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1065 cleartomark
1066 {restore}if
1067 %%EndFont
1068 %%BeginFont: CMMI9
1069 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI9 003.002
1070 %%Title: CMMI9
1071 %Version: 003.002
1072 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1073 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1074 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1075 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.
1076 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1077 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1078 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1079 %%EndComments
1080 FontDirectory/CMMI9 known{/CMMI9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1081 /UniqueID get 5087384 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1082 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1083 11 dict begin
1084 /FontType 1 def
1085 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1086 /FontName /CMMI9 def
1087 /FontBBox {-29 -250 1075 750 }readonly def
1088 /PaintType 0 def
1089 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
1090 /version (003.002) readonly def
1091 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.) readonly def
1092 /FullName (CMMI9) readonly def
1093 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1094 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1095 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
1096 /isFixedPitch false def
1097 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1098 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1099 /ascent 750 def
1100 end readonly def
1101 /Encoding 256 array
1102 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1103 dup 58 /period put
1104 readonly def
1105 currentdict end
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1300 cleartomark
1301 {restore}if
1302 %%EndFont
1303 %%BeginFont: CMSLTT10
1304 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSLTT10 003.002
1305 %%Title: CMSLTT10
1306 %Version: 003.002
1307 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1308 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1309 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1310 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.
1311 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1312 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1313 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1314 %%EndComments
1315 FontDirectory/CMSLTT10 known{/CMSLTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1316 /UniqueID get 5000800 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1317 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1318 11 dict begin
1319 /FontType 1 def
1320 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1321 /FontName /CMSLTT10 def
1322 /FontBBox {-20 -233 617 696 }readonly def
1323 /PaintType 0 def
1324 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
1325 /version (003.002) readonly def
1326 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.) readonly def
1327 /FullName (CMSLTT10) readonly def
1328 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1329 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1330 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
1331 /isFixedPitch true def
1332 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1333 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1334 end readonly def
1335 /Encoding 256 array
1336 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1337 dup 39 /quoteright put
1338 dup 45 /hyphen put
1339 dup 48 /zero put
1340 dup 49 /one put
1341 dup 50 /two put
1342 dup 51 /three put
1343 dup 58 /colon put
1344 dup 65 /A put
1345 dup 67 /C put
1346 dup 68 /D put
1347 dup 69 /E put
1348 dup 70 /F put
1349 dup 72 /H put
1350 dup 73 /I put
1351 dup 74 /J put
1352 dup 76 /L put
1353 dup 77 /M put
1354 dup 78 /N put
1355 dup 80 /P put
1356 dup 82 /R put
1357 dup 84 /T put
1358 dup 88 /X put
1359 dup 92 /backslash put
1360 dup 95 /underscore put
1361 dup 97 /a put
1362 dup 98 /b put
1363 dup 99 /c put
1364 dup 100 /d put
1365 dup 101 /e put
1366 dup 102 /f put
1367 dup 103 /g put
1368 dup 104 /h put
1369 dup 105 /i put
1370 dup 106 /j put
1371 dup 107 /k put
1372 dup 108 /l put
1373 dup 109 /m put
1374 dup 110 /n put
1375 dup 111 /o put
1376 dup 112 /p put
1377 dup 113 /q put
1378 dup 114 /r put
1379 dup 115 /s put
1380 dup 116 /t put
1381 dup 117 /u put
1382 dup 118 /v put
1383 dup 119 /w put
1384 dup 120 /x put
1385 dup 121 /y put
1386 readonly def
1387 currentdict end
1388 currentfile eexec
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1814 %%EndFont
1815 %%BeginFont: CMTT9
1816 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT9 003.002
1817 %%Title: CMTT9
1818 %Version: 003.002
1819 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1820 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1821 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1822 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT9.
1823 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1824 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1825 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1826 %%EndComments
1827 FontDirectory/CMTT9 known{/CMTT9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1828 /UniqueID get 5000831 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1829 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1830 11 dict begin
1831 /FontType 1 def
1832 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1833 /FontName /CMTT9 def
1834 /FontBBox {-6 -233 542 698 }readonly def
1835 /PaintType 0 def
1836 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
1837 /version (003.002) readonly def
1838 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT9.) readonly def
1839 /FullName (CMTT9) readonly def
1840 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1841 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1842 /ItalicAngle 0 def
1843 /isFixedPitch true def
1844 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1845 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1846 end readonly def
1847 /Encoding 256 array
1848 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1849 dup 33 /exclam put
1850 dup 35 /numbersign put
1851 dup 36 /dollar put
1852 dup 38 /ampersand put
1853 dup 39 /quoteright put
1854 dup 40 /parenleft put
1855 dup 41 /parenright put
1856 dup 42 /asterisk put
1857 dup 44 /comma put
1858 dup 45 /hyphen put
1859 dup 46 /period put
1860 dup 47 /slash put
1861 dup 48 /zero put
1862 dup 49 /one put
1863 dup 50 /two put
1864 dup 51 /three put
1865 dup 52 /four put
1866 dup 58 /colon put
1867 dup 59 /semicolon put
1868 dup 60 /less put
1869 dup 62 /greater put
1870 dup 63 /question put
1871 dup 64 /at put
1872 dup 65 /A put
1873 dup 66 /B put
1874 dup 67 /C put
1875 dup 68 /D put
1876 dup 69 /E put
1877 dup 70 /F put
1878 dup 71 /G put
1879 dup 72 /H put
1880 dup 73 /I put
1881 dup 75 /K put
1882 dup 76 /L put
1883 dup 77 /M put
1884 dup 78 /N put
1885 dup 79 /O put
1886 dup 80 /P put
1887 dup 82 /R put
1888 dup 83 /S put
1889 dup 84 /T put
1890 dup 85 /U put
1891 dup 86 /V put
1892 dup 87 /W put
1893 dup 88 /X put
1894 dup 89 /Y put
1895 dup 90 /Z put
1896 dup 91 /bracketleft put
1897 dup 93 /bracketright put
1898 dup 94 /asciicircum put
1899 dup 95 /underscore put
1900 dup 96 /quoteleft put
1901 dup 97 /a put
1902 dup 98 /b put
1903 dup 99 /c put
1904 dup 100 /d put
1905 dup 101 /e put
1906 dup 102 /f put
1907 dup 103 /g put
1908 dup 104 /h put
1909 dup 105 /i put
1910 dup 106 /j put
1911 dup 107 /k put
1912 dup 108 /l put
1913 dup 109 /m put
1914 dup 110 /n put
1915 dup 111 /o put
1916 dup 112 /p put
1917 dup 113 /q put
1918 dup 114 /r put
1919 dup 115 /s put
1920 dup 116 /t put
1921 dup 117 /u put
1922 dup 118 /v put
1923 dup 119 /w put
1924 dup 120 /x put
1925 dup 121 /y put
1926 dup 122 /z put
1927 dup 123 /braceleft put
1928 dup 125 /braceright put
1929 dup 126 /asciitilde put
1930 readonly def
1931 currentdict end
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2492 %%Title: CMR10
2493 %Version: 003.002
2494 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
2495 %%Creator: David M. Jones
2496 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
2497 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR10.
2498 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
2499 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
2500 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
2501 %%EndComments
2502 FontDirectory/CMR10 known{/CMR10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
2503 /UniqueID get 5000793 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
2504 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
2505 11 dict begin
2506 /FontType 1 def
2507 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
2508 /FontName /CMR10 def
2509 /FontBBox {-40 -250 1009 750 }readonly def
2510 /PaintType 0 def
2511 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
2512 /version (003.002) readonly def
2513 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR10.) readonly def
2514 /FullName (CMR10) readonly def
2515 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
2516 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
2517 /ItalicAngle 0 def
2518 /isFixedPitch false def
2519 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
2520 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
2521 end readonly def
2522 /Encoding 256 array
2523 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
2524 dup 11 /ff put
2525 dup 12 /fi put
2526 dup 13 /fl put
2527 dup 14 /ffi put
2528 dup 33 /exclam put
2529 dup 34 /quotedblright put
2530 dup 35 /numbersign put
2531 dup 36 /dollar put
2532 dup 37 /percent put
2533 dup 38 /ampersand put
2534 dup 39 /quoteright put
2535 dup 40 /parenleft put
2536 dup 41 /parenright put
2537 dup 42 /asterisk put
2538 dup 44 /comma put
2539 dup 45 /hyphen put
2540 dup 46 /period put
2541 dup 47 /slash put
2542 dup 48 /zero put
2543 dup 49 /one put
2544 dup 50 /two put
2545 dup 51 /three put
2546 dup 52 /four put
2547 dup 53 /five put
2548 dup 54 /six put
2549 dup 55 /seven put
2550 dup 56 /eight put
2551 dup 57 /nine put
2552 dup 58 /colon put
2553 dup 59 /semicolon put
2554 dup 61 /equal put
2555 dup 63 /question put
2556 dup 64 /at put
2557 dup 65 /A put
2558 dup 66 /B put
2559 dup 67 /C put
2560 dup 68 /D put
2561 dup 69 /E put
2562 dup 70 /F put
2563 dup 71 /G put
2564 dup 72 /H put
2565 dup 73 /I put
2566 dup 74 /J put
2567 dup 75 /K put
2568 dup 76 /L put
2569 dup 77 /M put
2570 dup 78 /N put
2571 dup 79 /O put
2572 dup 80 /P put
2573 dup 81 /Q put
2574 dup 82 /R put
2575 dup 83 /S put
2576 dup 84 /T put
2577 dup 85 /U put
2578 dup 86 /V put
2579 dup 87 /W put
2580 dup 88 /X put
2581 dup 89 /Y put
2582 dup 90 /Z put
2583 dup 91 /bracketleft put
2584 dup 92 /quotedblleft put
2585 dup 93 /bracketright put
2586 dup 96 /quoteleft put
2587 dup 97 /a put
2588 dup 98 /b put
2589 dup 99 /c put
2590 dup 100 /d put
2591 dup 101 /e put
2592 dup 102 /f put
2593 dup 103 /g put
2594 dup 104 /h put
2595 dup 105 /i put
2596 dup 106 /j put
2597 dup 107 /k put
2598 dup 108 /l put
2599 dup 109 /m put
2600 dup 110 /n put
2601 dup 111 /o put
2602 dup 112 /p put
2603 dup 113 /q put
2604 dup 114 /r put
2605 dup 115 /s put
2606 dup 116 /t put
2607 dup 117 /u put
2608 dup 118 /v put
2609 dup 119 /w put
2610 dup 120 /x put
2611 dup 121 /y put
2612 dup 122 /z put
2613 dup 123 /endash put
2614 dup 124 /emdash put
2615 readonly def
2616 currentdict end
2617 currentfile eexec
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3414 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3415 cleartomark
3416 {restore}if
3417 %%EndFont
3418 %%BeginFont: CMCSC10
3419 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMCSC10 003.002
3420 %%Title: CMCSC10
3421 %Version: 003.002
3422 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
3423 %%Creator: David M. Jones
3424 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
3425 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.
3426 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
3427 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
3428 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
3429 %%EndComments
3430 FontDirectory/CMCSC10 known{/CMCSC10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
3431 /UniqueID get 5087402 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
3432 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
3433 11 dict begin
3434 /FontType 1 def
3435 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
3436 /FontName /CMCSC10 def
3437 /FontBBox {14 -250 1077 750 }readonly def
3438 /PaintType 0 def
3439 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
3440 /version (003.002) readonly def
3441 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.) readonly def
3442 /FullName (CMCSC10) readonly def
3443 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3444 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3445 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3446 /isFixedPitch false def
3447 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
3448 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
3449 /ascent 750 def
3450 end readonly def
3451 /Encoding 256 array
3452 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3453 dup 45 /hyphen put
3454 dup 47 /slash put
3455 dup 50 /two put
3456 dup 97 /a put
3457 dup 98 /b put
3458 dup 99 /c put
3459 dup 100 /d put
3460 dup 101 /e put
3461 dup 102 /f put
3462 dup 103 /g put
3463 dup 105 /i put
3464 dup 108 /l put
3465 dup 109 /m put
3466 dup 110 /n put
3467 dup 111 /o put
3468 dup 112 /p put
3469 dup 114 /r put
3470 dup 115 /s put
3471 dup 117 /u put
3472 dup 120 /x put
3473 readonly def
3474 currentdict end
3475 currentfile eexec
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3776 B8C0C194C26F5E122DF5E4153316C971460C3B3B336C1B72
3777 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3778 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3779 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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3783 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3784 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3785 cleartomark
3786 {restore}if
3787 %%EndFont
3788 %%BeginFont: CMTT12
3789 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT12 003.002
3790 %%Title: CMTT12
3791 %Version: 003.002
3792 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
3793 %%Creator: David M. Jones
3794 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
3795 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT12.
3796 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
3797 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
3798 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
3799 %%EndComments
3800 FontDirectory/CMTT12 known{/CMTT12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
3801 /UniqueID get 5000833 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
3802 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
3803 11 dict begin
3804 /FontType 1 def
3805 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
3806 /FontName /CMTT12 def
3807 /FontBBox {-1 -234 524 695 }readonly def
3808 /PaintType 0 def
3809 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
3810 /version (003.002) readonly def
3811 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT12.) readonly def
3812 /FullName (CMTT12) readonly def
3813 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3814 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3815 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3816 /isFixedPitch true def
3817 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
3818 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
3819 end readonly def
3820 /Encoding 256 array
3821 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3822 dup 45 /hyphen put
3823 dup 103 /g put
3824 dup 104 /h put
3825 dup 105 /i put
3826 dup 108 /l put
3827 dup 110 /n put
3828 dup 111 /o put
3829 dup 115 /s put
3830 readonly def
3831 currentdict end
3832 currentfile eexec
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3914 cleartomark
3915 {restore}if
3916 %%EndFont
3917 %%BeginFont: SFRM1095
3918 %!FontType1-1.0: SFRM1095 0.3
3919 %%CreationDate: Wed Sep 12 2001
3920 % Copyright (c) 2001 Vladimir Volovich <vvv@vsu.ru>.
3921 % See the file COPYING (GNU General Public License) for license conditions.
3922 % Converted from METAFONT EC/TC and LH fonts:
3923 % ecrm1095, tcrm1095, larm1095, lbrm1095, lcrm1095, rxrm1095.
3924 11 dict begin
3925 /FontInfo 6 dict dup begin
3926 /version (0.3) def
3927 /FullName (Computer Modern Roman) def
3928 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) def
3929 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3930 /isFixedPitch false def
3931 /Weight (Medium) def
3932 end readonly def
3933 /FontName /SFRM1095 def
3934 /Encoding StandardEncoding def
3935 /PaintType 0 def
3936 /FontType 1 def
3937 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] def
3938 /FontBBox{-188 -320 1445 942}readonly def
3939 currentdict end
3940 currentfile eexec
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4168 CD41
4169 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4170 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4171 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4172 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4173 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4174 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4175 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4176 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4177 cleartomark
4178 %%EndFont
4179 %%BeginFont: CMBX12
4180 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMBX12 003.002
4181 %%Title: CMBX12
4182 %Version: 003.002
4183 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
4184 %%Creator: David M. Jones
4185 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
4186 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.
4187 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
4188 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
4189 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
4190 %%EndComments
4191 FontDirectory/CMBX12 known{/CMBX12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
4192 /UniqueID get 5000769 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
4193 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
4194 11 dict begin
4195 /FontType 1 def
4196 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
4197 /FontName /CMBX12 def
4198 /FontBBox {-53 -251 1139 750 }readonly def
4199 /PaintType 0 def
4200 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
4201 /version (003.002) readonly def
4202 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.) readonly def
4203 /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def
4204 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
4205 /Weight (Bold) readonly def
4206 /ItalicAngle 0 def
4207 /isFixedPitch false def
4208 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
4209 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
4210 end readonly def
4211 /Encoding 256 array
4212 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
4213 dup 11 /ff put
4214 dup 12 /fi put
4215 dup 33 /exclam put
4216 dup 35 /numbersign put
4217 dup 36 /dollar put
4218 dup 42 /asterisk put
4219 dup 44 /comma put
4220 dup 45 /hyphen put
4221 dup 46 /period put
4222 dup 48 /zero put
4223 dup 49 /one put
4224 dup 50 /two put
4225 dup 51 /three put
4226 dup 52 /four put
4227 dup 53 /five put
4228 dup 54 /six put
4229 dup 55 /seven put
4230 dup 56 /eight put
4231 dup 57 /nine put
4232 dup 58 /colon put
4233 dup 63 /question put
4234 dup 64 /at put
4235 dup 65 /A put
4236 dup 66 /B put
4237 dup 67 /C put
4238 dup 68 /D put
4239 dup 69 /E put
4240 dup 70 /F put
4241 dup 71 /G put
4242 dup 72 /H put
4243 dup 73 /I put
4244 dup 74 /J put
4245 dup 75 /K put
4246 dup 76 /L put
4247 dup 77 /M put
4248 dup 78 /N put
4249 dup 79 /O put
4250 dup 80 /P put
4251 dup 81 /Q put
4252 dup 82 /R put
4253 dup 83 /S put
4254 dup 84 /T put
4255 dup 85 /U put
4256 dup 86 /V put
4257 dup 87 /W put
4258 dup 88 /X put
4259 dup 89 /Y put
4260 dup 91 /bracketleft put
4261 dup 93 /bracketright put
4262 dup 97 /a put
4263 dup 98 /b put
4264 dup 99 /c put
4265 dup 100 /d put
4266 dup 101 /e put
4267 dup 102 /f put
4268 dup 103 /g put
4269 dup 104 /h put
4270 dup 105 /i put
4271 dup 106 /j put
4272 dup 107 /k put
4273 dup 108 /l put
4274 dup 109 /m put
4275 dup 110 /n put
4276 dup 111 /o put
4277 dup 112 /p put
4278 dup 113 /q put
4279 dup 114 /r put
4280 dup 115 /s put
4281 dup 116 /t put
4282 dup 117 /u put
4283 dup 118 /v put
4284 dup 119 /w put
4285 dup 120 /x put
4286 dup 121 /y put
4287 dup 123 /endash put
4288 readonly def
4289 currentdict end
4290 currentfile eexec
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4898 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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4901 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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4903 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4904 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4905 cleartomark
4906 {restore}if
4907 %%EndFont
4908 %%BeginFont: CMTI10
4909 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTI10 003.002
4910 %%Title: CMTI10
4911 %Version: 003.002
4912 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
4913 %%Creator: David M. Jones
4914 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
4915 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.
4916 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
4917 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
4918 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
4919 %%EndComments
4920 FontDirectory/CMTI10 known{/CMTI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
4921 /UniqueID get 5000828 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
4922 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
4923 11 dict begin
4924 /FontType 1 def
4925 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
4926 /FontName /CMTI10 def
4927 /FontBBox {-35 -250 1124 750 }readonly def
4928 /PaintType 0 def
4929 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
4930 /version (003.002) readonly def
4931 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.) readonly def
4932 /FullName (CMTI10) readonly def
4933 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
4934 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
4935 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
4936 /isFixedPitch false def
4937 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
4938 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
4939 end readonly def
4940 /Encoding 256 array
4941 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
4942 dup 12 /fi put
4943 dup 45 /hyphen put
4944 dup 97 /a put
4945 dup 99 /c put
4946 dup 100 /d put
4947 dup 101 /e put
4948 dup 103 /g put
4949 dup 105 /i put
4950 dup 108 /l put
4951 dup 109 /m put
4952 dup 110 /n put
4953 dup 111 /o put
4954 dup 112 /p put
4955 dup 114 /r put
4956 dup 115 /s put
4957 dup 116 /t put
4958 dup 118 /v put
4959 dup 120 /x put
4960 readonly def
4961 currentdict end
4962 currentfile eexec
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5292 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5293 cleartomark
5294 {restore}if
5295 %%EndFont
5296 %%BeginFont: CMMI10
5297 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI10 003.002
5298 %%Title: CMMI10
5299 %Version: 003.002
5300 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5301 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5302 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5303 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.
5304 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5305 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5306 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5307 %%EndComments
5308 FontDirectory/CMMI10 known{/CMMI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5309 /UniqueID get 5087385 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5310 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5311 11 dict begin
5312 /FontType 1 def
5313 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5314 /FontName /CMMI10 def
5315 /FontBBox {-32 -250 1048 750 }readonly def
5316 /PaintType 0 def
5317 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
5318 /version (003.002) readonly def
5319 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.) readonly def
5320 /FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
5321 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5322 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5323 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5324 /isFixedPitch false def
5325 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5326 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5327 /ascent 750 def
5328 end readonly def
5329 /Encoding 256 array
5330 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5331 dup 58 /period put
5332 readonly def
5333 currentdict end
5334 currentfile eexec
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5520 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5521 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5522 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5523 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5524 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5525 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5526 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5527 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5528 cleartomark
5529 {restore}if
5530 %%EndFont
5531 %%BeginFont: CMMI12
5532 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI12 003.002
5533 %%Title: CMMI12
5534 %Version: 003.002
5535 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5536 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5537 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5538 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.
5539 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5540 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5541 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5542 %%EndComments
5543 FontDirectory/CMMI12 known{/CMMI12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5544 /UniqueID get 5087386 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5545 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5546 11 dict begin
5547 /FontType 1 def
5548 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5549 /FontName /CMMI12 def
5550 /FontBBox {-31 -250 1026 750 }readonly def
5551 /PaintType 0 def
5552 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
5553 /version (003.002) readonly def
5554 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.) readonly def
5555 /FullName (CMMI12) readonly def
5556 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5557 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5558 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5559 /isFixedPitch false def
5560 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5561 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5562 /ascent 750 def
5563 end readonly def
5564 /Encoding 256 array
5565 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5566 dup 58 /period put
5567 readonly def
5568 currentdict end
5569 currentfile eexec
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5763 cleartomark
5764 {restore}if
5765 %%EndFont
5766 %%BeginFont: CMSY10
5767 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSY10 003.002
5768 %%Title: CMSY10
5769 %Version: 003.002
5770 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5771 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5772 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5773 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.
5774 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5775 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5776 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5777 %%EndComments
5778 FontDirectory/CMSY10 known{/CMSY10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5779 /UniqueID get 5096651 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5780 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5781 11 dict begin
5782 /FontType 1 def
5783 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5784 /FontName /CMSY10 def
5785 /FontBBox {-29 -960 1116 775 }readonly def
5786 /PaintType 0 def
5787 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
5788 /version (003.002) readonly def
5789 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.) readonly def
5790 /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
5791 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5792 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5793 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5794 /isFixedPitch false def
5795 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5796 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5797 end readonly def
5798 /Encoding 256 array
5799 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5800 dup 0 /minus put
5801 dup 13 /circlecopyrt put
5802 dup 15 /bullet put
5803 dup 33 /arrowright put
5804 dup 55 /mapsto put
5805 readonly def
5806 currentdict end
5807 currentfile eexec
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6018 cleartomark
6019 {restore}if
6020 %%EndFont
6021 %%BeginFont: CMSL10
6022 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSL10 003.002
6023 %%Title: CMSL10
6024 %Version: 003.002
6025 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
6026 %%Creator: David M. Jones
6027 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
6028 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.
6029 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
6030 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
6031 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
6032 %%EndComments
6033 FontDirectory/CMSL10 known{/CMSL10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
6034 /UniqueID get 5000798 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
6035 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
6036 11 dict begin
6037 /FontType 1 def
6038 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
6039 /FontName /CMSL10 def
6040 /FontBBox {-62 -250 1123 750 }readonly def
6041 /PaintType 0 def
6042 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
6043 /version (003.002) readonly def
6044 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.) readonly def
6045 /FullName (CMSL10) readonly def
6046 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
6047 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
6048 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
6049 /isFixedPitch false def
6050 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
6051 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
6052 end readonly def
6053 /Encoding 256 array
6054 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
6055 dup 11 /ff put
6056 dup 12 /fi put
6057 dup 14 /ffi put
6058 dup 36 /dollar put
6059 dup 45 /hyphen put
6060 dup 49 /one put
6061 dup 50 /two put
6062 dup 51 /three put
6063 dup 52 /four put
6064 dup 65 /A put
6065 dup 66 /B put
6066 dup 67 /C put
6067 dup 68 /D put
6068 dup 69 /E put
6069 dup 70 /F put
6070 dup 71 /G put
6071 dup 72 /H put
6072 dup 73 /I put
6073 dup 75 /K put
6074 dup 76 /L put
6075 dup 77 /M put
6076 dup 78 /N put
6077 dup 79 /O put
6078 dup 80 /P put
6079 dup 82 /R put
6080 dup 83 /S put
6081 dup 84 /T put
6082 dup 85 /U put
6083 dup 87 /W put
6084 dup 88 /X put
6085 dup 89 /Y put
6086 dup 97 /a put
6087 dup 98 /b put
6088 dup 99 /c put
6089 dup 100 /d put
6090 dup 101 /e put
6091 dup 102 /f put
6092 dup 103 /g put
6093 dup 104 /h put
6094 dup 105 /i put
6095 dup 106 /j put
6096 dup 107 /k put
6097 dup 108 /l put
6098 dup 109 /m put
6099 dup 110 /n put
6100 dup 111 /o put
6101 dup 112 /p put
6102 dup 113 /q put
6103 dup 114 /r put
6104 dup 115 /s put
6105 dup 116 /t put
6106 dup 117 /u put
6107 dup 118 /v put
6108 dup 119 /w put
6109 dup 120 /x put
6110 dup 121 /y put
6111 dup 122 /z put
6112 readonly def
6113 currentdict end
6114 currentfile eexec
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6709 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6710 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6711 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6712 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6713 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6714 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6715 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6716 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6717 cleartomark
6718 {restore}if
6719 %%EndFont
6720 %%BeginFont: CMTT10
6721 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT10 003.002
6722 %%Title: CMTT10
6723 %Version: 003.002
6724 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
6725 %%Creator: David M. Jones
6726 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
6727 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT10.
6728 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
6729 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
6730 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
6731 %%EndComments
6732 FontDirectory/CMTT10 known{/CMTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
6733 /UniqueID get 5000832 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
6734 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
6735 11 dict begin
6736 /FontType 1 def
6737 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
6738 /FontName /CMTT10 def
6739 /FontBBox {-4 -233 537 696 }readonly def
6740 /PaintType 0 def
6741 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
6742 /version (003.002) readonly def
6743 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT10.) readonly def
6744 /FullName (CMTT10) readonly def
6745 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
6746 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
6747 /ItalicAngle 0 def
6748 /isFixedPitch true def
6749 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
6750 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
6751 end readonly def
6752 /Encoding 256 array
6753 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
6754 dup 33 /exclam put
6755 dup 34 /quotedbl put
6756 dup 35 /numbersign put
6757 dup 36 /dollar put
6758 dup 37 /percent put
6759 dup 38 /ampersand put
6760 dup 39 /quoteright put
6761 dup 40 /parenleft put
6762 dup 41 /parenright put
6763 dup 42 /asterisk put
6764 dup 43 /plus put
6765 dup 44 /comma put
6766 dup 45 /hyphen put
6767 dup 46 /period put
6768 dup 47 /slash put
6769 dup 48 /zero put
6770 dup 49 /one put
6771 dup 50 /two put
6772 dup 51 /three put
6773 dup 52 /four put
6774 dup 53 /five put
6775 dup 54 /six put
6776 dup 55 /seven put
6777 dup 56 /eight put
6778 dup 57 /nine put
6779 dup 58 /colon put
6780 dup 59 /semicolon put
6781 dup 60 /less put
6782 dup 61 /equal put
6783 dup 62 /greater put
6784 dup 63 /question put
6785 dup 64 /at put
6786 dup 65 /A put
6787 dup 66 /B put
6788 dup 67 /C put
6789 dup 68 /D put
6790 dup 69 /E put
6791 dup 70 /F put
6792 dup 71 /G put
6793 dup 72 /H put
6794 dup 73 /I put
6795 dup 75 /K put
6796 dup 76 /L put
6797 dup 77 /M put
6798 dup 78 /N put
6799 dup 79 /O put
6800 dup 80 /P put
6801 dup 81 /Q put
6802 dup 82 /R put
6803 dup 83 /S put
6804 dup 84 /T put
6805 dup 85 /U put
6806 dup 86 /V put
6807 dup 87 /W put
6808 dup 88 /X put
6809 dup 89 /Y put
6810 dup 90 /Z put
6811 dup 91 /bracketleft put
6812 dup 92 /backslash put
6813 dup 93 /bracketright put
6814 dup 94 /asciicircum put
6815 dup 95 /underscore put
6816 dup 96 /quoteleft put
6817 dup 97 /a put
6818 dup 98 /b put
6819 dup 99 /c put
6820 dup 100 /d put
6821 dup 101 /e put
6822 dup 102 /f put
6823 dup 103 /g put
6824 dup 104 /h put
6825 dup 105 /i put
6826 dup 106 /j put
6827 dup 107 /k put
6828 dup 108 /l put
6829 dup 109 /m put
6830 dup 110 /n put
6831 dup 111 /o put
6832 dup 112 /p put
6833 dup 113 /q put
6834 dup 114 /r put
6835 dup 115 /s put
6836 dup 116 /t put
6837 dup 117 /u put
6838 dup 118 /v put
6839 dup 119 /w put
6840 dup 120 /x put
6841 dup 121 /y put
6842 dup 122 /z put
6843 dup 123 /braceleft put
6844 dup 124 /bar put
6845 dup 125 /braceright put
6846 dup 126 /asciitilde put
6847 readonly def
6848 currentdict end
6849 currentfile eexec
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8033 %%Page: -4 6
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8061 (:)h(:)f(:)25 b Fu(144)275 987 y(10.8)92 b(Optional)31
8062 b(F)-8 b(eatures)19 b Fn(:)d(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
8063 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
8064 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)32
8065 b Fu(144)150 1238 y Fs(App)t(endix)44 b(A)119 b(Rep)t(orting)46
8066 b(Bugs)21 b Fo(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
8067 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)35 b Fs(149)150 1498 y(App)t(endix)44
8068 b(B)125 b(Ma)7 b(jor)46 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-11 b(rom)284
8069 1639 y(The)45 b(Bourne)f(Shell)35 b Fo(:)19 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
8070 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
8071 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)47 b Fs(150)275 1776 y Fu(B.1)92
8072 b(Implemen)m(tation)31 b(Di\013erences)h(F)-8 b(rom)31
8073 b(The)e(SVR4.2)j(Shell)22 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
8074 (:)35 b Fu(154)150 2027 y Fs(App)t(endix)44 b(C)124 b(GNU)36
8075 b(F)-11 b(ree)35 b(Do)t(cumen)l(tation)i(License)25 b
8076 Fo(:)20 b(:)29 b Fs(156)150 2305 y(App)t(endix)44 b(D)118
8077 b(Indexes)27 b Fo(:)20 b(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
8078 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)40
8079 b Fs(164)275 2442 y Fu(D.1)92 b(Index)29 b(of)i(Shell)f(Builtin)h
8080 (Commands)23 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
8081 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)38
8082 b Fu(164)275 2552 y(D.2)92 b(Index)29 b(of)i(Shell)f(Reserv)m(ed)h(W)-8
8083 b(ords)20 b Fn(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
8084 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34
8085 b Fu(165)275 2661 y(D.3)92 b(P)m(arameter)31 b(and)f(V)-8
8086 b(ariable)32 b(Index)27 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
8087 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
8088 h(:)f(:)g(:)42 b Fu(166)275 2771 y(D.4)92 b(F)-8 b(unction)31
8089 b(Index)24 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
8090 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
8091 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)38
8092 b Fu(168)275 2880 y(D.5)92 b(Concept)30 b(Index)15 b
8093 Fn(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
8094 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
8095 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)29 b
8096 Fu(170)p eop end
8097 %%Page: 1 7
8098 TeXDict begin 1 6 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(1)150 299 y Fp(1)80
8099 b(In)l(tro)t(duction)150 604 y Fs(1.1)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(Bash?)150
8100 763 y Fu(Bash)38 b(is)g(the)g(shell,)i(or)d(command)h(language)h(in)m
8101 (terpreter,)h(for)e(the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(op)s(erating)h(system.)63
8102 b(The)150 873 y(name)33 b(is)g(an)g(acron)m(ym)g(for)g(the)g(`)p
8103 Ft(Bourne-Again)27 b(SHell)p Fu(',)32 b(a)i(pun)d(on)i(Stephen)f
8104 (Bourne,)h(the)g(author)150 983 y(of)f(the)f(direct)h(ancestor)h(of)e
8105 (the)h(curren)m(t)f(Unix)g(shell)h Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(whic)m(h)g(app)s
8106 (eared)g(in)g(the)h(Sev)m(en)m(th)g(Edition)150 1092
8107 y(Bell)g(Labs)e(Researc)m(h)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Unix.)275
8108 1221 y(Bash)f(is)g(largely)i(compatible)f(with)f Ft(sh)g
8109 Fu(and)g(incorp)s(orates)g(useful)g(features)g(from)g(the)g(Korn)g
8110 (shell)150 1330 y Ft(ksh)37 b Fu(and)h(the)g(C)g(shell)g
8111 Ft(csh)p Fu(.)64 b(It)38 b(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)g
8112 (conforman)m(t)h(implemen)m(tation)h(of)e(the)g Fm(ieee)150
8113 1440 y(posix)c Fu(Shell)g(and)g(T)-8 b(o)s(ols)35 b(p)s(ortion)f(of)g
8114 (the)h Fm(ieee)f(posix)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)j(\()p
8115 Fm(ieee)e Fu(Standard)f(1003.1\).)56 b(It)150 1550 y(o\013ers)31
8116 b(functional)f(impro)m(v)m(emen)m(ts)i(o)m(v)m(er)g Ft(sh)d
8117 Fu(for)i(b)s(oth)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(and)d(programming)g(use.)275
8118 1678 y(While)h(the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(op)s(erating)h(system)g(pro)m(vides)f
8119 (other)h(shells,)g(including)f(a)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g
8120 Ft(csh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)150 1788 y(is)j(the)h(default)f(shell.)49
8121 b(Lik)m(e)34 b(other)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(soft)m(w)m(are,)i(Bash)f(is)f(quite)
8122 h(p)s(ortable.)49 b(It)33 b(curren)m(tly)g(runs)f(on)150
8123 1897 y(nearly)c(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Unix)h(and)e(a)i(few)f
8124 (other)h(op)s(erating)g(systems)f Fq(\000)g Fu(indep)s(enden)m
8125 (tly-supp)s(orted)150 2007 y(p)s(orts)j(exist)h(for)f
8126 Fm(ms-dos)p Fu(,)f Fm(os/2)p Fu(,)i(and)f(Windo)m(ws)g(platforms.)150
8127 2236 y Fs(1.2)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(a)h(shell?)150 2395
8128 y Fu(A)m(t)32 b(its)f(base,)h(a)f(shell)g(is)h(simply)e(a)h(macro)h
8129 (pro)s(cessor)f(that)g(executes)i(commands.)42 b(The)30
8130 b(term)h(macro)150 2505 y(pro)s(cessor)25 b(means)g(functionalit)m(y)i
8131 (where)d(text)j(and)d(sym)m(b)s(ols)h(are)h(expanded)e(to)i(create)h
8132 (larger)f(expres-)150 2615 y(sions.)275 2743 y(A)34 b(Unix)h(shell)g
8133 (is)f(b)s(oth)g(a)h(command)g(in)m(terpreter)g(and)f(a)h(programming)f
8134 (language.)55 b(As)35 b(a)g(com-)150 2853 y(mand)30 b(in)m(terpreter,)i
8135 (the)g(shell)f(pro)m(vides)g(the)h(user)e(in)m(terface)j(to)f(the)f
8136 (ric)m(h)h(set)g(of)f Fm(gnu)g Fu(utilities.)44 b(The)150
8137 2962 y(programming)30 b(language)h(features)f(allo)m(w)h(these)g
8138 (utilities)g(to)g(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined.)41 b(Files)31
8139 b(con)m(taining)g(com-)150 3072 y(mands)e(can)i(b)s(e)e(created,)j(and)
8140 d(b)s(ecome)i(commands)f(themselv)m(es.)42 b(These)30
8141 b(new)f(commands)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)150 3182 y(same)j(status)g(as)g
8142 (system)g(commands)f(in)g(directories)i(suc)m(h)e(as)h
8143 Ft(/bin)p Fu(,)g(allo)m(wing)h(users)e(or)g(groups)g(to)150
8144 3291 y(establish)d(custom)f(en)m(vironmen)m(ts)h(to)g(automate)h(their)
8145 f(common)f(tasks.)275 3420 y(Shells)j(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)m
8146 (teractiv)m(ely)k(or)d(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)54
8147 b(In)33 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(mo)s(de,)f(they)e(accept)150
8148 3529 y(input)21 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(from)g(the)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)37
8149 b(When)22 b(executing)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)27
8150 b(shells)c(execute)g(commands)150 3639 y(read)30 b(from)g(a)h(\014le.)
8151 275 3768 y(A)41 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)h(execution)h(of)e
8152 Fm(gnu)g Fu(commands,)i(b)s(oth)e(sync)m(hronously)f(and)h(async)m
8153 (hronously)-8 b(.)150 3877 y(The)29 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)i(for)e(sync)m
8154 (hronous)f(commands)h(to)h(complete)h(b)s(efore)e(accepting)i(more)e
8155 (input;)g(asyn-)150 3987 y(c)m(hronous)22 b(commands)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h
8156 (to)f(execute)h(in)e(parallel)i(with)f(the)f(shell)h(while)g(it)g
8157 (reads)g(and)f(executes)150 4096 y(additional)35 b(commands.)50
8158 b(The)33 b Fr(redirection)h Fu(constructs)g(p)s(ermit)f(\014ne-grained)
8159 g(con)m(trol)i(of)f(the)g(input)150 4206 y(and)40 b(output)f(of)i
8160 (those)f(commands.)70 b(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)45 b(the)c(shell)f(allo)m(ws)h
8161 (con)m(trol)h(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)150
8162 4316 y(commands')30 b(en)m(vironmen)m(ts.)275 4444 y(Shells)k(also)i
8163 (pro)m(vide)g(a)f(small)h(set)f(of)g(built-in)g(commands)g(\()p
8164 Fr(builtins)t Fu(\))g(implemen)m(ting)h(function-)150
8165 4554 y(alit)m(y)i(imp)s(ossible)e(or)g(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)e
8166 (obtain)g(via)g(separate)g(utilities.)61 b(F)-8 b(or)37
8167 b(example,)i Ft(cd)p Fu(,)e Ft(break)p Fu(,)150 4663
8168 y Ft(continue)p Fu(,)28 b(and)i Ft(exec)f Fu(cannot)i(b)s(e)f(implemen)
8169 m(ted)h(outside)g(of)f(the)h(shell)f(b)s(ecause)h(they)f(directly)h
8170 (ma-)150 4773 y(nipulate)d(the)g(shell)g(itself.)41 b(The)27
8171 b Ft(history)p Fu(,)g Ft(getopts)p Fu(,)f Ft(kill)p Fu(,)i(or)g
8172 Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtins,)h(among)g(others,)h(could)150 4883
8173 y(b)s(e)34 b(implemen)m(ted)g(in)g(separate)h(utilities,)i(but)d(they)g
8174 (are)g(more)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)f(use)f(as)g(builtin)g(com-)150
8175 4992 y(mands.)40 b(All)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtins)g(are)h
8176 (describ)s(ed)e(in)h(subsequen)m(t)g(sections.)275 5121
8177 y(While)39 b(executing)h(commands)e(is)g(essen)m(tial,)43
8178 b(most)c(of)g(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(\(and)g(complexit)m(y\))j(of)e
8179 (shells)150 5230 y(is)34 b(due)f(to)i(their)f(em)m(b)s(edded)f
8180 (programming)h(languages.)52 b(Lik)m(e)35 b(an)m(y)f(high-lev)m(el)i
8181 (language,)h(the)d(shell)150 5340 y(pro)m(vides)c(v)-5
8182 b(ariables,)32 b(\015o)m(w)e(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(quoting,)g(and)
8183 f(functions.)p eop end
8184 %%Page: 2 8
8185 TeXDict begin 2 7 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(1:)41
8186 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)2592 b(2)275 299 y(Shells)21 b(o\013er)i(features)
8187 f(geared)h(sp)s(eci\014cally)g(for)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(use)d(rather)g
8188 (than)g(to)h(augmen)m(t)g(the)f(pro-)150 408 y(gramming)32
8189 b(language.)48 b(These)32 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(features)d(include)g
8190 (job)g(con)m(trol,)j(command)c(line)i(editing,)150 518
8191 y(command)d(history)g(and)g(aliases.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31
8192 b(of)g(these)g(features)f(is)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(this)g(man)m(ual.)p
8193 eop end
8194 %%Page: 3 9
8195 TeXDict begin 3 8 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(3)150 299 y Fp(2)80
8196 b(De\014nitions)150 552 y Fu(These)30 b(de\014nitions)g(are)h(used)e
8197 (throughout)h(the)h(remainder)f(of)g(this)h(man)m(ual.)150
8198 720 y Ft(POSIX)240 b Fu(A)27 b(family)g(of)g(op)s(en)f(system)g
8199 (standards)g(based)g(on)h(Unix.)39 b(Bash)27 b(is)g(primarily)f
8200 (concerned)630 830 y(with)k(the)h(Shell)f(and)g(Utilities)i(p)s(ortion)
8201 e(of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(1003.1)j(standard.)150 995
8202 y Ft(blank)240 b Fu(A)30 b(space)h(or)g(tab)f(c)m(haracter.)150
8203 1161 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(A)35 b(command)g(that)g(is)g(implemen)m(ted)
8204 g(in)m(ternally)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)g(itself,)i(rather)d(than)h(b)m
8205 (y)630 1271 y(an)30 b(executable)i(program)e(somewhere)h(in)f(the)g
8206 (\014le)h(system.)150 1436 y Ft(control)d(operator)630
8207 1546 y Fu(A)20 b Ft(token)f Fu(that)i(p)s(erforms)e(a)i(con)m(trol)g
8208 (function.)37 b(It)21 b(is)f(a)h Ft(newline)d Fu(or)j(one)f(of)h(the)f
8209 (follo)m(wing:)630 1655 y(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)31 b(`)p
8210 Ft(&&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)g(`)p
8211 Ft(;;)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu(',)f(`)p
8212 Ft(|)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(',)h(or)f(`)p
8213 Ft(\))p Fu('.)150 1821 y Ft(exit)f(status)630 1931 y
8214 Fu(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(returned)e(b)m(y)h(a)h(command)f(to)h(its)g
8215 (caller.)41 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(restricted)h(to)h(eigh)m
8216 (t)630 2040 y(bits,)h(so)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5 b(alue)31
8217 b(is)f(255.)150 2206 y Ft(field)240 b Fu(A)27 b(unit)g(of)g(text)h
8218 (that)g(is)f(the)g(result)g(of)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)g(expansions.)
8219 40 b(After)27 b(expansion,)630 2315 y(when)e(executing)h(a)g(command,)h
8220 (the)f(resulting)f(\014elds)g(are)h(used)f(as)h(the)g(command)f(name)
8221 630 2425 y(and)30 b(argumen)m(ts.)150 2591 y Ft(filename)96
8222 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(used)e(to)h(iden)m(tify)g(a)f
8223 (\014le.)150 2756 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(A)31 b(set)h(of)f(pro)s(cesses)g
8224 (comprising)g(a)g(pip)s(eline,)g(and)g(an)m(y)g(pro)s(cesses)g
8225 (descended)g(from)f(it,)630 2866 y(that)h(are)g(all)g(in)f(the)h(same)f
8226 (pro)s(cess)g(group.)150 3031 y Ft(job)f(control)630
8227 3141 y Fu(A)22 b(mec)m(hanism)g(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)h(users)f(can)h
8228 (selectiv)m(ely)i(stop)e(\(susp)s(end\))e(and)h(restart)i(\(resume\))
8229 630 3251 y(execution)32 b(of)e(pro)s(cesses.)150 3416
8230 y Ft(metacharacter)630 3526 y Fu(A)23 b(c)m(haracter)h(that,)h(when)d
8231 (unquoted,)h(separates)h(w)m(ords.)37 b(A)23 b(metac)m(haracter)i(is)e
8232 (a)g Ft(space)p Fu(,)630 3635 y Ft(tab)p Fu(,)29 b Ft(newline)p
8233 Fu(,)e(or)i(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracters:)42
8234 b(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)29 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;)p
8235 Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\))p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(<)p
8236 Fu(',)f(or)h(`)p Ft(>)p Fu('.)150 3801 y Ft(name)288
8237 b Fu(A)37 b Ft(word)f Fu(consisting)i(solely)h(of)e(letters,)j(n)m(um)m
8238 (b)s(ers,)e(and)f(underscores,)h(and)f(b)s(eginning)630
8239 3910 y(with)23 b(a)g(letter)h(or)f(underscore.)38 b Ft(Name)p
8240 Fu(s)22 b(are)h(used)f(as)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24
8241 b(and)e(function)h(names.)630 4020 y(Also)31 b(referred)f(to)h(as)f(an)
8242 h Ft(identifier)p Fu(.)150 4186 y Ft(operator)96 b Fu(A)38
8243 b Ft(control)28 b(operator)36 b Fu(or)h(a)i Ft(redirection)27
8244 b(operator)p Fu(.)61 b(See)38 b(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirec-)630
8245 4295 y(tions],)f(page)f(32,)i(for)d(a)g(list)h(of)f(redirection)h(op)s
8246 (erators.)58 b(Op)s(erators)35 b(con)m(tain)j(at)f(least)630
8247 4405 y(one)31 b(unquoted)e Ft(metacharacter)p Fu(.)150
8248 4570 y Ft(process)f(group)630 4680 y Fu(A)i(collection)k(of)c(related)h
8249 (pro)s(cesses)g(eac)m(h)g(ha)m(ving)g(the)g(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
8250 Fm(id)p Fu(.)150 4846 y Ft(process)e(group)h(ID)630 4955
8251 y Fu(A)h(unique)g(iden)m(ti\014er)h(that)f(represen)m(ts)h(a)g
8252 Ft(process)d(group)h Fu(during)g(its)i(lifetime.)150
8253 5121 y Ft(reserved)d(word)630 5230 y Fu(A)h Ft(word)e
8254 Fu(that)i(has)f(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(to)h(the)g(shell.)40
8255 b(Most)30 b(reserv)m(ed)e(w)m(ords)g(in)m(tro)s(duce)630
8256 5340 y(shell)j(\015o)m(w)f(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(suc)m(h)f(as)g
8257 Ft(for)g Fu(and)g Ft(while)p Fu(.)p eop end
8258 %%Page: 4 10
8259 TeXDict begin 4 9 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(2:)41
8260 b(De\014nitions)2662 b(4)150 299 y Ft(return)29 b(status)630
8261 408 y Fu(A)h(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(exit)g(status)p Fu(.)150
8262 568 y Ft(signal)192 b Fu(A)40 b(mec)m(hanism)h(b)m(y)e(whic)m(h)h(a)h
8263 (pro)s(cess)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(noti\014ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(k)m(ernel)f
8264 (of)g(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)630 677 y(o)s(ccurring)30 b(in)g(the)h(system.)
8265 150 837 y Ft(special)d(builtin)630 946 y Fu(A)j(shell)f(builtin)g
8266 (command)h(that)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(classi\014ed)h(as)g(sp)s(ecial)g(b)m
8267 (y)f(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(stan-)630 1056 y(dard.)150 1215
8268 y Ft(token)240 b Fu(A)38 b(sequence)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)h(considered)f
8269 (a)h(single)g(unit)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(shell.)64 b(It)38
8270 b(is)g(either)h(a)630 1325 y Ft(word)29 b Fu(or)i(an)f
8271 Ft(operator)p Fu(.)150 1484 y Ft(word)288 b Fu(A)28 b(sequence)g(of)g
8272 (c)m(haracters)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(unit)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(shell.)40
8273 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(include)630 1594 y(unquoted)i
8274 Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)p eop end
8275 %%Page: 5 11
8276 TeXDict begin 5 10 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(5)150 299 y Fp(3)80
8277 b(Basic)54 b(Shell)e(F)-13 b(eatures)150 601 y Fu(Bash)21
8278 b(is)g(an)f(acron)m(ym)i(for)e(`)p Ft(Bourne-Again)27
8279 b(SHell)p Fu('.)37 b(The)20 b(Bourne)g(shell)h(is)g(the)g(traditional)h
8280 (Unix)f(shell)150 710 y(originally)h(written)f(b)m(y)f(Stephen)g
8281 (Bourne.)38 b(All)21 b(of)g(the)g(Bourne)f(shell)h(builtin)f(commands)g
8282 (are)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 820 y(in)26 b(Bash,)h(The)f(rules)f(for)h
8283 (ev)-5 b(aluation)28 b(and)d(quoting)h(are)h(tak)m(en)g(from)f(the)g
8284 Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)i(for)f(the)150 929
8285 y(`standard')k(Unix)g(shell.)275 1086 y(This)h(c)m(hapter)i(brie\015y)e
8286 (summarizes)h(the)h(shell's)f(`building)g(blo)s(c)m(ks':)45
8287 b(commands,)32 b(con)m(trol)i(struc-)150 1196 y(tures,)k(shell)e
8288 (functions,)h(shell)g Fl(p)-5 b(ar)g(ameters)p Fu(,)41
8289 b(shell)36 b(expansions,)i Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(dir)g(e)g(ctions)p
8290 Fu(,)40 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(a)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)150 1306
8291 y(direct)31 b(input)e(and)h(output)g(from)g(and)g(to)h(named)f
8292 (\014les,)g(and)g(ho)m(w)g(the)h(shell)g(executes)g(commands.)150
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8294 b(the)h(shell)g(reads)f(input,)i(it)f(pro)s(ceeds)f(through)g(a)h
8295 (sequence)g(of)g(op)s(erations.)71 b(If)40 b(the)h(input)150
8296 1849 y(indicates)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(a)g(commen)m(t,)h(the)f
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8300 g(input)f(and)h(divides)f(the)i(input)e(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)150
8301 2225 y(and)23 b(op)s(erators,)j(emplo)m(ying)e(the)g(quoting)h(rules)e
8302 (to)h(select)i(whic)m(h)d(meanings)h(to)h(assign)f(v)-5
8303 b(arious)23 b(w)m(ords)150 2335 y(and)30 b(c)m(haracters.)275
8304 2492 y(The)38 b(shell)h(then)f(parses)g(these)h(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)f
8305 (commands)g(and)f(other)h(constructs,)i(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)150
8306 2602 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(meaning)f(of)g(certain)h(w)m(ords)f(or)g(c)m
8307 (haracters,)i(expands)d(others,)h(redirects)h(input)e(and)g(output)150
8308 2711 y(as)d(needed,)g(executes)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(command,)j(w)m
8309 (aits)f(for)f(the)g(command's)g(exit)i(status,)f(and)f(mak)m(es)150
8310 2821 y(that)31 b(exit)g(status)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33
8311 b(for)d(further)f(insp)s(ection)h(or)h(pro)s(cessing.)150
8312 3043 y Fk(3.1.1)63 b(Shell)41 b(Op)s(eration)150 3190
8313 y Fu(The)c(follo)m(wing)h(is)f(a)h(brief)e(description)i(of)f(the)g
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8315 3299 y(command.)h(Basically)-8 b(,)34 b(the)c(shell)h(do)s(es)f(the)h
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8317 (\014le)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)j(page)e(40\),)k
8318 (from)41 b(a)i(string)330 3566 y(supplied)30 b(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)h
8319 (to)g(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)i(option)f(\(see)g(Section)g
8320 (6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)330 3675 y(page)f(82\),)h(or)e(from)g
8321 (the)h(user's)f(terminal.)199 3821 y(2.)61 b(Breaks)43
8322 b(the)g(input)f(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)f(and)g(op)s(erators,)k(ob)s(eying)d
8323 (the)g(quoting)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)330 3931 y(Section)27
8324 b(3.1.2)i([Quoting],)f(page)f(6.)40 b(These)26 b(tok)m(ens)i(are)f
8325 (separated)g(b)m(y)f Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)36 b(Alias)330
8326 4040 y(expansion)30 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)d(b)m(y)j(this)f(step)g(\(see)i
8327 (Section)f(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e(90\).)199 4186 y(3.)61
8328 b(P)m(arses)35 b(the)g(tok)m(ens)g(in)m(to)h(simple)e(and)g(comp)s
8329 (ound)f(commands)h(\(see)h(Section)h(3.2)f([Shell)g(Com-)330
8330 4296 y(mands],)30 b(page)h(8\).)199 4442 y(4.)61 b(P)m(erforms)40
8331 b(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(shell)h(expansions)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5)g
8332 ([Shell)g(Expansions],)h(page)f(21\),)330 4551 y(breaking)35
8333 b(the)g(expanded)g(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)g(lists)f(of)g(\014lenames)h
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8336 4807 y(5.)61 b(P)m(erforms)36 b(an)m(y)i(necessary)f(redirections)g
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8338 4916 y(mo)m(v)m(es)c(the)e(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g(and)f(their)g
8339 (op)s(erands)f(from)h(the)h(argumen)m(t)f(list.)199 5062
8340 y(6.)61 b(Executes)31 b(the)g(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7)h
8341 ([Executing)f(Commands],)f(page)h(36\).)199 5208 y(7.)61
8342 b(Optionally)40 b(w)m(aits)g(for)f(the)g(command)g(to)h(complete)g(and)
8343 f(collects)i(its)f(exit)g(status)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330 5317
8344 y(tion)31 b(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)g(page)g(39\).)p
8345 eop end
8346 %%Page: 6 12
8347 TeXDict begin 6 11 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8348 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(6)150 299
8349 y Fk(3.1.2)63 b(Quoting)150 446 y Fu(Quoting)32 b(is)h(used)e(to)i
8350 (remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f(of)h(certain)g(c)m
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8356 795 y(Eac)m(h)22 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(metac)m(haracters)i(\(see)f
8357 (Chapter)e(2)i([De\014nitions],)h(page)f(3\))g(has)e(sp)s(ecial)i
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8359 (quoted)g(if)h(it)g(is)f(to)h(represen)m(t)g(itself.)68
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8363 b(expansion)h Fu(c)m(haracter,)h(usually)f(`)p Ft(!)p
8364 Fu(',)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(quoted)h(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)g(history)g
8365 (expansion.)41 b(See)150 1234 y(Section)22 b(9.1)g([Bash)f(History)h(F)
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8368 b(are)h(three)f(quoting)h(mec)m(hanisms:)56 b(the)38
8369 b Fr(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracter)p Fu(,)j(single)d(quotes,)i(and)d(double)
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8371 b(Character)150 1812 y Fu(A)36 b(non-quoted)f(bac)m(kslash)h(`)p
8372 Ft(\\)p Fu(')g(is)f(the)h(Bash)g(escap)s(e)f(c)m(haracter.)58
8373 b(It)36 b(preserv)m(es)f(the)h(literal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36
8374 b(of)150 1921 y(the)27 b(next)g(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(follo)m(ws,)i
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8376 b(a)h Ft(\\newline)d Fu(pair)i(app)s(ears,)150 2031 y(and)k(the)h(bac)m
8377 (kslash)g(itself)g(is)g(not)g(quoted,)g(the)f Ft(\\newline)f
8378 Fu(is)h(treated)i(as)f(a)g(line)g(con)m(tin)m(uation)h(\(that)150
8379 2140 y(is,)f(it)g(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)f(the)h(input)e(stream)i
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8381 b(Single)42 b(Quotes)150 2478 y Fu(Enclosing)24 b(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
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8388 b(c)m(haracters)h(in)f(double)f(quotes)h(\(`)p Ft(")p
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8390 b(of)g(all)g(c)m(haracters)h(within)150 3145 y(the)34
8391 b(quotes,)h(with)f(the)g(exception)h(of)f(`)p Ft($)p
8392 Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(and,)f(when)f(history)g
8393 (expansion)h(is)g(enabled,)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu('.)150 3254
8394 y(When)e(the)h(shell)g(is)g(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)i
8395 (Section)f(6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)k(page)e(96\),)i(the)e(`)p
8396 Ft(!)p Fu(')150 3364 y(has)28 b(no)g(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)g(within)f
8397 (double)g(quotes,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)f(history)g(expansion)g(is)g
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8399 Fu(')e(and)g(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(')g(retain)h(their)f(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f
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8405 Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(")p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)f(or)e Ft(newline)p
8406 Fu(.)69 b(Within)41 b(double)f(quotes,)150 3802 y(bac)m(kslashes)25
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8430 eop end
8431 %%Page: 7 13
8432 TeXDict begin 7 12 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8433 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(7)150 299
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8435 (\(not)f(ANSI)f(C\))150 572 y Ft(\\f)384 b Fu(form)30
8436 b(feed)150 735 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(newline)150 898 y Ft(\\r)g
8437 Fu(carriage)32 b(return)150 1061 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32
8438 b(tab)150 1224 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)150
8439 1387 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)150 1551 y Ft(\\')g
8440 Fu(single)31 b(quote)150 1714 y Ft(\\")384 b Fu(double)30
8441 b(quote)150 1877 y Ft(\\?)384 b Fu(question)31 b(mark)150
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8443 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)g(v)-5
8444 b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)e Fu(\(one)i(to)g(three)g(digits\))150
8445 2203 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f
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8449 b Fu(the)33 b(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e
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8452 2749 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)630 2858 y Fu(the)j(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)
8453 g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g
8454 (hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2968 y Fr(HHHHHHHH)42
8455 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)g(hex)g(digits\))150 3131
8456 y Ft(\\c)p Fj(x)336 b Fu(a)31 b(con)m(trol-)p Fr(x)38
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8460 b(T)-10 b(ranslation)150 3646 y Fu(A)28 b(double-quoted)g(string)f
8461 (preceded)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(dollar)h(sign)e(\(`)p Ft($)p
8462 Fu('\))i(will)f(cause)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(translated)150
8463 3756 y(according)f(to)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale.)41
8464 b(If)24 b(the)h(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f Ft(C)g
8465 Fu(or)g Ft(POSIX)p Fu(,)f(the)h(dollar)h(sign)f(is)g(ignored.)150
8466 3865 y(If)30 b(the)g(string)h(is)f(translated)h(and)f(replaced,)h(the)g
8467 (replacemen)m(t)h(is)e(double-quoted.)275 4004 y(Some)20
8468 b(systems)h(use)f(the)h(message)h(catalog)h(selected)f(b)m(y)f(the)g
8469 Ft(LC_MESSAGES)c Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 b(Others)150
8470 4113 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)i(from)d(the)
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8496 %%Page: 8 14
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8521 m(y)h(the)g Fm(posix)f Fu(1003.1)j Ft(waitpid)c Fu(function,)j(or)f
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8526 m(y)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erators)150
8527 2413 y(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(')31 b(or)f(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu('.)275
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8547 h(it)150 3752 y(\014nishes.)51 b(The)34 b(statistics)i(curren)m(tly)e
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8564 4519 y(of)38 b(shell)g(builtins,)i(shell)e(functions,)i(and)d(pip)s
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8579 %%Page: 9 15
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8676 b Fu(has)41 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 1542 y(whic)m(h)c(is)h(not)g
8677 (zero.)67 b(The)38 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of)g
8678 (the)g(last)g(command)630 1651 y(executed)31 b(in)f Fr(consequen)m
8679 (t-commands)p Fu(,)i(or)e(zero)h(if)g(none)f(w)m(as)h(executed.)150
8680 1812 y Ft(while)240 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h
8681 Ft(while)e Fu(command)h(is:)870 1947 y Ft(while)46 b
8682 Fj(test-commands)p Ft(;)e(do)j Fj(consequent-commands)p
8683 Ft(;)c(done)630 2082 y Fu(Execute)f Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k
8684 Fu(as)41 b(long)h(as)f Fr(test-commands)46 b Fu(has)41
8685 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 2192 y(of)34 b(zero.)53 b(The)34
8686 b(return)f(status)h(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h
8687 (command)f(executed)h(in)630 2301 y Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)p
8688 Fu(,)c(or)g(zero)g(if)f(none)g(w)m(as)h(executed.)150
8689 2462 y Ft(for)336 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h
8690 Ft(for)e Fu(command)i(is:)870 2597 y Ft(for)47 b Fj(name)g
8691 Ft([)g([in)g([)p Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(])i(])f(;)h(])f(do)g
8692 Fj(commands)p Ft(;)e(done)630 2732 y Fu(Expand)31 b Fr(w)m(ords)p
8693 Fu(,)j(and)e(execute)i Fr(commands)i Fu(once)d(for)g(eac)m(h)h(mem)m(b)
8694 s(er)e(in)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)630 2841 y(list,)d(with)f
8695 Fr(name)34 b Fu(b)s(ound)27 b(to)i(the)h(curren)m(t)e(mem)m(b)s(er.)40
8696 b(If)28 b(`)p Ft(in)i Fj(words)p Fu(')e(is)h(not)g(presen)m(t,)h(the)
8697 630 2951 y Ft(for)f Fu(command)g(executes)i(the)e Fr(commands)k
8698 Fu(once)d(for)f(eac)m(h)i(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)g(that)630
8699 3060 y(is)d(set,)h(as)f(if)g(`)p Ft(in)j("$@")p Fu(')c(had)g(b)s(een)g
8700 (sp)s(eci\014ed)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.4.2)i([Sp)s(ecial)e(P)m
8701 (arameters],)630 3170 y(page)c(20\).)39 b(The)21 b(return)g(status)h
8702 (is)g(the)g(exit)h(status)f(of)g(the)g(last)g(command)g(that)g
8703 (executes.)630 3280 y(If)i(there)h(are)h(no)e(items)i(in)e(the)h
8704 (expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ords)p Fu(,)h(no)f(commands)f(are)h(executed,)
8705 j(and)630 3389 y(the)j(return)e(status)i(is)f(zero.)630
8706 3524 y(An)g(alternate)i(form)e(of)h(the)f Ft(for)g Fu(command)g(is)g
8707 (also)h(supp)s(orted:)870 3659 y Ft(for)47 b(\(\()g Fj(expr1)f
8708 Ft(;)i Fj(expr2)e Ft(;)i Fj(expr3)e Ft(\)\))h(;)h(do)f
8709 Fj(commands)e Ft(;)j(done)630 3794 y Fu(First,)38 b(the)f(arithmetic)h
8710 (expression)e Fr(expr1)43 b Fu(is)36 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)38
8711 b(according)f(to)g(the)g(rules)f(de-)630 3904 y(scrib)s(ed)41
8712 b(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)g([Shell)g(Arithmetic],)j(page)d
8713 (89\).)77 b(The)42 b(arithmetic)630 4014 y(expression)33
8714 b Fr(expr2)41 b Fu(is)34 b(then)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35
8715 b(rep)s(eatedly)f(un)m(til)g(it)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)35
8716 b(to)g(zero.)51 b(Eac)m(h)630 4123 y(time)23 b Fr(expr2)30
8717 b Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)25 b(to)e(a)g(non-zero)h(v)-5 b(alue,)25
8718 b Fr(commands)h Fu(are)d(executed)g(and)g(the)g(arith-)630
8719 4233 y(metic)29 b(expression)f Fr(expr3)36 b Fu(is)28
8720 b(ev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)h(expression)f(is)g(omitted,)i
8721 (it)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)630 4342 y(if)i(it)h(ev)-5
8722 b(aluates)32 b(to)g(1.)44 b(The)30 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)32
8723 b(is)f(the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h(command)f(in)630
8724 4452 y Fr(commands)j Fu(that)d(is)f(executed,)i(or)e(false)h(if)f(an)m
8725 (y)h(of)g(the)f(expressions)g(is)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid.)275
8726 4613 y(The)26 b Ft(break)g Fu(and)h Ft(continue)e Fu(builtins)i(\(see)h
8727 (Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(42\))g(ma)m(y)
8728 150 4723 y(b)s(e)i(used)f(to)i(con)m(trol)h(lo)s(op)f(execution.)150
8729 4923 y Fk(3.2.4.2)63 b(Conditional)42 b(Constructs)150
8730 5095 y Ft(if)384 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h
8731 Ft(if)f Fu(command)g(is:)870 5230 y Ft(if)47 b Fj(test-commands)p
8732 Ft(;)d(then)965 5340 y Fj(consequent-commands)p Ft(;)p
8733 eop end
8734 %%Page: 11 17
8735 TeXDict begin 11 16 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8736 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(11)870 299
8737 y Ft([elif)46 b Fj(more-test-commands)p Ft(;)d(then)965
8738 408 y Fj(more-consequents)p Ft(;])870 518 y([else)j Fj
8739 (alternate-consequents)p Ft(;])870 628 y(fi)630 757 y
8740 Fu(The)53 b Fr(test-commands)58 b Fu(list)c(is)g(executed,)60
8741 b(and)53 b(if)g(its)h(return)e(status)i(is)f(zero,)61
8742 b(the)630 867 y Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)44 b Fu(list)d(is)f
8743 (executed.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(test-commands)k Fu(returns)39
8744 b(a)h(non-zero)630 976 y(status,)45 b(eac)m(h)e Ft(elif)d
8745 Fu(list)i(is)g(executed)h(in)e(turn,)j(and)d(if)g(its)h(exit)h(status)f
8746 (is)f(zero,)46 b(the)630 1086 y(corresp)s(onding)37 b
8747 Fr(more-consequen)m(ts)42 b Fu(is)c(executed)g(and)f(the)h(command)g
8748 (completes.)63 b(If)630 1196 y(`)p Ft(else)29 b Fj
8749 (alternate-consequents)p Fu(')c(is)30 b(presen)m(t,)h(and)f(the)g
8750 (\014nal)g(command)g(in)g(the)g(\014nal)630 1305 y Ft(if)44
8751 b Fu(or)g Ft(elif)f Fu(clause)i(has)f(a)h(non-zero)g(exit)g(status,)j
8752 (then)c Fr(alternate-consequen)m(ts)51 b Fu(is)630 1415
8753 y(executed.)k(The)34 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of)
8754 g(the)g(last)g(command)g(executed,)630 1524 y(or)30 b(zero)i(if)e(no)g
8755 (condition)h(tested)g(true.)150 1674 y Ft(case)288 b
8756 Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(case)e Fu(command)h(is:)870
8757 1803 y Ft(case)47 b Fj(word)f Ft(in)h([)h([\(])f Fj(pattern)f
8758 Ft([|)h Fj(pattern)p Ft(]...)m(\))g Fj(command-list)e
8759 Ft(;;]...)h(esac)630 1933 y(case)20 b Fu(will)i(selectiv)m(ely)j
8760 (execute)e(the)e Fr(command-list)k Fu(corresp)s(onding)20
8761 b(to)i(the)g(\014rst)f Fr(pattern)630 2042 y Fu(that)42
8762 b(matc)m(hes)g Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)73 b(If)41 b(the)g Ft(nocasematch)d
8763 Fu(shell)j(option)h(\(see)g(the)g(description)f(of)630
8764 2152 y Ft(shopt)34 b Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f
8765 (Builtin],)k(page)e(64\))g(is)g(enabled,)g(the)g(matc)m(h)g(is)630
8766 2262 y(p)s(erformed)29 b(without)i(regard)g(to)g(the)g(case)h(of)f
8767 (alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters.)44 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(|)p
8768 Fu(')h(is)g(used)630 2371 y(to)e(separate)g(m)m(ultiple)g(patterns,)g
8769 (and)e(the)i(`)p Ft(\))p Fu(')f(op)s(erator)g(terminates)h(a)g(pattern)
8770 f(list.)41 b(A)630 2481 y(list)31 b(of)g(patterns)f(and)g(an)g(asso)s
8771 (ciated)i(command-list)f(is)f(kno)m(wn)g(as)h(a)g Fr(clause)p
8772 Fu(.)630 2610 y(Eac)m(h)42 b(clause)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(terminated)h
8773 (with)e(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(',)45 b(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)f(or)d(`)p
8774 Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)73 b(The)41 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(under-)630
8775 2720 y(go)s(es)35 b(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)g(expansion,)g
8776 (command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)630 2829 y(expansion,)47
8777 b(and)d(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)45 b(b)s(efore)f(matc)m(hing)h(is)f
8778 (attempted.)82 b(Eac)m(h)45 b Fr(pattern)630 2939 y Fu(undergo)s(es)38
8779 b(tilde)h(expansion,)i(parameter)e(expansion,)i(command)d
8780 (substitution,)j(and)630 3049 y(arithmetic)32 b(expansion.)630
8781 3178 y(There)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(an)h(arbitrary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h
8782 Ft(case)f Fu(clauses,)i(eac)m(h)g(terminated)g(b)m(y)e(a)i(`)p
8783 Ft(;;)p Fu(',)630 3288 y(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)c(or)e(`)p
8784 Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)39 b(The)25 b(\014rst)g(pattern)h(that)g(matc)m(hes)h
8785 (determines)e(the)h(command-list)g(that)630 3397 y(is)35
8786 b(executed.)55 b(It's)35 b(a)g(common)g(idiom)g(to)g(use)g(`)p
8787 Ft(*)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014nal)f(pattern)h(to)h(de\014ne)e(the)630
8788 3507 y(default)d(case,)g(since)g(that)g(pattern)f(will)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)h
8789 (matc)m(h.)630 3636 y(Here)j(is)g(an)g(example)h(using)e
8790 Ft(case)g Fu(in)g(a)h(script)g(that)h(could)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h
8791 (describ)s(e)g(one)630 3746 y(in)m(teresting)d(feature)f(of)f(an)g
8792 (animal:)870 3875 y Ft(echo)47 b(-n)g("Enter)f(the)h(name)f(of)i(an)f
8793 (animal:)f(")870 3985 y(read)h(ANIMAL)870 4095 y(echo)g(-n)g("The)f
8794 ($ANIMAL)g(has)h(")870 4204 y(case)g($ANIMAL)e(in)965
8795 4314 y(horse)i(|)g(dog)g(|)h(cat\))e(echo)h(-n)g("four";;)965
8796 4423 y(man)g(|)h(kangaroo)d(\))j(echo)e(-n)i("two";;)965
8797 4533 y(*\))g(echo)e(-n)h("an)g(unknown)f(number)g(of";;)870
8798 4643 y(esac)870 4752 y(echo)h(")g(legs.")630 4902 y Fu(If)25
8799 b(the)h(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(used,)g(no)g(subsequen)m
8800 (t)f(matc)m(hes)i(are)f(attempted)h(after)g(the)f(\014rst)630
8801 5011 y(pattern)g(matc)m(h.)40 b(Using)26 b(`)p Ft(;&)p
8802 Fu(')f(in)h(place)g(of)g(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')g(causes)g(execution)h(to)f
8803 (con)m(tin)m(ue)h(with)f(the)630 5121 y Fr(command-list)39
8804 b Fu(asso)s(ciated)f(with)e(the)g(next)g(clause,)j(if)d(an)m(y)-8
8805 b(.)59 b(Using)37 b(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu(')f(in)g(place)h(of)630
8806 5230 y(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')30 b(causes)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g(test)h(the)f
8807 (patterns)g(in)f(the)h(next)g(clause,)h(if)e(an)m(y)-8
8808 b(,)31 b(and)f(execute)630 5340 y(an)m(y)h(asso)s(ciated)h
8809 Fr(command-list)h Fu(on)d(a)h(successful)f(matc)m(h.)p
8810 eop end
8811 %%Page: 12 18
8812 TeXDict begin 12 17 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8813 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(12)630 299
8814 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(no)g Fr(pattern)g
8815 Fu(is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)g(return)e(status)630
8816 408 y(is)30 b(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h Fr(command-list)i
8817 Fu(executed.)150 564 y Ft(select)630 697 y Fu(The)g Ft(select)f
8818 Fu(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h(the)f(easy)g(generation)h(of)e(men)m(us.)50
8819 b(It)34 b(has)f(almost)i(the)630 806 y(same)c(syn)m(tax)g(as)f(the)h
8820 Ft(for)e Fu(command:)870 939 y Ft(select)46 b Fj(name)h
8821 Ft([in)g Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(];)h(do)h Fj(commands)p
8822 Ft(;)d(done)630 1072 y Fu(The)25 b(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(follo)m(wing)
8823 i Ft(in)d Fu(is)h(expanded,)h(generating)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(items.)39
8824 b(The)25 b(set)h(of)630 1181 y(expanded)i(w)m(ords)h(is)g(prin)m(ted)f
8825 (on)h(the)g(standard)f(error)h(output)f(stream,)i(eac)m(h)g(preceded)
8826 630 1291 y(b)m(y)21 b(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)37 b(If)20
8827 b(the)i(`)p Ft(in)30 b Fj(words)p Fu(')20 b(is)h(omitted,)j(the)d(p)s
8828 (ositional)h(parameters)g(are)f(prin)m(ted,)630 1401
8829 y(as)28 b(if)f(`)p Ft(in)j("$@")p Fu(')d(had)f(b)s(een)h(sp)s
8830 (eci\014ed.)39 b(The)27 b Ft(PS3)g Fu(prompt)f(is)i(then)f(displa)m(y)m
8831 (ed)h(and)f(a)h(line)630 1510 y(is)h(read)f(from)h(the)f(standard)g
8832 (input.)39 b(If)29 b(the)g(line)g(consists)g(of)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e
8833 (corresp)s(onding)630 1620 y(to)36 b(one)f(of)h(the)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h
8834 (w)m(ords,)g(then)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)f Fr(name)40
8835 b Fu(is)35 b(set)h(to)g(that)g(w)m(ord.)54 b(If)630 1729
8836 y(the)37 b(line)h(is)f(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)39 b(the)e(w)m(ords)g(and)f
8837 (prompt)g(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)f(again.)62 b(If)37 b
8838 Ft(EOF)f Fu(is)h(read,)630 1839 y(the)c Ft(select)e Fu(command)i
8839 (completes.)50 b(An)m(y)33 b(other)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(read)g(causes)g
8840 Fr(name)38 b Fu(to)c(b)s(e)e(set)630 1948 y(to)f(n)m(ull.)41
8841 b(The)30 b(line)g(read)h(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)g(the)f(v)-5
8842 b(ariable)31 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)630 2081 y(The)42 b Fr(commands)j
8843 Fu(are)d(executed)h(after)g(eac)m(h)g(selection)h(un)m(til)e(a)h
8844 Ft(break)d Fu(command)i(is)630 2191 y(executed,)32 b(at)f(whic)m(h)f(p)
8845 s(oin)m(t)g(the)h Ft(select)d Fu(command)i(completes.)630
8846 2323 y(Here)39 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(that)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(user)f
8847 (to)i(pic)m(k)f(a)g(\014lename)h(from)e(the)h(curren)m(t)630
8848 2433 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(name)h(and)f
8849 (index)f(of)i(the)g(\014le)f(selected.)870 2566 y Ft(select)46
8850 b(fname)g(in)i(*;)870 2675 y(do)870 2785 y(echo)f(you)g(picked)f
8851 ($fname)g(\\\($REPLY\\\))870 2894 y(break;)870 3004 y(done)150
8852 3160 y(\(\(...)o(\)\))870 3292 y(\(\()h Fj(expression)e
8853 Ft(\)\))630 3425 y Fu(The)33 b(arithmetic)i Fr(expression)f
8854 Fu(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(according)g(to)f(the)g(rules)f(describ)s
8855 (ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)630 3535 y(\(see)j(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f
8856 (Arithmetic],)i(page)f(89\).)55 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5
8857 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(expression)g(is)630 3644 y(non-zero,)27
8858 b(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)g(0;)h(otherwise)f(the)g(return)e(status)i
8859 (is)g(1.)39 b(This)25 b(is)g(exactly)630 3754 y(equiv)-5
8860 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)870 3886 y Ft(let)47 b(")p Fj(expression)p
8861 Ft(")630 4019 y Fu(See)25 b(Section)h(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i(page)f
8862 (49,)i(for)c(a)i(full)f(description)g(of)g(the)h Ft(let)e
8863 Fu(builtin.)150 4175 y Ft([[...)o(]])870 4308 y([[)47
8864 b Fj(expression)e Ft(]])630 4440 y Fu(Return)25 b(a)h(status)f(of)h(0)g
8865 (or)g(1)g(dep)s(ending)e(on)h(the)h(ev)-5 b(aluation)27
8866 b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630 4550 y(sion)j
8867 Fr(expression)p Fu(.)41 b(Expressions)29 b(are)i(comp)s(osed)f(of)g
8868 (the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)630
8869 4659 y(Section)36 b(6.4)h([Bash)f(Conditional)g(Expressions],)h(page)f
8870 (87.)57 b(W)-8 b(ord)36 b(splitting)h(and)e(\014le-)630
8871 4769 y(name)d(expansion)g(are)h(not)g(p)s(erformed)d(on)j(the)f(w)m
8872 (ords)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(and)f Ft(]])p
8873 Fu(;)i(tilde)630 4879 y(expansion,)e(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5
8874 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)g(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(command)630
8875 4988 y(substitution,)40 b(pro)s(cess)f(substitution,)h(and)e(quote)h
8876 (remo)m(v)-5 b(al)40 b(are)f(p)s(erformed.)63 b(Condi-)630
8877 5098 y(tional)32 b(op)s(erators)e(suc)m(h)g(as)h(`)p
8878 Ft(-f)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(unquoted)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j
8879 (as)f(primaries.)630 5230 y(When)k(used)f(with)h Ft([[)p
8880 Fu(,)h(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)g
8881 (sort)g(lexicographically)j(using)d(the)630 5340 y(curren)m(t)30
8882 b(lo)s(cale.)p eop end
8883 %%Page: 13 19
8884 TeXDict begin 13 18 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8885 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(13)630 299
8886 y(When)22 b(the)h(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(!=)p
8887 Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(are)g(used,)g(the)g(string)f(to)i(the)e(righ)m(t)
8888 h(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)630 408 y(is)31 b(considered)g(a)h(pattern)f
8889 (and)g(matc)m(hed)h(according)g(to)g(the)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s
8890 (elo)m(w)h(in)630 518 y(Section)d(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m
8891 (hing],)h(page)f(31,)g(as)f(if)g(the)g Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)g
8892 (w)m(ere)630 628 y(enabled.)46 b(The)31 b(`)p Ft(=)p
8893 Fu(')h(op)s(erator)h(is)f(iden)m(tical)h(to)g(`)p Ft(==)p
8894 Fu('.)46 b(If)31 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)d Fu(shell)j(option)630
8895 737 y(\(see)42 b(the)f(description)g(of)h Ft(shopt)d
8896 Fu(in)i(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)45
8897 b(page)d(64\))630 847 y(is)e(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s
8898 (erformed)g(without)g(regard)h(to)h(the)f(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)630
8899 956 y(c)m(haracters.)h(The)28 b(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)28
8900 b(is)g(0)g(if)g(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hes)h(\(`)p Ft(==)p
8901 Fu('\))f(or)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(matc)m(h)630 1066 y(\(`)p
8902 Ft(!=)p Fu('\)the)33 b(pattern,)g(and)f(1)g(otherwise.)47
8903 b(An)m(y)32 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(pattern)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)g(to)
8904 630 1176 y(force)f(the)g(quoted)f(p)s(ortion)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)
8905 h(as)g(a)f(string.)630 1316 y(An)j(additional)i(binary)e(op)s(erator,)i
8906 (`)p Ft(=~)p Fu(',)g(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)37 b(with)c(the)h(same)g
8907 (precedence)h(as)630 1426 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')29 b(and)f(`)p
8908 Ft(!=)p Fu('.)40 b(When)29 b(it)g(is)g(used,)f(the)h(string)g(to)h(the)
8909 e(righ)m(t)i(of)f(the)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(consid-)630
8910 1536 y(ered)34 b(an)g(extended)g(regular)g(expression)g(and)f(matc)m
8911 (hed)i(accordingly)g(\(as)f(in)g Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(gex)11
8912 b Fu(3\)\).)630 1645 y(The)29 b(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)30
8913 b(is)g(0)g(if)f(the)h(string)g(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(pattern,)g(and)f(1)h
8914 (otherwise.)41 b(If)29 b(the)630 1755 y(regular)e(expression)g(is)h
8915 (syn)m(tactically)i(incorrect,)f(the)e(conditional)i(expression's)e
8916 (return)630 1864 y(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(2.)68 b(If)39
8917 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)c Fu(shell)k(option)g(\(see)g(the)g(description)
8918 g(of)f Ft(shopt)f Fu(in)630 1974 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f
8919 (Builtin],)i(page)g(64\))g(is)f(enabled,)g(the)g(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s
8920 (erformed)630 2084 y(without)36 b(regard)g(to)h(the)f(case)h(of)f
8921 (alphab)s(etic)h(c)m(haracters.)59 b(An)m(y)36 b(part)g(of)h(the)f
8922 (pattern)630 2193 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(force)g(the)g
8923 (quoted)g(p)s(ortion)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)g(a)g(string.)41
8924 b(Brac)m(k)m(et)630 2303 y(expressions)27 b(in)f(regular)i(expressions)
8925 e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(treated)h(carefully)-8 b(,)29 b(since)e(normal)g
8926 (quot-)630 2412 y(ing)38 b(c)m(haracters)h(lose)f(their)g(meanings)f(b)
8927 s(et)m(w)m(een)h(brac)m(k)m(ets.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(pattern)f(is)h
8928 (stored)630 2522 y(in)33 b(a)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35
8929 b(quoting)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(expansion)e(forces)i(the)f(en)m
8930 (tire)g(pattern)g(to)630 2632 y(b)s(e)h(matc)m(hed)i(as)f(a)g(string.)
8931 56 b(Substrings)34 b(matc)m(hed)j(b)m(y)f(paren)m(thesized)g(sub)s
8932 (expressions)630 2741 y(within)k(the)g(regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa)
8933 m(v)m(ed)i(in)d(the)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b
8934 Ft(BASH_REMATCH)p Fu(.)630 2851 y(The)30 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)e
8935 Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)j(index)g(0)h(is)g(the)f(p)s(ortion)g(of)h
8936 (the)f(string)h(matc)m(h-)630 2960 y(ing)j(the)g(en)m(tire)g(regular)g
8937 (expression.)50 b(The)34 b(elemen)m(t)h(of)f Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c
8938 Fu(with)j(index)g Fr(n)630 3070 y Fu(is)d(the)h(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h
8939 (string)f(matc)m(hing)i(the)e Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s
8940 (expression.)630 3211 y(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)h(the)e(follo)m(wing)i
8941 (will)e(matc)m(h)h(a)g(line)f(\(stored)h(in)e(the)i(shell)f(v)-5
8942 b(ariable)28 b Fr(line)5 b Fu(\))28 b(if)630 3320 y(there)22
8943 b(is)g(a)h(sequence)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)g(v)-5
8944 b(alue)23 b(consisting)g(of)f(an)m(y)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(including)630
8945 3430 y(zero,)31 b(of)g(space)g(c)m(haracters,)h(zero)f(or)g(one)f
8946 (instances)h(of)g(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)f(then)g(a)h(`)p Ft(b)p
8947 Fu(':)870 3571 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*\(a\)?b)c(]])630
8948 3712 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p
8949 Ft(aab)p Fu(')e(and)h(`)30 b Ft(aaaaaab)p Fu(')22 b(will)i(matc)m(h,)j
8950 (as)d(will)g(a)g(line)g(con)m(taining)630 3821 y(a)31
8951 b(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(')f(an)m(ywhere)h(in)f(its)g(v)-5 b(alue.)630
8952 3962 y(Storing)31 b(the)g(regular)g(expression)f(in)h(a)g(shell)g(v)-5
8953 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(often)g(a)g(useful)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)f(a)m(v)m(oid)
8954 630 4072 y(problems)f(with)g(quoting)h(c)m(haracters)i(that)e(are)g(sp)
8955 s(ecial)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)41 b(It)31 b(is)g(sometimes)630
8956 4181 y(di\016cult)24 b(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(regular)g(expression)f
8957 (literally)i(without)f(using)e(quotes,)k(or)d(to)h(k)m(eep)630
8958 4291 y(trac)m(k)33 b(of)g(the)f(quoting)g(used)g(b)m(y)g(regular)g
8959 (expressions)g(while)g(pa)m(ying)h(atten)m(tion)h(to)f(the)630
8960 4401 y(shell's)25 b(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)40 b(Using)25
8961 b(a)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(to)f(store)g(the)g(pattern)g
8962 (decreases)g(these)630 4510 y(problems.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31
8963 b(example,)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(is)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
8964 b(to)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e:)870 4651 y Ft(pattern='[[:space:]]*\(a\))o
8965 (?b')870 4761 y([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g($pattern)e(]])630
8966 4902 y Fu(If)28 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)e(c)m
8967 (haracter)j(that's)e(sp)s(ecial)g(to)g(the)g(regular)f(expression)g
8968 (gram-)630 5011 y(mar,)g(it)g(has)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(remo)m
8969 (v)m(e)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning.)40 b(This)27 b(means)g(that)h(in)g
8970 (the)630 5121 y(pattern)e(`)p Ft(xxx.txt)p Fu(',)g(the)h(`)p
8971 Ft(.)p Fu(')f(matc)m(hes)i(an)m(y)e(c)m(haracter)i(in)e(the)h(string)f
8972 (\(its)h(usual)f(regular)630 5230 y(expression)g(meaning\),)i(but)e(in)
8973 g(the)h(pattern)f(`)p Ft("xxx.txt")p Fu(')f(it)i(can)g(only)f(matc)m(h)
8974 i(a)e(literal)630 5340 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu('.)56 b(Shell)35
8975 b(programmers)f(should)h(tak)m(e)i(sp)s(ecial)e(care)i(with)e(bac)m
8976 (kslashes,)i(since)f(bac)m(k-)p eop end
8977 %%Page: 14 20
8978 TeXDict begin 14 19 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8979 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)630 299
8980 y(slashes)27 b(are)g(used)f(b)s(oth)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(and)f
8981 (regular)h(expressions)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)630
8982 408 y(meaning)h(from)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)i(c)m(haracter.)41
8983 b(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)j(t)m(w)m(o)f(sets)f(of)g(commands)g(are)630
8984 518 y Fl(not)40 b Fu(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t:)870 649 y Ft(pattern='\\.')
