valid(q))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid IO scheduling class: %i", q);

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;

                        r = ioprio_class_to_string_alloc(q, &s);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(q, IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(c->ioprio));
                        c->ioprio_set = true;

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "IOSchedulingClass=%s", s);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "IOSchedulingPriority")) {
                int32_t p;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &p);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!ioprio_priority_is_valid(p))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid IO scheduling priority: %i", p);

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(c->ioprio), p);
                        c->ioprio_set = true;

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "IOSchedulingPriority=%i", p);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "WorkingDirectory")) {
                const char *s;
                bool missing_ok;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (s[0] == '-') {
                        missing_ok = true;
                        s++;
                } else
                        missing_ok = false;

                if (!isempty(s) && !streq(s, "~") && !path_is_absolute(s))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "WorkingDirectory= expects an absolute path or '~'");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (streq(s, "~")) {
                                c->working_directory = mfree(c->working_directory);
                                c->working_directory_home = true;
                        } else {
                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->working_directory, empty_to_null(s));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                c->working_directory_home = false;
                        }

                        c->working_directory_missing_ok = missing_ok;
                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "WorkingDirectory=%s%s", missing_ok ? "-" : "", s);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name,
                              "StandardInputFileDescriptorName", "StandardOutputFileDescriptorName", "StandardErrorFileDescriptorName")) {
                const char *s;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!isempty(s) && !fdname_is_valid(s))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid file descriptor name");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {

                        if (streq(name, "StandardInputFileDescriptorName")) {
                                r = free_and_strdup(c->stdio_fdname + STDIN_FILENO, empty_to_null(s));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                c->std_input = EXEC_INPUT_NAMED_FD;
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "StandardInput=fd:%s", exec_context_fdname(c, STDIN_FILENO));

                        } else if (streq(name, "StandardOutputFileDescriptorName")) {
                                r = free_and_strdup(c->stdio_fdname + STDOUT_FILENO, empty_to_null(s));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                c->std_output = EXEC_OUTPUT_NAMED_FD;
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "StandardOutput=fd:%s", exec_context_fdname(c, STDOUT_FILENO));

                        } else {
                                assert(streq(name, "StandardErrorFileDescriptorName"));

                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->stdio_fdname[STDERR_FILENO], empty_to_null(s));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                c->std_error = EXEC_OUTPUT_NAMED_FD;
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "StandardError=fd:%s", exec_context_fdname(c, STDERR_FILENO));
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "StandardInputFile", "StandardOutputFile", "StandardErrorFile")) {
                const char *s;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!isempty(s)) {
                        if (!path_is_absolute(s))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Path %s is not absolute", s);
                        if (!path_is_normalized(s))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Path %s is not normalized", s);
                }

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {

                        if (streq(name, "StandardInputFile")) {
                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->stdio_file[STDIN_FILENO], empty_to_null(s));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                c->std_input = EXEC_INPUT_FILE;
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "StandardInput=file:%s", s);

                        } else if (streq(name, "StandardOutputFile")) {
                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->stdio_file[STDOUT_FILENO], empty_to_null(s));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                c->std_output = EXEC_OUTPUT_FILE;
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "StandardOutput=file:%s", s);

                        } else {
                                assert(streq(name, "StandardErrorFile"));

                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->stdio_file[STDERR_FILENO], empty_to_null(s));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                c->std_error = EXEC_OUTPUT_FILE;
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "StandardError=file:%s", s);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "StandardInputData")) {
                const void *p;
                size_t sz;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(message, 'y', &p, &sz);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *encoded = NULL;

                        if (sz == 0) {
                                c->stdin_data = mfree(c->stdin_data);
                                c->stdin_data_size = 0;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "StandardInputData=");
                        } else {
                                void *q;
                                ssize_t n;

                                if (c->stdin_data_size + sz < c->stdin_data_size || /* check for overflow */
                                    c->stdin_data_size + sz > EXEC_STDIN_DATA_MAX)
                                        return -E2BIG;

                                n = base64mem(p, sz, &encoded);
                                if (n < 0)
                                        return (int) n;

                                q = realloc(c->stdin_data, c->stdin_data_size + sz);
                                if (!q)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                memcpy((uint8_t*) q + c->stdin_data_size, p, sz);

                                c->stdin_data = q;
                                c->stdin_data_size += sz;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "StandardInputData=%s", encoded);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "Environment")) {

                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!strv_env_is_valid(l))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid environment block.");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                c->environment = strv_free(c->environment);
                                unit_write_setting(u, flags, name, "Environment=");
                        } else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
                                char **e;