8985 870 868 y([[)47 b(.)h(=~)f($pattern)e(]])870 978 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f(\\.)g
8986 (]])870 1197 y([[)g(.)h(=~)f("$pattern")e(]])870 1307
8987 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f('\\.')f(]])630 1438 y Fu(The)28 b(\014rst)h(t)m(w)m(o)h
8988 (matc)m(hes)g(will)f(succeed,)h(but)f(the)g(second)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(will)f
8989 (not,)h(b)s(ecause)f(in)g(the)630 1547 y(second)39 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(the)e
8990 (bac)m(kslash)h(will)f(b)s(e)g(part)g(of)g(the)h(pattern)f(to)h(b)s(e)e
8991 (matc)m(hed.)68 b(In)39 b(the)630 1657 y(\014rst)31 b(t)m(w)m(o)h
8992 (examples,)h(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)g
8993 (meaning)f(from)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)h(so)g(the)630 1766
8994 y(literal)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')e(matc)m(hes.)42 b(If)28
8995 b(the)i(string)f(in)g(the)g(\014rst)g(examples)g(w)m(ere)h(an)m(ything)
8996 g(other)f(than)630 1876 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)g(sa)m(y)g(`)p
8997 Ft(a)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)g(w)m(ould)g(not)h(matc)m(h,)h(b)s(ecause)
8998 e(the)g(quoted)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')h(in)e(the)i(pattern)630
8999 1986 y(loses)i(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(of)h(matc)m(hing)g(an)m(y)g
9000 (single)g(c)m(haracter.)630 2116 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e
9001 (com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(op)s(erators,)g(listed)f
9002 (in)f(decreasing)630 2226 y(order)30 b(of)g(precedence:)630
9003 2378 y Ft(\()g Fj(expression)e Ft(\))1110 2488 y Fu(Returns)i(the)h(v)
9004 -5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(expression)p Fu(.)42 b(This)30
9005 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)1110
9006 2598 y(normal)e(precedence)h(of)g(op)s(erators.)630 2750
9007 y Ft(!)f Fj(expression)1110 2860 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
9008 Fr(expression)g Fu(is)h(false.)630 3012 y Fj(expression1)c
9009 Ft(&&)j Fj(expression2)1110 3122 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g
9010 Fr(expression1)38 b Fu(and)29 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(are)31
9011 b(true.)630 3274 y Fj(expression1)c Ft(||)j Fj(expression2)1110
9012 3384 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expression1)38
9013 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(true.)630
9014 3536 y(The)24 b Ft(&&)h Fu(and)f Ft(||)g Fu(op)s(erators)h(do)g(not)g
9015 (ev)-5 b(aluate)27 b Fr(expression2)32 b Fu(if)25 b(the)g(v)-5
9016 b(alue)25 b(of)g Fr(expression1)630 3646 y Fu(is)30 b(su\016cien)m(t)h
9017 (to)g(determine)g(the)f(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(en)m(tire)
9018 g(conditional)h(expression.)150 3838 y Fk(3.2.4.3)63
9019 b(Grouping)43 b(Commands)150 3985 y Fu(Bash)30 b(pro)m(vides)g(t)m(w)m
9020 (o)h(w)m(a)m(ys)f(to)h(group)e(a)h(list)g(of)g(commands)f(to)i(b)s(e)e
9021 (executed)h(as)g(a)h(unit.)40 b(When)29 b(com-)150 4094
9022 y(mands)h(are)i(group)s(ed,)f(redirections)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(applied)i
9023 (to)g(the)f(en)m(tire)h(command)g(list.)44 b(F)-8 b(or)32
9024 b(example,)150 4204 y(the)f(output)f(of)g(all)h(the)g(commands)f(in)g
9025 (the)h(list)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(redirected)i(to)g(a)g(single)g(stream.)
9026 150 4356 y Ft(\(\))870 4487 y(\()47 b Fj(list)g Ft(\))630
9027 4618 y Fu(Placing)30 b(a)f(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i
9028 (paren)m(theses)e(causes)i(a)f(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)630
9029 4728 y(to)k(b)s(e)e(created)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)d
9030 (Execution)i(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)g(page)f(37\),)630 4837
9031 y(and)d(eac)m(h)h(of)g(the)f(commands)g(in)g Fr(list)j
9032 Fu(to)f(b)s(e)d(executed)j(in)e(that)h(subshell.)38 b(Since)28
9033 b(the)f Fr(list)630 4947 y Fu(is)i(executed)g(in)f(a)h(subshell,)g(v)-5
9034 b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(do)g(not)g(remain)f(in)g(e\013ect)j
9035 (after)e(the)630 5057 y(subshell)g(completes.)150 5209
9036 y Ft({})870 5340 y({)47 b Fj(list)p Ft(;)g(})p eop end
9037 %%Page: 15 21
9038 TeXDict begin 15 20 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9039 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(15)630 299
9040 y(Placing)30 b(a)g(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(curly)f
9041 (braces)g(causes)h(the)f(list)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed)630
9042 408 y(in)d(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)f(con)m(text.)42
9043 b(No)27 b(subshell)f(is)g(created.)41 b(The)26 b(semicolon)i(\(or)f
9044 (newline\))630 518 y(follo)m(wing)32 b Fr(list)h Fu(is)d(required.)275
9045 668 y(In)44 b(addition)h(to)h(the)f(creation)i(of)e(a)g(subshell,)j
9046 (there)e(is)f(a)g(subtle)g(di\013erence)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(these)150
9047 778 y(t)m(w)m(o)c(constructs)e(due)g(to)g(historical)i(reasons.)67
9048 b(The)39 b(braces)g(are)h Ft(reserved)28 b(words)p Fu(,)40
9049 b(so)g(they)f(m)m(ust)150 887 y(b)s(e)d(separated)h(from)f(the)g
9050 Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e Ft(blank)p Fu(s)e(or)h(other)h(shell)f(metac)m
9051 (haracters.)62 b(The)36 b(paren)m(theses)h(are)150 997
9052 y Ft(operators)p Fu(,)23 b(and)h(are)g(recognized)i(as)e(separate)i
9053 (tok)m(ens)f(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(ev)m(en)g(if)f(they)g(are)h(not)f
9054 (separated)150 1107 y(from)30 b(the)g Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e(whitespace.)
9055 275 1236 y(The)e(exit)j(status)e(of)h(b)s(oth)f(of)g(these)h
9056 (constructs)g(is)f(the)h(exit)g(status)f(of)h Fr(list)p
9057 Fu(.)150 1426 y Fk(3.2.5)63 b(Copro)s(cesses)150 1573
9058 y Fu(A)37 b Ft(coprocess)c Fu(is)k(a)g(shell)f(command)h(preceded)f(b)m
9059 (y)g(the)h Ft(coproc)d Fu(reserv)m(ed)j(w)m(ord.)59 b(A)36
9060 b(copro)s(cess)h(is)150 1683 y(executed)g(async)m(hronously)g(in)f(a)h
9061 (subshell,)g(as)g(if)g(the)f(command)h(had)f(b)s(een)f(terminated)i
9062 (with)g(the)150 1793 y(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')d(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator,)g
9063 (with)f(a)g(t)m(w)m(o-w)m(a)m(y)i(pip)s(e)d(established)h(b)s(et)m(w)m
9064 (een)h(the)f(executing)h(shell)f(and)f(the)150 1902 y(copro)s(cess.)275
9065 2032 y(The)c(format)i(for)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is:)390
9066 2162 y Ft(coproc)46 b([)p Fj(NAME)p Ft(])g Fj(command)g
9067 Ft([)p Fj(redirections)p Ft(])150 2292 y Fu(This)39 b(creates)j(a)e
9068 (copro)s(cess)h(named)f Fr(NAME)p Fu(.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(NAME)46
9069 b Fu(is)40 b(not)g(supplied,)i(the)e(default)h(name)f(is)150
9070 2401 y Fr(COPR)m(OC)p Fu(.)d Fr(NAME)28 b Fu(m)m(ust)23
9071 b(not)g(b)s(e)e(supplied)h(if)g Fr(command)k Fu(is)d(a)g(simple)f
9072 (command)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.2.1)150 2511 y([Simple)39
9073 b(Commands],)h(page)g(8\);)k(otherwise,)e(it)d(is)g(in)m(terpreted)h
9074 (as)f(the)g(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)h(of)g(the)g(simple)150
9075 2621 y(command.)275 2750 y(When)j(the)i(copro)s(cess)f(is)g(executed,)
9076 48 b(the)43 b(shell)g(creates)i(an)e(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
9077 b(ariable)44 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)150 2860 y([Arra)m(ys],)32
9078 b(page)g(91\))h(named)e Ft(NAME)f Fu(in)h(the)h(con)m(text)h(of)e(the)h
9079 (executing)g(shell.)44 b(The)31 b(standard)f(output)150
9080 2970 y(of)g Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)g(via)g(a)g(pip)s(e)f(to)i
9081 (a)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f(in)g(the)h(executing)h(shell,)f(and)g(that)g
9082 (\014le)150 3079 y(descriptor)i(is)f(assigned)h(to)g
9083 Ft(NAME)p Fu([0].)45 b(The)31 b(standard)g(input)f(of)i
9084 Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)h(via)f(a)g(pip)s(e)150
9085 3189 y(to)39 b(a)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(in)g(the)g(executing)i(shell,)
9086 g(and)e(that)h(\014le)f(descriptor)g(is)g(assigned)h(to)g
9087 Ft(NAME)p Fu([1].)150 3298 y(This)31 b(pip)s(e)g(is)h(established)g(b)s
9088 (efore)g(an)m(y)g(redirections)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)i
9089 (command)e(\(see)i(Section)g(3.6)150 3408 y([Redirections],)25
9090 b(page)e(32\).)39 b(The)21 b(\014le)h(descriptors)g(can)g(b)s(e)f
9091 (utilized)i(as)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)f(shell)g(commands)150
9092 3518 y(and)33 b(redirections)g(using)g(standard)f(w)m(ord)h
9093 (expansions.)49 b(The)33 b(\014le)g(descriptors)g(are)g(not)h(a)m(v)-5
9094 b(ailable)35 b(in)150 3627 y(subshells.)275 3757 y(The)27
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9097 b(alue)29 b(of)150 3867 y(the)k(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b Ft(NAME)p
9098 850 3867 28 4 v 39 w Fu(PID.)g(The)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g
9099 (ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(w)m(ait)h(for)e(the)h(copro)s(cess)150
9100 3976 y(to)e(terminate.)275 4106 y(Since)20 b(the)g(copro)s(cess)h(is)g
9101 (created)g(as)g(an)f(async)m(hronous)g(command,)i(the)f
9102 Ft(coproc)d Fu(command)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)150 4216 y(returns)29
9103 b(success.)41 b(The)30 b(return)f(status)i(of)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is)f
9104 (the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f Fr(command)p Fu(.)150 4406
9105 y Fk(3.2.6)63 b(GNU)41 b(P)m(arallel)150 4553 y Fu(There)30
9106 b(are)h(w)m(a)m(ys)g(to)g(run)f(commands)g(in)g(parallel)h(that)h(are)e
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9108 4662 y(a)e(to)s(ol)g(to)g(do)f(just)g(that.)275 4792
9109 y(GNU)e(P)m(arallel,)i(as)e(its)g(name)f(suggests,)j(can)d(b)s(e)g
9110 (used)g(to)h(build)f(and)g(run)f(commands)h(in)h(parallel.)150
9111 4902 y(Y)-8 b(ou)41 b(ma)m(y)g(run)e(the)h(same)h(command)f(with)g
9112 (di\013eren)m(t)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(whether)39 b(they)i(are)g
9113 (\014lenames,)150 5011 y(usernames,)27 b(hostnames,)h(or)e(lines)h
9114 (read)f(from)h(\014les.)39 b(GNU)27 b(P)m(arallel)i(pro)m(vides)d
9115 (shorthand)g(references)150 5121 y(to)38 b(man)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(most)g
9116 (common)g(op)s(erations)g(\(input)f(lines,)j(v)-5 b(arious)38
9117 b(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g(input)e(line,)150 5230 y(di\013eren)m(t)f(w)
9118 m(a)m(ys)h(to)f(sp)s(ecify)f(the)h(input)f(source,)i(and)e(so)h(on\).)
9119 54 b(P)m(arallel)36 b(can)f(replace)h Ft(xargs)d Fu(or)i(feed)150
9120 5340 y(commands)30 b(from)g(its)h(input)e(sources)h(to)i(sev)m(eral)f
9121 (di\013eren)m(t)g(instances)g(of)g(Bash.)p eop end
9122 %%Page: 16 22
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9126 (P)m(arallel)i(do)s(cumen)m(tation.)48 b(A)33 b(few)f(examples)150
9127 408 y(should)d(pro)m(vide)i(a)g(brief)e(in)m(tro)s(duction)i(to)g(its)g
9128 (use.)275 541 y(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)i(it)e(is)f(easy)h(to)g
9129 (replace)h Ft(xargs)d Fu(to)i(gzip)g(all)g(h)m(tml)g(\014les)f(in)h
9130 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)150 650 y(and)30 b(its)h(sub)s
9131 (directories:)390 783 y Ft(find)47 b(.)g(-type)f(f)i(-name)e('*.html')g
9132 (-print)g(|)h(parallel)f(gzip)150 915 y Fu(If)30 b(y)m(ou)h(need)f(to)h
9133 (protect)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracters)g(suc)m(h)g(as)f(newlines)h(in)f
9134 (\014le)g(names,)h(use)f(\014nd's)f Ft(-print0)150 1025
9135 y Fu(option)i(and)f(parallel's)h Ft(-0)f Fu(option.)275
9136 1157 y(Y)-8 b(ou)34 b(can)g(use)f(P)m(arallel)j(to)e(mo)m(v)m(e)h
9137 (\014les)f(from)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)h(when)f(the)h(n)m(um)m
9138 (b)s(er)e(of)i(\014les)150 1267 y(is)c(to)s(o)i(large)f(to)g(pro)s
9139 (cess)f(with)g(one)h Ft(mv)f Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation:)390
9140 1399 y Ft(ls)47 b(|)h(parallel)d(mv)i({})h(destdir)275
9141 1532 y Fu(As)28 b(y)m(ou)h(can)g(see,)g(the)g Fi({})g
9142 Fu(is)g(replaced)g(with)f(eac)m(h)i(line)f(read)f(from)g(standard)g
9143 (input.)39 b(While)29 b(using)150 1641 y Ft(ls)g Fu(will)h(w)m(ork)g
9144 (in)f(most)h(instances,)h(it)f(is)g(not)g(su\016cien)m(t)g(to)h(deal)f
9145 (with)f(all)i(\014lenames.)40 b(If)30 b(y)m(ou)g(need)f(to)150
9146 1751 y(accommo)s(date)j(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)e(\014lenames,)
9147 h(y)m(ou)f(can)h(use)390 1883 y Ft(find)47 b(.)g(-depth)f(1)i(\\!)f
9148 (-name)f('.*')h(-print0)f(|)h(parallel)f(-0)h(mv)g({})g(destdir)150
9149 2016 y Fu(as)31 b(alluded)f(to)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275
9150 2148 y(This)e(will)i(run)e(as)h(man)m(y)h Ft(mv)e Fu(commands)h(as)h
9151 (there)f(are)h(\014les)f(in)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8
9152 b(.)42 b(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(can)150 2258 y(em)m(ulate)h(a)f(parallel)g
9153 Ft(xargs)e Fu(b)m(y)h(adding)g(the)h Ft(-X)f Fu(option:)390
9154 2390 y Ft(find)47 b(.)g(-depth)f(1)i(\\!)f(-name)f('.*')h(-print0)f(|)h
9155 (parallel)f(-0)h(-X)g(mv)g({})g(destdir)275 2523 y Fu(GNU)31
9156 b(P)m(arallel)i(can)e(replace)h(certain)g(common)g(idioms)f(that)g(op)s
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9158 y(\(in)e(this)h(case,)g(\014lenames)g(listed)g(one)f(p)s(er)g(line\):)
9159 390 2765 y Ft(while)46 b(IFS=)h(read)g(-r)g(x;)g(do)390
9160 2874 y(do-something1)d("$x")j("config-$x")390 2984 y(do-something2)d(<)
9161 k("$x")390 3093 y(done)f(<)g(file)g(|)g(process-output)150
9162 3226 y Fu(with)30 b(a)h(more)f(compact)i(syn)m(tax)f(reminiscen)m(t)g
9163 (of)g(lam)m(b)s(das:)390 3358 y Ft(cat)47 b(list)g(|)g(parallel)f
9164 ("do-something1)d({})48 b(config-{})d(;)i(do-something2)e(<)i({}")g(|)g
9165 (process-output)275 3491 y Fu(P)m(arallel)31 b(pro)m(vides)e(a)h
9166 (built-in)g(mec)m(hanism)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(\014lename)e
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9169 Ft(ls)47 b(*.gz)g(|)g(parallel)f(-j+0)g("zcat)h({})g(|)g(bzip2)g
9170 (>{.}.bz2)e(&&)j(rm)f({}")150 3865 y Fu(This)28 b(will)i(recompress)e
9171 (all)i(\014les)f(in)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(directory)g(with)g(names)g
9172 (ending)f(in)h(.gz)h(using)f(bzip2,)150 3975 y(running)37
9173 b(one)i(job)f(p)s(er)f(CPU)h(\(-j)p Ft(+)p Fu(0\))i(in)e(parallel.)66
9174 b(\(W)-8 b(e)40 b(use)e Ft(ls)g Fu(for)h(brevit)m(y)g(here;)j(using)c
9175 Ft(find)g Fu(as)150 4084 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)e(is)g(more)f(robust)f(in)h
9176 (the)h(face)g(of)f(\014lenames)h(con)m(taining)g(unexp)s(ected)f(c)m
9177 (haracters.\))57 b(P)m(arallel)150 4194 y(can)31 b(tak)m(e)h(argumen)m
9178 (ts)e(from)g(the)h(command)f(line;)h(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(can)f(also)
9179 g(b)s(e)f(written)g(as)390 4326 y Ft(parallel)46 b("zcat)g({})h(|)h
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9181 y Fu(If)24 b(a)i(command)f(generates)h(output,)g(y)m(ou)g(ma)m(y)f(w)m
9182 (an)m(t)h(to)g(preserv)m(e)g(the)f(input)f(order)h(in)g(the)g(output.)
9183 150 4568 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance,)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(command)390
9184 4701 y Ft({)47 b(echo)g(foss.org.my)e(;)i(echo)g(debian.org;)e(echo)h
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9187 (v)m(o)s(cation)h(that)e(\014nishes)e(\014rst.)40 b(Adding)30
9188 b(the)g Ft(-k)g Fu(option)390 4966 y Ft({)47 b(echo)g(foss.org.my)e(;)i
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9190 (-k)i(traceroute)150 5098 y Fu(will)31 b(ensure)e(that)i(the)g(output)f
9191 (of)g Ft(traceroute)e(foss.org.my)f Fu(is)k(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(\014rst.)
9192 275 5230 y(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(P)m(arallel)h(can)e(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i
9193 (run)d(a)i(sequence)h(of)f(shell)g(commands)f(in)h(parallel,)h(similar)
9194 f(to)150 5340 y(`)p Ft(cat)g(file)f(|)h(bash)p Fu('.)53
9195 b(It)35 b(is)g(not)g(uncommon)f(to)i(tak)m(e)g(a)f(list)h(of)f
9196 (\014lenames,)h(create)g(a)g(series)f(of)g(shell)p eop
9197 end
9198 %%Page: 17 23
9199 TeXDict begin 17 22 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9200 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(17)150 299
9201 y(commands)27 b(to)h(op)s(erate)h(on)e(them,)h(and)f(feed)h(that)g
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9203 b(can)f(sp)s(eed)150 408 y(this)i(up.)40 b(Assuming)30
9204 b(that)h Ft(file)e Fu(con)m(tains)i(a)g(list)g(of)g(shell)f(commands,)h
9205 (one)f(p)s(er)g(line,)390 540 y Ft(parallel)46 b(-j)h(10)g(<)g(file)150
9206 672 y Fu(will)37 b(ev)-5 b(aluate)38 b(the)f(commands)f(using)g(the)h
9207 (shell)g(\(since)g(no)f(explicit)i(command)e(is)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)
9208 150 781 y(argumen)m(t\),)31 b(in)f(blo)s(c)m(ks)h(of)g(ten)f(shell)h
9209 (jobs)f(at)h(a)g(time.)150 1016 y Fs(3.3)68 b(Shell)45
9210 b(F)-11 b(unctions)150 1175 y Fu(Shell)35 b(functions)h(are)g(a)g(w)m
9211 (a)m(y)g(to)h(group)e(commands)g(for)h(later)g(execution)h(using)e(a)h
9212 (single)g(name)g(for)150 1285 y(the)f(group.)55 b(They)35
9213 b(are)g(executed)h(just)f(lik)m(e)h(a)g Ft(")p Fu(regular)p
9214 Ft(")f Fu(command.)54 b(When)35 b(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)h(shell)150
9215 1395 y(function)j(is)g(used)f(as)h(a)h(simple)f(command)g(name,)i(the)e
9216 (list)h(of)f(commands)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)d(that)150
9217 1504 y(function)25 b(name)h(is)g(executed.)40 b(Shell)25
9218 b(functions)g(are)i(executed)f(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(con)m
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9220 (terpret)g(them.)275 1745 y(F)-8 b(unctions)30 b(are)h(declared)g
9221 (using)f(this)g(syn)m(tax:)390 1877 y Fj(name)47 b Ft(\(\))g
9222 Fj(compound-command)c Ft([)48 b Fj(redirections)c Ft(])275
9223 2008 y Fu(or)390 2140 y Ft(function)i Fj(name)g Ft([\(\)])h
9224 Fj(compound-command)c Ft([)48 b Fj(redirections)c Ft(])275
9225 2271 y Fu(This)31 b(de\014nes)h(a)h(shell)g(function)g(named)f
9226 Fr(name)p Fu(.)48 b(The)32 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)f
9227 Ft(function)f Fu(is)h(optional.)49 b(If)150 2381 y(the)39
9228 b Ft(function)f Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(is)g(supplied,)i(the)e
9229 (paren)m(theses)h(are)f(optional.)69 b(The)39 b Fr(b)s(o)s(dy)45
9230 b Fu(of)40 b(the)150 2491 y(function)h(is)h(the)g(comp)s(ound)e
9231 (command)h Fr(comp)s(ound-command)j Fu(\(see)e(Section)h(3.2.4)g([Comp)
9232 s(ound)150 2600 y(Commands],)33 b(page)h(9\).)49 b(That)33
9233 b(command)f(is)h(usually)g(a)g Fr(list)j Fu(enclosed)e(b)s(et)m(w)m
9234 (een)f Fi({)h Fu(and)e Fi(})p Fu(,)i(but)e(ma)m(y)150
9235 2710 y(b)s(e)39 b(an)m(y)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(listed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)
9236 m(e,)j(with)d(one)g(exception:)60 b(If)39 b(the)h Ft(function)e
9237 Fu(reserv)m(ed)150 2819 y(w)m(ord)g(is)g(used,)h(but)f(the)g(paren)m
9238 (theses)h(are)f(not)h(supplied,)g(the)f(braces)g(are)h(required.)63
9239 b Fr(comp)s(ound-)150 2929 y(command)39 b Fu(is)c(executed)h(whenev)m
9240 (er)f Fr(name)41 b Fu(is)35 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g(the)h(name)f(of)h
9241 (a)f(command.)56 b(When)35 b(the)150 3038 y(shell)d(is)h(in)f
9242 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.11)h([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s
9243 (de],)j(page)f(96\),)h Fr(name)j Fu(ma)m(y)c(not)g(b)s(e)150
9244 3148 y(the)k(same)g(as)g(one)g(of)g(the)f(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)e
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9250 (deleted)h(using)f(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g
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9252 (Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(42\).)275 3740 y(The)26
9253 b(exit)i(status)g(of)f(a)h(function)f(de\014nition)g(is)g(zero)h
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9256 b(When)32 b(executed,)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(a)g(function)150
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9258 i(in)e(the)g(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(.)275 4091 y(Note)22 b(that)f(for)f
9259 (historical)i(reasons,)h(in)e(the)g(most)g(common)g(usage)g(the)g
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9261 (the)f(function)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(separated)h(from)f(the)g(b)s(o)s
9262 (dy)f(b)m(y)h Ft(blank)p Fu(s)f(or)h(newlines.)62 b(This)150
9263 4310 y(is)38 b(b)s(ecause)g(the)h(braces)f(are)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m
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9266 (whitespace)h(or)g(another)g(shell)g(metac)m(haracter.)41
9267 b(Also,)28 b(when)150 4529 y(using)i(the)g(braces,)h(the)g
9268 Fr(list)i Fu(m)m(ust)d(b)s(e)g(terminated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(semicolon,)h(a)
9269 e(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(or)g(a)f(newline.)275 4660 y(When)i(a)i(function)f
9270 (is)g(executed,)i(the)e(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)f(function)g(b)s(ecome)
9271 g(the)h(p)s(ositional)g(pa-)150 4770 y(rameters)42 b(during)e(its)i
9272 (execution)h(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4.1)h([P)m(ositional)h(P)m
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9274 b(parameter)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(that)h(expands)e(to)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)
9275 s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(is)g(up)s(dated)f(to)150
9276 4989 y(re\015ect)h(the)f(c)m(hange.)56 b(Sp)s(ecial)35
9277 b(parameter)h Ft(0)f Fu(is)g(unc)m(hanged.)54 b(The)35
9278 b(\014rst)f(elemen)m(t)j(of)e(the)g Ft(FUNCNAME)150 5099
9279 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(the)e(name)h(of)f(the)h
9280 (function)f(while)g(the)h(function)f(is)g(executing.)275
9281 5230 y(All)25 b(other)g(asp)s(ects)g(of)g(the)g(shell)g(execution)h(en)
9282 m(vironmen)m(t)g(are)f(iden)m(tical)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)f(function)g
9283 (and)150 5340 y(its)35 b(caller)i(with)d(these)i(exceptions:)50
9284 b(the)36 b Ft(DEBUG)d Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)g Fu(traps)g(are)i(not)f
9285 (inherited)f(unless)h(the)p eop end
9286 %%Page: 18 24
9287 TeXDict begin 18 23 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9288 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(18)150 299
9289 y(function)26 b(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m(en)i(the)g Ft(trace)d
9290 Fu(attribute)j(using)f(the)g Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)i(or)g(the)h
9291 Ft(-o)i(functrace)150 408 y Fu(option)f(has)e(b)s(een)h(enabled)g(with)
9292 g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin,)i(\(in)f(whic)m(h)f(case)j(all)f
9293 (functions)e(inherit)h(the)g Ft(DEBUG)150 518 y Fu(and)33
9294 b Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps\),)j(and)e(the)h Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)h(is)g(not)g
9295 (inherited)f(unless)g(the)h Ft(-o)c(errtrace)h Fu(shell)j(option)150
9296 628 y(has)h(b)s(een)f(enabled.)55 b(See)35 b(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f
9297 (Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(42,)i(for)c(the)i(description)f(of)150
9298 737 y(the)c Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin.)275 885 y(The)38 b
9299 Ft(FUNCNEST)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(if)d(set)h(to)g(a)g(n)m(umeric)f
9300 (v)-5 b(alue)39 b(greater)h(than)f(0,)j(de\014nes)d(a)g(maxim)m(um)150
9301 995 y(function)24 b(nesting)h(lev)m(el.)40 b(F)-8 b(unction)25
9302 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations)i(that)e(exceed)g(the)g(limit)g(cause)g(the)g
9303 (en)m(tire)g(command)150 1105 y(to)31 b(ab)s(ort.)275
9304 1253 y(If)37 b(the)g(builtin)g(command)h Ft(return)d
9305 Fu(is)j(executed)g(in)g(a)g(function,)h(the)e(function)h(completes)h
9306 (and)150 1362 y(execution)25 b(resumes)e(with)h(the)g(next)g(command)f
9307 (after)i(the)f(function)f(call.)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(command)f(asso)s
9308 (ciated)150 1472 y(with)36 b(the)h Ft(RETURN)d Fu(trap)i(is)h(executed)
9309 g(b)s(efore)f(execution)i(resumes.)57 b(When)37 b(a)f(function)g
9310 (completes,)150 1581 y(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(of)f(the)g(p)s
9311 (ositional)h(parameters)f(and)g(the)g(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)f(`)p
9312 Ft(#)p Fu(')g(are)h(restored)f(to)h(the)150 1691 y(v)-5
9313 b(alues)26 b(they)f(had)g(prior)f(to)i(the)g(function's)f(execution.)40
9314 b(If)25 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(giv)m(en)h(to)g
9315 Ft(return)p Fu(,)150 1801 y(that)j(is)g(the)f(function's)h(return)e
9316 (status;)j(otherwise)f(the)f(function's)h(return)e(status)i(is)f(the)h
9317 (exit)h(status)150 1910 y(of)h(the)f(last)h(command)f(executed)i(b)s
9318 (efore)e(the)g Ft(return)p Fu(.)275 2058 y(V)-8 b(ariables)31
9319 b(lo)s(cal)g(to)f(the)g(function)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(declared)h(with)f
9320 (the)h Ft(local)f Fu(builtin.)40 b(These)29 b(v)-5 b(ariables)150
9321 2168 y(are)31 b(visible)g(only)f(to)h(the)g(function)f(and)g(the)g
9322 (commands)g(it)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(es.)275 2316 y(F)-8 b(unction)51
9323 b(names)f(and)g(de\014nitions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h(with)f(the)h
9324 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(declare)150 2426 y
9325 Fu(\()p Ft(typeset)p Fu(\))35 b(builtin)g(command)h(\(see)h(Section)g
9326 (4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(49\).)59 b(The)35
9327 b Ft(-F)h Fu(option)g(to)150 2535 y Ft(declare)e Fu(or)i
9328 Ft(typeset)e Fu(will)i(list)h(the)f(function)g(names)g(only)g(\(and)g
9329 (optionally)h(the)f(source)g(\014le)h(and)150 2645 y(line)c(n)m(um)m(b)
9330 s(er,)g(if)f(the)h Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled\).)49
9331 b(F)-8 b(unctions)33 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(exp)s(orted)g(so)h(that)150
9332 2754 y(subshells)j(automatically)k(ha)m(v)m(e)f(them)e(de\014ned)f
9333 (with)h(the)h Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(export)d
9334 Fu(builtin)i(\(see)150 2864 y(Section)c(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g
9335 (Builtins],)i(page)f(42\).)47 b(Note)33 b(that)g(shell)f(functions)g
9336 (and)f(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(with)150 2973 y(the)d(same)g(name)g(ma)m(y)
9337 g(result)g(in)g(m)m(ultiple)g(iden)m(tically-named)i(en)m(tries)f(in)e
9338 (the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(passed)150 3083 y(to)h(the)g(shell's)f(c)m
9339 (hildren.)41 b(Care)30 b(should)g(b)s(e)f(tak)m(en)j(in)e(cases)h
9340 (where)f(this)g(ma)m(y)h(cause)g(a)g(problem.)275 3231
9341 y(F)-8 b(unctions)33 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(recursiv)m(e.)48
9342 b(The)32 b Ft(FUNCNEST)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g
9343 (to)i(limit)g(the)f(depth)f(of)150 3341 y(the)27 b(function)f(call)i
9344 (stac)m(k)h(and)d(restrict)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(function)f
9345 (in)m(v)m(o)s(cations.)42 b(By)27 b(default,)g(no)g(limit)150
9346 3450 y(is)j(placed)h(on)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(recursiv)m(e)f
9347 (calls.)150 3711 y Fs(3.4)68 b(Shell)45 b(P)l(arameters)150
9348 3871 y Fu(A)23 b Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(is)23 b(an)g(en)m(tit)m(y)i(that)
9349 f(stores)g(v)-5 b(alues.)39 b(It)23 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(a)g
9350 Ft(name)p Fu(,)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(or)h(one)f(of)h(the)f(sp)s
9351 (ecial)150 3980 y(c)m(haracters)i(listed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)39
9352 b(A)23 b Fr(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b Fu(is)23 b(a)g(parameter)h(denoted)f(b)
9353 m(y)h(a)f Ft(name)p Fu(.)37 b(A)24 b(v)-5 b(ariable)24
9354 b(has)f(a)g Fr(v)-5 b(alue)150 4090 y Fu(and)33 b(zero)i(or)f(more)g
9355 Fr(attributes)p Fu(.)52 b(A)m(ttributes)35 b(are)f(assigned)g(using)g
9356 (the)g Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(command)150 4200 y(\(see)e(the)g
9357 (description)f(of)h(the)f Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.2)
9358 g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)275 4348 y(A)d(parameter)h(is)g
9359 (set)g(if)f(it)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(assigned)h(a)g(v)-5
9360 b(alue.)40 b(The)28 b(n)m(ull)h(string)f(is)h(a)g(v)-5
9361 b(alid)28 b(v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(Once)150 4457 y(a)31 b(v)-5
9362 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(unset)g(only)h(b)m(y)f
9363 (using)g(the)g Ft(unset)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)275 4605
9364 y(A)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)g(to)i(b)m(y)e(a)h
9365 (statemen)m(t)h(of)e(the)h(form)390 4754 y Fj(name)p
9366 Ft(=[)p Fj(value)p Ft(])150 4902 y Fu(If)j Fr(v)-5 b(alue)40
9367 b Fu(is)35 b(not)g(giv)m(en,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35
9368 b(is)g(assigned)g(the)f(n)m(ull)h(string.)53 b(All)35
9369 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Fu(s)35 b(undergo)f(tilde)h(ex-)150
9370 5011 y(pansion,)h(parameter)f(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36
9371 b(expansion,)f(command)g(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)150
9372 5121 y(and)k(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)42 b(\(detailed)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)
9373 72 b(If)40 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)g(its)g Ft(integer)e
9374 Fu(attribute)i(set,)j(then)150 5230 y Fr(v)-5 b(alue)38
9375 b Fu(is)33 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(as)f(an)g(arithmetic)h(expression)f
9376 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h Ft($\(\(...)o(\)\))f Fu(expansion)h(is)g(not)g
9377 (used)150 5340 y(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.5)i([Arithmetic)e(Expansion],)f
9378 (page)h(29\).)42 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(splitting)g(is)g(not)f(p)s
9379 (erformed,)f(with)p eop end
9380 %%Page: 19 25
9381 TeXDict begin 19 24 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9382 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(19)150 299
9383 y(the)35 b(exception)h(of)f Ft("$@")f Fu(as)h(explained)g(b)s(elo)m(w.)
9384 54 b(Filename)36 b(expansion)f(is)g(not)g(p)s(erformed.)53
9385 b(Assign-)150 408 y(men)m(t)33 b(statemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)f(also)g(app)s
9386 (ear)f(as)g(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g Ft(alias)p Fu(,)e
9387 Ft(declare)p Fu(,)g Ft(typeset)p Fu(,)g Ft(export)p Fu(,)150
9388 518 y Ft(readonly)p Fu(,)38 b(and)g Ft(local)f Fu(builtin)h(commands)g
9389 (\()p Fr(declaration)j Fu(commands\).)64 b(When)39 b(in)f
9390 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)150 628 y(\(see)c(Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)g(POSIX)
9391 d(Mo)s(de],)j(page)f(96\),)i(these)e(builtins)f(ma)m(y)i(app)s(ear)e
9392 (in)g(a)h(command)150 737 y(after)i(one)g(or)f(more)h(instances)g(of)f
9393 (the)h Ft(command)d Fu(builtin)i(and)g(retain)h(these)g(assignmen)m(t)g
9394 (statemen)m(t)150 847 y(prop)s(erties.)275 994 y(In)29
9395 b(the)h(con)m(text)i(where)d(an)h(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(t)h(is)e
9396 (assigning)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(to)h(a)f(shell)g(v)-5
9397 b(ariable)31 b(or)150 1104 y(arra)m(y)24 b(index)f(\(see)h(Section)g
9398 (6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)i(page)e(91\),)i(the)e(`)p Ft(+=)p
9399 Fu(')f(op)s(erator)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(app)s(end)e(to)i(or)150
9400 1213 y(add)k(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)30 b(previous)e(v)-5
9401 b(alue.)41 b(This)28 b(includes)g(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f(builtin)g
9402 (commands)f(suc)m(h)h(as)150 1323 y Ft(declare)e Fu(that)i(accept)h
9403 (assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h(\()p Fr(declaration)h
9404 Fu(commands\).)40 b(When)28 b(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')h(is)f(applied)150
9405 1433 y(to)d(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(for)g(whic)m(h)f(the)h
9406 Fr(in)m(teger)32 b Fu(attribute)24 b(has)g(b)s(een)f(set,)j
9407 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)29 b Fu(is)24 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)25 b(as)f(an)g
9408 (arithmetic)150 1542 y(expression)30 b(and)f(added)g(to)i(the)f(v)-5
9409 b(ariable's)30 b(curren)m(t)g(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(whic)m(h)e(is)h(also)h
9410 (ev)-5 b(aluated.)42 b(When)29 b(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')h(is)150
9411 1652 y(applied)25 b(to)h(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)26
9412 b(using)f(comp)s(ound)f(assignmen)m(t)i(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m
9413 (ys],)h(page)f(91\),)150 1761 y(the)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable's)33
9414 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(not)g(unset)f(\(as)h(it)g(is)g(when)e(using)i
9415 (`)p Ft(=)p Fu('\),)g(and)f(new)g(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(are)g(app)s(ended)e
9416 (to)150 1871 y(the)26 b(arra)m(y)h(b)s(eginning)e(at)i(one)f(greater)h
9417 (than)f(the)g(arra)m(y's)h(maxim)m(um)f(index)f(\(for)i(indexed)e(arra)
9418 m(ys\),)j(or)150 1980 y(added)c(as)i(additional)g(k)m(ey-v)-5
9419 b(alue)26 b(pairs)f(in)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)-8
9420 b(.)40 b(When)24 b(applied)h(to)h(a)g(string-v)-5 b(alued)150
9421 2090 y(v)g(ariable,)31 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fu(is)31
9422 b(expanded)e(and)h(app)s(ended)f(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)32
9423 b(v)-5 b(alue.)275 2237 y(A)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(can)f(b)s(e)f
9424 (assigned)i(the)f Fr(nameref)45 b Fu(attribute)29 b(using)f(the)g
9425 Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(to)g(the)f Ft(declare)e Fu(or)150
9426 2347 y Ft(local)f Fu(builtin)h(commands)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)h
9427 ([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)f(49\))h(to)f(create)i(a)e
9428 Fr(nameref)p Fu(,)g(or)g(a)150 2457 y(reference)f(to)g(another)f(v)-5
9429 b(ariable.)40 b(This)24 b(allo)m(ws)j(v)-5 b(ariables)26
9430 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(manipulated)h(indirectly)-8 b(.)40 b(Whenev)m(er)150
9431 2566 y(the)31 b(nameref)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)f(referenced,)g
9432 (assigned)h(to,)g(unset,)f(or)g(has)f(its)i(attributes)f(mo)s(di\014ed)
9433 f(\(other)150 2676 y(than)c(using)g(or)h(c)m(hanging)g(the)g(nameref)f
9434 (attribute)i(itself)7 b(\),)29 b(the)d(op)s(eration)h(is)g(actually)h
9435 (p)s(erformed)d(on)150 2785 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31
9436 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(nameref)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)31
9437 b(v)-5 b(alue.)42 b(A)30 b(nameref)g(is)h(commonly)g(used)e(within)150
9438 2895 y(shell)h(functions)g(to)h(refer)f(to)h(a)f(v)-5
9439 b(ariable)31 b(whose)f(name)h(is)f(passed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)
9440 g(the)f(function.)150 3005 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance,)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5
9441 b(ariable)31 b(name)f(is)h(passed)e(to)j(a)e(shell)h(function)f(as)h
9442 (its)f(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t,)h(running)390 3152 y Ft(declare)46
9443 b(-n)h(ref=$1)150 3299 y Fu(inside)31 b(the)h(function)f(creates)i(a)g
9444 (nameref)e(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b Fr(ref)49 b Fu(whose)32
9445 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name)e(passed)150
9446 3409 y(as)e(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t.)41 b(References)30
9447 b(and)e(assignmen)m(ts)i(to)g Fr(ref)p Fu(,)f(and)g(c)m(hanges)h(to)g
9448 (its)f(attributes,)i(are)150 3518 y(treated)g(as)f(references,)g
9449 (assignmen)m(ts,)h(and)e(attribute)i(mo)s(di\014cations)f(to)h(the)f(v)
9450 -5 b(ariable)30 b(whose)g(name)150 3628 y(w)m(as)h(passed)f(as)g
9451 Ft($1)p Fu(.)275 3775 y(If)h(the)g(con)m(trol)i(v)-5
9452 b(ariable)32 b(in)g(a)f Ft(for)g Fu(lo)s(op)h(has)f(the)g(nameref)h
9453 (attribute,)g(the)g(list)g(of)g(w)m(ords)f(can)h(b)s(e)150
9454 3885 y(a)h(list)h(of)f(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables,)34 b(and)e(a)i(name)f
9455 (reference)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(established)h(for)g(eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(in)
9456 h(the)g(list,)150 3995 y(in)c(turn,)g(when)g(the)h(lo)s(op)g(is)g
9457 (executed.)41 b(Arra)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(cannot)h(b)s(e)e
9458 (giv)m(en)h(the)g(nameref)g(attribute.)150 4104 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)39
9459 b(nameref)d(v)-5 b(ariables)36 b(can)g(reference)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
9460 b(ariables)37 b(and)e(subscripted)f(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariables.)150
9461 4214 y(Namerefs)36 b(can)f(b)s(e)g(unset)g(using)g(the)h
9462 Ft(-n)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)
9463 g(4.1)h([Bourne)150 4323 y(Shell)43 b(Builtins],)j(page)e(42\).)79
9464 b(Otherwise,)45 b(if)e Ft(unset)e Fu(is)i(executed)h(with)e(the)h(name)
9465 g(of)g(a)g(nameref)150 4433 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(as)g(an)f(argumen)m
9466 (t,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(referenced)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(nameref)f(v)
9467 -5 b(ariable)31 b(will)g(b)s(e)f(unset.)150 4645 y Fk(3.4.1)63
9468 b(P)m(ositional)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 4792 y Fu(A)28
9469 b Fr(p)s(ositional)h(parameter)35 b Fu(is)28 b(a)g(parameter)g(denoted)
9470 g(b)m(y)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h(other)g(than)e(the)h(single)150
9471 4902 y(digit)34 b Ft(0)p Fu(.)48 b(P)m(ositional)36 b(parameters)d(are)
9472 g(assigned)h(from)e(the)i(shell's)f(argumen)m(ts)g(when)f(it)i(is)f(in)
9473 m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)150 5011 y(and)38 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(reassigned)i(using)
9474 e(the)h Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)f(command.)67 b(P)m(ositional)41
9475 b(parameter)e Ft(N)g Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 5121 y(referenced)34
9476 b(as)h Ft(${N})p Fu(,)g(or)f(as)h Ft($N)e Fu(when)h Ft(N)g
9477 Fu(consists)h(of)f(a)h(single)g(digit.)54 b(P)m(ositional)37
9478 b(parameters)d(ma)m(y)150 5230 y(not)j(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)g(with)f
9479 (assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts.)61 b(The)36 b Ft(set)g
9480 Fu(and)g Ft(shift)f Fu(builtins)h(are)h(used)f(to)150
9481 5340 y(set)k(and)f(unset)f(them)i(\(see)g(Chapter)f(4)g([Shell)h
9482 (Builtin)g(Commands],)h(page)f(42\).)68 b(The)39 b(p)s(ositional)p
9483 eop end
9484 %%Page: 20 26
9485 TeXDict begin 20 25 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9486 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(20)150 299
9487 y(parameters)44 b(are)g(temp)s(orarily)g(replaced)h(when)e(a)h(shell)g
9488 (function)g(is)g(executed)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.3)150
9489 408 y([Shell)30 b(F)-8 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(17\).)275
9490 540 y(When)c(a)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(consisting)f(of)h(more)f
9491 (than)g(a)g(single)h(digit)g(is)f(expanded,)g(it)h(m)m(ust)150
9492 650 y(b)s(e)h(enclosed)h(in)f(braces.)150 844 y Fk(3.4.2)63
9493 b(Sp)s(ecial)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 991 y Fu(The)d(shell)g(treats)h
9494 (sev)m(eral)g(parameters)f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)65 b(These)38
9495 b(parameters)h(ma)m(y)f(only)g(b)s(e)g(referenced;)150
9496 1101 y(assignmen)m(t)31 b(to)g(them)g(is)f(not)h(allo)m(w)m(ed.)150
9497 1255 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(\($*\))38 b(Expands)d(to)i(the)f(p)s(ositional)h
9498 (parameters,)h(starting)f(from)f(one.)59 b(When)36 b(the)g(ex-)630
9499 1365 y(pansion)h(is)h(not)g(within)f(double)g(quotes,)j(eac)m(h)f(p)s
9500 (ositional)f(parameter)g(expands)f(to)i(a)630 1474 y(separate)e(w)m
9501 (ord.)56 b(In)35 b(con)m(texts)i(where)e(it)h(is)g(p)s(erformed,)g
9502 (those)g(w)m(ords)f(are)h(sub)5 b(ject)35 b(to)630 1584
9503 y(further)h(w)m(ord)h(splitting)h(and)f(pathname)g(expansion.)61
9504 b(When)38 b(the)f(expansion)g(o)s(ccurs)630 1694 y(within)25
9505 b(double)h(quotes,)h(it)f(expands)f(to)i(a)f(single)g(w)m(ord)f(with)h
9506 (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(eac)m(h)h(param-)630 1803
9507 y(eter)32 b(separated)h(b)m(y)e(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f
9508 (the)g Ft(IFS)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)45 b(That)32
9509 b(is,)g Ft("$*")630 1913 y Fu(is)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
9510 b(to)g Ft("$1)p Fj(c)p Ft($2)p Fj(c)p Ft(...)m(")p Fu(,)f(where)g
9511 Fr(c)37 b Fu(is)31 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)g(v)-5
9512 b(alue)32 b(of)f(the)630 2022 y Ft(IFS)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)41
9513 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)f(the)h(parameters)g(are)g(separated)
9514 g(b)m(y)g(spaces.)41 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)630 2132
9515 y(n)m(ull,)i(the)f(parameters)h(are)g(joined)f(without)g(in)m(terv)m
9516 (ening)i(separators.)150 2286 y Ft(@)432 b Fu(\($@\))35
9517 b(Expands)e(to)i(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters,)h(starting)f(from)f
9518 (one.)53 b(When)34 b(the)g(ex-)630 2396 y(pansion)41
9519 b(o)s(ccurs)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)k(eac)m(h)d(parameter)g
9520 (expands)e(to)i(a)g(separate)630 2506 y(w)m(ord.)50 b(That)34
9521 b(is,)g Ft("$@")f Fu(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)35 b(to)g
9522 Ft("$1")29 b("$2")g(...)o Fu(.)51 b(If)33 b(the)h(double-quoted)f(ex-)
9523 630 2615 y(pansion)38 b(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)i(the)e
9524 (expansion)g(of)g(the)g(\014rst)f(parameter)h(is)g(joined)630
9525 2725 y(with)i(the)h(b)s(eginning)e(part)i(of)f(the)h(original)g(w)m
9526 (ord,)i(and)d(the)h(expansion)f(of)g(the)h(last)630 2834
9527 y(parameter)31 b(is)f(joined)g(with)f(the)i(last)g(part)e(of)i(the)f
9528 (original)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(When)30 b(there)h(are)f(no)630
9529 2944 y(p)s(ositional)e(parameters,)h Ft("$@")d Fu(and)h
9530 Ft($@)f Fu(expand)h(to)h(nothing)f(\(i.e.,)j(they)e(are)f(remo)m(v)m
9531 (ed\).)150 3098 y Ft(#)432 b Fu(\($#\))31 b(Expands)e(to)i(the)g(n)m
9532 (um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i(parameters)e(in)g(decimal.)150
9533 3253 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(\($?\))88 b(Expands)45 b(to)h(the)g(exit)h(status)
9534 f(of)g(the)g(most)h(recen)m(tly)g(executed)g(foreground)630
9535 3362 y(pip)s(eline.)150 3517 y Ft(-)432 b Fu(\($-,)24
9536 b(a)e(h)m(yphen.\))37 b(Expands)20 b(to)i(the)f(curren)m(t)h(option)f
9537 (\015ags)h(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(up)s(on)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)630
9538 3626 y(b)m(y)38 b(the)h Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(command,)j(or)d(those)i
9539 (set)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell)g(itself)g(\(suc)m(h)g(as)g(the)g
9540 Ft(-i)630 3736 y Fu(option\).)150 3890 y Ft($)432 b Fu(\($$\))31
9541 b(Expands)d(to)j(the)e(pro)s(cess)h Fm(id)f Fu(of)h(the)g(shell.)41
9542 b(In)28 b(a)i Ft(\(\))f Fu(subshell,)h(it)g(expands)e(to)j(the)630
9543 4000 y(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)g(in)m(v)m(oking)g(shell,)g
9544 (not)g(the)f(subshell.)150 4154 y Ft(!)432 b Fu(\($!\))51
9545 b(Expands)32 b(to)i(the)g(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)h Fu(of)f(the)h(job)f
9546 (most)h(recen)m(tly)h(placed)f(in)m(to)g(the)g(bac)m(k-)630
9547 4264 y(ground,)26 b(whether)g(executed)g(as)h(an)f(async)m(hronous)f
9548 (command)h(or)g(using)g(the)g Ft(bg)f Fu(builtin)630
9549 4374 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(7.2)f([Job)f(Con)m(trol)h(Builtins],)g
9550 (page)h(101\).)150 4528 y Ft(0)432 b Fu(\($0\))46 b(Expands)d(to)i(the)
9551 g(name)g(of)f(the)h(shell)g(or)f(shell)h(script.)83 b(This)44
9552 b(is)g(set)h(at)h(shell)630 4638 y(initialization.)d(If)27
9553 b(Bash)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(with)e(a)i(\014le)e(of)h(commands)g
9554 (\(see)g(Section)h(3.8)g([Shell)630 4747 y(Scripts],)g(page)g(40\),)h
9555 Ft($0)e Fu(is)h(set)g(to)g(the)f(name)h(of)f(that)h(\014le.)41
9556 b(If)28 b(Bash)g(is)h(started)g(with)f(the)630 4857 y
9557 Ft(-c)i Fu(option)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)h(Bash],)g
9558 (page)f(82\),)i(then)d Ft($0)g Fu(is)h(set)g(to)h(the)f(\014rst)630
9559 4966 y(argumen)m(t)g(after)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed,)i
9560 (if)f(one)g(is)f(presen)m(t.)42 b(Otherwise,)31 b(it)g(is)f(set)630
9561 5076 y(to)h(the)g(\014lename)f(used)g(to)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(Bash,)f
9562 (as)g(giv)m(en)g(b)m(y)f(argumen)m(t)h(zero.)150 5230
9563 y Ft(_)432 b Fu(\($)p 716 5230 28 4 v 41 w(,)41 b(an)e(underscore.\))67
9564 b(A)m(t)40 b(shell)f(startup,)i(set)f(to)g(the)f(absolute)h(pathname)f
9565 (used)f(to)630 5340 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)43 b(the)e(shell)g(or)g(shell)g
9566 (script)g(b)s(eing)f(executed)i(as)f(passed)g(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)
9567 m(t)p eop end
9568 %%Page: 21 27
9569 TeXDict begin 21 26 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9570 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(21)630 299
9571 y(or)34 b(argumen)m(t)g(list.)52 b(Subsequen)m(tly)-8
9572 b(,)34 b(expands)f(to)i(the)f(last)h(argumen)m(t)f(to)g(the)g(previous)
9573 630 408 y(command,)g(after)f(expansion.)48 b(Also)34
9574 b(set)g(to)f(the)g(full)g(pathname)g(used)f(to)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(eac)
9575 m(h)630 518 y(command)29 b(executed)h(and)f(placed)g(in)g(the)h(en)m
9576 (vironmen)m(t)f(exp)s(orted)g(to)h(that)g(command.)630
9577 628 y(When)g(c)m(hec)m(king)i(mail,)g(this)e(parameter)h(holds)f(the)g
9578 (name)h(of)f(the)h(mail)g(\014le.)150 878 y Fs(3.5)68
9579 b(Shell)45 b(Expansions)150 1037 y Fu(Expansion)27 b(is)i(p)s(erformed)
9580 d(on)i(the)g(command)g(line)h(after)f(it)h(has)f(b)s(een)f(split)h(in)m
9581 (to)i Ft(token)p Fu(s.)38 b(There)28 b(are)150 1147 y(sev)m(en)j(kinds)
9582 e(of)i(expansion)f(p)s(erformed:)225 1287 y Fq(\017)60
9583 b Fu(brace)31 b(expansion)225 1425 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(tilde)31
9584 b(expansion)225 1562 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(parameter)31 b(and)f(v)-5
9585 b(ariable)31 b(expansion)225 1700 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(command)30
9586 b(substitution)225 1837 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(arithmetic)32
9587 b(expansion)225 1975 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting)225
9588 2112 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(\014lename)31 b(expansion)275
9589 2281 y(The)24 b(order)h(of)h(expansions)f(is:)39 b(brace)25
9590 b(expansion;)j(tilde)e(expansion,)g(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5
9591 b(ariable)26 b(ex-)150 2391 y(pansion,)j(arithmetic)i(expansion,)f(and)
9592 f(command)g(substitution)g(\(done)g(in)h(a)f(left-to-righ)m(t)k
9593 (fashion\);)150 2500 y(w)m(ord)d(splitting;)h(and)f(\014lename)h
9594 (expansion.)275 2641 y(On)42 b(systems)h(that)h(can)g(supp)s(ort)e(it,)
9595 47 b(there)d(is)f(an)h(additional)g(expansion)f(a)m(v)-5
9596 b(ailable:)69 b Fr(pro)s(cess)150 2750 y(substitution)p
9597 Fu(.)50 b(This)33 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(at)j(the)f(same)g(time)g(as)g
9598 (tilde,)i(parameter,)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b(and)f(arith-)150
9599 2860 y(metic)d(expansion)g(and)e(command)i(substitution.)275
9600 3001 y(After)f(these)h(expansions)f(are)g(p)s(erformed,)f(quote)i(c)m
9601 (haracters)h(presen)m(t)e(in)g(the)g(original)i(w)m(ord)e(are)150
9602 3110 y(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(unless)f(they)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(quoted)g
9603 (themselv)m(es)i(\()p Fr(quote)f(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)t Fu(\).)275
9604 3251 y(Only)35 b(brace)i(expansion,)h(w)m(ord)e(splitting,)j(and)d
9605 (\014lename)g(expansion)g(can)h(c)m(hange)h(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150
9606 3360 y(of)h(w)m(ords)f(of)g(the)h(expansion;)i(other)e(expansions)f
9607 (expand)g(a)h(single)g(w)m(ord)f(to)h(a)g(single)g(w)m(ord.)58
9608 b(The)150 3470 y(only)32 b(exceptions)i(to)f(this)f(are)h(the)f
9609 (expansions)g(of)h Ft("$@")e Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(3.4.2)h([Sp)s(ecial)f
9610 (P)m(arameters],)150 3580 y(page)e(20\))h(and)d Ft("${)p
9611 Fj(name)p Ft([@]}")e Fu(\(see)32 b(Section)f(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)h(page)
9612 f(91\).)275 3720 y(After)41 b(all)i(expansions,)h Ft(quote)29
9613 b(removal)40 b Fu(\(see)i(Section)h(3.5.9)g([Quote)f(Remo)m(v)-5
9614 b(al],)47 b(page)42 b(32\))h(is)150 3830 y(p)s(erformed.)150
9615 4035 y Fk(3.5.1)63 b(Brace)40 b(Expansion)150 4182 y
9616 Fu(Brace)32 b(expansion)f(is)f(a)i(mec)m(hanism)f(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)h
9617 (arbitrary)f(strings)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(generated.)43
9618 b(This)30 b(mec)m(h-)150 4292 y(anism)35 b(is)h(similar)f(to)h
9619 Fr(\014lename)g(expansion)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.8)h([Filename)g
9620 (Expansion],)f(page)g(30\),)150 4401 y(but)26 b(the)h(\014lenames)g
9621 (generated)h(need)f(not)g(exist.)40 b(P)m(atterns)28
9622 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(brace)g(expanded)f(tak)m(e)i(the)f(form)g(of)150
9623 4511 y(an)j(optional)h Fr(pream)m(ble)p Fu(,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)f
9624 (either)g(a)h(series)f(of)g(comma-separated)i(strings)d(or)h(a)h
9625 (sequence)150 4620 y(expression)36 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)h(pair)e(of)i
9626 (braces,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(an)g(optional)h Fr(p)s(ostscript)p
9627 Fu(.)57 b(The)36 b(pream)m(ble)g(is)150 4730 y(pre\014xed)28
9628 b(to)h(eac)m(h)h(string)f(con)m(tained)h(within)e(the)h(braces,)g(and)g
9629 (the)g(p)s(ostscript)f(is)h(then)f(app)s(ended)f(to)150
9630 4840 y(eac)m(h)32 b(resulting)e(string,)h(expanding)e(left)j(to)f(righ)
9631 m(t.)275 4980 y(Brace)37 b(expansions)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(nested.)59
9632 b(The)36 b(results)g(of)h(eac)m(h)g(expanded)f(string)g(are)h(not)g
9633 (sorted;)150 5090 y(left)31 b(to)g(righ)m(t)g(order)f(is)g(preserv)m
9634 (ed.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)390 5230 y Ft(bash$)46
9635 b(echo)h(a{d,c,b}e)390 5340 y(ade)g(ace)g(abe)p eop end
9636 %%Page: 22 28
9637 TeXDict begin 22 27 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9638 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(22)275 299
9639 y(A)23 b(sequence)g(expression)g(tak)m(es)i(the)e(form)g
9640 Ft({)p Fj(x)p Ft(..)p Fj(y)p Ft([..)p Fj(incr)p Ft(]})p
9641 Fu(,)e(where)i Fr(x)29 b Fu(and)23 b Fr(y)30 b Fu(are)24
9642 b(either)g(in)m(tegers)150 408 y(or)42 b(single)h(c)m(haracters,)48
9643 b(and)41 b Fr(incr)p Fu(,)46 b(an)c(optional)i(incremen)m(t,)i(is)c(an)
9644 h(in)m(teger.)78 b(When)42 b(in)m(tegers)i(are)150 518
9645 y(supplied,)f(the)f(expression)f(expands)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
9646 (er)d(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i Fr(x)47 b Fu(and)41 b Fr(y)p
9647 Fu(,)j(inclusiv)m(e.)75 b(Supplied)150 628 y(in)m(tegers)33
9648 b(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)g(pre\014xed)f(with)h(`)p Ft(0)p Fu(')h(to)g(force)g
9649 (eac)m(h)g(term)g(to)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(same)g(width.)42
9650 b(When)31 b(either)150 737 y Fr(x)43 b Fu(or)36 b Fr(y)44
9651 b Fu(b)s(egins)36 b(with)g(a)h(zero,)i(the)e(shell)g(attempts)g(to)g
9652 (force)g(all)h(generated)f(terms)g(to)g(con)m(tain)h(the)150
9653 847 y(same)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(digits,)i(zero-padding)d(where)h
9654 (necessary)-8 b(.)57 b(When)35 b(c)m(haracters)i(are)f(supplied,)g(the)
9655 150 956 y(expression)24 b(expands)g(to)h(eac)m(h)h(c)m(haracter)g
9656 (lexicographically)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)e Fr(x)30 b Fu(and)24
9657 b Fr(y)p Fu(,)i(inclusiv)m(e,)h(using)d(the)150 1066
9658 y(default)32 b(C)g(lo)s(cale.)48 b(Note)34 b(that)f(b)s(oth)e
9659 Fr(x)39 b Fu(and)31 b Fr(y)40 b Fu(m)m(ust)32 b(b)s(e)g(of)g(the)h
9660 (same)f(t)m(yp)s(e.)47 b(When)32 b(the)g(incremen)m(t)150
9661 1176 y(is)d(supplied,)g(it)h(is)f(used)f(as)i(the)f(di\013erence)h(b)s
9662 (et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m(h)g(term.)41 b(The)29 b(default)g(incremen)m(t)h
9663 (is)f(1)h(or)f(-1)150 1285 y(as)i(appropriate.)275 1425
9664 y(Brace)36 b(expansion)g(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(b)s(efore)h(an)m(y)h
9665 (other)g(expansions,)h(and)e(an)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)i(sp)s(ecial)150
9666 1535 y(to)32 b(other)g(expansions)g(are)g(preserv)m(ed)f(in)h(the)f
9667 (result.)45 b(It)32 b(is)g(strictly)g(textual.)46 b(Bash)32
9668 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(apply)150 1645 y(an)m(y)27 b(syn)m(tactic)i(in)m
9669 (terpretation)g(to)f(the)f(con)m(text)i(of)e(the)g(expansion)g(or)g
9670 (the)h(text)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)h(braces.)150 1754
9671 y(T)-8 b(o)37 b(a)m(v)m(oid)g(con\015icts)g(with)f(parameter)h
9672 (expansion,)g(the)g(string)f(`)p Ft(${)p Fu(')g(is)g(not)g(considered)g
9673 (eligible)i(for)150 1864 y(brace)31 b(expansion.)275
9674 2004 y(A)e(correctly-formed)i(brace)f(expansion)f(m)m(ust)h(con)m(tain)
9675 h(unquoted)e(op)s(ening)g(and)g(closing)i(braces,)150
9676 2113 y(and)h(at)i(least)g(one)f(unquoted)g(comma)g(or)g(a)h(v)-5
9677 b(alid)33 b(sequence)g(expression.)48 b(An)m(y)33 b(incorrectly)h
9678 (formed)150 2223 y(brace)d(expansion)f(is)g(left)h(unc)m(hanged.)275
9679 2363 y(A)25 b Fi({)h Fu(or)f(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)
9680 h(with)f(a)g(bac)m(kslash)h(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)g(its)g(b)s(eing)f
9681 (considered)g(part)g(of)h(a)g(brace)150 2473 y(expression.)51
9682 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(a)m(v)m(oid)i(con\015icts)e(with)g(parameter)g
9683 (expansion,)h(the)f(string)g(`)p Ft(${)p Fu(')g(is)g(not)g(considered)
9684 150 2582 y(eligible)e(for)e(brace)h(expansion.)275 2723
9685 y(This)f(construct)h(is)g(t)m(ypically)i(used)d(as)h(shorthand)f(when)g
9686 (the)h(common)g(pre\014x)f(of)h(the)g(strings)g(to)150
9687 2832 y(b)s(e)f(generated)h(is)g(longer)g(than)f(in)g(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m
9688 (e)i(example:)390 2972 y Ft(mkdir)46 b(/usr/local/src/bash/{old,n)o
9689 (ew,)o(dist)o(,bug)o(s})275 3112 y Fu(or)390 3253 y Ft(chown)g(root)h
9690 (/usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/)o({ex?)o(.?*,)o(how)o(_ex})o(})150
9691 3457 y Fk(3.5.2)63 b(Tilde)41 b(Expansion)150 3604 y
9692 Fu(If)29 b(a)h(w)m(ord)g(b)s(egins)f(with)g(an)h(unquoted)f(tilde)h(c)m
9693 (haracter)h(\(`)p Ft(~)p Fu('\),)g(all)g(of)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)h(up)
9694 d(to)j(the)f(\014rst)150 3714 y(unquoted)24 b(slash)g(\(or)h(all)h(c)m
9695 (haracters,)h(if)e(there)g(is)f(no)h(unquoted)e(slash\))i(are)g
9696 (considered)g(a)g Fr(tilde-pre\014x)p Fu(.)150 3824 y(If)38
9697 b(none)g(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(are)h
9698 (quoted,)h(the)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)d(the)i(tilde-pre\014x)150
9699 3933 y(follo)m(wing)28 b(the)g(tilde)f(are)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(p)s
9700 (ossible)g Fr(login)h(name)p Fu(.)39 b(If)27 b(this)g(login)h(name)f
9701 (is)g(the)g(n)m(ull)g(string,)150 4043 y(the)35 b(tilde)g(is)g
9702 (replaced)g(with)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g
9703 Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)54 b(If)34 b Ft(HOME)g
9704 Fu(is)h(unset,)g(the)g(home)150 4152 y(directory)e(of)g(the)f(user)g
9705 (executing)i(the)e(shell)h(is)f(substituted)g(instead.)47
9706 b(Otherwise,)33 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)150 4262 y(is)d(replaced)h(with)
9707 f(the)h(home)f(directory)h(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)
9708 e(login)j(name.)275 4402 y(If)g(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)h(`)p
9709 Ft(~+)p Fu(',)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(v)-5
9710 b(ariable)34 b Ft(PWD)d Fu(replaces)j(the)f(tilde-pre\014x.)47
9711 b(If)150 4512 y(the)31 b(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)g(`)p Ft(~-)p
9712 Fu(',)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(shell)h(v)-5
9713 b(ariable)31 b Ft(OLDPWD)p Fu(,)e(if)h(it)h(is)g(set,)g(is)f
9714 (substituted.)275 4652 y(If)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(follo)m(wing)h(the)
9715 e(tilde)g(in)g(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)g(consist)g(of)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
9716 (er)d Fr(N)p Fu(,)j(optionally)150 4761 y(pre\014xed)22
9717 b(b)m(y)h(a)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')f(or)h(a)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(the)d
9718 (tilde-pre\014x)g(is)h(replaced)f(with)g(the)h(corresp)s(onding)e
9719 (elemen)m(t)j(from)e(the)150 4871 y(directory)36 b(stac)m(k,)i(as)e(it)
9720 g(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)f
9721 Ft(dirs)g Fu(builtin)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)g(c)m(haracters)
9722 150 4981 y(follo)m(wing)40 b(tilde)f(in)g(the)f(tilde-pre\014x)h(as)g
9723 (an)f(argumen)m(t)h(\(see)h(Section)f(6.8)h([The)e(Directory)i(Stac)m
9724 (k],)150 5090 y(page)c(93\).)57 b(If)35 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x,)i(sans)
9725 e(the)h(tilde,)h(consists)f(of)g(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(without)i(a)f
9726 (leading)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')g(or)150 5200 y(`)p Ft(-)p
9727 Fu(',)31 b(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')f(is)h(assumed.)275 5340 y(If)e(the)i(login)
9728 g(name)g(is)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)31 b(or)g(the)f(tilde)h(expansion)f
9729 (fails,)i(the)e(w)m(ord)g(is)h(left)g(unc)m(hanged.)p
9730 eop end
9731 %%Page: 23 29
9732 TeXDict begin 23 28 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9733 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(23)275 299
9734 y(Eac)m(h)38 b(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(assignmen)m(t)h(is)e(c)m(hec)m(k)m
9735 (ed)j(for)d(unquoted)g(tilde-pre\014xes)h(immediately)g(follo)m(wing)
9736 150 408 y(a)d(`)p Ft(:)p Fu(')g(or)g(the)g(\014rst)f(`)p
9737 Ft(=)p Fu('.)54 b(In)34 b(these)h(cases,)i(tilde)e(expansion)g(is)g
9738 (also)h(p)s(erformed.)52 b(Consequen)m(tly)-8 b(,)37
9739 b(one)150 518 y(ma)m(y)29 b(use)e(\014lenames)h(with)g(tildes)g(in)g
9740 (assignmen)m(ts)g(to)h Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)f Ft(MAILPATH)p
9741 Fu(,)e(and)h Ft(CDPATH)p Fu(,)g(and)h(the)g(shell)150
9742 628 y(assigns)j(the)f(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue.)275 761
9743 y(The)29 b(follo)m(wing)j(table)g(sho)m(ws)e(ho)m(w)g(Bash)h(treats)g
9744 (unquoted)e(tilde-pre\014xes:)150 919 y Ft(~)432 b Fu(The)30
9745 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($HOME)150 1077 y(~/foo)240
9746 b($HOME/foo)150 1235 y(~fred/foo)630 1345 y Fu(The)30
9747 b(sub)s(directory)f Ft(foo)h Fu(of)g(the)h(home)f(directory)h(of)g(the)
9748 f(user)g Ft(fred)150 1503 y(~+/foo)192 b($PWD/foo)150
9749 1661 y(~-/foo)g(${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo)150 1819 y(~)p Fj(N)384
9750 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m
9751 (y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150 1977 y Ft(~+)p
9752 Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m
9753 (ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150 2135
9754 y Ft(~-)p Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g
9755 (displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(-)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150
9756 2332 y Fk(3.5.3)63 b(Shell)41 b(P)m(arameter)f(Expansion)150
9757 2479 y Fu(The)g(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)i(in)m(tro)s(duces)d
9758 (parameter)h(expansion,)j(command)d(substitution,)i(or)e(arithmetic)150
9759 2589 y(expansion.)d(The)22 b(parameter)h(name)f(or)g(sym)m(b)s(ol)h(to)
9760 g(b)s(e)e(expanded)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(enclosed)h(in)f(braces,)i(whic)m
9761 (h)150 2699 y(are)31 b(optional)g(but)f(serv)m(e)h(to)h(protect)f(the)g
9762 (v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)g(from)g(c)m(haracters)i
9763 (immediately)150 2808 y(follo)m(wing)g(it)f(whic)m(h)f(could)g(b)s(e)g
9764 (in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(name.)275 2942
9765 y(When)44 b(braces)i(are)f(used,)j(the)e(matc)m(hing)g(ending)f(brace)g
9766 (is)g(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p Ft(})p Fu(')g(not)g(escap)s(ed)h(b)m(y)f(a)
9767 150 3051 y(bac)m(kslash)40 b(or)f(within)g(a)g(quoted)g(string,)j(and)c
9768 (not)i(within)e(an)h(em)m(b)s(edded)f(arithmetic)j(expansion,)150
9769 3161 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(or)h(parameter)g(expansion.)275
9770 3295 y(The)40 b(basic)i(form)f(of)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(is)h($)p
9771 Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(The)41 b(v)-5
9772 b(alue)42 b(of)g Fr(parameter)48 b Fu(is)150 3404 y(substituted.)43
9773 b(The)31 b Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)31 b(a)h(shell)f(parameter)h(as)g
9774 (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4)h([Shell)150
9775 3514 y(P)m(arameters],)e(page)f(18\))h(or)e(an)g(arra)m(y)h(reference)f
9776 (\(see)i(Section)f(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(91\).)42
9777 b(The)29 b(braces)150 3624 y(are)j(required)g(when)f
9778 Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)32 b(a)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)h(with)f
9779 (more)g(than)g(one)g(digit,)i(or)e(when)150 3733 y Fr(parameter)37
9780 b Fu(is)31 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(is)f
9781 (not)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(part)f(of)h(its)f(name.)275
9782 3867 y(If)k(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f Fr(parameter)42
9783 b Fu(is)35 b(an)g(exclamation)i(p)s(oin)m(t)e(\(!\),)i(and)d
9784 Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(is)34 b(not)i(a)150 3977 y Fr(nameref)p
9785 Fu(,)i(it)f(in)m(tro)s(duces)f(a)h(lev)m(el)h(of)f(v)-5
9786 b(ariable)37 b(indirection.)59 b(Bash)37 b(uses)f(the)g(v)-5
9787 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)150 4086 y(formed)22
9788 b(from)f(the)h(rest)h(of)f Fr(parameter)29 b Fu(as)22
9789 b(the)g(name)h(of)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable;)26 b(this)c(v)-5
9790 b(ariable)23 b(is)f(then)g(expanded)150 4196 y(and)34
9791 b(that)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(is)g(used)f(in)g(the)h(rest)g(of)g(the)g
9792 (substitution,)g(rather)g(than)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35
9793 b(of)g Fr(parameter)150 4305 y Fu(itself.)52 b(This)33
9794 b(is)g(kno)m(wn)h(as)g Ft(indirect)28 b(expansion)p Fu(.)48
9795 b(If)33 b Fr(parameter)41 b Fu(is)34 b(a)g(nameref,)h(this)e(expands)g
9796 (to)150 4415 y(the)d(name)g(of)g(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)30
9797 b(referenced)g(b)m(y)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(instead)31
9798 b(of)f(p)s(erforming)f(the)h(complete)h(indi-)150 4524
9799 y(rect)i(expansion.)46 b(The)32 b(exceptions)i(to)f(this)f(are)h(the)f
9800 (expansions)g(of)h($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(pre\014x)6 b
9801 Fu(*)p Fi(})33 b Fu(and)f($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5
9802 b Fu([@])p Fi(})150 4634 y Fu(describ)s(ed)28 b(b)s(elo)m(w.)41
9803 b(The)28 b(exclamation)j(p)s(oin)m(t)f(m)m(ust)f(immediately)h(follo)m
9804 (w)g(the)g(left)f(brace)h(in)f(order)f(to)150 4744 y(in)m(tro)s(duce)i
9805 (indirection.)275 4877 y(In)39 b(eac)m(h)i(of)g(the)f(cases)h(b)s(elo)m
9806 (w,)i Fr(w)m(ord)h Fu(is)c(sub)5 b(ject)40 b(to)h(tilde)f(expansion,)j
9807 (parameter)e(expansion,)150 4987 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g
9808 (arithmetic)i(expansion.)275 5121 y(When)h(not)h(p)s(erforming)e
9809 (substring)h(expansion,)h(using)g(the)f(form)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m
9810 (w)i(\(e.g.,)i(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu('\),)150 5230 y(Bash)d(tests)h(for)e(a)i
9811 (parameter)f(that)h(is)e(unset)h(or)g(n)m(ull.)48 b(Omitting)33
9812 b(the)h(colon)f(results)g(in)g(a)g(test)h(only)150 5340
9813 y(for)c(a)i(parameter)f(that)g(is)g(unset.)41 b(Put)31
9814 b(another)f(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(if)e(the)f(colon)i(is)f(included,)f
9815 (the)h(op)s(erator)g(tests)p eop end
9816 %%Page: 24 30
9817 TeXDict begin 24 29 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9818 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(24)150 299
9819 y(for)36 b(b)s(oth)g Fr(parameter)7 b Fu('s)37 b(existence)h(and)e
9820 (that)i(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)g(not)f(n)m(ull;)k(if)d(the)g(colon)h
9821 (is)e(omitted,)k(the)150 408 y(op)s(erator)31 b(tests)g(only)f(for)g
9822 (existence.)150 569 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:)p Fq(\000)p
9823 Fj(word)p Ft(})630 679 y Fu(If)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30
9824 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull,)f(the)h(expansion)f(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k
9825 Fu(is)c(substituted.)40 b(Otherwise,)630 788 y(the)31
9826 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)31 b(substituted.)150
9827 948 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:=)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630
9828 1058 y Fu(If)i Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33 b(unset)f(or)h(n)m(ull,)h
9829 (the)f(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(assigned)g(to)h
9830 Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)630 1167 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)f
9831 Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(then)g(substituted.)42 b(P)m(ositional)33
9832 b(parameters)e(and)f(sp)s(ecial)630 1277 y(parameters)h(ma)m(y)g(not)f
9833 (b)s(e)g(assigned)h(to)g(in)f(this)g(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)150
9834 1437 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630
9835 1547 y Fu(If)26 b Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(is)26 b(n)m(ull)g(or)g(unset,)h
9836 (the)f(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(\(or)c(a)h(message)g(to)g(that)
9837 f(e\013ect)630 1656 y(if)i Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(not)g(presen)m(t\))h
9838 (is)f(written)g(to)h(the)f(standard)f(error)h(and)f(the)h(shell,)h(if)f
9839 (it)h(is)f(not)630 1766 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)33 b(exits.)42
9840 b(Otherwise,)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fr(parameter)38
9841 b Fu(is)30 b(substituted.)150 1926 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9842 Ft(:+)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 2036 y Fu(If)35 b Fr(parameter)42
9843 b Fu(is)36 b(n)m(ull)f(or)h(unset,)g(nothing)g(is)f(substituted,)i
9844 (otherwise)e(the)h(expansion)630 2145 y(of)31 b Fr(w)m(ord)i
9845 Fu(is)e(substituted.)150 2305 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9846 Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(})150 2415 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9847 Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(:)p Fj(lengt)o(h)p Ft(})630 2524
9848 y Fu(This)f(is)h(referred)f(to)h(as)g(Substring)f(Expansion.)41
9849 b(It)31 b(expands)f(to)h(up)f(to)h Fr(length)g Fu(c)m(harac-)630
9850 2634 y(ters)k(of)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g Fr(parameter)42
9851 b Fu(starting)36 b(at)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)h
9852 Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)55 b(If)630 2744 y Fr(parameter)32
9853 b Fu(is)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)g(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(subscripted)e
9854 (b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(or)g(an)f(asso)s
9855 (ciativ)m(e)j(ar-)630 2853 y(ra)m(y)g(name,)h(the)f(results)g(di\013er)
9856 g(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)40 b(If)28 b Fr(length)g
9857 Fu(is)g(omitted,)i(it)f(expands)630 2963 y(to)e(the)g(substring)f(of)g
9858 (the)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(starting)28
9859 b(at)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)630
9860 3072 y Fr(o\013set)37 b Fu(and)d(extending)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)
9861 g(v)-5 b(alue.)53 b Fr(length)34 b Fu(and)g Fr(o\013set)j
9862 Fu(are)e(arithmetic)630 3182 y(expressions)30 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h
9863 ([Shell)e(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(89\).)630 3317 y(If)39
9864 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
9865 (less)h(than)f(zero,)k(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(used)e(as)i(an)g
9866 (o\013set)630 3426 y(in)33 b(c)m(haracters)i(from)f(the)f(end)g(of)h
9867 (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)51 b(If)33
9868 b Fr(length)h Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)35 b(to)g(a)630 3536
9869 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(less)h(than)g(zero,)j(it)d(is)h(in)m(terpreted)f
9870 (as)g(an)h(o\013set)g(in)f(c)m(haracters)h(from)f(the)g(end)g(of)630
9871 3646 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(parameter)38
9872 b Fu(rather)30 b(than)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)g(c)m(haracters,)j
9873 (and)d(the)h(expansion)630 3755 y(is)39 b(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(b)s(et)
9874 m(w)m(een)f Fr(o\013set)i Fu(and)c(that)i(result.)67
9875 b(Note)40 b(that)g(a)g(negativ)m(e)h(o\013set)630 3865
9876 y(m)m(ust)27 b(b)s(e)g(separated)g(from)g(the)g(colon)i(b)m(y)e(at)h
9877 (least)g(one)f(space)h(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)h(b)s(eing)e(confused)630
9878 3974 y(with)j(the)h(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu(')f(expansion.)630
9879 4109 y(Here)43 b(are)g(some)f(examples)h(illustrating)g(substring)f
9880 (expansion)g(on)g(parameters)h(and)630 4219 y(subscripted)29
9881 b(arra)m(ys:)630 4354 y Ft($)47 b(string=01234567890abcdefgh)630
9882 4463 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7})630 4573 y(7890abcdefgh)630
9883 4682 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:0})630 4902 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:2})630
9884 5011 y(78)630 5121 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:-2})630 5230
9885 y(7890abcdef)630 5340 y($)g(echo)g(${string:)e(-7})p
9886 eop end
9887 %%Page: 25 31
9888 TeXDict begin 25 30 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9889 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(25)630 299
9890 y Ft(bcdefgh)630 408 y($)47 b(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:0})630
9891 628 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:2})630 737 y(bc)630 847
9892 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:-2})630 956 y(bcdef)630 1066
9893 y($)i(set)g(--)h(01234567890abcdefgh)630 1176 y($)f(echo)g(${1:7})630
9894 1285 y(7890abcdefgh)630 1395 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:0})630
9895 1614 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:2})630 1724 y(78)630 1833 y($)g(echo)g
9896 (${1:7:-2})630 1943 y(7890abcdef)630 2052 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7})630
9897 2162 y(bcdefgh)630 2271 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:0})630
9898 2491 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:2})630 2600 y(bc)630 2710
9899 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:-2})630 2819 y(bcdef)630 2929
9900 y($)g(array[0]=01234567890abcdef)o(gh)630 3039 y($)g(echo)g
9901 (${array[0]:7})630 3148 y(7890abcdefgh)630 3258 y($)g(echo)g
9902 (${array[0]:7:0})630 3477 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:2})630
9903 3587 y(78)630 3696 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:-2})630
9904 3806 y(7890abcdef)630 3915 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7})630
9905 4025 y(bcdefgh)630 4134 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:0})630
9906 4354 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:2})630 4463 y(bc)630
9907 4573 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:-2})630 4682 y(bcdef)630
9908 5011 y Fu(If)22 b Fr(parameter)30 b Fu(is)23 b(`)p Ft(@)p
9909 Fu(',)i(the)e(result)g(is)g Fr(length)h Fu(p)s(ositional)f(parameters)h
9910 (b)s(eginning)e(at)i Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)630 5121 y(A)36
9911 b(negativ)m(e)j Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e
9912 (one)g(greater)g(than)f(the)h(greatest)h(p)s(ositional)630
9913 5230 y(parameter,)29 b(so)f(an)g(o\013set)h(of)f(-1)g(ev)-5
9914 b(aluates)30 b(to)e(the)g(last)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter.)40
9915 b(It)28 b(is)g(an)630 5340 y(expansion)i(error)g(if)h
9916 Fr(length)f Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)32 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i
9917 (than)f(zero.)p eop end
9918 %%Page: 26 32
9919 TeXDict begin 26 31 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9920 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(26)630 299
9921 y(The)32 b(follo)m(wing)i(examples)f(illustrate)h(substring)d
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9926 902 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7:0})630 1121 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7:2})630
9927 1230 y(7)g(8)630 1340 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7:-2})630 1450
9928 y(bash:)f(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630 1559
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9930 (${@:0})630 1888 y(./bash)f(1)i(2)f(3)g(4)h(5)f(6)h(7)f(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f
9931 (b)h(c)f(d)g(e)h(f)f(g)h(h)630 1998 y($)f(echo)g(${@:0:2})630
9932 2107 y(./bash)f(1)630 2217 y($)h(echo)g(${@:)g(-7:0})630
9933 2491 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)36 b(an)g(indexed)g(arra)m(y)
9934 g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p
9935 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)e(result)g(is)630 2600 y(the)j Fr(length)g
9936 Fu(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)i(b)s(eginning)d(with)i
9937 Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft([)p Fj(offset)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)60
9938 b(A)630 2710 y(negativ)m(e)33 b Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)h
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9941 b(.)65 b(It)38 b(is)g(an)h(expansion)f(error)f(if)i Fr(length)f
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9946 f(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)g(c)h(d)f(e)h(f)f(g)h(h\))630 3367
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9949 3696 y(7)g(8)630 3806 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:2})630
9950 3915 y(b)i(c)630 4025 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:-2})630
9951 4134 y(bash:)h(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630
9952 4244 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:0})630 4354 y(0)g(1)h(2)f(3)h(4)f(5)h(6)f
9953 (7)h(8)f(9)h(0)f(a)g(b)h(c)f(d)h(e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 4463
9954 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:0:2})630 4573 y(0)g(1)630 4682
9955 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:0})630 4956 y Fu(Substring)25
9956 b(expansion)g(applied)h(to)h(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)d(pro)s
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9958 b(indexing)i(is)f(zero-based)i(unless)e(the)h(p)s(ositional)g
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9960 b(case)i(the)f(indexing)g(starts)g(at)g(1)g(b)m(y)g(default.)41
9961 b(If)29 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(is)d(0,)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(ositional)630
9962 5340 y(parameters)h(are)f(used,)g Ft($@)g Fu(is)g(pre\014xed)g(to)h
9963 (the)f(list.)p eop end
9964 %%Page: 27 33
9965 TeXDict begin 27 32 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9966 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(27)150 299
9967 y Ft(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(*})150 408 y(${!)p Fj(prefix)p
9968 Ft(@})630 518 y Fu(Expands)24 b(to)h(the)g(names)g(of)g(v)-5
9969 b(ariables)26 b(whose)f(names)f(b)s(egin)h(with)f Fr(pre\014x)p
9970 Fu(,)i(separated)f(b)m(y)630 628 y(the)k(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e
9971 (the)g Ft(IFS)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(When)29
9972 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(is)g(used)f(and)h(the)g(expan-)630
9973 737 y(sion)35 b(app)s(ears)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)i(eac)m(h)f(v)-5
9974 b(ariable)36 b(name)f(expands)g(to)g(a)h(separate)630
9975 847 y(w)m(ord.)150 1066 y Ft(${!)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})150
9976 1176 y(${!)p Fj(name)p Ft([*]})630 1285 y Fu(If)26 b
9977 Fr(name)32 b Fu(is)27 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)29
9978 b(expands)d(to)h(the)g(list)g(of)g(arra)m(y)g(indices)g(\(k)m(eys\))h
9979 (assigned)630 1395 y(in)c Fr(name)p Fu(.)39 b(If)24 b
9980 Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24 b(not)h(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)27
9981 b(expands)c(to)j(0)f(if)f Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24 b(set)h(and)f(n)m(ull)g
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9983 (the)i(expansion)f(app)s(ears)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)k(eac)m(h)d
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9986 b(length)g(in)g(c)m(haracters)i(of)e(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5
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9994 (elemen)m(ts)i(in)d(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)43 b(If)30
9995 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(an)f(indexed)630 2381
9996 y(arra)m(y)37 b(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m
9997 (b)s(er,)f(that)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)g(in)m(terpreted)i(as)630
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9999 (index)g(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)50 b(so)c(negativ)m(e)630
10000 2600 y(indices)30 b(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f
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10002 2710 y(last)g(elemen)m(t.)150 2929 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
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10004 Ft(##)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 3148 y Fu(The)g Fr(w)m(ord)k
10005 Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)i(pro)s(duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)f(as)i(in)e
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10010 (expansion)g(is)630 3477 y(the)36 b(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
10011 b(of)g Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(with)35 b(the)h(shortest)g(matc)m(hing)h
10012 (pattern)f(\(the)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')630 3587 y(case\))26
10013 b(or)f(the)g(longest)g(matc)m(hing)h(pattern)f(\(the)g(`)p
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10016 Fu(',)i(the)e(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)29 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f
10017 (applied)h(to)g(eac)m(h)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)630
10018 3806 y(turn,)i(and)g(the)h(expansion)g(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)g(list.)
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10027 4463 y Fu(The)k Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)c(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s(duce)e(a)i
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10030 (ortion)e(of)h(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)g
10031 Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)630 4682 y(then)c(the)g(result)g(of)h(the)f
10032 (expansion)g(is)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f Fr(parameter)46
10033 b Fu(with)39 b(the)h(shortest)630 4792 y(matc)m(hing)31
10034 b(pattern)e(\(the)h(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')g(case\))h(or)e(the)h(longest)h
10035 (matc)m(hing)f(pattern)g(\(the)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')g(case\))630
10036 4902 y(deleted.)49 b(If)32 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33
10037 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(pattern)g(remo)m(v)-5
10038 b(al)34 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f(applied)f(to)630 5011 y(eac)m(h)38
10039 b(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)f(turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)h
10040 (the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)61 b(If)630 5121 y Fr(parameter)38
10041 b Fu(is)32 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(subscripted)e(with)h
10042 (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5
10043 b(al)630 5230 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m
10044 (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g
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10046 %%Page: 28 34
10047 TeXDict begin 28 33 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10048 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(28)150 299
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10053 (matc)m(h)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(against)h(its)f(v)-5
10054 b(alue)39 b(is)630 628 y(replaced)34 b(with)e Fr(string)p
10055 Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)f(`)p
10056 Ft(/)p Fu(',)j(all)f(matc)m(hes)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(are)h(re-)630
10057 737 y(placed)28 b(with)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)40 b(Normally)28
10058 b(only)f(the)h(\014rst)e(matc)m(h)j(is)e(replaced.)40
10059 b(If)27 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)630 847 y(with)34
10060 b(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)f(the)h(b)s(eginning)
10061 e(of)h(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f Fr(parameter)p
10062 Fu(.)630 956 y(If)g Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)g(`)p
10063 Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h
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10065 Fu(.)41 b(If)29 b Fr(string)37 b Fu(is)29 b(n)m(ull,)h(matc)m(hes)h(of)
10066 e Fr(pattern)h Fu(are)g(deleted)g(and)f(the)g Ft(/)g
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10068 b(If)33 b(the)g Ft(nocasematch)d Fu(shell)j(option)h(\(see)g(the)f
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10072 (of)e(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters.)42 b(If)30 b Fr(parameter)37
10073 b Fu(is)630 1504 y(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')31 b(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p
10074 Fu(',)g(the)g(substitution)f(op)s(eration)h(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m
10075 (h)g(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)g(in)630 1614 y(turn,)g(and)g(the)h
10076 (expansion)g(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)g(list.)45 b(If)32
10077 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630
10078 1724 y(subscripted)23 b(with)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')i(or)f(`)p
10079 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)g(substitution)e(op)s(eration)i(is)f(applied)g(to)g
10080 (eac)m(h)i(mem)m(b)s(er)630 1833 y(of)31 b(the)f(arra)m(y)h(in)f(turn,)
10081 g(and)f(the)i(expansion)f(is)h(the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)150
10082 1987 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150
10083 2096 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(^^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150
10084 2206 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150
10085 2315 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(,,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})630
10086 2425 y Fu(This)36 b(expansion)g(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)g(case)i(of)f
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10088 Fu(.)59 b(The)630 2534 y Fr(pattern)33 b Fu(is)g(expanded)e(to)j(pro)s
10089 (duce)d(a)j(pattern)e(just)g(as)h(in)g(\014lename)g(expansion.)47
10090 b(Eac)m(h)630 2644 y(c)m(haracter)32 b(in)e(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5
10091 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(tested)h(against)h
10092 Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)e(and,)g(if)630 2754 y(it)j(matc)m(hes)h(the)g
10093 (pattern,)f(its)h(case)g(is)f(con)m(v)m(erted.)49 b(The)33
10094 b(pattern)g(should)f(not)h(attempt)630 2863 y(to)f(matc)m(h)g(more)f
10095 (than)g(one)g(c)m(haracter.)44 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(^)p
10096 Fu(')i(op)s(erator)f(con)m(v)m(erts)h(lo)m(w)m(ercase)i(letters)630
10097 2973 y(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)f Fu(to)h(upp)s(ercase;)h(the)e(`)p
10098 Ft(,)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(con)m(v)m(erts)i(matc)m(hing)f(upp)s
10099 (ercase)630 3082 y(letters)e(to)f(lo)m(w)m(ercase.)50
10100 b(The)32 b(`)p Ft(^^)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(,,)p Fu(')g(expansions)h
10101 (con)m(v)m(ert)h(eac)m(h)g(matc)m(hed)f(c)m(har-)630
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10103 b(the)e(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(expansions)g(matc)m
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10107 3411 y(lik)m(e)h(a)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)i(whic)m(h)d(matc)m(hes)i(ev)m
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10109 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)e(case)630
10110 3521 y(mo)s(di\014cation)29 b(op)s(eration)f(is)g(applied)g(to)h(eac)m
10111 (h)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)f(in)g(turn,)g(and)g(the)630
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10113 b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
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10115 Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(case)h(mo)s(di\014cation)f(op)s
10116 (eration)h(is)e(applied)h(to)h(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)630
10117 3850 y(arra)m(y)31 b(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)h(expansion)f(is)g(the)h
10118 (resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 4003 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
10119 Ft(@)p Fj(operator)p Ft(})630 4113 y Fu(The)d(expansion)h(is)f(either)h
10120 (a)g(transformation)g(of)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g
10121 Fr(parameter)35 b Fu(or)29 b(informa-)630 4222 y(tion)e(ab)s(out)f
10122 Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(itself,)28 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)h(v)-5
10123 b(alue)26 b(of)h Fr(op)s(erator)p Fu(.)39 b(Eac)m(h)27
10124 b Fr(op)s(erator)630 4332 y Fu(is)j(a)h(single)g(letter:)630
10125 4485 y Ft(Q)432 b Fu(The)30 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)f(that)i(is)f
10126 (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(quoted)31
10127 b(in)1110 4595 y(a)g(format)f(that)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i
10128 (input.)630 4748 y Ft(E)432 b Fu(The)48 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)g
10129 (that)h(is)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)49 b(of)g Fr(parameter)56
10130 b Fu(with)1110 4858 y(bac)m(kslash)36 b(escap)s(e)f(sequences)h
10131 (expanded)e(as)h(with)g(the)g Ft($'...)o(')f Fu(quoting)1110
10132 4967 y(mec)m(hansim.)630 5121 y Ft(P)432 b Fu(The)22
10133 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)g(that)g(is)g(the)g(result)g(of)g
10134 (expanding)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)1110 5230 y Fr(parameter)31
10135 b Fu(as)24 b(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)g(a)g(prompt)f(string)h(\(see)g(Section)
10136 h(6.9)g([Con)m(trolling)1110 5340 y(the)31 b(Prompt],)f(page)h(94\).)p
10137 eop end
10138 %%Page: 29 35
10139 TeXDict begin 29 34 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10140 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)630 299
10141 y Ft(A)432 b Fu(The)24 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)h(string)f(in)g(the)g(form)
10142 g(of)h(an)f(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(t)h(or)1110 408
10143 y Ft(declare)h Fu(command)i(that,)h(if)f(ev)-5 b(aluated,)31
10144 b(will)e(recreate)i Fr(parameter)36 b Fu(with)1110 518
10145 y(its)31 b(attributes)g(and)e(v)-5 b(alue.)630 680 y
10146 Ft(a)432 b Fu(The)30 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)h(string)f(consisting)h(of)g
10147 (\015ag)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(represen)m(ting)h Fr(pa-)1110
10148 789 y(rameter)7 b Fu('s)31 b(attributes.)630 951 y(If)e
10149 Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p
10150 Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(op)s(eration)g(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(p)s
10151 (ositional)f(parameter)630 1060 y(in)24 b(turn,)g(and)f(the)h
10152 (expansion)g(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)h(list.)39 b(If)23
10153 b Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(is)24 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630
10154 1170 y(subscripted)24 b(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p
10155 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)e(op)s(eration)h(is)g(applied)f(to)h(eac)m(h)h(mem)m
10156 (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)630 1279 y(in)30 b(turn,)g(and)f(the)i
10157 (expansion)f(is)h(the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)630 1415
10158 y(The)22 b(result)g(of)g(the)h(expansion)f(is)g(sub)5
10159 b(ject)22 b(to)h(w)m(ord)f(splitting)g(and)g(pathname)g(expansion)630
10160 1524 y(as)31 b(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 1726 y
10161 Fk(3.5.4)63 b(Command)41 b(Substitution)150 1873 y Fu(Command)f
10162 (substitution)h(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(output)g(of)h(a)f(command)g(to)h
10163 (replace)g(the)g(command)f(itself.)150 1982 y(Command)29
10164 b(substitution)h(o)s(ccurs)h(when)e(a)i(command)f(is)g(enclosed)h(as)g
10165 (follo)m(ws:)390 2119 y Ft($\()p Fj(command)p Ft(\))150
10166 2255 y Fu(or)390 2392 y Ft(`)p Fj(command)p Ft(`)150
10167 2529 y Fu(Bash)20 b(p)s(erforms)f(the)i(expansion)f(b)m(y)g(executing)i
10168 Fr(command)h Fu(in)d(a)h(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(and)f
10169 (replacing)150 2638 y(the)40 b(command)g(substitution)f(with)h(the)g
10170 (standard)f(output)g(of)h(the)g(command,)i(with)e(an)m(y)g(trailing)150
10171 2748 y(newlines)e(deleted.)64 b(Em)m(b)s(edded)37 b(newlines)h(are)g
10172 (not)g(deleted,)j(but)d(they)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(during)
10173 150 2857 y(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting.)42 b(The)30 b(command)g
10174 (substitution)h Ft($\(cat)e Fj(file)p Ft(\))g Fu(can)h(b)s(e)g
10175 (replaced)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)150 2967
10176 y(but)30 b(faster)g Ft($\(<)g Fj(file)p Ft(\))p Fu(.)275
10177 3103 y(When)j(the)i(old-st)m(yle)h(bac)m(kquote)f(form)f(of)g
10178 (substitution)g(is)g(used,)h(bac)m(kslash)f(retains)h(its)f(literal)150
10179 3213 y(meaning)k(except)h(when)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(`)p
10180 Ft($)p Fu(',)j(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)f(or)e(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu('.)64
10181 b(The)38 b(\014rst)f(bac)m(kquote)j(not)e(preceded)g(b)m(y)g(a)150
10182 3323 y(bac)m(kslash)k(terminates)f(the)h(command)e(substitution.)72
10183 b(When)41 b(using)f(the)i Ft($\()p Fj(command)p Ft(\))c
10184 Fu(form,)43 b(all)150 3432 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)
10185 f(paren)m(theses)h(mak)m(e)g(up)f(the)g(command;)h(none)f(are)h
10186 (treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 3569 y(Command)22
10187 b(substitutions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(nested.)39 b(T)-8
10188 b(o)23 b(nest)g(when)f(using)h(the)g(bac)m(kquoted)h(form,)g(escap)s(e)
10189 150 3678 y(the)31 b(inner)e(bac)m(kquotes)j(with)e(bac)m(kslashes.)275
10190 3815 y(If)e(the)i(substitution)e(app)s(ears)h(within)g(double)f
10191 (quotes,)i(w)m(ord)f(splitting)h(and)f(\014lename)g(expansion)150
10192 3925 y(are)i(not)f(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(the)h(results.)150
10193 4126 y Fk(3.5.5)63 b(Arithmetic)40 b(Expansion)150 4273
10194 y Fu(Arithmetic)25 b(expansion)g(allo)m(ws)g(the)g(ev)-5
10195 b(aluation)26 b(of)f(an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)e(and)g(the)g
10196 (substitution)150 4382 y(of)31 b(the)f(result.)41 b(The)30
10197 b(format)g(for)g(arithmetic)i(expansion)e(is:)390 4519
10198 y Ft($\(\()47 b Fj(expression)e Ft(\)\))275 4655 y Fu(The)33
10199 b(expression)g(is)h(treated)g(as)g(if)g(it)g(w)m(ere)g(within)f(double)
10200 h(quotes,)h(but)e(a)h(double)f(quote)h(inside)150 4765
10201 y(the)k(paren)m(theses)g(is)g(not)g(treated)h(sp)s(ecially)-8
10202 b(.)65 b(All)38 b(tok)m(ens)h(in)f(the)g(expression)f(undergo)g
10203 (parameter)150 4875 y(and)26 b(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(expansion,)g
10204 (command)e(substitution,)i(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5
10205 b(al.)41 b(The)26 b(result)h(is)g(treated)h(as)150 4984
10206 y(the)j(arithmetic)g(expression)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(ev)-5
10207 b(aluated.)42 b(Arithmetic)31 b(expansions)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(nested.)
10208 275 5121 y(The)34 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)37 b(is)f(p)s(erformed)e
10209 (according)i(to)g(the)g(rules)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m(w)g(\(see)g(Section)
10210 g(6.5)h([Shell)150 5230 y(Arithmetic],)32 b(page)f(89\).)42
10211 b(If)30 b(the)h(expression)f(is)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)32
10212 b(Bash)e(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(message)g(indicating)h(failure)150
10213 5340 y(to)f(the)g(standard)e(error)h(and)g(no)g(substitution)g(o)s
10214 (ccurs.)p eop end
10215 %%Page: 30 36
10216 TeXDict begin 30 35 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10217 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(30)150 299
10218 y Fk(3.5.6)63 b(Pro)s(cess)42 b(Substitution)150 446
10219 y Fu(Pro)s(cess)33 b(substitution)g(allo)m(ws)i(a)e(pro)s(cess's)g
10220 (input)f(or)h(output)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(referred)f(to)i(using)f(a)g
10221 (\014lename.)150 555 y(It)d(tak)m(es)i(the)f(form)f(of)390
10222 696 y Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 836 y Fu(or)390 976
10223 y Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 1116 y Fu(The)e(pro)s(cess)h
10224 Fr(list)j Fu(is)d(run)e(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)30 b(and)e(its)i
10225 (input)e(or)h(output)f(app)s(ears)h(as)g(a)g(\014lename.)41
10226 b(This)150 1226 y(\014lename)25 b(is)g(passed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)h
10227 (to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(command)g(as)g(the)g(result)g(of)g(the)h
10228 (expansion.)38 b(If)150 1335 y(the)28 b Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p
10229 Ft(\))d Fu(form)i(is)g(used,)h(writing)f(to)h(the)g(\014le)f(will)h
10230 (pro)m(vide)g(input)e(for)h Fr(list)p Fu(.)41 b(If)26
10231 b(the)i Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))d Fu(form)150 1445 y(is)g(used,)g(the)
10232 f(\014le)h(passed)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(read)h(to)
10233 g(obtain)g(the)f(output)g(of)h Fr(list)p Fu(.)40 b(Note)25
10234 b(that)150 1555 y(no)33 b(space)g(ma)m(y)g(app)s(ear)f(b)s(et)m(w)m
10235 (een)i(the)f Ft(<)f Fu(or)h Ft(>)f Fu(and)g(the)h(left)h(paren)m
10236 (thesis,)f(otherwise)h(the)f(construct)150 1664 y(w)m(ould)j(b)s(e)g
10237 (in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(a)f(redirection.)59 b(Pro)s(cess)36
10238 b(substitution)g(is)h(supp)s(orted)d(on)i(systems)g(that)150
10239 1774 y(supp)s(ort)29 b(named)h(pip)s(es)f(\()p Fm(fif)n(o)p
10240 Fu(s\))h(or)h(the)f Ft(/dev/fd)f Fu(metho)s(d)h(of)g(naming)g(op)s(en)g
10241 (\014les.)275 1914 y(When)36 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)40
10242 b(pro)s(cess)c(substitution)h(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(sim)m(ultaneously)i
10243 (with)g(parameter)g(and)150 2024 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31
10244 b(expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)i(expansion.)
10245 150 2229 y Fk(3.5.7)63 b(W)-10 b(ord)41 b(Splitting)150
10246 2376 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)h(scans)g(the)g(results)f(of)h(parameter)g
10247 (expansion,)g(command)g(substitution,)g(and)f(arithmetic)150
10248 2485 y(expansion)g(that)h(did)f(not)g(o)s(ccur)h(within)e(double)h
10249 (quotes)h(for)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting.)275 2625 y(The)e(shell)g(treats)i
10250 (eac)m(h)g(c)m(haracter)g(of)f Ft($IFS)e Fu(as)i(a)g(delimiter,)h(and)e
10251 (splits)g(the)h(results)f(of)h(the)g(other)150 2735 y(expansions)22
10252 b(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)e(using)h(these)g(c)m(haracters)h(as)f(\014eld)f
10253 (terminators.)39 b(If)22 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)h(or)e(its)h(v)-5
10254 b(alue)150 2845 y(is)36 b(exactly)j Ft(<space><tab><newline>)p
10255 Fu(,)32 b(the)37 b(default,)h(then)e(sequences)h(of)67
10256 b Ft(<space>)p Fu(,)36 b Ft(<tab>)p Fu(,)h(and)150 2954
10257 y Ft(<newline>)28 b Fu(at)k(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(and)h(end)f(of)h(the)g
10258 (results)g(of)g(the)g(previous)g(expansions)f(are)i(ignored,)150
10259 3064 y(and)k(an)m(y)h(sequence)h(of)f Ft(IFS)f Fu(c)m(haracters)i(not)f
10260 (at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(or)h(end)f(serv)m(es)h(to)h(delimit)f(w)m
10261 (ords.)150 3173 y(If)43 b Ft(IFS)f Fu(has)h(a)h(v)-5
10262 b(alue)43 b(other)h(than)f(the)g(default,)k(then)c(sequences)h(of)f
10263 (the)h(whitespace)f(c)m(haracters)150 3283 y Ft(space)p
10264 Fu(,)29 b Ft(tab)p Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(newline)e Fu(are)j(ignored)g(at)g
10265 (the)f(b)s(eginning)g(and)g(end)g(of)g(the)h(w)m(ord,)f(as)h(long)g(as)
10266 g(the)150 3393 y(whitespace)c(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(in)f(the)g(v)-5
10267 b(alue)27 b(of)g Ft(IFS)e Fu(\(an)i Ft(IFS)e Fu(whitespace)i(c)m
10268 (haracter\).)42 b(An)m(y)26 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)150 3502
10269 y Ft(IFS)c Fu(that)h(is)g(not)f Ft(IFS)g Fu(whitespace,)j(along)f(with)
10270 e(an)m(y)h(adjacen)m(t)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(whitespace)h(c)m(haracters,)i
10271 (delimits)150 3612 y(a)k(\014eld.)40 b(A)31 b(sequence)g(of)f
10272 Ft(IFS)g Fu(whitespace)h(c)m(haracters)h(is)e(also)h(treated)h(as)f(a)f
10273 (delimiter.)42 b(If)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)150 3721 y(of)31
10274 b Ft(IFS)e Fu(is)h(n)m(ull,)h(no)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(o)s(ccurs.)275
10275 3862 y(Explicit)21 b(n)m(ull)g(argumen)m(ts)g(\()p Ft("")g
10276 Fu(or)g Ft('')p Fu(\))f(are)h(retained)h(and)e(passed)g(to)i(commands)e
10277 (as)i(empt)m(y)f(strings.)150 3971 y(Unquoted)37 b(implicit)i(n)m(ull)f
10278 (argumen)m(ts,)i(resulting)d(from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)g(parameters)f
10279 (that)i(ha)m(v)m(e)150 4081 y(no)32 b(v)-5 b(alues,)33
10280 b(are)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)47 b(If)32 b(a)g(parameter)h(with)e(no)h(v)-5
10281 b(alue)33 b(is)f(expanded)f(within)h(double)f(quotes,)j(a)150
10282 4190 y(n)m(ull)c(argumen)m(t)g(results)g(and)f(is)h(retained)g(and)f
10283 (passed)g(to)i(a)f(command)g(as)g(an)f(empt)m(y)i(string.)40
10284 b(When)150 4300 y(a)f(quoted)f(n)m(ull)g(argumen)m(t)h(app)s(ears)e(as)
10285 i(part)f(of)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(whose)g(expansion)g(is)h(non-n)m(ull,)h
10286 (the)e(n)m(ull)150 4409 y(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)69
10287 b(That)39 b(is,)j(the)e(w)m(ord)f Ft(-d'')f Fu(b)s(ecomes)i
10288 Ft(-d)e Fu(after)i(w)m(ord)f(splitting)h(and)f(n)m(ull)150
10289 4519 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)275 4659 y(Note)31
10290 b(that)g(if)g(no)f(expansion)g(o)s(ccurs,)g(no)h(splitting)g(is)f(p)s
10291 (erformed.)150 4864 y Fk(3.5.8)63 b(Filename)41 b(Expansion)150
10292 5011 y Fu(After)30 b(w)m(ord)f(splitting,)i(unless)d(the)i
10293 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(set)h(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)g
10294 ([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)150 5121 y(page)d(60\),)i(Bash)d(scans)h(eac)m
10295 (h)h(w)m(ord)e(for)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p Ft(*)p
10296 Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft([)p Fu('.)39
10297 b(If)26 b(one)h(of)g(these)f(c)m(haracters)150 5230 y(app)s(ears,)h
10298 (then)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)h(regarded)g(as)g(a)g Fr(pattern)p
10299 Fu(,)g(and)g(replaced)g(with)f(an)h(alphab)s(etically)h(sorted)150
10300 5340 y(list)k(of)f(\014lenames)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)f(pattern)g(\(see)h
10301 (Section)f(3.5.8.1)j([P)m(attern)e(Matc)m(hing],)h(page)f(31\).)43
10302 b(If)p eop end
10303 %%Page: 31 37
10304 TeXDict begin 31 36 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10305 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(31)150 299
10306 y(no)26 b(matc)m(hing)i(\014lenames)e(are)h(found,)f(and)g(the)h(shell)
10307 f(option)h Ft(nullglob)d Fu(is)j(disabled,)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f(is)g(left)
10308 150 408 y(unc)m(hanged.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g Ft(nullglob)e
10309 Fu(option)i(is)h(set,)f(and)g(no)g(matc)m(hes)h(are)g(found,)e(the)h(w)
10310 m(ord)g(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150 518 y(If)i(the)g Ft(failglob)e
10311 Fu(shell)i(option)h(is)f(set,)h(and)f(no)g(matc)m(hes)h(are)g(found,)e
10312 (an)h(error)g(message)h(is)f(prin)m(ted)150 628 y(and)e(the)g(command)g
10313 (is)h(not)f(executed.)42 b(If)30 b(the)g(shell)h(option)g
10314 Ft(nocaseglob)c Fu(is)k(enabled,)f(the)h(matc)m(h)g(is)150
10315 737 y(p)s(erformed)e(without)h(regard)h(to)g(the)f(case)i(of)e(alphab)s
10316 (etic)h(c)m(haracters.)275 876 y(When)23 b(a)h(pattern)f(is)h(used)f
10317 (for)g(\014lename)h(expansion,)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(`)p
10318 Ft(.)p Fu(')f(at)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(a)g(\014lename)150
10319 985 y(or)f(immediately)i(follo)m(wing)g(a)f(slash)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f
10320 (matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(,)27 b(unless)c(the)g(shell)h(option)g
10321 Ft(dotglob)150 1095 y Fu(is)33 b(set.)51 b(When)33 b(matc)m(hing)h(a)g
10322 (\014lename,)h(the)e(slash)h(c)m(haracter)h(m)m(ust)e(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(b)
10323 s(e)e(matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(.)150 1205 y(In)30
10324 b(other)g(cases,)i(the)e(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(is)e(not)h
10325 (treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 1343 y(See)28 b(the)g(description)g
10326 (of)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(in)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)i
10327 (page)g(64,)g(for)f(a)g(descrip-)150 1453 y(tion)j(of)f(the)h
10328 Ft(nocaseglob)p Fu(,)d Ft(nullglob)p Fu(,)g Ft(failglob)p
10329 Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(dotglob)g Fu(options.)275 1592 y(The)j
10330 Ft(GLOBIGNORE)f Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f
10331 (to)i(restrict)g(the)g(set)f(of)h(\014lenames)f(matc)m(hing)i(a)150
10332 1701 y(pattern.)k(If)25 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e Fu(is)j(set,)h(eac)m(h)g
10333 (matc)m(hing)g(\014lename)f(that)g(also)h(matc)m(hes)f(one)g(of)g(the)g
10334 (patterns)150 1811 y(in)36 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(is)j(remo)m(v)m(ed)h
10335 (from)e(the)i(list)f(of)g(matc)m(hes.)59 b(If)36 b(the)g
10336 Ft(nocaseglob)d Fu(option)k(is)f(set,)i(the)150 1920
10337 y(matc)m(hing)i(against)g(the)f(patterns)f(in)h Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d
10338 Fu(is)j(p)s(erformed)e(without)h(regard)h(to)h(case.)66
10339 b(The)150 2030 y(\014lenames)41 b Ft(.)f Fu(and)g Ft(..)h
10340 Fu(are)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(ignored)f(when)f Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e
10341 Fu(is)i(set)i(and)e(not)h(n)m(ull.)72 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)150
10342 2139 y(setting)30 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(to)j(a)f(non-n)m(ull)g(v)-5
10343 b(alue)30 b(has)f(the)g(e\013ect)i(of)f(enabling)f(the)h
10344 Ft(dotglob)d Fu(shell)i(option,)150 2249 y(so)j(all)h(other)f
10345 (\014lenames)g(b)s(eginning)f(with)h(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(will)h(matc)
10346 m(h.)46 b(T)-8 b(o)32 b(get)h(the)f(old)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h
10347 (ignoring)150 2359 y(\014lenames)c(b)s(eginning)f(with)h(a)h(`)p
10348 Ft(.)p Fu(',)f(mak)m(e)h(`)p Ft(.*)p Fu(')f(one)h(of)f(the)g(patterns)g
10349 (in)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)p Fu(.)37 b(The)29 b Ft(dotglob)150
10350 2468 y Fu(option)i(is)f(disabled)g(when)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d
10351 Fu(is)k(unset.)150 2672 y Fk(3.5.8.1)63 b(P)m(attern)40
10352 b(Matc)m(hing)150 2819 y Fu(An)m(y)24 b(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(app)s
10353 (ears)f(in)g(a)h(pattern,)i(other)e(than)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(pattern)g
10354 (c)m(haracters)h(describ)s(ed)150 2928 y(b)s(elo)m(w,)31
10355 b(matc)m(hes)g(itself.)42 b(The)29 b Fm(nul)h Fu(c)m(haracter)i(ma)m(y)
10356 e(not)h(o)s(ccur)f(in)g(a)h(pattern.)40 b(A)31 b(bac)m(kslash)g(escap)s
10357 (es)150 3038 y(the)38 b(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracter;)43
10358 b(the)37 b(escaping)i(bac)m(kslash)e(is)h(discarded)f(when)f(matc)m
10359 (hing.)63 b(The)36 b(sp)s(ecial)150 3147 y(pattern)30
10360 b(c)m(haracters)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)e(quoted)i(if)f(they)h(are)f(to)i(b)s
10361 (e)d(matc)m(hed)i(literally)-8 b(.)275 3286 y(The)29
10362 b(sp)s(ecial)i(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(ha)m(v)m(e)f(the)g(follo)m
10363 (wing)h(meanings:)150 3452 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)31
10364 b(an)m(y)e(string,)h(including)f(the)g(n)m(ull)g(string.)41
10365 b(When)29 b(the)g Ft(globstar)e Fu(shell)i(option)630
10366 3561 y(is)37 b(enabled,)h(and)e(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)g(used)f(in)g(a)h
10367 (\014lename)g(expansion)g(con)m(text,)j(t)m(w)m(o)e(adjacen)m(t)g(`)p
10368 Ft(*)p Fu('s)630 3671 y(used)f(as)g(a)h(single)g(pattern)g(will)f(matc)
10369 m(h)i(all)f(\014les)f(and)g(zero)h(or)g(more)f(directories)i(and)630
10370 3780 y(sub)s(directories.)g(If)25 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(a)g(`)p
10371 Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(adjacen)m(t)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('s)e(will)g
10372 (matc)m(h)h(only)f(directories)630 3890 y(and)k(sub)s(directories.)150
10373 4054 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)32 b(an)m(y)f(single)g(c)m(haracter.)
10374 150 4217 y Ft([...)o(])241 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)27 b(an)m(y)e(one)g(of)g
10375 (the)g(enclosed)g(c)m(haracters.)41 b(A)25 b(pair)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)
10376 i(separated)e(b)m(y)g(a)630 4327 y(h)m(yphen)k(denotes)i(a)g
10377 Fr(range)g(expression)p Fu(;)f(an)m(y)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(falls)g
10378 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(those)g(t)m(w)m(o)630 4436 y(c)m(haracters,)d
10379 (inclusiv)m(e,)f(using)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)j(collating)g
10380 (sequence)e(and)f(c)m(haracter)630 4546 y(set,)31 b(is)f(matc)m(hed.)42
10381 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(follo)m(wing)g(the)e(`)p
10382 Ft([)p Fu(')h(is)f(a)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(or)g(a)h(`)p
10383 Ft(^)p Fu(')g(then)f(an)m(y)630 4655 y(c)m(haracter)c(not)f(enclosed)g
10384 (is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(A)25 b(`)p Fq(\000)p Fu(')f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e
10385 (matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(including)h(it)g(as)g(the)630 4765
10386 y(\014rst)32 b(or)h(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(in)e(the)g(set.)50
10387 b(A)33 b(`)p Ft(])p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed)i(b)m(y)f
10388 (including)g(it)g(as)h(the)630 4875 y(\014rst)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)e
10389 (the)h(set.)40 b(The)25 b(sorting)h(order)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)f
10390 (range)g(expressions)f(is)630 4984 y(determined)h(b)m(y)h(the)g(curren)
10391 m(t)f(lo)s(cale)j(and)d(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)g(the)g
10392 Ft(LC_COLLATE)d Fu(and)i Ft(LC_ALL)630 5094 y Fu(shell)31
10393 b(v)-5 b(ariables,)31 b(if)f(set.)630 5230 y(F)-8 b(or)34
10394 b(example,)g(in)f(the)g(default)g(C)f(lo)s(cale,)k(`)p
10395 Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')31 b(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(`)p
10396 Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu('.)630 5340 y(Man)m(y)68 b(lo)s(cales)h(sort)f(c)m
10397 (haracters)h(in)e(dictionary)i(order,)76 b(and)67 b(in)g(these)h(lo)s
10398 (cales)p eop end
10399 %%Page: 32 38
10400 TeXDict begin 32 37 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10401 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(32)630 299
10402 y(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')36 b(is)i(t)m(ypically)i(not)e(equiv)-5
10403 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)g(`)p Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu(';)g(it)g(migh)m(t)f(b)s(e)f
10404 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 408 y(to)34 b(`)p Ft([aBbCcDdxXyYz])p
10405 Fu(',)c(for)j(example.)49 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(obtain)h(the)f(traditional)h
10406 (in)m(terpretation)h(of)630 518 y(ranges)e(in)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i
10407 (expressions,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(force)g(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)g(C)f(lo)s
10408 (cale)i(b)m(y)f(setting)630 628 y(the)c Ft(LC_COLLATE)e
10409 Fu(or)i Ft(LC_ALL)f Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(v)-5 b(ariable)30
10410 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(`)p Ft(C)p Fu(',)g(or)f(enable)h(the)630
10411 737 y Ft(globasciiranges)c Fu(shell)31 b(option.)630
10412 873 y(Within)23 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')h(and)e(`)p Ft(])p
10413 Fu(',)j Fr(c)m(haracter)g(classes)j Fu(can)c(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h
10414 (using)f(the)i(syn)m(tax)f Ft([:)p Fr(class)t Ft(:])p
10415 Fu(,)630 983 y(where)30 b Fr(class)35 b Fu(is)30 b(one)h(of)f(the)h
10416 (follo)m(wing)h(classes)f(de\014ned)e(in)h(the)h Fm(posix)f
10417 Fu(standard:)870 1119 y Ft(alnum)142 b(alpha)g(ascii)f(blank)h(cntrl)g
10418 (digit)g(graph)g(lower)870 1228 y(print)g(punct)g(space)f(upper)h(word)
10419 190 b(xdigit)630 1364 y Fu(A)42 b(c)m(haracter)h(class)f(matc)m(hes)h
10420 (an)m(y)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s(elonging)f(to)g(that)g(class.)75
10421 b(The)41 b Ft(word)630 1474 y Fu(c)m(haracter)32 b(class)f(matc)m(hes)h
10422 (letters,)f(digits,)h(and)d(the)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p
10423 Ft(_)p Fu('.)630 1610 y(Within)25 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
10424 Ft(])p Fu(',)i(an)e Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)26 b(class)j
10425 Fu(can)24 b(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(using)g(the)g(syn)m(tax)h
10426 Ft([=)p Fr(c)6 b Ft(=])p Fu(,)630 1720 y(whic)m(h)29
10427 b(matc)m(hes)i(all)f(c)m(haracters)h(with)e(the)h(same)g(collation)h(w)
10428 m(eigh)m(t)g(\(as)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)630 1829
10429 y(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale\))j(as)d(the)h(c)m(haracter)h
10430 Fr(c)p Fu(.)630 1965 y(Within)22 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
10431 Ft(])p Fu(',)j(the)d(syn)m(tax)h Ft([.)p Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)t
10432 Ft(.])e Fu(matc)m(hes)i(the)g(collating)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)d
10433 Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)p Fu(.)275 2129 y(If)29 b(the)g Ft(extglob)f
10434 Fu(shell)h(option)h(is)g(enabled)f(using)g(the)h Ft(shopt)e
10435 Fu(builtin,)h(sev)m(eral)i(extended)f(pattern)150 2239
10436 y(matc)m(hing)37 b(op)s(erators)e(are)h(recognized.)58
10437 b(In)35 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(description,)g(a)f Fr(pattern-list)j
10438 Fu(is)d(a)g(list)g(of)150 2348 y(one)d(or)f(more)h(patterns)f
10439 (separated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Ft(|)p Fu('.)47 b(Comp)s(osite)33
10440 b(patterns)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(formed)h(using)g(one)h(or)150
10441 2458 y(more)e(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(sub-patterns:)150
10442 2622 y Ft(?\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 2731 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h
10443 (zero)f(or)g(one)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150
10444 2894 y Ft(*\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3003 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h
10445 (zero)f(or)g(more)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)
10446 150 3166 y Ft(+\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3275
10447 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(one)f(or)f(more)h(o)s(ccurrences)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m
10448 (en)i(patterns.)150 3437 y Ft(@\()p Fj(pattern-list)p
10449 Ft(\))630 3547 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)g(one)f(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)
10450 150 3709 y Ft(!\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3819
10451 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(an)m(ything)f(except)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g
10452 (patterns.)150 4021 y Fk(3.5.9)63 b(Quote)41 b(Remo)m(v)-7
10453 b(al)150 4168 y Fu(After)32 b(the)g(preceding)g(expansions,)h(all)f
10454 (unquoted)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p
10455 Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(')p Fu(',)f(and)g(`)p Ft(")p Fu(')150
10456 4278 y(that)f(did)f(not)g(result)g(from)g(one)h(of)g(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m
10457 (e)i(expansions)e(are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150 4523 y Fs(3.6)68
10458 b(Redirections)150 4682 y Fu(Before)32 b(a)f(command)f(is)h(executed,)h
10459 (its)f(input)e(and)h(output)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f Fr(redirected)k
10460 Fu(using)c(a)i(sp)s(ecial)f(no-)150 4792 y(tation)d(in)m(terpreted)f(b)
10461 m(y)f(the)h(shell.)40 b(Redirection)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(commands')f
10462 (\014le)f(handles)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(duplicated,)150 4902
10463 y(op)s(ened,)i(closed,)i(made)e(to)h(refer)f(to)h(di\013eren)m(t)f
10464 (\014les,)h(and)f(can)g(c)m(hange)h(the)g(\014les)f(the)g(command)g
10465 (reads)150 5011 y(from)39 b(and)g(writes)h(to.)69 b(Redirection)40
10466 b(ma)m(y)g(also)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(mo)s(dify)f(\014le)g(handles)g
10467 (in)g(the)h(curren)m(t)150 5121 y(shell)e(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m
10468 (t.)65 b(The)37 b(follo)m(wing)j(redirection)f(op)s(erators)f(ma)m(y)g
10469 (precede)h(or)f(app)s(ear)150 5230 y(an)m(ywhere)30 b(within)f(a)h
10470 (simple)f(command)h(or)f(ma)m(y)i(follo)m(w)g(a)f(command.)40
10471 b(Redirections)30 b(are)g(pro)s(cessed)150 5340 y(in)g(the)h(order)f
10472 (they)g(app)s(ear,)g(from)g(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)p eop
10473 end
10474 %%Page: 33 39
10475 TeXDict begin 33 38 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10476 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(33)275 299
10477 y(Eac)m(h)45 b(redirection)h(that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preceded)g(b)m(y)h
10478 (a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(ma)m(y)h(instead)h(b)s(e)
10479 150 408 y(preceded)41 b(b)m(y)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(of)g(the)h(form)f
10480 Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(In)41 b(this)g(case,)k
10481 (for)c(eac)m(h)i(redirection)f(op)s(erator)150 518 y(except)30
10482 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)f(and)f Ft(<)p Fu(&-,)h(the)g(shell)g(will)h(allo)s
10483 (cate)h(a)e(\014le)h(descriptor)e(greater)j(than)d(10)i(and)e(assign)i
10484 (it)f(to)150 628 y Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p
10485 Fu(.)45 b(If)31 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)g(or)h Ft(<)p Fu(&-)f(is)h(preceded)f(b)
10486 m(y)g Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(,)33 b(the)f(v)-5
10487 b(alue)32 b(of)g Fr(v)-5 b(arname)36 b Fu(de\014nes)31
10488 b(the)h(\014le)150 737 y(descriptor)e(to)h(close.)275
10489 877 y(In)c(the)i(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)g(if)e(the)h(\014le)g
10490 (descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is)g(omitted,)i(and)f(the)f(\014rst)g
10491 (c)m(har-)150 986 y(acter)42 b(of)f(the)g(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g
10492 (is)g(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)i(the)e(redirection)g(refers)g(to)g(the)g
10493 (standard)f(input)f(\(\014le)150 1096 y(descriptor)33
10494 b(0\).)49 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)g(the)f
10495 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)h(is)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)h(the)f(redirection)
10496 g(refers)150 1205 y(to)e(the)g(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h
10497 (descriptor)f(1\).)275 1345 y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
10498 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)f(in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f
10499 (unless)e(other-)150 1455 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5
10500 b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f(expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)
10501 e(expansion,)i(command)150 1564 y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h
10502 (expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g
10503 (and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 1674 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g
10504 (than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h(rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275
10505 1813 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g(redirections)h(is)g
10506 (signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)h(the)e(command)390
10507 1953 y Ft(ls)47 b(>)h Fj(dirlist)d Ft(2>&1)150 2092 y
10508 Fu(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g(output)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10509 (1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i(\(\014le)g(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the)
10510 150 2202 y(\014le)h Fr(dirlist)p Fu(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)390
10511 2341 y Ft(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g Fj(dirlist)150 2481 y Fu(directs)28
10512 b(only)f(the)h(standard)e(output)i(to)g(\014le)f Fr(dirlist)p
10513 Fu(,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(standard)g(error)g(w)m(as)h(made)f(a)h(cop)m
10514 (y)150 2590 y(of)j(the)f(standard)g(output)g(b)s(efore)g(the)g
10515 (standard)g(output)g(w)m(as)g(redirected)h(to)g Fr(dirlist)p
10516 Fu(.)275 2730 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j(\014lenames)e(sp)s
10517 (ecially)h(when)f(they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g(redirections,)i(as)e
10518 (describ)s(ed)150 2839 y(in)38 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(table.)66
10519 b(If)38 b(the)h(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m(h)f(Bash)h(is)f
10520 (running)f(pro)m(vides)h(these)150 2949 y(sp)s(ecial)27
10521 b(\014les,)g(bash)e(will)i(use)f(them;)h(otherwise)g(it)f(will)h(em)m
10522 (ulate)h(them)e(in)m(ternally)h(with)f(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)150
10523 3059 y(describ)s(ed)j(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 3225 y Ft(/dev/fd/)p
10524 Fj(fd)630 3335 y Fu(If)h Fr(fd)j Fu(is)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)31
10525 b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i Fu(is)d(duplicated.)150
10526 3499 y Ft(/dev/stdin)630 3609 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f
10527 (duplicated.)150 3773 y Ft(/dev/stdout)630 3883 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)
10528 e(1)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 4047 y Ft(/dev/stderr)630
10529 4157 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150
10530 4321 y Ft(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 4431
10531 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)
10532 m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s
10533 (ort)630 4540 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)i(service)h(name,)g(Bash)f
10534 (attempts)h(to)f(op)s(en)f(the)h(corresp)s(onding)f(TCP)g(so)s(c)m(k)m
10535 (et.)150 4705 y Ft(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630
10536 4814 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41
10537 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j
10538 Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 4924 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23
10539 b(or)h(service)h(name,)h(Bash)e(attempts)h(to)g(op)s(en)f(the)g
10540 (corresp)s(onding)f(UDP)i(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)275 5091 y(A)30
10541 b(failure)h(to)g(op)s(en)e(or)i(create)h(a)e(\014le)h(causes)g(the)f
10542 (redirection)h(to)g(fail.)275 5230 y(Redirections)f(using)e(\014le)i
10543 (descriptors)f(greater)h(than)f(9)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h
10544 (care,)h(as)g(they)f(ma)m(y)150 5340 y(con\015ict)i(with)f(\014le)h
10545 (descriptors)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f(in)m(ternally)-8
10546 b(.)p eop end
10547 %%Page: 34 40
10548 TeXDict begin 34 39 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10549 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(34)150 299
10550 y Fk(3.6.1)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Input)150 446 y Fu(Redirection)35
10551 b(of)f(input)f(causes)i(the)f(\014le)g(whose)g(name)g(results)g(from)g
10552 (the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(to)d(b)s(e)150
10553 555 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(reading)g(on)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10554 Ft(n)p Fu(,)h(or)f(the)g(standard)g(input)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f
10555 (0\))h(if)f Ft(n)g Fu(is)h(not)150 665 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)275
10556 805 y(The)c(general)j(format)e(for)h(redirecting)g(input)e(is:)390
10557 944 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<)p Fj(word)150 1149 y Fk(3.6.2)63
10558 b(Redirecting)40 b(Output)150 1296 y Fu(Redirection)31
10559 b(of)g(output)f(causes)h(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)g(results)h(from)e
10560 (the)i(expansion)f(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(to)f(b)s(e)150
10561 1405 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(writing)g(on)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10562 Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)h(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10563 (1\))h(if)g Fr(n)e Fu(is)i(not)150 1515 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40
10564 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(exist)g(it)g(is)f(created;)i
10565 (if)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(exist)h(it)g(is)g(truncated)f(to)h(zero)g(size.)
10566 275 1654 y(The)e(general)j(format)e(for)h(redirecting)g(output)f(is:)
10567 390 1794 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>[|])p Fj(word)275 1934
10568 y Fu(If)g(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(`)p
10569 Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(and)f(the)h Ft(noclobber)d Fu(option)j(to)g(the)g
10570 Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(has)h(b)s(een)150 2043 y(enabled,)h(the)g
10571 (redirection)h(will)f(fail)h(if)e(the)i(\014le)e(whose)h(name)g
10572 (results)g(from)f(the)h(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)150
10573 2153 y Fu(exists)f(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)g(\014le.)41
10574 b(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p
10575 Ft(>|)p Fu(',)h(or)f(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)150
10576 2262 y(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')36 b(and)f(the)g Ft(noclobber)e
10577 Fu(option)j(is)g(not)g(enabled,)h(the)e(redirection)h(is)g(attempted)g
10578 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h(\014le)150 2372 y(named)30 b(b)m(y)g
10579 Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(exists.)150 2576 y Fk(3.6.3)63 b(App)s(ending)42
10580 b(Redirected)e(Output)150 2723 y Fu(Redirection)23 b(of)e(output)h(in)f
10581 (this)h(fashion)f(causes)h(the)g(\014le)g(whose)f(name)h(results)f
10582 (from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)150 2833 y Fr(w)m(ord)28
10583 b Fu(to)e(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)g(for)h(app)s(ending)e(on)i(\014le)g
10584 (descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g(standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g
10585 (descriptor)150 2942 y(1\))31 b(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s
10586 (eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(exist)g(it)g
10587 (is)f(created.)275 3082 y(The)f(general)j(format)e(for)h(app)s(ending)e
10588 (output)h(is:)390 3222 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>>)p Fj(word)150
10589 3426 y Fk(3.6.4)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Standard)h(Output)g(and)g
10590 (Standard)g(Error)150 3573 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s
10591 (oth)f(the)g(standard)g(output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f
10592 (the)g(standard)f(error)150 3683 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10593 (2\))h(to)g(b)s(e)f(redirected)h(to)g(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)h(is)
10594 f(the)g(expansion)h(of)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)275 3822 y(There)f(are)i(t)m
10595 (w)m(o)h(formats)e(for)h(redirecting)g(standard)e(output)h(and)g
10596 (standard)f(error:)390 3962 y Ft(&>)p Fj(word)150 4101
10597 y Fu(and)390 4241 y Ft(>&)p Fj(word)150 4381 y Fu(Of)h(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)
10598 i(forms,)e(the)h(\014rst)e(is)i(preferred.)39 b(This)30
10599 b(is)g(seman)m(tically)j(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390
10600 4520 y Ft(>)p Fj(word)46 b Ft(2>&1)275 4660 y Fu(When)41
10601 b(using)g(the)h(second)f(form,)k Fr(w)m(ord)f Fu(ma)m(y)e(not)g(expand)
10602 f(to)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)75
10603 b(If)41 b(it)h(do)s(es,)150 4769 y(other)27 b(redirection)g(op)s
10604 (erators)f(apply)h(\(see)g(Duplicating)h(File)f(Descriptors)h(b)s(elo)m
10605 (w\))f(for)f(compatibilit)m(y)150 4879 y(reasons.)150
10606 5083 y Fk(3.6.5)63 b(App)s(ending)42 b(Standard)f(Output)g(and)g
10607 (Standard)g(Error)150 5230 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s
10608 (oth)f(the)g(standard)g(output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f
10609 (the)g(standard)f(error)150 5340 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10610 (2\))h(to)g(b)s(e)f(app)s(ended)f(to)i(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)g
10611 (is)h(the)f(expansion)h(of)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)p eop
10612 end
10613 %%Page: 35 41
10614 TeXDict begin 35 40 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10615 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(35)275 299
10616 y(The)29 b(format)i(for)f(app)s(ending)f(standard)h(output)g(and)f
10617 (standard)h(error)g(is:)390 442 y Ft(&>>)p Fj(word)150
10618 585 y Fu(This)g(is)g(seman)m(tically)j(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
10619 b(to)390 728 y Ft(>>)p Fj(word)46 b Ft(2>&1)275 871 y
10620 Fu(\(see)31 b(Duplicating)h(File)f(Descriptors)g(b)s(elo)m(w\).)150
10621 1079 y Fk(3.6.6)63 b(Here)41 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)150 1226
10622 y Fu(This)26 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)h(redirection)g(instructs)f(the)g(shell)
10623 h(to)g(read)f(input)g(from)g(the)g(curren)m(t)h(source)f(un)m(til)h(a)g
10624 (line)150 1336 y(con)m(taining)h(only)e Fr(w)m(ord)k
10625 Fu(\(with)c(no)g(trailing)h(blanks\))f(is)g(seen.)40
10626 b(All)27 b(of)f(the)g(lines)h(read)f(up)f(to)i(that)g(p)s(oin)m(t)150
10627 1445 y(are)k(then)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(standard)e(input)h(\(or)g(\014le)
10628 h(descriptor)f Fr(n)g Fu(if)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed\))g(for)h
10629 (a)f(command.)275 1589 y(The)f(format)i(of)g(here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f
10630 (is:)390 1732 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<<[)p Fq(\000)p Ft(])p
10631 Fj(word)772 1841 y(here-document)390 1951 y(delimiter)275
10632 2094 y Fu(No)i(parameter)h(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(expansion,)h
10633 (command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(or)150
10634 2204 y(\014lename)26 b(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i
10635 Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)39 b(If)25 b(an)m(y)i(part)e(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)j
10636 Fu(is)d(quoted,)i(the)e Fr(delimiter)33 b Fu(is)26 b(the)150
10637 2313 y(result)33 b(of)g(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)34 b(on)f
10638 Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(,)g(and)f(the)h(lines)g(in)g(the)g(here-do)s(cumen)m(t)
10639 g(are)g(not)g(expanded.)47 b(If)150 2423 y Fr(w)m(ord)26
10640 b Fu(is)c(unquoted,)h(all)g(lines)g(of)g(the)f(here-do)s(cumen)m(t)g
10641 (are)h(sub)5 b(jected)22 b(to)h(parameter)g(expansion,)h(com-)150
10642 2532 y(mand)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)h(expansion,)g(the)f
10643 (c)m(haracter)i(sequence)f Ft(\\newline)d Fu(is)j(ignored,)150
10644 2642 y(and)f(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(quote)g
10645 (the)g(c)m(haracters)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft($)p
10646 Fu(',)g(and)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu('.)275 2785 y(If)21 b(the)i(redirection)g
10647 (op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p Ft(<<-)p Fu(',)i(then)e(all)h(leading)g(tab)g
10648 (c)m(haracters)h(are)e(stripp)s(ed)f(from)h(input)150
10649 2895 y(lines)33 b(and)f(the)h(line)h(con)m(taining)g
10650 Fr(delimiter)p Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(allo)m(ws)i(here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f
10651 (within)f(shell)i(scripts)e(to)150 3004 y(b)s(e)e(inden)m(ted)g(in)g(a)
10652 h(natural)f(fashion.)150 3212 y Fk(3.6.7)63 b(Here)41
10653 b(Strings)150 3359 y Fu(A)30 b(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)32 b(of)e(here)h(do)s
10654 (cumen)m(ts,)f(the)g(format)h(is:)390 3502 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p
10655 Ft(]<<<)46 b Fj(word)275 3645 y Fu(The)21 b Fr(w)m(ord)k
10656 Fu(undergo)s(es)c(brace)h(expansion,)i(tilde)e(expansion,)i(parameter)e
10657 (and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(expansion,)150 3755 y(command)j
10658 (substitution,)g(arithmetic)i(expansion,)f(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5
10659 b(al.)40 b(P)m(athname)27 b(expansion)f(and)150 3865
10660 y(w)m(ord)32 b(splitting)h(are)g(not)g(p)s(erformed.)46
10661 b(The)32 b(result)g(is)h(supplied)e(as)i(a)f(single)i(string,)f(with)f
10662 (a)h(newline)150 3974 y(app)s(ended,)c(to)i(the)g(command)f(on)g(its)h
10663 (standard)e(input)h(\(or)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(n)g
10664 Fu(if)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed\).)150 4182 y Fk(3.6.8)63
10665 b(Duplicating)41 b(File)g(Descriptors)150 4329 y Fu(The)30
10666 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 4472 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p
10667 Ft(]<&)p Fj(word)150 4615 y Fu(is)k(used)e(to)j(duplicate)f(input)f
10668 (\014le)g(descriptors.)53 b(If)34 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(expands)c(to)h(one)
10669 g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h(the)f(\014le)150 4725 y(descriptor)e(denoted)h
10670 (b)m(y)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(made)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(a)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(that)g
10671 (\014le)f(descriptor.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(digits)g(in)f
10672 Fr(w)m(ord)150 4835 y Fu(do)c(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(\014le)f
10673 (descriptor)g(op)s(en)g(for)g(input,)g(a)h(redirection)g(error)f(o)s
10674 (ccurs.)40 b(If)29 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)150
10675 4944 y(to)31 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)g(\014le)g(descriptor)g
10676 Fr(n)f Fu(is)g(closed.)43 b(If)30 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(sp)s
10677 (eci\014ed,)f(the)h(standard)f(input)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(0\))150
10678 5054 y(is)g(used.)275 5197 y(The)f(op)s(erator)390 5340
10679 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p Fj(word)p eop end
10680 %%Page: 36 42
10681 TeXDict begin 36 41 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10682 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(36)150 299
10683 y(is)40 b(used)g(similarly)h(to)g(duplicate)f(output)g(\014le)h
10684 (descriptors.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)i(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)i(the)f
10685 (standard)150 408 y(output)30 b(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))h(is)f
10686 (used.)39 b(If)30 b(the)g(digits)h(in)e Fr(w)m(ord)34
10687 b Fu(do)29 b(not)i(sp)s(ecify)e(a)i(\014le)f(descriptor)g(op)s(en)150
10688 518 y(for)35 b(output,)h(a)g(redirection)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs.)55
10689 b(If)35 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)37 b(to)f(`)p
10690 Ft(-)p Fu(',)h(\014le)e(descriptor)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(closed.)150
10691 628 y(As)f(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)h(if)e Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)i(and)
10692 e Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(do)s(es)d(not)g(expand)f(to)i(one)f(or)g(more)g
10693 (digits)h(or)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)150 737 y(the)d(standard)e(output)h
10694 (and)g(standard)f(error)h(are)h(redirected)g(as)g(describ)s(ed)e
10695 (previously)-8 b(.)150 938 y Fk(3.6.9)63 b(Mo)m(ving)41
10696 b(File)h(Descriptors)150 1085 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)
10697 390 1220 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<&)p Fj(digit)p Ft(-)150
10698 1356 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i(the)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f Fr(digit)k
10699 Fu(to)d(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)f(or)h(the)g(standard)f
10700 (input)f(\(\014le)j(descriptor)e(0\))150 1465 y(if)f
10701 Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b Fr(digit)33
10702 b Fu(is)e(closed)g(after)g(b)s(eing)f(duplicated)g(to)h
10703 Fr(n)p Fu(.)275 1601 y(Similarly)-8 b(,)31 b(the)f(redirection)h(op)s
10704 (erator)390 1736 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p Fj(digit)p
10705 Ft(-)150 1872 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)e(the)g(\014le)f(descriptor)f
10706 Fr(digit)k Fu(to)e(\014le)f(descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g
10707 (standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))150
10708 1982 y(if)i Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150
10709 2182 y Fk(3.6.10)63 b(Op)s(ening)42 b(File)g(Descriptors)g(for)g
10710 (Reading)e(and)h(W)-10 b(riting)150 2329 y Fu(The)30
10711 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 2464 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p
10712 Ft(]<>)p Fj(word)150 2600 y Fu(causes)39 b(the)g(\014le)g(whose)g(name)
10713 g(is)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(to)d(b)s(e)g(op)s(ened)f
10714 (for)g(b)s(oth)h(reading)g(and)150 2710 y(writing)33
10715 b(on)f(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)h(or)g(on)f(\014le)h
10716 (descriptor)g(0)g(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)47
10717 b(If)32 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)h(not)150 2819 y(exist,)e(it)g(is)g
10718 (created.)150 3062 y Fs(3.7)68 b(Executing)46 b(Commands)150
10719 3286 y Fk(3.7.1)63 b(Simple)41 b(Command)h(Expansion)150
10720 3433 y Fu(When)33 b(a)g(simple)g(command)g(is)g(executed,)h(the)g
10721 (shell)f(p)s(erforms)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)i(expansions,)e(assign-)150
10722 3542 y(men)m(ts,)e(and)f(redirections,)h(from)f(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)
10723 199 3678 y(1.)61 b(The)38 b(w)m(ords)f(that)i(the)g(parser)e(has)h
10724 (mark)m(ed)g(as)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(\(those)g
10725 (preceding)f(the)330 3788 y(command)30 b(name\))h(and)f(redirections)h
10726 (are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(for)e(later)h(pro)s(cessing.)199
10727 3923 y(2.)61 b(The)39 b(w)m(ords)g(that)i(are)f(not)g(v)-5
10728 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(ts)h(or)e(redirections)i(are)f(expanded)f
10729 (\(see)h(Sec-)330 4032 y(tion)d(3.5)i([Shell)e(Expansions],)h(page)g
10730 (21\).)61 b(If)37 b(an)m(y)g(w)m(ords)f(remain)h(after)h(expansion,)h
10731 (the)e(\014rst)330 4142 y(w)m(ord)31 b(is)g(tak)m(en)h(to)g(b)s(e)f
10732 (the)g(name)h(of)f(the)h(command)f(and)f(the)i(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g
10733 (are)g(the)h(argu-)330 4251 y(men)m(ts.)199 4386 y(3.)61
10734 b(Redirections)25 b(are)f(p)s(erformed)f(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m
10735 (v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)d(32\).)199
10736 4521 y(4.)61 b(The)25 b(text)h(after)f(the)g(`)p Ft(=)p
10737 Fu(')h(in)e(eac)m(h)j(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(t)h(undergo)s(es)
10738 e(tilde)i(expansion,)g(parameter)330 4631 y(expansion,)49
10739 b(command)d(substitution,)j(arithmetic)d(expansion,)k(and)45
10740 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)46 b(b)s(efore)330 4741 y(b)s(eing)30
10741 b(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 4902 y(If)32
10742 b(no)i(command)f(name)g(results,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34
10743 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)h(en)m(viron-)
10744 150 5011 y(men)m(t.)39 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)e(v)-5 b(ariables)26
10745 b(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(executed)h
10746 (command)g(and)150 5121 y(do)35 b(not)f(a\013ect)j(the)d(curren)m(t)h
10747 (shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)54 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)h(of)g(the)f(assignmen)
10748 m(ts)i(attempts)f(to)h(assign)150 5230 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue)39
10749 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(an)c(error)g(o)s(ccurs,)j
10750 (and)c(the)i(command)f(exits)h(with)g(a)f(non-zero)150
10751 5340 y(status.)p eop end
10752 %%Page: 37 43
10753 TeXDict begin 37 42 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10754 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(37)275 299
10755 y(If)33 b(no)g(command)g(name)h(results,)g(redirections)g(are)g(p)s
10756 (erformed,)f(but)g(do)h(not)f(a\013ect)i(the)f(curren)m(t)150
10757 408 y(shell)d(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)41 b(A)30 b(redirection)h(error)f
10758 (causes)h(the)g(command)f(to)h(exit)g(with)f(a)h(non-zero)g(status.)275
10759 548 y(If)26 b(there)i(is)f(a)h(command)f(name)h(left)g(after)g
10760 (expansion,)g(execution)h(pro)s(ceeds)e(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m
10761 (w.)150 658 y(Otherwise,)39 b(the)e(command)g(exits.)62
10762 b(If)37 b(one)g(of)g(the)h(expansions)f(con)m(tained)h(a)g(command)f
10763 (substitu-)150 767 y(tion,)i(the)d(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h(command)f
10764 (is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h(last)g(command)f(substitution)
10765 150 877 y(p)s(erformed.)55 b(If)35 b(there)g(w)m(ere)h(no)g(command)f
10766 (substitutions,)i(the)e(command)h(exits)g(with)f(a)h(status)g(of)150
10767 987 y(zero.)150 1191 y Fk(3.7.2)63 b(Command)41 b(Searc)m(h)f(and)h
10768 (Execution)150 1338 y Fu(After)i(a)h(command)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(split)h
10769 (in)m(to)h(w)m(ords,)j(if)c(it)g(results)g(in)g(a)h(simple)f(command)g
10770 (and)f(an)150 1448 y(optional)32 b(list)f(of)f(argumen)m(ts,)h(the)g
10771 (follo)m(wing)g(actions)h(are)f(tak)m(en.)199 1587 y(1.)61
10772 b(If)24 b(the)g(command)g(name)g(con)m(tains)i(no)e(slashes,)i(the)e
10773 (shell)h(attempts)g(to)g(lo)s(cate)h(it.)39 b(If)24 b(there)g(exists)
10774 330 1697 y(a)h(shell)g(function)f(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)h(that)f
10775 (function)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h
10776 (3.3)h([Shell)330 1807 y(F)-8 b(unctions],)31 b(page)h(17.)199
10777 1944 y(2.)61 b(If)41 b(the)g(name)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(matc)m(h)i(a)e
10778 (function,)j(the)e(shell)f(searc)m(hes)i(for)e(it)h(in)f(the)g(list)h
10779 (of)g(shell)330 2053 y(builtins.)e(If)30 b(a)h(matc)m(h)g(is)f(found,)g
10780 (that)h(builtin)f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)199 2190 y(3.)61
10781 b(If)40 b(the)g(name)h(is)f(neither)h(a)f(shell)h(function)f(nor)g(a)g
10782 (builtin,)j(and)d(con)m(tains)h(no)g(slashes,)i(Bash)330
10783 2300 y(searc)m(hes)c(eac)m(h)g(elemen)m(t)g(of)g Ft($PATH)d
10784 Fu(for)i(a)g(directory)h(con)m(taining)g(an)f(executable)h(\014le)f(b)m
10785 (y)g(that)330 2410 y(name.)56 b(Bash)36 b(uses)f(a)h(hash)e(table)j(to)
10786 f(remem)m(b)s(er)f(the)h(full)f(pathnames)g(of)h(executable)h(\014les)e
10787 (to)330 2519 y(a)m(v)m(oid)e(m)m(ultiple)f Ft(PATH)f
10788 Fu(searc)m(hes)i(\(see)f(the)g(description)g(of)f Ft(hash)g
10789 Fu(in)g(Section)i(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)330 2629 y(Builtins],)37
10790 b(page)f(42\).)55 b(A)35 b(full)g(searc)m(h)g(of)g(the)g(directories)h
10791 (in)f Ft($PATH)e Fu(is)i(p)s(erformed)f(only)h(if)g(the)330
10792 2738 y(command)24 b(is)h(not)g(found)e(in)i(the)g(hash)f(table.)39
10793 b(If)25 b(the)f(searc)m(h)i(is)e(unsuccessful,)h(the)g(shell)g(searc)m
10794 (hes)330 2848 y(for)e(a)h(de\014ned)e(shell)h(function)h(named)e
10795 Ft(command_not_found_handle)p Fu(.)32 b(If)23 b(that)h(function)f
10796 (exists,)330 2958 y(it)32 b(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)h
10797 (original)g(command)f(and)g(the)h(original)g(command's)f(argumen)m(ts)h
10798 (as)g(its)330 3067 y(argumen)m(ts,)h(and)e(the)i(function's)e(exit)i
10799 (status)g(b)s(ecomes)f(the)g(exit)h(status)f(of)h(the)f(shell.)46
10800 b(If)31 b(that)330 3177 y(function)g(is)g(not)g(de\014ned,)f(the)i
10801 (shell)f(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)g(message)h(and)f(returns)e(an)i(exit)h
10802 (status)g(of)330 3286 y(127.)199 3423 y(4.)61 b(If)33
10803 b(the)g(searc)m(h)h(is)g(successful,)g(or)f(if)g(the)h(command)f(name)g
10804 (con)m(tains)i(one)f(or)f(more)g(slashes,)i(the)330 3533
10805 y(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(named)f(program)g(in)h(a)g(separate)h
10806 (execution)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)55 b(Argumen)m(t)35 b(0)330
10807 3643 y(is)30 b(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(giv)m(en,)g(and)f(the)h
10808 (remaining)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g(command)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(the)
10809 330 3752 y(argumen)m(ts)g(supplied,)e(if)h(an)m(y)-8
10810 b(.)199 3889 y(5.)61 b(If)35 b(this)h(execution)h(fails)f(b)s(ecause)g
10811 (the)f(\014le)h(is)g(not)g(in)f(executable)j(format,)f(and)e(the)h
10812 (\014le)g(is)g(not)330 3999 y(a)d(directory)-8 b(,)34
10813 b(it)f(is)g(assumed)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(a)i Fr(shell)g(script)h
10814 Fu(and)e(the)h(shell)f(executes)i(it)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)330
10815 4109 y(Section)g(3.8)h([Shell)e(Scripts],)g(page)i(40.)199
10816 4246 y(6.)61 b(If)38 b(the)h(command)f(w)m(as)h(not)g(b)s(egun)e(async)
10817 m(hronously)-8 b(,)42 b(the)c(shell)h(w)m(aits)h(for)e(the)h(command)f
10818 (to)330 4355 y(complete)32 b(and)e(collects)i(its)f(exit)g(status.)150
10819 4560 y Fk(3.7.3)63 b(Command)41 b(Execution)f(En)m(vironmen)m(t)150
10820 4707 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)g(has)h(an)f Fr(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)
10821 p Fu(,)h(whic)m(h)e(consists)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing:)225
10822 4847 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(op)s(en)32 b(\014les)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)h(the)f
10823 (shell)h(at)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)j(as)c(mo)s(di\014ed)g(b)m(y)g
10824 (redirections)h(supplied)e(to)330 4956 y(the)g Ft(exec)e
10825 Fu(builtin)225 5093 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)28 b(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking)
10826 h(directory)g(as)f(set)h(b)m(y)f Ft(cd)p Fu(,)g Ft(pushd)p
10827 Fu(,)g(or)g Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(or)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(shell)f(at)
10828 330 5203 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)225 5340 y Fq(\017)60
10829 b Fu(the)31 b(\014le)f(creation)i(mo)s(de)e(mask)g(as)h(set)g(b)m(y)f
10830 Ft(umask)f Fu(or)h(inherited)g(from)g(the)h(shell's)f(paren)m(t)p
10831 eop end
10832 %%Page: 38 44
10833 TeXDict begin 38 43 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10834 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(38)225 299
10835 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(curren)m(t)30 b(traps)g(set)h(b)m(y)f
10836 Ft(trap)225 435 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)30 b(parameters)f(that)h(are)g
10837 (set)g(b)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(assignmen)m(t)g(or)g(with)f
10838 Ft(set)f Fu(or)i(inherited)f(from)g(the)330 545 y(shell's)i(paren)m(t)f
10839 (in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)225 682 y Fq(\017)60 b
10840 Fu(shell)44 b(functions)f(de\014ned)f(during)h(execution)i(or)e
10841 (inherited)h(from)f(the)h(shell's)g(paren)m(t)f(in)h(the)330
10842 791 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)225 928 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(options)33
10843 b(enabled)g(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h(\(either)f(b)m(y)f(default)g(or)
10844 g(with)g(command-line)g(argumen)m(ts\))h(or)330 1037
10845 y(b)m(y)c Ft(set)225 1174 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(options)31
10846 b(enabled)f(b)m(y)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(\(see)j(Section)f(4.3.2)h([The)e
10847 (Shopt)g(Builtin],)h(page)g(64\))225 1310 y Fq(\017)60
10848 b Fu(shell)31 b(aliases)g(de\014ned)f(with)g Ft(alias)f
10849 Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(6.6)h([Aliases],)g(page)f(90\))225
10850 1447 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(v)-5 b(arious)50 b(pro)s(cess)f
10851 Fm(id)p Fu(s,)55 b(including)49 b(those)i(of)e(bac)m(kground)h(jobs)f
10852 (\(see)i(Section)g(3.2.3)g([Lists],)330 1556 y(page)31
10853 b(9\),)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($$)p Fu(,)g(and)g(the)h(v)-5
10854 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($PPID)275 1722 y Fu(When)k(a)g(simple)h(command)f
10855 (other)g(than)g(a)h(builtin)f(or)g(shell)h(function)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f
10856 (executed,)i(it)f(is)150 1832 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)25 b(in)f(a)g
10857 (separate)h(execution)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(that)f(consists)g(of)h(the)
10858 f(follo)m(wing.)40 b(Unless)24 b(otherwise)150 1941 y(noted,)31
10859 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(are)g(inherited)f(from)g(the)g(shell.)225
10860 2080 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(shell's)h(op)s(en)e(\014les,)i(plus)e
10861 (an)m(y)h(mo)s(di\014cations)h(and)e(additions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m
10862 (y)g(redirections)g(to)330 2189 y(the)g(command)225 2326
10863 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(curren)m(t)f(w)m(orking)g(directory)225
10864 2462 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(\014le)f(creation)i(mo)s(de)e(mask)225
10865 2599 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)32 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33
10866 b(and)e(functions)h(mark)m(ed)g(for)g(exp)s(ort,)g(along)h(with)f(v)-5
10867 b(ariables)32 b(exp)s(orted)g(for)g(the)330 2709 y(command,)e(passed)g
10868 (in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.4)i([En)m
10869 (vironmen)m(t],)e(page)g(38\))225 2845 y Fq(\017)60 b
10870 Fu(traps)31 b(caugh)m(t)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(are)f(reset)h(to)g(the)
10871 f(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(inherited)e(from)h(the)g(shell's)h(paren)m(t,)g
10872 (and)330 2955 y(traps)e(ignored)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(are)g(ignored)
10873 275 3120 y(A)41 b(command)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)e(this)h(separate)g
10874 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(cannot)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(shell's)g(execution)150
10875 3230 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)275 3368 y(Command)35 b(substitution,)j
10876 (commands)e(group)s(ed)f(with)i(paren)m(theses,)h(and)e(async)m
10877 (hronous)g(com-)150 3478 y(mands)c(are)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d(a)i
10878 (subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(that)h(is)f(a)g(duplicate)h(of)f(the)g
10879 (shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)150 3588 y(except)i(that)g(traps)f(caugh)m
10880 (t)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell)f(are)g(reset)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5
10881 b(alues)35 b(that)g(the)f(shell)h(inherited)e(from)150
10882 3697 y(its)g(paren)m(t)f(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation.)49
10883 b(Builtin)32 b(commands)g(that)h(are)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)e(part)g
10884 (of)h(a)f(pip)s(eline)g(are)h(also)150 3807 y(executed)41
10885 b(in)f(a)h(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)72 b(Changes)40
10886 b(made)g(to)h(the)g(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(cannot)150
10887 3916 y(a\013ect)32 b(the)f(shell's)f(execution)i(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)275
10888 4055 y(Subshells)c(spa)m(wned)i(to)h(execute)g(command)f(substitutions)
10889 g(inherit)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h Ft(-e)e
10890 Fu(option)150 4165 y(from)23 b(the)i(paren)m(t)f(shell.)38
10891 b(When)24 b(not)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(Bash)f(clears)h(the)f
10892 Ft(-e)f Fu(option)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(subshells.)275 4303
10893 y(If)f(a)h(command)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(a)g(`)p
10894 Ft(&)p Fu(')g(and)f(job)h(con)m(trol)h(is)f(not)g(activ)m(e,)k(the)c
10895 (default)g(standard)f(input)150 4413 y(for)35 b(the)g(command)g(is)g
10896 (the)g(empt)m(y)h(\014le)f Ft(/dev/null)p Fu(.)52 b(Otherwise,)37
10897 b(the)e(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(command)f(inherits)150 4522
10898 y(the)c(\014le)f(descriptors)g(of)h(the)f(calling)i(shell)f(as)f(mo)s
10899 (di\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(redirections.)150 4726 y Fk(3.7.4)63
10900 b(En)m(vironmen)m(t)150 4873 y Fu(When)29 b(a)g(program)f(is)h(in)m(v)m
10901 (ok)m(ed)h(it)g(is)f(giv)m(en)g(an)g(arra)m(y)g(of)g(strings)g(called)h
10902 (the)f Fr(en)m(vironmen)m(t)p Fu(.)41 b(This)28 b(is)h(a)150
10903 4982 y(list)i(of)g(name-v)-5 b(alue)31 b(pairs,)f(of)h(the)f(form)g
10904 Ft(name=value)p Fu(.)275 5121 y(Bash)39 b(pro)m(vides)g(sev)m(eral)i(w)
10905 m(a)m(ys)g(to)f(manipulate)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)69
10906 b(On)38 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)44 b(the)c(shell)150 5230
10907 y(scans)g(its)h(o)m(wn)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(and)f(creates)i(a)f
10908 (parameter)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(name)e(found,)i(automatically)150
10909 5340 y(marking)26 b(it)g(for)g Fr(exp)s(ort)h Fu(to)g(c)m(hild)f(pro)s
10910 (cesses.)39 b(Executed)26 b(commands)g(inherit)g(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m
10911 (t.)39 b(The)p eop end
10912 %%Page: 39 45
10913 TeXDict begin 39 44 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10914 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(39)150 299
10915 y Ft(export)35 b Fu(and)i(`)p Ft(declare)29 b(-x)p Fu(')36
10916 b(commands)h(allo)m(w)i(parameters)e(and)g(functions)g(to)h(b)s(e)e
10917 (added)h(to)h(and)150 408 y(deleted)21 b(from)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m
10918 (t.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)g(a)g(parameter)g(in)f(the)g
10919 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(is)e(mo)s(di\014ed,)i(the)150 518
10920 y(new)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(b)s(ecomes)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(en)m
10921 (vironmen)m(t,)g(replacing)h(the)e(old.)44 b(The)31 b(en)m(vironmen)m
10922 (t)h(inherited)150 628 y(b)m(y)f(an)m(y)g(executed)h(command)f
10923 (consists)g(of)g(the)g(shell's)h(initial)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)g(whose)f
10924 (v)-5 b(alues)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 737 y(mo)s(di\014ed)26
10925 b(in)g(the)h(shell,)h(less)f(an)m(y)g(pairs)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f
10926 (the)g Ft(unset)e Fu(and)h(`)p Ft(export)j(-n)p Fu(')e(commands,)g
10927 (plus)150 847 y(an)m(y)k(additions)f(via)h(the)g Ft(export)d
10928 Fu(and)i(`)p Ft(declare)f(-x)p Fu(')h(commands.)275 991
10929 y(The)j(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(for)f(an)m(y)g(simple)h(command)f(or)g
10930 (function)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(augmen)m(ted)h(temp)s(orarily)150
10931 1100 y(b)m(y)c(pre\014xing)e(it)i(with)g(parameter)g(assignmen)m(ts,)h
10932 (as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)i(3.4)g([Shell)e(P)m(arameters],)150
10933 1210 y(page)g(18.)41 b(These)29 b(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts)g
10934 (a\013ect)f(only)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(seen)g(b)m(y)f(that)h
10935 (command.)275 1354 y(If)g(the)h Ft(-k)g Fu(option)g(is)g(set)h(\(see)g
10936 (Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g(Builtin],)h(page)g(60\),)h(then)e(all)g
10937 (parameter)150 1464 y(assignmen)m(ts)f(are)g(placed)h(in)e(the)h(en)m
10938 (vironmen)m(t)g(for)g(a)g(command,)f(not)h(just)f(those)i(that)f
10939 (precede)g(the)150 1573 y(command)g(name.)275 1717 y(When)h(Bash)h(in)m
10940 (v)m(ok)m(es)i(an)e(external)h(command,)f(the)g(v)-5
10941 b(ariable)33 b(`)p Ft($_)p Fu(')f(is)g(set)h(to)f(the)g(full)g
10942 (pathname)150 1827 y(of)f(the)f(command)g(and)g(passed)g(to)h(that)g
10943 (command)f(in)g(its)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)150 2035 y Fk(3.7.5)63
10944 b(Exit)40 b(Status)150 2182 y Fu(The)26 b(exit)h(status)f(of)g(an)g
10945 (executed)h(command)f(is)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(returned)f(b)m(y)h
10946 (the)g Fr(w)m(aitpid)k Fu(system)d(call)g(or)150 2292
10947 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(function.)45 b(Exit)32 b(statuses)g(fall)g
10948 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(0)f(and)f(255,)i(though,)f(as)g(explained)g(b)s
10949 (elo)m(w,)h(the)150 2401 y(shell)i(ma)m(y)g(use)f(v)-5
10950 b(alues)35 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(125)h(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)54
10951 b(Exit)35 b(statuses)g(from)f(shell)h(builtins)f(and)f(comp)s(ound)150
10952 2511 y(commands)j(are)g(also)h(limited)g(to)g(this)f(range.)58
10953 b(Under)36 b(certain)h(circumstances,)h(the)e(shell)h(will)f(use)150
10954 2621 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(to)g(indicate)g(sp)s(eci\014c)
10955 f(failure)h(mo)s(des.)275 2765 y(F)-8 b(or)32 b(the)g(shell's)g(purp)s
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11083 %%Page: 41 47
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11156 b Fj(filename)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4025 y
11157 Fu(Read)34 b(and)f(execute)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h
11158 Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(argumen)m(t)34 b(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)
11159 630 4134 y(con)m(text.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(\014lename)37
11160 b Fu(do)s(es)31 b(not)g(con)m(tain)i(a)e(slash,)h(the)g
11161 Ft(PATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(\014nd)630
11162 4244 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(.)52 b(When)34 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(in)g
11163 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)g(is)g(searc)m
11164 (hed)630 4354 y(if)d Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)h(found)d(in)i
11165 Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)41 b(If)31 b(an)m(y)g Fr(argumen)m(ts)k
11166 Fu(are)c(supplied,)f(they)i(b)s(ecome)630 4463 y(the)e(p)s(ositional)h
11167 (parameters)g(when)e Fr(\014lename)35 b Fu(is)30 b(executed.)42
11168 b(Otherwise)30 b(the)g(p)s(ositional)630 4573 y(parameters)40
11169 b(are)f(unc)m(hanged.)67 b(If)39 b(the)g Ft(-T)g Fu(option)g(is)h
11170 (enabled,)h Ft(source)d Fu(inherits)h(an)m(y)630 4682
11171 y(trap)31 b(on)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(;)f(if)i(it)f(is)g(not,)h(an)m(y)g
11172 Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)h(string)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(and)f(restored)g
11173 (around)630 4792 y(the)41 b(call)i(to)e Ft(source)p Fu(,)i(and)d
11174 Ft(source)f Fu(unsets)i(the)g Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap)h(while)g(it)g
11175 (executes.)74 b(If)630 4902 y Ft(-T)39 b Fu(is)g(not)h(set,)j(and)c
11176 (the)g(sourced)h(\014le)f(c)m(hanges)i(the)e Ft(DEBUG)f
11177 Fu(trap,)k(the)e(new)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)630 5011 y(retained)e(when)e
11178 Ft(source)g Fu(completes.)63 b(The)37 b(return)f(status)h(is)h(the)f
11179 (exit)i(status)e(of)h(the)630 5121 y(last)g(command)e(executed,)j(or)e
11180 (zero)h(if)e(no)h(commands)f(are)h(executed.)61 b(If)36
11181 b Fr(\014lename)42 b Fu(is)630 5230 y(not)f(found,)h(or)e(cannot)h(b)s
11182 (e)f(read,)j(the)e(return)e(status)i(is)g(non-zero.)71
11183 b(This)40 b(builtin)g(is)630 5340 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
11184 b(to)f Ft(source)p Fu(.)p eop end
11185 %%Page: 43 49
11186 TeXDict begin 43 48 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11187 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(43)150 299 y Ft(break)870
11188 428 y(break)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 558 y Fu(Exit)f(from)f(a)g
11189 Ft(for)p Fu(,)k Ft(while)p Fu(,)e Ft(until)p Fu(,)h(or)d
11190 Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)83 b(If)44 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(supplied,)j(the)e
11191 Fr(n)p Fu(th)630 667 y(enclosing)c(lo)s(op)f(is)h(exited.)70
11192 b Fr(n)40 b Fu(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(greater)j(than)d(or)i(equal)f(to)h(1.)