                                joined = unit_concat_strv(l, UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS|UNIT_ESCAPE_C);
                                if (!joined)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                e = strv_env_merge(2, c->environment, l);
                                if (!e)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                strv_free(c->environment);
                                c->environment = e;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "Environment=%s", joined);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "UnsetEnvironment")) {

                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!strv_env_name_or_assignment_is_valid(l))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid UnsetEnvironment= list.");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                c->unset_environment = strv_free(c->unset_environment);
                                unit_write_setting(u, flags, name, "UnsetEnvironment=");
                        } else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
                                char **e;

                                joined = unit_concat_strv(l, UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS|UNIT_ESCAPE_C);
                                if (!joined)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                e = strv_env_merge(2, c->unset_environment, l);
                                if (!e)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                strv_free(c->unset_environment);
                                c->unset_environment = e;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "UnsetEnvironment=%s", joined);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "OOMScoreAdjust")) {
                int oa;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &oa);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!oom_score_adjust_is_valid(oa))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "OOM score adjust value out of range");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        c->oom_score_adjust = oa;
                        c->oom_score_adjust_set = true;
                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "OOMScoreAdjust=%i", oa);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "EnvironmentFiles")) {

                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
                size_t size = 0;
                char **i;

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(sb)");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                f = open_memstream(&joined, &size);
                if (!f)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                (void) __fsetlocking(f, FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER);

                fputs("EnvironmentFile=\n", f);

                STRV_FOREACH(i, c->environment_files) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *q = NULL;

                        q = specifier_escape(*i);
                        if (!q)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s\n", q);
                }

                while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "sb")) > 0) {
                        const char *path;
                        int b;

                        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "sb", &path, &b);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        if (!path_is_absolute(path))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Path %s is not absolute.", path);

                        if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *q = NULL;
                                char *buf;

                                buf = strjoin(b ? "-" : "", path);
                                if (!buf)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                q = specifier_escape(buf);
                                if (!q) {
                                        free(buf);
                                        return -ENOMEM;
                                }

                                fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s\n", q);

                                r = strv_consume(&l, buf);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        }
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = fflush_and_check(f);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                c->environment_files = strv_free(c->environment_files);
                                unit_write_setting(u, flags, name, "EnvironmentFile=");
                        } else {
                                r = strv_extend_strv(&c->environment_files, l, true);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                unit_write_setting(u, flags, name, joined);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "PassEnvironment")) {

                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!strv_env_name_is_valid(l))
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid PassEnvironment= block.");

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                c->pass_environment = strv_free(c->pass_environment);
                                unit_write_setting(u, flags, name, "PassEnvironment=");
                        } else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;

                                r = strv_extend_strv(&c->pass_environment, l, true);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                /* We write just the new settings out to file, with unresolved specifiers. */
                                joined = unit_concat_strv(l, UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS);
                                if (!joined)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "PassEnvironment=%s", joined);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadWriteDirectories", "ReadOnlyDirectories", "InaccessibleDirectories",
                              "ReadWritePaths", "ReadOnlyPaths", "InaccessiblePaths")) {
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
                char ***dirs;
                char **p;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                STRV_FOREACH(p, l) {
                        char *i = *p;
                        size_t offset;

                        offset = i[0] == '-';
                        offset += i[offset] == '+';
                        if (!path_is_absolute(i + offset))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid %s", name);

                        path_kill_slashes(i + offset);
                }

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadWriteDirectories", "ReadWritePaths"))
                                dirs = &c->read_write_paths;
                        else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadOnlyDirectories", "ReadOnlyPaths"))
                                dirs = &c->read_only_paths;
                        else /* "InaccessiblePaths" */
                                dirs = &c->inaccessible_paths;

                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                *dirs = strv_free(*dirs);
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=", name);
                        } else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;

                                joined = unit_concat_strv(l, UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS);
                                if (!joined)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                r = strv_extend_strv(dirs, l, true);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=%s", name, joined);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "RuntimeDirectory", "StateDirectory", "CacheDirectory", "LogsDirectory", "ConfigurationDirectory")) {
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
                char **p;

                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                STRV_FOREACH(p, l) {
                        if (!path_is_normalized(*p) || path_is_absolute(*p))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "%s= path is not valid: %s", name, *p);
                }

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        char ***dirs = NULL;
                        ExecDirectoryType i;

                        for (i = 0; i < _EXEC_DIRECTORY_TYPE_MAX; i++)
                                if (streq(name, exec_directory_type_to_string(i))) {
                                        dirs = &c->directories[i].paths;
                                        break;
                                }

                        assert(dirs);

                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                *dirs = strv_free(*dirs);
                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=", name);
                        } else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;