11193 70 b(The)40 b(return)630 777 y(status)31 b(is)f(zero)h(unless)f
11194 Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(greater)g(than)g(or)f(equal)h(to)g(1.)150
11195 927 y Ft(cd)870 1056 y(cd)47 b([-L|[-P)f([-e]])g([-@])h([)p
11196 Fj(directory)p Ft(])630 1186 y Fu(Change)27 b(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m
11197 (orking)h(directory)g(to)h Fr(directory)p Fu(.)40 b(If)26
11198 b Fr(directory)35 b Fu(is)27 b(not)g(supplied,)630 1295
11199 y(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5
11200 b(ariable)26 b(is)g(used.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(additional)i(argumen)m(ts)e
11201 (follo)m(wing)630 1405 y Fr(directory)39 b Fu(are)31
11202 b(ignored.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31
11203 b Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(exists,)i(it)g(is)g(used)f(as)g(a)h(searc)m(h)630
11204 1514 y(path:)39 b(eac)m(h)29 b(directory)g(name)f(in)f
11205 Ft(CDPATH)g Fu(is)h(searc)m(hed)g(for)g Fr(directory)p
11206 Fu(,)h(with)f(alternativ)m(e)630 1624 y(directory)j(names)g(in)f
11207 Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(separated)j(b)m(y)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p
11208 Ft(:)p Fu('\).)43 b(If)30 b Fr(directory)39 b Fu(b)s(egins)30
11209 b(with)630 1733 y(a)h(slash,)f Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(not)h(used.)630
11210 1863 y(The)g Ft(-P)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)h(not)f(follo)m(w)h(sym)m
11211 (b)s(olic)g(links:)44 b(sym)m(b)s(olic)32 b(links)g(are)g(resolv)m(ed)
11212 630 1973 y(while)41 b Ft(cd)f Fu(is)h(tra)m(v)m(ersing)h
11213 Fr(directory)49 b Fu(and)40 b(b)s(efore)g(pro)s(cessing)h(an)f
11214 (instance)i(of)f(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')f(in)630 2082 y Fr(directory)p
11215 Fu(.)630 2212 y(By)34 b(default,)h(or)e(when)g(the)g
11216 Ft(-L)g Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(links)f(in)h
11217 Fr(directory)42 b Fu(are)630 2321 y(resolv)m(ed)31 b(after)g
11218 Ft(cd)f Fu(pro)s(cesses)g(an)g(instance)h(of)g(`)p Ft(..)p
11219 Fu(')f(in)g Fr(directory)p Fu(.)630 2451 y(If)35 b(`)p
11220 Ft(..)p Fu(')f(app)s(ears)h(in)f Fr(directory)p Fu(,)j(it)f(is)f(pro)s
11221 (cessed)f(b)m(y)h(remo)m(ving)h(the)f(immediately)h(pre-)630
11222 2560 y(ceding)31 b(pathname)f(comp)s(onen)m(t,)h(bac)m(k)g(to)g(a)g
11223 (slash)f(or)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g Fr(directory)p
11224 Fu(.)630 2690 y(If)i(the)i Ft(-e)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(with)g
11225 Ft(-P)h Fu(and)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking)g(directory)g(cannot)630
11226 2800 y(b)s(e)k(successfully)g(determined)g(after)i(a)e(successful)h
11227 (directory)g(c)m(hange,)i Ft(cd)d Fu(will)h(return)630
11228 2909 y(an)30 b(unsuccessful)f(status.)630 3039 y(On)41
11229 b(systems)h(that)h(supp)s(ort)d(it,)46 b(the)c Ft(-@)g
11230 Fu(option)g(presen)m(ts)g(the)g(extended)g(attributes)630
11231 3148 y(asso)s(ciated)32 b(with)e(a)h(\014le)f(as)h(a)f(directory)-8
11232 b(.)630 3278 y(If)41 b Fr(directory)49 b Fu(is)41 b(`)p
11233 Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(it)e(is)f(con)m(v)m(erted)h(to)g Ft($OLDPWD)d
11234 Fu(b)s(efore)i(the)g(directory)h(c)m(hange)g(is)630 3387
11235 y(attempted.)630 3517 y(If)33 b(a)h(non-empt)m(y)g(directory)g(name)f
11236 (from)g Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(used,)h(or)g(if)f(`)p Ft(-)p
11237 Fu(')h(is)f(the)h(\014rst)f(argu-)630 3626 y(men)m(t,)28
11238 b(and)e(the)h(directory)g(c)m(hange)h(is)f(successful,)h(the)f
11239 (absolute)g(pathname)g(of)f(the)h(new)630 3736 y(w)m(orking)k
11240 (directory)g(is)f(written)g(to)i(the)e(standard)g(output.)630
11241 3866 y(The)f(return)g(status)h(is)f(zero)i(if)e(the)h(directory)g(is)g
11242 (successfully)g(c)m(hanged,)g(non-zero)g(oth-)630 3975
11243 y(erwise.)150 4125 y Ft(continue)870 4254 y(continue)46
11244 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 4384 y Fu(Resume)32 b(the)g(next)g(iteration)i
11245 (of)e(an)g(enclosing)h Ft(for)p Fu(,)f Ft(while)p Fu(,)f
11246 Ft(until)p Fu(,)g(or)h Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)630 4493
11247 y(If)f Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(supplied,)e(the)j(execution)g(of)f(the)g
11248 Fr(n)p Fu(th)f(enclosing)i(lo)s(op)f(is)f(resumed.)42
11249 b Fr(n)30 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)630 4603 y(greater)39
11250 b(than)f(or)g(equal)g(to)h(1.)63 b(The)38 b(return)e(status)j(is)e
11251 (zero)i(unless)e Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(not)g(greater)630 4712
11252 y(than)30 b(or)g(equal)h(to)g(1.)150 4862 y Ft(eval)870
11253 4991 y(eval)47 b([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 5121 y Fu(The)25
11254 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(concatenated)i(together)f(in)m(to)f(a)g(single)h
11255 (command,)f(whic)m(h)g(is)f(then)630 5230 y(read)35 b(and)g(executed,)j
11256 (and)d(its)h(exit)g(status)g(returned)e(as)h(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)g
11257 Ft(eval)p Fu(.)54 b(If)630 5340 y(there)31 b(are)f(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f
11258 (or)h(only)f(empt)m(y)h(argumen)m(ts,)g(the)f(return)g(status)g(is)h
11259 (zero.)p eop end
11260 %%Page: 44 50
11261 TeXDict begin 44 49 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)h(Shell)f
11262 (Builtin)h(Commands)2079 b(44)150 299 y Ft(exec)870 430
11263 y(exec)47 b([-cl])f([-a)h Fj(name)p Ft(])f([)p Fj(command)g
11264 Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(]])630 562 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(command)k
11265 Fu(is)c(supplied,)h(it)g(replaces)h(the)e(shell)h(without)f(creating)i
11266 (a)f(new)f(pro)s(cess.)630 671 y(If)k(the)h Ft(-l)e Fu(option)i(is)g
11267 (supplied,)h(the)e(shell)h(places)g(a)g(dash)f(at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)
11268 g(of)h(the)630 781 y(zeroth)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(passed)e(to)h
11269 Fr(command)p Fu(.)57 b(This)35 b(is)h(what)f(the)h Ft(login)e
11270 Fu(program)i(do)s(es.)630 891 y(The)i Ft(-c)g Fu(option)g(causes)h
11271 Fr(command)j Fu(to)d(b)s(e)f(executed)h(with)f(an)g(empt)m(y)h(en)m
11272 (vironmen)m(t.)630 1000 y(If)c Ft(-a)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)f(the)h(shell)
11273 g(passes)f Fr(name)41 b Fu(as)36 b(the)f(zeroth)i(argumen)m(t)f(to)g
11274 Fr(command)p Fu(.)630 1110 y(If)c Fr(command)j Fu(cannot)e(b)s(e)f
11275 (executed)h(for)f(some)g(reason,)h(a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d
11276 (exits,)630 1219 y(unless)27 b(the)g Ft(execfail)e Fu(shell)i(option)h
11277 (is)f(enabled.)40 b(In)27 b(that)g(case,)j(it)d(returns)f(failure.)40
11278 b(An)630 1329 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)d(shell)c(returns)g(failure)h(if)f
11279 (the)h(\014le)g(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(executed.)52 b(If)33
11280 b(no)h Fr(command)630 1439 y Fu(is)27 b(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(redirections)
11281 h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(a\013ect)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(shell)g
11282 (en)m(vironmen)m(t.)40 b(If)630 1548 y(there)34 b(are)h(no)f
11283 (redirection)h(errors,)g(the)f(return)f(status)i(is)f(zero;)j
11284 (otherwise)e(the)f(return)630 1658 y(status)d(is)f(non-zero.)150
11285 1811 y Ft(exit)870 1943 y(exit)47 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630
11286 2074 y Fu(Exit)30 b(the)g(shell,)h(returning)d(a)j(status)f(of)g
11287 Fr(n)f Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(paren)m(t.)41 b(If)30
11288 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)h(the)630 2184 y(exit)c(status)g(is)g(that)g
11289 (of)g(the)g(last)g(command)f(executed.)41 b(An)m(y)26
11290 b(trap)h(on)f Ft(EXIT)f Fu(is)i(executed)630 2293 y(b)s(efore)j(the)h
11291 (shell)f(terminates.)150 2447 y Ft(export)870 2578 y(export)46
11292 b([-fn])g([-p])h([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(]])630
11293 2710 y Fu(Mark)40 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(to)40 b(b)s(e)f(passed)g(to)
11294 i(c)m(hild)f(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)70
11295 b(If)39 b(the)630 2819 y Ft(-f)33 b Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h
11296 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)33 b(refer)g(to)i(shell)e(functions;)i(otherwise)f
11297 (the)g(names)630 2929 y(refer)c(to)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)41
11298 b(The)30 b Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(means)f(to)h(no)f(longer)h(mark)f(eac)m
11299 (h)i Fr(name)j Fu(for)630 3039 y(exp)s(ort.)52 b(If)33
11300 b(no)h Fr(names)k Fu(are)c(supplied,)g(or)g(if)g(the)g
11301 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)g(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(a)d(list)h(of)f(names)630
11302 3148 y(of)d(all)h(exp)s(orted)e(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(is)g(displa)m(y)m
11303 (ed.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)i(displa)m(ys)e(output)h(in)f(a)h
11304 (form)630 3258 y(that)25 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)h(input.)38
11305 b(If)24 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(name)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e
11306 (=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)27 b(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)630
11307 3367 y(of)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)g(to)g
11308 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)630 3499 y(The)29 b(return)e(status)j(is)f(zero)h
11309 (unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)f(one)i
11310 (of)f(the)g(names)630 3608 y(is)k(not)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)33
11311 b(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name,)i(or)e Ft(-f)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f
11312 (with)h(a)g(name)g(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)630 3718 y(shell)d(function.)150
11313 3871 y Ft(getopts)870 4003 y(getopts)46 b Fj(optstring)f(name)i
11314 Ft([)p Fj(args)p Ft(])630 4134 y(getopts)28 b Fu(is)i(used)g(b)m(y)g
11315 (shell)g(scripts)g(to)g(parse)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters.)41
11316 b Fr(optstring)d Fu(con-)630 4244 y(tains)k(the)g(option)f(c)m
11317 (haracters)i(to)g(b)s(e)d(recognized;)49 b(if)42 b(a)f(c)m(haracter)j
11318 (is)d(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(a)630 4354 y(colon,)33
11319 b(the)f(option)g(is)g(exp)s(ected)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)e(argumen)m
11320 (t,)i(whic)m(h)f(should)e(b)s(e)h(separated)630 4463
11321 y(from)40 b(it)g(b)m(y)g(whitespace.)70 b(The)40 b(colon)h(\(`)p
11322 Ft(:)p Fu('\))g(and)e(question)h(mark)g(\(`)p Ft(?)p
11323 Fu('\))h(ma)m(y)f(not)h(b)s(e)630 4573 y(used)d(as)g(option)h(c)m
11324 (haracters.)67 b(Eac)m(h)39 b(time)g(it)g(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k
11325 Ft(getopts)37 b Fu(places)i(the)g(next)630 4682 y(option)29
11326 b(in)f(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b Fr(name)p Fu(,)f(initializing)
11327 i Fr(name)j Fu(if)28 b(it)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(exist,)h(and)e(the)630
11328 4792 y(index)33 b(of)g(the)h(next)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(pro)s
11329 (cessed)h(in)m(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(OPTIND)p
11330 Fu(.)48 b Ft(OPTIND)630 4902 y Fu(is)41 b(initialized)i(to)f(1)f(eac)m
11331 (h)h(time)g(the)f(shell)g(or)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
11332 (ed.)74 b(When)41 b(an)630 5011 y(option)36 b(requires)e(an)h(argumen)m
11333 (t,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(that)g(argumen)m(t)g(in)m(to)g(the)f(v)
11334 -5 b(ariable)630 5121 y Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)55 b(The)35
11335 b(shell)g(do)s(es)h(not)g(reset)g Ft(OPTIND)e Fu(automatically;)41
11336 b(it)36 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(man)m(ually)630 5230 y(reset)i(b)s(et)m(w)m
11337 (een)g(m)m(ultiple)h(calls)f(to)g Ft(getopts)e Fu(within)h(the)h(same)g
11338 (shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(if)e(a)630 5340 y(new)30
11339 b(set)h(of)f(parameters)h(is)f(to)i(b)s(e)d(used.)p eop
11340 end
11341 %%Page: 45 51
11342 TeXDict begin 45 50 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11343 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(45)630 299 y(When)41
11344 b(the)h(end)e(of)i(options)g(is)f(encoun)m(tered,)k Ft(getopts)39
11345 b Fu(exits)j(with)f(a)h(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)630 408
11346 y(greater)32 b(than)e(zero.)41 b Ft(OPTIND)29 b Fu(is)h(set)h(to)g(the)
11347 g(index)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)f(non-option)g(argumen)m(t,)630
11348 518 y(and)g Fr(name)35 b Fu(is)c(set)g(to)g(`)p Ft(?)p
11349 Fu('.)630 655 y Ft(getopts)c Fu(normally)j(parses)e(the)i(p)s
11350 (ositional)g(parameters,)g(but)e(if)i(more)f(argumen)m(ts)h(are)630
11351 765 y(giv)m(en)h(in)f Fr(args)p Fu(,)h Ft(getopts)e Fu(parses)h(those)h
11352 (instead.)630 902 y Ft(getopts)h Fu(can)h(rep)s(ort)g(errors)g(in)h(t)m
11353 (w)m(o)h(w)m(a)m(ys.)51 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)k(of)d
11354 Fr(optstring)42 b Fu(is)34 b(a)630 1011 y(colon,)g Fr(silen)m(t)h
11355 Fu(error)d(rep)s(orting)f(is)i(used.)45 b(In)31 b(normal)h(op)s
11356 (eration,)h(diagnostic)h(messages)630 1121 y(are)c(prin)m(ted)e(when)g
11357 (in)m(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(options)g(or)f(missing)g(option)g(argumen)m(ts)h
11358 (are)f(encoun)m(tered.)630 1230 y(If)34 b(the)g(v)-5
11359 b(ariable)35 b Ft(OPTERR)d Fu(is)i(set)h(to)f(0,)i(no)e(error)g
11360 (messages)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(ev)m(en)f(if)630
11361 1340 y(the)c(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)j(of)f Ft(optstring)d
11362 Fu(is)i(not)h(a)f(colon.)630 1477 y(If)39 b(an)h(in)m(v)-5
11363 b(alid)41 b(option)f(is)g(seen,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(`)p
11364 Ft(?)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)h Fr(name)k Fu(and,)d(if)e(not)g(silen)m(t,)630
11365 1587 y(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)f(message)h(and)f(unsets)g
11366 Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)67 b(If)39 b Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)j(the)c
11367 (option)630 1696 y(c)m(haracter)32 b(found)d(is)h(placed)h(in)f
11368 Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(and)h(no)g(diagnostic)i(message)f(is)g(prin)m(ted.)630
11369 1833 y(If)c(a)g(required)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(not)g(found,)g(and)f
11370 Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(not)h(silen)m(t,)h(a)e(question)g(mark)630
11371 1943 y(\(`)p Ft(?)p Fu('\))h(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)p
11372 Fu(,)h Ft(OPTARG)e Fu(is)h(unset,)h(and)f(a)g(diagnostic)i(message)g
11373 (is)e(prin)m(ted.)39 b(If)630 2052 y Ft(getopts)28 b
11374 Fu(is)h(silen)m(t,)i(then)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p Ft(:)p
11375 Fu('\))f(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)35 b Fu(and)29 b
11376 Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(is)h(set)h(to)h(the)630 2162 y(option)g(c)m(haracter)h
11377 (found.)150 2326 y Ft(hash)870 2463 y(hash)47 b([-r])f([-p)h
11378 Fj(filename)p Ft(])e([-dt])i([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 2600
11379 y Fu(Eac)m(h)32 b(time)g Ft(hash)e Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)j(it)d
11380 (remem)m(b)s(ers)g(the)g(full)g(pathnames)g(of)h(the)f(commands)630
11381 2710 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)i(as)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts,)c(so)g(they)f
11382 (need)g(not)g(b)s(e)f(searc)m(hed)i(for)f(on)g(subsequen)m(t)630
11383 2819 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations.)79 b(The)41 b(commands)h(are)h(found)e(b)m
11384 (y)h(searc)m(hing)i(through)d(the)i(directories)630 2929
11385 y(listed)37 b(in)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)58 b(An)m(y)37 b(previously-remem)m
11386 (b)s(ered)f(pathname)h(is)g(discarded.)59 b(The)37 b
11387 Ft(-p)630 3039 y Fu(option)d(inhibits)f(the)h(path)g(searc)m(h,)h(and)e
11388 Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(is)34 b(used)f(as)h(the)f(lo)s(cation)j(of)e
11389 Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 3148 y(The)42 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)h(causes)f(the)h
11390 (shell)g(to)g(forget)g(all)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)d(lo)s(cations.)79
11391 b(The)42 b Ft(-d)630 3258 y Fu(option)31 b(causes)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g
11392 (forget)h(the)f(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(lo)s(cation)j(of)f(eac)m(h)h
11393 Fr(name)p Fu(.)41 b(If)30 b(the)630 3367 y Ft(-t)39 b
11394 Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)g(the)g(full)f(pathname)h(to)g(whic)m(h)f
11395 (eac)m(h)i Fr(name)k Fu(corresp)s(onds)38 b(is)630 3477
11396 y(prin)m(ted.)k(If)30 b(m)m(ultiple)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts)31
11397 b(are)g(supplied)f(with)g Ft(-t)g Fu(the)h Fr(name)36
11398 b Fu(is)31 b(prin)m(ted)630 3587 y(b)s(efore)e(the)i(hashed)e(full)g
11399 (pathname.)41 b(The)29 b Ft(-l)g Fu(option)i(causes)f(output)f(to)i(b)s
11400 (e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)630 3696 y(in)23 b(a)h(format)g(that)g(ma)m(y)g(b)
11401 s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)37 b(If)23 b(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(giv)m
11402 (en,)i(or)e(if)f(only)h Ft(-l)630 3806 y Fu(is)35 b(supplied,)f
11403 (information)h(ab)s(out)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(commands)g(is)h(prin)m
11404 (ted.)53 b(The)34 b(return)630 3915 y(status)d(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(a)h
11405 Fr(name)k Fu(is)c(not)f(found)f(or)i(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31
11406 b(option)g(is)f(supplied.)150 4080 y Ft(pwd)870 4217
11407 y(pwd)47 b([-LP])630 4354 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)g(absolute)h(pathname)
11408 e(of)h(the)h(curren)m(t)e(w)m(orking)h(directory)-8 b(.)42
11409 b(If)28 b(the)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)630 4463 y(is)39 b(supplied,)h(the)f
11410 (pathname)g(prin)m(ted)g(will)g(not)h(con)m(tain)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)f
11411 (links.)67 b(If)38 b(the)i Ft(-L)630 4573 y Fu(option)k(is)g(supplied,)
11412 i(the)e(pathname)f(prin)m(ted)h(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f
11413 (links.)80 b(The)630 4682 y(return)26 b(status)h(is)h(zero)g(unless)e
11414 (an)h(error)g(is)g(encoun)m(tered)g(while)h(determining)f(the)g(name)
11415 630 4792 y(of)k(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(or)f(an)h(in)m(v)-5
11416 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f(supplied.)150 4956 y Ft(readonly)870
11417 5093 y(readonly)46 b([-aAf])g([-p])g([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p
11418 Fj(value)p Ft(]])e(...)630 5230 y Fu(Mark)33 b(eac)m(h)h
11419 Fr(name)39 b Fu(as)33 b(readonly)-8 b(.)49 b(The)32 b(v)-5
11420 b(alues)34 b(of)f(these)g(names)g(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)630
11421 5340 y(b)m(y)38 b(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(t.)65 b(If)38
11422 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied,)g(eac)m(h)h
11423 Fr(name)j Fu(refers)38 b(to)p eop end
11424 %%Page: 46 52
11425 TeXDict begin 46 51 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11426 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(46)630 299 y(a)37
11427 b(shell)g(function.)59 b(The)36 b Ft(-a)g Fu(option)h(means)f(eac)m(h)i
11428 Fr(name)k Fu(refers)36 b(to)h(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)630
11429 408 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)28 b(the)f Ft(-A)e Fu(option)h(means)g(eac)m(h)h
11430 Fr(name)k Fu(refers)26 b(to)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5
11431 b(ariable.)630 518 y(If)35 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)h(supplied,)f
11432 Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)i(precedence.)58 b(If)35 b(no)h Fr(name)k
11433 Fu(argumen)m(ts)d(are)630 628 y(giv)m(en,)k(or)c(if)h(the)g
11434 Ft(-p)f Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)i(a)f(list)g(of)g(all)g(readonly)g
11435 (names)f(is)h(prin)m(ted.)630 737 y(The)32 b(other)g(options)g(ma)m(y)h
11436 (b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(the)f(output)g(to)h(a)f(subset)g(of)g
11437 (the)g(set)h(of)630 847 y(readonly)c(names.)41 b(The)28
11438 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)h(causes)g(output)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(displa)m(y)m(ed)i
11439 (in)f(a)h(format)f(that)630 956 y(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(reused)g(as)i
11440 (input.)42 b(If)30 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m
11441 (ed)h(b)m(y)f(=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)32 b(the)f(v)-5
11442 b(alue)32 b(of)630 1066 y(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(set)i(to)f
11443 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)50 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)g(is)h(zero)g
11444 (unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)34 b(option)630 1176
11445 y(is)c(supplied,)f(one)h(of)g(the)g Fr(name)35 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)30
11446 b(is)g(not)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30
11447 b(or)g(function)630 1285 y(name,)h(or)f(the)h Ft(-f)e
11448 Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied)e(with)h(a)h(name)f(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)g
11449 (shell)f(function.)150 1462 y Ft(return)870 1606 y(return)46
11450 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 1749 y Fu(Cause)37 b(a)g(shell)h(function)f(to)g
11451 (stop)h(executing)g(and)e(return)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37
11452 b Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(its)f(caller.)630 1858 y(If)h Fr(n)h
11453 Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)40
11454 b(is)f(the)g(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)g(last)h(command)630
11455 1968 y(executed)i(in)f(the)g(function.)72 b(If)41 b Ft(return)e
11456 Fu(is)i(executed)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(trap)f(handler,)i(the)e(last)630
11457 2078 y(command)d(used)f(to)i(determine)f(the)g(status)g(is)h(the)f
11458 (last)h(command)e(executed)i(b)s(efore)630 2187 y(the)28
11459 b(trap)f(handler.)39 b(if)28 b Ft(return)e Fu(is)h(executed)i(during)d
11460 (a)i Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap,)h(the)g(last)g(command)630 2297
11461 y(used)f(to)h(determine)g(the)f(status)h(is)g(the)f(last)i(command)e
11462 (executed)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(trap)h(handler)630 2406 y(b)s(efore)e
11463 Ft(return)f Fu(w)m(as)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)41 b Ft(return)25
11464 b Fu(ma)m(y)i(also)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(terminate)h(execution)g(of)630
11465 2516 y(a)34 b(script)g(b)s(eing)g(executed)g(with)g(the)g
11466 Ft(.)g Fu(\()p Ft(source)p Fu(\))f(builtin,)h(returning)f(either)i
11467 Fr(n)e Fu(or)h(the)630 2626 y(exit)j(status)f(of)g(the)g(last)h
11468 (command)e(executed)i(within)e(the)h(script)g(as)g(the)g(exit)h(status)
11469 630 2735 y(of)i(the)g(script.)65 b(If)38 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)h
11470 (the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)g(its)g(least)h(signi\014can)m(t)g
11471 (8)f(bits.)630 2845 y(An)m(y)g(command)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d(the)h
11472 Ft(RETURN)e Fu(trap)i(is)g(executed)g(b)s(efore)g(execution)630
11473 2954 y(resumes)29 b(after)h(the)g(function)g(or)g(script.)40
11474 b(The)29 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(non-zero)g(if)g Ft(return)e
11475 Fu(is)630 3064 y(supplied)h(a)i(non-n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(or)f(is)
11476 h(used)f(outside)h(a)g(function)f(and)g(not)h(during)630
11477 3173 y(the)g(execution)g(of)g(a)f(script)h(b)m(y)f Ft(.)g
11478 Fu(or)g Ft(source)p Fu(.)150 3351 y Ft(shift)870 3494
11479 y(shift)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 3637 y Fu(Shift)41 b(the)g(p)s
11480 (ositional)h(parameters)g(to)g(the)f(left)h(b)m(y)g Fr(n)p
11481 Fu(.)73 b(The)40 b(p)s(ositional)j(parameters)630 3747
11482 y(from)34 b Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)39 b(.)22 b(.)h(.)45 b
11483 Ft($#)34 b Fu(are)g(renamed)g(to)h Ft($1)k Fu(.)22 b(.)g(.)46
11484 b Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Fu(.)51 b(P)m(arameters)36 b(represen)m(ted)e
11485 (b)m(y)g(the)630 3856 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)25 b Ft($#)i
11486 Fu(to)g Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)g(are)g(unset.)39
11487 b Fr(n)26 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(non-negativ)m(e)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)
11488 c(less)i(than)g(or)630 3966 y(equal)33 b(to)h Ft($#)p
11489 Fu(.)47 b(If)33 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(zero)g(or)g(greater)h(than)f
11490 Ft($#)p Fu(,)g(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(are)h(not)630
11491 4075 y(c)m(hanged.)48 b(If)32 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(supplied,)h(it)g
11492 (is)f(assumed)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(1.)48 b(The)32 b(return)g(status)h(is)f
11493 (zero)630 4185 y(unless)e Fr(n)f Fu(is)i(greater)g(than)g
11494 Ft($#)e Fu(or)i(less)f(than)h(zero,)g(non-zero)g(otherwise.)150
11495 4362 y Ft(test)150 4472 y([)870 4615 y(test)47 b Fj(expr)630
11496 4758 y Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)43 b(a)f(conditional)h(expression)f
11497 Fr(expr)48 b Fu(and)41 b(return)g(a)h(status)g(of)g(0)g(\(true\))h(or)f
11498 (1)630 4868 y(\(false\).)g(Eac)m(h)31 b(op)s(erator)f(and)f(op)s(erand)
11499 g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(separate)g(argumen)m(t.)41 b(Expressions)630
11500 4977 y(are)26 b(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s
11501 (elo)m(w)h(in)g(Section)h(6.4)h([Bash)e(Conditional)630
11502 5087 y(Expressions],)39 b(page)g(87.)64 b Ft(test)37
11503 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)i(an)m(y)e(options,)i(nor)e(do)s(es)f(it)h
11504 (accept)630 5197 y(and)30 b(ignore)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)f
11505 Ft(--)g Fu(as)h(signifying)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630
11506 5340 y(When)g(the)h Ft([)f Fu(form)g(is)g(used,)g(the)g(last)i(argumen)
11507 m(t)e(to)i(the)e(command)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(a)i Ft(])p
11508 Fu(.)p eop end
11509 %%Page: 47 53
11510 TeXDict begin 47 52 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11511 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(47)630 299 y(Expressions)23
11512 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(op)s
11513 (erators,)g(listed)f(in)f(decreasing)630 408 y(order)30
11514 b(of)h(precedence.)43 b(The)30 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)33
11515 b(dep)s(ends)28 b(on)j(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(argumen)m(ts;)g
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11517 (used)g(when)f(there)i(are)f(\014v)m(e)h(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)630
11518 667 y Ft(!)f Fj(expr)210 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(expr)37
11519 b Fu(is)30 b(false.)630 817 y Ft(\()g Fj(expr)f Ft(\))133
11520 b Fu(Returns)23 b(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)f Fr(expr)p
11521 Fu(.)38 b(This)24 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)g
11522 (normal)1110 927 y(precedence)31 b(of)f(op)s(erators.)630
11523 1076 y Fj(expr1)f Ft(-a)h Fj(expr2)1110 1186 y Fu(T)-8
11524 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g Fr(expr1)37 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(expr2)38
11525 b Fu(are)30 b(true.)630 1335 y Fj(expr1)f Ft(-o)h Fj(expr2)1110
11526 1445 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expr1)38 b
11527 Fu(or)30 b Fr(expr2)37 b Fu(is)31 b(true.)630 1594 y(The)37
11528 b Ft(test)f Fu(and)g Ft([)h Fu(builtins)g(ev)-5 b(aluate)39
11529 b(conditional)f(expressions)f(using)g(a)g(set)h(of)f(rules)630
11530 1704 y(based)30 b(on)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(argumen)m(ts.)630
11531 1853 y(0)h(argumen)m(ts)1110 1963 y(The)f(expression)g(is)g(false.)630
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11533 (and)g(only)g(if)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(not)h(n)m(ull.)630
11534 2371 y(2)g(argumen)m(ts)1110 2481 y(If)f(the)h(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h
11535 (is)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)g(the)g(expression)g(is)g(true)f(if)h(and)f
11536 (only)h(if)g(the)1110 2590 y(second)j(argumen)m(t)f(is)h(n)m(ull.)50
11537 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(is)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(unary)
11538 1110 2700 y(conditional)42 b(op)s(erators)f(\(see)g(Section)h(6.4)f
11539 ([Bash)g(Conditional)g(Expres-)1110 2809 y(sions],)34
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11542 (is)f(not)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)34 b(unary)e(op)s(erator,)i(the)g
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11544 3288 y(The)44 b(follo)m(wing)i(conditions)f(are)g(applied)f(in)g(the)g
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11547 3507 y(Section)h(6.4)g([Bash)g(Conditional)g(Expressions],)i(page)e
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11549 (result)g(of)h(the)f(binary)g(test)h(using)e(the)i(\014rst)1110
11550 3726 y(and)31 b(third)g(argumen)m(ts)i(as)f(op)s(erands.)44
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11552 (are)1110 3836 y(considered)25 b(binary)g(op)s(erators)g(when)f(there)i
11553 (are)f(three)h(argumen)m(ts.)39 b(If)25 b(the)1110 3945
11554 y(\014rst)j(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)h(the)f(v)-5
11555 b(alue)29 b(is)g(the)g(negation)i(of)e(the)g(t)m(w)m(o-argumen)m(t)1110
11556 4055 y(test)38 b(using)f(the)g(second)g(and)g(third)f(argumen)m(ts.)61
11557 b(If)37 b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)1110 4164 y(is)j(exactly)i(`)p
11558 Ft(\()p Fu(')f(and)f(the)g(third)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(exactly)i(`)p
11559 Ft(\))p Fu(',)h(the)e(result)f(is)1110 4274 y(the)46
11560 b(one-argumen)m(t)g(test)h(of)f(the)f(second)h(argumen)m(t.)86
11561 b(Otherwise,)50 b(the)1110 4384 y(expression)30 b(is)h(false.)630
11562 4533 y(4)g(argumen)m(ts)1110 4643 y(If)h(the)i(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)h
11563 (is)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)h(the)f(result)g(is)g(the)g(negation)h(of)f(the)
11564 g(three-)1110 4752 y(argumen)m(t)h(expression)f(comp)s(osed)h(of)f(the)
11565 h(remaining)g(argumen)m(ts.)50 b(Oth-)1110 4862 y(erwise,)34
11566 b(the)f(expression)g(is)g(parsed)g(and)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)34
11567 b(according)h(to)e(prece-)1110 4971 y(dence)e(using)e(the)i(rules)f
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11569 5230 y(The)43 b(expression)f(is)i(parsed)e(and)g(ev)-5
11570 b(aluated)45 b(according)f(to)f(precedence)1110 5340
11571 y(using)30 b(the)g(rules)g(listed)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)p
11572 eop end
11573 %%Page: 48 54
11574 TeXDict begin 48 53 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11575 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(48)630 299 y(When)40
11576 b(used)f(with)g Ft(test)g Fu(or)h(`)p Ft([)p Fu(',)j(the)d(`)p
11577 Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)g
11578 (lexicographically)630 408 y(using)30 b(ASCI)s(I)f(ordering.)150
11579 559 y Ft(times)870 689 y(times)630 819 y Fu(Prin)m(t)37
11580 b(out)h(the)g(user)e(and)h(system)g(times)h(used)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(shell)
11581 f(and)g(its)h(c)m(hildren.)61 b(The)630 929 y(return)29
11582 b(status)i(is)f(zero.)150 1080 y Ft(trap)870 1210 y(trap)47
11583 b([-lp])f([)p Fj(arg)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(sigspec)g Ft(...)o(])630
11584 1340 y Fu(The)d(commands)f(in)h Fr(arg)51 b Fu(are)44
11585 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(read)h(and)g(executed)h(when)e(the)h(shell)g(receiv)m
11586 (es)630 1450 y(signal)36 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)p Fu(.)57 b(If)35
11587 b Fr(arg)44 b Fu(is)36 b(absen)m(t)g(\(and)f(there)h(is)g(a)f(single)i
11588 Fr(sigsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\))35 b(or)h(equal)g(to)h(`)p Ft(-)p
11589 Fu(',)630 1559 y(eac)m(h)k(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(signal's)h(disp)s(osition)g
11590 (is)f(reset)i(to)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(it)g(had)f(when)g(the)h
11591 (shell)630 1669 y(w)m(as)33 b(started.)47 b(If)32 b Fr(arg)41
11592 b Fu(is)32 b(the)h(n)m(ull)f(string,)i(then)e(the)g(signal)i(sp)s
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11595 m(ok)m(es.)51 b(If)33 b Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)33 b(not)h(presen)m(t)f(and)g
11596 Ft(-p)630 1888 y Fu(has)g(b)s(een)g(supplied,)f(the)i(shell)f(displa)m
11597 (ys)h(the)f(trap)g(commands)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(eac)m(h)630
11598 1998 y Fr(sigsp)s(ec)p Fu(.)47 b(If)31 b(no)i(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h
11599 (supplied,)e(or)i(only)f Ft(-p)g Fu(is)g(giv)m(en,)i
11600 Ft(trap)d Fu(prin)m(ts)h(the)g(list)630 2107 y(of)c(commands)f(asso)s
11601 (ciated)i(with)f(eac)m(h)h(signal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)i(a)g(form)f
11602 (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(reused)630 2217 y(as)f(shell)h(input.)38
11603 b(The)26 b Ft(-l)f Fu(option)i(causes)f(the)g(shell)h(to)g(prin)m(t)e
11604 (a)i(list)f(of)h(signal)g(names)f(and)630 2326 y(their)33
11605 b(corresp)s(onding)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)47 b(Eac)m(h)34
11606 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)39 b Fu(is)33 b(either)g(a)h(signal)g(name)f(or)g(a)g
11607 (signal)630 2436 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)39 b(Signal)31 b(names)f(are)h
11608 (case)h(insensitiv)m(e)f(and)f(the)g Ft(SIG)g Fu(pre\014x)f(is)i
11609 (optional.)630 2566 y(If)k(a)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)35
11610 b Ft(0)g Fu(or)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(,)g Fr(arg)43 b Fu(is)35
11611 b(executed)h(when)e(the)h(shell)h(exits.)55 b(If)35 b(a)g
11612 Fr(sigsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)630 2676 y Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(,)32
11613 b(the)g(command)g Fr(arg)40 b Fu(is)33 b(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m
11614 (ery)h(simple)f(command,)h Ft(for)e Fu(com-)630 2785
11615 y(mand,)d Ft(case)g Fu(command,)h Ft(select)e Fu(command,)i(ev)m(ery)h
11616 (arithmetic)g Ft(for)d Fu(command,)j(and)630 2895 y(b)s(efore)22
11617 b(the)g(\014rst)f(command)h(executes)i(in)e(a)g(shell)h(function.)37
11618 b(Refer)22 b(to)h(the)g(description)f(of)630 3004 y(the)i
11619 Ft(extdebug)d Fu(option)j(to)h(the)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i
11620 (Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)630 3114
11621 y(page)33 b(64\))g(for)f(details)h(of)f(its)h(e\013ect)g(on)f(the)g
11622 Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap.)46 b(If)31 b(a)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)38
11623 b Fu(is)32 b Ft(RETURN)p Fu(,)f(the)630 3224 y(command)h
11624 Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)33 b(executed)g(eac)m(h)h(time)f(a)g(shell)g
11625 (function)g(or)f(a)h(script)g(executed)g(with)630 3333
11626 y(the)e Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)g(\014nishes)h
11627 (executing.)630 3463 y(If)20 b(a)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)27 b
11628 Fu(is)21 b Ft(ERR)p Fu(,)h(the)f(command)g Fr(arg)29
11629 b Fu(is)21 b(executed)h(whenev)m(er)e(a)i(pip)s(eline)e(\(whic)m(h)h
11630 (ma)m(y)630 3573 y(consist)35 b(of)g(a)f(single)h(simple)g(command\),)h
11631 (a)e(list,)j(or)d(a)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(returns)630
11632 3682 y(a)41 b(non-zero)g(exit)h(status,)h(sub)5 b(ject)41
11633 b(to)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(conditions.)72 b(The)40 b
11634 Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)i(is)630 3792 y(not)c(executed)h(if)f(the)h(failed)f
11635 (command)g(is)g(part)g(of)h(the)f(command)g(list)h(immediately)630
11636 3902 y(follo)m(wing)30 b(an)e Ft(until)f Fu(or)i Ft(while)e
11637 Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i(part)g(of)f(the)h(test)g(follo)m(wing)h(the)f
11638 Ft(if)f Fu(or)g Ft(elif)630 4011 y Fu(reserv)m(ed)45
11639 b(w)m(ords,)j(part)c(of)h(a)g(command)g(executed)g(in)g(a)g
11640 Ft(&&)f Fu(or)h Ft(||)f Fu(list)h(except)h(the)630 4121
11641 y(command)28 b(follo)m(wing)j(the)d(\014nal)h Ft(&&)f
11642 Fu(or)g Ft(||)p Fu(,)h(an)m(y)g(command)f(in)h(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(but)g
11643 (the)h(last,)630 4230 y(or)d(if)g(the)f(command's)h(return)f(status)h
11644 (is)g(b)s(eing)f(in)m(v)m(erted)i(using)e Ft(!)p Fu(.)39
11645 b(These)25 b(are)i(the)f(same)630 4340 y(conditions)31
11646 b(ob)s(ey)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f Ft(errexit)f Fu(\()p Ft(-e)p
11647 Fu(\))h(option.)630 4470 y(Signals)37 b(ignored)f(up)s(on)f(en)m(try)i
11648 (to)g(the)f(shell)h(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(trapp)s(ed)f(or)h(reset.)59
11649 b(T)-8 b(rapp)s(ed)630 4580 y(signals)28 b(that)f(are)h(not)f(b)s(eing)
11650 g(ignored)g(are)g(reset)h(to)g(their)f(original)h(v)-5
11651 b(alues)28 b(in)e(a)i(subshell)630 4689 y(or)i(subshell)g(en)m
11652 (vironmen)m(t)h(when)e(one)i(is)f(created.)630 4819 y(The)g(return)f
11653 (status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(a)h Fr(sigsp)s(ec)36 b
11654 Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31
11655 b(signal.)150 4970 y Ft(umask)870 5100 y(umask)46 b([-p])h([-S])g([)p
11656 Fj(mode)p Ft(])630 5230 y Fu(Set)30 b(the)f(shell)h(pro)s(cess's)f
11657 (\014le)h(creation)g(mask)g(to)g Fr(mo)s(de)p Fu(.)40
11658 b(If)29 b Fr(mo)s(de)34 b Fu(b)s(egins)29 b(with)g(a)h(digit,)630
11659 5340 y(it)e(is)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(an)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s
11660 (er;)e(if)g(not,)h(it)g(is)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f
11661 (mo)s(de)p eop end
11662 %%Page: 49 55
11663 TeXDict begin 49 54 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11664 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(49)630 299 y(mask)29
11665 b(similar)g(to)g(that)h(accepted)g(b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(chmod)e
11666 Fu(command.)40 b(If)28 b Fr(mo)s(de)34 b Fu(is)28 b(omitted,)j(the)630
11667 408 y(curren)m(t)39 b(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f(the)g(mask)g(is)h(prin)m
11668 (ted.)66 b(If)39 b(the)g Ft(-S)g Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied)d(without)j
11669 (a)630 518 y Fr(mo)s(de)d Fu(argumen)m(t,)d(the)e(mask)g(is)h(prin)m
11670 (ted)f(in)g(a)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(format.)47 b(If)32 b(the)g
11671 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)630 628 y(supplied,)f(and)f Fr(mo)s(de)37
11672 b Fu(is)32 b(omitted,)i(the)f(output)f(is)g(in)g(a)g(form)g(that)h(ma)m
11673 (y)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)630 737 y(input.)62 b(The)38
11674 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)g(if)g(the)g(mo)s(de)g(is)g(successfully)
11675 g(c)m(hanged)g(or)g(if)g(no)630 847 y Fr(mo)s(de)d Fu(argumen)m(t)c(is)
11676 f(supplied,)g(and)f(non-zero)i(otherwise.)630 977 y(Note)38
11677 b(that)e(when)g(the)g(mo)s(de)g(is)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(an)g(o)s
11678 (ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)e(eac)m(h)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)630
11679 1086 y(the)f(umask)g(is)h(subtracted)f(from)f Ft(7)p
11680 Fu(.)53 b(Th)m(us,)34 b(a)h(umask)e(of)i Ft(022)e Fu(results)h(in)g(p)s
11681 (ermissions)630 1196 y(of)d Ft(755)p Fu(.)150 1347 y
11682 Ft(unset)870 1477 y(unset)46 b([-fnv])g([)p Fj(name)p
11683 Ft(])630 1607 y Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)36 b(eac)m(h)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35
11684 b(or)f(function)f Fr(name)p Fu(.)52 b(If)33 b(the)i Ft(-v)e
11685 Fu(option)h(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(eac)m(h)e Fr(name)630 1716
11686 y Fu(refers)27 b(to)h(a)g(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(and)f(that)h(v)-5
11687 b(ariable)28 b(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(If)27 b(the)g
11688 Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(giv)m(en,)630 1826 y(the)37
11689 b Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)37 b(refer)f(to)i(shell)f(functions,)h(and)e(the)h
11690 (function)g(de\014nition)f(is)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)61 b(If)630
11691 1936 y(the)34 b Ft(-n)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied,)f(and)g
11692 Fr(name)38 b Fu(is)c(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(with)g(the)f
11693 Fr(nameref)51 b Fu(attribute,)630 2045 y Fr(name)42 b
11694 Fu(will)37 b(b)s(e)f(unset)g(rather)g(than)h(the)g(v)-5
11695 b(ariable)37 b(it)g(references.)60 b Ft(-n)36 b Fu(has)g(no)h(e\013ect)
11696 h(if)630 2155 y(the)h Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied.)65
11697 b(If)39 b(no)g(options)h(are)f(supplied,)h(eac)m(h)h
11698 Fr(name)j Fu(refers)39 b(to)h(a)630 2264 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)37
11699 b(if)d(there)g(is)g(no)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)g(an)
11700 m(y)f(function)g(with)f(that)i(name)f(is)630 2374 y(unset.)46
11701 b(Readonly)33 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(and)e(functions)h(ma)m(y)h(not)g
11702 (b)s(e)e(unset.)47 b(The)31 b(return)h(status)630 2483
11703 y(is)e(zero)i(unless)d(a)i Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)30 b(readonly)-8
11704 b(.)150 2715 y Fs(4.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(Builtin)g(Commands)150
11705 2875 y Fu(This)c(section)h(describ)s(es)f(builtin)f(commands)h(whic)m
11706 (h)g(are)h(unique)e(to)j(or)e(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)f(extended)g(in)150
11707 2984 y(Bash.)g(Some)30 b(of)h(these)g(commands)f(are)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g
11708 (in)g(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard.)150 3135 y Ft(alias)870
11709 3265 y(alias)46 b([-p])h([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p
11710 Ft(])d(...)o(])630 3395 y Fu(Without)26 b(argumen)m(ts)f(or)g(with)f
11711 (the)h Ft(-p)g Fu(option,)h Ft(alias)e Fu(prin)m(ts)g(the)h(list)h(of)f
11712 (aliases)h(on)f(the)630 3505 y(standard)g(output)g(in)g(a)h(form)f
11713 (that)h(allo)m(ws)h(them)e(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g(input.)39
11714 b(If)25 b(argumen)m(ts)630 3614 y(are)j(supplied,)e(an)i(alias)g(is)f
11715 (de\014ned)f(for)h(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)33 b Fu(whose)27
11716 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)33 b Fu(is)27 b(giv)m(en.)41 b(If)26
11717 b(no)h Fr(v)-5 b(alue)630 3724 y Fu(is)37 b(giv)m(en,)j(the)d(name)g
11718 (and)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)h(the)f(alias)h(is)f(prin)m(ted.)61
11719 b(Aliases)38 b(are)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)630 3833 y(Section)31
11720 b(6.6)h([Aliases],)g(page)f(90.)150 3984 y Ft(bind)870
11721 4114 y(bind)47 b([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e([-lpsvPSVX])870
11722 4224 y(bind)i([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e([-q)i Fj(function)p
11723 Ft(])f([-u)g Fj(function)p Ft(])g([-r)h Fj(keyseq)p Ft(])870
11724 4333 y(bind)g([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e(-f)j Fj(filename)870
11725 4443 y Ft(bind)f([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e(-x)j Fj(keyseq:shell-command)
11726 870 4552 y Ft(bind)f([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e Fj(keyseq:function-name)
11727 870 4662 y Ft(bind)i([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e Fj
11728 (keyseq:readline-command)630 4792 y Fu(Displa)m(y)22
11729 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(\(see)f(Chapter)g(8)g([Command)f(Line)h
11730 (Editing],)j(page)e(104\))g(k)m(ey)630 4902 y(and)36
11731 b(function)g(bindings,)i(bind)d(a)i(k)m(ey)g(sequence)g(to)h(a)f
11732 (Readline)g(function)f(or)h(macro,)630 5011 y(or)44 b(set)h(a)g
11733 (Readline)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)83 b(Eac)m(h)45 b(non-option)g(argumen)m(t)
11734 f(is)g(a)h(command)f(as)g(it)630 5121 y(w)m(ould)e(app)s(ear)f(in)h(a)h
11735 (Readline)g(initialization)i(\014le)d(\(see)h(Section)g(8.3)g
11736 ([Readline)g(Init)630 5230 y(File],)c(page)d(107\),)j(but)c(eac)m(h)h
11737 (binding)f(or)g(command)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(passed)g(as)h(a)g(separate)
11738 630 5340 y(argumen)m(t;)31 b(e.g.,)h(`)p Ft
11739 ("\\C-x\\C-r":re-read-init-f)o(ile)p Fu('.)p eop end
11740 %%Page: 50 56
11741 TeXDict begin 50 55 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11742 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(50)630 299 y(Options,)30
11743 b(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630
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11745 Fu(as)d(the)g(k)m(eymap)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(a\013ected)i(b)m(y)f(the)g
11746 (subsequen)m(t)1110 563 y(bindings.)46 b(Acceptable)34
11747 b Fr(k)m(eymap)i Fu(names)c(are)h Ft(emacs)p Fu(,)f Ft(emacs-standard)p
11748 Fu(,)1110 673 y Ft(emacs-meta)p Fu(,)99 b Ft(emacs-ctlx)p
11749 Fu(,)f Ft(vi)p Fu(,)j Ft(vi-move)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi-command)p
11750 Fu(,)f(and)1110 782 y Ft(vi-insert)p Fu(.)81 b Ft(vi)44
11751 b Fu(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)46 b(to)g Ft(vi-command)c
11752 Fu(\()p Ft(vi-move)h Fu(is)i(also)h(a)1110 892 y(synon)m(ym\);)30
11753 b Ft(emacs)f Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f Ft(emacs-standard)p
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11755 (Readline)g(functions.)630 1201 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)34
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11758 (in)g(a)h(Readline)g(initialization)i(\014le.)630 1466
11759 y Ft(-P)384 b Fu(List)31 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(function)f(names)g
11760 (and)g(bindings.)630 1620 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)25
11761 b(Readline)f(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(names)f(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)24
11762 b(in)g(suc)m(h)f(a)i(w)m(a)m(y)f(that)h(they)1110 1730
11763 y(can)31 b(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)h(input)e(or)h(in)g(a)h(Readline)g
11764 (initialization)j(\014le.)630 1885 y Ft(-V)384 b Fu(List)31
11765 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(names)f(and)g(v)-5
11766 b(alues.)630 2039 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)39 b(Readline)f(k)m(ey)g
11767 (sequences)f(b)s(ound)f(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)g(strings)1110
11768 2149 y(they)d(output)f(in)h(suc)m(h)f(a)h(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)f(they)g
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11770 y(Readline)d(initialization)i(\014le.)630 2413 y Ft(-S)384
11771 b Fu(Displa)m(y)39 b(Readline)f(k)m(ey)g(sequences)f(b)s(ound)f(to)i
11772 (macros)g(and)f(the)g(strings)1110 2523 y(they)31 b(output.)630
11773 2678 y Ft(-f)f Fj(filename)1110 2787 y Fu(Read)h(k)m(ey)g(bindings)e
11774 (from)h Fr(\014lename)p Fu(.)630 2942 y Ft(-q)g Fj(function)1110
11775 3051 y Fu(Query)g(ab)s(out)g(whic)m(h)g(k)m(eys)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h
11776 (the)f(named)f Fr(function)p Fu(.)630 3206 y Ft(-u)g
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11804 eop end
11805 %%Page: 51 57
11806 TeXDict begin 51 56 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
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11877 y(The)41 b Ft(-F)f Fu(option)i(inhibits)e(the)i(displa)m(y)f(of)g
11878 (function)g(de\014nitions;)47 b(only)41 b(the)g(function)630
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11880 b(If)30 b(the)g Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled)g(using)
11881 p eop end
11882 %%Page: 52 58
11883 TeXDict begin 52 57 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
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11889 b Ft(-F)30 b Fu(implies)h Ft(-f)p Fu(.)630 543 y(The)36
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11960 (using)f(`)p Ft(-f)f(foo=bar)p Fu(',)h(an)h(attempt)g(is)g(made)g(to)h
11961 (assign)p eop end
11962 %%Page: 53 59
11963 TeXDict begin 53 58 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
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11989 1821 y(The)32 b Ft(xpg_echo)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e
11990 (used)g(to)h(dynamically)h(determine)f(whether)f(or)630
11991 1931 y(not)h Ft(echo)f Fu(expands)g(these)h(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracters)g
11992 (b)m(y)f(default.)48 b Ft(echo)32 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)i(in)m(terpret)630
11993 2040 y Ft(--)c Fu(to)h(mean)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630
11994 2174 y Ft(echo)f Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(escap)s(e)f
11995 (sequences:)630 2332 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630
11996 2491 y Ft(\\b)384 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)630 2649 y Ft(\\c)g
11997 Fu(suppress)28 b(further)h(output)630 2807 y Ft(\\e)630
11998 2917 y(\\E)384 b Fu(escap)s(e)630 3075 y Ft(\\f)g Fu(form)30
11999 b(feed)630 3233 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(new)30 b(line)630 3392
12000 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(carriage)32 b(return)630 3550 y Ft(\\t)384
12001 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630 3708 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32
12002 b(tab)630 3867 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)630 4025
12003 y Ft(\\0)p Fj(nnn)240 b Fu(the)32 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g
12004 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(the)g(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5
12005 b(alue)32 b Fr(nnn)f Fu(\(zero)i(to)1110 4134 y(three)e(o)s(ctal)g
12006 (digits\))630 4293 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)38 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)
12007 m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)f(the)h(hexadecimal)g(v)-5
12008 b(alue)39 b Fr(HH)1110 4402 y Fu(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e
12009 (digits\))630 4561 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)41
12010 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
12011 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 4670 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5
12012 b(alue)31 b Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(four)e(hex)h(digits\))630
12013 4829 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)1110 4938 y Fu(the)41 b(Unico)s(de)g
12014 (\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)41
12015 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 5048 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)31
12016 b Fr(HHHHHHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)h(hex)e(digits\))150
12017 5206 y Ft(enable)870 5340 y(enable)46 b([-a])h([-dnps])f([-f)g
12018 Fj(filename)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)g Ft(...)o(])p eop end
12019 %%Page: 54 60
12020 TeXDict begin 54 59 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12021 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(54)630 299 y(Enable)36
12022 b(and)f(disable)h(builtin)g(shell)g(commands.)56 b(Disabling)37
12023 b(a)g(builtin)e(allo)m(ws)i(a)f(disk)630 408 y(command)e(whic)m(h)g
12024 (has)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)f(shell)h(builtin)e(to)i(b)s(e)f
12025 (executed)h(without)630 518 y(sp)s(ecifying)27 b(a)g(full)g(pathname,)g
12026 (ev)m(en)h(though)f(the)g(shell)g(normally)g(searc)m(hes)h(for)f
12027 (builtins)630 628 y(b)s(efore)35 b(disk)g(commands.)55
12028 b(If)35 b Ft(-n)g Fu(is)g(used,)h(the)g Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)35
12029 b(b)s(ecome)h(disabled.)55 b(Otherwise)630 737 y Fr(name)5
12030 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(enabled.)82 b(F)-8 b(or)45 b(example,)k(to)c(use)f
12031 (the)g Ft(test)f Fu(binary)h(found)f(via)h Ft($PATH)630
12032 847 y Fu(instead)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtin)g(v)m(ersion,)h(t)m
12033 (yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(enable)e(-n)h(test)p Fu('.)630 983 y(If)45
12034 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)j(or)d(no)g
12035 Fr(name)51 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)46 b(app)s(ear,)k(a)c(list)h(of)f(shell)
12036 630 1092 y(builtins)37 b(is)h(prin)m(ted.)63 b(With)38
12037 b(no)f(other)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(the)d(list)g(consists)g(of)g(all)h
12038 (enabled)630 1202 y(shell)d(builtins.)57 b(The)35 b Ft(-a)h
12039 Fu(option)g(means)g(to)g(list)h(eac)m(h)g(builtin)f(with)f(an)h
12040 (indication)h(of)630 1311 y(whether)30 b(or)g(not)h(it)g(is)f(enabled.)
12041 630 1447 y(The)22 b Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(means)g(to)h(load)g(the)f(new)g
12042 (builtin)f(command)h Fr(name)27 b Fu(from)22 b(shared)f(ob)5
12043 b(ject)630 1557 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(,)33 b(on)e(systems)h(that)h(supp)
12044 s(ort)d(dynamic)i(loading.)46 b(The)31 b Ft(-d)g Fu(option)h(will)h
12045 (delete)630 1667 y(a)e(builtin)f(loaded)h(with)f Ft(-f)p
12046 Fu(.)630 1802 y(If)j(there)i(are)f(no)g(options,)h(a)f(list)h(of)f(the)
12047 g(shell)g(builtins)g(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)52 b(The)33
12048 b Ft(-s)g Fu(option)630 1912 y(restricts)j Ft(enable)d
12049 Fu(to)j(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins.)54
12050 b(If)34 b Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(used)f(with)g Ft(-f)p Fu(,)i(the)f(new)630
12051 2022 y(builtin)30 b(b)s(ecomes)h(a)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(\(see)i
12052 (Section)f(4.4)g([Sp)s(ecial)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(70\).)630
12053 2158 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(unless)e(a)i
12054 Fr(name)k Fu(is)26 b(not)g(a)h(shell)f(builtin)g(or)g(there)g(is)g(an)g
12055 (error)630 2267 y(loading)31 b(a)g(new)f(builtin)g(from)g(a)g(shared)g
12056 (ob)5 b(ject.)150 2429 y Ft(help)870 2565 y(help)47 b([-dms])f([)p
12057 Fj(pattern)p Ft(])630 2701 y Fu(Displa)m(y)40 b(helpful)e(information)h
12058 (ab)s(out)g(builtin)f(commands.)66 b(If)38 b Fr(pattern)h
12059 Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)630 2811 y Ft(help)28 b Fu(giv)m(es)i(detailed)
12060 g(help)e(on)h(all)h(commands)e(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)p
12061 Fu(,)g(otherwise)f(a)g(list)h(of)630 2920 y(the)h(builtins)e(is)i(prin)
12062 m(ted.)630 3056 y(Options,)f(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)
12063 m(wing)h(meanings:)630 3218 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32
12064 b(a)e(short)g(description)h(of)f(eac)m(h)i Fr(pattern)630
12065 3381 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(the)e(description)g(of)h(eac)m(h)
12066 h Fr(pattern)e Fu(in)g(a)h(manpage-lik)m(e)h(format)630
12067 3543 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(a)h(short)f(usage)h
12068 (synopsis)e(for)i(eac)m(h)g Fr(pattern)630 3705 y Fu(The)f(return)f
12069 (status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(no)g(command)h(matc)m(hes)g
12070 Fr(pattern)p Fu(.)150 3867 y Ft(let)870 4003 y(let)47
12071 b Fj(expression)e Ft([)p Fj(expression)g Ft(...)o(])630
12072 4139 y Fu(The)c Ft(let)g Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)i(arithmetic)f(to)h(b)s
12073 (e)d(p)s(erformed)g(on)i(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)74
12074 b(Eac)m(h)630 4248 y Fr(expression)31 b Fu(is)g(ev)-5
12075 b(aluated)32 b(according)f(to)h(the)f(rules)g(giv)m(en)h(b)s(elo)m(w)f
12076 (in)f(Section)i(6.5)g([Shell)630 4358 y(Arithmetic],)51
12077 b(page)46 b(89.)87 b(If)45 b(the)g(last)h Fr(expression)g
12078 Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)47 b(to)f(0,)k Ft(let)44 b Fu(returns)g(1;)630
12079 4468 y(otherwise)31 b(0)g(is)f(returned.)150 4630 y Ft(local)870
12080 4766 y(local)46 b([)p Fj(option)p Ft(])g Fj(name)p Ft([=)p
12081 Fj(value)p Ft(])e(...)630 4902 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)27 b(eac)m(h)g(argumen)m
12082 (t,)g(a)f(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(named)e Fr(name)31
12083 b Fu(is)26 b(created,)i(and)d(assigned)h Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p
12084 Fu(.)630 5011 y(The)37 b Fr(option)h Fu(can)f(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)h(of)f
12085 (the)h(options)g(accepted)g(b)m(y)g Ft(declare)p Fu(.)59
12086 b Ft(local)36 b Fu(can)i(only)630 5121 y(b)s(e)j(used)h(within)f(a)i
12087 (function;)48 b(it)42 b(mak)m(es)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)43
12088 b Fr(name)48 b Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)43 b(a)f(visible)h(scop)s(e)630
12089 5230 y(restricted)h(to)f(that)h(function)e(and)g(its)i(c)m(hildren.)78
12090 b(If)42 b Fr(name)48 b Fu(is)43 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(the)d(set)h(of)f
12091 (shell)630 5340 y(options)34 b(is)f(made)g(lo)s(cal)i(to)f(the)f
12092 (function)g(in)g(whic)m(h)g Ft(local)f Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed:)48
12093 b(shell)34 b(options)p eop end
12094 %%Page: 55 61
12095 TeXDict begin 55 60 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12096 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(55)630 299 y(c)m(hanged)32
12097 b(using)e(the)i Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(inside)g(the)g(function)g(are)g
12098 (restored)h(to)g(their)f(original)630 408 y(v)-5 b(alues)25
12099 b(when)e(the)i(function)f(returns.)37 b(The)24 b(return)f(status)i(is)f
12100 (zero)i(unless)d Ft(local)g Fu(is)i(used)630 518 y(outside)k(a)f
12101 (function,)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)29 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)28
12102 b(supplied,)g(or)g Fr(name)34 b Fu(is)28 b(a)h(readonly)f(v)-5
12103 b(ariable.)150 681 y Ft(logout)870 817 y(logout)46 b([)p
12104 Fj(n)p Ft(])630 953 y Fu(Exit)31 b(a)g(login)g(shell,)g(returning)e(a)i
12105 (status)g(of)f Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)f(paren)m(t.)150
12106 1116 y Ft(mapfile)870 1252 y(mapfile)46 b([-d)h Fj(delim)p
12107 Ft(])f([-n)h Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)g
12108 Fj(count)p Ft(])h([-t])f([-u)h Fj(fd)p Ft(])1061 1362
12109 y([-C)g Fj(callback)p Ft(])e([-c)i Fj(quantum)p Ft(])f([)p
12110 Fj(array)p Ft(])630 1498 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h(standard)e
12111 (input)g(in)m(to)j(the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38
12112 b Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(,)i(or)630 1607 y(from)28 b(\014le)h(descriptor)f
12113 Fr(fd)k Fu(if)c(the)h Ft(-u)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied.)39
12114 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b Ft(MAPFILE)e Fu(is)i(the)630
12115 1717 y(default)i Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(.)41 b(Options,)30
12116 b(if)g(supplied,)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630
12117 1880 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(The)37 b(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(of)f
12118 Fr(delim)g Fu(is)f(used)g(to)h(terminate)h(eac)m(h)g(input)d(line,)1110
12119 1989 y(rather)30 b(than)g(newline.)630 2152 y Ft(-n)384
12120 b Fu(Cop)m(y)30 b(at)h(most)g Fr(coun)m(t)i Fu(lines.)41
12121 b(If)30 b Fr(coun)m(t)j Fu(is)d(0,)h(all)h(lines)e(are)h(copied.)630
12122 2315 y Ft(-O)384 b Fu(Begin)31 b(assigning)g(to)g Fr(arra)m(y)39
12123 b Fu(at)31 b(index)f Fr(origin)p Fu(.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(index)f
12124 (is)g(0.)630 2477 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Discard)31 b(the)f(\014rst)g
12125 Fr(coun)m(t)j Fu(lines)e(read.)630 2640 y Ft(-t)384 b
12126 Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)f(trailing)g Fr(delim)g Fu(\(default)g
12127 (newline\))f(from)g(eac)m(h)i(line)f(read.)630 2803 y
12128 Ft(-u)384 b Fu(Read)31 b(lines)f(from)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f
12129 Fr(fd)j Fu(instead)e(of)f(the)h(standard)e(input.)630
12130 2966 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)33 b Fr(callbac)m(k)39
12131 b Fu(eac)m(h)33 b(time)f Fr(quan)m(tum)p Fu(P)f(lines)h(are)g(read.)45
12132 b(The)31 b Ft(-c)g Fu(op-)1110 3075 y(tion)g(sp)s(eci\014es)f
12133 Fr(quan)m(tum)p Fu(.)630 3238 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Sp)s(ecify)30
12134 b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(lines)f(read)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m
12135 (h)g(call)h(to)f Fr(callbac)m(k)p Fu(.)630 3401 y(If)36
12136 b Ft(-C)g Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(without)g Ft(-c)p
12137 Fu(,)h(the)g(default)f(quan)m(tum)g(is)h(5000.)60 b(When)36
12138 b Fr(callbac)m(k)44 b Fu(is)630 3510 y(ev)-5 b(aluated,)30
12139 b(it)e(is)g(supplied)f(the)h(index)f(of)i(the)f(next)g(arra)m(y)g
12140 (elemen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(assigned)i(and)630 3620 y(the)39
12141 b(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(assigned)h(to)h(that)f(elemen)m(t)i(as)e
12142 (additional)h(argumen)m(ts.)66 b Fr(callbac)m(k)47 b
12143 Fu(is)630 3729 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(after)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(read)g
12144 (but)g(b)s(efore)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)g(is)g(assigned.)630
12145 3866 y(If)25 b(not)g(supplied)f(with)h(an)g(explicit)i(origin,)g
12146 Ft(mapfile)c Fu(will)j(clear)g Fr(arra)m(y)34 b Fu(b)s(efore)24
12147 b(assigning)630 3975 y(to)31 b(it.)630 4111 y Ft(mapfile)41
12148 b Fu(returns)g(successfully)i(unless)e(an)i(in)m(v)-5
12149 b(alid)43 b(option)g(or)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)630
12150 4221 y(supplied,)29 b Fr(arra)m(y)39 b Fu(is)30 b(in)m(v)-5
12151 b(alid)31 b(or)g(unassignable,)f(or)h Fr(arra)m(y)38
12152 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(an)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)150
12153 4384 y Ft(printf)870 4520 y(printf)46 b([-v)h Fj(var)p
12154 Ft(])g Fj(format)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4656
12155 y Fu(W)-8 b(rite)27 b(the)g(formatted)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)k
12156 Fu(to)d(the)f(standard)f(output)h(under)e(the)i(con)m(trol)i(of)e(the)
12157 630 4765 y Fr(format)p Fu(.)66 b(The)39 b Ft(-v)f Fu(option)h(causes)g
12158 (the)g(output)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)h(the)f(v)-5
12159 b(ariable)39 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)630 4875 y Fu(rather)30 b(than)g(b)s(eing)g
12160 (prin)m(ted)g(to)h(the)g(standard)e(output.)630 5011
12161 y(The)36 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(string)e(whic)m(h)g
12162 (con)m(tains)i(three)e(t)m(yp)s(es)g(of)h(ob)5 b(jects:)53
12163 b(plain)630 5121 y(c)m(haracters,)41 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(simply)e
12164 (copied)i(to)g(standard)f(output,)i(c)m(haracter)g(escap)s(e)e(se-)630
12165 5230 y(quences,)g(whic)m(h)f(are)g(con)m(v)m(erted)h(and)f(copied)g(to)
12166 g(the)g(standard)f(output,)i(and)f(format)630 5340 y(sp)s
12167 (eci\014cations,)j(eac)m(h)e(of)g(whic)m(h)f(causes)g(prin)m(ting)g(of)
12168 h(the)f(next)h(successiv)m(e)g Fr(argumen)m(t)p Fu(.)p
12169 eop end
12170 %%Page: 56 62
12171 TeXDict begin 56 61 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12172 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(56)630 299 y(In)24
12173 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g(standard)f Ft(printf\(1\))e Fu(formats,)27
12174 b Ft(printf)c Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)630
12175 408 y(extensions:)630 596 y Ft(\045b)384 b Fu(Causes)38
12176 b Ft(printf)f Fu(to)j(expand)e(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(e)g(sequences)g
12177 (in)f(the)h(cor-)1110 706 y(resp)s(onding)31 b Fr(argumen)m(t)j
12178 Fu(in)e(the)h(same)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(as)g Ft(echo)c(-e)j
12179 Fu(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)1110 816 y([Bash)e(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)
12180 630 1003 y Ft(\045q)384 b Fu(Causes)32 b Ft(printf)e
12181 Fu(to)i(output)g(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f Fr(argumen)m(t)j
12182 Fu(in)d(a)i(format)1110 1113 y(that)e(can)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)h
12183 (shell)f(input.)630 1301 y Ft(\045\()p Fj(datefmt)p Ft(\)T)1110
12184 1410 y Fu(Causes)f Ft(printf)e Fu(to)j(output)f(the)g(date-time)i
12185 (string)e(resulting)h(from)e(using)1110 1520 y Fr(datefm)m(t)45
12186 b Fu(as)d(a)g(format)g(string)g(for)g Ft(strftime)p Fu(\(3\).)74
12187 b(The)41 b(corresp)s(onding)1110 1630 y Fr(argumen)m(t)h
12188 Fu(is)e(an)g(in)m(teger)i(represen)m(ting)e(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)
12189 h(seconds)g(since)1110 1739 y(the)24 b(ep)s(o)s(c)m(h.)38
12190 b(Tw)m(o)24 b(sp)s(ecial)h(argumen)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alues)24
12191 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used:)36 b(-1)25 b(represen)m(ts)1110
12192 1849 y(the)30 b(curren)m(t)g(time,)h(and)e(-2)i(represen)m(ts)f(the)g
12193 (time)h(the)f(shell)g(w)m(as)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)1110
12194 1958 y(If)38 b(no)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)i(con)m(v)m
12195 (ersion)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(-1)h(had)f(b)s(een)1110
12196 2068 y(giv)m(en.)k(This)29 b(is)i(an)f(exception)i(to)f(the)f(usual)g
12197 Ft(printf)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior.)630 2256 y(Argumen)m(ts)f(to)h
12198 (non-string)e(format)i(sp)s(eci\014ers)e(are)h(treated)h(as)g(C)e
12199 (language)j(constan)m(ts,)630 2365 y(except)22 b(that)g(a)g(leading)g
12200 (plus)e(or)h(min)m(us)f(sign)i(is)f(allo)m(w)m(ed,)k(and)c(if)g(the)g
12201 (leading)h(c)m(haracter)h(is)630 2475 y(a)i(single)g(or)f(double)h
12202 (quote,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(the)h(ASCI)s(I)e(v)-5
12203 b(alue)25 b(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(c)m(haracter.)630
12204 2624 y(The)31 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(reused)e(as)i(necessary)f(to)i
12205 (consume)e(all)h(of)f(the)h Fr(argumen)m(ts)p Fu(.)44
12206 b(If)30 b(the)i Fr(for-)630 2733 y(mat)c Fu(requires)e(more)g
12207 Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(than)25 b(are)i(supplied,)e(the)h(extra)h(format)f
12208 (sp)s(eci\014cations)630 2843 y(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)j(as)g(if)f(a)h(zero)g
12209 (v)-5 b(alue)29 b(or)g(n)m(ull)f(string,)h(as)g(appropriate,)g(had)f(b)
12210 s(een)g(supplied.)38 b(The)630 2952 y(return)29 b(v)-5
12211 b(alue)31 b(is)g(zero)g(on)f(success,)h(non-zero)g(on)f(failure.)150
12212 3140 y Ft(read)870 3289 y(read)47 b([-ers])f([-a)h Fj(aname)p
12213 Ft(])f([-d)h Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-i)h Fj(text)p Ft(])f([-n)h
12214 Fj(nchars)p Ft(])1061 3399 y([-N)g Fj(nchars)p Ft(])f([-p)h
12215 Fj(prompt)p Ft(])e([-t)i Fj(timeout)p Ft(])f([-u)h Fj(fd)p
12216 Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)f Ft(...)o(])630 3547 y Fu(One)38
12217 b(line)g(is)g(read)g(from)g(the)g(standard)f(input,)j(or)e(from)f(the)i
12218 (\014le)f(descriptor)g Fr(fd)j Fu(sup-)630 3657 y(plied)34
12219 b(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-u)g Fu(option,)i(split)f(in)m
12220 (to)g(w)m(ords)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(in)630
12221 3767 y(Section)j(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)38 b(Splitting],)i(page)e(30,)j
12222 (and)36 b(the)i(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)g(is)g(assigned)h(to)g(the)630
12223 3876 y(\014rst)32 b Fr(name)p Fu(,)h(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)f(to)h(the)
12224 g(second)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(and)f(so)h(on.)47 b(If)32
12225 b(there)h(are)g(more)630 3986 y(w)m(ords)39 b(than)g(names,)j(the)e
12226 (remaining)f(w)m(ords)g(and)g(their)h(in)m(terv)m(ening)g(delimiters)h
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12228 Fu(.)40 b(If)29 b(there)g(are)h(few)m(er)f(w)m(ords)g(read)g(from)g
12229 (the)g(input)g(stream)630 4205 y(than)35 b(names,)i(the)e(remaining)h
12230 (names)f(are)h(assigned)f(empt)m(y)h(v)-5 b(alues.)56
12231 b(The)34 b(c)m(haracters)630 4315 y(in)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33
12232 b(of)g(the)g Ft(IFS)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(are)h(used)d(to)j(split)f
12233 (the)g(line)g(in)m(to)g(w)m(ords)g(using)f(the)630 4424
12234 y(same)d(rules)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f(for)g(expansion)g(\(describ)s(ed)
12235 g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(in)e(Section)h(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)630
12236 4534 y(Splitting],)38 b(page)f(30\).)60 b(The)35 b(bac)m(kslash)i(c)m
12237 (haracter)h(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(remo)m(v)m
12238 (e)h(an)m(y)630 4643 y(sp)s(ecial)i(meaning)g(for)f(the)g(next)h(c)m
12239 (haracter)h(read)e(and)g(for)g(line)h(con)m(tin)m(uation.)69
12240 b(If)39 b(no)630 4753 y(names)c(are)h(supplied,)f(the)h(line)g(read)f
12241 (is)g(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b Ft(REPLY)p
12242 Fu(.)54 b(The)35 b(exit)630 4862 y(status)f(is)f(zero,)i(unless)e
12243 (end-of-\014le)h(is)f(encoun)m(tered,)i Ft(read)e Fu(times)h(out)f
12244 (\(in)h(whic)m(h)f(case)630 4972 y(the)g(status)h(is)f(greater)i(than)e
12245 (128\),)j(a)e(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)f(\(suc)m(h)g
12246 (as)g(assigning)630 5082 y(to)38 b(a)f(readonly)g(v)-5
12247 b(ariable\))38 b(o)s(ccurs,)h(or)e(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)38
12248 b(\014le)f(descriptor)g(is)g(supplied)e(as)j(the)630
12249 5191 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-u)p Fu(.)630 5340 y(Options,)f(if)h
12250 (supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)p
12251 eop end
12252 %%Page: 57 63
12253 TeXDict begin 57 62 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12254 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(57)630 299 y Ft(-a)30
12255 b Fj(aname)114 b Fu(The)34 b(w)m(ords)f(are)i(assigned)f(to)h(sequen)m
12256 (tial)h(indices)e(of)g(the)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110
12257 408 y Fr(aname)p Fu(,)29 b(starting)h(at)f(0.)40 b(All)29
12258 b(elemen)m(ts)h(are)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(from)d Fr(aname)34
12259 b Fu(b)s(efore)1110 518 y(the)d(assignmen)m(t.)41 b(Other)30
12260 b Fr(name)36 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)30 b(are)h(ignored.)630
12261 667 y Ft(-d)f Fj(delim)114 b Fu(The)41 b(\014rst)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)f
12262 Fr(delim)g Fu(is)g(used)g(to)g(terminate)h(the)f(input)f(line,)1110
12263 777 y(rather)30 b(than)g(newline.)630 927 y Ft(-e)384
12264 b Fu(Readline)46 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)f(Line)h(Editing],)50
12265 b(page)45 b(104\))i(is)1110 1036 y(used)37 b(to)i(obtain)g(the)f(line.)
12266 65 b(Readline)39 b(uses)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(default,)j(if)1110
12267 1146 y(line)31 b(editing)g(w)m(as)f(not)h(previously)f(activ)m(e\))j
12268 (editing)e(settings.)630 1295 y Ft(-i)f Fj(text)162 b
12269 Fu(If)36 b(Readline)i(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used)f(to)h(read)g(the)g(line,)j
12270 Fr(text)f Fu(is)e(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)1110 1405 y(editing)31
12271 b(bu\013er)e(b)s(efore)h(editing)h(b)s(egins.)630 1554
12272 y Ft(-n)f Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)38 b Fu(returns)f(after)j(reading)f
12273 Fr(nc)m(hars)j Fu(c)m(haracters)e(rather)f(than)g(w)m(aiting)1110
12274 1664 y(for)d(a)h(complete)h(line)f(of)g(input,)g(but)f(honors)g(a)h
12275 (delimiter)g(if)f(few)m(er)h(than)1110 1773 y Fr(nc)m(hars)d
12276 Fu(c)m(haracters)e(are)e(read)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g(delimiter.)630
12277 1923 y Ft(-N)g Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)39 b Fu(returns)f(after)j
12278 (reading)e(exactly)j Fr(nc)m(hars)h Fu(c)m(haracters)f(rather)d(than)
12279 1110 2032 y(w)m(aiting)32 b(for)f(a)g(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input,)g
12280 (unless)f(EOF)h(is)g(encoun)m(tered)g(or)1110 2142 y
12281 Ft(read)f Fu(times)i(out.)43 b(Delimiter)33 b(c)m(haracters)f(encoun)m
12282 (tered)g(in)f(the)g(input)g(are)1110 2252 y(not)g(treated)h(sp)s
12283 (ecially)f(and)f(do)h(not)g(cause)g Ft(read)e Fu(to)j(return)d(un)m
12284 (til)i Fr(nc)m(hars)1110 2361 y Fu(c)m(haracters)26 b(are)f(read.)38
12285 b(The)24 b(result)g(is)h(not)f(split)h(on)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
12286 Ft(IFS)p Fu(;)1110 2471 y(the)e(in)m(ten)m(t)i(is)e(that)h(the)f(v)-5
12287 b(ariable)23 b(is)f(assigned)g(exactly)i(the)e(c)m(haracters)i(read)
12288 1110 2580 y(\(with)30 b(the)h(exception)h(of)e(bac)m(kslash;)h(see)g
12289 (the)g Ft(-r)f Fu(option)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)630 2730 y
12290 Ft(-p)f Fj(prompt)66 b Fu(Displa)m(y)38 b Fr(prompt)p
12291 Fu(,)g(without)e(a)h(trailing)h(newline,)h(b)s(efore)d(attempting)i(to)
12292 1110 2839 y(read)f(an)m(y)h(input.)60 b(The)37 b(prompt)g(is)g(displa)m
12293 (y)m(ed)h(only)f(if)g(input)g(is)g(coming)1110 2949 y(from)30
12294 b(a)h(terminal.)630 3098 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(If)21 b(this)h(option)g(is)f
12295 (giv)m(en,)k(bac)m(kslash)d(do)s(es)f(not)h(act)h(as)f(an)f(escap)s(e)h
12296 (c)m(haracter.)1110 3208 y(The)30 b(bac)m(kslash)i(is)f(considered)g
12297 (to)h(b)s(e)e(part)h(of)g(the)g(line.)43 b(In)30 b(particular,)i(a)1110
12298 3318 y(bac)m(kslash-newline)f(pair)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(as)i
12299 (a)g(line)f(con)m(tin)m(uation.)630 3467 y Ft(-s)384
12300 b Fu(Silen)m(t)28 b(mo)s(de.)40 b(If)27 b(input)f(is)i(coming)g(from)f
12301 (a)h(terminal,)h(c)m(haracters)g(are)f(not)1110 3577
12302 y(ec)m(ho)s(ed.)630 3726 y Ft(-t)i Fj(timeout)1110 3836
12303 y Fu(Cause)42 b Ft(read)g Fu(to)h(time)h(out)f(and)f(return)f(failure)i
12304 (if)g(a)g(complete)h(line)f(of)1110 3945 y(input)26 b(\(or)h(a)g(sp)s
12305 (eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(c)m(haracters\))h(is)f(not)g(read)g
12306 (within)f Fr(time-)1110 4055 y(out)37 b Fu(seconds.)53
12307 b Fr(timeout)38 b Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)f(a)h(decimal)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d
12308 (with)h(a)h(fractional)1110 4164 y(p)s(ortion)29 b(follo)m(wing)h(the)f
12309 (decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(This)29 b(option)g(is)g(only)g(e\013ectiv)
12310 m(e)j(if)1110 4274 y Ft(read)j Fu(is)i(reading)g(input)e(from)h(a)h
12311 (terminal,)i(pip)s(e,)e(or)g(other)f(sp)s(ecial)i(\014le;)1110
12312 4384 y(it)31 b(has)g(no)g(e\013ect)h(when)e(reading)h(from)g(regular)g
12313 (\014les.)42 b(If)30 b Ft(read)g Fu(times)h(out,)1110
12314 4493 y Ft(read)d Fu(sa)m(v)m(es)j(an)m(y)f(partial)h(input)d(read)i(in)
12315 m(to)h(the)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Fr(name)p
12316 Fu(.)1110 4603 y(If)k Fr(timeout)j Fu(is)e(0,)h Ft(read)e
12317 Fu(returns)f(immediately)-8 b(,)39 b(without)c(trying)h(to)g(read)1110
12318 4712 y(and)30 b(data.)44 b(The)30 b(exit)i(status)f(is)g(0)g(if)g
12319 (input)f(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)34 b(on)c(the)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)1110
12320 4822 y(\014le)g(descriptor,)g(non-zero)h(otherwise.)46
12321 b(The)31 b(exit)i(status)f(is)g(greater)h(than)1110 4932
12322 y(128)f(if)e(the)h(timeout)g(is)f(exceeded.)630 5081
12323 y Ft(-u)g Fj(fd)258 b Fu(Read)31 b(input)e(from)h(\014le)g(descriptor)h
12324 Fr(fd)p Fu(.)150 5230 y Ft(readarray)870 5340 y(readarray)45
12325 b([-d)i Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-n)h Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h
12326 Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)h Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-t])h([-u)g
12327 Fj(fd)p Ft(])p eop end
12328 %%Page: 58 64
12329 TeXDict begin 58 63 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12330 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(58)1061 299 y
12331 Ft([-C)47 b Fj(callback)p Ft(])e([-c)i Fj(quantum)p Ft(])f([)p
12332 Fj(array)p Ft(])630 433 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h(standard)e
12333 (input)g(in)m(to)j(the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38
12334 b Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(,)i(or)630 543 y(from)30 b(\014le)g(descriptor)h
12335 Fr(fd)i Fu(if)d(the)h Ft(-u)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied.)630
12336 677 y(A)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(mapfile)p Fu(.)150 836
12337 y Ft(source)870 971 y(source)46 b Fj(filename)630 1105
12338 y Fu(A)30 b(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(.)g Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)g
12339 ([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\).)150 1264
12340 y Ft(type)870 1398 y(type)47 b([-afptP])e([)p Fj(name)i
12341 Ft(...)o(])630 1533 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)42 b(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p
12342 Fu(,)i(indicate)e(ho)m(w)g(it)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)g(if)
12343 g(used)f(as)i(a)f(command)630 1642 y(name.)630 1777 y(If)g(the)g
12344 Ft(-t)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)j Ft(type)c Fu(prin)m(ts)h(a)h(single)g
12345 (w)m(ord)f(whic)m(h)g(is)g(one)h(of)g(`)p Ft(alias)p
12346 Fu(',)630 1886 y(`)p Ft(function)p Fu(',)32 b(`)p Ft(builtin)p
12347 Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(file)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(keyword)p Fu(',)f(if)h
12348 Fr(name)38 b Fu(is)33 b(an)f(alias,)j(shell)e(function,)630
12349 1996 y(shell)i(builtin,)g(disk)g(\014le,)h(or)e(shell)h(reserv)m(ed)g
12350 (w)m(ord,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)55 b(If)34 b(the)h
12351 Fr(name)40 b Fu(is)35 b(not)630 2105 y(found,)29 b(then)h(nothing)h(is)
12352 f(prin)m(ted,)g(and)g Ft(type)f Fu(returns)g(a)i(failure)g(status.)630
12353 2240 y(If)25 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)h
12354 Ft(type)e Fu(either)h(returns)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)f(disk)g(\014le)g
12355 (that)h(w)m(ould)630 2349 y(b)s(e)k(executed,)h(or)g(nothing)f(if)g
12356 Ft(-t)g Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h(return)e(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630
12357 2484 y(The)h Ft(-P)g Fu(option)h(forces)g(a)g(path)f(searc)m(h)h(for)g
12358 (eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(ev)m(en)g(if)g Ft(-t)f Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h
12359 (return)630 2593 y(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630 2728 y(If)f(a)g(command)g
12360 (is)g(hashed,)f Ft(-p)h Fu(and)f Ft(-P)g Fu(prin)m(t)h(the)g(hashed)f
12361 (v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(whic)m(h)f(is)g(not)g(neces-)630 2837
12362 y(sarily)h(the)f(\014le)h(that)g(app)s(ears)e(\014rst)h(in)g
12363 Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)630 2971 y(If)22 b(the)i Ft(-a)e Fu(option)h(is)g
12364 (used,)h Ft(type)e Fu(returns)f(all)j(of)f(the)g(places)h(that)f(con)m
12365 (tain)i(an)d(executable)630 3081 y(named)32 b Fr(\014le)p
12366 Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(includes)h(aliases)h(and)e(functions,)i(if)f(and)f
12367 (only)h(if)g(the)g Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(is)630 3191 y(not)d(also)g
12368 (used.)630 3325 y(If)f(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(used,)e
12369 Ft(type)g Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)d(shell)j
12370 (functions,)f(as)g(with)630 3435 y(the)h Ft(command)d
12371 Fu(builtin.)630 3569 y(The)j(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(all)h
12372 (of)f(the)h Fr(names)i Fu(are)e(found,)e(non-zero)i(if)f(an)m(y)g(are)h
12373 (not)630 3678 y(found.)150 3838 y Ft(typeset)870 3972
12374 y(typeset)46 b([-afFgrxilnrtux])d([-p])k([)p Fj(name)p
12375 Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 4106 y Fu(The)31
12376 b Ft(typeset)e Fu(command)i(is)g(supplied)f(for)h(compatibilit)m(y)i
12377 (with)e(the)g(Korn)f(shell.)44 b(It)31 b(is)630 4216
12378 y(a)g(synon)m(ym)f(for)g(the)g Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)150
12379 4375 y Ft(ulimit)870 4509 y(ulimit)46 b([-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT)o(])c
12380 ([)p Fj(limit)p Ft(])630 4644 y(ulimit)25 b Fu(pro)m(vides)h(con)m
12381 (trol)i(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)f(resources)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29
12382 b(to)e(pro)s(cesses)f(started)h(b)m(y)g(the)630 4753
12383 y(shell,)i(on)f(systems)g(that)h(allo)m(w)h(suc)m(h)e(con)m(trol.)41
12384 b(If)28 b(an)g(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i(it)e(is)h(in)m(terpreted)630
12385 4863 y(as)i(follo)m(ws:)630 5022 y Ft(-S)384 b Fu(Change)30
12386 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(soft)h(limit)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h
12387 (resource.)630 5181 y Ft(-H)384 b Fu(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)
12388 g(hard)g(limit)h(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h(resource.)630
12389 5340 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(All)31 b(curren)m(t)f(limits)h(are)g(rep)s
12390 (orted.)p eop end
12391 %%Page: 59 65
12392 TeXDict begin 59 64 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12393 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(59)630 299 y Ft(-b)384
12394 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(so)s(c)m(k)m(et)i(bu\013er)e(size.)630
12395 462 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(core)g(\014les)f
12396 (created.)630 625 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(a)
12397 g(pro)s(cess's)f(data)h(segmen)m(t.)630 788 y Ft(-e)384
12398 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(sc)m(heduling)h(priorit)m(y)f(\()p
12399 Ft(")p Fu(nice)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)630 951 y Ft(-f)384 b
12400 Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(\014les)f(written)h(b)m(y)f(the)g
12401 (shell)h(and)f(its)h(c)m(hildren.)630 1114 y Ft(-i)384
12402 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(p)s(ending)e
12403 (signals.)630 1277 y Ft(-k)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
12404 (er)f(of)i(kqueues)f(that)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(allo)s(cated.)630
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12459 %%Page: 60 66
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12530 %%Page: 61 67
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12585 %%Page: 62 68
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12614 b Fu(Use)36 b(a)g Ft(vi)p Fu(-st)m(yle)g(line)g(editing)g(in)m
12615 (terface.)58 b(This)35 b(also)h(a\013ects)1590 3611 y(the)31
12616 b(editing)g(in)m(terface)h(used)d(for)h Ft(read)f(-e)p
12617 Fu(.)1110 3769 y Ft(xtrace)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-x)p
12618 Fu(.)630 3927 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(urn)33 b(on)h(privileged)h(mo)s
12619 (de.)51 b(In)34 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h(the)f Ft($BASH_ENV)e
12620 Fu(and)h Ft($ENV)1110 4037 y Fu(\014les)23 b(are)h(not)f(pro)s(cessed,)
12621 h(shell)g(functions)e(are)i(not)f(inherited)g(from)f(the)i(en-)1110
12622 4147 y(vironmen)m(t,)h(and)e(the)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)f
12623 Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)h Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(and)i Ft(GLOBIGNORE)1110
12624 4256 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)23 b(if)e(they)g(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h(en)m
12625 (vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(shell)1110
12626 4366 y(is)37 b(started)h(with)f(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d
12627 (\(group\))g(id)g(not)g(equal)h(to)g(the)f(real)1110
12628 4475 y(user)h(\(group\))h(id,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(is)e
12629 (not)i(supplied,)f(these)h(actions)1110 4585 y(are)32
12630 b(tak)m(en)i(and)d(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)c(id)h(is)g(set)h(to)f
12631 (the)h(real)f(user)g(id.)45 b(If)32 b(the)1110 4695 y
12632 Ft(-p)i Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(at)h(startup,)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m
12633 (e)i(user)d(id)g(is)h(not)g(reset.)1110 4804 y(T)-8 b(urning)35
12634 b(this)i(option)g(o\013)g(causes)g(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)i(user)d(and)g
12635 (group)g(ids)g(to)1110 4914 y(b)s(e)30 b(set)h(to)g(the)f(real)h(user)f
12636 (and)g(group)g(ids.)630 5072 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Exit)31
12637 b(after)g(reading)f(and)g(executing)h(one)g(command.)630
12638 5230 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(reat)25 b(unset)e(v)-5 b(ariables)25
12639 b(and)e(parameters)h(other)h(than)e(the)h(sp)s(ecial)h(param-)1110
12640 5340 y(eters)35 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(as)f(an)g
12641 (error)g(when)f(p)s(erforming)g(parameter)i(expansion.)p
12642 eop end
12643 %%Page: 63 69
12644 TeXDict begin 63 68 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12645 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(63)1110 299 y(An)28
12646 b(error)h(message)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(written)h(to)h(the)e(standard)g
12647 (error,)h(and)f(a)h(non-)1110 408 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)e(will)g
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12651 Ft(case)d Fu(commands,)1110 837 y Ft(select)29 b Fu(commands,)j(and)e
12652 (arithmetic)j Ft(for)d Fu(commands)h(and)f(their)i(argu-)1110
12653 946 y(men)m(ts)h(or)f(asso)s(ciated)i(w)m(ord)e(lists)h(after)g(they)f
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12655 b(The)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g Ft(PS4)f Fu(v)-5
12656 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(expanded)f(and)1110 1166 y(the)24
12657 b(resultan)m(t)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(is)g(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(efore)f(the)h
12658 (command)g(and)f(its)i(expanded)1110 1275 y(argumen)m(ts.)630
12659 1435 y Ft(-B)384 b Fu(The)41 b(shell)g(will)g(p)s(erform)f(brace)h
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12662 (y)h(default.)630 1704 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Prev)m(en)m(t)25
12663 b(output)e(redirection)h(using)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)i(`)p
12664 Ft(>&)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(')g(from)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)1110
12665 1813 y(existing)31 b(\014les.)630 1973 y Ft(-E)384 b
12666 Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(an)m(y)e(trap)f(on)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(is)g(inherited)g(b)m
12667 (y)g(shell)h(functions,)h(command)1110 2082 y(substitutions,)35
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12670 (in)g(suc)m(h)g(cases.)630 2351 y Ft(-H)384 b Fu(Enable)38
12671 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(st)m(yle)h(history)e(substitution)g(\(see)h
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12673 (139\).)57 b(This)34 b(option)i(is)f(on)g(b)m(y)h(default)f(for)g(in)m
12674 (teractiv)m(e)1110 2570 y(shells.)630 2730 y Ft(-P)384
12675 b Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(do)d(not)g(resolv)m(e)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(links)g
12676 (when)f(p)s(erforming)g(commands)1110 2839 y(suc)m(h)29
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12679 f(instead.)52 b(By)34 b(default,)h(Bash)f(follo)m(ws)h(the)f(logical)i
12680 (c)m(hain)f(of)1110 3059 y(directories)j(when)d(p)s(erforming)h
12681 (commands)g(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hange)i(the)f(curren)m(t)1110
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12683 Ft(/usr/sys)e Fu(is)i(a)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link)g(to)h
12684 Ft(/usr/local/sys)1110 3412 y Fu(then:)1350 3547 y Ft($)47
12685 b(cd)h(/usr/sys;)d(echo)i($PWD)1350 3656 y(/usr/sys)1350
12686 3766 y($)g(cd)h(..;)f(pwd)1350 3875 y(/usr)1110 4010
12687 y Fu(If)30 b Ft(set)f(-P)h Fu(is)h(on,)f(then:)1350 4144
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12689 1350 4364 y($)g(cd)h(..;)f(pwd)1350 4473 y(/usr/local)630
12690 4633 y(-T)384 b Fu(If)34 b(set,)j(an)m(y)e(trap)g(on)g
12691 Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(and)i Ft(RETURN)e Fu(are)i(inherited)g(b)m(y)f(shell)i
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12699 i(parameters)f(are)f(set)h(to)h(the)1110 5340 y Fr(argumen)m(ts)p
12700 Fu(,)f(ev)m(en)g(if)f(some)h(of)g(them)f(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(`)p
12701 Ft(-)p Fu('.)p eop end
12702 %%Page: 64 70
12703 TeXDict begin 64 69 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12704 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(64)630 299 y Ft(-)432
12705 b Fu(Signal)45 b(the)g(end)f(of)h(options,)k(cause)c(all)h(remaining)e
12706 Fr(argumen)m(ts)49 b Fu(to)d(b)s(e)1110 408 y(assigned)33
12707 b(to)h(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters.)49 b(The)33
12708 b Ft(-x)g Fu(and)f Ft(-v)h Fu(options)h(are)1110 518
12709 y(turned)k(o\013.)68 b(If)38 b(there)i(are)f(no)g(argumen)m(ts,)j(the)e
12710 (p)s(ositional)g(parameters)1110 628 y(remain)30 b(unc)m(hanged.)630
12711 801 y(Using)d(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')h(rather)f(than)g(`)p Ft(-)p
12712 Fu(')g(causes)h(these)f(options)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(turned)g(o\013.)40
12713 b(The)27 b(options)h(can)630 910 y(also)36 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(up)s(on)g
12714 (in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(of)e(the)g(shell.)56 b(The)34
12715 b(curren)m(t)h(set)h(of)f(options)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)630
12716 1020 y(found)29 b(in)h Ft($-)p Fu(.)630 1161 y(The)43
12717 b(remaining)h(N)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)48 b Fu(are)c(p)s(ositional)g
12718 (parameters)g(and)f(are)h(assigned,)j(in)630 1271 y(order,)30
12719 b(to)h Ft($1)p Fu(,)f Ft($2)p Fu(,)36 b(.)22 b(.)g(.)42
12720 b Ft($N)p Fu(.)e(The)30 b(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)g Ft(#)f
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12722 (ys)i(zero)f(unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f
12723 (supplied.)150 1625 y Fk(4.3.2)63 b(The)41 b(Shopt)h(Builtin)150
12724 1772 y Fu(This)30 b(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(c)m(hange)h
12725 (additional)f(shell)f(optional)i(b)s(eha)m(vior.)150
12726 1952 y Ft(shopt)870 2093 y(shopt)46 b([-pqsu])g([-o])h([)p
12727 Fj(optname)e Ft(...])630 2234 y Fu(T)-8 b(oggle)37 b(the)e(v)-5
12728 b(alues)35 b(of)g(settings)h(con)m(trolling)g(optional)g(shell)f(b)s
12729 (eha)m(vior.)55 b(The)34 b(settings)630 2344 y(can)24
12730 b(b)s(e)g(either)h(those)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m(w,)h(or,)f(if)g(the)f
12731 Ft(-o)f Fu(option)i(is)f(used,)h(those)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)26
12732 b(with)630 2453 y(the)k Ft(-o)f Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g
12733 Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(command)f(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g
12734 (Builtin],)630 2563 y(page)i(60\).)45 b(With)32 b(no)f(options,)h(or)g
12735 (with)f(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option,)h(a)g(list)g(of)f(all)i(settable)g
12736 (options)630 2673 y(is)j(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(with)f(an)f(indication)i
12737 (of)e(whether)g(or)h(not)g(eac)m(h)h(is)e(set.)57 b(The)35
12738 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)630 2782 y(causes)i(output)e(to)i(b)s(e)e(displa)m
12739 (y)m(ed)i(in)f(a)g(form)g(that)h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)
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12741 (meanings:)630 3065 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Enable)30 b(\(set\))i(eac)m(h)f
12742 Fr(optname)p Fu(.)630 3238 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(Disable)31
12743 b(\(unset\))g(eac)m(h)h Fr(optname)p Fu(.)630 3411 y
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12748 3630 y(with)d Ft(-q)p Fu(,)g(the)g(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f
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12750 y(zero)i(otherwise.)630 3913 y Ft(-o)384 b Fu(Restricts)22
12751 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)22 b(of)f Fr(optname)27 b Fu(to)22
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12753 4022 y(to)31 b(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(4.3.1)g
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12756 b Fu(argumen)m(ts,)c Ft(shopt)d Fu(sho)m(ws)h(only)h(those)630
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12760 b(b)m(y)e(default.)630 4587 y(The)d(return)f(status)i(when)f(listing)h
12761 (options)g(is)f(zero)i(if)e(all)i Fr(optnames)i Fu(are)d(enabled,)g
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12766 Ft(shopt)f Fu(options)i(is:)630 5121 y Ft(autocd)192
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12769 (the)h(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)f Ft(cd)g Fu(command.)40
12770 b(This)29 b(option)g(is)h(only)1110 5340 y(used)g(b)m(y)g(in)m
12771 (teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)p eop end
12772 %%Page: 65 71
12773 TeXDict begin 65 70 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12774 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(65)630 299 y Ft(cdable_vars)1110
12775 408 y Fu(If)34 b(this)h(is)g(set,)i(an)e(argumen)m(t)g(to)h(the)f
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12784 1011 y(c)m(haracters,)46 b(a)c(missing)f(c)m(haracter,)47
12785 b(and)40 b(a)i(c)m(haracter)h(to)s(o)g(man)m(y)-8 b(.)74
12786 b(If)42 b(a)1110 1121 y(correction)25 b(is)e(found,)g(the)h(corrected)g
12787 (path)f(is)g(prin)m(ted,)h(and)f(the)g(command)1110 1230
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12789 (teractiv)m(e)k(shells.)630 1395 y Ft(checkhash)1110
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12819 Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators.)41 b(Bash)31 b(v)m(ersions)1110
12820 3806 y(prior)g(to)h(bash-4.1)g(use)g(ASCI)s(I)e(collation)j(and)e
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12837 y(command's)28 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')h(op)s
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12844 eop end
12845 %%Page: 66 72
12846 TeXDict begin 66 71 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12847 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(66)630 299 y Ft(compat41)96
12848 b Fu(If)25 b(set,)j(Bash,)e(when)f(in)g Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)i
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12871 (executed)h(\(this)f(allo)m(ws)h Ft(break)e Fu(or)1110
12872 1915 y Ft(continue)25 b Fu(in)j(a)g(shell)g(function)f(to)i(a\013ect)g
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12874 y Ft(complete_fullquote)1110 2176 y Fu(If)i(set,)g(Bash)h(quotes)f(all)
12875 h(shell)f(metac)m(haracters)i(in)e(\014lenames)g(and)g(direc-)1110
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12880 (quoted)g(in)g(completed)i(\014lenames)e(when)f(these)i(metac)m(har-)
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12899 y(preserv)m(e)j(what)f(the)g(user)g(t)m(yp)s(ed.)630
12900 4011 y Ft(dirspell)96 b Fu(If)26 b(set,)i(Bash)f(attempts)g(sp)s
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12904 4381 y Ft(dotglob)144 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)i(Bash)f(includes)g
12905 (\014lenames)g(b)s(eginning)f(with)g(a)h(`.')41 b(in)27
12906 b(the)h(results)g(of)1110 4491 y(\014lename)j(expansion.)630
12907 4641 y Ft(execfail)96 b Fu(If)24 b(this)h(is)f(set,)j(a)e(non-in)m
12908 (teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(will)f(not)h(exit)h(if)e(it)h(cannot)h(execute)
12909 1110 4751 y(the)i(\014le)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(to)
12910 h(the)f Ft(exec)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)39 b(An)1110
12911 4861 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(shell)e(do)s(es)f(not)g(exit)i(if)e
12912 Ft(exec)f Fu(fails.)630 5011 y Ft(expand_aliases)1110
12913 5121 y Fu(If)j(set,)h(aliases)g(are)g(expanded)e(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(b)
12914 s(elo)m(w)h(under)f(Aliases,)i(Sec-)1110 5230 y(tion)38
12915 b(6.6)h([Aliases],)j(page)d(90.)64 b(This)37 b(option)h(is)g(enabled)g
12916 (b)m(y)g(default)g(for)1110 5340 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)33
12917 b(shells.)p eop end
12918 %%Page: 67 73
12919 TeXDict begin 67 72 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12920 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(67)630 299 y Ft(extdebug)96
12921 b Fu(If)36 b(set)h(at)h(shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)j(arrange)d(to)h
12922 (execute)g(the)f(debugger)f(pro\014le)1110 408 y(b)s(efore)f(the)h
12923 (shell)f(starts,)j(iden)m(tical)f(to)f(the)g Ft(--debugger)c
12924 Fu(option.)56 b(If)35 b(set)1110 518 y(after)25 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)
12925 j(b)s(eha)m(vior)d(in)m(tended)g(for)f(use)h(b)m(y)g(debuggers)f(is)h
12926 (enabled:)1159 652 y(1.)61 b(The)37 b Ft(-F)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g
12927 Ft(declare)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)h([Bash)1290
12928 762 y(Builtins],)29 b(page)g(49\))g(displa)m(ys)f(the)g(source)h
12929 (\014le)f(name)g(and)f(line)h(n)m(um-)1290 871 y(b)s(er)h(corresp)s
12930 (onding)g(to)i(eac)m(h)g(function)f(name)g(supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argu-)
12931 1290 981 y(men)m(t.)1159 1115 y(2.)61 b(If)20 b(the)h(command)g(run)e
12932 (b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(trap)g(returns)g(a)h(non-zero)g(v)-5
12933 b(alue,)1290 1224 y(the)31 b(next)f(command)g(is)h(skipp)s(ed)e(and)g
12934 (not)i(executed.)1159 1358 y(3.)61 b(If)37 b(the)g(command)g(run)f(b)m
12935 (y)i(the)f Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap)h(returns)f(a)i(v)-5 b(alue)38
12936 b(of)f(2,)1290 1468 y(and)c(the)g(shell)h(is)f(executing)i(in)e(a)h
12937 (subroutine)e(\(a)i(shell)g(function)f(or)1290 1577 y(a)h(shell)g
12938 (script)f(executed)h(b)m(y)g(the)f Ft(.)h Fu(or)f Ft(source)f
12939 Fu(builtins\),)i(the)g(shell)1290 1687 y(sim)m(ulates)d(a)g(call)h(to)f
12940 Ft(return)p Fu(.)1159 1821 y(4.)61 b Ft(BASH_ARGC)34
12941 b Fu(and)i Ft(BASH_ARGV)e Fu(are)j(up)s(dated)e(as)h(describ)s(ed)g(in)
12942 g(their)1290 1931 y(descriptions)30 b(\(see)i(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g
12943 (V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(71\).)1159 2064 y(5.)61
12944 b(F)-8 b(unction)57 b(tracing)g(is)g(enabled:)93 b(command)56
12945 b(substitution,)63 b(shell)1290 2174 y(functions,)32
12946 b(and)e(subshells)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e Ft(\()f
12947 Fj(command)e Ft(\))j Fu(inherit)h(the)1290 2284 y Ft(DEBUG)d
12948 Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)e Fu(traps.)1159 2418 y(6.)61 b(Error)41
12949 b(tracing)i(is)f(enabled:)63 b(command)42 b(substitution,)i(shell)f
12950 (func-)1290 2527 y(tions,)32 b(and)e(subshells)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
12951 (with)e Ft(\()g Fj(command)f Ft(\))h Fu(inherit)h(the)g
12952 Ft(ERR)1290 2637 y Fu(trap.)630 2795 y Ft(extglob)144
12953 b Fu(If)26 b(set,)i(the)f(extended)f(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)g(features)g
12954 (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)1110 2905 y(Section)j(3.5.8.1)i
12955 ([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(31\))h(are)f(enabled.)630
12956 3063 y Ft(extquote)96 b Fu(If)51 b(set,)58 b Ft($')p
12957 Fj(string)p Ft(')49 b Fu(and)i Ft($")p Fj(string)p Ft(")e
12958 Fu(quoting)k(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(within)1110 3173 y Ft(${)p
12959 Fj(parameter)p Ft(})31 b Fu(expansions)k(enclosed)g(in)g(double)f
12960 (quotes.)55 b(This)33 b(option)1110 3282 y(is)d(enabled)h(b)m(y)f
12961 (default.)630 3440 y Ft(failglob)96 b Fu(If)36 b(set,)j(patterns)d
12962 (whic)m(h)g(fail)h(to)h(matc)m(h)f(\014lenames)f(during)g(\014lename)g
12963 (ex-)1110 3550 y(pansion)30 b(result)g(in)g(an)g(expansion)h(error.)630
12964 3708 y Ft(force_fignore)1110 3818 y Fu(If)43 b(set,)k(the)d(su\016xes)f
12965 (sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(FIGNORE)f Fu(shell)h(v)-5
12966 b(ariable)44 b(cause)1110 3927 y(w)m(ords)31 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(ignored)h
12967 (when)f(p)s(erforming)f(w)m(ord)h(completion)i(ev)m(en)f(if)g(the)1110
12968 4037 y(ignored)37 b(w)m(ords)g(are)g(the)h(only)f(p)s(ossible)g
12969 (completions.)62 b(See)37 b(Section)h(5.2)1110 4147 y([Bash)24
12970 b(V)-8 b(ariables],)27 b(page)e(71,)h(for)d(a)h(description)g(of)g
12971 Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)37 b(This)22 b(option)1110 4256 y(is)30
12972 b(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(default.)630 4415 y Ft(globasciiranges)1110
12973 4524 y Fu(If)j(set,)h(range)f(expressions)g(used)f(in)h(pattern)g(matc)
12974 m(hing)h(brac)m(k)m(et)h(expres-)1110 4634 y(sions)28
12975 b(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.8.1)g([P)m(attern)g(Matc)m(hing],)h(page)e
12976 (31\))g(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)g(if)1110 4743 y(in)i(the)g(traditional)i
12977 (C)d(lo)s(cale)j(when)d(p)s(erforming)g(comparisons.)44
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12980 4963 y(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(')j(will)g(not)g(collate)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)e(`)p
12981 Ft(A)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(B)p Fu(',)h(and)f(upp)s(er-case)g(and)g(lo)m
12982 (w)m(er-)1110 5072 y(case)e(ASCI)s(I)e(c)m(haracters)j(will)f(collate)i
12983 (together.)630 5230 y Ft(globstar)96 b Fu(If)38 b(set,)j(the)e(pattern)
12984 f(`)p Ft(**)p Fu(')h(used)e(in)i(a)f(\014lename)h(expansion)f(con)m
12985 (text)j(will)1110 5340 y(matc)m(h)36 b(all)g(\014les)f(and)f(zero)i(or)
12986 f(more)g(directories)h(and)e(sub)s(directories.)54 b(If)p
12987 eop end
12988 %%Page: 68 74
12989 TeXDict begin 68 73 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12990 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(68)1110 299 y(the)30
12991 b(pattern)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)d(a)i(`)p Ft(/)p
12992 Fu(',)f(only)g(directories)h(and)f(sub)s(directories)1110
12993 408 y(matc)m(h.)630 568 y Ft(gnu_errfmt)1110 677 y Fu(If)35
12994 b(set,)j(shell)e(error)g(messages)g(are)h(written)e(in)h(the)g
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12996 946 y Ft(histappend)1110 1056 y Fu(If)c(set,)j(the)e(history)g(list)g
12997 (is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)f(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5
12998 b(alue)29 b(of)1110 1166 y(the)d Ft(HISTFILE)d Fu(v)-5
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13001 1544 y Fu(If)i(set,)h(and)f(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)g(a)g
13002 (user)g(is)g(giv)m(en)h(the)g(opp)s(ortunit)m(y)1110
13003 1654 y(to)d(re-edit)g(a)g(failed)g(history)f(substitution.)630
13004 1813 y Ft(histverify)1110 1923 y Fu(If)35 b(set,)i(and)e(Readline)h(is)
13005 f(b)s(eing)g(used,)h(the)f(results)g(of)g(history)h(substitu-)1110
13006 2032 y(tion)h(are)g(not)g(immediately)h(passed)e(to)h(the)g(shell)g
13007 (parser.)59 b(Instead,)38 b(the)1110 2142 y(resulting)i(line)f(is)h
13008 (loaded)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(Readline)g(editing)g(bu\013er,)h(allo)m(wing)
13009 1110 2252 y(further)29 b(mo)s(di\014cation.)630 2411
13010 y Ft(hostcomplete)1110 2521 y Fu(If)38 b(set,)j(and)c(Readline)i(is)f
13011 (b)s(eing)g(used,)h(Bash)g(will)f(attempt)h(to)g(p)s(erform)1110
13012 2630 y(hostname)d(completion)h(when)e(a)h(w)m(ord)f(con)m(taining)i(a)f
13013 (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(is)g(b)s(eing)f(com-)1110 2740 y(pleted)g(\(see)h
13014 (Section)f(8.4.6)i([Commands)d(F)-8 b(or)36 b(Completion],)g(page)g
13015 (124\).)1110 2849 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)
13016 630 3009 y Ft(huponexit)1110 3118 y Fu(If)i(set,)i(Bash)f(will)h(send)d
13017 Ft(SIGHUP)h Fu(to)h(all)h(jobs)e(when)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login)
13018 1110 3228 y(shell)31 b(exits)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g
13019 (page)f(39\).)630 3387 y Ft(inherit_errexit)1110 3497
13020 y Fu(If)e(set,)h(command)g(substitution)f(inherits)g(the)g(v)-5
13021 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)f Ft(errexit)f Fu(op-)1110 3606
13022 y(tion,)33 b(instead)g(of)f(unsetting)g(it)h(in)f(the)g(subshell)f(en)m
13023 (vironmen)m(t.)46 b(This)32 b(op-)1110 3716 y(tion)f(is)f(enabled)h
13024 (when)e Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de)g(is)g(enabled.)630 3875
13025 y Ft(interactive_comments)1110 3985 y Fu(Allo)m(w)d(a)g(w)m(ord)e(b)s
13026 (eginning)g(with)h(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(to)h(cause)f(that)h(w)m(ord)f(and)
13027 f(all)i(remain-)1110 4095 y(ing)41 b(c)m(haracters)i(on)e(that)h(line)g
13028 (to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored)g(in)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)1110
13029 4204 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)630
13030 4364 y Ft(lastpipe)96 b Fu(If)24 b(set,)i(and)e(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f
13031 (not)f(activ)m(e,)k(the)d(shell)f(runs)f(the)i(last)g(command)1110
13032 4473 y(of)37 b(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(not)h(executed)h(in)f(the)g(bac)m
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13034 (t.)630 4742 y Ft(lithist)144 b Fu(If)22 b(enabled,)i(and)d(the)h
13035 Ft(cmdhist)e Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled,)i(m)m(ulti-line)f(commands)1110
13036 4852 y(are)28 b(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(history)g(with)f(em)m(b)s
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13038 b(separators)f(where)e(p)s(ossible.)630 5121 y Ft(login_shell)1110
13039 5230 y Fu(The)35 b(shell)h(sets)g(this)f(option)h(if)g(it)g(is)f
13040 (started)h(as)g(a)g(login)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Sec-)1110
13041 5340 y(tion)29 b(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)h(Bash],)f(page)g(82\).)41
13042 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(ma)m(y)g(not)f(b)s(e)g(c)m(hanged.)p
13043 eop end
13044 %%Page: 69 75
13045 TeXDict begin 69 74 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
13046 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(69)630 299 y Ft(mailwarn)96
13047 b Fu(If)34 b(set,)i(and)e(a)h(\014le)g(that)g(Bash)f(is)h(c)m(hec)m
13048 (king)h(for)f(mail)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(accessed)1110 408
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13052 693 y Ft(no_empty_cmd_completion)1110 803 y Fu(If)g(set,)g(and)g
13053 (Readline)g(is)h(b)s(eing)e(used,)h(Bash)g(will)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)e
13054 (searc)m(h)1110 913 y(the)25 b Ft(PATH)f Fu(for)h(p)s(ossible)f
13055 (completions)j(when)d(completion)i(is)f(attempted)h(on)1110
13056 1022 y(an)k(empt)m(y)h(line.)630 1198 y Ft(nocaseglob)1110
13057 1307 y Fu(If)38 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(\014lenames)g(in)f(a)h
13058 (case-insensitiv)m(e)j(fashion)c(when)1110 1417 y(p)s(erforming)29
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13060 1702 y Fu(If)42 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(patterns)g(in)f(a)h
13061 (case-insensitiv)m(e)i(fashion)d(when)1110 1811 y(p)s(erforming)31
13062 b(matc)m(hing)i(while)f(executing)i Ft(case)d Fu(or)h
13063 Ft([[)g Fu(conditional)h(com-)1110 1921 y(mands,)d(when)g(p)s
13064 (erforming)g(pattern)h(substitution)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions,)g(or)1110
13065 2030 y(when)g(\014ltering)i(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(as)g(part)f(of)
13066 h(programmable)f(com-)1110 2140 y(pletion.)630 2315 y
13067 Ft(nullglob)96 b Fu(If)23 b(set,)j(Bash)e(allo)m(ws)g(\014lename)g
13068 (patterns)g(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(h)h(no)g(\014les)f(to)i(expand)1110
13069 2425 y(to)31 b(a)g(n)m(ull)f(string,)h(rather)f(than)g(themselv)m(es.)
13070 630 2600 y Ft(progcomp)96 b Fu(If)25 b(set,)i(the)f(programmable)g
13071 (completion)g(facilities)i(\(see)f(Section)f(8.6)h([Pro-)1110
13072 2710 y(grammable)45 b(Completion],)k(page)c(129\))h(are)f(enabled.)82
13073 b(This)44 b(option)h(is)1110 2819 y(enabled)30 b(b)m(y)h(default.)630
13074 2995 y Ft(promptvars)1110 3104 y Fu(If)50 b(set,)56 b(prompt)49
13075 b(strings)h(undergo)g(parameter)h(expansion,)k(command)1110
13076 3214 y(substitution,)35 b(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)i(remo)
13077 m(v)-5 b(al)35 b(after)f(b)s(eing)1110 3324 y(expanded)53
13078 b(as)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w)i(\(see)h(Section)f(6.9)h([Con)m
13079 (trolling)g(the)1110 3433 y(Prompt],)30 b(page)h(94\).)42
13080 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(default.)630
13081 3608 y Ft(restricted_shell)1110 3718 y Fu(The)40 b(shell)h(sets)g(this)
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13085 3937 y(b)s(e)c(c)m(hanged.)49 b(This)32 b(is)h(not)h(reset)f(when)f
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13087 y(allo)m(wing)k(the)e(startup)f(\014les)h(to)g(disco)m(v)m(er)h
13088 (whether)f(or)f(not)i(a)f(shell)g(is)g(re-)1110 4156
13089 y(stricted.)630 4332 y Ft(shift_verbose)1110 4441 y Fu(If)g(this)g(is)g
13090 (set,)j(the)d Ft(shift)f Fu(builtin)h(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)g(message)
13091 i(when)d(the)1110 4551 y(shift)30 b(coun)m(t)h(exceeds)g(the)g(n)m(um)m
13092 (b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i(parameters.)630 4726 y
13093 Ft(sourcepath)1110 4836 y Fu(If)22 b(set,)j(the)e Ft(source)e
13094 Fu(builtin)h(uses)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(of)g Ft(PATH)e
13095 Fu(to)j(\014nd)d(the)h(directory)1110 4945 y(con)m(taining)29
13096 b(the)e(\014le)h(supplied)e(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t.)40
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13098 5230 y Ft(xpg_echo)96 b Fu(If)31 b(set,)h(the)g Ft(echo)e
13099 Fu(builtin)h(expands)f(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(e)j(sequences)f(b)m(y)f
13100 (de-)1110 5340 y(fault.)p eop end
13101 %%Page: 70 76
13102 TeXDict begin 70 75 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
13103 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(70)630 299 y(The)27
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13106 b(otherwise.)66 b(When)39 b(setting)h(or)f(unsetting)g(options,)i(the)e
13107 (return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)630 518 y(unless)30 b(an)g
13108 Fr(optname)36 b Fu(is)30 b(not)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(shell)h(option.)
13109 150 759 y Fs(4.4)68 b(Sp)t(ecial)45 b(Builtins)150 918
13110 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)35 b(historical)h(reasons,)g(the)e Fm(posix)g
13111 Fu(standard)f(has)i(classi\014ed)f(sev)m(eral)i(builtin)e(commands)g
13112 (as)h Fl(sp)-5 b(e-)150 1028 y(cial)p Fu(.)47 b(When)33
13113 b(Bash)f(is)h(executing)g(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)h(the)g(sp)s
13114 (ecial)g(builtins)e(di\013er)i(from)f(other)g(builtin)150
13115 1137 y(commands)e(in)g(three)h(resp)s(ects:)199 1272
13116 y(1.)61 b(Sp)s(ecial)31 b(builtins)e(are)i(found)e(b)s(efore)h(shell)h
13117 (functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)199 1406 y(2.)61
13118 b(If)30 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)h
13119 (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d(exits.)199 1541
13120 y(3.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)30 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(the)f(command)
13121 g(sta)m(y)i(in)e(e\013ect)i(in)e(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330
13122 1650 y(after)i(the)f(command)h(completes.)275 1810 y(When)36
13123 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(executing)i(in)e Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)j(these)f
13124 (builtins)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)h(no)f(di\013eren)m(tly)h(than)150
13125 1919 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(Bash)h(builtin)e(commands.)41
13126 b(The)30 b(Bash)g Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(is)g(describ)s(ed)f(in)h
13127 (Section)h(6.11)150 2029 y([Bash)g(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(96.)275
13128 2164 y(These)f(are)g(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins:)390
13129 2298 y Ft(break)46 b(:)i(.)f(continue)f(eval)g(exec)h(exit)g(export)f
13130 (readonly)f(return)h(set)390 2408 y(shift)g(trap)h(unset)p
13131 eop end
13132 %%Page: 71 77
13133 TeXDict begin 71 76 bop 3659 -116 a Fu(71)150 299 y Fp(5)80
13134 b(Shell)53 b(V)-13 b(ariables)150 539 y Fu(This)21 b(c)m(hapter)i
13135 (describ)s(es)e(the)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables)23 b(that)f(Bash)h(uses.)
13136 37 b(Bash)23 b(automatically)h(assigns)f(default)150
13137 648 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(to)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(v)-5
13138 b(ariables.)150 892 y Fs(5.1)68 b(Bourne)45 b(Shell)g(V)-11
13139 b(ariables)150 1051 y Fu(Bash)30 b(uses)g(certain)h(shell)g(v)-5
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13145 Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)630 1433 y(command.)150 1594 y Ft(HOME)288
13146 b Fu(The)23 b(curren)m(t)h(user's)f(home)g(directory;)k(the)d(default)g
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13149 b(is)g(also)g(used)e(b)m(y)h(tilde)h(expansion)f(\(see)i(Section)f
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13151 1975 y Ft(IFS)336 b Fu(A)25 b(list)i(of)e(c)m(haracters)i(that)f
13152 (separate)g(\014elds;)h(used)e(when)f(the)i(shell)f(splits)h(w)m(ords)e
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13155 (directory)h(name)g(and)f(the)g Ft(MAILPATH)630 2355
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13158 630 2465 y(\014le)f(or)h(Maildir-format)g(directory)-8
13159 b(.)150 2626 y Ft(MAILPATH)96 b Fu(A)33 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)f
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13163 (new)h(mail)630 2845 y(arriv)m(es)31 b(in)g(the)g(mail)g(\014le)g(b)m
13164 (y)g(separating)h(the)f(\014lename)g(from)f(the)h(message)h(with)e(a)i
13165 (`)p Ft(?)p Fu('.)630 2955 y(When)g(used)f(in)h(the)g(text)i(of)e(the)g
13166 (message,)i Ft($_)e Fu(expands)f(to)i(the)f(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m
13167 (t)630 3064 y(mail)f(\014le.)150 3226 y Ft(OPTARG)192
13168 b Fu(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(last)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g
13169 (pro)s(cessed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(getopts)f Fu(builtin.)150
13170 3387 y Ft(OPTIND)192 b Fu(The)30 b(index)g(of)g(the)h(last)g(option)g
13171 (argumen)m(t)g(pro)s(cessed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(getopts)f
13172 Fu(builtin.)150 3548 y Ft(PATH)288 b Fu(A)32 b(colon-separated)i(list)f
13173 (of)f(directories)h(in)e(whic)m(h)h(the)g(shell)g(lo)s(oks)h(for)f
13174 (commands.)45 b(A)630 3658 y(zero-length)e(\(n)m(ull\))g(directory)f
13175 (name)g(in)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(of)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(indicates)i(the)f
13176 (curren)m(t)630 3768 y(directory)-8 b(.)49 b(A)33 b(n)m(ull)f
13177 (directory)i(name)e(ma)m(y)i(app)s(ear)e(as)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(adjacen)m(t)g
13178 (colons,)g(or)f(as)g(an)630 3877 y(initial)f(or)e(trailing)h(colon.)150
13179 4039 y Ft(PS1)336 b Fu(The)35 b(primary)f(prompt)h(string.)55
13180 b(The)35 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(is)h(`)p Ft(\\s-\\v\\$)28
13181 b Fu('.)56 b(See)36 b(Section)g(6.9)630 4148 y([Con)m(trolling)42
13182 b(the)e(Prompt],)j(page)e(94,)j(for)c(the)g(complete)i(list)f(of)f
13183 (escap)s(e)h(sequences)630 4258 y(that)31 b(are)g(expanded)e(b)s(efore)
13184 h Ft(PS1)g Fu(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)150 4419 y Ft(PS2)336
13185 b Fu(The)30 b(secondary)g(prompt)g(string.)41 b(The)29
13186 b(default)i(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(>)g Fu('.)150
13187 4663 y Fs(5.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(V)-11 b(ariables)150 4822
13188 y Fu(These)45 b(v)-5 b(ariables)46 b(are)g(set)g(or)f(used)f(b)m(y)h
13189 (Bash,)50 b(but)44 b(other)i(shells)f(do)h(not)f(normally)h(treat)g
13190 (them)150 4932 y(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 5068 y(A)24
13191 b(few)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b(used)g(b)m(y)f(Bash)i(are)f(describ)s(ed)f
13192 (in)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(c)m(hapters:)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)25
13193 b(for)f(con)m(trolling)150 5178 y(the)31 b(job)f(con)m(trol)h
13194 (facilities)i(\(see)e(Section)g(7.3)h([Job)e(Con)m(trol)h(V)-8
13195 b(ariables],)32 b(page)g(103\).)150 5340 y Ft(BASH)288
13196 b Fu(The)30 b(full)g(pathname)g(used)g(to)h(execute)h(the)e(curren)m(t)
13197 g(instance)h(of)g(Bash.)p eop end
13198 %%Page: 72 78
13199 TeXDict begin 72 77 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13200 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(72)150 299 y Ft(BASHOPTS)96
13201 b Fu(A)31 b(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g(enabled)f(shell)h(options.)41
13202 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)g(v)-5
13203 b(alid)630 408 y(argumen)m(t)37 b(for)g(the)g Ft(-s)f
13204 Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)g(command)h(\(see)g
13205 (Section)h(4.3.2)630 518 y([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(64\).)60
13206 b(The)36 b(options)h(app)s(earing)f(in)g Ft(BASHOPTS)e
13207 Fu(are)i(those)630 628 y(rep)s(orted)e(as)h(`)p Ft(on)p
13208 Fu(')f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(shopt)p Fu('.)53 b(If)34 b(this)g(v)-5
13209 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)f(Bash)630
13210 737 y(starts)25 b(up,)f(eac)m(h)i(shell)e(option)h(in)e(the)i(list)g
13211 (will)f(b)s(e)g(enabled)g(b)s(efore)g(reading)g(an)m(y)g(startup)630
13212 847 y(\014les.)41 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(readonly)-8
13213 b(.)150 1029 y Ft(BASHPID)144 b Fu(Expands)35 b(to)i(the)f(pro)s(cess)f
13214 (ID)i(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(Bash)g(pro)s(cess.)58 b(This)35
13215 b(di\013ers)h(from)g Ft($$)630 1139 y Fu(under)31 b(certain)j
13216 (circumstances,)h(suc)m(h)e(as)g(subshells)f(that)i(do)f(not)g(require)
13217 g(Bash)g(to)h(b)s(e)630 1249 y(re-initialized.)150 1431
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13219 (v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(corresp)s(ond)g(to)i(the)f
13220 (in)m(ternal)h(list)630 1650 y(of)c(aliases)h(as)f(main)m(tained)g(b)m
13221 (y)g(the)g Ft(alias)e Fu(builtin.)59 b(\(see)37 b(Section)h(4.1)f
13222 ([Bourne)g(Shell)630 1760 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(42\).)42
13223 b(Elemen)m(ts)31 b(added)e(to)i(this)f(arra)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)
13224 g(alias)h(list;)h(ho)m(w-)630 1870 y(ev)m(er,)k(unsetting)f(arra)m(y)g
13225 (elemen)m(ts)g(curren)m(tly)g(do)s(es)f(not)g(cause)h(aliases)h(to)f(b)
13226 s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)630 1979 y(from)25 b(the)h(alias)h(list.)40
13227 b(If)25 b Ft(BASH_ALIASES)d Fu(is)k(unset,)g(it)g(loses)h(its)f(sp)s
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13229 (tly)f(reset.)150 2271 y Ft(BASH_ARGC)630 2381 y Fu(An)39
13230 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(whose)f(v)-5 b(alues)39
13231 b(are)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(parameters)g(in)g(eac)m(h)h(frame)
13232 630 2491 y(of)i(the)g(curren)m(t)g(bash)f(execution)i(call)g(stac)m(k.)
13233 76 b(The)42 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(parameters)g(to)h(the)630
13234 2600 y(curren)m(t)38 b(subroutine)f(\(shell)i(function)e(or)i(script)f
13235 (executed)h(with)e Ft(.)h Fu(or)g Ft(source)p Fu(\))f(is)h(at)630
13236 2710 y(the)27 b(top)g(of)g(the)g(stac)m(k.)41 b(When)27
13237 b(a)g(subroutine)f(is)h(executed,)i(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h
13238 (parameters)630 2819 y(passed)44 b(is)h(pushed)e(on)m(to)j
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13274 eop end
13275 %%Page: 73 79
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13355 %%Page: 74 80
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13454 h(Readline)h(w)m(ould)f(split)g(it,)53 b(using)47 b Ft(COMP_)630
13455 3039 y(WORDBREAKS)34 b Fu(as)i(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)60
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13460 3422 y Ft(COMPREPLY)630 3532 y Fu(An)37 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
13461 b(ariable)38 b(from)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)g(reads)g(the)h(p)s(ossible)e
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13463 (in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(programmable)h(completion)g(facilit)m
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13465 h(page)f(129\).)51 b(Eac)m(h)34 b(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)h(con)m(tains)
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13467 Ft(COPROC)192 b Fu(An)27 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28
13468 b(created)g(to)f(hold)g(the)g(\014le)g(descriptors)g(for)g(output)f
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13471 4299 y Ft(DIRSTACK)96 b Fu(An)26 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28
13472 b(con)m(taining)g(the)f(curren)m(t)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)j(of)e(the)f
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13474 b(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h(stac)m(k)h(in)e(the)h(order)f(they)h(are)g
13475 (displa)m(y)m(ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)h Ft(dirs)e Fu(builtin.)630
13476 4518 y(Assigning)f(to)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(this)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
13477 b(ariable)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(mo)s(dify)e(directories)630
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13479 Ft(pushd)e Fu(and)h Ft(popd)f Fu(builtins)h(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(used)h
13480 (to)i(add)630 4737 y(and)37 b(remo)m(v)m(e)h(directories.)63
13481 b(Assignmen)m(t)37 b(to)h(this)f(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(will)g(not)f(c)m
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13483 b(.)47 b(If)32 b Ft(DIRSTACK)e Fu(is)i(unset,)g(it)h(loses)g(its)g(sp)s
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13486 b Fu(If)31 b(Bash)h(\014nds)d(this)j(v)-5 b(ariable)32
13487 b(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)e(the)i(shell)f(starts)h(with)f
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13489 (the)g(shell)f(is)h(running)e(in)h(an)g(Emacs)h(shell)g(bu\013er)e(and)
13490 h(disables)630 5340 y(line)d(editing.)p eop end
13491 %%Page: 76 82
13492 TeXDict begin 76 81 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13493 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(76)150 299 y Ft(ENV)336
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13496 408 y(tion)c(6.11)h([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(96\).)150
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13500 830 y Fu(A)29 b(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g(shell)g(patterns)f(\(see)
13501 i(Section)f(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m(hing],)630
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13503 (b)s(e)g(ignored)g(b)m(y)f(command)h(searc)m(h)g(using)630
13504 1049 y Ft(PATH)p Fu(.)k(Files)22 b(whose)f(full)g(pathnames)g(matc)m(h)
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13519 Ft(-e)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)g(command.)150
13520 2018 y Ft(FIGNORE)144 b Fu(A)35 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)g
13521 (su\016xes)e(to)i(ignore)g(when)e(p)s(erforming)g(\014lename)i(comple-)
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13524 2237 y(from)j(the)g(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hed)g(\014lenames.)41
13525 b(A)30 b(sample)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(.o:~)p
13526 Fu(')150 2393 y Ft(FUNCNAME)96 b Fu(An)35 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5
13527 b(ariable)36 b(con)m(taining)h(the)f(names)g(of)g(all)g(shell)g
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13534 (shell)f(function)g(is)g(executing.)630 2831 y(Assignmen)m(ts)23
13535 b(to)f Ft(FUNCNAME)e Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)k(no)e(e\013ect.)39
13536 b(If)22 b Ft(FUNCNAME)e Fu(is)i(unset,)h(it)g(loses)g(its)f(sp)s(ecial)
13537 630 2941 y(prop)s(erties,)30 b(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m
13538 (tly)f(reset.)630 3073 y(This)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)
13539 g(with)g Ft(BASH_LINENO)d Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_SOURCE)p Fu(.)40
13540 b(Eac)m(h)32 b(elemen)m(t)630 3183 y(of)g Ft(FUNCNAME)d
13541 Fu(has)j(corresp)s(onding)e(elemen)m(ts)j(in)f Ft(BASH_LINENO)c
13542 Fu(and)k Ft(BASH_SOURCE)c Fu(to)630 3292 y(describ)s(e)39
13543 b(the)h(call)h(stac)m(k.)70 b(F)-8 b(or)41 b(instance,)i
13544 Ft(${FUNCNAME[$i]})35 b Fu(w)m(as)41 b(called)f(from)g(the)630
13545 3402 y(\014le)27 b Ft(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]})21 b Fu(at)27
13546 b(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d Ft(${BASH_LINENO[$i]})p Fu(.)34
13547 b(The)27 b Ft(caller)630 3512 y Fu(builtin)j(displa)m(ys)g(the)h
13548 (curren)m(t)f(call)i(stac)m(k)g(using)d(this)i(information.)150
13549 3667 y Ft(FUNCNEST)96 b Fu(If)34 b(set)i(to)f(a)h(n)m(umeric)e(v)-5
13550 b(alue)36 b(greater)g(than)e(0,)j(de\014nes)d(a)h(maxim)m(um)g
13551 (function)g(nesting)630 3777 y(lev)m(el.)42 b(F)-8 b(unction)29
13552 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations)h(that)f(exceed)h(this)e(nesting)h(lev)m(el)h
13553 (will)f(cause)g(the)f(curren)m(t)630 3886 y(command)i(to)h(ab)s(ort.)
13554 150 4042 y Ft(GLOBIGNORE)630 4152 y Fu(A)38 b(colon-separated)i(list)f
13555 (of)f(patterns)g(de\014ning)f(the)h(set)g(of)h(\014lenames)f(to)g(b)s
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13557 b(If)31 b(a)h(\014lename)f(matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(a)g(\014lename)h
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13559 (patterns)g(in)f Ft(GLOBIGNORE)p Fu(,)f(it)i(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)
13560 e(the)h(list)h(of)630 4481 y(matc)m(hes.)41 b(The)27
13561 b(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)h(honors)f(the)g(setting)i(of)e(the)h
13562 Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)i(option.)150 4636 y Ft(GROUPS)192
13563 b Fu(An)36 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(con)m(taining)g(the)f(list)
13564 h(of)f(groups)g(of)g(whic)m(h)f(the)i(curren)m(t)e(user)h(is)g(a)630
13565 4746 y(mem)m(b)s(er.)41 b(Assignmen)m(ts)30 b(to)i Ft(GROUPS)d
13566 Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)i(no)g(e\013ect.)42 b(If)30 b Ft(GROUPS)f
13567 Fu(is)i(unset,)f(it)h(loses)h(its)630 4855 y(sp)s(ecial)f(prop)s
13568 (erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150
13569 5011 y Ft(histchars)630 5121 y Fu(Up)c(to)g(three)g(c)m(haracters)i
13570 (whic)m(h)d(con)m(trol)j(history)d(expansion,)i(quic)m(k)g
13571 (substitution,)g(and)630 5230 y(tok)m(enization)k(\(see)f(Section)f
13572 (9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)i(page)f(139\).)41
13573 b(The)29 b(\014rst)e(c)m(harac-)630 5340 y(ter)j(is)f(the)g
13574 Fr(history)g(expansion)g Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(that)e(is,)f(the)h(c)m
13575 (haracter)h(whic)m(h)d(signi\014es)i(the)p eop end
13576 %%Page: 77 83
13577 TeXDict begin 77 82 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13578 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(77)630 299 y(start)25
13579 b(of)f(a)h(history)f(expansion,)i(normally)e(`)p Ft(!)p
13580 Fu('.)39 b(The)24 b(second)g(c)m(haracter)i(is)e(the)g(c)m(haracter)630
13581 408 y(whic)m(h)36 b(signi\014es)g(`quic)m(k)h(substitution')f(when)f
13582 (seen)h(as)g(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(on)e(a)g(line,)630
13583 518 y(normally)27 b(`)p Ft(^)p Fu('.)39 b(The)26 b(optional)i(third)d
13584 (c)m(haracter)j(is)e(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(whic)m(h)e(indicates)h(that)
13585 630 628 y(the)34 b(remainder)f(of)h(the)g(line)g(is)f(a)h(commen)m(t)h
13586 (when)e(found)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f(a)630
13587 737 y(w)m(ord,)i(usually)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu('.)55 b(The)34
13588 b(history)h(commen)m(t)h(c)m(haracter)h(causes)e(history)g
13589 (substitution)630 847 y(to)27 b(b)s(e)f(skipp)s(ed)f(for)i(the)f
13590 (remaining)h(w)m(ords)f(on)h(the)f(line.)40 b(It)27 b(do)s(es)f(not)h
13591 (necessarily)g(cause)630 956 y(the)k(shell)f(parser)g(to)h(treat)g(the)
13592 g(rest)g(of)f(the)h(line)f(as)h(a)g(commen)m(t.)150 1106
13593 y Ft(HISTCMD)144 b Fu(The)35 b(history)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)g(or)f(index)
13594 g(in)h(the)g(history)f(list,)j(of)e(the)g(curren)m(t)f(command.)56
13595 b(If)630 1215 y Ft(HISTCMD)28 b Fu(is)h(unset,)h(it)g(loses)h(its)f(sp)
13596 s(ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)g(ev)m(en)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f
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13598 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)f(v)-5 b(alues)40 b(con)m(trolling)i(ho)m
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13600 y(history)29 b(list.)41 b(If)28 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(v)-5
13601 b(alues)29 b(includes)f(`)p Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(',)f(lines)i(whic)m(h)g
13602 (b)s(egin)f(with)630 1694 y(a)39 b(space)g(c)m(haracter)i(are)e(not)g
13603 (sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)g(the)g(history)f(list.)66 b(A)39 b(v)-5
13604 b(alue)39 b(of)g(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu(')630 1803 y(causes)34
13605 b(lines)h(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(previous)f(history)h(en)m(try)h
13606 (to)g(not)f(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)53 b(A)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)630
13607 1913 y(of)32 b(`)p Ft(ignoreboth)p Fu(')d(is)j(shorthand)e(for)i(`)p
13608 Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu('.)42
13609 b(A)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)630 2022 y(`)p Ft(erasedups)p
13610 Fu(')f(causes)i(all)h(previous)f(lines)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)f(curren)m
13611 (t)g(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)630 2132 y(from)42
13612 b(the)h(history)f(list)i(b)s(efore)e(that)h(line)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)78
13613 b(An)m(y)43 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(not)g(in)f(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)630
13614 2242 y(list)35 b(is)g(ignored.)53 b(If)34 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)e
13615 Fu(is)i(unset,)i(or)e(do)s(es)h(not)g(include)f(a)h(v)-5
13616 b(alid)35 b(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(all)630 2351 y(lines)30
13617 b(read)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(shell)g(parser)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)f(the)g
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13619 b(alue)630 2461 y(of)42 b Ft(HISTIGNORE)p Fu(.)73 b(The)42
13620 b(second)g(and)g(subsequen)m(t)f(lines)h(of)h(a)f(m)m(ulti-line)h(comp)
13621 s(ound)630 2570 y(command)33 b(are)h(not)g(tested,)i(and)d(are)h(added)
13622 f(to)h(the)g(history)g(regardless)g(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)630
13623 2680 y(of)31 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)p Fu(.)150 2829 y Ft(HISTFILE)96
13624 b Fu(The)27 b(name)h(of)g(the)g(\014le)g(to)h(whic)m(h)f(the)g(command)
13625 f(history)h(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(The)27 b(default)h(v)-5
13626 b(alue)630 2939 y(is)30 b Ft(~/.bash_history)p Fu(.)150
13627 3088 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)630 3198 y Fu(The)c(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
13628 (er)g(of)h(lines)h(con)m(tained)g(in)f(the)g(history)g(\014le.)39
13629 b(When)26 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630 3308 y(is)25 b(assigned)h(a)g(v)
13630 -5 b(alue,)27 b(the)f(history)f(\014le)h(is)f(truncated,)i(if)e
13631 (necessary)-8 b(,)28 b(to)e(con)m(tain)g(no)g(more)630
13632 3417 y(than)37 b(that)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)j(lines)f(b)m(y)g(remo)m
13633 (ving)h(the)f(oldest)h(en)m(tries.)62 b(The)37 b(history)g(\014le)g(is)
13634 630 3527 y(also)i(truncated)f(to)h(this)e(size)i(after)g(writing)f(it)g
13635 (when)f(a)h(shell)h(exits.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)39
13636 b(is)630 3636 y(0,)g(the)e(history)f(\014le)h(is)g(truncated)f(to)i
13637 (zero)f(size.)60 b(Non-n)m(umeric)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)37
13638 b(and)f(n)m(umeric)630 3746 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(less)f(than)g(zero)h
13639 (inhibit)f(truncation.)41 b(The)29 b(shell)i(sets)f(the)h(default)f(v)
13640 -5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(the)630 3856 y(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f
13641 Ft(HISTSIZE)f Fu(after)h(reading)h(an)m(y)g(startup)f(\014les.)150
13642 4005 y Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 4115 y Fu(A)j(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g
13643 (patterns)f(used)g(to)h(decide)g(whic)m(h)f(command)g(lines)h(should)
13644 630 4224 y(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)g(the)f(history)h(list.)47
13645 b(Eac)m(h)33 b(pattern)g(is)f(anc)m(hored)h(at)g(the)f(b)s(eginning)g
13646 (of)h(the)630 4334 y(line)43 b(and)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(the)g
13647 (complete)h(line)e(\(no)h(implicit)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(is)g(app)s
13648 (ended\).)75 b(Eac)m(h)630 4443 y(pattern)42 b(is)g(tested)g(against)h
13649 (the)f(line)g(after)g(the)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h
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13660 (hing)i(honors)630 5101 y(the)31 b(setting)g(of)g(the)f
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13666 Fu(.)36 b(Com)m(bining)p eop end
13667 %%Page: 78 84
13668 TeXDict begin 78 83 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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13680 (startup)f(\014les.)150 1036 y Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)630
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13693 Ft(/etc/hosts)e Fu(that)j(should)f(b)s(e)630 1843 y(read)21
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13703 (\014le,)g(Bash)f(attempts)i(to)f(read)f Ft(/etc/hosts)e
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13708 2800 y Ft(HOSTTYPE)96 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)g(mac)m
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13710 3059 y Fu(Con)m(trols)e(the)h(action)g(of)f(the)g(shell)g(on)g(receipt)
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13715 (input)g(line)h(b)s(efore)f(the)h(shell)g(will)g(exit.)70
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13723 b Fu(The)68 b(name)h(of)f(the)h(Readline)g(initialization)j(\014le,)78
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13725 Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)150 4015 y Ft(LANG)288 b Fu(Used)28
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13732 b(sp)s(ecifying)630 4384 y(a)i(lo)s(cale)h(category)-8
13733 b(.)150 4533 y Ft(LC_COLLATE)630 4643 y Fu(This)37 b(v)-5
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13740 e(page)h(30\).)150 5121 y Ft(LC_CTYPE)96 b Fu(This)36
13741 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(determines)f(the)h(in)m(terpretation)h(of)f(c)m
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13746 end
13747 %%Page: 79 85
13748 TeXDict begin 79 84 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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13751 (used)d(to)i(translate)g(double-quoted)f(strings)g(pre-)630
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13753 (3.1.2.5)g([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8 b(ranslation],)32 b(page)f(7\).)150
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13756 (er)f(formatting.)150 949 y Ft(LC_TIME)144 b Fu(This)25
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13759 b Fu(The)30 b(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)h(the)g(script)h(or)f(shell)g
13760 (function)h(curren)m(tly)f(executing.)150 1271 y Ft(LINES)240
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13765 b(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)k(page)d(64\),)k(or)43
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13767 y(receipt)31 b(of)g(a)g Ft(SIGWINCH)p Fu(.)150 1760 y
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13770 (the)630 1870 y(standard)k Fm(gnu)g Fr(cpu-compan)m(y-system)h
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13801 4310 y Fu(mo)s(de)22 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.11)h([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s
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13814 (\()p Ft($PS1)p Fu(\).)p eop end
13815 %%Page: 80 86
13816 TeXDict begin 80 85 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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13889 %%Page: 81 87
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13952 %%Page: 82 88
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14016 %%Page: 83 89
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14066 Ft($)p Fu(')f(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(on)g(the)h(standard)630
14067 4017 y(output.)63 b(These)38 b(are)g(the)g(strings)g(that)h(are)f(sub)5
14068 b(ject)38 b(to)h(language)g(translation)g(when)630 4126
14069 y(the)e(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f(not)g Ft(C)g Fu(or)f
14070 Ft(POSIX)g Fu(\(see)h(Section)h(3.1.2.5)h([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8
14071 b(ranslation],)630 4236 y(page)31 b(7\).)42 b(This)29
14072 b(implies)i(the)f Ft(-n)g Fu(option;)h(no)f(commands)g(will)h(b)s(e)f
14073 (executed.)150 4404 y Ft([-+]O)f([)p Fj(shopt_option)p
14074 Ft(])630 4514 y Fr(shopt)p 854 4514 V 40 w(option)44
14075 b Fu(is)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)h(options)f(accepted)h(b)m(y)f(the)h
14076 Ft(shopt)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)630 4623 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)h([The)e
14077 (Shopt)f(Builtin],)i(page)g(64\).)44 b(If)31 b Fr(shopt)p
14078 2724 4623 V 40 w(option)g Fu(is)g(presen)m(t,)h Ft(-O)f
14079 Fu(sets)630 4733 y(the)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(that)h(option;)h
14080 Ft(+O)e Fu(unsets)f(it.)39 b(If)23 b Fr(shopt)p 2423
14081 4733 V 40 w(option)h Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)g(the)g(names)630
14082 4843 y(and)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(options)g
14083 (accepted)h(b)m(y)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(are)i(prin)m(ted)f(on)h(the)g
14084 (standard)630 4952 y(output.)40 b(If)29 b(the)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h
14085 (option)f(is)f Ft(+O)p Fu(,)h(the)f(output)g(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(in)
14086 f(a)h(format)f(that)630 5062 y(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)
14087 150 5230 y Ft(--)384 b Fu(A)38 b Ft(--)g Fu(signals)g(the)h(end)e(of)i
14088 (options)f(and)g(disables)g(further)f(option)h(pro)s(cessing.)64
14089 b(An)m(y)630 5340 y(argumen)m(ts)31 b(after)g(the)f Ft(--)g
14090 Fu(are)h(treated)g(as)g(\014lenames)f(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)p
14091 eop end
14092 %%Page: 84 90
14093 TeXDict begin 84 89 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14094 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(84)275 299 y(A)27 b
14095 Fl(lo)-5 b(gin)35 b Fu(shell)27 b(is)g(one)h(whose)f(\014rst)f(c)m
14096 (haracter)j(of)e(argumen)m(t)h(zero)f(is)h(`)p Ft(-)p
14097 Fu(',)g(or)f(one)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)150
14098 408 y Ft(--login)h Fu(option.)275 555 y(An)g Fl(inter)-5
14099 b(active)37 b Fu(shell)30 b(is)f(one)g(started)h(without)f(non-option)h
14100 (argumen)m(ts,)g(unless)e Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)150
14101 665 y(without)k(sp)s(ecifying)h(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(option,)i(and)e(whose)
14102 g(input)g(and)f(output)h(are)h(b)s(oth)f(connected)h(to)g(ter-)150
14103 774 y(minals)g(\(as)g(determined)f(b)m(y)h Ft(isatty\(3\))p
14104 Fu(\),)e(or)i(one)g(started)g(with)f(the)h Ft(-i)f Fu(option.)51
14105 b(See)33 b(Section)i(6.3)150 884 y([In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shells],)e
14106 (page)g(85,)g(for)f(more)h(information.)275 1031 y(If)i(argumen)m(ts)h
14107 (remain)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s(cessing,)h(and)e(neither)h(the)g
14108 Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f(the)h Ft(-s)g Fu(option)g(has)150 1140
14109 y(b)s(een)44 b(supplied,)j(the)d(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(assumed)e
14110 (to)j(b)s(e)d(the)i(name)g(of)f(a)h(\014le)g(con)m(taining)h(shell)150
14111 1250 y(commands)30 b(\(see)g(Section)h(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)g(page)
14112 h(40\).)41 b(When)30 b(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d(this)h
14113 (fashion,)150 1359 y Ft($0)37 b Fu(is)g(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(of)f
14114 (the)h(\014le,)i(and)c(the)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(are)g(set)g
14115 (to)g(the)g(remaining)150 1469 y(argumen)m(ts.)h(Bash)26
14116 b(reads)f(and)g(executes)h(commands)f(from)g(this)g(\014le,)i(then)e
14117 (exits.)40 b(Bash's)25 b(exit)i(status)150 1579 y(is)f(the)h(exit)h
14118 (status)e(of)h(the)g(last)g(command)f(executed)h(in)g(the)f(script.)40
14119 b(If)26 b(no)g(commands)g(are)h(executed,)150 1688 y(the)k(exit)g
14120 (status)g(is)f(0.)150 1947 y Fs(6.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(Startup)g(Files)150
14121 2107 y Fu(This)23 b(section)j(describ)s(es)d(ho)m(w)i(Bash)f(executes)h
14122 (its)g(startup)f(\014les.)38 b(If)24 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(\014les)f
14123 (exist)h(but)e(cannot)150 2216 y(b)s(e)29 b(read,)i(Bash)f(rep)s(orts)f
14124 (an)h(error.)40 b(Tildes)30 b(are)g(expanded)f(in)h(\014lenames)g(as)g
14125 (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(under)150 2326 y(Tilde)f(Expansion)g
14126 (\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.2)g([Tilde)e(Expansion],)h(page)g(22\).)275
14127 2473 y(In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shells)f(are)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(Section)h
14128 (6.3)h([In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(Shells],)d(page)h(85.)150
14129 2684 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(login)j
14130 (shell,)g(or)g(with)e Fh(--login)150 2831 y Fu(When)c(Bash)f(is)h(in)m
14131 (v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)f(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)d(shell,)i(or)e(as)g
14132 (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(with)g(the)150 2940
14133 y Ft(--login)30 b Fu(option,)k(it)f(\014rst)e(reads)h(and)g(executes)i
14134 (commands)e(from)f(the)i(\014le)f Ft(/etc/profile)p Fu(,)e(if)i(that)
14135 150 3050 y(\014le)44 b(exists.)80 b(After)44 b(reading)g(that)g
14136 (\014le,)j(it)d(lo)s(oks)g(for)f Ft(~/.bash_profile)p
14137 Fu(,)g Ft(~/.bash_login)p Fu(,)h(and)150 3160 y Ft(~/.profile)p
14138 Fu(,)25 b(in)i(that)g(order,)h(and)e(reads)h(and)f(executes)j(commands)
14139 d(from)h(the)g(\014rst)f(one)i(that)f(exists)150 3269
14140 y(and)j(is)h(readable.)42 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)d
14141 Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(when)g(the)h(shell)f(is)h(started)g
14142 (to)g(inhibit)150 3379 y(this)f(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 3526
14143 y(When)h(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login)d(shell)g(exits,)h(or)f(a)g
14144 (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(login)f(shell)e(executes)i(the)f
14145 Ft(exit)150 3635 y Fu(builtin)g(command,)i(Bash)e(reads)h(and)f
14146 (executes)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h(\014le)g Ft(~/.bash_logout)p
14147 Fu(,)d(if)i(it)150 3745 y(exists.)150 3956 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40
14148 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(non-login)k(shell)150
14149 4103 y Fu(When)g(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(that)g(is)f(not)h(a)g
14150 (login)g(shell)g(is)f(started,)48 b(Bash)c(reads)f(and)g(executes)150
14151 4213 y(commands)31 b(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)f(if)h(that)h(\014le)g
14152 (exists.)44 b(This)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(inhibited)g(b)m(y)g(using)g
14153 (the)h Ft(--norc)150 4322 y Fu(option.)40 b(The)27 b
14154 Ft(--rcfile)h Fj(file)e Fu(option)h(will)g(force)h(Bash)f(to)h(read)f
14155 (and)f(execute)j(commands)d(from)h Fr(\014le)150 4432
14156 y Fu(instead)k(of)f Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(.)275 4579 y(So,)g(t)m(ypically)
14157 -8 b(,)33 b(y)m(our)d Ft(~/.bash_profile)c Fu(con)m(tains)32
14158 b(the)f(line)390 4725 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-f)f(~/.bashrc)e(];)i(then)g(.)g
14159 (~/.bashrc;)e(fi)150 4872 y Fu(after)31 b(\(or)g(b)s(efore\))f(an)m(y)h
14160 (login-sp)s(eci\014c)g(initializations.)150 5083 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)
14161 40 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)150 5230 y Fu(When)33 b(Bash)g(is)g
14162 (started)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)37 b(to)d(run)e(a)h(shell)h
14163 (script,)g(for)f(example,)i(it)e(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)150
14164 5340 y(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b Ft(BASH_ENV)d Fu(in)i(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m
14165 (t,)h(expands)e(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(if)g(it)g(app)s(ears)e(there,)j
14166 (and)e(uses)g(the)p eop end
14167 %%Page: 85 91
14168 TeXDict begin 85 90 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14169 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(85)150 299 y(expanded)30
14170 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)g(name)f(of)h(a)f(\014le)h(to)g(read)f(and)
14171 g(execute.)42 b(Bash)31 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(the)g(follo)m
14172 (wing)150 408 y(command)g(w)m(ere)h(executed:)390 552
14173 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-n)f("$BASH_ENV")e(];)i(then)f(.)i("$BASH_ENV";)c(fi)
14174 150 696 y Fu(but)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f
14175 Ft(PATH)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(not)h(used)e(to)i(searc)m(h)g
14176 (for)f(the)h(\014lename.)275 840 y(As)42 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)47
14177 b(if)42 b(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
14178 (with)e(the)h Ft(--login)d Fu(option,)46 b(Bash)150 949
14179 y(attempts)31 b(to)g(read)g(and)e(execute)j(commands)e(from)g(the)h
14180 (login)g(shell)g(startup)e(\014les.)150 1158 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40
14181 b(with)g(name)h Fh(sh)150 1305 y Fu(If)c(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
14182 (with)e(the)g(name)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)i(it)f(tries)f(to)h(mimic)g(the)f
14183 (startup)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h(historical)150 1414
14184 y(v)m(ersions)31 b(of)f Ft(sh)g Fu(as)h(closely)h(as)e(p)s(ossible,)g
14185 (while)h(conforming)f(to)h(the)g Fm(posix)e Fu(standard)h(as)h(w)m
14186 (ell.)275 1558 y(When)50 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(as)f(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m
14187 (e)j(login)e(shell,)57 b(or)51 b(as)g(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h
14188 (shell)f(with)f(the)150 1668 y Ft(--login)31 b Fu(option,)k(it)e
14189 (\014rst)g(attempts)h(to)g(read)f(and)g(execute)h(commands)f(from)g
14190 Ft(/etc/profile)d Fu(and)150 1777 y Ft(~/.profile)p Fu(,)d(in)i(that)i
14191 (order.)39 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)c Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f
14192 (used)g(to)h(inhibit)f(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior.)150 1887
14193 y(When)36 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(as)e(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e
14194 (with)f(the)g(name)h Ft(sh)p Fu(,)g(Bash)f(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)h(v)-5
14195 b(ariable)37 b Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)150 1997 y(expands)29 b(its)i(v)-5
14196 b(alue)30 b(if)h(it)f(is)g(de\014ned,)g(and)f(uses)h(the)g(expanded)g
14197 (v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(a)h(\014le)f(to)h(read)150
14198 2106 y(and)g(execute.)46 b(Since)32 b(a)g(shell)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
14199 (as)f Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(attempt)h(to)g(read)e(and)g(execute)i
14200 (commands)150 2216 y(from)39 b(an)m(y)g(other)h(startup)e(\014les,)k
14201 (the)d Ft(--rcfile)e Fu(option)j(has)f(no)g(e\013ect.)69
14202 b(A)39 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)150 2325 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)32
14203 b(with)e(the)g(name)h Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)f(read)f
14204 (an)m(y)h(other)g(startup)e(\014les.)275 2469 y(When)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m
14205 (ed)h(as)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e
14206 Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h(the)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)150
14207 2678 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(in)h Fg(posix)g Fk(mo)s(de)150
14208 2824 y Fu(When)28 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(in)g Fm(posix)f
14209 Fu(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(with)g(the)g Ft(--posix)d Fu(command)j(line)g
14210 (option,)h(it)f(follo)m(ws)150 2934 y(the)24 b Fm(posix)f
14211 Fu(standard)h(for)f(startup)h(\014les.)38 b(In)24 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h
14212 (in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shells)d(expand)f(the)h Ft(ENV)f
14213 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)150 3044 y(and)30 b(commands)g(are)g(read)h(and)e
14214 (executed)j(from)d(the)i(\014le)f(whose)g(name)h(is)f(the)h(expanded)e
14215 (v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(No)150 3153 y(other)31 b(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h
14216 (read.)150 3362 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(b)m(y)g(remote)h(shell)h
14217 (daemon)150 3509 y Fu(Bash)36 b(attempts)h(to)g(determine)f(when)f(it)i
14218 (is)f(b)s(eing)g(run)e(with)i(its)g(standard)g(input)f(connected)i(to)g
14219 (a)150 3618 y(net)m(w)m(ork)h(connection,)j(as)c(when)g(executed)h(b)m
14220 (y)f(the)h(remote)g(shell)g(daemon,)h(usually)e Ft(rshd)p
14221 Fu(,)h(or)g(the)150 3728 y(secure)c(shell)f(daemon)h
14222 Ft(sshd)p Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b(Bash)g(determines)h(it)g(is)f(b)s(eing)g
14223 (run)f(in)i(this)f(fashion,)h(it)g(reads)g(and)150 3837
14224 y(executes)29 b(commands)e(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)e(if)j(that)g
14225 (\014le)f(exists)h(and)f(is)g(readable.)41 b(It)27 b(will)h(not)f(do)h
14226 (this)f(if)150 3947 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)k(as)f Ft(sh)p
14227 Fu(.)40 b(The)29 b Ft(--norc)f Fu(option)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)j
14228 (inhibit)e(this)g(b)s(eha)m(vior,)h(and)f(the)h Ft(--rcfile)150
14229 4057 y Fu(option)36 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(force)g(another)f
14230 (\014le)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(read,)j(but)d(neither)i Ft(rshd)e
14231 Fu(nor)h Ft(sshd)f Fu(generally)150 4166 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)e(the)f
14232 (shell)f(with)h(those)f(options)h(or)f(allo)m(w)i(them)f(to)g(b)s(e)e
14233 (sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 4375 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(with)g(unequal)h
14234 (e\013ectiv)m(e)e(and)i(real)g Fg(uid/gid)p Fk(s)150
14235 4522 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(with)f(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)i
14236 (user)d(\(group\))h(id)f(not)h(equal)g(to)g(the)g(real)g(user)f
14237 (\(group\))h(id,)150 4631 y(and)26 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g
14238 (not)h(supplied,)e(no)h(startup)g(\014les)g(are)g(read,)h(shell)f
14239 (functions)g(are)g(not)g(inherited)150 4741 y(from)41
14240 b(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)j(the)d Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)h
14241 Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)g Ft(CDPATH)p Fu(,)g(and)e Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e
14242 Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)45 b(if)150 4850 y(they)28 b(app)s(ear)f(in)h(the)g
14243 (en)m(vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored,)h(and)e(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j
14244 (user)c(id)h(is)g(set)g(to)h(the)f(real)h(user)150 4960
14245 y(id.)62 b(If)38 b(the)f Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(is)f(supplied)g(at)h(in)m
14246 (v)m(o)s(cation,)k(the)c(startup)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(the)g(same,)i
14247 (but)d(the)150 5070 y(e\013ectiv)m(e)c(user)d(id)g(is)g(not)h(reset.)
14248 150 5324 y Fs(6.3)68 b(In)l(teractiv)l(e)47 b(Shells)p
14249 eop end
14250 %%Page: 86 92
14251 TeXDict begin 86 91 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14252 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(86)150 299 y Fk(6.3.1)63
14253 b(What)40 b(is)h(an)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shell?)150
14254 446 y Fu(An)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)d(is)g(one)g(started)g(without)
14255 g(non-option)g(argumen)m(ts,)j(unless)c Ft(-s)h Fu(is)f(sp)s
14256 (eci\014ed,)150 555 y(without)30 b(sp)s(ecifying)g(the)g
14257 Ft(-c)f Fu(option,)h(and)g(whose)f(input)g(and)g(error)h(output)f(are)h
14258 (b)s(oth)f(connected)i(to)150 665 y(terminals)g(\(as)g(determined)f(b)m
14259 (y)g Ft(isatty\(3\))p Fu(\),)e(or)j(one)f(started)h(with)f(the)h
14260 Ft(-i)f Fu(option.)275 797 y(An)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d
14261 (generally)i(reads)e(from)g(and)g(writes)g(to)h(a)g(user's)f(terminal.)
14262 275 929 y(The)i Ft(-s)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(option)f(ma)m(y)f(b)s
14263 (e)g(used)f(to)i(set)f(the)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(when)f(an)h
14264 (in)m(ter-)150 1038 y(activ)m(e)g(shell)d(is)h(started.)150
14265 1232 y Fk(6.3.2)63 b(Is)41 b(this)g(Shell)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e?)150
14266 1379 y Fu(T)-8 b(o)30 b(determine)g(within)f(a)h(startup)g(script)f
14267 (whether)g(or)h(not)g(Bash)g(is)g(running)e(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8
14268 b(,)33 b(test)e(the)150 1489 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)f(`)p
14269 Ft(-)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameter.)41 b(It)29 b(con)m(tains)i
14270 Ft(i)e Fu(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)44
14271 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)390 1621 y Ft(case)47 b("$-")f(in)390
14272 1730 y(*i*\))h(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)h(interactive)e(;;)390
14273 1840 y(*\))i(echo)g(This)f(shell)h(is)g(not)g(interactive)e(;;)390
14274 1949 y(esac)275 2081 y Fu(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)28
14275 b(startup)23 b(scripts)h(ma)m(y)g(examine)g(the)g(v)-5
14276 b(ariable)25 b Ft(PS1)p Fu(;)g(it)g(is)e(unset)h(in)f(non-in)m
14277 (teractiv)m(e)150 2191 y(shells,)31 b(and)e(set)i(in)f(in)m(teractiv)m
14278 (e)k(shells.)40 b(Th)m(us:)390 2323 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-z)f("$PS1")f(];)h
14279 (then)772 2432 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(not)f(interactive)390
14280 2542 y(else)772 2651 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(interactive)390
14281 2761 y(fi)150 2955 y Fk(6.3.3)63 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)38
14282 b(Shell)k(Beha)m(vior)150 3102 y Fu(When)30 b(the)h(shell)f(is)h
14283 (running)d(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)34 b(it)d(c)m(hanges)h(its)f(b)s
14284 (eha)m(vior)f(in)g(sev)m(eral)i(w)m(a)m(ys.)199 3234
14285 y(1.)61 b(Startup)37 b(\014les)g(are)h(read)f(and)g(executed)h(as)f
14286 (describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(6.2)g([Bash)g(Startup)e(Files],)330
14287 3343 y(page)31 b(84.)199 3475 y(2.)61 b(Job)32 b(Con)m(trol)h(\(see)g
14288 (Chapter)e(7)i([Job)f(Con)m(trol],)i(page)f(100\))h(is)e(enabled)g(b)m
14289 (y)g(default.)46 b(When)32 b(job)330 3585 y(con)m(trol)j(is)f(in)f
14290 (e\013ect,)k(Bash)d(ignores)g(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(job)e
14291 (con)m(trol)i(signals)g Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)330 3694 y
14292 Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)29 b(and)g Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)199 3826
14293 y(3.)61 b(Bash)39 b(expands)f(and)g(displa)m(ys)h Ft(PS1)f
14294 Fu(b)s(efore)h(reading)g(the)g(\014rst)f(line)h(of)g(a)g(command,)i
14295 (and)d(ex-)330 3936 y(pands)30 b(and)g(displa)m(ys)h
14296 Ft(PS2)e Fu(b)s(efore)i(reading)g(the)g(second)f(and)h(subsequen)m(t)f
14297 (lines)h(of)g(a)g(m)m(ulti-line)330 4045 y(command.)40
14298 b(Bash)31 b(displa)m(ys)f Ft(PS0)g Fu(after)h(it)g(reads)f(a)h(command)
14299 f(but)f(b)s(efore)h(executing)i(it.)199 4177 y(4.)61
14300 b(Bash)26 b(executes)i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)f(the)h
14301 Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)22 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(as)g(a)f(command)g(b)s
14302 (efore)g(prin)m(ting)330 4287 y(the)31 b(primary)e(prompt,)h
14303 Ft($PS1)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)f(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
14304 b(page)f(71\).)199 4419 y(5.)61 b(Readline)27 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h
14305 ([Command)g(Line)g(Editing],)h(page)g(104\))g(is)f(used)g(to)g(read)g
14306 (commands)330 4528 y(from)k(the)g(user's)g(terminal.)199
14307 4660 y(6.)61 b(Bash)36 b(insp)s(ects)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37
14308 b(of)f(the)g Ft(ignoreeof)e Fu(option)j(to)g Ft(set)29
14309 b(-o)36 b Fu(instead)h(of)f(exiting)i(imme-)330 4770
14310 y(diately)f(when)e(it)i(receiv)m(es)h(an)e Ft(EOF)f Fu(on)h(its)g
14311 (standard)f(input)g(when)h(reading)g(a)g(command)g(\(see)330
14312 4879 y(Section)31 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)199
14313 5011 y(7.)61 b(Command)43 b(history)h(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)g([Bash)f
14314 (History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)51 b(page)45 b(137\))h(and)d(history)330
14315 5121 y(expansion)h(\(see)i(Section)f(9.3)h([History)g(In)m(teraction],)
14316 k(page)45 b(139\))h(are)f(enabled)g(b)m(y)f(default.)330
14317 5230 y(Bash)28 b(will)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(command)f(history)h(to)g
14318 (the)g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h Ft($HISTFILE)d Fu(when)h(a)i(shell)g
14319 (with)330 5340 y(history)i(enabled)h(exits.)p eop end
14320 %%Page: 87 93
14321 TeXDict begin 87 92 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14322 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(87)199 299 y(8.)61
14323 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e
14324 (90\))h(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(b)m(y)h(default.)199 429
14325 y(9.)61 b(In)24 b(the)g(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(traps,)g(Bash)g
14326 (ignores)f Ft(SIGTERM)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g(page)
14327 f(39\).)154 560 y(10.)61 b(In)26 b(the)h(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)g
14328 (traps,)g Ft(SIGINT)e Fu(is)i(caugh)m(t)h(and)f(handled)e(\(\(see)k
14329 (Section)e(3.7.6)i([Signals],)330 669 y(page)i(39\).)42
14330 b Ft(SIGINT)29 b Fu(will)h(in)m(terrupt)g(some)h(shell)g(builtins.)154
14331 800 y(11.)61 b(An)40 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)e(shell)g(sends)e(a)i
14332 Ft(SIGHUP)d Fu(to)j(all)g(jobs)f(on)g(exit)h(if)g(the)f
14333 Ft(huponexit)e Fu(shell)330 909 y(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g
14334 (\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.6)i([Signals],)e(page)g(39\).)154
14335 1040 y(12.)61 b(The)29 b Ft(-n)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(option)e(is)g
14336 (ignored,)g(and)f(`)p Ft(set)h(-n)p Fu(')f(has)h(no)f(e\013ect)j(\(see)
14337 e(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)330 1149 y(Set)g(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)154
14338 1280 y(13.)61 b(Bash)32 b(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)e(mail)g(p)s(erio)s
14339 (dically)-8 b(,)34 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)32
14340 b(of)g(the)h Ft(MAIL)p Fu(,)e Ft(MAILPATH)p Fu(,)330
14341 1389 y(and)f Ft(MAILCHECK)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariables)31
14342 b(\(see)h(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
14343 b(page)f(71\).)154 1520 y(14.)61 b(Expansion)32 b(errors)h(due)f(to)i
14344 (references)f(to)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariables)34
14345 b(after)g(`)p Ft(set)29 b(-u)p Fu(')k(has)g(b)s(een)330
14346 1629 y(enabled)d(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit)g(\(see)g
14347 (Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)154
14348 1760 y(15.)61 b(The)48 b(shell)h(will)f(not)h(exit)g(on)g(expansion)f
14349 (errors)g(caused)g(b)m(y)h Fr(v)-5 b(ar)54 b Fu(b)s(eing)48
14350 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull)f(in)330 1869 y Ft(${)p Fj(var)p
14351 Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})27 b Fu(expansions)j(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.3)g
14352 ([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)i(Expansion],)e(page)h(23\).)154
14353 2000 y(16.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(errors)f(encoun)m(tered)h(b)m(y)f
14354 (shell)h(builtins)f(will)g(not)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)154
14355 2130 y(17.)61 b(When)26 b(running)f(in)i Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de,)j(a)f
14356 (sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returning)g(an)g(error)h(status)g(will)g(not)f
14357 (cause)330 2240 y(the)31 b(shell)f(to)h(exit)h(\(see)f(Section)g(6.11)h
14358 ([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(96\).)154 2370 y(18.)61
14359 b(A)34 b(failed)g Ft(exec)f Fu(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g
14360 (exit)h(\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)f(Builtins],)330
14361 2480 y(page)e(42\).)154 2610 y(19.)61 b(P)m(arser)31
14362 b(syn)m(tax)f(errors)g(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)
14363 154 2741 y(20.)61 b(Simple)21 b(sp)s(elling)h(correction)g(for)g
14364 (directory)g(argumen)m(ts)f(to)i(the)e Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h
14365 (enabled)f(b)m(y)h(default)330 2850 y(\(see)35 b(the)g(description)f
14366 (of)h(the)f Ft(cdspell)f Fu(option)h(to)i(the)e Ft(shopt)f
14367 Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)330 2960 y(Shopt)30
14368 b(Builtin],)h(page)g(64\).)154 3090 y(21.)61 b(The)42
14369 b(shell)h(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)f(the)h
14370 Ft(TMOUT)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(and)e(exit)h(if)g(a)g(command)f(is)h
14371 (not)330 3200 y(read)30 b(within)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
14372 (er)g(of)i(seconds)f(after)g(prin)m(ting)g Ft($PS1)f
14373 Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)330 3310 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
14374 b(page)f(71\).)150 3542 y Fs(6.4)68 b(Bash)45 b(Conditional)h
14375 (Expressions)150 3702 y Fu(Conditional)26 b(expressions)g(are)g(used)f
14376 (b)m(y)g(the)h Ft([[)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command)g(and)g(the)h
14377 Ft(test)f Fu(and)g Ft([)g Fu(builtin)150 3811 y(commands.)275
14378 3942 y(Expressions)32 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(unary)f(or)h(binary)-8
14379 b(.)48 b(Unary)33 b(expressions)f(are)i(often)f(used)f(to)i(examine)g
14380 (the)150 4051 y(status)44 b(of)g(a)g(\014le.)80 b(There)43
14381 b(are)h(string)f(op)s(erators)h(and)f(n)m(umeric)g(comparison)h(op)s
14382 (erators)g(as)g(w)m(ell.)150 4161 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)i
14383 (\014lenames)f(sp)s(ecially)g(when)f(they)g(are)i(used)d(in)i
14384 (expressions.)38 b(If)26 b(the)f(op)s(erating)150 4270
14385 y(system)d(on)g(whic)m(h)g(Bash)h(is)f(running)e(pro)m(vides)i(these)h
14386 (sp)s(ecial)g(\014les,)h(Bash)e(will)h(use)f(them;)j(otherwise)d(it)150
14387 4380 y(will)27 b(em)m(ulate)h(them)e(in)m(ternally)h(with)f(this)g(b)s
14388 (eha)m(vior:)39 b(If)26 b(the)g Fr(\014le)32 b Fu(argumen)m(t)27
14389 b(to)g(one)f(of)h(the)f(primaries)150 4489 y(is)33 b(of)g(the)f(form)h
14390 Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(N)p Fu(,)e(then)h(\014le)h(descriptor)f
14391 Fr(N)43 b Fu(is)33 b(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)49 b(If)33 b(the)f
14392 Fr(\014le)38 b Fu(argumen)m(t)33 b(to)h(one)f(of)150
14393 4599 y(the)f(primaries)g(is)g(one)g(of)g Ft(/dev/stdin)p
14394 Fu(,)e Ft(/dev/stdout)p Fu(,)f(or)j Ft(/dev/stderr)p
14395 Fu(,)d(\014le)j(descriptor)g(0,)h(1,)g(or)150 4709 y(2,)e(resp)s(ectiv)
14396 m(ely)-8 b(,)32 b(is)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)275 4839 y(When)37
14397 b(used)g(with)g Ft([[)p Fu(,)i(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p
14398 Ft(>)p Fu(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)g(lexicographically)i(using)d(the)h
14399 (curren)m(t)150 4949 y(lo)s(cale.)k(The)30 b Ft(test)f
14400 Fu(command)i(uses)f(ASCI)s(I)e(ordering.)275 5079 y(Unless)44
14401 b(otherwise)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)j(primaries)c(that)h(op)s(erate)g(on)g
14402 (\014les)f(follo)m(w)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)f(links)g(and)150
14403 5189 y(op)s(erate)31 b(on)f(the)h(target)h(of)e(the)h(link,)f(rather)h
14404 (than)f(the)g(link)h(itself.)150 5340 y Ft(-a)f Fj(file)162
14405 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists.)p
14406 eop end
14407 %%Page: 88 94
14408 TeXDict begin 88 93 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14409 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(88)150 299 y Ft(-b)30
14410 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14411 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(sp)s(ecial)g(\014le.)150
14412 461 y Ft(-c)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14413 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s(ecial)f(\014le.)150
14414 623 y Ft(-d)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14415 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(directory)-8 b(.)150
14416 785 y Ft(-e)30 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14417 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists.)150 948 y Ft(-f)30 b Fj(file)162
14418 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14419 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)f(\014le.)150 1110 y Ft(-g)g
14420 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14421 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g(set-group-id)h(bit)g(is)f(set.)150
14422 1272 y Ft(-h)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14423 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link.)150
14424 1434 y Ft(-k)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14425 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g Ft(")p Fu(stic)m(ky)p
14426 Ft(")h Fu(bit)g(is)f(set.)150 1596 y Ft(-p)g Fj(file)162
14427 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14428 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(named)f(pip)s(e)f(\(FIF)m(O\).)150 1759
14429 y Ft(-r)h Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14430 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(readable.)150 1921 y Ft(-s)g
14431 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14432 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(has)g(a)g(size)i(greater)f(than)f(zero.)150
14433 2083 y Ft(-t)g Fj(fd)258 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(\014le)h(descriptor)
14434 f Fr(fd)j Fu(is)e(op)s(en)e(and)h(refers)g(to)h(a)g(terminal.)150
14435 2245 y Ft(-u)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14436 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g(set-user-id)h(bit)f(is)h
14437 (set.)150 2407 y Ft(-w)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14438 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(writable.)150
14439 2570 y Ft(-x)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14440 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(executable.)150
14441 2732 y Ft(-G)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14442 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m(y)h(the)f
14443 (e\013ectiv)m(e)j(group)d(id.)150 2894 y Ft(-L)g Fj(file)162
14444 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14445 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link.)150 3056 y Ft(-N)f
14446 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14447 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(mo)s(di\014ed)h(since)g(it)h(w)m
14448 (as)g(last)g(read.)150 3218 y Ft(-O)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8
14449 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m
14450 (y)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d(id.)150 3381 y Ft(-S)g
14451 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14452 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)150 3543
14453 y Fj(file1)e Ft(-ef)g Fj(file2)630 3652 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14454 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(refer)30
14455 b(to)i(the)e(same)h(device)g(and)f(ino)s(de)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)150
14456 3814 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-nt)g Fj(file2)630 3924 y Fu(T)-8
14457 b(rue)23 b(if)h Fr(\014le1)32 b Fu(is)24 b(new)m(er)g(\(according)h(to)
14458 g(mo)s(di\014cation)f(date\))h(than)f Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g
14459 Fr(\014le1)31 b Fu(exists)630 4034 y(and)f Fr(\014le2)38
14460 b Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 4196 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-ot)g
14461 Fj(file2)630 4305 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38
14462 b Fu(is)31 b(older)f(than)g Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g
14463 Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f Fr(\014le1)38 b
14464 Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 4468 y Ft(-o)g Fj(optname)630
14465 4577 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)41 b(if)g(the)g(shell)h(option)f
14466 Fr(optname)47 b Fu(is)41 b(enabled.)73 b(The)41 b(list)h(of)f(options)h
14467 (app)s(ears)e(in)630 4687 y(the)33 b(description)h(of)f(the)g
14468 Ft(-o)g Fu(option)g(to)h(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g
14469 (4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)630 4796 y(Builtin],)e(page)g(60\).)150
14470 4959 y Ft(-v)f Fj(varname)630 5068 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14471 b(if)g(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b Fr(v)-5 b(arname)35
14472 b Fu(is)30 b(set)h(\(has)g(b)s(een)e(assigned)i(a)g(v)-5
14473 b(alue\).)150 5230 y Ft(-R)30 b Fj(varname)630 5340 y
14474 Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32
14475 b Fr(v)-5 b(arname)35 b Fu(is)30 b(set)h(and)f(is)h(a)f(name)h
14476 (reference.)p eop end
14477 %%Page: 89 95
14478 TeXDict begin 89 94 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14479 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(89)150 299 y Ft(-z)30
14480 b Fj(string)66 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f
14481 Fr(string)38 b Fu(is)31 b(zero.)150 462 y Ft(-n)f Fj(string)150
14482 571 y(string)192 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f
14483 Fr(string)38 b Fu(is)31 b(non-zero.)150 734 y Fj(string1)d
14484 Ft(==)i Fj(string2)150 844 y(string1)e Ft(=)i Fj(string2)630
14485 953 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)43 b(if)h(the)g(strings)g(are)g(equal.)82
14486 b(When)44 b(used)f(with)g(the)h Ft([[)g Fu(command,)j(this)d(p)s(er-)
14487 630 1063 y(forms)d(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)i(as)f(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m
14488 (v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.2.4.2)i([Conditional)630
14489 1173 y(Constructs],)30 b(page)h(10\).)630 1309 y(`)p
14490 Ft(=)p Fu(')g(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(the)h Ft(test)e
14491 Fu(command)h(for)g Fm(posix)g Fu(conformance.)150 1472
14492 y Fj(string1)e Ft(!=)i Fj(string2)630 1581 y Fu(T)-8
14493 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(strings)f(are)h(not)f(equal.)150
14494 1744 y Fj(string1)e Ft(<)i Fj(string2)630 1854 y Fu(T)-8
14495 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31 b(b)s(efore)f
14496 Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150 2017
14497 y Fj(string1)28 b Ft(>)i Fj(string2)630 2126 y Fu(T)-8
14498 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31 b(after)g
14499 Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150 2289
14500 y Fj(arg1)29 b Ft(OP)h Fj(arg2)630 2399 y Ft(OP)j Fu(is)h(one)g(of)h(`)
14501 p Ft(-eq)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(-ne)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(-lt)p
14502 Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(-le)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(-gt)p Fu(',)h(or)f(`)p
14503 Ft(-ge)p Fu('.)51 b(These)34 b(arithmetic)h(binary)630
14504 2508 y(op)s(erators)h(return)e(true)i(if)f Fr(arg1)44
14505 b Fu(is)36 b(equal)g(to,)i(not)e(equal)g(to,)i(less)e(than,)h(less)f
14506 (than)f(or)630 2618 y(equal)29 b(to,)g(greater)h(than,)e(or)g(greater)i
14507 (than)d(or)i(equal)f(to)h Fr(arg2)p Fu(,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8
14508 b(.)42 b Fr(Arg1)36 b Fu(and)630 2728 y Fr(arg2)j Fu(ma)m(y)30
14509 b(b)s(e)g(p)s(ositiv)m(e)i(or)e(negativ)m(e)j(in)m(tegers.)150
14510 2974 y Fs(6.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Arithmetic)150 3133 y Fu(The)26
14511 b(shell)h(allo)m(ws)h(arithmetic)f(expressions)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ev)-5
14512 b(aluated,)29 b(as)d(one)h(of)g(the)g(shell)f(expansions)h(or)f(b)m(y)
14513 150 3243 y(using)h(the)g Ft(\(\()g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command,)j(the)g
14514 Ft(let)e Fu(builtin,)i(or)f(the)g Ft(-i)g Fu(option)h(to)f(the)h
14515 Ft(declare)d Fu(builtin.)275 3381 y(Ev)-5 b(aluation)27
14516 b(is)g(done)f(in)g(\014xed-width)g(in)m(tegers)i(with)e(no)h(c)m(hec)m
14517 (k)h(for)e(o)m(v)m(er\015o)m(w,)j(though)d(division)h(b)m(y)150
14518 3490 y(0)g(is)g(trapp)s(ed)f(and)h(\015agged)g(as)h(an)f(error.)39
14519 b(The)26 b(op)s(erators)h(and)g(their)g(precedence,)h(asso)s(ciativit)m
14520 (y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)150 3600 y(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(are)h(the)f(same)g(as)h
14521 (in)e(the)h(C)g(language.)56 b(The)35 b(follo)m(wing)h(list)g(of)f(op)s
14522 (erators)g(is)g(group)s(ed)f(in)m(to)150 3709 y(lev)m(els)27
14523 b(of)f(equal-precedence)i(op)s(erators.)39 b(The)25 b(lev)m(els)j(are)e
14524 (listed)h(in)e(order)h(of)g(decreasing)g(precedence.)150
14525 3874 y Fj(id)p Ft(++)j Fj(id)p Ft(--)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14526 b(p)s(ost-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(p)s(ost-decremen)m(t)150
14527 4037 y Ft(++)p Fj(id)f Ft(--)p Fj(id)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14528 b(pre-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(pre-decremen)m(t)150 4200
14529 y Ft(-)g(+)354 b Fu(unary)29 b(min)m(us)h(and)g(plus)150
14530 4363 y Ft(!)g(~)354 b Fu(logical)33 b(and)d(bit)m(wise)h(negation)150
14531 4526 y Ft(**)384 b Fu(exp)s(onen)m(tiation)150 4688 y
14532 Ft(*)30 b(/)g(\045)276 b Fu(m)m(ultiplication,)33 b(division,)d
14533 (remainder)150 4851 y Ft(+)g(-)354 b Fu(addition,)31
14534 b(subtraction)150 5014 y Ft(<<)f(>>)258 b Fu(left)31
14535 b(and)f(righ)m(t)h(bit)m(wise)g(shifts)150 5177 y Ft(<=)f(>=)g(<)g(>)
14536 102 b Fu(comparison)150 5340 y Ft(==)30 b(!=)258 b Fu(equalit)m(y)32
14537 b(and)e(inequalit)m(y)p eop end
14538 %%Page: 90 96
14539 TeXDict begin 90 95 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14540 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(90)150 299 y Ft(&)432
14541 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(AND)150 459 y Ft(^)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31
14542 b(exclusiv)m(e)h(OR)150 618 y Ft(|)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31
14543 b(OR)150 778 y Ft(&&)384 b Fu(logical)33 b(AND)150 938
14544 y Ft(||)384 b Fu(logical)33 b(OR)150 1097 y Ft(expr)c(?)h(expr)f(:)h
14545 (expr)630 1207 y Fu(conditional)i(op)s(erator)150 1366
14546 y Ft(=)e(*=)g(/=)g(\045=)f(+=)h(-=)g(<<=)f(>>=)h(&=)g(^=)f(|=)630
14547 1476 y Fu(assignmen)m(t)150 1636 y Ft(expr1)g(,)h(expr2)630
14548 1745 y Fu(comma)275 1905 y(Shell)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39
14549 b(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(as)e(op)s(erands;)i(parameter)e(expansion)g(is)
14550 f(p)s(erformed)g(b)s(efore)g(the)150 2015 y(expression)g(is)g(ev)-5
14551 b(aluated.)66 b(Within)38 b(an)h(expression,)h(shell)e(v)-5
14552 b(ariables)39 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)f(referenced)g(b)m(y)150
14553 2124 y(name)31 b(without)f(using)g(the)h(parameter)g(expansion)f(syn)m
14554 (tax.)42 b(A)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(that)f(is)f(n)m(ull)h(or)
14555 f(unset)150 2234 y(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(0)g(when)e(referenced)h(b)
14556 m(y)g(name)h(without)f(using)g(the)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(syn)m
14557 (tax.)150 2343 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(a)h(v)-5
14558 b(ariable)36 b(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(as)e(an)g(arithmetic)h
14559 (expression)f(when)f(it)h(is)g(referenced,)i(or)150 2453
14560 y(when)31 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(whic)m(h)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m
14561 (en)j(the)e Fr(in)m(teger)40 b Fu(attribute)33 b(using)f(`)p
14562 Ft(declare)d(-i)p Fu(')i(is)i(assigned)150 2563 y(a)j(v)-5
14563 b(alue.)58 b(A)36 b(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(ev)-5
14564 b(aluates)37 b(to)g(0.)57 b(A)36 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37
14565 b(need)e(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(its)f Fr(in)m(teger)44 b
14566 Fu(attribute)150 2672 y(turned)29 b(on)h(to)i(b)s(e)d(used)h(in)g(an)g
14567 (expression.)275 2807 y(Constan)m(ts)41 b(with)g(a)h(leading)f(0)h(are)
14568 g(in)m(terpreted)f(as)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)72
14569 b(A)41 b(leading)h(`)p Ft(0x)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p Ft(0X)p
14570 Fu(')150 2916 y(denotes)30 b(hexadecimal.)42 b(Otherwise,)30
14571 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(tak)m(e)i(the)f(form)g([)p Fr(base)5
14572 b Ft(#)p Fu(])p Fr(n)p Fu(,)30 b(where)f(the)i(optional)g
14573 Fr(base)150 3026 y Fu(is)e(a)h(decimal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(b)s(et)m(w)m
14574 (een)h(2)h(and)e(64)i(represen)m(ting)g(the)f(arithmetic)i(base,)e(and)
14575 g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 3136 y(in)c(that)g(base.)39
14576 b(If)25 b Fr(base)5 b Ft(#)24 b Fu(is)h(omitted,)j(then)c(base)h(10)h
14577 (is)f(used.)38 b(When)25 b(sp)s(ecifying)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)i(the)f(digits)h
14578 (greater)150 3245 y(than)33 b(9)h(are)g(represen)m(ted)g(b)m(y)f(the)h
14579 (lo)m(w)m(ercase)i(letters,)g(the)d(upp)s(ercase)g(letters,)j(`)p
14580 Ft(@)p Fu(',)e(and)f(`)p Ft(_)p Fu(',)i(in)e(that)150
14581 3355 y(order.)69 b(If)39 b Fr(base)45 b Fu(is)40 b(less)g(than)g(or)f
14582 (equal)i(to)f(36,)k(lo)m(w)m(ercase)e(and)d(upp)s(ercase)g(letters)i
14583 (ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)150 3464 y(in)m(terc)m(hangeably)32
14584 b(to)f(represen)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i(10)g(and)f
14585 (35.)275 3599 y(Op)s(erators)44 b(are)h(ev)-5 b(aluated)46
14586 b(in)f(order)f(of)h(precedence.)85 b(Sub-expressions)44
14587 b(in)g(paren)m(theses)i(are)150 3709 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32
14588 b(\014rst)d(and)h(ma)m(y)h(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)g(precedence)g(rules)f
14589 (ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)150 3950 y Fs(6.6)68 b(Aliases)150 4109
14590 y Fr(Aliases)41 b Fu(allo)m(w)d(a)f(string)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(substituted)g
14591 (for)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(when)g(it)h(is)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m
14592 (ord)h(of)h(a)150 4219 y(simple)32 b(command.)45 b(The)31
14593 b(shell)i(main)m(tains)f(a)h(list)f(of)g(aliases)i(that)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s
14594 (e)e(set)h(and)g(unset)f(with)h(the)150 4329 y Ft(alias)d
14595 Fu(and)h Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtin)i(commands.)275 4463
14596 y(The)f(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)i(of)f(eac)m(h)i(simple)f(command,)g(if)f
14597 (unquoted,)g(is)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)h(to)g(see)f(if)g(it)g(has)f(an)g
14598 (alias.)150 4573 y(If)24 b(so,)i(that)g(w)m(ord)e(is)h(replaced)g(b)m
14599 (y)f(the)h(text)h(of)e(the)h(alias.)40 b(The)24 b(c)m(haracters)i(`)p
14600 Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p
14601 Ft(=)p Fu(')f(and)f(an)m(y)h(of)150 4682 y(the)e(shell)g(metac)m
14602 (haracters)i(or)e(quoting)g(c)m(haracters)h(listed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g
14603 (ma)m(y)f(not)g(app)s(ear)f(in)h(an)g(alias)h(name.)150
14604 4792 y(The)e(replacemen)m(t)h(text)g(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(an)m(y)e(v)
14605 -5 b(alid)23 b(shell)f(input,)h(including)f(shell)g(metac)m(haracters.)