                                r = strv_extend_strv(dirs, l, true);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                joined = unit_concat_strv(l, UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS);
                                if (!joined)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=%s", name, joined);
                        }
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "AppArmorProfile", "SmackProcessLabel")) {
                int ignore;
                const char *s;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(bs)", &ignore, &s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        char **p;
                        bool *b;

                        if (streq(name, "AppArmorProfile")) {
                                p = &c->apparmor_profile;
                                b = &c->apparmor_profile_ignore;
                        } else { /* "SmackProcessLabel" */
                                p = &c->smack_process_label;
                                b = &c->smack_process_label_ignore;
                        }

                        if (isempty(s)) {
                                *p = mfree(*p);
                                *b = false;
                        } else {
                                if (free_and_strdup(p, s) < 0)
                                        return -ENOMEM;
                                *b = ignore;
                        }

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name, "%s=%s%s", name, ignore ? "-" : "", strempty(s));
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "BindPaths", "BindReadOnlyPaths")) {
                const char *source, *destination;
                int ignore_enoent;
                uint64_t mount_flags;
                bool empty = true;

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(ssbt)");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(ssbt)", &source, &destination, &ignore_enoent, &mount_flags)) > 0) {

                        if (!path_is_absolute(source))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Source path %s is not absolute.", source);
                        if (!path_is_absolute(destination))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Destination path %s is not absolute.", destination);
                        if (!IN_SET(mount_flags, 0, MS_REC))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unknown mount flags.");

                        if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                                r = bind_mount_add(&c->bind_mounts, &c->n_bind_mounts,
                                                   &(BindMount) {
                                                           .source = strdup(source),
                                                           .destination = strdup(destination),
                                                           .read_only = !!strstr(name, "ReadOnly"),
                                                           .recursive = !!(mount_flags & MS_REC),
                                                           .ignore_enoent = ignore_enoent,
                                                   });
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                unit_write_settingf(
                                                u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name,
                                                "%s=%s%s:%s:%s",
                                                name,
                                                ignore_enoent ? "-" : "",
                                                source,
                                                destination,
                                                (mount_flags & MS_REC) ? "rbind" : "norbind");
                        }

                        empty = false;
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (empty) {
                        bind_mount_free_many(c->bind_mounts, c->n_bind_mounts);
                        c->bind_mounts = NULL;
                        c->n_bind_mounts = 0;

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=", name);
                }

                return 1;

        } else if (streq(name, "TemporaryFileSystem")) {
                const char *path, *options;
                bool empty = true;

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(ss)");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(ss)", &path, &options)) > 0) {

                        if (!path_is_absolute(path))
                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Mount point %s is not absolute.", path);

                        if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                                r = temporary_filesystem_add(&c->temporary_filesystems, &c->n_temporary_filesystems, path, options);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                unit_write_settingf(
                                                u, flags|UNIT_ESCAPE_SPECIFIERS, name,
                                                "%s=%s:%s",
                                                name,
                                                path,
                                                options);
                        }

                        empty = false;
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (empty) {
                        temporary_filesystem_free_many(c->temporary_filesystems, c->n_temporary_filesystems);
                        c->temporary_filesystems = NULL;
                        c->n_temporary_filesystems = 0;

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=", name);
                }

                return 1;
        }

        ri = rlimit_from_string(name);
        if (ri < 0) {
                soft = endswith(name, "Soft");
                if (soft) {
                        const char *n;

                        n = strndupa(name, soft - name);
                        ri = rlimit_from_string(n);
                        if (ri >= 0)
                                name = n;

                }
        }

        if (ri >= 0) {
                uint64_t rl;
                rlim_t x;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &rl);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (rl == (uint64_t) -1)
                        x = RLIM_INFINITY;
                else {
                        x = (rlim_t) rl;

                        if ((uint64_t) x != rl)
                                return -ERANGE;
                }

                if (!UNIT_WRITE_FLAGS_NOOP(flags)) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *f = NULL;
                        struct rlimit nl;

                        if (c->rlimit[ri]) {
                                nl = *c->rlimit[ri];

                                if (soft)
                                        nl.rlim_cur = x;
                                else
                                        nl.rlim_max = x;
                        } else
                                /* When the resource limit is not initialized yet, then assign the value to both fields */
                                nl = (struct rlimit) {
                                        .rlim_cur = x,
                                        .rlim_max = x,
                                };

                        r = rlimit_format(&nl, &f);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        if (c->rlimit[ri])
                                *c->rlimit[ri] = nl;
                        else {
                                c->rlimit[ri] = newdup(struct rlimit, &nl, 1);
                                if (!c->rlimit[ri])
                                        return -ENOMEM;
                        }

                        unit_write_settingf(u, flags, name, "%s=%s", name, f);
                }

                return 1;
        }

        return 0;
}