14606 40 b(The)150 4902 y(\014rst)35 b(w)m(ord)g(of)h(the)g(replacemen)m(t)i
14607 (text)e(is)g(tested)h(for)e(aliases,)k(but)c(a)h(w)m(ord)g(that)g(is)g
14608 (iden)m(tical)i(to)e(an)150 5011 y(alias)c(b)s(eing)f(expanded)f(is)h
14609 (not)g(expanded)f(a)h(second)g(time.)43 b(This)30 b(means)h(that)g(one)
14610 g(ma)m(y)h(alias)g Ft(ls)e Fu(to)150 5121 y Ft("ls)f(-F")p
14611 Fu(,)f(for)f(instance,)i(and)d(Bash)i(do)s(es)f(not)h(try)f(to)h
14612 (recursiv)m(ely)g(expand)e(the)i(replacemen)m(t)h(text.)40
14613 b(If)150 5230 y(the)31 b(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)e(the)h(alias)g(v)-5
14614 b(alue)31 b(is)h(a)f Fr(blank)p Fu(,)g(then)g(the)g(next)h(command)e(w)
14615 m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)150 5340 y(alias)f(is)e(also)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m
14616 (ed)i(for)d(alias)h(expansion.)p eop end
14617 %%Page: 91 97
14618 TeXDict begin 91 96 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14619 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(91)275 299 y(Aliases)29
14620 b(are)f(created)i(and)d(listed)i(with)f(the)g Ft(alias)f
14621 Fu(command,)h(and)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(with)f(the)g Ft(unalias)150
14622 408 y Fu(command.)275 540 y(There)44 b(is)h(no)g(mec)m(hanism)g(for)f
14623 (using)h(argumen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h(replacemen)m(t)i(text,)i(as)d(in)e
14624 Ft(csh)p Fu(.)83 b(If)150 650 y(argumen)m(ts)37 b(are)h(needed,)g(a)g
14625 (shell)f(function)f(should)g(b)s(e)h(used)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.3)g
14626 ([Shell)f(F)-8 b(unctions],)150 759 y(page)31 b(17\).)275
14627 891 y(Aliases)i(are)h(not)e(expanded)g(when)g(the)h(shell)g(is)g(not)g
14628 (in)m(teractiv)m(e,)j(unless)c(the)h Ft(expand_aliases)150
14629 1000 y Fu(shell)e(option)f(is)h(set)g(using)f Ft(shopt)f
14630 Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)h(page)g(64\).)
14631 275 1132 y(The)38 b(rules)h(concerning)h(the)f(de\014nition)g(and)g
14632 (use)g(of)g(aliases)i(are)e(somewhat)h(confusing.)67
14633 b(Bash)150 1241 y(alw)m(a)m(ys)33 b(reads)f(at)g(least)i(one)e
14634 (complete)h(line)f(of)g(input)f(b)s(efore)g(executing)i(an)m(y)g(of)f
14635 (the)g(commands)f(on)150 1351 y(that)22 b(line.)39 b(Aliases)23
14636 b(are)f(expanded)f(when)g(a)h(command)g(is)f(read,)j(not)e(when)f(it)h
14637 (is)g(executed.)39 b(Therefore,)150 1461 y(an)24 b(alias)i
14638 (de\014nition)e(app)s(earing)g(on)g(the)h(same)g(line)f(as)h(another)g
14639 (command)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(tak)m(e)h(e\013ect)g(un)m(til)150
14640 1570 y(the)k(next)f(line)h(of)g(input)f(is)g(read.)40
14641 b(The)29 b(commands)h(follo)m(wing)h(the)e(alias)i(de\014nition)e(on)h
14642 (that)g(line)g(are)150 1680 y(not)j(a\013ected)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(new)f
14643 (alias.)49 b(This)32 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(also)g(an)g(issue)g(when)e
14644 (functions)i(are)g(executed.)150 1789 y(Aliases)c(are)g(expanded)e
14645 (when)g(a)i(function)e(de\014nition)h(is)g(read,)h(not)f(when)g(the)g
14646 (function)g(is)g(executed,)150 1899 y(b)s(ecause)36 b(a)h(function)f
14647 (de\014nition)f(is)i(itself)g(a)f(command.)58 b(As)36
14648 b(a)h(consequence,)h(aliases)g(de\014ned)d(in)h(a)150
14649 2009 y(function)28 b(are)h(not)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31
14650 b(un)m(til)e(after)g(that)g(function)f(is)g(executed.)41
14651 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(b)s(e)f(safe,)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(put)e(alias)150
14652 2118 y(de\014nitions)i(on)g(a)h(separate)g(line,)g(and)f(do)g(not)h
14653 (use)f Ft(alias)f Fu(in)h(comp)s(ound)f(commands.)275
14654 2250 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(almost)g(ev)m(ery)g(purp)s(ose,)e(shell)i
14655 (functions)f(are)g(preferred)g(o)m(v)m(er)h(aliases.)150
14656 2484 y Fs(6.7)68 b(Arra)l(ys)150 2644 y Fu(Bash)33 b(pro)m(vides)g
14657 (one-dimensional)g(indexed)f(and)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)e(v)-5
14658 b(ariables.)49 b(An)m(y)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(ma)m(y)150
14659 2753 y(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)g(an)g(indexed)f(arra)m(y;)j(the)e
14660 Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(will)i(explicitly)g(declare)g(an)f(arra)m(y)
14661 -8 b(.)46 b(There)32 b(is)150 2863 y(no)h(maxim)m(um)g(limit)h(on)f
14662 (the)g(size)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(nor)d(an)m(y)i(requiremen)
14663 m(t)f(that)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(e)g(indexed)150 2973
14664 y(or)26 b(assigned)h(con)m(tiguously)-8 b(.)41 b(Indexed)25
14665 b(arra)m(ys)i(are)f(referenced)g(using)g(in)m(tegers)i(\(including)e
14666 (arithmetic)150 3082 y(expressions)38 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell)
14667 e(Arithmetic],)k(page)d(89\)\))h(and)d(are)i(zero-based;)k(asso)s
14668 (ciativ)m(e)150 3192 y(arra)m(ys)37 b(use)f(arbitrary)g(strings.)59
14669 b(Unless)36 b(otherwise)h(noted,)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)h(indices)f(m)m
14670 (ust)g(b)s(e)g(non-)150 3301 y(negativ)m(e)d(in)m(tegers.)275
14671 3433 y(An)26 b(indexed)h(arra)m(y)h(is)f(created)h(automatically)j(if)c
14672 (an)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(the)g(syn)m
14673 (tax)390 3564 y Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p
14674 Fj(value)150 3696 y Fu(The)34 b Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(treated)g(as)g
14675 (an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)e(that)h(m)m(ust)g(ev)-5
14676 b(aluate)36 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)51 b(T)-8 b(o)150
14677 3806 y(explicitly)32 b(declare)f(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31
14678 b(use)390 3937 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h Fj(name)150 4069
14679 y Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)390 4200 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h
14680 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])150 4332 y Fu(is)30
14681 b(also)i(accepted;)g(the)e Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(ignored.)150
14682 4463 y(Asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(ys)d(are)h(created)h(using)390
14683 4595 y Ft(declare)46 b(-A)h Fj(name)p Ft(.)275 4726 y
14684 Fu(A)m(ttributes)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(for)h(an)g(arra)m
14685 (y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)47 b(using)e(the)h Ft(declare)e Fu(and)h
14686 Ft(readonly)150 4836 y Fu(builtins.)40 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(attribute)g
14687 (applies)g(to)g(all)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(an)h(arra)m(y)-8
14688 b(.)275 4967 y(Arra)m(ys)30 b(are)h(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(comp)s
14689 (ound)f(assignmen)m(ts)i(of)g(the)f(form)390 5099 y Fj(name)p
14690 Ft(=\()p Fj(value1)44 b(value2)j Ft(...)f(\))150 5230
14691 y Fu(where)38 b(eac)m(h)i Fr(v)-5 b(alue)44 b Fu(is)39
14692 b(of)g(the)g(form)f Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fr(string)p
14693 Fu(.)63 b(Indexed)37 b(arra)m(y)j(assignmen)m(ts)f(do)g(not)150
14694 5340 y(require)31 b(an)m(ything)g(but)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)43
14695 b(When)31 b(assigning)g(to)h(indexed)e(arra)m(ys,)i(if)f(the)g
14696 (optional)h(subscript)e(is)p eop end
14697 %%Page: 92 98
14698 TeXDict begin 92 97 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14699 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(92)150 299 y(supplied,)32
14700 b(that)h(index)f(is)h(assigned)g(to;)h(otherwise)f(the)g(index)f(of)h
14701 (the)g(elemen)m(t)h(assigned)f(is)f(the)h(last)150 408
14702 y(index)d(assigned)h(to)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(statemen)m(t)j(plus)c(one.)41
14703 b(Indexing)30 b(starts)h(at)g(zero.)275 555 y(When)f(assigning)h(to)g
14704 (an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(the)e(subscript)f(is)i
14705 (required.)275 701 y(This)f(syn)m(tax)j(is)e(also)i(accepted)g(b)m(y)f
14706 (the)f Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin.)44 b(Individual)31 b(arra)m(y)h(elemen)
14707 m(ts)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)150 810 y(assigned)e(to)g(using)f(the)g
14708 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fj(value)25 b
14709 Fu(syn)m(tax)31 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275
14710 956 y(When)h(assigning)h(to)h(an)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)-8
14711 b(,)32 b(if)f Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)31 b(subscripted)e(b)m(y)i(a)g
14712 (negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)c(that)150 1066 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)43
14713 b(is)h(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(relativ)m(e)j(to)e(one)f(greater)i(than)e
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14715 1176 y(negativ)m(e)30 b(indices)d(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)g
14716 (end)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(and)e(an)g(index)g(of)g(-1)h
14717 (references)g(the)f(last)150 1285 y(elemen)m(t.)275 1431
14718 y(An)m(y)h(elemen)m(t)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f
14719 (referenced)g(using)g Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p
14720 Ft(]})p Fu(.)35 b(The)27 b(braces)i(are)150 1541 y(required)f(to)j(a)m
14721 (v)m(oid)f(con\015icts)g(with)f(the)h(shell's)f(\014lename)h(expansion)
14722 f(op)s(erators.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i Fr(subscript)g Fu(is)150
14723 1650 y(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f
14724 (expands)f(to)i(all)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(of)i(the)f(arra)m(y)h
14725 Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(These)29 b(subscripts)f(di\013er)h(only)150
14726 1760 y(when)36 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(app)s(ears)g(within)g(double)g
14727 (quotes.)60 b(If)36 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(double-quoted,)j
14728 Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([*]})150 1870 y Fu(expands)25 b(to)h(a)g(single)h
14729 (w)m(ord)e(with)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(eac)m(h)h(arra)m(y)f(mem)
14730 m(b)s(er)f(separated)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(harac-)150
14731 1979 y(ter)j(of)g(the)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)29
14732 b(and)f Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})d Fu(expands)i(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)h
14733 (of)e Fr(name)33 b Fu(to)c(a)f(separate)h(w)m(ord.)150
14734 2089 y(When)j(there)h(are)f(no)g(arra)m(y)h(mem)m(b)s(ers,)f
14735 Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})e Fu(expands)h(to)i(nothing.)47
14736 b(If)31 b(the)i(double-quoted)150 2198 y(expansion)39
14737 b(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)i(the)d(expansion)h(of)g(the)f
14738 (\014rst)g(parameter)h(is)g(joined)f(with)h(the)150 2308
14739 y(b)s(eginning)29 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(original)i(w)m(ord,)e(and)g(the)h
14740 (expansion)f(of)h(the)f(last)i(parameter)e(is)h(joined)f(with)150
14741 2418 y(the)g(last)h(part)f(of)g(the)g(original)h(w)m(ord.)40
14742 b(This)28 b(is)h(analogous)h(to)f(the)h(expansion)e(of)h(the)g(sp)s
14743 (ecial)h(param-)150 2527 y(eters)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
14744 Ft(*)p Fu('.)41 b Ft(${#)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p
14745 Ft(]})24 b Fu(expands)k(to)i(the)g(length)g(of)f Ft(${)p
14746 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)35 b(If)150
14747 2637 y Fr(subscript)28 b Fu(is)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p
14748 Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(expansion)f(is)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
14749 (elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(If)27
14750 b(the)g Fr(subscript)150 2746 y Fu(used)34 b(to)h(reference)g(an)f
14751 (elemen)m(t)i(of)f(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(ev)-5 b(aluates)36
14752 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i(than)f(zero,)i(it)150
14753 2856 y(is)c(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(relativ)m(e)i(to)f(one)f(greater)h
14754 (than)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(index)f(of)h(the)h(arra)m(y)-8
14755 b(,)33 b(so)g(negativ)m(e)150 2966 y(indices)d(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)h
14756 (from)e(the)g(end)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(and)f(an)g(index)g
14757 (of)h(-1)g(refers)f(to)h(the)g(last)g(elemen)m(t.)275
14758 3112 y(Referencing)41 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)42
14759 b(without)e(a)h(subscript)e(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)42
14760 b(to)f(referencing)g(with)g(a)150 3221 y(subscript)35
14761 b(of)h(0.)57 b(An)m(y)36 b(reference)g(to)h(a)f(v)-5
14762 b(ariable)36 b(using)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(subscript)f(is)h(legal,)j
14763 (and)c Ft(bash)g Fu(will)150 3331 y(create)d(an)e(arra)m(y)h(if)f
14764 (necessary)-8 b(.)275 3477 y(An)35 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5
14765 b(ariable)37 b(is)g(considered)f(set)h(if)f(a)h(subscript)e(has)h(b)s
14766 (een)g(assigned)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)59 b(The)36 b(n)m(ull)150
14767 3587 y(string)30 b(is)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(v)-5 b(alue.)275
14768 3733 y(It)29 b(is)h(p)s(ossible)f(to)h(obtain)g(the)f(k)m(eys)i
14769 (\(indices\))f(of)f(an)h(arra)m(y)g(as)f(w)m(ell)i(as)f(the)f(v)-5
14770 b(alues.)41 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([@])p
14771 Fi(})150 3842 y Fu(and)39 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5
14772 b Fu([*])p Fi(})43 b Fu(expand)c(to)i(the)f(indices)h(assigned)f(in)g
14773 (arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)70 b(The)39
14774 b(treatmen)m(t)150 3952 y(when)i(in)g(double)g(quotes)h(is)f(similar)h
14775 (to)h(the)e(expansion)h(of)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameters)g(`)p
14776 Ft(@)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')150 4061 y(within)30
14777 b(double)g(quotes.)275 4208 y(The)j Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)h(is)g(used)g
14778 (to)h(destro)m(y)g(arra)m(ys.)52 b Ft(unset)29 b Fj(name)p
14779 Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])h Fu(destro)m(ys)35 b(the)g(ar-)150
14780 4317 y(ra)m(y)j(elemen)m(t)h(at)g(index)e Fr(subscript)p
14781 Fu(.)61 b(Negativ)m(e)41 b(subscripts)36 b(to)i(indexed)g(arra)m(ys)g
14782 (are)g(in)m(terpreted)g(as)150 4427 y(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)67
14783 b(Care)38 b(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(tak)m(en)h(to)h(a)m(v)m(oid)g(un)m(w)m
14784 (an)m(ted)e(side)h(e\013ects)h(caused)e(b)m(y)h(\014lename)150
14785 4536 y(expansion.)50 b Ft(unset)29 b Fj(name)p Fu(,)34
14786 b(where)f Fr(name)39 b Fu(is)34 b(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)36
14787 b(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)f(en)m(tire)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)52
14788 b(A)33 b(subscript)g(of)150 4646 y(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')e(or)f(`)p
14789 Ft(@)p Fu(')g(also)i(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)g(en)m(tire)g(arra)m(y)-8
14790 b(.)275 4792 y(The)20 b Ft(declare)p Fu(,)h Ft(local)p
14791 Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtins)h(eac)m(h)i(accept)g(a)g
14792 Ft(-a)e Fu(option)h(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(an)f(indexed)150
14793 4902 y(arra)m(y)28 b(and)f(a)h Ft(-A)e Fu(option)i(to)g(sp)s(ecify)f
14794 (an)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)40 b(If)27
14795 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)g(supplied,)f Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)150
14796 5011 y(precedence.)55 b(The)35 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)h(accepts)h(a)g
14797 Ft(-a)e Fu(option)i(to)g(assign)f(a)g(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(read)g
14798 (from)g(the)150 5121 y(standard)h(input)g(to)i(an)f(arra)m(y)-8
14799 b(,)40 b(and)c(can)h(read)g(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(from)e(the)h(standard)g
14800 (input)f(in)m(to)i(individual)150 5230 y(arra)m(y)f(elemen)m(ts.)62
14801 b(The)36 b Ft(set)g Fu(and)h Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(displa)m(y)g
14802 (arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(in)g(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)g(allo)m(ws)150
14803 5340 y(them)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g(input.)p
14804 eop end
14805 %%Page: 93 99
14806 TeXDict begin 93 98 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14807 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(93)150 299 y Fs(6.8)68
14808 b(The)45 b(Directory)g(Stac)l(k)150 458 y Fu(The)21 b(directory)h(stac)
14809 m(k)h(is)e(a)h(list)g(of)f(recen)m(tly-visited)j(directories.)39
14810 b(The)20 b Ft(pushd)g Fu(builtin)h(adds)g(directories)150
14811 568 y(to)42 b(the)f(stac)m(k)i(as)e(it)h(c)m(hanges)g(the)f(curren)m(t)
14812 g(directory)-8 b(,)45 b(and)40 b(the)i Ft(popd)e Fu(builtin)g(remo)m(v)
14813 m(es)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)150 677 y(directories)29 b(from)f(the)h(stac)m(k)
14814 h(and)d(c)m(hanges)j(the)e(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(to)g(the)g
14815 (directory)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(The)150 787 y Ft(dirs)34
14816 b Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)h(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(the)g
14817 (directory)h(stac)m(k.)56 b(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(directory)g(is)g(alw)
14818 m(a)m(ys)150 897 y(the)c Ft(")p Fu(top)p Ft(")f Fu(of)g(the)h
14819 (directory)g(stac)m(k.)275 1037 y(The)k(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)h
14820 (directory)f(stac)m(k)h(are)f(also)h(visible)g(as)f(the)g(v)-5
14821 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Ft(DIRSTACK)e Fu(shell)150 1146
14822 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 1351 y Fk(6.8.1)63 b(Directory)40
14823 b(Stac)m(k)g(Builtins)150 1525 y Ft(dirs)870 1663 y(dirs)47
14824 b([-clpv])e([+)p Fj(N)i Ft(|)h(-)p Fj(N)p Ft(])630 1800
14825 y Fu(Displa)m(y)35 b(the)f(list)g(of)g(curren)m(tly)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)
14826 f(directories.)51 b(Directories)36 b(are)e(added)f(to)630
14827 1909 y(the)28 b(list)h(with)f(the)g Ft(pushd)f Fu(command;)i(the)f
14828 Ft(popd)f Fu(command)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(directories)g(from)630
14829 2019 y(the)i(list.)41 b(The)30 b(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(is)f(alw)m(a)
14830 m(ys)i(the)f(\014rst)e(directory)i(in)f(the)h(stac)m(k.)630
14831 2184 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Clears)31 b(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(b)m(y)e
14832 (deleting)h(all)h(of)e(the)h(elemen)m(ts.)630 2349 y
14833 Ft(-l)384 b Fu(Pro)s(duces)31 b(a)h(listing)h(using)e(full)h
14834 (pathnames;)h(the)f(default)g(listing)h(format)1110 2458
14835 y(uses)d(a)h(tilde)g(to)g(denote)g(the)f(home)h(directory)-8
14836 b(.)630 2623 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(Causes)30 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f
14837 (the)h(directory)g(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)g(en)m(try)h(p)s(er)e(line.)
14838 630 2788 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Causes)36 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)
14839 g(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)h(en)m(try)f(p)s(er)f(line,)1110
14840 2898 y(pre\014xing)30 b(eac)m(h)h(en)m(try)g(with)f(its)h(index)e(in)i
14841 (the)f(stac)m(k.)630 3063 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Displa)m(ys)23
14842 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)21 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)e(the)h
14843 (left)g(of)g(the)g(list)g(prin)m(ted)1110 3172 y(b)m(y)30
14844 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(when)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options\),)h
14845 (starting)g(with)g(zero.)630 3337 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b
14846 Fu(Displa)m(ys)47 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)46 b(directory)h(\(coun)m
14847 (ting)g(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(list)1110
14848 3447 y(prin)m(ted)25 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)g Fu(when)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j
14849 (without)f(options\),)h(starting)g(with)e(zero.)150 3611
14850 y Ft(popd)870 3749 y(popd)47 b([-n])f([+)p Fj(N)h Ft(|)h(-)p
14851 Fj(N)p Ft(])630 3886 y Fu(When)32 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(giv)m
14852 (en,)h Ft(popd)d Fu(remo)m(v)m(es)j(the)f(top)f(directory)h(from)f(the)
14853 g(stac)m(k)630 3995 y(and)f(p)s(erforms)e(a)j Ft(cd)f
14854 Fu(to)h(the)f(new)g(top)h(directory)-8 b(.)44 b(The)31
14855 b(elemen)m(ts)i(are)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)f(from)630 4105
14856 y(0)j(starting)g(at)g(the)f(\014rst)g(directory)g(listed)h(with)f
14857 Ft(dirs)p Fu(;)g(that)h(is,)g Ft(popd)e Fu(is)i(equiv)-5
14858 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)630 4215 y Ft(popd)c(+0)p Fu(.)630
14859 4379 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)27 b(the)j(normal)g(c)m(hange)g(of)g
14860 (directory)g(when)e(remo)m(ving)j(directo-)1110 4489
14861 y(ries)f(from)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h(stac)m(k)g
14862 (is)g(manipulated.)630 4654 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)22
14863 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)20 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)i(from)e(the)g
14864 (left)h(of)g(the)f(list)h(prin)m(ted)1110 4763 y(b)m(y)30
14865 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)630 4928
14866 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)46 b(the)g Fr(N)10
14867 b Fu(th)44 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(of)g
14868 (the)g(list)1110 5038 y(prin)m(ted)30 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)p
14869 Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)150 5203 y Ft(pushd)870
14870 5340 y(pushd)46 b([-n])h([+)p Fj(N)g Ft(|)g Fj(-N)h Ft(|)f
14871 Fj(dir)p Ft(])p eop end
14872 %%Page: 94 100
14873 TeXDict begin 94 99 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14874 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(94)630 299 y(Sa)m(v)m(e)30
14875 b(the)e(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(on)f(the)h(top)f(of)h(the)f(directory)
14876 h(stac)m(k)h(and)e(then)g Ft(cd)f Fu(to)i Fr(dir)p Fu(.)630
14877 408 y(With)39 b(no)f(argumen)m(ts,)j Ft(pushd)c Fu(exc)m(hanges)j(the)f
14878 (top)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(directories)g(and)d(mak)m(es)j(the)630
14879 518 y(new)30 b(top)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8
14880 b(.)630 675 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)24 b(the)j(normal)f(c)m(hange)h
14881 (of)g(directory)f(when)g(rotating)h(or)f(adding)1110
14882 784 y(directories)31 b(to)h(the)e(stac)m(k,)i(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h
14883 (stac)m(k)h(is)e(manipulated.)630 941 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384
14884 b Fu(Brings)29 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)29 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)h
14885 (from)e(the)g(left)i(of)e(the)h(list)g(prin)m(ted)1110
14886 1051 y(b)m(y)34 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)
14887 f(top)g(of)h(the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110
14888 1160 y(stac)m(k.)630 1317 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Brings)23
14889 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)23 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)e(the)i
14890 (righ)m(t)f(of)g(the)h(list)f(prin)m(ted)1110 1426 y(b)m(y)34
14891 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)f(top)g(of)h
14892 (the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110 1536 y(stac)m(k.)630
14893 1693 y Fj(dir)336 b Fu(Mak)m(es)28 b Fr(dir)33 b Fu(b)s(e)27
14894 b(the)g(top)g(of)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(making)e(it)h(the)f(new)g(curren)m
14895 (t)g(direc-)1110 1802 y(tory)k(as)f(if)h(it)g(had)e(b)s(een)h(supplied)
14896 f(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)150
14897 2040 y Fs(6.9)68 b(Con)l(trolling)47 b(the)e(Prompt)150
14898 2200 y Fu(The)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)25
14899 b Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)20 b Fu(is)25 b(examined)f(just)g(b)s(efore)f(Bash)
14900 i(prin)m(ts)e(eac)m(h)j(primary)150 2309 y(prompt.)39
14901 b(If)28 b Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)d Fu(is)j(set)h(and)f(has)g(a)h(non-n)m
14902 (ull)f(v)-5 b(alue,)29 b(then)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29
14903 b(is)f(executed)i(just)150 2419 y(as)h(if)f(it)h(had)f(b)s(een)f(t)m
14904 (yp)s(ed)h(on)h(the)f(command)g(line.)275 2552 y(In)d(addition,)j(the)f
14905 (follo)m(wing)h(table)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(c)m
14906 (haracters)h(whic)m(h)f(can)f(app)s(ear)g(in)h(the)150
14907 2661 y(prompt)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b Ft(PS1)d Fu(to)i
14908 Ft(PS4)p Fu(:)150 2818 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(A)30 b(b)s(ell)h(c)m
14909 (haracter.)150 2975 y Ft(\\d)384 b Fu(The)30 b(date,)h(in)f
14910 Ft(")p Fu(W)-8 b(eekda)m(y)32 b(Mon)m(th)f(Date)p Ft(")h
14911 Fu(format)f(\(e.g.,)h Ft(")p Fu(T)-8 b(ue)30 b(Ma)m(y)h(26)p
14912 Ft(")p Fu(\).)150 3131 y Ft(\\D{)p Fj(format)p Ft(})630
14913 3241 y Fu(The)c Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(passed)e(to)i Ft(strftime)p
14914 Fu(\(3\))f(and)f(the)i(result)f(is)g(inserted)g(in)m(to)h(the)g(prompt)
14915 630 3351 y(string;)42 b(an)d(empt)m(y)f Fr(format)j Fu(results)d(in)g
14916 (a)h(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(time)f(represen)m(tation.)65
14917 b(The)630 3460 y(braces)31 b(are)f(required.)150 3617
14918 y Ft(\\e)384 b Fu(An)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)150
14919 3773 y Ft(\\h)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname,)h(up)e(to)i(the)g(\014rst)e
14920 (`.'.)150 3930 y Ft(\\H)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname.)150
14921 4087 y Ft(\\j)384 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(jobs)g(curren)m
14922 (tly)h(managed)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell.)150 4243 y Ft(\\l)384
14923 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f(the)h(shell's)f(terminal)h(device)g
14924 (name.)150 4400 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(A)30 b(newline.)150
14925 4557 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(A)30 b(carriage)i(return.)150
14926 4713 y Ft(\\s)384 b Fu(The)22 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(shell,)i(the)f
14927 (basename)f(of)h Ft($0)f Fu(\(the)g(p)s(ortion)g(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
14928 (\014nal)e(slash\).)150 4870 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(The)30
14929 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)150 5027
14930 y Ft(\\T)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)
14931 150 5183 y Ft(\\@)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(am/pm)f
14932 (format.)150 5340 y Ft(\\A)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h
14933 (HH:MM)g(format.)p eop end
14934 %%Page: 95 101
14935 TeXDict begin 95 100 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14936 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(95)150 299 y Ft(\\u)384
14937 b Fu(The)30 b(username)g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)150
14938 455 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(The)30 b(v)m(ersion)h(of)f(Bash)h(\(e.g.,)h
14939 (2.00\))150 611 y Ft(\\V)384 b Fu(The)30 b(release)i(of)e(Bash,)h(v)m
14940 (ersion)g Ft(+)f Fu(patc)m(hlev)m(el)i(\(e.g.,)h(2.00.0\))150
14941 766 y Ft(\\w)384 b Fu(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(w)m(orking)g(directory)-8
14942 b(,)37 b(with)e Ft($HOME)e Fu(abbreviated)j(with)e(a)h(tilde)h(\(uses)f
14943 (the)630 876 y Ft($PROMPT_DIRTRIM)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable\).)150
14944 1032 y Ft(\\W)384 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f Ft($PWD)p
14945 Fu(,)g(with)g Ft($HOME)f Fu(abbreviated)h(with)g(a)h(tilde.)150
14946 1188 y Ft(\\!)384 b Fu(The)30 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(this)f
14947 (command.)150 1343 y Ft(\\#)384 b Fu(The)30 b(command)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
14948 (er)f(of)i(this)f(command.)150 1499 y Ft(\\$)384 b Fu(If)30
14949 b(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(uid)d(is)g(0,)h Ft(#)p Fu(,)g(otherwise)g
14950 Ft($)p Fu(.)150 1655 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(The)30
14951 b(c)m(haracter)i(whose)e(ASCI)s(I)f(co)s(de)h(is)h(the)f(o)s(ctal)i(v)
14952 -5 b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)p Fu(.)150 1811 y Ft(\\\\)384 b
14953 Fu(A)30 b(bac)m(kslash.)150 1967 y Ft(\\[)384 b Fu(Begin)38
14954 b(a)f(sequence)g(of)g(non-prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters.)61
14955 b(This)36 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)g(a)630
14956 2076 y(terminal)31 b(con)m(trol)h(sequence)e(in)m(to)i(the)e(prompt.)
14957 150 2232 y Ft(\\])384 b Fu(End)29 b(a)i(sequence)g(of)f(non-prin)m
14958 (ting)g(c)m(haracters.)275 2388 y(The)25 b(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
14959 (and)h(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(are)i(usually)f(di\013eren)m
14960 (t:)39 b(the)26 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 2497
14961 y(of)h(a)f(command)h(is)f(its)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)h(history)f
14962 (list,)i(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)g(include)f(commands)g(restored)g(from)150
14963 2607 y(the)39 b(history)h(\014le)f(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)h([Bash)e
14964 (History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)45 b(page)40 b(137\),)j(while)d(the)f
14965 (command)150 2717 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)j(is)h(the)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g
14966 (the)g(sequence)h(of)f(commands)g(executed)h(during)e(the)i(curren)m(t)
14967 f(shell)150 2826 y(session.)275 2959 y(After)35 b(the)g(string)g(is)g
14968 (deco)s(ded,)h(it)f(is)g(expanded)f(via)i(parameter)f(expansion,)i
14969 (command)d(substi-)150 3068 y(tution,)k(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)e
14970 (quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)39 b(sub)5 b(ject)35 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5
14971 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Ft(promptvars)150 3178 y Fu(shell)31
14972 b(option)f(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)
14973 150 3415 y Fs(6.10)68 b(The)45 b(Restricted)h(Shell)150
14974 3575 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)g(is)g(started)g(with)g(the)g(name)h
14975 Ft(rbash)p Fu(,)e(or)h(the)h Ft(--restricted)30 b Fu(or)k
14976 Ft(-r)g Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(at)150 3684 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)
14977 d(the)d(shell)g(b)s(ecomes)h(restricted.)40 b(A)27 b(restricted)h
14978 (shell)f(is)g(used)f(to)i(set)f(up)f(an)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)150
14979 3794 y(more)g(con)m(trolled)i(than)e(the)g(standard)g(shell.)40
14980 b(A)27 b(restricted)h(shell)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)h(iden)m(tically)h(to)f
14981 Ft(bash)e Fu(with)150 3903 y(the)31 b(exception)g(that)g(the)g(follo)m
14982 (wing)h(are)e(disallo)m(w)m(ed)i(or)e(not)h(p)s(erformed:)225
14983 4036 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Changing)30 b(directories)h(with)g(the)f
14984 Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)225 4169 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Setting)31
14985 b(or)f(unsetting)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(the)f
14986 Ft(SHELL)p Fu(,)g Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)f Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)h(or)g
14987 Ft(BASH_ENV)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)225 4301 y Fq(\017)60
14988 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(command)g(names)g(con)m(taining)i(slashes.)225
14989 4434 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(a)h(\014lename)f(con)m
14990 (taining)i(a)f(slash)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f
14991 Ft(.)h Fu(builtin)e(command.)225 4567 y Fq(\017)60 b
14992 Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)32 b(a)g(\014lename)h(con)m(taining)h(a)e(slash)g(as)h
14993 (an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f
14994 Ft(hash)330 4676 y Fu(builtin)e(command.)225 4809 y Fq(\017)60
14995 b Fu(Imp)s(orting)30 b(function)g(de\014nitions)g(from)f(the)i(shell)g
14996 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225 4942 y Fq(\017)60
14997 b Fu(P)m(arsing)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)d
14998 Fu(from)h(the)i(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225
14999 5075 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Redirecting)31 b(output)f(using)g(the)h(`)p
15000 Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(',)h(`)p
15001 Ft(>&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(',)h(and)e(`)p Ft(>>)p
15002 Fu(')i(redirection)g(op)s(erators.)225 5207 y Fq(\017)60
15003 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f Ft(exec)f Fu(builtin)h(to)h(replace)h(the)e
15004 (shell)h(with)f(another)h(command.)225 5340 y Fq(\017)60
15005 b Fu(Adding)24 b(or)g(deleting)i(builtin)e(commands)g(with)h(the)f
15006 Ft(-f)g Fu(and)g Ft(-d)g Fu(options)h(to)h(the)e Ft(enable)f
15007 Fu(builtin.)p eop end
15008 %%Page: 96 102
15009 TeXDict begin 96 101 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15010 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(96)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
15011 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f Ft(enable)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g(to)h(enable)g
15012 (disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)225 434 y Fq(\017)60 b
15013 Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g
15014 Ft(command)d Fu(builtin.)225 569 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(T)-8
15015 b(urning)29 b(o\013)i(restricted)g(mo)s(de)f(with)g(`)p
15016 Ft(set)g(+r)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(set)g(+o)g(restricted)p
15017 Fu('.)275 729 y(These)g(restrictions)h(are)g(enforced)f(after)h(an)m(y)
15018 g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)275 865 y(When)j(a)i(command)e(that)i
15019 (is)f(found)f(to)h(b)s(e)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(executed)h(\(see)g
15020 (Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)150 974 y(Scripts],)25 b(page)e(40\),)j
15021 Ft(rbash)c Fu(turns)g(o\013)i(an)m(y)f(restrictions)h(in)f(the)g(shell)
15022 h(spa)m(wned)e(to)i(execute)g(the)g(script.)150 1216
15023 y Fs(6.11)68 b(Bash)45 b(POSIX)f(Mo)t(de)150 1376 y Fu(Starting)39
15024 b(Bash)f(with)g(the)h Ft(--posix)d Fu(command-line)j(option)g(or)f
15025 (executing)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)g(posix)p Fu(')37 b(while)150
15026 1485 y(Bash)26 b(is)g(running)e(will)j(cause)f(Bash)g(to)h(conform)f
15027 (more)g(closely)h(to)g(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)g(b)m(y)h(c)m
15028 (hanging)150 1595 y(the)31 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(to)h(matc)m(h)g(that)g
15029 (sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)g Fu(in)g(areas)h(where)f(the)h
15030 (Bash)f(default)h(di\013ers.)275 1730 y(When)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)g
15031 Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h
15032 (reading)g(the)f(startup)g(\014les.)275 1866 y(The)f(follo)m(wing)j
15033 (list)f(is)g(what's)f(c)m(hanged)h(when)e(`)p Fm(posix)h
15034 Fu(mo)s(de')h(is)f(in)g(e\013ect:)199 2001 y(1.)61 b(When)28
15035 b(a)i(command)e(in)g(the)h(hash)f(table)i(no)e(longer)h(exists,)h(Bash)
15036 f(will)g(re-searc)m(h)h Ft($PATH)d Fu(to)i(\014nd)330
15037 2111 y(the)i(new)e(lo)s(cation.)43 b(This)29 b(is)i(also)g(a)m(v)-5
15038 b(ailable)33 b(with)d(`)p Ft(shopt)f(-s)h(checkhash)p
15039 Fu('.)199 2246 y(2.)61 b(The)42 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g
15040 (job)g(con)m(trol)i(co)s(de)e(and)f(builtins)h(when)f(a)h(job)g(exits)h
15041 (with)f(a)330 2355 y(non-zero)31 b(status)g(is)f(`Done\(status\)'.)199
15042 2490 y(3.)61 b(The)40 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(job)f(con)
15043 m(trol)h(co)s(de)g(and)f(builtins)f(when)h(a)g(job)g(is)h(stopp)s(ed)e
15044 (is)330 2600 y(`Stopp)s(ed\()p Fr(signame)5 b Fu(\)',)31
15045 b(where)f Fr(signame)36 b Fu(is,)31 b(for)f(example,)h
15046 Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)199 2735 y(4.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(is)f(alw)m
15047 (a)m(ys)i(enabled,)e(ev)m(en)i(in)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)199
15048 2870 y(5.)61 b(Reserv)m(ed)40 b(w)m(ords)g(app)s(earing)f(in)h(a)g(con)
15049 m(text)i(where)d(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords)f(are)i(recognized)g(do)f(not)
15050 330 2979 y(undergo)30 b(alias)h(expansion.)199 3114 y(6.)61
15051 b(The)38 b Fm(posix)h Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)g Ft(PS2)g Fu(expansions)g(of)i
15052 (`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(to)g(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)g(`)p
15053 Ft(!!)p Fu(')h(to)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(are)330 3224 y(enabled,)26
15054 b(and)f(parameter)g(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i(the)g(v)-5
15055 b(alues)25 b(of)g Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)h Ft(PS2)f Fu(regardless)330
15056 3333 y(of)31 b(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)h Ft(promptvars)c
15057 Fu(option.)199 3468 y(7.)61 b(The)30 b Fm(posix)g Fu(startup)f(\014les)
15058 i(are)g(executed)g(\()p Ft($ENV)p Fu(\))f(rather)g(than)g(the)h(normal)
15059 f(Bash)g(\014les.)199 3603 y(8.)61 b(Tilde)30 b(expansion)g(is)f(only)h
15060 (p)s(erformed)f(on)h(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)g(a)g(command)g(name,)g
15061 (rather)330 3713 y(than)g(on)g(all)i(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h
15062 (on)e(the)h(line.)199 3848 y(9.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(history)h
15063 (\014le)f(is)h Ft(~/.sh_history)26 b Fu(\(this)31 b(is)f(the)h(default)
15064 g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(\).)154 3982
15065 y(10.)61 b(Redirection)25 b(op)s(erators)f(do)g(not)g(p)s(erform)f
15066 (\014lename)h(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f(in)h(the)g(redirection)
15067 330 4092 y(unless)30 b(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)154
15068 4227 y(11.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(op)s(erators)g(do)f(not)h(p)s(erform)e
15069 (w)m(ord)h(splitting)h(on)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)g(redirection.)154
15070 4362 y(12.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)35 b(names)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(v)-5
15071 b(alid)35 b(shell)f Ft(name)p Fu(s.)52 b(That)34 b(is,)i(they)f(ma)m(y)
15072 g(not)g(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)330 4472 y(other)e(than)g(letters,)h
15073 (digits,)h(and)d(underscores,)h(and)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(start)h(with)e(a)h
15074 (digit.)49 b(Declaring)330 4581 y(a)31 b(function)f(with)g(an)g(in)m(v)
15075 -5 b(alid)31 b(name)g(causes)f(a)h(fatal)h(syn)m(tax)f(error)f(in)g
15076 (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 4716 y(13.)61 b(F)-8
15077 b(unction)31 b(names)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(the)g(same)h(as)g(one)f
15078 (of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)154
15079 4851 y(14.)61 b Fm(posix)30 b Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins)e(are)i(found)e
15080 (b)s(efore)h(shell)h(functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)154
15081 4986 y(15.)61 b(When)48 b(prin)m(ting)g(shell)h(function)f
15082 (de\014nitions)g(\(e.g.,)55 b(b)m(y)48 b Ft(type)p Fu(\),)k(Bash)d(do)s
15083 (es)f(not)h(prin)m(t)f(the)330 5095 y Ft(function)28
15084 b Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)154 5230 y(16.)61 b(Literal)28 b(tildes)g(that)f
15085 (app)s(ear)f(as)i(the)f(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(in)d(elemen)m(ts)j(of)
15086 e(the)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(are)h(not)330
15087 5340 y(expanded)i(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(under)d(Section)
15088 i(3.5.2)h([Tilde)f(Expansion],)f(page)h(22.)p eop end
15089 %%Page: 97 103
15090 TeXDict begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15091 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(97)154 299 y(17.)61
15092 b(The)29 b Ft(time)g Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)f
15093 (b)m(y)h(itself)g(as)g(a)h(command.)40 b(When)30 b(used)f(in)g(this)h
15094 (w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)330 408 y(it)33 b(displa)m(ys)g(timing)g(statistics)h
15095 (for)e(the)h(shell)g(and)f(its)g(completed)i(c)m(hildren.)47
15096 b(The)32 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)330 518 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31
15097 b(con)m(trols)h(the)e(format)h(of)g(the)f(timing)h(information.)154
15098 646 y(18.)61 b(When)33 b(parsing)g(and)f(expanding)h(a)h($)p
15099 Fi({)6 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(expansion)g(that)h(app)s
15100 (ears)f(within)f(double)h(quotes,)330 756 y(single)42
15101 b(quotes)g(are)g(no)g(longer)g(sp)s(ecial)g(and)f(cannot)i(b)s(e)e
15102 (used)g(to)h(quote)g(a)g(closing)h(brace)f(or)330 865
15103 y(other)31 b(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracter,)i(unless)c(the)i(op)s(erator)f
15104 (is)g(one)h(of)f(those)h(de\014ned)e(to)i(p)s(erform)e(pattern)330
15105 975 y(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)42 b(In)30 b(this)g(case,)i(they)e(do)g(not)h
15106 (ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)f(app)s(ear)e(as)i(matc)m(hed)g(pairs.)154
15107 1103 y(19.)61 b(The)29 b(parser)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(recognize)h
15108 Ft(time)d Fu(as)i(a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(if)h(the)f(next)h(tok)m
15109 (en)h(b)s(egins)d(with)i(a)330 1212 y(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)154
15110 1340 y(20.)61 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(do)s(es)e
15111 (not)h(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(history)f(expansion)h(within)f(a)h
15112 (double-quoted)g(string,)330 1450 y(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h
15113 Ft(histexpand)d Fu(option)i(is)h(enabled.)154 1577 y(21.)61
15114 b(If)24 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h
15115 (error)g(status,)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(exits.)39
15116 b(The)24 b(fatal)330 1687 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f(listed)h(in)f
15117 (the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g(lik)m(e)i
15118 (passing)e(incorrect)330 1797 y(options,)43 b(redirection)d(errors,)i
15119 (v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i
15120 (preceding)f(the)330 1906 y(command)30 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154
15121 2034 y(22.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e
15122 (an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g
15123 (error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 2144 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m
15124 (ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39
15125 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 2253 y(error)30
15126 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g(assign)f(a)h(v)-5
15127 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 2381
15128 y(23.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h
15129 (error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e
15130 (o)s(ccurs)330 2491 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g
15131 (preceding)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f
15132 (other)h(simple)330 2600 y(command.)154 2728 y(24.)61
15133 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h
15134 (status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g
15135 Ft(for)330 2838 y Fu(statemen)m(t)32 b(or)f(the)f(selection)i(v)-5
15136 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g Ft(select)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f
15137 (readonly)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 2966 y(25.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)
15138 34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g Fr(\014lename)k Fu(in)30 b
15139 Ft(.)g Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154
15140 3093 y(26.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f(a)g
15141 (syn)m(tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h(expansion)f(results)f(in)h
15142 (an)330 3203 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(expression.)154
15143 3331 y(27.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g(a)f
15144 (parameter)h(expansion)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)154 3459
15145 y(28.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h(is)f
15146 (a)h(syn)m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h(script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f
15147 Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330 3568 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h
15148 (string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(eval)f Fu(builtin.)154
15149 3696 y(29.)61 b(Pro)s(cess)30 b(substitution)g(is)h(not)f(a)m(v)-5
15150 b(ailable.)154 3824 y(30.)61 b(While)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable)32
15151 b(indirection)f(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)34 b(it)d(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s
15152 (e)g(applied)g(to)g(the)h(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')f(and)f(`)p
15153 Ft(?)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)330 3934 y(parameters.)154 4061
15154 y(31.)61 b(When)28 b(expanding)g(the)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(sp)s(ecial)h
15155 (parameter)f(in)g(a)h(pattern)f(con)m(text)i(where)e(the)g(expansion)g
15156 (is)330 4171 y(double-quoted)i(do)s(es)g(not)h(treat)h(the)e
15157 Ft($*)g Fu(as)h(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)g(double-quoted.)154
15158 4299 y(32.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e
15159 Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s(ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f
15160 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 4408 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154
15161 4536 y(33.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)35 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(shell)f
15162 (function)g(calls)i(p)s(ersist)e(in)g(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)
15163 330 4646 y(after)d(the)f(function)h(returns,)e(as)i(if)f(a)h
15164 Fm(posix)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtin)f(command)g(had)g(b)s(een)g
15165 (executed.)154 4774 y(34.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e
15166 Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h(prev)m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)
15167 h(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 4883 y(gumen)m(ts)40
15168 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as)h(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(ts;)46
15169 b(when)38 b(not)i(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 4993
15170 y(assignmen)m(t)k(builtins)e(lose)h(their)g(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m
15171 (t)h(expansion)d(prop)s(erties)g(when)g(pre-)330 5103
15172 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p Fu(.)154 5230 y(35.)61
15173 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h(required)f(format)h(to)g
15174 (describ)s(e)f(eac)m(h)i(job)e(placed)h(in)f(the)h(bac)m(kground,)330
15175 5340 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g(an)g(indication)h(of)f
15176 (whether)f(the)h(job)g(is)g(the)h(curren)m(t)e(or)h(previous)g(job.)p
15177 eop end
15178 %%Page: 98 104
15179 TeXDict begin 98 103 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15180 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(98)154 299 y(36.)61
15181 b(The)23 b(output)f(of)i(`)p Ft(kill)29 b(-l)p Fu(')23
15182 b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g(signal)f(names)g(on)g(a)h(single)g(line,)h
15183 (separated)e(b)m(y)g(spaces,)330 408 y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p
15184 Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 542 y(37.)61 b(The)30 b
15185 Ft(kill)f Fu(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)h(signal)f(names)f(with)g
15186 (a)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 676 y(38.)61 b(The)38
15187 b Ft(export)f Fu(and)g Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m
15188 (y)h(their)f(output)g(in)g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 786
15189 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)p Fu(.)154 920 y(39.)61
15190 b(The)30 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g(signal)i(names)e
15191 (without)g(the)h(leading)g Ft(SIG)p Fu(.)154 1054 y(40.)61
15192 b(The)39 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g
15193 (\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e(signal)i(sp)s
15194 (eci\014cation)330 1163 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e(signal)i(handling)
15195 e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g(is,)g(unless)f(that)
15196 h(argumen)m(t)330 1273 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g(digits)g(and)f(is)g
15197 (a)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38 b(If)28
15198 b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330
15199 1383 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s
15200 (osition,)f(they)g(should)f(use)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014rst)
15201 f(argumen)m(t.)154 1517 y(41.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f
15202 Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)h(do)g(not)h(searc)m(h)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f
15203 (directory)h(for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330
15204 1626 y(if)30 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g
15205 Ft(PATH)p Fu(.)154 1760 y(42.)61 b(Enabling)21 b Fm(posix)g
15206 Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g(the)g(e\013ect)i(of)e(setting)i(the)e
15207 Ft(inherit_errexit)d Fu(option,)23 b(so)f(subshells)330
15208 1870 y(spa)m(wned)27 b(to)i(execute)g(command)e(substitutions)h
15209 (inherit)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g Ft(-e)f
15210 Fu(option)h(from)g(the)330 1979 y(paren)m(t)37 b(shell.)62
15211 b(When)37 b(the)g Ft(inherit_errexit)c Fu(option)38 b(is)f(not)h
15212 (enabled,)h(Bash)e(clears)h(the)g Ft(-e)330 2089 y Fu(option)31
15213 b(in)f(suc)m(h)g(subshells.)154 2223 y(43.)61 b(When)43
15214 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)i(alias)g(de\014nitions,)i
15215 (it)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(displa)m(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330
15216 2332 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e Fu(')i(unless)f(the)g
15217 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied.)154 2466 y(44.)61
15218 b(When)40 b(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
15219 (without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es)f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g
15220 (function)330 2576 y(names)30 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154
15221 2710 y(45.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)
15222 m(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f(displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
15223 b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 2819 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i
15224 (con)m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m(haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result)
15225 g(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m(ting)330 2929 y(c)m(haracters.)154
15226 3063 y(46.)61 b(When)35 b(the)g Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
15227 (ed)i(in)d Fr(logical)41 b Fu(mo)s(de,)36 b(and)f(the)g(pathname)g
15228 (constructed)g(from)330 3173 y Ft($PWD)i Fu(and)h(the)h(directory)f
15229 (name)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g
15230 (an)f(existing)330 3282 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d
15231 Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f(falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f
15232 Fr(ph)m(ysical)j Fu(mo)s(de.)154 3416 y(47.)61 b(The)36
15233 b Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g(the)f(v)-5
15234 b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f
15235 (directory)-8 b(,)330 3526 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m
15236 (ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f(system)h(with)f(the)h
15237 Ft(-P)e Fu(option.)154 3660 y(48.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g
15238 (history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h
15239 (include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f(whether)f(or)330 3769
15240 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(mo)s(di\014ed.)154
15241 3903 y(49.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f(b)m(y)g
15242 Ft(fc)g Fu(is)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)154 4037 y(50.)61 b(The)37
15243 b Ft(type)g Fu(and)g Ft(command)f Fu(builtins)i(will)g(not)g(rep)s(ort)
15244 f(a)i(non-executable)g(\014le)f(as)g(ha)m(ving)h(b)s(een)330
15245 4147 y(found,)26 b(though)h(the)g(shell)g(will)g(attempt)h(to)g
15246 (execute)g(suc)m(h)f(a)g(\014le)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(the)g(only)g(so-named)
15247 g(\014le)330 4256 y(found)i(in)h Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)154
15248 4390 y(51.)61 b(The)33 b Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)i(mo)s(de)f(will)g(in)m(v)m
15249 (ok)m(e)i(the)e Ft(vi)g Fu(editor)h(directly)f(when)f(the)i(`)p
15250 Ft(v)p Fu(')f(command)g(is)g(run,)330 4500 y(instead)e(of)f(c)m(hec)m
15251 (king)i Ft($VISUAL)d Fu(and)g Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(.)154 4634
15252 y(52.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)i(is)g(enabled,)j
15253 (Bash)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(in)m(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330
15254 4743 y(gumen)m(ts)35 b(to)g Ft(echo)e Fu(as)i(options.)54
15255 b(Eac)m(h)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(after)e(escap)s(e)
15256 g(c)m(haracters)h(are)330 4853 y(con)m(v)m(erted.)154
15257 4987 y(53.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(ulimit)f Fu(builtin)g(uses)h(a)h(blo)s(c)m
15258 (k)g(size)g(of)g(512)g(b)m(ytes)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-c)f
15259 Fu(and)g Ft(-f)f Fu(options.)154 5121 y(54.)61 b(The)39
15260 b(arriv)-5 b(al)41 b(of)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(when)h(a)h(trap)g(is)g(set)h
15261 (on)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(in)m(terrupt)g(the)g
15262 Ft(wait)330 5230 y Fu(builtin)c(and)h(cause)g(it)h(to)f(return)f
15263 (immediately)-8 b(.)62 b(The)37 b(trap)f(command)h(is)g(run)e(once)j
15264 (for)f(eac)m(h)330 5340 y(c)m(hild)31 b(that)g(exits.)p
15265 eop end
15266 %%Page: 99 105
15267 TeXDict begin 99 104 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15268 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(99)154 299 y(55.)61
15269 b(The)27 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(in)m(terrupted)h(b)m
15270 (y)g(a)h(signal)f(for)g(whic)m(h)g(a)h(trap)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(set.)40
15271 b(If)27 b(Bash)330 408 y(receiv)m(es)41 b(a)f(trapp)s(ed)e(signal)i
15272 (while)f(executing)h Ft(read)p Fu(,)h(the)e(trap)h(handler)e(executes)i
15273 (and)f Ft(read)330 518 y Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)i(status)e(greater)i
15274 (than)e(128.)154 653 y(56.)61 b(Bash)27 b(remo)m(v)m(es)h(an)e(exited)i
15275 (bac)m(kground)e(pro)s(cess's)h(status)g(from)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(suc)m
15276 (h)f(statuses)h(after)330 762 y(the)k Ft(wait)e Fu(builtin)h(is)g(used)
15277 g(to)h(obtain)g(it.)275 922 y(There)j(is)g(other)h Fm(posix)f
15278 Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(that)g(Bash)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(implemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)
15279 g(default)f(ev)m(en)i(when)d(in)150 1031 y Fm(posix)d
15280 Fu(mo)s(de.)40 b(Sp)s(eci\014cally:)199 1166 y(1.)61
15281 b(The)30 b Ft(fc)f Fu(builtin)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)i Ft($EDITOR)c
15282 Fu(as)j(a)f(program)g(to)h(edit)g(history)f(en)m(tries)h(if)f
15283 Ft(FCEDIT)f Fu(is)h(unset,)330 1275 y(rather)g(than)g(defaulting)h
15284 (directly)g(to)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)40 b Ft(fc)30 b Fu(uses)g
15285 Ft(ed)g Fu(if)g Ft(EDITOR)f Fu(is)h(unset.)199 1410 y(2.)61
15286 b(As)29 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i(Bash)e(requires)g(the)g
15287 Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)j(to)g(b)s(e)e(enabled)h(for)g(the)g
15288 Ft(echo)f Fu(builtin)330 1519 y(to)j(b)s(e)f(fully)g(conforman)m(t.)275
15289 1679 y(Bash)c(can)g(b)s(e)f(con\014gured)h(to)g(b)s(e)g
15290 Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(default,)h(b)m(y)f(sp)s
15291 (ecifying)g(the)g Ft(--enable-)150 1788 y(strict-posix-default)c
15292 Fu(to)27 b Ft(configure)e Fu(when)h(building)h(\(see)h(Section)g(10.8)g
15293 ([Optional)g(F)-8 b(eatures],)150 1898 y(page)31 b(144\).)p
15294 eop end
15295 %%Page: 100 106
15296 TeXDict begin 100 105 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(100)150 299
15297 y Fp(7)80 b(Job)54 b(Con)l(trol)150 518 y Fu(This)25
15298 b(c)m(hapter)i(discusses)f(what)g(job)f(con)m(trol)j(is,)f(ho)m(w)f(it)
15299 h(w)m(orks,)g(and)f(ho)m(w)g(Bash)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(access)
15300 150 628 y(its)k(facilities.)150 863 y Fs(7.1)68 b(Job)45
15301 b(Con)l(trol)h(Basics)150 1022 y Fu(Job)27 b(con)m(trol)i(refers)e(to)h
15302 (the)g(abilit)m(y)h(to)f(selectiv)m(ely)j(stop)c(\(susp)s(end\))f(the)i
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15304 b(\(resume\))g(their)f(execution)h(at)g(a)g(later)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)61
15305 b(A)37 b(user)g(t)m(ypically)i(emplo)m(ys)f(this)f(facilit)m(y)150
15306 1241 y(via)27 b(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(in)m(terface)f(supplied)d
15307 (join)m(tly)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(op)s(erating)f(system)g(k)m(ernel's)h
15308 (terminal)f(driv)m(er)150 1351 y(and)k(Bash.)275 1482
15309 y(The)23 b(shell)i(asso)s(ciates)h(a)f Fr(job)h Fu(with)e(eac)m(h)i
15310 (pip)s(eline.)38 b(It)25 b(k)m(eeps)f(a)h(table)h(of)e(curren)m(tly)h
15311 (executing)g(jobs,)150 1592 y(whic)m(h)33 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h
15312 (with)f(the)h Ft(jobs)f Fu(command.)50 b(When)33 b(Bash)h(starts)g(a)g
15313 (job)g(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)34 b(it)150 1701 y(prin)m(ts)c(a)h
15314 (line)f(that)h(lo)s(oks)g(lik)m(e:)390 1833 y Ft([1])47
15315 b(25647)150 1965 y Fu(indicating)34 b(that)g(this)f(job)g(is)g(job)g(n)
15316 m(um)m(b)s(er)f(1)i(and)f(that)g(the)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g
15317 Fu(of)g(the)h(last)g(pro)s(cess)f(in)g(the)150 2074 y(pip)s(eline)42
15318 b(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(this)g(job)g(is)h(25647.)78
15319 b(All)43 b(of)g(the)g(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(a)h(single)g(pip)s(eline)f
15320 (are)150 2184 y(mem)m(b)s(ers)30 b(of)g(the)h(same)f(job.)41
15321 b(Bash)30 b(uses)g(the)h Fr(job)h Fu(abstraction)f(as)g(the)g(basis)f
15322 (for)g(job)g(con)m(trol.)275 2315 y(T)-8 b(o)23 b(facilitate)j(the)d
15323 (implemen)m(tation)i(of)f(the)f(user)f(in)m(terface)j(to)f(job)f(con)m
15324 (trol,)j(the)d(op)s(erating)h(system)150 2425 y(main)m(tains)j(the)f
15325 (notion)h(of)f(a)g(curren)m(t)g(terminal)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
15326 Fm(id)p Fu(.)39 b(Mem)m(b)s(ers)26 b(of)g(this)g(pro)s(cess)f(group)150
15327 2534 y(\(pro)s(cesses)h(whose)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
15328 Fm(id)g Fu(is)h(equal)g(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(terminal)h(pro)s(cess)f
15329 (group)f Fm(id)p Fu(\))i(receiv)m(e)150 2644 y(k)m(eyb)s
15330 (oard-generated)22 b(signals)g(suc)m(h)e(as)h Ft(SIGINT)p
15331 Fu(.)36 b(These)21 b(pro)s(cesses)g(are)g(said)g(to)g(b)s(e)g(in)f(the)
15332 h(foreground.)150 2754 y(Bac)m(kground)38 b(pro)s(cesses)f(are)h(those)
15333 g(whose)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fm(id)h Fu(di\013ers)f(from)g(the)g
15334 (terminal's;)42 b(suc)m(h)150 2863 y(pro)s(cesses)24
15335 b(are)g(imm)m(une)g(to)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(signals.)40
15336 b(Only)23 b(foreground)g(pro)s(cesses)h(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)150
15337 2973 y(to)g(read)e(from)h(or,)h(if)f(the)g(user)f(so)i(sp)s(eci\014es)e
15338 (with)h Ft(stty)29 b(tostop)p Fu(,)23 b(write)g(to)g(the)h(terminal.)38
15339 b(Bac)m(kground)150 3082 y(pro)s(cesses)27 b(whic)m(h)g(attempt)h(to)f
15340 (read)g(from)g(\(write)g(to)h(when)e Ft(stty)j(tostop)d
15341 Fu(is)h(in)f(e\013ect\))j(the)e(terminal)150 3192 y(are)32
15342 b(sen)m(t)g(a)g Ft(SIGTTIN)e Fu(\()p Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(\))g(signal)i(b)m
15343 (y)g(the)g(k)m(ernel's)g(terminal)g(driv)m(er,)g(whic)m(h,)g(unless)f
15344 (caugh)m(t,)150 3302 y(susp)s(ends)d(the)i(pro)s(cess.)275
15345 3433 y(If)k(the)i(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m(h)f(Bash)g(is)h
15346 (running)d(supp)s(orts)h(job)h(con)m(trol,)j(Bash)e(con)m(tains)150
15347 3543 y(facilities)30 b(to)f(use)f(it.)40 b(T)m(yping)28
15348 b(the)g Fr(susp)s(end)h Fu(c)m(haracter)h(\(t)m(ypically)g(`)p
15349 Ft(^Z)p Fu(',)f(Con)m(trol-Z\))g(while)f(a)g(pro)s(cess)150
15350 3652 y(is)42 b(running)f(causes)i(that)g(pro)s(cess)f(to)h(b)s(e)f
15351 (stopp)s(ed)f(and)h(returns)f(con)m(trol)j(to)f(Bash.)77
15352 b(T)m(yping)42 b(the)150 3762 y Fr(dela)m(y)m(ed)k(susp)s(end)f
15353 Fu(c)m(haracter)h(\(t)m(ypically)g(`)p Ft(^Y)p Fu(',)i(Con)m(trol-Y\))e
15354 (causes)e(the)h(pro)s(cess)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(stopp)s(ed)150
15355 3871 y(when)26 b(it)i(attempts)h(to)f(read)f(input)g(from)f(the)i
15356 (terminal,)h(and)e(con)m(trol)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(returned)f(to)j(Bash.)39
15357 b(The)150 3981 y(user)e(then)g(manipulates)h(the)g(state)h(of)f(this)f
15358 (job,)j(using)d(the)h Ft(bg)f Fu(command)g(to)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(it)f
15359 (in)g(the)150 4091 y(bac)m(kground,)g(the)f Ft(fg)g Fu(command)f(to)i
15360 (con)m(tin)m(ue)g(it)f(in)f(the)h(foreground,)h(or)f(the)g
15361 Ft(kill)f Fu(command)g(to)150 4200 y(kill)27 b(it.)40
15362 b(A)27 b(`)p Ft(^Z)p Fu(')g(tak)m(es)h(e\013ect)g(immediately)-8
15363 b(,)29 b(and)d(has)h(the)f(additional)i(side)e(e\013ect)j(of)d(causing)
15364 h(p)s(ending)150 4310 y(output)j(and)g(t)m(yp)s(eahead)h(to)g(b)s(e)e
15365 (discarded.)275 4441 y(There)j(are)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(w)m(a)m
15366 (ys)g(to)h(refer)e(to)h(a)g(job)f(in)g(the)h(shell.)47
15367 b(The)32 b(c)m(haracter)i(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')f(in)m(tro)s(duces)150
15368 4551 y(a)e(job)f(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(\()p Fr(jobsp)s(ec)6
15369 b Fu(\).)275 4682 y(Job)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f Ft(n)h
15370 Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(referred)g(to)h(as)g(`)p Ft(\045n)p
15371 Fu('.)44 b(The)31 b(sym)m(b)s(ols)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p
15372 Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(\045+)p Fu(')g(refer)h(to)g(the)g(shell's)150
15373 4792 y(notion)k(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(job,)h(whic)m(h)f(is)g(the)g
15374 (last)h(job)f(stopp)s(ed)f(while)h(it)h(w)m(as)g(in)e(the)i(foreground)
15375 e(or)150 4902 y(started)27 b(in)g(the)g(bac)m(kground.)40
15376 b(A)27 b(single)g(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')g(\(with)g(no)g(accompan)m(ying)i
15377 (job)d(sp)s(eci\014cation\))i(also)g(refers)150 5011
15378 y(to)k(the)e(curren)m(t)h(job.)42 b(The)30 b(previous)g(job)h(ma)m(y)g
15379 (b)s(e)f(referenced)h(using)f(`)p Ft(\045-)p Fu('.)42
15380 b(If)30 b(there)h(is)g(only)g(a)g(single)150 5121 y(job,)g(`)p
15381 Ft(\045+)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(\045-)p Fu(')h(can)h(b)s(oth)e(b)s(e)g
15382 (used)h(to)g(refer)g(to)h(that)g(job.)42 b(In)30 b(output)h(p)s
15383 (ertaining)g(to)g(jobs)g(\(e.g.,)150 5230 y(the)39 b(output)f(of)g(the)
15384 h Ft(jobs)e Fu(command\),)k(the)d(curren)m(t)h(job)f(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)
15385 i(\015agged)f(with)f(a)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(',)i(and)d(the)150
15386 5340 y(previous)30 b(job)g(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)p
15387 eop end
15388 %%Page: 101 107
15389 TeXDict begin 101 106 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
15390 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2526 b(101)275 299 y(A)38 b(job)g(ma)m(y)h(also)g
15391 (b)s(e)f(referred)f(to)j(using)d(a)i(pre\014x)e(of)i(the)f(name)h(used)
15392 e(to)i(start)g(it,)i(or)e(using)f(a)150 408 y(substring)29
15393 b(that)i(app)s(ears)f(in)g(its)h(command)f(line.)41 b(F)-8
15394 b(or)31 b(example,)g(`)p Ft(\045ce)p Fu(')f(refers)g(to)h(a)g(stopp)s
15395 (ed)e Ft(ce)h Fu(job.)150 518 y(Using)d(`)p Ft(\045?ce)p
15396 Fu(',)g(on)f(the)h(other)g(hand,)g(refers)f(to)h(an)m(y)g(job)g(con)m
15397 (taining)h(the)f(string)f(`)p Ft(ce)p Fu(')h(in)f(its)h(command)150
15398 628 y(line.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(pre\014x)e(or)h(substring)f(matc)m(hes)j
15399 (more)e(than)h(one)f(job,)h(Bash)f(rep)s(orts)g(an)g(error.)275
15400 761 y(Simply)g(naming)h(a)g(job)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)h(to)g(bring)f(it)
15401 i(in)m(to)g(the)f(foreground:)41 b(`)p Ft(\0451)p Fu(')31
15402 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)e(for)150 871 y(`)p Ft(fg)g(\0451)p
15403 Fu(',)i(bringing)f(job)g(1)g(from)g(the)h(bac)m(kground)f(in)m(to)i
15404 (the)e(foreground.)44 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)32 b(`)p Ft(\0451)e(&)p
15405 Fu(')i(resumes)150 980 y(job)e(1)h(in)f(the)g(bac)m(kground,)h(equiv)-5
15406 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(`)p Ft(bg)f(\0451)p Fu(')275 1114
15407 y(The)g(shell)i(learns)f(immediately)i(whenev)m(er)e(a)h(job)f(c)m
15408 (hanges)h(state.)45 b(Normally)-8 b(,)33 b(Bash)e(w)m(aits)i(un)m(til)
15409 150 1223 y(it)25 b(is)g(ab)s(out)f(to)i(prin)m(t)e(a)h(prompt)f(b)s
15410 (efore)g(rep)s(orting)h(c)m(hanges)g(in)g(a)g(job's)f(status)h(so)g(as)
15411 g(to)g(not)g(in)m(terrupt)150 1333 y(an)m(y)k(other)f(output.)40
15412 b(If)28 b(the)g Ft(-b)g Fu(option)g(to)h(the)g Ft(set)e
15413 Fu(builtin)h(is)g(enabled,)h(Bash)g(rep)s(orts)e(suc)m(h)h(c)m(hanges)
15414 150 1443 y(immediately)d(\(see)g(Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g
15415 (Builtin],)i(page)f(60\).)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(trap)f(on)h
15416 Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(is)i(executed)150 1552 y(for)30 b(eac)m(h)i(c)m(hild)e
15417 (pro)s(cess)g(that)h(exits.)275 1686 y(If)25 b(an)h(attempt)h(to)g
15418 (exit)g(Bash)f(is)h(made)f(while)g(jobs)f(are)i(stopp)s(ed,)f(\(or)h
15419 (running,)e(if)h(the)g Ft(checkjobs)150 1795 y Fu(option)e(is)f
15420 (enabled)h({)g(see)g(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)j(page)
15421 e(64\),)i(the)e(shell)f(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(w)m(arning)150
15422 1905 y(message,)k(and)c(if)i(the)f Ft(checkjobs)e Fu(option)j(is)f
15423 (enabled,)i(lists)e(the)h(jobs)f(and)f(their)i(statuses.)39
15424 b(The)25 b Ft(jobs)150 2014 y Fu(command)36 b(ma)m(y)h(then)f(b)s(e)f
15425 (used)g(to)i(insp)s(ect)f(their)g(status.)59 b(If)36
15426 b(a)g(second)g(attempt)i(to)f(exit)g(is)f(made)150 2124
15427 y(without)e(an)f(in)m(terv)m(ening)i(command,)f(Bash)g(do)s(es)f(not)h
15428 (prin)m(t)g(another)f(w)m(arning,)i(and)e(an)m(y)h(stopp)s(ed)150
15429 2234 y(jobs)c(are)h(terminated.)150 2472 y Fs(7.2)68
15430 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)h(Builtins)150 2656 y Ft(bg)870
15431 2789 y(bg)h([)p Fj(jobspec)f Ft(...)o(])630 2923 y Fu(Resume)24
15432 b(eac)m(h)h(susp)s(ended)d(job)i Fr(jobsp)s(ec)29 b Fu(in)24
15433 b(the)g(bac)m(kground,)h(as)g(if)f(it)h(had)e(b)s(een)g(started)630
15434 3032 y(with)32 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)37
15435 b Fu(is)32 b(not)g(supplied,)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(job)f(is)h(used.)45
15436 b(The)31 b(return)g(status)630 3142 y(is)i(zero)g(unless)f(it)h(is)g
15437 (run)e(when)h(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f(not)g(enabled,)h(or,)f(when)f
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15439 Fr(jobsp)s(ec)37 b Fu(w)m(as)32 b(not)g(found)f(or)g(sp)s(eci\014es)h
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15441 (trol.)150 3519 y Ft(fg)870 3652 y(fg)47 b([)p Fj(jobspec)p
15442 Ft(])630 3786 y Fu(Resume)c(the)g(job)g Fr(jobsp)s(ec)48
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15444 (job.)78 b(If)630 3895 y Fr(jobsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)c(not)f(supplied,)h
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15446 (is)h(that)g(of)630 4005 y(the)d(command)g(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)f
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15448 4114 y(is)i(disabled)g(or,)i(when)d(run)g(with)h(job)g(con)m(trol)h
15449 (enabled,)h Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(do)s(es)35 b(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)630
15450 4224 y(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(job)f(or)g Fr(jobsp)s(ec)35 b
15451 Fu(sp)s(eci\014es)30 b(a)h(job)f(that)h(w)m(as)g(started)g(without)f
15452 (job)g(con)m(trol.)150 4381 y Ft(jobs)870 4515 y(jobs)47
15453 b([-lnprs])e([)p Fj(jobspec)p Ft(])870 4625 y(jobs)i(-x)g
15454 Fj(command)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4758 y Fu(The)30
15455 b(\014rst)f(form)h(lists)h(the)g(activ)m(e)h(jobs.)41
15456 b(The)30 b(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(meanings:)630
15457 4916 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(List)31 b(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)p
15458 Fu(s)g(in)g(addition)h(to)g(the)f(normal)h(information.)630
15459 5073 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)26 b(information)f(only)h(ab)s(out)e
15460 (jobs)h(that)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(c)m(hanged)e(status)h(since)1110
15461 5183 y(the)31 b(user)e(w)m(as)i(last)g(noti\014ed)f(of)h(their)f
15462 (status.)630 5340 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(List)31 b(only)f(the)h(pro)s(cess)f
15463 Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)f(job's)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g(leader.)p
15464 eop end
15465 %%Page: 102 108
15466 TeXDict begin 102 107 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
15467 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2526 b(102)630 299 y Ft(-r)384
15468 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(running)f(jobs.)630 461 y
15469 Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(stopp)s(ed)f(jobs.)630
15470 622 y(If)23 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)28 b Fu(is)23 b(giv)m(en,)i(output)e(is)g
15471 (restricted)h(to)g(information)f(ab)s(out)g(that)h(job.)37
15472 b(If)23 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)630 732 y Fu(is)30 b(not)h(supplied,)e(the)i
15473 (status)g(of)f(all)h(jobs)f(is)h(listed.)630 868 y(If)k(the)g
15474 Ft(-x)f Fu(option)i(is)f(supplied,)g Ft(jobs)f Fu(replaces)i(an)m(y)f
15475 Fr(jobsp)s(ec)40 b Fu(found)34 b(in)h Fr(command)j Fu(or)630
15476 977 y Fr(argumen)m(ts)j Fu(with)c(the)h(corresp)s(onding)e(pro)s(cess)h
15477 (group)f Fm(id)p Fu(,)k(and)c(executes)j Fr(command)p
15478 Fu(,)630 1087 y(passing)30 b(it)h Fr(argumen)m(t)r Fu(s,)g(returning)f
15479 (its)g(exit)i(status.)150 1249 y Ft(kill)870 1384 y(kill)47
15480 b([-s)g Fj(sigspec)p Ft(])e([-n)i Fj(signum)p Ft(])f([-)p
15481 Fj(sigspec)p Ft(])f Fj(jobspec)h Ft(or)h Fj(pid)870 1494
15482 y Ft(kill)g(-l|-L)f([)p Fj(exit_status)p Ft(])630 1630
15483 y Fu(Send)22 b(a)i(signal)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g
15484 Fr(sigsp)s(ec)29 b Fu(or)24 b Fr(sign)m(um)f Fu(to)h(the)g(pro)s(cess)f
15485 (named)g(b)m(y)g(job)g(sp)s(eci\014-)630 1739 y(cation)k
15486 Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(or)25 b(pro)s(cess)g Fm(id)h Fr(pid)p
15487 Fu(.)38 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)31 b Fu(is)25 b(either)h(a)g(case-insensitiv)m
15488 (e)i(signal)e(name)630 1849 y(suc)m(h)37 b(as)g Ft(SIGINT)f
15489 Fu(\(with)h(or)g(without)g(the)g Ft(SIG)g Fu(pre\014x\))f(or)h(a)h
15490 (signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er;)h Fr(sign)m(um)630 1958 y
15491 Fu(is)g(a)f(signal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)63 b(If)39 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)44
15492 b Fu(and)38 b Fr(sign)m(um)g Fu(are)h(not)g(presen)m(t,)h
15493 Ft(SIGTERM)d Fu(is)h(used.)630 2068 y(The)27 b Ft(-l)h
15494 Fu(option)g(lists)h(the)f(signal)h(names.)39 b(If)28
15495 b(an)m(y)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f(supplied)f(when)g Ft(-l)g
15496 Fu(is)630 2178 y(giv)m(en,)32 b(the)g(names)e(of)i(the)f(signals)g
15497 (corresp)s(onding)f(to)i(the)f(argumen)m(ts)g(are)h(listed,)g(and)630
15498 2287 y(the)c(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero.)41 b Fr(exit)p
15499 1796 2287 28 4 v 41 w(status)32 b Fu(is)c(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(sp)s
15500 (ecifying)g(a)i(signal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)630 2397
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15546 %%Page: 103 109
15547 TeXDict begin 103 108 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
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15580 %%Page: 104 110
15581 TeXDict begin 104 109 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(104)150 299
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15618 2739 y(space)h(bar\),)f(the)g Ft(ALT)f Fu(on)h(the)g(left)h(side)f(is)g
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15630 Ft(k)p Fu(.)40 b(Either)28 b(pro)s(cess)g(is)g(kno)m(wn)150
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15664 y(within)c(the)g(line.)p eop end
15665 %%Page: 105 111
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15692 b(A)23 b(list)g(of)g(the)g(bare)f(essen)m(tials)150 1605
15693 y(for)30 b(editing)h(the)g(text)g(of)g(an)f(input)f(line)i(follo)m(ws.)
15694 150 1775 y Fj(C-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(one)e(c)m
15695 (haracter.)150 1941 y Fj(C-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(one)
15696 h(c)m(haracter.)150 2108 y Ft(DEL)e Fu(or)i Ft(Backspace)630
15697 2217 y Fu(Delete)i(the)d(c)m(haracter)i(to)f(the)g(left)g(of)f(the)h
15698 (cursor.)150 2384 y Fj(C-d)336 b Fu(Delete)33 b(the)d(c)m(haracter)i
15699 (underneath)d(the)i(cursor.)150 2550 y(Prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters)630
15700 2660 y(Insert)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)i(in)m(to)g(the)e(line)h(at)g(the)g
15701 (cursor.)150 2826 y Fj(C-_)e Fu(or)i Fj(C-x)e(C-u)630
15702 2936 y Fu(Undo)k(the)h(last)g(editing)g(command.)50 b(Y)-8
15703 b(ou)34 b(can)f(undo)g(all)h(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(bac)m(k)f(to)g(an)g
15704 (empt)m(y)630 3045 y(line.)150 3215 y(\(Dep)s(ending)29
15705 b(on)h(y)m(our)f(con\014guration,)i(the)e Ft(Backspace)e
15706 Fu(k)m(ey)k(b)s(e)d(set)j(to)f(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(to)g(the)
15707 150 3324 y(left)37 b(of)f(the)h(cursor)e(and)h(the)g
15708 Ft(DEL)g Fu(k)m(ey)h(set)f(to)h(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i
15709 (underneath)d(the)h(cursor,)i(lik)m(e)150 3434 y Fj(C-d)p
15710 Fu(,)30 b(rather)g(than)g(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(the)f(left)h(of)g
15711 (the)f(cursor.\))150 3640 y Fk(8.2.2)63 b(Readline)40
15712 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)h(Commands)150 3787 y Fu(The)27 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
15713 (table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)g(most)i(basic)f(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(that)f
15714 (y)m(ou)g(need)g(in)f(order)g(to)i(do)e(editing)i(of)150
15715 3897 y(the)k(input)f(line.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(y)m(our)f(con)m(v)m
15716 (enience,)j(man)m(y)d(other)g(commands)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)d(added)g
15717 (in)h(addition)150 4006 y(to)j Fj(C-b)p Fu(,)f Fj(C-f)p
15718 Fu(,)g Fj(C-d)p Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(DEL)p Fu(.)54 b(Here)35
15719 b(are)g(some)h(commands)e(for)h(mo)m(ving)h(more)f(rapidly)f(ab)s(out)h
15720 (the)150 4116 y(line.)150 4286 y Fj(C-a)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
15721 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f(line.)150 4452 y Fj(C-e)336
15722 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150
15723 4618 y Fj(M-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m(ord,)f
15724 (where)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(comp)s(osed)g(of)h(letters)h(and)d(digits.)
15725 150 4785 y Fj(M-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(a)g(w)m
15726 (ord.)150 4951 y Fj(C-l)336 b Fu(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h(reprin)m
15727 (ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)275
15728 5121 y(Notice)c(ho)m(w)f Fj(C-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m
15729 (haracter,)j(while)d Fj(M-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m
15730 (ord.)39 b(It)24 b(is)h(a)g(lo)s(ose)150 5230 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)32
15731 b(that)f(con)m(trol)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)g(c)m
15732 (haracters)h(while)f(meta)h(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)150
15733 5340 y(w)m(ords.)p eop end
15734 %%Page: 106 112
15735 TeXDict begin 106 111 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15736 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(106)150 299 y Fk(8.2.3)63
15737 b(Readline)40 b(Killing)i(Commands)150 446 y Fr(Killing)35
15738 b Fu(text)28 b(means)e(to)h(delete)h(the)f(text)g(from)g(the)f(line,)i
15739 (but)e(to)h(sa)m(v)m(e)h(it)g(a)m(w)m(a)m(y)g(for)e(later)i(use,)f
15740 (usually)150 555 y(b)m(y)g Fr(y)m(anking)35 b Fu(\(re-inserting\))28
15741 b(it)g(bac)m(k)f(in)m(to)h(the)f(line.)40 b(\(`Cut')27
15742 b(and)g(`paste')h(are)f(more)g(recen)m(t)h(jargon)f(for)150
15743 665 y(`kill')32 b(and)d(`y)m(ank'.\))275 801 y(If)g(the)i(description)f
15744 (for)g(a)h(command)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)h(it)g(`kills')g(text,)h(then)e(y)m
15745 (ou)g(can)h(b)s(e)e(sure)h(that)h(y)m(ou)150 911 y(can)g(get)g(the)g
15746 (text)g(bac)m(k)g(in)f(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(\(or)g(the)f(same\))h
15747 (place)h(later.)275 1047 y(When)23 b(y)m(ou)g(use)g(a)h(kill)g
15748 (command,)g(the)g(text)g(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(in)e(a)g
15749 Fr(kill-ring)p Fu(.)39 b(An)m(y)24 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(consecutiv)
15750 m(e)150 1157 y(kills)31 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(all)f(of)f(the)g(killed)h(text)g
15751 (together,)g(so)g(that)f(when)f(y)m(ou)h(y)m(ank)h(it)f(bac)m(k,)h(y)m
15752 (ou)g(get)g(it)f(all.)43 b(The)150 1267 y(kill)33 b(ring)f(is)g(not)h
15753 (line)g(sp)s(eci\014c;)g(the)g(text)g(that)g(y)m(ou)g(killed)f(on)h(a)f
15754 (previously)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(line)f(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150
15755 1376 y(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)h(bac)m(k)g(later,)h(when)d(y)m(ou)
15756 i(are)g(t)m(yping)f(another)h(line.)275 1513 y(Here)f(is)h(the)f(list)h
15757 (of)g(commands)f(for)g(killing)h(text.)150 1675 y Fj(C-k)336
15758 b Fu(Kill)31 b(the)f(text)i(from)e(the)g(curren)m(t)g(cursor)g(p)s
15759 (osition)h(to)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 1836
15760 y Fj(M-d)336 b Fu(Kill)27 b(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h
15761 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(w)m(ord,)h(or,)h(if)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(w)m(ords,)
15762 g(to)g(the)630 1946 y(end)j(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41
15763 b(W)-8 b(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)i(the)g(same)f(as)h(those)g(used)
15764 f(b)m(y)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2107 y Fj(M-DEL)240 b Fu(Kill)31
15765 b(from)f(the)h(cursor)f(the)g(start)h(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m(ord,)
15766 h(or,)f(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)i(the)630
15767 2217 y(start)39 b(of)f(the)h(previous)f(w)m(ord.)64 b(W)-8
15768 b(ord)39 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)i(the)f(same)h(as)g(those)f(used)g(b)m
15769 (y)630 2326 y Fj(M-b)p Fu(.)150 2487 y Fj(C-w)336 b Fu(Kill)35
15770 b(from)g(the)g(cursor)f(to)i(the)f(previous)g(whitespace.)55
15771 b(This)34 b(is)h(di\013eren)m(t)h(than)e Fj(M-DEL)630
15772 2597 y Fu(b)s(ecause)c(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundaries)f(di\013er.)275
15773 2759 y(Here)42 b(is)f(ho)m(w)h(to)g Fr(y)m(ank)47 b Fu(the)42
15774 b(text)g(bac)m(k)h(in)m(to)f(the)g(line.)74 b(Y)-8 b(anking)43
15775 b(means)e(to)h(cop)m(y)h(the)e(most-)150 2869 y(recen)m(tly-killed)33
15776 b(text)e(from)f(the)g(kill)i(bu\013er.)150 3031 y Fj(C-y)336
15777 b Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(most)h(recen)m(tly)h(killed)f(text)g(bac)m
15778 (k)g(in)m(to)h(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h(the)f(cursor.)150
15779 3192 y Fj(M-y)336 b Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h
15780 (the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h
15781 (the)g(prior)630 3302 y(command)30 b(is)h Fj(C-y)e Fu(or)h
15782 Fj(M-y)p Fu(.)150 3503 y Fk(8.2.4)63 b(Readline)40 b(Argumen)m(ts)150
15783 3650 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ou)40 b(can)f(pass)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f
15784 (Readline)h(commands.)67 b(Sometimes)39 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(acts)150
15785 3760 y(as)g(a)h(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t,)j(other)e(times)f(it)h(is)f(the)g
15786 Fl(sign)47 b Fu(of)41 b(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(that)h(is)f(signi\014can)m
15787 (t.)71 b(If)40 b(y)m(ou)150 3869 y(pass)33 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)
15788 m(t)e(to)g(a)g(command)f(whic)m(h)g(normally)h(acts)g(in)f(a)h(forw)m
15789 (ard)f(direction,)i(that)150 3979 y(command)g(will)h(act)g(in)f(a)h
15790 (bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(direction.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(to)f(kill)g
15791 (text)g(bac)m(k)g(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)150 4088 y(the)31
15792 b(line,)g(y)m(ou)f(migh)m(t)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(M--)f(C-k)p
15793 Fu('.)275 4225 y(The)d(general)i(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)e(pass)g(n)m(umeric)g
15794 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)f(command)g(is)g(to)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(meta)i
15795 (digits)e(b)s(efore)150 4334 y(the)j(command.)42 b(If)30
15796 b(the)h(\014rst)f(`digit')i(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(is)g(a)g(min)m(us)f(sign)h
15797 (\(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('\),)h(then)f(the)g(sign)f(of)h(the)g(argumen)m(t)150
15798 4444 y(will)39 b(b)s(e)e(negativ)m(e.)66 b(Once)38 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m
15799 (e)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(one)h(meta)g(digit)g(to)f(get)i(the)e(argumen)m(t)h
15800 (started,)i(y)m(ou)150 4554 y(can)29 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(the)g(remainder)f
15801 (of)h(the)g(digits,)h(and)f(then)f(the)h(command.)40
15802 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)g(to)f(giv)m(e)i(the)e Fj(C-d)150
15803 4663 y Fu(command)37 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(of)g(10,)i(y)m(ou)e(could)f
15804 (t)m(yp)s(e)h(`)p Ft(M-1)29 b(0)h(C-d)p Fu(',)39 b(whic)m(h)e(will)h
15805 (delete)h(the)e(next)h(ten)150 4773 y(c)m(haracters)32
15806 b(on)e(the)h(input)e(line.)150 4974 y Fk(8.2.5)63 b(Searc)m(hing)40
15807 b(for)i(Commands)g(in)f(the)g(History)150 5121 y Fu(Readline)35
15808 b(pro)m(vides)f(commands)g(for)g(searc)m(hing)h(through)e(the)i
15809 (command)f(history)g(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)150 5230 y([Bash)i(History)h
15810 (F)-8 b(acilities],)42 b(page)37 b(137\))i(for)d(lines)h(con)m(taining)
15811 i(a)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(string.)60 b(There)36 b(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)150
15812 5340 y(searc)m(h)31 b(mo)s(des:)40 b Fr(incremen)m(tal)35
15813 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(non-incremen)m(tal)p Fu(.)p eop end
15814 %%Page: 107 113
15815 TeXDict begin 107 112 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15816 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(107)275 299 y(Incremen)m(tal)26
15817 b(searc)m(hes)h(b)s(egin)e(b)s(efore)g(the)h(user)f(has)h(\014nished)e
15818 (t)m(yping)i(the)g(searc)m(h)g(string.)39 b(As)26 b(eac)m(h)150
15819 408 y(c)m(haracter)37 b(of)e(the)h(searc)m(h)g(string)f(is)h(t)m(yp)s
15820 (ed,)g(Readline)g(displa)m(ys)g(the)f(next)h(en)m(try)g(from)e(the)i
15821 (history)150 518 y(matc)m(hing)25 b(the)f(string)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(so)g
15822 (far.)39 b(An)23 b(incremen)m(tal)j(searc)m(h)e(requires)g(only)g(as)g
15823 (man)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)i(as)150 628 y(needed)i(to)i(\014nd)d(the)i
15824 (desired)f(history)h(en)m(try)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)29
15825 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(in)f(the)h(history)g(for)f(a)i
15826 (particular)150 737 y(string,)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f Fj(C-r)p
15827 Fu(.)40 b(T)m(yping)29 b Fj(C-s)g Fu(searc)m(hes)h(forw)m(ard)f
15828 (through)g(the)g(history)-8 b(.)41 b(The)29 b(c)m(haracters)i(presen)m
15829 (t)150 847 y(in)38 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)g(the)g
15830 Ft(isearch-terminators)33 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(are)f(used)f(to)i
15831 (terminate)g(an)f(incremen)m(tal)150 956 y(searc)m(h.)71
15832 b(If)40 b(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)f(not)h(b)s(een)e(assigned)i
15833 (a)f(v)-5 b(alue,)44 b(the)c Ft(ESC)g Fu(and)f Fj(C-J)h
15834 Fu(c)m(haracters)i(will)150 1066 y(terminate)h(an)g(incremen)m(tal)g
15835 (searc)m(h.)78 b Fj(C-g)41 b Fu(will)i(ab)s(ort)f(an)g(incremen)m(tal)i
15836 (searc)m(h)f(and)f(restore)h(the)150 1176 y(original)30
15837 b(line.)41 b(When)28 b(the)h(searc)m(h)h(is)f(terminated,)h(the)f
15838 (history)g(en)m(try)g(con)m(taining)h(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150
15839 1285 y(b)s(ecomes)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)275 1414
15840 y(T)-8 b(o)31 b(\014nd)e(other)j(matc)m(hing)g(en)m(tries)g(in)e(the)h
15841 (history)g(list,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g Fj(C-r)e Fu(or)h Fj(C-s)f
15842 Fu(as)h(appropriate.)43 b(This)150 1524 y(will)26 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m
15843 (kw)m(ard)g(or)f(forw)m(ard)g(in)f(the)i(history)f(for)g(the)g(next)g
15844 (en)m(try)h(matc)m(hing)g(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150
15845 1633 y(t)m(yp)s(ed)37 b(so)h(far.)63 b(An)m(y)38 b(other)f(k)m(ey)i
15846 (sequence)f(b)s(ound)e(to)i(a)g(Readline)h(command)e(will)h(terminate)h
15847 (the)150 1743 y(searc)m(h)26 b(and)f(execute)i(that)f(command.)39
15848 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(instance,)h(a)f Ft(RET)f Fu(will)g(terminate)i(the)f
15849 (searc)m(h)g(and)e(accept)150 1852 y(the)30 b(line,)g(thereb)m(y)f
15850 (executing)i(the)e(command)g(from)g(the)h(history)f(list.)41
15851 b(A)29 b(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(command)d(will)150 1962
15852 y(terminate)i(the)g(searc)m(h,)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(last)h(line)g(found)e
15853 (the)i(curren)m(t)f(line,)h(and)f(b)s(egin)g(editing.)275
15854 2091 y(Readline)35 b(remem)m(b)s(ers)f(the)h(last)h(incremen)m(tal)g
15855 (searc)m(h)f(string.)54 b(If)34 b(t)m(w)m(o)j Fj(C-r)p
15856 Fu(s)c(are)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(without)150 2200 y(an)m(y)i(in)m(terv)m
15857 (ening)g(c)m(haracters)h(de\014ning)e(a)h(new)f(searc)m(h)h(string,)h
15858 (an)m(y)f(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(searc)m(h)i(string)g(is)150
15859 2310 y(used.)275 2439 y(Non-incremen)m(tal)48 b(searc)m(hes)g(read)e
15860 (the)h(en)m(tire)h(searc)m(h)f(string)g(b)s(efore)f(starting)h(to)h
15861 (searc)m(h)f(for)150 2548 y(matc)m(hing)d(history)e(lines.)78
15862 b(The)42 b(searc)m(h)h(string)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(b)m(y)g
15863 (the)h(user)f(or)h(b)s(e)f(part)g(of)h(the)150 2658 y(con)m(ten)m(ts)32
15864 b(of)f(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2887 y Fs(8.3)68
15865 b(Readline)47 b(Init)e(File)150 3046 y Fu(Although)f(the)g(Readline)g
15866 (library)f(comes)i(with)e(a)h(set)h(of)f(Emacs-lik)m(e)h(k)m
15867 (eybindings)f(installed)g(b)m(y)150 3156 y(default,)26
15868 b(it)g(is)e(p)s(ossible)h(to)g(use)f(a)i(di\013eren)m(t)f(set)g(of)g(k)
15869 m(eybindings.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(user)f(can)h(customize)h(programs)150
15870 3266 y(that)45 b(use)f(Readline)h(b)m(y)f(putting)g(commands)g(in)g(an)
15871 g Fr(inputrc)49 b Fu(\014le,)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tionally)e(in)d(his)g
15872 (home)150 3375 y(directory)-8 b(.)59 b(The)35 b(name)i(of)f(this)g
15873 (\014le)g(is)g(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37
15874 b(of)f(the)g(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b Ft(INPUTRC)p
15875 Fu(.)56 b(If)150 3485 y(that)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(unset,)h
15876 (the)f(default)h(is)f Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)52 b(If)35
15877 b(that)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)e(not)i(exist)g(or)f(cannot)h(b)s(e)150
15878 3594 y(read,)31 b(the)f(ultimate)i(default)e(is)h Ft(/etc/inputrc)p
15879 Fu(.)275 3723 y(When)e(a)h(program)f(whic)m(h)h(uses)f(the)h(Readline)g
15880 (library)f(starts)h(up,)f(the)h(init)g(\014le)f(is)h(read,)g(and)f(the)
15881 150 3833 y(k)m(ey)i(bindings)e(are)i(set.)275 3961 y(In)26
15882 b(addition,)i(the)f Ft(C-x)i(C-r)d Fu(command)h(re-reads)g(this)f(init)
15883 h(\014le,)h(th)m(us)f(incorp)s(orating)g(an)m(y)g(c)m(hanges)150
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15886 4406 y Fu(There)f(are)i(only)f(a)g(few)g(basic)g(constructs)h(allo)m(w)
15887 m(ed)h(in)d(the)h(Readline)h(init)f(\014le.)73 b(Blank)41
15888 b(lines)h(are)150 4515 y(ignored.)72 b(Lines)41 b(b)s(eginning)f(with)h
15889 (a)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(are)h(commen)m(ts.)73 b(Lines)41
15890 b(b)s(eginning)f(with)g(a)i(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')f(indicate)150
15891 4625 y(conditional)e(constructs)f(\(see)g(Section)h(8.3.2)g
15892 ([Conditional)g(Init)e(Constructs],)j(page)e(115\).)64
15893 b(Other)150 4735 y(lines)31 b(denote)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31
15894 b(settings)g(and)f(k)m(ey)h(bindings.)150 4882 y(V)-8
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15898 b(in)f(Readline)i(using)e(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(command)g(within)g(the)h
15899 (init)g(\014le.)50 b(The)33 b(syn)m(tax)630 5211 y(is)d(simple:)870
15900 5340 y Ft(set)47 b Fj(variable)e(value)p eop end
15901 %%Page: 108 114
15902 TeXDict begin 108 113 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15903 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(108)630 299 y(Here,)29
15904 b(for)e(example,)h(is)g(ho)m(w)f(to)h(c)m(hange)g(from)f(the)g(default)
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15906 Ft(vi)g Fu(line)h(editing)g(commands:)870 541 y Ft(set)47
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15908 b(alues,)36 b(where)f(appropriate,)h(are)g(recognized)g(without)f
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15910 b(ariable)31 b(names)g(are)f(ignored.)630 916 y(Bo)s(olean)c(v)-5
15911 b(ariables)26 b(\(those)g(that)g(can)f(b)s(e)f(set)i(to)g(on)f(or)g
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15914 b(,)27 b Fr(on)d Fu(\(case-insensitiv)m(e\),)29 b(or)24
15915 b(1.)39 b(An)m(y)25 b(other)f(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(results)f(in)g(the)g(v)
15916 -5 b(ariable)630 1135 y(b)s(eing)30 b(set)h(to)g(o\013.)630
15917 1268 y(The)37 b Ft(bind)30 b(-V)37 b Fu(command)g(lists)i(the)f(curren)
15918 m(t)f(Readline)i(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(names)g(and)f(v)-5
15919 b(alues.)630 1377 y(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)
15920 g(49.)630 1510 y(A)f(great)i(deal)f(of)g(run-time)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)g
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15923 b(what)g(happ)s(ens)e(when)h(Readline)i(w)m(an)m(ts)f(to)h(ring)e(the)h
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15925 Ft(none)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(nev)m(er)g(rings)e(the)i(b)s(ell.)61
15926 b(If)36 b(set)i(to)1110 1995 y(`)p Ft(visible)p Fu(',)32
15927 b(Readline)i(uses)f(a)g(visible)g(b)s(ell)g(if)g(one)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
15928 b(ailable.)51 b(If)33 b(set)g(to)1110 2104 y(`)p Ft(audible)p
15929 Fu(')j(\(the)i(default\),)i(Readline)e(attempts)g(to)h(ring)e(the)g
15930 (terminal's)1110 2214 y(b)s(ell.)630 2370 y Ft(bind-tty-special-chars)
15931 1110 2479 y Fu(If)e(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')f(\(the)g(default\),)i
15932 (Readline)f(attempts)g(to)g(bind)d(the)i(con)m(trol)1110
15933 2589 y(c)m(haracters)30 b(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(k)m
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15936 1110 2964 y Fu(If)36 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f
15937 (attempts)g(to)g(brie\015y)e(mo)m(v)m(e)j(the)f(cursor)e(to)i(an)1110
15938 3073 y(op)s(ening)k(paren)m(thesis)h(when)f(a)h(closing)h(paren)m
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15941 1110 3448 y Fu(If)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(when)e(listing)i
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15943 3558 y(mon)c(pre\014x)f(of)i(the)f(set)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f
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15949 4042 y Fu(If)c(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(displa)m(ys)g
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15951 4152 y(colors)40 b(to)g(indicate)g(their)f(\014le)h(t)m(yp)s(e.)67
15952 b(The)38 b(color)j(de\014nitions)d(are)i(tak)m(en)1110
15953 4261 y(from)24 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LS_COLORS)d
15954 Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(The)24 b(default)1110
15955 4371 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 4527 y Ft(comment-begin)1110
15956 4636 y Fu(The)62 b(string)g(to)h(insert)f(at)h(the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)
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15960 1110 5011 y Fu(The)41 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(screen)g(columns)f(used)
15961 g(to)h(displa)m(y)g(p)s(ossible)f(matc)m(hes)1110 5121
15962 y(when)28 b(p)s(erforming)g(completion.)41 b(The)29 b(v)-5
15963 b(alue)29 b(is)g(ignored)g(if)g(it)h(is)f(less)g(than)1110
15964 5230 y(0)e(or)f(greater)h(than)f(the)g(terminal)h(screen)f(width.)39
15965 b(A)26 b(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)f(0)h(will)f(cause)1110
15966 5340 y(matc)m(hes)32 b(to)f(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)i(one)g(p)s(er)e
15967 (line.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(-1.)p
15968 eop end
15969 %%Page: 109 115
15970 TeXDict begin 109 114 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
15971 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(109)630 299 y Ft
15972 (completion-ignore-case)1110 408 y Fu(If)27 b(set)h(to)g(`)p
15973 Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)h(matc)m(hing)i
15974 (and)e(completion)1110 518 y(in)j(a)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(fashion.)40
15975 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p
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15977 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(and)e Fr(completion-ignore-case)31
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15979 b(\(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('\))j(and)e(underscores)g(\(`)p Ft(_)p
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15981 998 y(case-insensitiv)m(e)j(\014lename)d(matc)m(hing)i(and)e
15982 (completion.)630 1148 y Ft(completion-prefix-displa)o(y-le)o(ngth)1110
15983 1258 y Fu(The)h(length)g(in)g(c)m(haracters)i(of)f(the)f(common)h
15984 (pre\014x)e(of)h(a)h(list)g(of)f(p)s(ossible)1110 1367
15985 y(completions)g(that)f(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(without)g(mo)s
15986 (di\014cation.)41 b(When)29 b(set)h(to)h(a)1110 1477
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15992 (that)g(determines)f(when)f(the)i(user)1110 1956 y(is)i(ask)m(ed)h
15993 (whether)f(the)h(list)g(of)f(p)s(ossibilities)h(should)e(b)s(e)h
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15995 (p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(is)f(greater)h(than)e(this)h(v)-5
15996 b(alue,)28 b(Readline)1110 2176 y(will)f(ask)g(the)f(user)g(whether)g
15997 (or)g(not)h(he)f(wishes)g(to)i(view)e(them;)i(otherwise,)1110
15998 2285 y(they)d(are)f(simply)g(listed.)40 b(This)23 b(v)-5
15999 b(ariable)25 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)e(set)i(to)g(an)g(in)m(teger)g(v)-5
16000 b(alue)1110 2395 y(greater)26 b(than)f(or)f(equal)i(to)f(0.)40
16001 b(A)24 b(negativ)m(e)j(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(means)e(Readline)i(should)1110
16002 2504 y(nev)m(er)31 b(ask.)41 b(The)29 b(default)i(limit)g(is)g
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16004 Fu(If)22 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)f(con)m(v)m
16005 (ert)i(c)m(haracters)f(with)f(the)g(eigh)m(th)h(bit)f(set)1110
16006 2874 y(to)33 b(an)e Fm(asci)r(i)h Fu(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(b)m(y)g
16007 (stripping)f(the)h(eigh)m(th)h(bit)f(and)f(pre\014xing)1110
16008 2984 y(an)24 b Ft(ESC)g Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(con)m(v)m(erting)f(them)f
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16010 y(The)i(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(but)d(will)
16011 i(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')g(if)f(the)h(lo)s(cale)h(is)f
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16013 3354 y Ft(disable-completion)1110 3463 y Fu(If)k(set)h(to)h(`)p
16014 Ft(On)p Fu(',)g(Readline)f(will)g(inhibit)f(w)m(ord)h(completion.)60
16015 b(Completion)1110 3573 y(c)m(haracters)28 b(will)e(b)s(e)f(inserted)h
16016 (in)m(to)h(the)g(line)f(as)g(if)g(they)h(had)e(b)s(een)g(mapp)s(ed)1110
16017 3682 y(to)31 b Ft(self-insert)p Fu(.)38 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
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16019 3943 y Fu(When)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(on)g(op)s(erating)h
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16021 y(it,)i(readline)e(ec)m(ho)s(es)i(a)f(c)m(haracter)h(corresp)s(onding)d
16022 (to)j(a)f(signal)g(generated)1110 4162 y(from)e(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)
16023 41 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 4313
16024 y Ft(editing-mode)1110 4422 y Fu(The)d Ft(editing-mode)e
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16026 m(ey)i(bind-)1110 4532 y(ings)25 b(is)g(used.)38 b(By)26
16027 b(default,)g(Readline)g(starts)f(up)f(in)h(Emacs)g(editing)h(mo)s(de,)
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16036 b(lik)m(e)i(a)f(k)m(ey)g(binding,)f(so)h(the)g(standard)f(set)h(of)g
16037 (meta-)g(and)f(con-)1110 5340 y(trol)36 b(pre\014xes)e(and)h(bac)m
16038 (kslash)h(escap)s(e)g(sequences)g(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)58
16039 b(Use)36 b(the)p eop end
16040 %%Page: 110 116
16041 TeXDict begin 110 115 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16042 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(110)1110 299 y(`)p
16043 Ft(\\1)p Fu(')38 b(and)f(`)p Ft(\\2)p Fu(')h(escap)s(es)g(to)h(b)s
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16049 792 y Fu(When)24 b(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(On)p Fu(',)g(Readline)f(will)g
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16060 (to)h(enable)g(the)f(application)i(k)m(eypad)1110 1614
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16063 p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 1888 y Ft(enable-meta-key)1110 1998
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16065 (to)g(enable)g(an)m(y)g(meta)h(mo)s(di\014er)1110 2107
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16067 (called.)76 b(On)41 b(man)m(y)1110 2217 y(terminals,)c(the)e(meta)h(k)m
16068 (ey)g(is)f(used)g(to)h(send)e(eigh)m(t-bit)j(c)m(haracters.)56
16069 b(The)1110 2326 y(default)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630
16070 2491 y Ft(expand-tilde)1110 2600 y Fu(If)d(set)h(to)h(`)p
16071 Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(tilde)g(expansion)g(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(when)h
16072 (Readline)h(attempts)1110 2710 y(w)m(ord)i(completion.)42
16073 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 2874
16074 y Ft(history-preserve-point)1110 2984 y Fu(If)41 b(set)h(to)h(`)p
16075 Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(the)c(history)h(co)s(de)g(attempts)h(to)f(place)h(the)f
16076 (p)s(oin)m(t)f(\(the)1110 3093 y(curren)m(t)35 b(cursor)g(p)s
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16078 (line)1110 3203 y(retriev)m(ed)h(with)f Ft(previous-history)c
16079 Fu(or)37 b Ft(next-history)p Fu(.)55 b(The)36 b(default)1110
16080 3313 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3477 y Ft(history-size)1110
16081 3587 y Fu(Set)39 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(history)g
16082 (en)m(tries)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)f(the)g(history)1110 3696
16083 y(list.)51 b(If)34 b(set)g(to)h(zero,)g(an)m(y)f(existing)h(history)f
16084 (en)m(tries)g(are)g(deleted)h(and)e(no)1110 3806 y(new)e(en)m(tries)i
16085 (are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)46 b(If)31 b(set)h(to)h(a)f(v)-5
16086 b(alue)32 b(less)g(than)f(zero,)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)1110
16087 3915 y(of)f(history)f(en)m(tries)h(is)g(not)g(limited.)42
16088 b(By)30 b(default,)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(history)1110
16089 4025 y(en)m(tries)j(is)f(not)g(limited.)49 b(If)32 b(an)h(attempt)h(is)
16090 f(made)g(to)h(set)f Fr(history-size)39 b Fu(to)1110 4134
16091 y(a)34 b(non-n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 b(alue,)34 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m
16092 (b)s(er)f(of)h(history)h(en)m(tries)g(will)1110 4244
16093 y(b)s(e)c(set)h(to)g(500.)630 4408 y Ft(horizontal-scroll-mode)1110
16094 4518 y Fu(This)k(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)h(either)f
16095 (`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)57 b(Setting)36
16096 b(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')1110 4628 y(means)26 b(that)h(the)f(text)h
16097 (of)g(the)f(lines)g(b)s(eing)g(edited)h(will)f(scroll)h(horizon)m
16098 (tally)1110 4737 y(on)32 b(a)g(single)g(screen)g(line)g(when)e(they)i
16099 (are)g(longer)h(than)e(the)h(width)f(of)h(the)1110 4847
16100 y(screen,)27 b(instead)g(of)f(wrapping)f(on)m(to)i(a)f(new)g(screen)g
16101 (line.)39 b(By)27 b(default,)g(this)1110 4956 y(v)-5
16102 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
16103 5121 y Ft(input-meta)1110 5230 y Fu(If)f(set)g(to)h(`)p
16104 Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)f(enable)h(eigh)m(t-bit)h(input)d(\(it)
16105 i(will)f(not)h(clear)1110 5340 y(the)40 b(eigh)m(th)g(bit)g(in)f(the)h
16106 (c)m(haracters)h(it)f(reads\),)j(regardless)c(of)h(what)g(the)p
16107 eop end
16108 %%Page: 111 117
16109 TeXDict begin 111 116 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16110 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(111)1110 299 y(terminal)44
16111 b(claims)h(it)f(can)g(supp)s(ort.)79 b(The)44 b(default)g(v)-5
16112 b(alue)44 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(',)j(but)1110 408 y(Readline)24
16113 b(will)h(set)f(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')e(if)h(the)g(lo)s(cale)i(con)
16114 m(tains)f(eigh)m(t-bit)g(c)m(haracters.)1110 518 y(The)30
16115 b(name)g Ft(meta-flag)e Fu(is)j(a)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g(this)h(v)-5
16116 b(ariable.)630 675 y Ft(isearch-terminators)1110 784
16117 y Fu(The)51 b(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(that)f(should)e(terminate)j
16118 (an)f(incremen)m(tal)1110 894 y(searc)m(h)25 b(without)g(subsequen)m
16119 (tly)g(executing)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(as)f(a)g(command)1110
16120 1003 y(\(see)38 b(Section)g(8.2.5)h([Searc)m(hing],)h(page)e(106\).)62
16121 b(If)37 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(has)f(not)1110 1113
16122 y(b)s(een)e(giv)m(en)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)h
16123 Ft(ESC)d Fu(and)h Fj(C-J)g Fu(will)h(terminate)g(an)1110
16124 1223 y(incremen)m(tal)c(searc)m(h.)630 1379 y Ft(keymap)192
16125 b Fu(Sets)39 b(Readline's)g(idea)h(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eymap)h
16126 (for)g(k)m(ey)g(binding)f(com-)1110 1489 y(mands.)81
16127 b(Acceptable)47 b Ft(keymap)42 b Fu(names)i(are)h Ft(emacs)p
16128 Fu(,)i Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(,)1110 1598 y Ft(emacs-meta)p
16129 Fu(,)99 b Ft(emacs-ctlx)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi)p Fu(,)j Ft(vi-move)p
16130 Fu(,)f Ft(vi-command)p Fu(,)f(and)1110 1708 y Ft(vi-insert)p
16131 Fu(.)81 b Ft(vi)44 b Fu(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)46 b(to)g
16132 Ft(vi-command)c Fu(\()p Ft(vi-move)h Fu(is)i(also)h(a)1110
16133 1817 y(synon)m(ym\);)g Ft(emacs)39 b Fu(is)i(equiv)-5
16134 b(alen)m(t)42 b(to)g Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(.)68 b(The)40
16135 b(default)1110 1927 y(v)-5 b(alue)52 b(is)f Ft(emacs)p
16136 Fu(.)103 b(The)51 b(v)-5 b(alue)52 b(of)f(the)h Ft(editing-mode)c
16137 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)52 b(also)1110 2037 y(a\013ects)32
16138 b(the)e(default)h(k)m(eymap.)630 2193 y Ft(keyseq-timeout)1110
16139 2303 y Fu(Sp)s(eci\014es)25 b(the)g(duration)g(Readline)h(will)g(w)m
16140 (ait)g(for)g(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(when)e(read-)1110 2412
16141 y(ing)30 b(an)g(am)m(biguous)g(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(\(one)g(that)h(can)f
16142 (form)g(a)g(complete)h(k)m(ey)1110 2522 y(sequence)j(using)e(the)i
16143 (input)e(read)h(so)g(far,)h(or)g(can)f(tak)m(e)i(additional)f(input)
16144 1110 2632 y(to)g(complete)g(a)f(longer)h(k)m(ey)f(sequence\).)49
16145 b(If)33 b(no)f(input)g(is)h(receiv)m(ed)h(within)1110
16146 2741 y(the)43 b(timeout,)48 b(Readline)43 b(will)g(use)g(the)g(shorter)
16147 g(but)f(complete)j(k)m(ey)e(se-)1110 2851 y(quence.)c(Readline)26
16148 b(uses)f(this)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(to)g(determine)g(whether)f(or)g(not)h
16149 (input)1110 2960 y(is)31 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(on)d(the)h(curren)m
16150 (t)f(input)g(source)h(\()p Ft(rl_instream)d Fu(b)m(y)i(default\).)1110
16151 3070 y(The)25 b(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)h
16152 (milliseconds,)j(so)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(1000)i(means)e(that)
16153 1110 3180 y(Readline)e(will)g(w)m(ait)g(one)g(second)f(for)g
16154 (additional)i(input.)37 b(If)22 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)23
16155 b(is)1110 3289 y(set)28 b(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(less)f(than)g(or)f
16156 (equal)i(to)f(zero,)i(or)e(to)g(a)h(non-n)m(umeric)e(v)-5
16157 b(alue,)1110 3399 y(Readline)30 b(will)f(w)m(ait)i(un)m(til)e(another)h
16158 (k)m(ey)g(is)f(pressed)g(to)h(decide)f(whic)m(h)g(k)m(ey)1110
16159 3508 y(sequence)i(to)g(complete.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5
16160 b(alue)31 b(is)g Ft(500)p Fu(.)630 3665 y Ft(mark-directories)1110
16161 3774 y Fu(If)38 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(completed)e(directory)
16162 f(names)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)e(slash)g(app)s(ended.)1110
16163 3884 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630
16164 4041 y Ft(mark-modified-lines)1110 4150 y Fu(This)k(v)-5
16165 b(ariable,)38 b(when)d(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(causes)g
16166 (Readline)f(to)h(displa)m(y)f(an)f(as-)1110 4260 y(terisk)f(\(`)p
16167 Ft(*)p Fu('\))h(at)f(the)g(start)g(of)g(history)g(lines)g(whic)m(h)f
16168 (ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)1110 4369 y(This)d(v)-5
16169 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)g(default.)630
16170 4526 y Ft(mark-symlinked-directori)o(es)1110 4635 y Fu(If)59
16171 b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)67 b(completed)60 b(names)f(whic)m(h)g
16172 (are)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(links)f(to)1110 4745 y(directories)71
16173 b(ha)m(v)m(e)f(a)g(slash)f(app)s(ended)f(\(sub)5 b(ject)70
16174 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)70 b(of)1110 4855 y Ft(mark-directories)p
16175 Fu(\).)37 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
16176 5011 y Ft(match-hidden-files)1110 5121 y Fu(This)21 b(v)-5
16177 b(ariable,)25 b(when)d(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(causes)f
16178 (Readline)g(to)g(matc)m(h)g(\014les)f(whose)1110 5230
16179 y(names)44 b(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(\(hidden)f
16180 (\014les\))i(when)e(p)s(erforming)g(\014lename)1110 5340
16181 y(completion.)75 b(If)41 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(',)i(the)e
16182 (leading)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)f(b)m(y)p
16183 eop end
16184 %%Page: 112 118
16185 TeXDict begin 112 117 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16186 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(112)1110 299 y(the)34
16187 b(user)g(in)g(the)g(\014lename)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(completed.)53
16188 b(This)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)1110
16189 408 y(default.)630 555 y Ft(menu-complete-display-pr)o(efix)1110
16190 664 y Fu(If)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(men)m(u)e(completion)i
16191 (displa)m(ys)e(the)h(common)g(pre\014x)e(of)i(the)1110
16192 774 y(list)k(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(\(whic)m(h)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s
16193 (e)f(empt)m(y\))i(b)s(efore)e(cycling)1110 883 y(through)30
16194 b(the)g(list.)42 b(The)29 b(default)i(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p
16195 Fu('.)630 1029 y Ft(output-meta)1110 1139 y Fu(If)35
16196 b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)g(displa)m(y)f(c)m
16197 (haracters)i(with)e(the)h(eigh)m(th)g(bit)1110 1249 y(set)h(directly)g
16198 (rather)f(than)g(as)h(a)g(meta-pre\014xed)f(escap)s(e)h(sequence.)59
16199 b(The)1110 1358 y(default)26 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(',)i(but)e
16200 (Readline)h(will)g(set)g(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')e(if)h(the)f(lo)s
16201 (cale)j(con)m(tains)1110 1468 y(eigh)m(t-bit)k(c)m(haracters.)630
16202 1614 y Ft(page-completions)1110 1724 y Fu(If)h(set)i(to)f(`)p
16203 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)g(uses)e(an)h(in)m(ternal)h
16204 Ft(more)p Fu(-lik)m(e)f(pager)g(to)h(displa)m(y)1110
16205 1833 y(a)e(screenful)f(of)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(at)f(a)g(time.)
16206 47 b(This)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)e(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')1110
16207 1943 y(b)m(y)e(default.)630 2089 y Ft(print-completions-horizo)o(ntal)o
16208 (ly)1110 2198 y Fu(If)23 b(set)i(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g
16209 (will)f(displa)m(y)g(completions)h(with)f(matc)m(hes)h(sorted)1110
16210 2308 y(horizon)m(tally)45 b(in)e(alphab)s(etical)i(order,)i(rather)c
16211 (than)g(do)m(wn)g(the)h(screen.)1110 2418 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
16212 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 2564 y Ft(revert-all-at-newline)1110
16213 2673 y Fu(If)e(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)g(undo)f
16214 (all)h(c)m(hanges)h(to)f(history)g(lines)f(b)s(efore)1110
16215 2783 y(returning)f(when)f Ft(accept-line)f Fu(is)j(executed.)41
16216 b(By)29 b(default,)g(history)g(lines)1110 2892 y(ma)m(y)42
16217 b(b)s(e)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(and)h(retain)i(individual)e(undo)g(lists)h
16218 (across)g(calls)h(to)1110 3002 y Ft(readline)p Fu(.)38
16219 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3148
16220 y Ft(show-all-if-ambiguous)1110 3258 y Fu(This)f(alters)i(the)f
16221 (default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)g(the)h(completion)g(functions.)40
16222 b(If)29 b(set)1110 3367 y(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(w)m(ords)f(whic)m(h)
16223 g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(more)f(than)f(one)h(p)s(ossible)f(completion)h(cause)
16224 1110 3477 y(the)39 b(matc)m(hes)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(listed)h(immediately)i
16225 (instead)e(of)g(ringing)g(the)g(b)s(ell.)1110 3587 y(The)30
16226 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
16227 3733 y Ft(show-all-if-unmodified)1110 3842 y Fu(This)38
16228 b(alters)h(the)g(default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)f(the)h(completion)h
16229 (functions)e(in)h(a)1110 3952 y(fashion)25 b(similar)h(to)g
16230 Fr(sho)m(w-all-if-am)m(biguous)p Fu(.)41 b(If)25 b(set)h(to)h(`)p
16231 Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(w)m(ords)f(whic)m(h)1110 4061 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32
16232 b(more)f(than)f(one)i(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(without)f(an)m(y)g(p)s
16233 (ossible)f(par-)1110 4171 y(tial)43 b(completion)h(\(the)f(p)s(ossible)
16234 f(completions)h(don't)f(share)g(a)h(common)1110 4281
16235 y(pre\014x\))30 b(cause)g(the)h(matc)m(hes)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(listed)g
16236 (immediately)i(instead)e(of)h(ring-)1110 4390 y(ing)g(the)f(b)s(ell.)41
16237 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p
16238 Fu('.)630 4536 y Ft(show-mode-in-prompt)1110 4646 y Fu(If)g(set)g(to)h
16239 (`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(add)f(a)i(c)m(haracter)g(to)g(the)f(b)s(eginning)g
16240 (of)g(the)g(prompt)f(indi-)1110 4756 y(cating)j(the)g(editing)f(mo)s
16241 (de:)42 b(emacs,)33 b(vi)e(command,)g(or)g(vi)g(insertion.)43
16242 b(The)1110 4865 y(mo)s(de)30 b(strings)g(are)h(user-settable.)42
16243 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p
16244 Fu('.)630 5011 y Ft(skip-completed-text)1110 5121 y Fu(If)h(set)i(to)f
16245 (`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(this)f(alters)g(the)g(default)g(completion)h(b)s
16246 (eha)m(vior)f(when)f(in-)1110 5230 y(serting)d(a)h(single)g(matc)m(h)f
16247 (in)m(to)h(the)g(line.)40 b(It's)30 b(only)f(activ)m(e)i(when)d(p)s
16248 (erform-)1110 5340 y(ing)35 b(completion)h(in)e(the)h(middle)f(of)h(a)f
16249 (w)m(ord.)53 b(If)35 b(enabled,)g(readline)g(do)s(es)p
16250 eop end
16251 %%Page: 113 119
16252 TeXDict begin 113 118 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16253 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(113)1110 299 y(not)41
16254 b(insert)f(c)m(haracters)i(from)e(the)h(completion)h(that)f(matc)m(h)g
16255 (c)m(haracters)1110 408 y(after)c(p)s(oin)m(t)g(in)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)
16256 s(eing)g(completed,)k(so)d(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g(w)m(ord)1110
16257 518 y(follo)m(wing)c(the)f(cursor)f(are)h(not)g(duplicated.)45
16258 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(instance,)h(if)f(this)f(is)h(en-)1110
16259 628 y(abled,)43 b(attempting)f(completion)g(when)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g
16260 (after)h(the)g(`)p Ft(e)p Fu(')f(in)1110 737 y(`)p Ft(Makefile)p
16261 Fu(')c(will)i(result)f(in)g(`)p Ft(Makefile)p Fu(')f(rather)h(than)h(`)
16262 p Ft(Makefilefile)p Fu(',)1110 847 y(assuming)d(there)g(is)h(a)f
16263 (single)h(p)s(ossible)f(completion.)56 b(The)35 b(default)g(v)-5
16264 b(alue)1110 956 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 1117
16265 y Ft(vi-cmd-mode-string)1110 1226 y Fu(This)f(string)h(is)f(displa)m(y)
16266 m(ed)i(immediately)g(b)s(efore)e(the)h(last)g(line)h(of)e(the)h(pri-)
16267 1110 1336 y(mary)21 b(prompt)g(when)f(vi)i(editing)g(mo)s(de)f(is)g
16268 (activ)m(e)j(and)d(in)g(command)g(mo)s(de.)1110 1445
16269 y(The)38 b(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)f(expanded)f(lik)m(e)j(a)f(k)m(ey)g
16270 (binding,)g(so)g(the)f(standard)g(set)h(of)1110 1555
16271 y(meta-)30 b(and)e(con)m(trol)i(pre\014xes)e(and)g(bac)m(kslash)h
16272 (escap)s(e)g(sequences)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ail-)1110 1665
16273 y(able.)50 b(Use)33 b(the)h(`)p Ft(\\1)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
16274 Ft(\\2)p Fu(')g(escap)s(es)g(to)h(b)s(egin)f(and)g(end)f(sequences)i
16275 (of)1110 1774 y(non-prin)m(ting)40 b(c)m(haracters,)45
16276 b(whic)m(h)40 b(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)g(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)f(a)g(terminal)
16277 1110 1884 y(con)m(trol)32 b(sequence)f(in)m(to)g(the)f(mo)s(de)g
16278 (string.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p Ft(\(cmd\))p
16279 Fu('.)630 2044 y Ft(vi-ins-mode-string)1110 2153 y Fu(This)f(string)h
16280 (is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)i(immediately)g(b)s(efore)e(the)h(last)g(line)h
16281 (of)e(the)h(pri-)1110 2263 y(mary)25 b(prompt)f(when)g(vi)h(editing)h
16282 (mo)s(de)e(is)i(activ)m(e)h(and)d(in)h(insertion)g(mo)s(de.)1110
16283 2373 y(The)38 b(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)f(expanded)f(lik)m(e)j(a)f(k)m(ey)g
16284 (binding,)g(so)g(the)f(standard)g(set)h(of)1110 2482
16285 y(meta-)30 b(and)e(con)m(trol)i(pre\014xes)e(and)g(bac)m(kslash)h
16286 (escap)s(e)g(sequences)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ail-)1110 2592
16287 y(able.)50 b(Use)33 b(the)h(`)p Ft(\\1)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
16288 Ft(\\2)p Fu(')g(escap)s(es)g(to)h(b)s(egin)f(and)g(end)f(sequences)i
16289 (of)1110 2701 y(non-prin)m(ting)40 b(c)m(haracters,)45
16290 b(whic)m(h)40 b(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)g(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)f(a)g(terminal)
16291 1110 2811 y(con)m(trol)32 b(sequence)f(in)m(to)g(the)f(mo)s(de)g
16292 (string.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p Ft(\(ins\))p
16293 Fu('.)630 2971 y Ft(visible-stats)1110 3081 y Fu(If)h(set)i(to)f(`)p
16294 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(denoting)e(a)g(\014le's)g(t)m(yp)s
16295 (e)g(is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)1110 3190 y(\014lename)e(when)e
16296 (listing)i(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
16297 Ft(off)p Fu('.)150 3351 y(Key)f(Bindings)630 3460 y(The)41
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16328 %%Page: 114 120
16329 TeXDict begin 114 119 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
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16373 Ft(")g(")p Fu(,)30 b(a)h(double)f(quotation)i(mark)630
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16379 y Ft(\\b)384 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)630 4876 y Ft(\\d)g Fu(delete)630
16380 5031 y Ft(\\f)g Fu(form)30 b(feed)630 5185 y Ft(\\n)384
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16382 eop end
16383 %%Page: 115 121
16384 TeXDict begin 115 120 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
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16403 (mak)m(e)h(`)p Fj(C-x)j Ft(\\)p Fu(')c(insert)f(a)h(single)h(`)p
16404 Ft(\\)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)g(the)g(line:)870 1697 y Ft("\\C-x\\\\":)45
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16407 (in)g(spirit)f(to)i(the)f(conditional)h(compilation)g(features)f(of)150
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16409 (bindings)d(and)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(settings)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(p)s
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16411 b(There)30 b(are)h(four)f(parser)f(directiv)m(es)j(used.)150
16412 2408 y Ft($if)336 b Fu(The)31 b Ft($if)f Fu(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h
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16422 1110 2998 y(with)c(the)h(`)p Ft(set)29 b(keymap)p Fu(')38
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16436 (oth)f Ft(sun)g Fu(and)1110 3918 y Ft(sun-cmd)p Fu(,)c(for)h(instance.)
16437 630 4070 y Ft(application)1110 4180 y Fu(The)21 b Fr(application)j
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16440 (Readline)g(library)g(sets)g(the)g Fr(application)1110
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16452 eop end
16453 %%Page: 116 122
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16467 (tax.)p eop end
16468 %%Page: 117 123
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16499 %%Page: 118 124
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16512 2162 y("\\C-x\\"":)e("\\"\\"\\C-b")390 2271 y(#)i(insert)g(a)g
16513 (backslash)e(\(testing)h(backslash)f(escapes)390 2381
16514 y(#)i(in)h(sequences)d(and)i(macros\))390 2491 y("\\C-x\\\\":)e("\\\\")
16515 390 2600 y(#)i(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)390
16516 2710 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")390 2819 y(#)h(Add)g(a)h(binding)e
16517 (to)h(refresh)f(the)h(line,)f(which)g(is)h(unbound)390
16518 2929 y("\\C-xr":)f(redraw-current-line)390 3039 y(#)h(Edit)g(variable)f
16519 (on)h(current)f(line.)390 3148 y("\\M-\\C-v":)f
16520 ("\\C-a\\C-k$\\C-y\\M-\\C-e\\C-)o(a\\C-)o(y=")390 3258
16521 y($endif)390 3477 y(#)i(use)g(a)h(visible)e(bell)g(if)h(one)g(is)h
16522 (available)390 3587 y(set)f(bell-style)e(visible)390
16523 3806 y(#)i(don't)g(strip)f(characters)f(to)i(7)h(bits)e(when)h(reading)
16524 390 3915 y(set)g(input-meta)e(on)390 4134 y(#)i(allow)g(iso-latin1)e
16525 (characters)g(to)i(be)g(inserted)f(rather)390 4244 y(#)h(than)g
16526 (converted)e(to)j(prefix-meta)c(sequences)390 4354 y(set)j
16527 (convert-meta)d(off)390 4573 y(#)j(display)f(characters)f(with)i(the)g
16528 (eighth)f(bit)h(set)g(directly)390 4682 y(#)g(rather)g(than)f(as)h
16529 (meta-prefixed)e(characters)390 4792 y(set)i(output-meta)e(on)390
16530 5011 y(#)i(if)h(there)e(are)h(more)g(than)f(150)h(possible)f
16531 (completions)e(for)390 5121 y(#)j(a)h(word,)e(ask)h(the)g(user)g(if)g
16532 (he)g(wants)f(to)i(see)f(all)f(of)i(them)390 5230 y(set)f
16533 (completion-query-items)42 b(150)p eop end
16534 %%Page: 119 125
16535 TeXDict begin 119 124 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16536 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(119)390 299 y Ft(#)47
16537 b(For)g(FTP)390 408 y($if)g(Ftp)390 518 y("\\C-xg":)f("get)g(\\M-?")390
16538 628 y("\\C-xt":)g("put)g(\\M-?")390 737 y("\\M-.":)g(yank-last-arg)390
16539 847 y($endif)150 1083 y Fs(8.4)68 b(Bindable)45 b(Readline)i(Commands)
16540 150 1242 y Fu(This)32 b(section)h(describ)s(es)f(Readline)h(commands)f
16541 (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(b)s(ound)g(to)i(k)m(ey)g(sequences.)48
16542 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)150 1352 y(list)40 b(y)m(our)f(k)m(ey)i(bindings)d
16543 (b)m(y)h(executing)i Ft(bind)29 b(-P)39 b Fu(or,)j(for)d(a)h(more)g
16544 (terse)g(format,)i(suitable)e(for)f(an)150 1461 y Fr(inputrc)34
16545 b Fu(\014le,)29 b Ft(bind)g(-p)p Fu(.)40 b(\(See)30 b(Section)f(4.2)h
16546 ([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(49.\))41 b(Command)28 b(names)h(without)
16547 150 1571 y(an)h(accompan)m(ying)i(k)m(ey)f(sequence)g(are)g(un)m(b)s
16548 (ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)275 1703 y(In)25 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)i
16549 (descriptions,)f Fr(p)s(oin)m(t)h Fu(refers)e(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g
16550 (cursor)g(p)s(osition,)h(and)f Fr(mark)31 b Fu(refers)150
16551 1813 y(to)40 b(a)f(cursor)f(p)s(osition)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g
16552 Ft(set-mark)d Fu(command.)66 b(The)38 b(text)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)f
16553 (p)s(oin)m(t)g(and)150 1922 y(mark)30 b(is)h(referred)e(to)i(as)g(the)f
16554 Fr(region)p Fu(.)150 2117 y Fk(8.4.1)63 b(Commands)42
16555 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Mo)m(ving)150 2286 y Ft(beginning-of-line)26
16556 b(\(C-a\))630 2396 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f
16557 (curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2551 y Ft(end-of-line)d(\(C-e\))630
16558 2660 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150
16559 2815 y Ft(forward-char)c(\(C-f\))630 2924 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
16560 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter.)150 3079 y Ft(backward-char)c(\(C-b\))
16561 630 3189 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(a)e(c)m(haracter.)150
16562 3343 y Ft(forward-word)d(\(M-f\))630 3453 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
16563 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41
16564 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)h(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(letters)i(and)630
16565 3563 y(digits.)150 3717 y Ft(backward-word)27 b(\(M-b\))630
16566 3827 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)e(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(the)g
16567 (curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)g(w)m(ord.)50 b(W)-8 b(ords)34
16568 b(are)g(comp)s(osed)630 3936 y(of)d(letters)g(and)f(digits.)150
16569 4091 y Ft(shell-forward-word)25 b(\(\))630 4201 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)30
16570 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)40
16571 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(are)g(delimited)h(b)m(y)f(non-quoted)630
16572 4310 y(shell)j(metac)m(haracters.)150 4465 y Ft(shell-backward-word)25
16573 b(\(\))630 4575 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)37 b(bac)m(k)e(to)h(the)f(start)g(of)g
16574 (the)g(curren)m(t)g(or)f(previous)h(w)m(ord.)53 b(W)-8
16575 b(ords)35 b(are)g(delimited)630 4684 y(b)m(y)30 b(non-quoted)h(shell)f
16576 (metac)m(haracters.)150 4839 y Ft(clear-screen)d(\(C-l\))630
16577 4948 y Fu(Clear)g(the)g(screen)f(and)h(redra)m(w)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f
16578 (line,)i(lea)m(ving)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(at)g(the)g(top)630
16579 5058 y(of)k(the)f(screen.)150 5213 y Ft(redraw-current-line)25
16580 b(\(\))630 5322 y Fu(Refresh)30 b(the)g(curren)m(t)h(line.)41
16581 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)p eop
16582 end
16583 %%Page: 120 126
16584 TeXDict begin 120 125 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16585 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(120)150 299 y Fk(8.4.2)63
16586 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Manipulating)h(The)f(History)150
16587 473 y Ft(accept-line)27 b(\(Newline)h(or)i(Return\))630
16588 582 y Fu(Accept)25 b(the)e(line)h(regardless)g(of)f(where)g(the)h
16589 (cursor)e(is.)39 b(If)23 b(this)g(line)h(is)f(non-empt)m(y)-8
16590 b(,)26 b(add)c(it)630 692 y(to)27 b(the)f(history)g(list)h(according)g
16591 (to)g(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)g Ft(HISTCONTROL)d Fu(and)j
16592 Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 802 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)42 b(If)30
16593 b(this)h(line)g(is)g(a)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(history)i(line,)g(then)f
16594 (restore)i(the)f(history)f(line)h(to)630 911 y(its)g(original)g(state.)
16595 150 1075 y Ft(previous-history)26 b(\(C-p\))630 1184
16596 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`bac)m(k')g(through)e(the)g(history)h(list,)g
16597 (fetc)m(hing)g(the)g(previous)f(command.)150 1348 y Ft(next-history)d
16598 (\(C-n\))630 1457 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`forw)m(ard')f(through)e(the)i
16599 (history)f(list,)i(fetc)m(hing)f(the)g(next)f(command.)150
16600 1621 y Ft(beginning-of-history)25 b(\(M-<\))630 1730
16601 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(\014rst)g(line)g(in)h(the)f(history)-8
16602 b(.)150 1894 y Ft(end-of-history)26 b(\(M->\))630 2004
16603 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(input)e(history)-8
16604 b(,)31 b(i.e.,)h(the)f(line)f(curren)m(tly)h(b)s(eing)f(en)m(tered.)150
16605 2167 y Ft(reverse-search-history)24 b(\(C-r\))630 2277
16606 y Fu(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g
16607 (line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g(his-)630
16608 2386 y(tory)g(as)f(necessary)-8 b(.)42 b(This)29 b(is)i(an)f(incremen)m
16609 (tal)i(searc)m(h.)150 2550 y Ft(forward-search-history)24
16610 b(\(C-s\))630 2659 y Fu(Searc)m(h)44 b(forw)m(ard)f(starting)h(at)h
16611 (the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g(and)f(mo)m(ving)h(`do)m(wn')g(through)f(the)
16612 630 2769 y(history)30 b(as)h(necessary)-8 b(.)41 b(This)30
16613 b(is)g(an)h(incremen)m(tal)g(searc)m(h.)150 2932 y Ft
16614 (non-incremental-reverse-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o(ist)o(ory)24
16615 b(\(M-p\))630 3042 y Fu(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g
16616 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g
16617 (his-)630 3152 y(tory)36 b(as)g(necessary)h(using)e(a)i(non-incremen)m
16618 (tal)g(searc)m(h)f(for)g(a)g(string)g(supplied)f(b)m(y)h(the)630
16619 3261 y(user.)k(The)30 b(searc)m(h)h(string)f(ma)m(y)h(matc)m(h)g(an)m
16620 (ywhere)g(in)f(a)h(history)f(line.)150 3425 y Ft
16621 (non-incremental-forward-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o(ist)o(ory)24
16622 b(\(M-n\))630 3534 y Fu(Searc)m(h)44 b(forw)m(ard)f(starting)h(at)h
16623 (the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g(and)f(mo)m(ving)h(`do)m(wn')g(through)f(the)
16624 630 3644 y(history)27 b(as)f(necessary)i(using)e(a)h(non-incremen)m
16625 (tal)g(searc)m(h)h(for)e(a)h(string)g(supplied)e(b)m(y)i(the)630
16626 3754 y(user.)40 b(The)30 b(searc)m(h)h(string)f(ma)m(y)h(matc)m(h)g(an)
16627 m(ywhere)g(in)f(a)h(history)f(line.)150 3917 y Ft
16628 (history-search-forward)24 b(\(\))630 4027 y Fu(Searc)m(h)42
16629 b(forw)m(ard)f(through)f(the)i(history)f(for)g(the)h(string)f(of)h(c)m
16630 (haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)630 4136 y(start)36
16631 b(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line)i(and)e(the)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)58
16632 b(The)35 b(searc)m(h)i(string)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)630
16633 4246 y(b)s(eginning)32 b(of)g(a)h(history)g(line.)47
16634 b(This)32 b(is)h(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)i(searc)m(h.)48
16635 b(By)33 b(default,)g(this)630 4355 y(command)d(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16636 4519 y Ft(history-search-backward)24 b(\(\))630 4629
16637 y Fu(Searc)m(h)35 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(through)f(the)h(history)g(for)g
16638 (the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)630
16639 4738 y(start)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line)i(and)e(the)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)
16640 58 b(The)35 b(searc)m(h)i(string)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)630
16641 4848 y(b)s(eginning)32 b(of)g(a)h(history)g(line.)47
16642 b(This)32 b(is)h(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)i(searc)m(h.)48
16643 b(By)33 b(default,)g(this)630 4957 y(command)d(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16644 5121 y Ft(history-substr-search-fo)o(rwar)o(d)24 b(\(\))630
16645 5230 y Fu(Searc)m(h)42 b(forw)m(ard)f(through)f(the)i(history)f(for)g
16646 (the)h(string)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)630
16647 5340 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(oin)m
16648 (t.)40 b(The)29 b(searc)m(h)g(string)g(ma)m(y)g(matc)m(h)h(an)m(ywhere)
16649 p eop end
16650 %%Page: 121 127
16651 TeXDict begin 121 126 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16652 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(121)630 299 y(in)32
16653 b(a)h(history)g(line.)47 b(This)32 b(is)g(a)h(non-incremen)m(tal)h
16654 (searc)m(h.)47 b(By)33 b(default,)h(this)e(command)630
16655 408 y(is)e(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 573 y Ft(history-substr-search-ba)o(ckwa)
16656 o(rd)24 b(\(\))630 683 y Fu(Searc)m(h)35 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(through)f
16657 (the)h(history)g(for)g(the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m
16658 (een)g(the)630 793 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f
16659 (the)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(The)29 b(searc)m(h)g(string)g(ma)m(y)g(matc)m
16660 (h)h(an)m(ywhere)630 902 y(in)i(a)h(history)g(line.)47
16661 b(This)32 b(is)g(a)h(non-incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)47
16662 b(By)33 b(default,)h(this)e(command)630 1012 y(is)e(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16663 1177 y Ft(yank-nth-arg)d(\(M-C-y\))630 1286 y Fu(Insert)37
16664 b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)i(to)f(the)h(previous)e(command)h
16665 (\(usually)g(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)630 1396 y(on)32
16666 b(the)g(previous)f(line\))i(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)46 b(With)32
16667 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(insert)g(the)g Fr(n)p
16668 Fu(th)f(w)m(ord)g(from)630 1506 y(the)k(previous)f(command)h(\(the)g(w)
16669 m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(previous)g(command)f(b)s(egin)h(with)f(w)m(ord)630
16670 1615 y(0\).)69 b(A)40 b(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t)f(inserts)g(the)f
16671 Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord)g(from)g(the)h(end)f(of)h(the)f(previous)630
16672 1725 y(command.)48 b(Once)33 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h Fr(n)e
16673 Fu(is)h(computed,)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(extracted)i(as)e(if)630
16674 1834 y(the)e(`)p Ft(!)p Fj(n)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion)g(had)g(b)s
16675 (een)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 1999 y Ft(yank-last-arg)d(\(M-.)i(or)h
16676 (M-_\))630 2109 y Fu(Insert)k(last)i(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)f(previous)
16677 f(command)h(\(the)h(last)f(w)m(ord)g(of)g(the)g(previous)630
16678 2218 y(history)e(en)m(try\).)51 b(With)34 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m
16679 (t,)h(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)f(exactly)h(lik)m(e)g Ft(yank-nth-arg)p
16680 Fu(.)630 2328 y(Successiv)m(e)26 b(calls)g(to)f Ft(yank-last-arg)c
16681 Fu(mo)m(v)m(e)27 b(bac)m(k)e(through)f(the)h(history)g(list,)i
16682 (inserting)630 2438 y(the)c(last)g(w)m(ord)f(\(or)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f(sp)
16683 s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)g(\014rst)f(call\))i
16684 (of)f(eac)m(h)h(line)630 2547 y(in)36 b(turn.)58 b(An)m(y)36
16685 b(n)m(umeric)h(argumen)m(t)f(supplied)g(to)h(these)g(successiv)m(e)g
16686 (calls)h(determines)630 2657 y(the)d(direction)g(to)h(mo)m(v)m(e)g
16687 (through)e(the)h(history)-8 b(.)54 b(A)35 b(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e
16688 (switc)m(hes)h(the)630 2766 y(direction)23 b(through)g(the)g(history)f
16689 (\(bac)m(k)i(or)f(forw)m(ard\).)38 b(The)22 b(history)h(expansion)g
16690 (facilities)630 2876 y(are)28 b(used)f(to)h(extract)h(the)f(last)g
16691 (argumen)m(t,)h(as)e(if)h(the)g(`)p Ft(!$)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion)
16692 h(had)f(b)s(een)630 2986 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 3190 y
16693 Fk(8.4.3)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Changing)g(T)-10
16694 b(ext)150 3365 y Fj(end-of-file)27 b Ft(\(usually)h(C-d\))630
16695 3475 y Fu(The)e(c)m(haracter)h(indicating)h(end-of-\014le)e(as)h(set,)g
16696 (for)f(example,)i(b)m(y)e Ft(stty)p Fu(.)39 b(If)25 b(this)h(c)m
16697 (harac-)630 3584 y(ter)c(is)g(read)g(when)e(there)i(are)h(no)e(c)m
16698 (haracters)j(on)d(the)h(line,)i(and)d(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(at)h(the)f(b)s
16699 (eginning)630 3694 y(of)31 b(the)f(line,)h(Readline)g(in)m(terprets)g
16700 (it)g(as)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(input)f(and)h(returns)f Fm(eof)p
16701 Fu(.)150 3859 y Ft(delete-char)e(\(C-d\))630 3968 y Fu(Delete)35
16702 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)49 b(If)33 b(this)g(function)g
16703 (is)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)g(same)f(c)m(haracter)630 4078
16704 y(as)e(the)f(tt)m(y)i Fm(eof)d Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(as)f
16705 Fj(C-d)e Fu(commonly)i(is,)g(see)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(for)e(the)g
16706 (e\013ects.)150 4243 y Ft(backward-delete-char)25 b(\(Rubout\))630
16707 4353 y Fu(Delete)32 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)g(b)s(ehind)e(the)h(cursor.)40
16708 b(A)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)h(means)f(to)h(kill)g(the)630
16709 4462 y(c)m(haracters)h(instead)e(of)h(deleting)g(them.)150
16710 4627 y Ft(forward-backward-delete-)o(char)24 b(\(\))630
16711 4737 y Fu(Delete)40 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(under)c(the)j(cursor,)h
16712 (unless)d(the)i(cursor)e(is)h(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)630
16713 4846 y(line,)33 b(in)e(whic)m(h)g(case)i(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s
16714 (ehind)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g(deleted.)46 b(By)32 b(default,)g(this)630
16715 4956 y(is)e(not)h(b)s(ound)d(to)j(a)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150
16716 5121 y Ft(quoted-insert)27 b(\(C-q)i(or)h(C-v\))630 5230
16717 y Fu(Add)j(the)i(next)f(c)m(haracter)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(to)h(the)f(line)h
16718 (v)m(erbatim.)53 b(This)33 b(is)i(ho)m(w)f(to)h(insert)f(k)m(ey)630
16719 5340 y(sequences)d(lik)m(e)g Fj(C-q)p Fu(,)f(for)g(example.)p
16720 eop end
16721 %%Page: 122 128
16722 TeXDict begin 122 127 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16723 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(122)150 299 y Ft(self-insert)27
16724 b(\(a,)j(b,)g(A,)f(1,)h(!,)g(...)o(\))630 408 y Fu(Insert)g(y)m
16725 (ourself.)150 573 y Ft(bracketed-paste-begin)25 b(\(\))630
16726 683 y Fu(This)f(function)h(is)f(in)m(tended)h(to)h(b)s(e)e(b)s(ound)f
16727 (to)i(the)g Ft(")p Fu(brac)m(k)m(eted)h(paste)p Ft(")f
16728 Fu(escap)s(e)h(sequence)630 793 y(sen)m(t)38 b(b)m(y)f(some)h
16729 (terminals,)i(and)d(suc)m(h)g(a)h(binding)e(is)i(assigned)f(b)m(y)h
16730 (default.)62 b(It)38 b(allo)m(ws)630 902 y(Readline)33
16731 b(to)g(insert)g(the)f(pasted)h(text)g(as)g(a)g(single)g(unit)f(without)
16732 h(treating)h(eac)m(h)f(c)m(har-)630 1012 y(acter)40 b(as)f(if)g(it)g
16733 (had)f(b)s(een)g(read)h(from)f(the)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)66
16734 b(The)39 b(c)m(haracters)h(are)f(inserted)630 1121 y(as)i(if)g(eac)m(h)
16735 i(one)e(w)m(as)h(b)s(ound)d(to)i Ft(self-insert)p Fu(\))e(instead)i(of)
16736 h(executing)g(an)m(y)f(editing)630 1231 y(commands.)150
16737 1396 y Ft(transpose-chars)26 b(\(C-t\))630 1505 y Fu(Drag)33
16738 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g(cursor)f(forw)m(ard)h(o)m(v)m
16739 (er)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(at)e(the)g(cursor,)630 1615
16740 y(mo)m(ving)k(the)g(cursor)f(forw)m(ard)g(as)g(w)m(ell.)57
16741 b(If)35 b(the)h(insertion)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(is)g(at)i(the)e(end)g(of)h
16742 (the)630 1724 y(line,)24 b(then)e(this)g(transp)s(oses)f(the)h(last)h
16743 (t)m(w)m(o)g(c)m(haracters)g(of)f(the)h(line.)38 b(Negativ)m(e)25
16744 b(argumen)m(ts)630 1834 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(no)e(e\013ect.)150
16745 1999 y Ft(transpose-words)c(\(M-t\))630 2109 y Fu(Drag)33
16746 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(past)g(the)h(w)m(ord)f
16747 (after)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(mo)m(ving)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(past)g(that)630
16748 2218 y(w)m(ord)c(as)h(w)m(ell.)41 b(If)27 b(the)i(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m
16749 (t)h(is)f(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(line,)i(this)e(transp)s(oses)g
16750 (the)630 2328 y(last)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(ords)e(on)g(the)h(line.)150
16751 2493 y Ft(upcase-word)c(\(M-u\))630 2602 y Fu(Upp)s(ercase)32
16752 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g(\(or)g(follo)m(wing\))i(w)m(ord.)45
16753 b(With)32 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)j(argumen)m(t,)e(upp)s(er-)630
16754 2712 y(case)e(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord,)g(but)g(do)g(not)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h
16755 (the)e(cursor.)150 2877 y Ft(downcase-word)d(\(M-l\))630
16756 2986 y Fu(Lo)m(w)m(ercase)c(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)h(follo)m(wing\))i
16757 (w)m(ord.)37 b(With)22 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t,)g(lo)m(w)m
16758 (ercase)630 3096 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f(mo)m
16759 (v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 3261 y Ft(capitalize-word)26
16760 b(\(M-c\))630 3370 y Fu(Capitalize)d(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(follo)m
16761 (wing\))i(w)m(ord.)38 b(With)21 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t,)h
16762 (capitalize)630 3480 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f
16763 (mo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 3645 y Ft(overwrite-mode)26
16764 b(\(\))630 3754 y Fu(T)-8 b(oggle)35 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)g(mo)s(de.)48
16765 b(With)33 b(an)g(explicit)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)
16766 h(switc)m(hes)630 3864 y(to)22 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)i(mo)s(de.)37
16767 b(With)22 b(an)g(explicit)h(non-p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m
16768 (t,)i(switc)m(hes)e(to)630 3973 y(insert)30 b(mo)s(de.)41
16769 b(This)30 b(command)h(a\013ects)h(only)e Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de;)i
16770 Ft(vi)f Fu(mo)s(de)g(do)s(es)g(o)m(v)m(erwrite)630 4083
16771 y(di\013eren)m(tly)-8 b(.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(call)h(to)f
16772 Ft(readline\(\))c Fu(starts)k(in)f(insert)g(mo)s(de.)630
16773 4220 y(In)52 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)h(mo)s(de,)58 b(c)m(haracters)c(b)s
16774 (ound)c(to)j Ft(self-insert)c Fu(replace)k(the)g(text)g(at)630
16775 4330 y(p)s(oin)m(t)59 b(rather)f(than)h(pushing)e(the)i(text)g(to)h
16776 (the)f(righ)m(t.)126 b(Characters)59 b(b)s(ound)d(to)630
16777 4439 y Ft(backward-delete-char)25 b Fu(replace)31 b(the)g(c)m(haracter)
16778 h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)g(a)h(space.)630 4577
16779 y(By)g(default,)f(this)h(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16780 4781 y Fk(8.4.4)63 b(Killing)42 b(And)e(Y)-10 b(anking)150
16781 4956 y Ft(kill-line)28 b(\(C-k\))630 5066 y Fu(Kill)j(the)f(text)i
16782 (from)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(line.)150
16783 5230 y Ft(backward-kill-line)25 b(\(C-x)30 b(Rubout\))630
16784 5340 y Fu(Kill)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(from)e(the)i(cursor)f(to)h(the)f(b)s
16785 (eginning)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)p eop end
16786 %%Page: 123 129
16787 TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16788 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(123)150 299 y Ft
16789 (unix-line-discard)26 b(\(C-u\))630 408 y Fu(Kill)31
16790 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(from)e(the)i(cursor)f(to)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)h
16791 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150 571 y Ft(kill-whole-line)c(\(\))630
16792 681 y Fu(Kill)37 b(all)g(c)m(haracters)h(on)f(the)f(curren)m(t)h(line,)
16793 h(no)f(matter)g(where)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is.)59 b(By)36
16794 b(default,)630 791 y(this)30 b(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16795 954 y Ft(kill-word)d(\(M-d\))630 1063 y Fu(Kill)i(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g
16796 (to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m
16797 (w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h(the)g(end)630 1173 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m
16798 (ord.)40 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f
16799 Ft(forward-word)p Fu(.)150 1336 y Ft(backward-kill-word)25
16800 b(\(M-DEL\))630 1445 y Fu(Kill)k(the)g(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)e(p)s(oin)m
16801 (t.)40 b(W)-8 b(ord)29 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)g(as)g
16802 Ft(backward-word)p Fu(.)150 1608 y Ft(shell-kill-word)d(\(\))630
16803 1718 y Fu(Kill)k(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f
16804 (curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h
16805 (the)g(end)630 1827 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(W)-8
16806 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f Ft
16807 (shell-forward-word)p Fu(.)150 1990 y Ft(shell-backward-kill-word)24
16808 b(\(\))630 2100 y Fu(Kill)e(the)h(w)m(ord)e(b)s(ehind)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)38
16809 b(W)-8 b(ord)22 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)h(as)f
16810 Ft(shell-backward-)630 2209 y(word)p Fu(.)150 2372 y
16811 Ft(unix-word-rubout)k(\(C-w\))630 2482 y Fu(Kill)32 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f
16812 (b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(using)f(white)h(space)g(as)g(a)g(w)m(ord)f
16813 (b)s(oundary)-8 b(.)43 b(The)31 b(killed)630 2592 y(text)g(is)g(sa)m(v)
16814 m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)150 2755 y Ft(unix-filename-rubout)25
16815 b(\(\))630 2864 y Fu(Kill)37 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m
16816 (t,)j(using)e(white)g(space)h(and)f(the)g(slash)g(c)m(haracter)i(as)f
16817 (the)630 2974 y(w)m(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries.)39 b(The)30
16818 b(killed)h(text)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)150
16819 3137 y Ft(delete-horizontal-space)24 b(\(\))630 3246
16820 y Fu(Delete)33 b(all)e(spaces)g(and)e(tabs)i(around)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)41
16821 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(is)f(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 3409
16822 y Ft(kill-region)d(\(\))630 3519 y Fu(Kill)k(the)f(text)i(in)e(the)g
16823 (curren)m(t)h(region.)41 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f(is)g(un)
16824 m(b)s(ound.)150 3682 y Ft(copy-region-as-kill)25 b(\(\))630
16825 3791 y Fu(Cop)m(y)34 b(the)g(text)h(in)f(the)g(region)g(to)h(the)f
16826 (kill)h(bu\013er,)f(so)g(it)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)i(righ)m(t)f
16827 (a)m(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)630 3901 y(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f
16828 (is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 4064 y Ft(copy-backward-word)25
16829 b(\(\))630 4173 y Fu(Cop)m(y)38 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m
16830 (t)g(to)i(the)e(kill)h(bu\013er.)64 b(The)38 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(oundaries)
16831 f(are)i(the)630 4283 y(same)31 b(as)f Ft(backward-word)p
16832 Fu(.)38 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(command)g(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16833 4446 y Ft(copy-forward-word)26 b(\(\))630 4556 y Fu(Cop)m(y)31
16834 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(follo)m(wing)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(to)h(the)f(kill)h
16835 (bu\013er.)42 b(The)30 b(w)m(ord)h(b)s(oundaries)e(are)j(the)630
16836 4665 y(same)f(as)f Ft(forward-word)p Fu(.)38 b(By)30
16837 b(default,)h(this)g(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
16838 4828 y Ft(yank)f(\(C-y\))630 4938 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31
16839 b(the)f(top)h(of)g(the)f(kill)h(ring)f(in)m(to)i(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h
16840 (p)s(oin)m(t.)150 5101 y Ft(yank-pop)d(\(M-y\))630 5210
16841 y Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h(the)f(new)g(top.)54
16842 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h(the)g(prior)630
16843 5320 y(command)30 b(is)h Ft(yank)e Fu(or)h Ft(yank-pop)p
16844 Fu(.)p eop end
16845 %%Page: 124 130
16846 TeXDict begin 124 129 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16847 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(124)150 299 y Fk(8.4.5)63
16848 b(Sp)s(ecifying)42 b(Numeric)f(Argumen)m(ts)150 477 y
16849 Ft(digit-argument)26 b(\()p Fj(M-0)p Ft(,)j Fj(M-1)p
16850 Ft(,)h(...)f Fj(M--)p Ft(\))630 586 y Fu(Add)d(this)h(digit)g(to)h(the)
16851 f(argumen)m(t)g(already)h(accum)m(ulating,)h(or)e(start)h(a)f(new)f
16852 (argumen)m(t.)630 696 y Fj(M--)j Fu(starts)i(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)
16853 m(t.)150 867 y Ft(universal-argument)25 b(\(\))630 977
16854 y Fu(This)g(is)g(another)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(an)g(argumen)m
16855 (t.)40 b(If)25 b(this)g(command)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(one)630
16856 1087 y(or)k(more)f(digits,)i(optionally)g(with)e(a)h(leading)h(min)m
16857 (us)e(sign,)h(those)g(digits)g(de\014ne)f(the)h(ar-)630
16858 1196 y(gumen)m(t.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i(command)f(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)
16859 m(y)f(digits,)i(executing)f Ft(universal-argument)630
16860 1306 y Fu(again)j(ends)e(the)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(but)e(is)h
16861 (otherwise)g(ignored.)45 b(As)32 b(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)630
16862 1415 y(if)g(this)g(command)f(is)h(immediately)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)
16863 d(a)h(c)m(haracter)i(that)e(is)g(neither)g(a)g(digit)630
16864 1525 y(nor)41 b(min)m(us)f(sign,)k(the)e(argumen)m(t)f(coun)m(t)h(for)f
16865 (the)h(next)f(command)g(is)g(m)m(ultiplied)h(b)m(y)630
16866 1635 y(four.)54 b(The)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(is)f(initially)h
16867 (one,)h(so)e(executing)i(this)e(function)f(the)i(\014rst)630
16868 1744 y(time)29 b(mak)m(es)h(the)e(argumen)m(t)i(coun)m(t)f(four,)f(a)h
16869 (second)g(time)g(mak)m(es)h(the)e(argumen)m(t)h(coun)m(t)630
16870 1854 y(sixteen,)i(and)f(so)h(on.)40 b(By)31 b(default,)g(this)f(is)g
16871 (not)h(b)s(ound)d(to)k(a)e(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150 2065 y Fk(8.4.6)63
16872 b(Letting)40 b(Readline)h(T)m(yp)s(e)g(F)-10 b(or)42
16873 b(Y)-10 b(ou)150 2243 y Ft(complete)28 b(\(TAB\))630
16874 2353 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)c(to)f(p)s(erform)e(completion)j(on)f(the)g(text)g
16875 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)39 b(The)22 b(actual)i(completion)630
16876 2462 y(p)s(erformed)33 b(is)h(application-sp)s(eci\014c.)53
16877 b(Bash)35 b(attempts)g(completion)g(treating)h(the)e(text)630
16878 2572 y(as)39 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(\(if)h(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
16879 (with)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu('\),)j(username)c(\(if)i(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
16880 (with)630 2681 y(`)p Ft(~)p Fu('\),)31 b(hostname)f(\(if)g(the)g(text)h
16881 (b)s(egins)e(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('\),)h(or)f(command)f(\(including)h
16882 (aliases)i(and)630 2791 y(functions\))j(in)f(turn.)53
16883 b(If)34 b(none)g(of)h(these)h(pro)s(duces)d(a)i(matc)m(h,)i(\014lename)
16884 e(completion)h(is)630 2901 y(attempted.)150 3072 y Ft
16885 (possible-completions)25 b(\(M-?\))630 3182 y Fu(List)35
16886 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(of)e(the)h(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s
16887 (oin)m(t.)54 b(When)34 b(displa)m(ying)h(com-)630 3291
16888 y(pletions,)f(Readline)f(sets)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(columns)f
16889 (used)f(for)i(displa)m(y)f(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33
16890 b(of)630 3401 y Ft(completion-display-width)o Fu(,)g(the)j(v)-5
16891 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38
16892 b Ft(COLUMNS)p Fu(,)630 3510 y(or)30 b(the)h(screen)f(width,)g(in)g
16893 (that)h(order.)150 3682 y Ft(insert-completions)25 b(\(M-*\))630
16894 3791 y Fu(Insert)30 b(all)h(completions)h(of)f(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)f
16895 (p)s(oin)m(t)h(that)g(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(generated)630
16896 3901 y(b)m(y)g Ft(possible-completions)p Fu(.)150 4073
16897 y Ft(menu-complete)d(\(\))630 4182 y Fu(Similar)d(to)g
16898 Ft(complete)p Fu(,)f(but)h(replaces)g(the)g(w)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f
16899 (completed)i(with)e(a)i(single)f(matc)m(h)630 4292 y(from)37
16900 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)64 b(Rep)s(eated)39
16901 b(execution)g(of)f Ft(menu-complete)630 4401 y Fu(steps)i(through)g
16902 (the)g(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions,)k(inserting)c(eac)m(h)i
16903 (matc)m(h)f(in)f(turn.)630 4511 y(A)m(t)e(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)g(list)g
16904 (of)g(completions,)i(the)e(b)s(ell)g(is)g(rung)f(\(sub)5
16905 b(ject)36 b(to)i(the)f(setting)630 4621 y(of)f Ft(bell-style)p
16906 Fu(\))e(and)h(the)h(original)i(text)f(is)f(restored.)57
16907 b(An)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)f Fr(n)f Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i
16908 Fr(n)630 4730 y Fu(p)s(ositions)e(forw)m(ard)f(in)g(the)h(list)h(of)e
16909 (matc)m(hes;)39 b(a)c(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f
16910 (used)g(to)630 4840 y(mo)m(v)m(e)40 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)g(the)g
16911 (list.)65 b(This)38 b(command)g(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(b)s
16912 (ound)e(to)630 4949 y Ft(TAB)p Fu(,)30 b(but)f(is)i(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
16913 (y)i(default.)150 5121 y Ft(menu-complete-backward)24
16914 b(\(\))630 5230 y Fu(Iden)m(tical)36 b(to)g Ft(menu-complete)p
16915 Fu(,)d(but)h(mo)m(v)m(es)j(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)f(the)i(list)f(of)g
16916 (p)s(ossible)630 5340 y(completions,)d(as)e(if)h Ft(menu-complete)26
16917 b Fu(had)k(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t.)p
16918 eop end
16919 %%Page: 125 131
16920 TeXDict begin 125 130 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16921 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(125)150 299 y Ft
16922 (delete-char-or-list)25 b(\(\))630 408 y Fu(Deletes)41
16923 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)h(under)e(the)h(cursor)f(if)h(not)g(at)g(the)h(b)s
16924 (eginning)e(or)h(end)f(of)h(the)630 518 y(line)50 b(\(lik)m(e)h
16925 Ft(delete-char)p Fu(\).)96 b(If)49 b(at)h(the)g(end)f(of)h(the)f(line,)
16926 55 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)c(iden)m(tically)g(to)630 628 y
16927 Ft(possible-completions)p Fu(.)35 b(This)30 b(command)g(is)g(un)m(b)s
16928 (ound)e(b)m(y)i(default.)150 803 y Ft(complete-filename)c(\(M-/\))630
16929 913 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(\014lename)e(completion)i(on)e(the)h(text)g(b)
16930 s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)150 1088 y Ft(possible-filename-comple)o(tion)o
16931 (s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(/\))630 1197 y Fu(List)f(the)g(p)s(ossible)f
16932 (completions)h(of)g(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)h
16933 (it)f(as)g(a)f(\014lename.)150 1373 y Ft(complete-username)e(\(M-~\))
16934 630 1482 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)
16935 e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(username.)150
16936 1658 y Ft(possible-username-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
16937 b(~\))630 1767 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f
16938 (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)f(a)g
16939 (username.)150 1942 y Ft(complete-variable)h(\(M-$\))630
16940 2052 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p)
16941 s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
16942 2227 y Ft(possible-variable-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
16943 b($\))630 2337 y Fu(List)42 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f
16944 (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)46 b(treating)d(it)f(as)g(a)h
16945 (shell)630 2446 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 2622 y Ft(complete-hostname)26
16946 b(\(M-@\))630 2731 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i
16947 (b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)150
16948 2907 y Ft(possible-hostname-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
16949 b(@\))630 3016 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)g
16950 (the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)f(as)f(a)h
16951 (hostname.)150 3191 y Ft(complete-command)h(\(M-!\))630
16952 3301 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)g(on)f(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)
16953 s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)h(it)g(as)f(a)g(command)g(name.)630
16954 3411 y(Command)46 b(completion)i(attempts)g(to)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(text)
16955 h(against)g(aliases,)53 b(reserv)m(ed)630 3520 y(w)m(ords,)36
16956 b(shell)g(functions,)h(shell)e(builtins,)i(and)e(\014nally)g
16957 (executable)i(\014lenames,)g(in)e(that)630 3630 y(order.)150
16958 3805 y Ft(possible-command-complet)o(ions)24 b(\(C-x)29
16959 b(!\))630 3915 y Fu(List)d(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)f(the)h
16960 (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)g(a)f(command)630
16961 4024 y(name.)150 4200 y Ft(dynamic-complete-history)e(\(M-TAB\))630
16962 4309 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)31 b(completion)h(on)e(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)
16963 s(oin)m(t,)g(comparing)h(the)f(text)h(against)h(lines)630
16964 4419 y(from)e(the)g(history)h(list)g(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completion)i
16965 (matc)m(hes.)150 4594 y Ft(dabbrev-expand)26 b(\(\))630
16966 4704 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)i(men)m(u)e(completion)i(on)f(the)g(text)g(b)s
16967 (efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(comparing)f(the)g(text)h(against)630
16968 4813 y(lines)j(from)e(the)i(history)f(list)h(for)g(p)s(ossible)e
16969 (completion)j(matc)m(hes.)150 4988 y Ft(complete-into-braces)25
16970 b(\(M-{\))630 5098 y Fu(P)m(erform)f(\014lename)f(completion)i(and)f
16971 (insert)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(enclosed)630
16972 5208 y(within)34 b(braces)h(so)f(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
16973 b(ailable)37 b(to)e(the)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.1)g([Brace)g
16974 (Ex-)630 5317 y(pansion],)30 b(page)h(21\).)p eop end
16975 %%Page: 126 132
16976 TeXDict begin 126 131 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16977 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(126)150 299 y Fk(8.4.7)63
16978 b(Keyb)s(oard)41 b(Macros)150 469 y Ft(start-kbd-macro)26
16979 b(\(C-x)j(\(\))630 579 y Fu(Begin)i(sa)m(ving)h(the)e(c)m(haracters)i
16980 (t)m(yp)s(ed)e(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eyb)s(oard)g(macro.)150
16981 735 y Ft(end-kbd-macro)d(\(C-x)i(\)\))630 845 y Fu(Stop)e(sa)m(ving)h
16982 (the)g(c)m(haracters)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(in)m(to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)g(k)m
16983 (eyb)s(oard)g(macro)h(and)f(sa)m(v)m(e)i(the)630 954
16984 y(de\014nition.)150 1110 y Ft(call-last-kbd-macro)c(\(C-x)k(e\))630
16985 1220 y Fu(Re-execute)37 b(the)e(last)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard)f(macro)h
16986 (de\014ned,)f(b)m(y)h(making)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the)630
16987 1329 y(macro)c(app)s(ear)f(as)g(if)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(at)h(the)f(k)m(eyb)s
16988 (oard.)150 1486 y Ft(print-last-kbd-macro)25 b(\(\))630
16989 1595 y Fu(Prin)m(t)30 b(the)h(last)g(k)m(eb)s(oard)f(macro)h(de\014ned)
16990 e(in)i(a)f(format)h(suitable)g(for)f(the)h Fr(inputrc)k
16991 Fu(\014le.)150 1791 y Fk(8.4.8)63 b(Some)41 b(Miscellaneous)i(Commands)
16992 150 1962 y Ft(re-read-init-file)26 b(\(C-x)j(C-r\))630
16993 2071 y Fu(Read)22 b(in)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(the)g
16994 Fr(inputrc)27 b Fu(\014le,)d(and)d(incorp)s(orate)h(an)m(y)h(bindings)d
16995 (or)i(v)-5 b(ariable)630 2181 y(assignmen)m(ts)31 b(found)e(there.)150
16996 2337 y Ft(abort)g(\(C-g\))630 2447 y Fu(Ab)s(ort)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f
16997 (editing)h(command)f(and)g(ring)h(the)f(terminal's)h(b)s(ell)g(\(sub)5
16998 b(ject)26 b(to)i(the)630 2556 y(setting)j(of)g Ft(bell-style)p
16999 Fu(\).)150 2712 y Ft(do-uppercase-version)25 b(\(M-a,)k(M-b,)g(M-)p
17000 Fj(x)p Ft(,)g(...)o(\))630 2822 y Fu(If)e(the)h(meta\014ed)g(c)m
17001 (haracter)h Fr(x)34 b Fu(is)28 b(lo)m(w)m(ercase,)i(run)d(the)g
17002 (command)h(that)g(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k(the)630 2932 y(corresp)s(onding)
17003 g(upp)s(ercase)h(c)m(haracter.)150 3088 y Ft(prefix-meta)d(\(ESC\))630
17004 3197 y Fu(Metafy)39 b(the)e(next)h(c)m(haracter)h(t)m(yp)s(ed.)62
17005 b(This)37 b(is)g(for)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards)f(without)g(a)h(meta)g(k)m(ey)-8
17006 b(.)630 3307 y(T)m(yping)30 b(`)p Ft(ESC)g(f)p Fu(')g(is)h(equiv)-5
17007 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g(t)m(yping)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 3463
17008 y Ft(undo)e(\(C-_)g(or)h(C-x)g(C-u\))630 3573 y Fu(Incremen)m(tal)h
17009 (undo,)f(separately)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(line.)150
17010 3729 y Ft(revert-line)27 b(\(M-r\))630 3838 y Fu(Undo)33
17011 b(all)h(c)m(hanges)g(made)f(to)h(this)f(line.)49 b(This)32
17012 b(is)h(lik)m(e)i(executing)f(the)f Ft(undo)f Fu(command)630
17013 3948 y(enough)e(times)h(to)g(get)h(bac)m(k)f(to)g(the)f(b)s(eginning.)
17014 150 4104 y Ft(tilde-expand)d(\(M-&\))630 4214 y Fu(P)m(erform)j(tilde)h
17015 (expansion)g(on)f(the)g(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord.)150 4370
17016 y Ft(set-mark)d(\(C-@\))630 4480 y Fu(Set)33 b(the)g(mark)f(to)i(the)f
17017 (p)s(oin)m(t.)48 b(If)32 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g
17018 (supplied,)f(the)h(mark)g(is)f(set)630 4589 y(to)f(that)g(p)s(osition.)
17019 150 4745 y Ft(exchange-point-and-mark)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-x\))630
17020 4855 y Fu(Sw)m(ap)i(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)g(the)g(mark.)43
17021 b(The)31 b(curren)m(t)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)i(is)f(set)h(to)f(the)h
17022 (sa)m(v)m(ed)630 4965 y(p)s(osition,)f(and)e(the)i(old)g(cursor)e(p)s
17023 (osition)i(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(as)e(the)h(mark.)150 5121
17024 y Ft(character-search)26 b(\(C-]\))630 5230 y Fu(A)f(c)m(haracter)h(is)
17025 f(read)g(and)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(next)g(o)s
17026 (ccurrence)g(of)g(that)g(c)m(haracter.)630 5340 y(A)30
17027 b(negativ)m(e)j(coun)m(t)e(searc)m(hes)g(for)f(previous)g(o)s
17028 (ccurrences.)p eop end
17029 %%Page: 127 133
17030 TeXDict begin 127 132 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17031 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(127)150 299 y Ft
17032 (character-search-backwar)o(d)24 b(\(M-C-]\))630 408
17033 y Fu(A)45 b(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)
17034 m(ed)h(to)f(the)g(previous)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)g(that)630
17035 518 y(c)m(haracter.)d(A)31 b(negativ)m(e)h(coun)m(t)f(searc)m(hes)h
17036 (for)e(subsequen)m(t)f(o)s(ccurrences.)150 722 y Ft(skip-csi-sequence)d
17037 (\(\))630 831 y Fu(Read)i(enough)f(c)m(haracters)h(to)g(consume)f(a)h
17038 (m)m(ulti-k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(suc)m(h)f(as)g(those)h(de\014ned)630
17039 941 y(for)37 b(k)m(eys)h(lik)m(e)g(Home)g(and)f(End.)60
17040 b(Suc)m(h)37 b(sequences)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(Con)m(trol)g(Sequence)
17041 630 1050 y(Indicator)f(\(CSI\),)f(usually)h(ESC-[.)59
17042 b(If)36 b(this)g(sequence)h(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k Ft("\\)p
17043 Fu(e[)p Ft(")p Fu(,)g(k)m(eys)f(pro-)630 1160 y(ducing)31
17044 b(suc)m(h)h(sequences)g(will)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(no)f(e\013ect)h(unless)e
17045 (explicitly)j(b)s(ound)c(to)i(a)h(readline)630 1270 y(command,)f
17046 (instead)g(of)g(inserting)g(stra)m(y)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g(the)f
17047 (editing)h(bu\013er.)44 b(This)31 b(is)630 1379 y(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
17048 (y)i(default,)h(but)f(usually)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(ESC-[.)150
17049 1583 y Ft(insert-comment)26 b(\(M-#\))630 1692 y Fu(Without)36
17050 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
17051 b(of)g(the)g Ft(comment-begin)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)36
17052 b(is)g(in-)630 1802 y(serted)c(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)f
17053 (curren)m(t)h(line.)45 b(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)g
17054 (supplied,)630 1911 y(this)k(command)h(acts)g(as)g(a)g(toggle:)55
17055 b(if)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)i(at)g(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)g
17056 (line)630 2021 y(do)30 b(not)h(matc)m(h)h(the)f(v)-5
17057 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft(comment-begin)p Fu(,)e(the)i(v)-5
17058 b(alue)31 b(is)g(inserted,)g(otherwise)g(the)630 2131
17059 y(c)m(haracters)42 b(in)d Ft(comment-begin)e Fu(are)j(deleted)h(from)f
17060 (the)g(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)g(line.)71 b(In)630 2240
17061 y(either)37 b(case,)j(the)e(line)f(is)g(accepted)i(as)e(if)g(a)g
17062 (newline)g(had)g(b)s(een)f(t)m(yp)s(ed.)60 b(The)37 b(default)630
17063 2350 y(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g Ft(comment-begin)c Fu(causes)k(this)f
17064 (command)h(to)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g(a)g(shell)630
17065 2459 y(commen)m(t.)40 b(If)26 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(causes)g
17066 (the)f(commen)m(t)i(c)m(haracter)g(to)f(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed,)630
17067 2569 y(the)31 b(line)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(executed)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell.)
17068 150 2772 y Ft(dump-functions)26 b(\(\))630 2882 y Fu(Prin)m(t)g(all)i
17069 (of)e(the)h(functions)f(and)g(their)g(k)m(ey)h(bindings)e(to)j(the)e
17070 (Readline)h(output)f(stream.)630 2992 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g
17071 (argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h(output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f
17072 (suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)630 3101 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i
17073 (part)f(of)g(an)h Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29
17074 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(b)m(y)k(default.)150
17075 3305 y Ft(dump-variables)26 b(\(\))630 3414 y Fu(Prin)m(t)21
17076 b(all)h(of)g(the)f(settable)i(v)-5 b(ariables)22 b(and)f(their)g(v)-5
17077 b(alues)22 b(to)g(the)f(Readline)h(output)f(stream.)630
17078 3524 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h
17079 (output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)630
17080 3634 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h Fr(inputrc)k
17081 Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(b)m(y)k
17082 (default.)150 3837 y Ft(dump-macros)c(\(\))630 3947 y
17083 Fu(Prin)m(t)34 b(all)g(of)g(the)g(Readline)g(k)m(ey)h(sequences)f(b)s
17084 (ound)e(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)h(strings)g(they)630
17085 4056 y(output.)53 b(If)35 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)e
17086 (supplied,)h(the)g(output)g(is)f(formatted)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(a)630
17087 4166 y(w)m(a)m(y)c(that)g(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(made)g(part)f(of)i(an)e
17088 Fr(inputrc)35 b Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound)
17089 d(b)m(y)630 4275 y(default.)150 4479 y Ft(glob-complete-word)e(\(M-g\))
17090 630 4589 y Fu(The)i(w)m(ord)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)h
17091 (as)f(a)h(pattern)f(for)f(pathname)h(expansion,)g(with)g(an)630
17092 4698 y(asterisk)d(implicitly)h(app)s(ended.)37 b(This)23
17093 b(pattern)i(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hing)630
17094 4808 y(\014le)30 b(names)h(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)150
17095 5011 y Ft(glob-expand-word)c(\(C-x)j(*\))630 5121 y Fu(The)40
17096 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)g(as)g(a)g(pattern)g
17097 (for)f(pathname)g(expansion,)k(and)630 5230 y(the)c(list)g(of)f(matc)m
17098 (hing)i(\014le)e(names)g(is)h(inserted,)h(replacing)g(the)e(w)m(ord.)67
17099 b(If)39 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)630 5340 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)f(supplied,)g
17100 (a)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)f(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g
17101 (expansion.)p eop end
17102 %%Page: 128 134
17103 TeXDict begin 128 133 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17104 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(128)150 299 y Ft
17105 (glob-list-expansions)25 b(\(C-x)k(g\))630 408 y Fu(The)k(list)h(of)f
17106 (expansions)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)f(generated)h(b)m
17107 (y)f Ft(glob-expand-word)630 518 y Fu(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(and)e
17108 (the)h(line)g(is)f(redra)m(wn.)50 b(If)33 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m
17109 (t)g(is)f(supplied,)h(a)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')630 628 y(is)c(app)s(ended)f
17110 (b)s(efore)h(pathname)g(expansion.)150 803 y Ft(display-shell-version)
17111 25 b(\(C-x)k(C-v\))630 912 y Fu(Displa)m(y)j(v)m(ersion)e(information)h
17112 (ab)s(out)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(instance)h(of)f(Bash.)150
17113 1088 y Ft(shell-expand-line)c(\(M-C-e\))630 1197 y Fu(Expand)34
17114 b(the)h(line)h(as)g(the)f(shell)h(do)s(es.)55 b(This)34
17115 b(p)s(erforms)g(alias)i(and)f(history)g(expansion)630
17116 1307 y(as)f(w)m(ell)g(as)g(all)h(of)e(the)h(shell)g(w)m(ord)f
17117 (expansions)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5)h([Shell)e(Expansions],)630
17118 1416 y(page)e(21\).)150 1592 y Ft(history-expand-line)25
17119 b(\(M-^\))630 1701 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(expansion)f(on)g(the)
17120 h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150 1876 y Ft(magic-space)d(\(\))630
17121 1986 y Fu(P)m(erform)c(history)g(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g
17122 (line)g(and)g(insert)g(a)g(space)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.3)630
17123 2096 y([History)31 b(In)m(teraction],)i(page)e(139\).)150
17124 2271 y Ft(alias-expand-line)26 b(\(\))630 2380 y Fu(P)m(erform)i(alias)
17125 i(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)h
17126 ([Aliases],)g(page)f(90\).)150 2556 y Ft(history-and-alias-expand)o
17127 (-lin)o(e)24 b(\(\))630 2665 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(and)e
17128 (alias)j(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150
17129 2840 y Ft(insert-last-argument)25 b(\(M-.)k(or)h(M-_\))630
17130 2950 y Fu(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(yank-last-arg)p Fu(.)150
17131 3125 y Ft(operate-and-get-next)25 b(\(C-o\))630 3235
17132 y Fu(Accept)42 b(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)f(for)h(execution)g(and)f
17133 (fetc)m(h)i(the)e(next)h(line)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e(the)630
17134 3344 y(curren)m(t)30 b(line)h(from)f(the)g(history)h(for)f(editing.)41
17135 b(An)m(y)31 b(argumen)m(t)f(is)h(ignored.)150 3520 y
17136 Ft(edit-and-execute-command)24 b(\(C-xC-e\))630 3629
17137 y Fu(In)m(v)m(ok)m(e)34 b(an)f(editor)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f
17138 (command)h(line,)h(and)e(execute)i(the)f(result)g(as)g(shell)630
17139 3739 y(commands.)81 b(Bash)44 b(attempts)h(to)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h
17140 Ft($VISUAL)p Fu(,)f Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(,)h(and)d Ft(emacs)g
17141 Fu(as)h(the)630 3848 y(editor,)31 b(in)f(that)h(order.)150
17142 4113 y Fs(8.5)68 b(Readline)47 b(vi)e(Mo)t(de)150 4272
17143 y Fu(While)32 b(the)g(Readline)g(library)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h
17144 (a)f(full)f(set)h(of)g Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)h(functions,)f(it)h(do)s(es)g
17145 (con)m(tain)150 4382 y(enough)i(to)h(allo)m(w)g(simple)f(editing)h(of)f
17146 (the)g(line.)52 b(The)34 b(Readline)g Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)s(de)f(b)s(eha)m(v)
17147 m(es)i(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)150 4491 y(the)e Fm(posix)e
17148 Fu(standard.)275 4642 y(In)35 b(order)g(to)i(switc)m(h)f(in)m(teractiv)
17149 m(ely)j(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)d Ft(emacs)f Fu(and)g Ft(vi)g
17150 Fu(editing)h(mo)s(des,)h(use)f(the)g(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)150
17151 4751 y(emacs)p Fu(')43 b(and)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)f(vi)p
17152 Fu(')44 b(commands)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)j
17153 (page)e(60\).)83 b(The)150 4861 y(Readline)31 b(default)g(is)f
17154 Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de.)275 5011 y(When)g(y)m(ou)i(en)m(ter)f(a)h(line)f
17155 (in)g Ft(vi)f Fu(mo)s(de,)h(y)m(ou)h(are)f(already)h(placed)f(in)g
17156 (`insertion')g(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(if)f(y)m(ou)150 5121 y(had)f(t)m(yp)s
17157 (ed)g(an)g(`)p Ft(i)p Fu('.)41 b(Pressing)29 b Ft(ESC)f
17158 Fu(switc)m(hes)i(y)m(ou)g(in)m(to)h(`command')e(mo)s(de,)h(where)e(y)m
17159 (ou)i(can)g(edit)g(the)150 5230 y(text)35 b(of)f(the)g(line)g(with)f
17160 (the)h(standard)f Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(k)m(eys,)g(mo)m(v)m(e)
17161 f(to)f(previous)g(history)f(lines)h(with)150 5340 y(`)p
17162 Ft(k)p Fu(')d(and)e(subsequen)m(t)h(lines)h(with)f(`)p
17163 Ft(j)p Fu(',)g(and)g(so)h(forth.)p eop end
17164 %%Page: 129 135
17165 TeXDict begin 129 134 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17166 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(129)150 299 y Fs(8.6)68
17167 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)150 458 y Fu(When)25 b(w)m(ord)g
17168 (completion)i(is)f(attempted)g(for)g(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(a)g
17169 (command)f(for)h(whic)m(h)f(a)h(completion)150 568 y(sp)s
17170 (eci\014cation)40 b(\(a)h Fr(compsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\))39
17171 b(has)h(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)f(using)h(the)h Ft(complete)d
17172 Fu(builtin)j(\(see)g(Section)h(8.7)150 677 y([Programmable)h
17173 (Completion)f(Builtins],)k(page)d(131\),)j(the)c(programmable)g
17174 (completion)i(facilities)150 787 y(are)31 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)275
17175 936 y(First,)23 b(the)e(command)g(name)g(is)h(iden)m(ti\014ed.)37
17176 b(If)21 b(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)g(for)h(that)h
17177 (command,)150 1046 y(the)44 b(compsp)s(ec)g(is)g(used)f(to)h(generate)i
17178 (the)e(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(for)e(the)h(w)m(ord.)81
17179 b(If)44 b(the)150 1156 y(command)36 b(w)m(ord)g(is)g(the)g(empt)m(y)h
17180 (string)f(\(completion)i(attempted)f(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)h(an)
17181 h(empt)m(y)150 1265 y(line\),)30 b(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)f
17182 (with)h(the)h Ft(-E)e Fu(option)i(to)g Ft(complete)d
17183 Fu(is)i(used.)40 b(If)29 b(the)g(command)g(w)m(ord)150
17184 1375 y(is)e(a)h(full)e(pathname,)i(a)g(compsp)s(ec)e(for)h(the)g(full)g
17185 (pathname)g(is)g(searc)m(hed)h(for)f(\014rst.)39 b(If)26
17186 b(no)h(compsp)s(ec)g(is)150 1484 y(found)22 b(for)g(the)h(full)g
17187 (pathname,)h(an)f(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)g(\014nd)f(a)h(compsp)s(ec)f
17188 (for)h(the)g(p)s(ortion)f(follo)m(wing)150 1594 y(the)34
17189 b(\014nal)g(slash.)53 b(If)34 b(those)g(searc)m(hes)i(do)e(not)g
17190 (result)h(in)f(a)g(compsp)s(ec,)h(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)f
17191 (with)150 1704 y(the)e Ft(-D)e Fu(option)i(to)g Ft(complete)d
17192 Fu(is)j(used)e(as)i(the)g(default.)275 1853 y(Once)j(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g
17193 (has)g(b)s(een)f(found,)h(it)h(is)f(used)f(to)i(generate)h(the)e(list)h
17194 (of)f(matc)m(hing)h(w)m(ords.)51 b(If)150 1963 y(a)37
17195 b(compsp)s(ec)f(is)g(not)h(found,)f(the)h(default)f(Bash)h(completion)g
17196 (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(8.4.6)150
17197 2072 y([Commands)30 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(Completion],)g(page)g(124\))h(is)f
17198 (p)s(erformed.)275 2222 y(First,)g(the)g(actions)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m
17199 (y)h(the)f(compsp)s(ec)h(are)g(used.)40 b(Only)30 b(matc)m(hes)i(whic)m
17200 (h)e(are)h(pre\014xed)150 2331 y(b)m(y)h(the)f(w)m(ord)h(b)s(eing)f
17201 (completed)h(are)g(returned.)44 b(When)31 b(the)h Ft(-f)f
17202 Fu(or)h Ft(-d)f Fu(option)h(is)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)150
17203 2441 y(or)e(directory)h(name)f(completion,)i(the)e(shell)h(v)-5
17204 b(ariable)31 b Ft(FIGNORE)d Fu(is)i(used)f(to)i(\014lter)g(the)f(matc)m
17205 (hes.)42 b(See)150 2550 y(Section)31 b(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8
17206 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(71,)g(for)f(a)h(description)g(of)f
17207 Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)275 2700 y(An)m(y)22 b(completions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
17208 (b)m(y)g(a)h(\014lename)f(expansion)h(pattern)f(to)h(the)g
17209 Ft(-G)e Fu(option)i(are)g(generated)150 2809 y(next.)41
17210 b(The)29 b(w)m(ords)g(generated)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(pattern)f(need)h(not)f
17211 (matc)m(h)i(the)f(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)41
17212 b(The)150 2919 y Ft(GLOBIGNORE)29 b Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32
17213 b(is)g(not)g(used)e(to)i(\014lter)g(the)g(matc)m(hes,)h(but)d(the)i
17214 Ft(FIGNORE)e Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)150 3029 y(is)30
17215 b(used.)275 3178 y(Next,)39 b(the)f(string)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(the)
17216 g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-W)f Fu(option)i(is)f(considered.)60
17217 b(The)37 b(string)150 3288 y(is)c(\014rst)e(split)i(using)f(the)h(c)m
17218 (haracters)h(in)e(the)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)j(v)-5
17219 b(ariable)33 b(as)g(delimiters.)48 b(Shell)32 b(quoting)h(is)150
17220 3397 y(honored.)56 b(Eac)m(h)37 b(w)m(ord)e(is)h(then)f(expanded)g
17221 (using)h(brace)g(expansion,)h(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)150
17222 3507 y(and)44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)46 b(expansion,)j(command)44
17223 b(substitution,)49 b(and)44 b(arithmetic)i(expansion,)j(as)c(describ)s
17224 (ed)150 3616 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)38 b(\(see)f(Section)h(3.5)g([Shell)e
17225 (Expansions],)i(page)f(21\).)61 b(The)36 b(results)h(are)g(split)f
17226 (using)h(the)f(rules)150 3726 y(describ)s(ed)29 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
17227 (\(see)f(Section)h(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)30 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(30\).)
17228 42 b(The)30 b(results)f(of)h(the)g(expansion)150 3836
17229 y(are)f(pre\014x-matc)m(hed)h(against)g(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(eing)f
17230 (completed,)j(and)d(the)i(matc)m(hing)g(w)m(ords)e(b)s(ecome)i(the)150
17231 3945 y(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)275 4095 y(After)f(these)g(matc)m
17232 (hes)i(ha)m(v)m(e)f(b)s(een)f(generated,)h(an)m(y)g(shell)f(function)g
17233 (or)g(command)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)150 4204 y(the)36
17234 b Ft(-F)f Fu(and)g Ft(-C)g Fu(options)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)59
17235 b(When)35 b(the)h(command)g(or)f(function)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)i
17236 (the)e Ft(COMP_)150 4314 y(LINE)p Fu(,)42 b Ft(COMP_POINT)p
17237 Fu(,)d Ft(COMP_KEY)p Fu(,)i(and)e Ft(COMP_TYPE)f Fu(v)-5
17238 b(ariables)41 b(are)f(assigned)g(v)-5 b(alues)41 b(as)f(describ)s(ed)
17239 150 4423 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)34 b(\(see)g(Section)g(5.2)g([Bash)f(V)-8
17240 b(ariables],)36 b(page)d(71\).)50 b(If)33 b(a)g(shell)g(function)g(is)g
17241 (b)s(eing)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k(the)150 4533 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)j
17242 Fu(and)i Ft(COMP_CWORD)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)42 b(are)g(also)h(set.)74
17243 b(When)41 b(the)h(function)f(or)h(command)f(is)150 4643
17244 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)c(the)e(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h(\($1\))h(is)e(the)h
17245 (name)g(of)f(the)h(command)f(whose)h(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(b)s(eing)150
17246 4752 y(completed,)30 b(the)f(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(\($2\))h(is)f(the)g
17247 (w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed,)i(and)e(the)h(third)e(argumen)m(t)150
17248 4862 y(\($3\))40 b(is)f(the)f(w)m(ord)h(preceding)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s
17249 (eing)g(completed)i(on)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f(command)h(line.)65
17250 b(No)150 4971 y(\014ltering)33 b(of)h(the)f(generated)h(completions)g
17251 (against)h(the)e(w)m(ord)g(b)s(eing)f(completed)i(is)g(p)s(erformed;)f
17252 (the)150 5081 y(function)d(or)g(command)h(has)f(complete)i(freedom)e
17253 (in)g(generating)h(the)g(matc)m(hes.)275 5230 y(An)m(y)j(function)h(sp)
17254 s(eci\014ed)f(with)g Ft(-F)g Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(\014rst.)53
17255 b(The)35 b(function)f(ma)m(y)h(use)g(an)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(shell)150
17256 5340 y(facilities,)50 b(including)44 b(the)h Ft(compgen)d
17257 Fu(and)i Ft(compopt)e Fu(builtins)i(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)
17258 i(Section)f(8.7)p eop end
17259 %%Page: 130 136
17260 TeXDict begin 130 135 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17261 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(130)150 299 y([Programmable)31
17262 b(Completion)h(Builtins],)f(page)h(131\),)g(to)g(generate)g(the)f(matc)
17263 m(hes.)42 b(It)31 b(m)m(ust)g(put)f(the)150 408 y(p)s(ossible)g
17264 (completions)h(in)f(the)h Ft(COMPREPLY)d Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5
17265 b(ariable,)31 b(one)g(p)s(er)e(arra)m(y)i(elemen)m(t.)275
17266 542 y(Next,)26 b(an)m(y)f(command)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)g(the)h
17267 Ft(-C)f Fu(option)h(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)e(an)g(en)m(vironmen)m
17268 (t)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)150 652 y(to)26 b(command)e(substitution.)39
17269 b(It)25 b(should)f(prin)m(t)h(a)g(list)h(of)f(completions,)i(one)e(p)s
17270 (er)f(line,)j(to)f(the)f(standard)150 762 y(output.)40
17271 b(Bac)m(kslash)32 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(escap)s(e)g(a)f
17272 (newline,)h(if)f(necessary)-8 b(.)275 896 y(After)24
17273 b(all)i(of)f(the)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(are)f(generated,)i(an)m
17274 (y)e(\014lter)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(with)i(the)g Ft(-X)e
17275 Fu(option)150 1005 y(is)34 b(applied)g(to)g(the)h(list.)52
17276 b(The)33 b(\014lter)h(is)g(a)h(pattern)f(as)g(used)f(for)h(pathname)g
17277 (expansion;)i(a)e(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')g(in)g(the)150 1115
17278 y(pattern)28 b(is)f(replaced)h(with)g(the)f(text)i(of)f(the)f(w)m(ord)h
17279 (b)s(eing)f(completed.)40 b(A)28 b(literal)h(`)p Ft(&)p
17280 Fu(')f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(escap)s(ed)150 1224 y(with)38
17281 b(a)h(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)38 b(bac)m(kslash)h(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)g(b)s
17282 (efore)f(attempting)h(a)g(matc)m(h.)65 b(An)m(y)39 b(completion)150
17283 1334 y(that)32 b(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(pattern)g(will)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m
17284 (ed)h(from)f(the)h(list.)44 b(A)32 b(leading)g(`)p Ft(!)p
17285 Fu(')f(negates)i(the)f(pattern;)150 1443 y(in)d(this)g(case)h(an)m(y)g
17286 (completion)h(not)e(matc)m(hing)h(the)g(pattern)f(will)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m
17287 (v)m(ed.)42 b(If)29 b(the)g Ft(nocasematch)150 1553 y
17288 Fu(shell)k(option)f(\(see)i(the)e(description)g(of)h
17289 Ft(shopt)e Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)h(page)g
17290 (64\))h(is)150 1663 y(enabled,)d(the)f(matc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed)e
17291 (without)h(regard)g(to)h(the)g(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m
17292 (haracters.)275 1797 y(Finally)-8 b(,)42 b(an)m(y)c(pre\014x)g(and)f
17293 (su\016x)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)i(the)f Ft(-P)g Fu(and)g
17294 Ft(-S)f Fu(options)i(are)g(added)f(to)h(eac)m(h)150 1906
17295 y(mem)m(b)s(er)31 b(of)g(the)h(completion)h(list,)f(and)f(the)h(result)
17296 f(is)h(returned)e(to)i(the)g(Readline)g(completion)h(co)s(de)150
17297 2016 y(as)e(the)f(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)275
17298 2150 y(If)d(the)h(previously-applied)f(actions)i(do)f(not)g(generate)h
17299 (an)m(y)f(matc)m(hes,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-o)h(dirnames)d
17300 Fu(op-)150 2259 y(tion)j(w)m(as)f(supplied)f(to)i Ft(complete)d
17301 Fu(when)h(the)h(compsp)s(ec)g(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g(directory)g(name)h
17302 (completion)150 2369 y(is)h(attempted.)275 2503 y(If)35
17303 b(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(plusdirs)j Fu(option)j(w)m(as)g(supplied)e(to)i
17304 Ft(complete)e Fu(when)g(the)i(compsp)s(ec)f(w)m(as)h(de\014ned,)150
17305 2612 y(directory)g(name)f(completion)i(is)e(attempted)h(and)f(an)m(y)h
17306 (matc)m(hes)g(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(results)g(of)h(the)150
17307 2722 y(other)31 b(actions.)275 2856 y(By)g(default,)i(if)e(a)h(compsp)s
17308 (ec)f(is)h(found,)f(whatev)m(er)h(it)g(generates)h(is)e(returned)g(to)h
17309 (the)g(completion)150 2966 y(co)s(de)21 b(as)g(the)g(full)g(set)g(of)g
17310 (p)s(ossible)f(completions.)39 b(The)20 b(default)h(Bash)g(completions)
17311 h(are)g(not)f(attempted,)150 3075 y(and)30 b(the)g(Readline)h(default)f
17312 (of)g(\014lename)h(completion)g(is)f(disabled.)41 b(If)29
17313 b(the)i Ft(-o)e(bashdefault)e Fu(option)150 3185 y(w)m(as)d(supplied)e
17314 (to)j Ft(complete)c Fu(when)i(the)g(compsp)s(ec)h(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g
17315 (the)f(default)h(Bash)g(completions)h(are)150 3294 y(attempted)j(if)f
17316 (the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(generates)h(no)f(matc)m(hes.)41
17317 b(If)27 b(the)g Ft(-o)j(default)25 b Fu(option)j(w)m(as)f(supplied)f
17318 (to)150 3404 y Ft(complete)f Fu(when)h(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(w)m(as)i
17319 (de\014ned,)e(Readline's)i(default)f(completion)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(p)s
17320 (erformed)150 3513 y(if)k(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(\(and,)g(if)h(attempted,)
17321 g(the)g(default)f(Bash)h(completions\))h(generate)g(no)e(matc)m(hes.)
17322 275 3647 y(When)20 b(a)i(compsp)s(ec)e(indicates)i(that)g(directory)g
17323 (name)f(completion)h(is)f(desired,)i(the)e(programmable)150
17324 3757 y(completion)31 b(functions)e(force)i(Readline)f(to)h(app)s(end)d
17325 (a)i(slash)g(to)g(completed)h(names)e(whic)m(h)h(are)g(sym-)150
17326 3867 y(b)s(olic)40 b(links)g(to)h(directories,)j(sub)5
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17330 b Fu(Readline)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 4110 y(There)25
17331 b(is)i(some)g(supp)s(ort)e(for)h(dynamically)h(mo)s(difying)f
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17335 (for)g(shell)150 4329 y(functions)28 b(executed)h(as)f(completion)i
17336 (handlers)d(to)i(indicate)g(that)g(completion)g(should)e(b)s(e)h
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17338 48 b(If)31 b(a)i(shell)f(function)g(returns)f(124,)k(and)c(c)m(hanges)j
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17344 e(compsp)s(ec)i(for)f(that)h(command.)39 b(This)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g
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17346 i(as)f(completion)h(is)f(attempted,)h(rather)f(than)f(b)s(eing)g
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17353 %%Page: 131 137
17354 TeXDict begin 131 136 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
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17392 y([-F)g Fj(function)p Ft(])e([-C)i Fj(command)p Ft(])f([-X)h
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17403 y(a)i(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(for)g(eac)m(h)h
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17410 g(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(has)d(previously)h(b)s(een)g(de\014ned.)
17411 630 4529 y(The)f Ft(-E)g Fu(option)h(indicates)h(that)f(the)g
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17426 (them)f(from)f(expansion)h(b)s(efore)g(the)g Ft(complete)e
17427 Fu(builtin)h(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)p eop end
17428 %%Page: 132 138
17429 TeXDict begin 132 137 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17430 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(132)630 299 y Ft(-o)30
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17433 (b)s(eha)m(v-)1110 518 y(ior)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)f(the)g(simple)h
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17456 (ossible)g(completions)1590 2871 y(alphab)s(etically)-8
17457 b(.)1110 3026 y Ft(nospace)144 b Fu(T)-8 b(ell)40 b(Readline)g(not)g
17458 (to)g(app)s(end)d(a)j(space)g(\(the)f(default\))h(to)1590
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17460 3290 y Ft(plusdirs)96 b Fu(After)30 b(an)m(y)h(matc)m(hes)g(de\014ned)d
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17468 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-a)p Fu(.)1110
17469 4083 y Ft(arrayvar)96 b Fu(Arra)m(y)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31
17470 b(names.)1110 4238 y Ft(binding)144 b Fu(Readline)30
17471 b(k)m(ey)f(binding)f(names)h(\(see)h(Section)f(8.4)h([Bindable)1590
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17473 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(Names)21 b(of)g(shell)f(builtin)h(commands.)37
17474 b(Ma)m(y)21 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)1590 4612
17475 y(as)31 b Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110 4766 y Ft(command)144 b Fu(Command)29
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17480 b(of)g(disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110 5340 y Ft(enabled)144
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17482 end
17483 %%Page: 133 139
17484 TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
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17496 1419 y Ft(hostname)96 b Fu(Hostnames,)89 b(as)76 b(tak)m(en)h(from)f
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17500 1797 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(Job)31 b(names,)h(if)g(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)f
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17503 b Fu(Shell)30 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32
17504 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-k)p Fu(.)1110
17505 2223 y Ft(running)144 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(running)d(jobs,)i(if)h(job)f
17506 (con)m(trol)h(is)g(activ)m(e.)1110 2381 y Ft(service)144
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17514 2917 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)
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17525 (completions.)630 4195 y Ft(-F)g Fj(function)1110 4305
17526 y Fu(The)39 b(shell)g(function)g Fr(function)g Fu(is)g(executed)h(in)f
17527 (the)g(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(en)m(vi-)1110 4415 y(ronmen)m(t.)72
17528 b(When)41 b(it)g(is)g(executed,)k($1)c(is)g(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g
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17532 (w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)h(completed,)1110 4743 y(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s
17533 (o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)f(8.6)h([Programmable)g(Completion],)1110
17534 4853 y(page)30 b(129\).)42 b(When)29 b(it)h(\014nishes,)e(the)h(p)s
17535 (ossible)g(completions)h(are)g(retriev)m(ed)1110 4963
17536 y(from)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f Ft(COMPREPLY)e
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17538 5230 y Fu(The)39 b(\014lename)h(expansion)g(pattern)g
17539 Fr(globpat)j Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(generate)1110 5340
17540 y(the)31 b(p)s(ossible)e(completions.)p eop end
17541 %%Page: 134 140
17542 TeXDict begin 134 139 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17543 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(134)630 299 y Ft(-P)30
17544 b Fj(prefix)66 b Fr(pre\014x)39 b Fu(is)34 b(added)f(at)i(the)f(b)s
17545 (eginning)f(of)i(eac)m(h)g(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)1110
17546 408 y(all)c(other)g(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(applied.)630
17547 567 y Ft(-S)g Fj(suffix)66 b Fr(su\016x)26 b Fu(is)20
17548 b(app)s(ended)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)f(all)g
17549 (other)g(options)1110 677 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(b)s(een)d(applied.)630
17550 835 y Ft(-W)h Fj(wordlist)1110 945 y Fu(The)24 b Fr(w)m(ordlist)k
17551 Fu(is)d(split)g(using)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i
17552 Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 1054 y(as)36
17553 b(delimiters,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)h(resultan)m(t)g(w)m(ord)e(is)h
17554 (expanded.)57 b(The)35 b(p)s(ossible)1110 1164 y(completions)c(are)e
17555 (the)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list)g(whic)m(h)f
17556 (matc)m(h)i(the)1110 1274 y(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)630
17557 1432 y Ft(-X)g Fj(filterpat)1110 1542 y Fr(\014lterpat)d
17558 Fu(is)e(a)g(pattern)g(as)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)g(expansion.)38
17559 b(It)25 b(is)g(applied)f(to)1110 1651 y(the)30 b(list)f(of)h(p)s
17560 (ossible)f(completions)h(generated)h(b)m(y)e(the)g(preceding)h(options)
17561 1110 1761 y(and)d(argumen)m(ts,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)i(completion)g(matc)m
17562 (hing)g Fr(\014lterpat)h Fu(is)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)1110 1871
17563 y(from)i(the)h(list.)42 b(A)30 b(leading)i(`)p Ft(!)p
17564 Fu(')e(in)g Fr(\014lterpat)j Fu(negates)f(the)f(pattern;)g(in)f(this)
17565 1110 1980 y(case,)i(an)m(y)e(completion)i(not)f(matc)m(hing)g
17566 Fr(\014lterpat)i Fu(is)d(remo)m(v)m(ed.)630 2139 y(The)35
17567 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)f(true)f(unless)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5
17568 b(alid)37 b(option)f(is)g(supplied,)g(an)g(option)h(other)630
17569 2248 y(than)h Ft(-p)g Fu(or)g Ft(-r)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f(without)i(a)f
17570 Fr(name)44 b Fu(argumen)m(t,)c(an)e(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630
17571 2358 y(remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)e(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(for)f(a)
17572 h Fr(name)k Fu(for)30 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(exists,)
17573 630 2468 y(or)f(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(adding)g(a)g(completion)i(sp)s
17574 (eci\014cation.)150 2626 y Ft(compopt)870 2760 y(compopt)46
17575 b([-o)h Fj(option)p Ft(])f([-DE])g([+o)h Fj(option)p
17576 Ft(])f([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 2894 y Fu(Mo)s(dify)33
17577 b(completion)h(options)g(for)f(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)39 b
17578 Fu(according)34 b(to)g(the)f Fr(option)p Fu(s,)i(or)e(for)g(the)630
17579 3004 y(curren)m(tly-executing)46 b(completion)f(if)f(no)f
17580 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(supplied.)80 b(If)43 b(no)h
17581 Fr(option)p Fu(s)h(are)630 3114 y(giv)m(en,)30 b(displa)m(y)e(the)g
17582 (completion)h(options)g(for)e(eac)m(h)i Fr(name)34 b
17583 Fu(or)27 b(the)i(curren)m(t)e(completion.)630 3223 y(The)f(p)s(ossible)
17584 g(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)f Fr(option)h Fu(are)g(those)g(v)-5
17585 b(alid)26 b(for)g(the)h Ft(complete)d Fu(builtin)i(describ)s(ed)630
17586 3333 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)41 b(The)28 b Ft(-D)g Fu(option)h(indicates)h
17587 (that)f(the)g(remaining)g(options)g(should)e(apply)h(to)i(the)630
17588 3442 y(\\default")j(command)f(completion;)i(that)f(is,)g(completion)g
17589 (attempted)g(on)f(a)g(command)630 3552 y(for)g(whic)m(h)g(no)g
17590 (completion)i(has)e(previously)g(b)s(een)g(de\014ned.)45
17591 b(The)32 b Ft(-E)f Fu(option)i(indicates)630 3662 y(that)24
17592 b(the)g(remaining)g(options)g(should)e(apply)h(to)i(\\empt)m(y")g
17593 (command)e(completion;)k(that)630 3771 y(is,)k(completion)g(attempted)h
17594 (on)e(a)h(blank)f(line.)630 3905 y(The)g Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(tak)m(es)i
17595 (precedence)f(o)m(v)m(er)h Ft(-E)p Fu(.)630 4039 y(The)23
17596 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(true)g(unless)f(an)h(in)m(v)-5
17597 b(alid)24 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(an)g(attempt)h(is)f(made)630
17598 4149 y(to)32 b(mo)s(dify)f(the)g(options)h(for)f(a)h
17599 Fr(name)k Fu(for)31 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f
17600 (exists,)630 4259 y(or)e(an)h(output)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)150
17601 4499 y Fs(8.8)68 b(A)44 b(Programmable)j(Completion)f(Example)150
17602 4658 y Fu(The)37 b(most)g(common)g(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)e(obtain)h
17603 (additional)g(completion)g(functionalit)m(y)h(b)s(ey)m(ond)d(the)i
17604 (default)150 4768 y(actions)29 b Ft(complete)d Fu(and)i
17605 Ft(compgen)e Fu(pro)m(vide)i(is)h(to)f(use)g(a)h(shell)f(function)g
17606 (and)g(bind)e(it)j(to)g(a)g(particular)150 4877 y(command)h(using)g
17607 Ft(complete)e(-F)p Fu(.)275 5011 y(The)j(follo)m(wing)j(function)e(pro)
17608 m(vides)g(completions)i(for)e(the)g Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)46
17609 b(It)32 b(is)h(a)f(reasonably)h(go)s(o)s(d)150 5121 y(example)e(of)f
17610 (what)g(shell)g(functions)g(m)m(ust)f(do)h(when)f(used)h(for)f
17611 (completion.)42 b(This)29 b(function)h(uses)g(the)150
17612 5230 y(w)m(ord)38 b(passsed)g(as)h Ft($2)g Fu(to)g(determine)g(the)g
17613 (directory)g(name)g(to)g(complete.)67 b(Y)-8 b(ou)40
17614 b(can)f(also)g(use)g(the)150 5340 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)28
17615 b Fu(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable;)32 b(the)e(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g
17616 (indexed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h Ft(COMP_CWORD)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)p
17617 eop end
17618 %%Page: 135 141
17619 TeXDict begin 135 140 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17620 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(135)275 299 y(The)42
17621 b(function)h(relies)h(on)e(the)i Ft(complete)c Fu(and)j
17622 Ft(compgen)e Fu(builtins)h(to)i(do)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(of)g(the)h(w)m(ork,)
17623 150 408 y(adding)25 b(only)h(the)g(things)g(that)g(the)g(Bash)g
17624 Ft(cd)f Fu(do)s(es)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(accepting)j(basic)e(directory)g
17625 (names:)38 b(tilde)150 518 y(expansion)22 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.2)g
17626 ([Tilde)g(Expansion],)g(page)g(22\),)i(searc)m(hing)e(directories)g(in)
17627 e Fr($CDP)-8 b(A)g(TH)p Fu(,)150 628 y(whic)m(h)21 b(is)h(describ)s(ed)
17628 e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f
17629 (Builtins],)j(page)e(42\),)j(and)c(basic)h(supp)s(ort)150
17630 737 y(for)31 b(the)h Ft(cdable_vars)d Fu(shell)i(option)h(\(see)h
17631 (Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(64\).)46
17632 b Ft(_comp_)150 847 y(cd)30 b Fu(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)h(v)-5
17633 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(IFS)36 b Fu(so)31 b(that)g(it)g(con)m(tains)h(only)
17634 f(a)g(newline)g(to)h(accommo)s(date)g(\014le)f(names)150
17635 956 y(con)m(taining)i(spaces)g(and)e(tabs)h({)g Ft(compgen)e
17636 Fu(prin)m(ts)h(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(it)g(generates)g(one)f
17637 (p)s(er)150 1066 y(line.)275 1230 y(P)m(ossible)24 b(completions)h(go)g
17638 (in)m(to)g(the)f Fr(COMPREPL)-8 b(Y)36 b Fu(arra)m(y)24
17639 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)26 b(one)e(completion)i(p)s(er)c(arra)m(y)150
17640 1340 y(elemen)m(t.)42 b(The)30 b(programmable)g(completion)i(system)e
17641 (retriev)m(es)h(the)g(completions)g(from)f(there)g(when)150
17642 1450 y(the)h(function)f(returns.)390 1614 y Ft(#)47 b(A)h(completion)d
17643 (function)g(for)i(the)g(cd)g(builtin)390 1724 y(#)g(based)g(on)g(the)g
17644 (cd)g(completion)e(function)h(from)g(the)h(bash_completion)d(package)
17645 390 1833 y(_comp_cd\(\))390 1943 y({)581 2052 y(local)i(IFS=$')g
17646 (\\t\\n')190 b(#)47 b(normalize)f(IFS)581 2162 y(local)g(cur)h
17647 (_skipdot)f(_cdpath)581 2271 y(local)g(i)i(j)f(k)581
17648 2491 y(#)g(Tilde)g(expansion,)e(with)h(side)h(effect)f(of)h(expanding)f
17649 (tilde)g(to)h(full)g(pathname)581 2600 y(case)g("$2")f(in)581
17650 2710 y(\\~*\))190 b(eval)46 b(cur="$2")g(;;)581 2819
17651 y(*\))286 b(cur=$2)46 b(;;)581 2929 y(esac)581 3148 y(#)h(no)h(cdpath)e
17652 (or)h(absolute)e(pathname)h(--)h(straight)f(directory)f(completion)581
17653 3258 y(if)i([[)g(-z)g("${CDPATH:-}")e(]])i(||)g([[)g("$cur")f(==)h
17654 (@\(./*|../*|/*\))d(]];)j(then)772 3367 y(#)g(compgen)f(prints)g(paths)
17655 h(one)f(per)h(line;)g(could)f(also)h(use)g(while)f(loop)772
17656 3477 y(IFS=$'\\n')772 3587 y(COMPREPLY=\()f($\(compgen)g(-d)i(--)g
17657 ("$cur"\))f(\))772 3696 y(IFS=$')g(\\t\\n')581 3806 y(#)h
17658 (CDPATH+directories)c(in)k(the)g(current)f(directory)f(if)j(not)e(in)i
17659 (CDPATH)581 3915 y(else)772 4025 y(IFS=$'\\n')772 4134
17660 y(_skipdot=false)772 4244 y(#)f(preprocess)e(CDPATH)h(to)i(convert)d
17661 (null)i(directory)e(names)i(to)g(.)772 4354 y(_cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:})
17662 772 4463 y(_cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.)o(:})772 4573 y
17663 (_cdpath=${_cdpath/\045:/:.})772 4682 y(for)g(i)g(in)g
17664 (${_cdpath//:/$'\\n'};)c(do)963 4792 y(if)k([[)g($i)g(-ef)g(.)h(]];)f
17665 (then)f(_skipdot=true;)e(fi)963 4902 y(k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}")963
17666 5011 y(for)j(j)g(in)g($\()g(compgen)f(-d)h(--)h("$i/$cur")d(\);)i(do)
17667 1154 5121 y(COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/})375 b(#)48 b(cut)f(off)f(directory)
17668 963 5230 y(done)772 5340 y(done)p eop end
17669 %%Page: 136 142
17670 TeXDict begin 136 141 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17671 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(136)772 299 y Ft($_skipdot)45
17672 b(||)i(COMPREPLY+=\()e($\(compgen)g(-d)i(--)g("$cur"\))f(\))772
17673 408 y(IFS=$')g(\\t\\n')581 518 y(fi)581 737 y(#)h(variable)f(names)g
17674 (if)h(appropriate)e(shell)i(option)f(set)h(and)f(no)i(completions)581
17675 847 y(if)f(shopt)f(-q)i(cdable_vars)c(&&)k([[)f(${#COMPREPLY[@]})c(-eq)
17676 k(0)g(]];)g(then)772 956 y(COMPREPLY=\()e($\(compgen)g(-v)i(--)g
17677 ("$cur"\))f(\))581 1066 y(fi)581 1285 y(return)g(0)390
17678 1395 y(})275 1529 y Fu(W)-8 b(e)31 b(install)g(the)g(completion)h
17679 (function)e(using)f(the)i Ft(-F)f Fu(option)h(to)g Ft(complete)p
17680 Fu(:)390 1664 y Ft(#)47 b(Tell)g(readline)f(to)h(quote)f(appropriate)f
17681 (and)i(append)f(slashes)g(to)h(directories;)390 1773
17682 y(#)g(use)g(the)g(bash)g(default)f(completion)f(for)i(other)f
17683 (arguments)390 1883 y(complete)g(-o)h(filenames)e(-o)i(nospace)f(-o)h
17684 (bashdefault)e(-F)i(_comp_cd)f(cd)150 2017 y Fu(Since)33
17685 b(w)m(e'd)g(lik)m(e)i(Bash)e(and)f(Readline)i(to)g(tak)m(e)g(care)g(of)
17686 f(some)h(of)f(the)g(other)h(details)g(for)e(us,)i(w)m(e)f(use)150
17687 2127 y(sev)m(eral)43 b(other)g(options)f(to)h(tell)g(Bash)f(and)f
17688 (Readline)i(what)f(to)g(do.)76 b(The)41 b Ft(-o)30 b(filenames)39
17689 b Fu(option)150 2237 y(tells)j(Readline)g(that)g(the)f(p)s(ossible)g
17690 (completions)h(should)f(b)s(e)f(treated)i(as)g(\014lenames,)i(and)d
17691 (quoted)150 2346 y(appropriately)-8 b(.)53 b(That)34
17692 b(option)h(will)g(also)g(cause)g(Readline)g(to)g(app)s(end)e(a)h(slash)
17693 g(to)h(\014lenames)g(it)g(can)150 2456 y(determine)i(are)g(directories)
17694 h(\(whic)m(h)g(is)f(wh)m(y)f(w)m(e)i(migh)m(t)f(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g
17695 (extend)f Ft(_comp_cd)e Fu(to)i(app)s(end)f(a)150 2565
17696 y(slash)22 b(if)g(w)m(e're)h(using)f(directories)h(found)e(via)i
17697 Fr(CDP)-8 b(A)g(TH)10 b Fu(:)37 b(Readline)23 b(can't)g(tell)g(those)g
17698 (completions)h(are)150 2675 y(directories\).)45 b(The)31
17699 b Ft(-o)f(nospace)f Fu(option)j(tells)g(Readline)g(to)h(not)e(app)s
17700 (end)f(a)i(space)g(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(the)150 2785 y(directory)c
17701 (name,)h(in)f(case)h(w)m(e)f(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)f(app)s(end)f(to)h(it.)41
17702 b(The)27 b Ft(-o)j(bashdefault)25 b Fu(option)j(brings)f(in)h(the)150
17703 2894 y(rest)h(of)f(the)h Ft(")p Fu(Bash)f(default)p Ft(")h
17704 Fu(completions)g({)g(p)s(ossible)f(completion)i(that)f(Bash)f(adds)g
17705 (to)h(the)g(default)150 3004 y(Readline)40 b(set.)68
17706 b(These)39 b(include)g(things)g(lik)m(e)i(command)e(name)g(completion,)
17707 44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(completion)150 3113 y(for)i(w)m(ords)g(b)s
17708 (eginning)f(with)h(`)p Ft({)p Fu(',)k(completions)e(con)m(taining)f
17709 (pathname)g(expansion)f(patterns)g(\(see)150 3223 y(Section)31
17710 b(3.5.8)h([Filename)g(Expansion],)e(page)i(30\),)f(and)f(so)h(on.)275
17711 3357 y(Once)39 b(installed)i(using)e Ft(complete)p Fu(,)h
17712 Ft(_comp_cd)d Fu(will)j(b)s(e)g(called)g(ev)m(ery)h(time)f(w)m(e)g
17713 (attempt)h(w)m(ord)150 3467 y(completion)32 b(for)e(a)h
17714 Ft(cd)e Fu(command.)275 3601 y(Man)m(y)34 b(more)g(examples)g({)g(an)g
17715 (extensiv)m(e)h(collection)i(of)c(completions)i(for)f(most)g(of)g(the)g
17716 (common)150 3711 y(GNU,)g(Unix,)h(and)d(Lin)m(ux)h(commands)g({)h(are)g
17717 (a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)36 b(as)e(part)f(of)h(the)f(bash)p
17718 2943 3711 28 4 v 39 w(completion)i(pro)5 b(ject.)150
17719 3821 y(This)33 b(is)h(installed)h(b)m(y)f(default)g(on)g(man)m(y)h
17720 (GNU/Lin)m(ux)f(distributions.)51 b(Originally)35 b(written)f(b)m(y)g
17721 (Ian)150 3930 y(Macdonald,)44 b(the)d(pro)5 b(ject)41
17722 b(no)m(w)f(liv)m(es)i(at)f Ft(http:)8 b(/)g(/)g(bash-completion)g(.)g
17723 (alioth)g(.)g(debi)o(an)g(.)g(org)f(/)h Fu(.)150 4040
17724 y(There)30 b(are)h(p)s(orts)e(for)h(other)h(systems)f(suc)m(h)g(as)h
17725 (Solaris)g(and)f(Mac)h(OS)f(X.)275 4174 y(An)54 b(older)h(v)m(ersion)h
17726 (of)f(the)g(bash)p 1532 4174 V 40 w(completion)h(pac)m(k)-5
17727 b(age)57 b(is)e(distributed)f(with)h(bash)f(in)h(the)150
17728 4284 y Ft(examples/complete)26 b Fu(sub)s(directory)-8
17729 b(.)p eop end
17730 %%Page: 137 143
17731 TeXDict begin 137 142 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(137)150 299
17732 y Fp(9)80 b(Using)53 b(History)g(In)l(teractiv)l(ely)150
17733 498 y Fu(This)42 b(c)m(hapter)h(describ)s(es)f(ho)m(w)g(to)h(use)g(the)
17734 f Fm(gnu)h Fu(History)g(Library)e(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8
17735 b(,)50 b(from)42 b(a)h(user's)150 607 y(standp)s(oin)m(t.)76
17736 b(It)42 b(should)f(b)s(e)h(considered)g(a)g(user's)g(guide.)76
17737 b(F)-8 b(or)43 b(information)f(on)g(using)g(the)g Fm(gnu)150
17738 717 y Fu(History)31 b(Library)f(in)g(other)g(programs,)g(see)h(the)g
17739 Fm(gnu)f Fu(Readline)h(Library)f(Man)m(ual.)150 944 y
17740 Fs(9.1)68 b(Bash)45 b(History)h(F)-11 b(acilities)150
17741 1103 y Fu(When)44 b(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(history)42 b Fu(option)i(to)h(the)
17742 f Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(enabled)g(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)h([The)e
17743 (Set)150 1213 y(Builtin],)32 b(page)g(60\),)h(the)e(shell)h(pro)m
17744 (vides)f(access)h(to)g(the)f Fr(command)g(history)p Fu(,)h(the)f(list)h
17745 (of)f(commands)150 1322 y(previously)h(t)m(yp)s(ed.)47
17746 b(The)33 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HISTSIZE)e
17747 Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(used)e(as)i(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e
17748 (of)i(com-)150 1432 y(mands)i(to)i(sa)m(v)m(e)h(in)e(a)g(history)h
17749 (list.)58 b(The)36 b(text)h(of)g(the)f(last)h Ft($HISTSIZE)d
17750 Fu(commands)i(\(default)g(500\))150 1541 y(is)h(sa)m(v)m(ed.)61
17751 b(The)36 b(shell)h(stores)h(eac)m(h)g(command)e(in)h(the)g(history)g
17752 (list)g(prior)f(to)i(parameter)f(and)f(v)-5 b(ari-)150
17753 1651 y(able)33 b(expansion)g(but)f(after)h(history)f(expansion)h(is)g
17754 (p)s(erformed,)e(sub)5 b(ject)33 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)33
17755 b(of)g(the)g(shell)150 1760 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b Ft(HISTIGNORE)d
17756 Fu(and)h Ft(HISTCONTROL)p Fu(.)275 1888 y(When)g(the)g(shell)h(starts)g
17757 (up,)f(the)h(history)f(is)h(initialized)h(from)e(the)h(\014le)f(named)g
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17759 b(\(default)g Ft(~/.bash_history)p Fu(\).)35 b(The)24
17760 b(\014le)i(named)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)h
17761 Ft(HISTFILE)c Fu(is)k(truncated,)150 2107 y(if)42 b(necessary)-8
17762 b(,)45 b(to)e(con)m(tain)g(no)f(more)g(than)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
17763 (of)h(lines)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)42
17764 b(of)g(the)150 2217 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)28 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)46
17765 b(When)31 b(a)h(shell)g(with)g(history)f(enabled)h(exits,)h(the)f(last)
17766 h Ft($HISTSIZE)c Fu(lines)150 2326 y(are)35 b(copied)g(from)g(the)g
17767 (history)f(list)i(to)f(the)g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h
17768 Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(.)51 b(If)35 b(the)g Ft(histappend)d
17769 Fu(shell)150 2436 y(option)26 b(is)g(set)g(\(see)h(Section)f(4.2)h
17770 ([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(49\),)h(the)e(lines)g(are)g(app)s(ended)e
17771 (to)i(the)g(history)150 2545 y(\014le,)36 b(otherwise)f(the)g(history)f
17772 (\014le)h(is)f(o)m(v)m(erwritten.)55 b(If)34 b Ft(HISTFILE)e
17773 Fu(is)j(unset,)g(or)g(if)f(the)h(history)f(\014le)h(is)150
17774 2655 y(un)m(writable,)f(the)f(history)g(is)g(not)h(sa)m(v)m(ed.)49
17775 b(After)34 b(sa)m(ving)g(the)f(history)-8 b(,)34 b(the)g(history)f
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17777 f Ft($HISTFILESIZE)d Fu(lines.)48 b(If)33 b Ft(HISTFILESIZE)c
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17779 y(non-n)m(umeric)c(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(or)f(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5
17780 b(alue)31 b(less)g(than)f(zero,)h(the)g(history)f(\014le)h(is)f(not)h
17781 (truncated.)275 3002 y(If)g(the)h Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)d
17782 Fu(is)j(set,)h(the)f(time)h(stamp)f(information)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)
17783 e(eac)m(h)h(history)150 3111 y(en)m(try)d(is)h(written)f(to)h(the)f
17784 (history)h(\014le,)f(mark)m(ed)h(with)f(the)g(history)g(commen)m(t)h(c)
17785 m(haracter.)43 b(When)30 b(the)150 3221 y(history)22
17786 b(\014le)h(is)g(read,)h(lines)f(b)s(eginning)e(with)i(the)f(history)h
17787 (commen)m(t)g(c)m(haracter)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(immediately)150
17788 3330 y(b)m(y)30 b(a)h(digit)g(are)g(in)m(terpreted)g(as)f(timestamps)h
17789 (for)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(history)e(en)m(try)-8 b(.)275
17790 3458 y(The)19 b(builtin)h(command)g Ft(fc)g Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f
17791 (to)i(list)g(or)g(edit)g(and)e(re-execute)j(a)f(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h
17792 (history)150 3567 y(list.)41 b(The)27 b Ft(history)f
17793 Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(displa)m(y)g(or)f(mo)s(dify)f
17794 (the)h(history)g(list)h(and)f(manipulate)150 3677 y(the)j(history)g
17795 (\014le.)42 b(When)31 b(using)f(command-line)h(editing,)h(searc)m(h)f
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17798 (history)f(list)i(\(see)f(Section)h(8.4.2)g([Commands)e(F)-8
17799 b(or)150 3896 y(History],)31 b(page)h(120\).)275 4024
17800 y(The)47 b(shell)i(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)f(o)m(v)m(er)h(whic)m(h)e
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17802 b(The)150 4133 y Ft(HISTCONTROL)25 b Fu(and)j Ft(HISTIGNORE)e
17803 Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(set)j(to)f(cause)g(the)g
17804 (shell)f(to)i(sa)m(v)m(e)g(only)f(a)g(subset)150 4243
17805 y(of)e(the)g(commands)f(en)m(tered.)40 b(The)26 b Ft(cmdhist)f
17806 Fu(shell)i(option,)h(if)f(enabled,)g(causes)h(the)e(shell)h(to)h
17807 (attempt)150 4352 y(to)23 b(sa)m(v)m(e)h(eac)m(h)f(line)g(of)f(a)h(m)m
17808 (ulti-line)g(command)f(in)g(the)h(same)f(history)g(en)m(try)-8
17809 b(,)25 b(adding)d(semicolons)h(where)150 4462 y(necessary)37
17810 b(to)f(preserv)m(e)h(syn)m(tactic)h(correctness.)58 b(The)36
17811 b Ft(lithist)e Fu(shell)i(option)h(causes)g(the)f(shell)g(to)150
17812 4572 y(sa)m(v)m(e)25 b(the)e(command)h(with)f(em)m(b)s(edded)f
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17814 Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)i(is)h(used)150 4681 y(to)31 b(set)g(these)g
17815 (options.)41 b(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g
17816 (49,)h(for)e(a)h(description)f(of)h Ft(shopt)p Fu(.)150
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17818 y Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(builtin)e(commands)g(whic)m(h)
17819 g(manipulate)g(the)h(history)f(list)h(and)f(history)g(\014le.)150
17820 5213 y Ft(fc)870 5340 y(fc)47 b([-e)g Fj(ename)p Ft(])f([-lnr])g([)p
17821 Fj(first)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(last)p Ft(])p eop end
17822 %%Page: 138 144
17823 TeXDict begin 138 143 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17824 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(138)870
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17826 Fj(command)p Ft(])630 429 y Fu(The)22 b(\014rst)g(form)f(selects)j(a)f
17827 (range)g(of)f(commands)g(from)g Fr(\014rst)i Fu(to)f
17828 Fr(last)i Fu(from)d(the)h(history)f(list)630 539 y(and)i(displa)m(ys)h
17829 (or)g(edits)h(and)e(re-executes)j(them.)39 b(Both)25
17830 b Fr(\014rst)h Fu(and)f Fr(last)j Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)
17831 630 648 y(as)31 b(a)g(string)f(\(to)i(lo)s(cate)h(the)d(most)h(recen)m
17832 (t)h(command)f(b)s(eginning)e(with)i(that)g(string\))g(or)630
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17836 h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er\).)39 b(If)27 b Fr(last)j Fu(is)e(not)f(sp)s
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17838 Fu(.)47 b(If)32 b Fr(\014rst)i Fu(is)f(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(it)h(is)g
17839 (set)g(to)h(the)f(previous)f(command)h(for)f(editing)i(and)630
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17841 Ft(-l)f Fu(\015ag)i(is)e(giv)m(en,)k(the)d(commands)f(are)i(listed)f
17842 (on)g(standard)630 1196 y(output.)59 b(The)36 b Ft(-n)h
17843 Fu(\015ag)g(suppresses)e(the)h(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(when)h
17844 (listing.)60 b(The)37 b Ft(-r)630 1306 y Fu(\015ag)e(rev)m(erses)f(the)
17845 h(order)e(of)i(the)f(listing.)53 b(Otherwise,)35 b(the)f(editor)h(giv)m
17846 (en)g(b)m(y)f Fr(ename)40 b Fu(is)630 1415 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)33
17847 b(on)f(a)g(\014le)g(con)m(taining)h(those)f(commands.)44
17848 b(If)31 b Fr(ename)38 b Fu(is)31 b(not)h(giv)m(en,)i(the)d(v)-5
17849 b(alue)630 1525 y(of)29 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(v)-5 b(ariable)29
17850 b(expansion)g(is)g(used:)39 b Ft(${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}})p
17851 Fu(.)34 b(This)630 1634 y(sa)m(ys)g(to)g(use)f(the)h(v)-5
17852 b(alue)34 b(of)f(the)h Ft(FCEDIT)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34
17853 b(if)f(set,)i(or)f(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g(the)g
17854 Ft(EDITOR)630 1744 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(if)e(that)i(is)f(set,)i(or)
17855 e Ft(vi)f Fu(if)h(neither)g(is)g(set.)66 b(When)39 b(editing)g(is)g
17856 (complete,)k(the)630 1854 y(edited)31 b(commands)f(are)g(ec)m(ho)s(ed)h
17857 (and)f(executed.)630 1984 y(In)k(the)g(second)g(form,)h
17858 Fr(command)j Fu(is)c(re-executed)i(after)f(eac)m(h)g(instance)g(of)f
17859 Fr(pat)j Fu(in)d(the)630 2093 y(selected)e(command)e(is)h(replaced)g(b)
17860 m(y)f Fr(rep)p Fu(.)41 b Fr(command)34 b Fu(is)c(in)m(tepreted)h(the)g
17861 (same)g(as)g Fr(\014rst)630 2203 y Fu(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630
17862 2333 y(A)g(useful)f(alias)i(to)g(use)e(with)h(the)g Ft(fc)f
17863 Fu(command)h(is)g Ft(r='fc)e(-s')p Fu(,)h(so)h(that)h(t)m(yping)f(`)p
17864 Ft(r)f(cc)p Fu(')630 2443 y(runs)35 b(the)h(last)h(command)f(b)s
17865 (eginning)g(with)g Ft(cc)f Fu(and)h(t)m(yping)g(`)p Ft(r)p
17866 Fu(')h(re-executes)h(the)e(last)630 2552 y(command)30
17867 b(\(see)h(Section)h(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)g(90\).)150
17868 2703 y Ft(history)870 2833 y(history)46 b([)p Fj(n)p
17869 Ft(])870 2943 y(history)g(-c)870 3052 y(history)g(-d)h
17870 Fj(offset)870 3162 y Ft(history)f([-anrw])g([)p Fj(filename)p
17871 Ft(])870 3271 y(history)g(-ps)h Fj(arg)630 3402 y Fu(With)26
17872 b(no)g(options,)h(displa)m(y)f(the)g(history)g(list)g(with)f(line)h(n)m
17873 (um)m(b)s(ers.)38 b(Lines)26 b(pre\014xed)e(with)630
17874 3511 y(a)35 b(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)
17875 53 b(An)34 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)g Fr(n)f Fu(lists)i(only)f(the)g(last)g
17876 Fr(n)f Fu(lines.)54 b(If)35 b(the)630 3621 y(shell)30
17877 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)26 b Fu(is)k(set)h(and)e(not)i
17878 (n)m(ull,)f(it)h(is)f(used)f(as)h(a)h(format)f(string)630
17879 3730 y(for)36 b Fr(strftime)41 b Fu(to)36 b(displa)m(y)g(the)g(time)h
17880 (stamp)f(asso)s(ciated)h(with)f(eac)m(h)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)f(history)630
17881 3840 y(en)m(try)-8 b(.)47 b(No)33 b(in)m(terv)m(ening)g(blank)f(is)g
17882 (prin)m(ted)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)g(formatted)f(time)h(stamp)g(and)
17883 630 3950 y(the)e(history)f(line.)630 4080 y(Options,)g(if)h(supplied,)e
17884 (ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630 4230
17885 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Clear)23 b(the)g(history)g(list.)39
17886 b(This)22 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)h(with)f(the)h(other)h
17887 (options)1110 4340 y(to)31 b(replace)g(the)g(history)f(list)h
17888 (completely)-8 b(.)630 4491 y Ft(-d)30 b Fj(offset)66
17889 b Fu(Delete)25 b(the)f(history)f(en)m(try)h(at)g(p)s(osition)f
17890 Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)39 b Fr(o\013set)27 b Fu(should)22
17891 b(b)s(e)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)1110 4600 y(as)31 b(it)g(app)s(ears)e(when)h
17892 (the)g(history)g(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed.)630 4751 y Ft(-a)384
17893 b Fu(App)s(end)28 b(the)i(new)f(history)g(lines)h(to)h(the)e(history)h
17894 (\014le.)41 b(These)29 b(are)h(history)1110 4861 y(lines)36
17895 b(en)m(tered)g(since)f(the)h(b)s(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f
17896 (Bash)h(session,)h(but)1110 4970 y(not)31 b(already)g(app)s(ended)d(to)
17897 j(the)g(history)f(\014le.)630 5121 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(App)s(end)32
17898 b(the)i(history)f(lines)h(not)g(already)g(read)g(from)f(the)h(history)f
17899 (\014le)h(to)1110 5230 y(the)26 b(curren)m(t)f(history)g(list.)40
17900 b(These)25 b(are)h(lines)g(app)s(ended)e(to)i(the)f(history)h(\014le)
17901 1110 5340 y(since)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f
17902 (Bash)h(session.)p eop end
17903 %%Page: 139 145
17904 TeXDict begin 139 144 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17905 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(139)630
17906 299 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Read)31 b(the)f(history)g(\014le)h(and)f(app)s
17907 (end)e(its)j(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(to)f(the)g(history)f(list.)630
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17909 g(list)h(to)h(the)e(history)g(\014le.)630 668 y Ft(-p)384
17910 b Fu(P)m(erform)31 b(history)f(substitution)h(on)f(the)h
17911 Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)31 b(and)f(displa)m(y)h(the)f(result)h(on)1110
17912 777 y(the)d(standard)f(output,)i(without)f(storing)g(the)g(results)g
17913 (in)g(the)g(history)g(list.)630 962 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(The)30
17914 b Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)30 b(are)h(added)f(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h(the)f
17915 (history)h(list)g(as)f(a)h(single)g(en)m(try)-8 b(.)630
17916 1146 y(When)26 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)g Ft(-w)p Fu(,)h Ft(-r)p
17917 Fu(,)g Ft(-a)p Fu(,)g(or)f Ft(-n)f Fu(options)i(is)f(used,)h(if)f
17918 Fr(\014lename)32 b Fu(is)26 b(giv)m(en,)i(then)e(it)h(is)630
17919 1256 y(used)h(as)g(the)h(history)f(\014le.)40 b(If)28
17920 b(not,)i(then)e(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(the)g Ft(HISTFILE)d
17921 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)f(used.)150 1534 y Fs(9.3)68
17922 b(History)46 b(Expansion)150 1693 y Fu(The)f(History)h(library)e(pro)m
17923 (vides)i(a)f(history)g(expansion)g(feature)h(that)g(is)f(similar)h(to)g
17924 (the)f(history)150 1803 y(expansion)g(pro)m(vided)f(b)m(y)h
17925 Ft(csh)p Fu(.)83 b(This)44 b(section)i(describ)s(es)e(the)h(syn)m(tax)h
17926 (used)e(to)i(manipulate)f(the)150 1912 y(history)30 b(information.)275
17927 2072 y(History)h(expansions)f(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(w)m(ords)g(from)g(the)h
17928 (history)f(list)h(in)m(to)g(the)g(input)f(stream,)h(making)150
17929 2182 y(it)g(easy)g(to)g(rep)s(eat)g(commands,)f(insert)g(the)h(argumen)
17930 m(ts)f(to)h(a)g(previous)f(command)g(in)m(to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)150
17931 2291 y(input)f(line,)i(or)g(\014x)f(errors)f(in)h(previous)g(commands)g
17932 (quic)m(kly)-8 b(.)275 2451 y(History)40 b(expansion)g(is)h(p)s
17933 (erformed)d(immediately)k(after)f(a)f(complete)i(line)f(is)f(read,)j(b)
17934 s(efore)d(the)150 2560 y(shell)31 b(breaks)f(it)h(in)m(to)g(w)m(ords.)
17935 275 2720 y(History)c(expansion)f(tak)m(es)i(place)f(in)f(t)m(w)m(o)i
17936 (parts.)39 b(The)26 b(\014rst)g(is)g(to)h(determine)g(whic)m(h)f(line)h
17937 (from)f(the)150 2829 y(history)i(list)g(should)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(during)
17938 g(substitution.)39 b(The)27 b(second)h(is)g(to)h(select)g(p)s(ortions)e
17939 (of)h(that)h(line)150 2939 y(for)d(inclusion)f(in)m(to)i(the)f(curren)m
17940 (t)f(one.)40 b(The)25 b(line)h(selected)h(from)f(the)g(history)f(is)h
17941 (called)h(the)f Fr(ev)m(en)m(t)p Fu(,)j(and)150 3048
17942 y(the)21 b(p)s(ortions)g(of)g(that)h(line)f(that)h(are)g(acted)g(up)s
17943 (on)e(are)h(called)h Fr(w)m(ords)p Fu(.)38 b(V)-8 b(arious)21
17944 b Fr(mo)s(di\014ers)j Fu(are)e(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150
17945 3158 y(to)35 b(manipulate)f(the)g(selected)i(w)m(ords.)51
17946 b(The)33 b(line)h(is)g(brok)m(en)g(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)e(in)h(the)g
17947 (same)h(fashion)e(that)150 3268 y(Bash)i(do)s(es,)h(so)f(that)h(sev)m
17948 (eral)g(w)m(ords)e(surrounded)f(b)m(y)i(quotes)g(are)g(considered)g
17949 (one)g(w)m(ord.)54 b(History)150 3377 y(expansions)34
17950 b(are)g(in)m(tro)s(duced)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(app)s(earance)g(of)g(the)g
17951 (history)g(expansion)g(c)m(haracter,)i(whic)m(h)e(is)150
17952 3487 y(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')39 b(b)m(y)g(default.)66 b(Only)38
17953 b(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(')p Fu(')h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)g
17954 (to)h(escap)s(e)h(the)f(history)f(expansion)h(c)m(haracter,)150
17955 3596 y(but)27 b(the)i(history)f(expansion)g(c)m(haracter)i(is)e(also)h
17956 (treated)g(as)g(quoted)f(if)g(it)h(immediately)h(precedes)e(the)150
17957 3706 y(closing)j(double)f(quote)h(in)f(a)h(double-quoted)g(string.)275
17958 3865 y(Sev)m(eral)40 b(shell)g(options)g(settable)h(with)e(the)h
17959 Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)150
17960 3975 y(page)32 b(49\))h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(tailor)g(the)e(b)s
17961 (eha)m(vior)h(of)g(history)g(expansion.)44 b(If)31 b(the)h
17962 Ft(histverify)d Fu(shell)150 4085 y(option)39 b(is)f(enabled,)i(and)e
17963 (Readline)g(is)h(b)s(eing)e(used,)j(history)e(substitutions)g(are)g
17964 (not)h(immediately)150 4194 y(passed)30 b(to)h(the)g(shell)g(parser.)40
17965 b(Instead,)30 b(the)h(expanded)f(line)h(is)f(reloaded)h(in)m(to)h(the)e
17966 (Readline)h(editing)150 4304 y(bu\013er)e(for)i(further)e(mo)s
17967 (di\014cation.)41 b(If)30 b(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)g(and)g
17968 (the)g Ft(histreedit)e Fu(shell)i(option)150 4413 y(is)k(enabled,)h(a)g
17969 (failed)g(history)f(expansion)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(reloaded)g(in)m(to)h
17970 (the)g(Readline)f(editing)h(bu\013er)e(for)150 4523 y(correction.)68
17971 b(The)38 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(to)h(the)f Ft(history)e
17972 Fu(builtin)i(command)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(see)g(what)f(a)150
17973 4633 y(history)f(expansion)f(will)h(do)g(b)s(efore)f(using)h(it.)63
17974 b(The)37 b Ft(-s)g Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g Ft(history)e
17975 Fu(builtin)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)150 4742 y(used)21 b(to)i(add)f(commands)g
17976 (to)g(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f(history)g(list)h(without)f(actually)i
17977 (executing)f(them,)h(so)e(that)150 4852 y(they)31 b(are)f(a)m(v)-5
17978 b(ailable)33 b(for)d(subsequen)m(t)g(recall.)42 b(This)29
17979 b(is)i(most)g(useful)e(in)h(conjunction)h(with)f(Readline.)275
17980 5011 y(The)j(shell)h(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)h(of)e(the)g(v)-5
17981 b(arious)34 b(c)m(haracters)h(used)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(history)g(expansion)
17982 g(mec)m(h-)150 5121 y(anism)h(with)g(the)g Ft(histchars)d
17983 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(as)d(explained)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)f
17984 (Section)f(5.2)i([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)150 5230 y(page)32
17985 b(71\).)44 b(The)31 b(shell)g(uses)g(the)g(history)g(commen)m(t)i(c)m
17986 (haracter)f(to)g(mark)f(history)g(timestamps)h(when)150
17987 5340 y(writing)e(the)h(history)f(\014le.)p eop end
17988 %%Page: 140 146
17989 TeXDict begin 140 145 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
17990 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(140)150
17991 299 y Fk(9.3.1)63 b(Ev)m(en)m(t)39 b(Designators)150
17992 446 y Fu(An)32 b(ev)m(en)m(t)j(designator)e(is)g(a)g(reference)g(to)h
17993 (a)f(command)f(line)h(en)m(try)g(in)g(the)g(history)g(list.)48
17994 b(Unless)33 b(the)150 555 y(reference)e(is)f(absolute,)i(ev)m(en)m(ts)f
17995 (are)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e(the)f(curren)m(t)g(p)s(osition)h(in)f(the)h
17996 (history)f(list.)150 712 y Ft(!)432 b Fu(Start)34 b(a)f(history)h
17997 (substitution,)g(except)g(when)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(a)h(space,)h
17998 (tab,)f(the)g(end)f(of)630 822 y(the)i(line,)g(`)p Ft(=)p
17999 Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(')h(\(when)e(the)i Ft(extglob)d
18000 Fu(shell)j(option)f(is)h(enabled)f(using)g(the)g Ft(shopt)630
18001 931 y Fu(builtin\).)150 1088 y Ft(!)p Fj(n)384 b Fu(Refer)30
18002 b(to)i(command)e(line)g Fr(n)p Fu(.)150 1245 y Ft(!-)p
18003 Fj(n)336 b Fu(Refer)30 b(to)i(the)e(command)g Fr(n)g
18004 Fu(lines)h(bac)m(k.)150 1401 y Ft(!!)384 b Fu(Refer)30
18005 b(to)i(the)e(previous)g(command.)40 b(This)30 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)f
18006 (for)g(`)p Ft(!-1)p Fu('.)150 1558 y Ft(!)p Fj(string)144
18007 b Fu(Refer)25 b(to)h(the)f(most)h(recen)m(t)g(command)f(preceding)g
18008 (the)g(curren)m(t)g(p)s(osition)g(in)g(the)g(history)630
18009 1668 y(list)31 b(starting)g(with)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)150
18010 1824 y Ft(!?)p Fj(string)p Ft([?])630 1934 y Fu(Refer)25
18011 b(to)h(the)f(most)h(recen)m(t)g(command)f(preceding)g(the)g(curren)m(t)
18012 g(p)s(osition)g(in)g(the)g(history)630 2044 y(list)32
18013 b(con)m(taining)i Fr(string)p Fu(.)45 b(The)31 b(trailing)i(`)p
18014 Ft(?)p Fu(')f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(omitted)i(if)f(the)g Fr(string)39
18015 b Fu(is)32 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)630 2153 y(immediately)g(b)m(y)e(a)h
18016 (newline.)150 2310 y Ft(^)p Fj(string1)p Ft(^)p Fj(string2)p
18017 Ft(^)630 2420 y Fu(Quic)m(k)h(Substitution.)44 b(Rep)s(eat)32
18018 b(the)g(last)h(command,)f(replacing)g Fr(string1)40 b
18019 Fu(with)31 b Fr(string2)p Fu(.)630 2529 y(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31
18020 b(to)g Ft(!!:s/)p Fj(string1)p Ft(/)p Fj(string2)p Ft(/)p
18021 Fu(.)150 2686 y Ft(!#)384 b Fu(The)30 b(en)m(tire)h(command)f(line)h(t)
18022 m(yp)s(ed)f(so)h(far.)150 2882 y Fk(9.3.2)63 b(W)-10
18023 b(ord)41 b(Designators)150 3029 y Fu(W)-8 b(ord)27 b(designators)h(are)
18024 g(used)e(to)i(select)h(desired)d(w)m(ords)h(from)f(the)i(ev)m(en)m(t.)
18025 41 b(A)27 b(`)p Ft(:)p Fu(')g(separates)h(the)f(ev)m(en)m(t)150
18026 3139 y(sp)s(eci\014cation)38 b(from)e(the)h(w)m(ord)f(designator.)61
18027 b(It)37 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(omitted)i(if)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(designator)g
18028 (b)s(egins)150 3248 y(with)30 b(a)g(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(',)g(`)p
18029 Ft($)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)f(or)g(`)p
18030 Ft(\045)p Fu('.)41 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)e(from)i
18031 (the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)g(line,)g(with)g(the)150
18032 3358 y(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)h(denoted)h(b)m(y)f(0)h(\(zero\).)
18033 41 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)g(inserted)f(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f
18034 (line)g(separated)h(b)m(y)150 3468 y(single)h(spaces.)275
18035 3601 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)150 3758 y Ft(!!)384 b
18036 Fu(designates)37 b(the)f(preceding)g(command.)57 b(When)35
18037 b(y)m(ou)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(this,)h(the)f(preceding)g(com-)630
18038 3867 y(mand)30 b(is)g(rep)s(eated)g(in)g(toto.)150 4024
18039 y Ft(!!:$)288 b Fu(designates)23 b(the)g(last)g(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(the)
18040 h(preceding)f(command.)38 b(This)22 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(shortened)630
18041 4133 y(to)31 b Ft(!$)p Fu(.)150 4290 y Ft(!fi:2)240 b
18042 Fu(designates)30 b(the)g(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)f(the)h(most)f
18043 (recen)m(t)i(command)e(starting)h(with)f(the)630 4400
18044 y(letters)j Ft(fi)p Fu(.)275 4556 y(Here)e(are)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f
18045 (designators:)150 4713 y Ft(0)g(\(zero\))114 b Fu(The)30
18046 b Ft(0)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(man)m(y)g(applications,)h
18047 (this)e(is)g(the)h(command)f(w)m(ord.)150 4870 y Fj(n)432
18048 b Fu(The)30 b Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord.)150 5027 y Ft(^)432
18049 b Fu(The)30 b(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t;)j(that)f(is,)f(w)m(ord)g(1.)150
18050 5183 y Ft($)432 b Fu(The)30 b(last)h(argumen)m(t.)150
18051 5340 y Ft(\045)432 b Fu(The)30 b(w)m(ord)g(matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(the)h
18052 (most)g(recen)m(t)g(`)p Ft(?)p Fj(string)p Ft(?)p Fu(')e(searc)m(h.)p
18053 eop end
18054 %%Page: 141 147
18055 TeXDict begin 141 146 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
18056 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(141)150
18057 299 y Fj(x)p Ft(-)p Fj(y)336 b Fu(A)30 b(range)h(of)g(w)m(ords;)f(`)p
18058 Ft(-)p Fj(y)p Fu(')g(abbreviates)h(`)p Ft(0-)p Fj(y)p
18059 Fu('.)150 458 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(All)28 b(of)g(the)g(w)m(ords,)g(except)h
18060 (the)e Ft(0)p Fu(th.)40 b(This)27 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)f(for)h(`)p
18061 Ft(1-$)p Fu('.)39 b(It)28 b(is)g(not)g(an)f(error)630
18062 568 y(to)j(use)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(if)h(there)g(is)g(just)f(one)h(w)m
18063 (ord)f(in)g(the)h(ev)m(en)m(t;)i(the)d(empt)m(y)i(string)e(is)h
18064 (returned)e(in)630 677 y(that)j(case.)150 837 y Fj(x)p
18065 Ft(*)384 b Fu(Abbreviates)31 b(`)p Fj(x)p Ft(-$)p Fu(')150
18066 996 y Fj(x)p Ft(-)384 b Fu(Abbreviates)31 b(`)p Fj(x)p
18067 Ft(-$)p Fu(')f(lik)m(e)h(`)p Fj(x)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(but)f(omits)h(the)f
18068 (last)h(w)m(ord.)275 1156 y(If)i(a)h(w)m(ord)g(designator)g(is)g
18069 (supplied)f(without)h(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)h(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(the)e
18070 (previous)f(command)150 1265 y(is)d(used)g(as)h(the)f(ev)m(en)m(t.)150
18071 1465 y Fk(9.3.3)63 b(Mo)s(di\014ers)150 1611 y Fu(After)29
18072 b(the)g(optional)g(w)m(ord)g(designator,)g(y)m(ou)g(can)g(add)f(a)h
18073 (sequence)g(of)g(one)g(or)f(more)h(of)g(the)f(follo)m(wing)150
18074 1721 y(mo)s(di\014ers,)h(eac)m(h)j(preceded)e(b)m(y)g(a)h(`)p
18075 Ft(:)p Fu('.)150 1880 y Ft(h)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32
18076 b(a)f(trailing)g(pathname)g(comp)s(onen)m(t,)g(lea)m(ving)h(only)e(the)
18077 h(head.)150 2040 y Ft(t)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(all)f(leading)h
18078 (pathname)e(comp)s(onen)m(ts,)h(lea)m(ving)h(the)e(tail.)150
18079 2199 y Ft(r)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)f(trailing)g(su\016x)f(of)g
18080 (the)h(form)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fj(suffix)p Fu(',)f(lea)m(ving)j(the)f
18081 (basename.)150 2359 y Ft(e)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(all)f(but)f(the)h
18082 (trailing)g(su\016x.)150 2518 y Ft(p)432 b Fu(Prin)m(t)30
18083 b(the)h(new)f(command)g(but)g(do)g(not)g(execute)i(it.)150
18084 2677 y Ft(q)432 b Fu(Quote)31 b(the)f(substituted)g(w)m(ords,)g
18085 (escaping)h(further)e(substitutions.)150 2837 y Ft(x)432
18086 b Fu(Quote)32 b(the)f(substituted)g(w)m(ords)f(as)i(with)f(`)p
18087 Ft(q)p Fu(',)h(but)e(break)h(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)d(at)i(spaces,)h(tabs,)
18088 630 2946 y(and)d(newlines.)150 3106 y Ft(s/)p Fj(old)p
18089 Ft(/)p Fj(new)p Ft(/)630 3215 y Fu(Substitute)i Fr(new)40
18090 b Fu(for)32 b(the)h(\014rst)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f Fr(old)37
18091 b Fu(in)32 b(the)h(ev)m(en)m(t)h(line.)48 b(An)m(y)32
18092 b(delimiter)630 3325 y(ma)m(y)25 b(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(place)i(of)f(`)p
18093 Ft(/)p Fu('.)39 b(The)24 b(delimiter)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(quoted)h(in)f
18094 Fr(old)29 b Fu(and)24 b Fr(new)32 b Fu(with)25 b(a)630
18095 3435 y(single)k(bac)m(kslash.)40 b(If)28 b(`)p Ft(&)p
18096 Fu(')g(app)s(ears)g(in)f Fr(new)p Fu(,)i(it)f(is)h(replaced)f(b)m(y)g
18097 Fr(old)p Fu(.)40 b(A)28 b(single)h(bac)m(kslash)630 3544
18098 y(will)35 b(quote)g(the)g(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)54 b(The)34
18099 b(\014nal)g(delimiter)i(is)e(optional)i(if)f(it)g(is)f(the)h(last)h(c)m
18100 (haracter)g(on)630 3654 y(the)31 b(input)e(line.)150
18101 3813 y Ft(&)432 b Fu(Rep)s(eat)31 b(the)f(previous)g(substitution.)150
18102 3973 y Ft(g)150 4082 y(a)432 b Fu(Cause)38 b(c)m(hanges)i(to)f(b)s(e)f
18103 (applied)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f(en)m(tire)g(ev)m(en)m(t)h(line.)66
18104 b(Used)39 b(in)f(conjunction)630 4192 y(with)30 b(`)p
18105 Ft(s)p Fu(',)h(as)f(in)h Ft(gs/)p Fj(old)p Ft(/)p Fj(new)p
18106 Ft(/)p Fu(,)c(or)j(with)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)150 4351 y
18107 Ft(G)432 b Fu(Apply)30 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(`)p Ft(s)p
18108 Fu(')f(mo)s(di\014er)e(once)i(to)g(eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(in)g(the)g(ev)m
18109 (en)m(t.)p eop end
18110 %%Page: 142 148
18111 TeXDict begin 142 147 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(142)150 299
18112 y Fp(10)80 b(Installing)52 b(Bash)150 554 y Fu(This)31
18113 b(c)m(hapter)h(pro)m(vides)g(basic)g(instructions)f(for)g(installing)i
18114 (Bash)f(on)f(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)31 b(supp)s(orted)f(plat-)150
18115 664 y(forms.)40 b(The)28 b(distribution)h(supp)s(orts)e(the)j
18116 Fm(gnu)f Fu(op)s(erating)h(systems,)f(nearly)h(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)f
18117 (of)h(Unix,)150 773 y(and)d(sev)m(eral)j(non-Unix)d(systems)h(suc)m(h)g
18118 (as)g(BeOS)g(and)f(In)m(terix.)40 b(Other)28 b(indep)s(enden)m(t)e(p)s
18119 (orts)h(exist)i(for)150 883 y Fm(ms-dos)p Fu(,)h Fm(os/2)p
18120 Fu(,)g(and)g(Windo)m(ws)g(platforms.)150 1134 y Fs(10.1)68
18121 b(Basic)45 b(Installation)150 1294 y Fu(These)30 b(are)h(installation)h
18122 (instructions)e(for)h(Bash.)275 1435 y(The)e(simplest)i(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)
18123 g(compile)h(Bash)e(is:)199 1577 y(1.)61 b Ft(cd)38 b
18124 Fu(to)h(the)f(directory)h(con)m(taining)h(the)f(source)f(co)s(de)h(and)
18125 f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(./configure)p Fu(')e(to)j(con\014gure)330
18126 1686 y(Bash)c(for)f(y)m(our)h(system.)54 b(If)34 b(y)m(ou're)h(using)f
18127 Ft(csh)g Fu(on)g(an)h(old)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(System)f(V,)h(y)m(ou)g
18128 (migh)m(t)330 1796 y(need)21 b(to)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p
18129 Ft(sh)30 b(./configure)p Fu(')18 b(instead)j(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)h
18130 Ft(csh)e Fu(from)g(trying)h(to)g(execute)h Ft(configure)330
18131 1906 y Fu(itself.)330 2044 y(Running)30 b Ft(configure)f
18132 Fu(tak)m(es)k(some)e(time.)45 b(While)32 b(running,)e(it)i(prin)m(ts)f
18133 (messages)h(telling)h(whic)m(h)330 2153 y(features)e(it)g(is)f(c)m(hec)
18134 m(king)i(for.)199 2291 y(2.)61 b(T)m(yp)s(e)30 b(`)p
18135 Ft(make)p Fu(')g(to)h(compile)g(Bash)g(and)e(build)h(the)g
18136 Ft(bashbug)f Fu(bug)g(rep)s(orting)h(script.)199 2429
18137 y(3.)61 b(Optionally)-8 b(,)32 b(t)m(yp)s(e)e(`)p Ft(make)g(tests)p
18138 Fu(')f(to)i(run)e(the)h(Bash)h(test)g(suite.)199 2567
18139 y(4.)61 b(T)m(yp)s(e)36 b(`)p Ft(make)29 b(install)p
18140 Fu(')35 b(to)i(install)h Ft(bash)d Fu(and)h Ft(bashbug)p
18141 Fu(.)57 b(This)35 b(will)i(also)h(install)f(the)g(man)m(ual)330
18142 2677 y(pages)31 b(and)f(Info)g(\014le.)275 2847 y(The)20
18143 b Ft(configure)f Fu(shell)i(script)g(attempts)h(to)g(guess)f(correct)i
18144 (v)-5 b(alues)21 b(for)g(v)-5 b(arious)21 b(system-dep)s(enden)m(t)150
18145 2956 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(used)e(during)g(compilation.)42
18146 b(It)31 b(uses)e(those)i(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(to)h(create)h(a)e
18147 Ft(Makefile)e Fu(in)i(eac)m(h)i(direc-)150 3066 y(tory)k(of)g(the)g
18148 (pac)m(k)-5 b(age)38 b(\(the)e(top)g(directory)-8 b(,)38
18149 b(the)e Ft(builtins)p Fu(,)f Ft(doc)p Fu(,)i(and)e Ft(support)e
18150 Fu(directories,)39 b(eac)m(h)150 3176 y(directory)29
18151 b(under)d Ft(lib)p Fu(,)j(and)e(sev)m(eral)j(others\).)40
18152 b(It)29 b(also)g(creates)h(a)e Ft(config.h)e Fu(\014le)j(con)m(taining)
18153 g(system-)150 3285 y(dep)s(enden)m(t)e(de\014nitions.)40
18154 b(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(it)d(creates)i(a)f(shell)g(script)f(named)g
18155 Ft(config.status)d Fu(that)k(y)m(ou)g(can)150 3395 y(run)h(in)h(the)h
18156 (future)f(to)h(recreate)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(con\014guration,)i(a)f
18157 (\014le)f Ft(config.cache)e Fu(that)j(sa)m(v)m(es)h(the)150
18158 3504 y(results)39 b(of)g(its)h(tests)g(to)g(sp)s(eed)e(up)g
18159 (recon\014guring,)j(and)e(a)g(\014le)g Ft(config.log)e
18160 Fu(con)m(taining)j(compiler)150 3614 y(output)30 b(\(useful)h(mainly)g
18161 (for)f(debugging)h Ft(configure)p Fu(\).)40 b(If)30 b(at)h(some)h(p)s
18162 (oin)m(t)e Ft(config.cache)e Fu(con)m(tains)150 3724
18163 y(results)i(y)m(ou)h(don't)f(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)h(k)m(eep,)f(y)m(ou)g(ma)m
18164 (y)g(remo)m(v)m(e)g(or)g(edit)g(it.)275 3865 y(T)-8 b(o)37
18165 b(\014nd)f(out)i(more)f(ab)s(out)h(the)f(options)h(and)f(argumen)m(ts)g
18166 (that)h(the)g Ft(configure)d Fu(script)i(under-)150 3975
18167 y(stands,)30 b(t)m(yp)s(e)390 4116 y Ft(bash-2.04$)45
18168 b(./configure)g(--help)150 4258 y Fu(at)31 b(the)g(Bash)f(prompt)g(in)g
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18190 %%Page: 143 149
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18203 Ft(env)e Fu(program,)h(y)m(ou)h(can)g(do)f(it)h(lik)m(e)h(this:)390
18204 1204 y Ft(env)47 b(CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/in)o(clud)o(e)42
18205 b(LDFLAGS=-s)j(./configure)275 1343 y Fu(The)29 b(con\014guration)i
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18207 b(ailable.)150 1590 y Fs(10.3)68 b(Compiling)46 b(F)-11
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18210 (computer)h(at)g(the)g(same)g(time,)h(b)m(y)e(placing)i(the)150
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18212 f(their)g(o)m(wn)h(directory)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)31
18213 b(do)f(this,)g(y)m(ou)h(m)m(ust)f(use)g(a)g(v)m(ersion)150
18214 1969 y(of)25 b Ft(make)f Fu(that)h(supp)s(orts)f(the)h
18215 Ft(VPATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)27 b(suc)m(h)e(as)g(GNU)h
18216 Ft(make)p Fu(.)37 b Ft(cd)25 b Fu(to)h(the)f(directory)g(where)g(y)m
18217 (ou)150 2078 y(w)m(an)m(t)34 b(the)f(ob)5 b(ject)34 b(\014les)f(and)f
18218 (executables)i(to)g(go)g(and)e(run)g(the)h Ft(configure)d
18219 Fu(script)j(from)g(the)g(source)150 2188 y(directory)-8
18220 b(.)44 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(supply)e(the)i
18221 Ft(--srcdir=PATH)27 b Fu(argumen)m(t)32 b(to)g(tell)h
18222 Ft(configure)28 b Fu(where)150 2297 y(the)36 b(source)g(\014les)f(are.)
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18225 Ft(configure)d Fu(is)i(in)g(and)g(in)g(`..'.)275 2546
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18232 (`)p Ft(make)g(distclean)p Fu(')e(b)s(efore)i(recon\014guring)g(for)g
18233 (another)g(arc)m(hitecture.)275 2904 y(Alternativ)m(ely)-8
18234 b(,)30 b(if)c(y)m(our)g(system)h(supp)s(orts)d(sym)m(b)s(olic)j(links,)
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18263 b Fu(as)64 b(the)g(pre\014x)e(for)i(installing)h(programs)e(and)h
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18272 eop end
18273 %%Page: 144 150
18274 TeXDict begin 144 149 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
18275 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(144)150 299 y(if)28 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)f(a)
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18279 (for)f(the)h(system)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(suc)m(h)e(as)h(`)p
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18286 (set)h(default)f(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(for)g Ft(configure)d
18287 Fu(scripts)j(to)h(share,)i(y)m(ou)d(can)g(create)i(a)e(site)150
18288 1188 y(shell)48 b(script)f(called)i Ft(config.site)44
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18291 1298 y(file)p Fu(,)c(and)d Ft(prefix)p Fu(.)85 b Ft(configure)43
18292 b Fu(lo)s(oks)j(for)f Ft(PREFIX/share/config.site)39
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18299 Ft(configure)d Fu(scripts)i(do.)150 1883 y Fs(10.7)68
18300 b(Op)t(eration)46 b(Con)l(trols)150 2042 y Ft(configure)28
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18340 %%Page: 145 151
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18598 (ou)h(do.)55 b(Read)36 b(the)g(commen)m(ts)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e
18599 (eac)m(h)i(de\014nition)e(for)g(more)150 5340 y(information)c(ab)s(out)
18600 f(its)h(e\013ect.)p eop end
18601 %%Page: 149 155
18602 TeXDict begin 149 154 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(149)150 299
18603 y Fp(App)t(endix)52 b(A)81 b(Rep)t(orting)53 b(Bugs)150
18604 533 y Fu(Please)33 b(rep)s(ort)e(all)h(bugs)f(y)m(ou)h(\014nd)e(in)i
18605 (Bash.)44 b(But)32 b(\014rst,)g(y)m(ou)g(should)e(mak)m(e)j(sure)e
18606 (that)h(it)g(really)h(is)f(a)150 643 y(bug,)d(and)g(that)h(it)g(app)s
18607 (ears)f(in)g(the)h(latest)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g(Bash.)40
18608 b(The)29 b(latest)j(v)m(ersion)e(of)f(Bash)h(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)150
18609 752 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(for)d(FTP)g(from)g Ft
18610 (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gn)o(u/ba)o(sh/)o Fu(.)275 887
18611 y(Once)41 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(determined)f(that)h(a)f(bug)g
18612 (actually)h(exists,)j(use)c(the)g Ft(bashbug)e Fu(command)i(to)150
18613 996 y(submit)25 b(a)h(bug)g(rep)s(ort.)38 b(If)26 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m
18614 (e)h(a)f(\014x,)h(y)m(ou)f(are)g(encouraged)h(to)f(mail)h(that)f(as)g
18615 (w)m(ell!)40 b(Suggestions)150 1106 y(and)j(`philosophical')i(bug)e
18616 (rep)s(orts)f(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(mailed)h(to)g Ft(bug-bash@gnu)11
18617 b(.)g(org)39 b Fu(or)k(p)s(osted)g(to)i(the)150 1215
18618 y(Usenet)31 b(newsgroup)e Ft(gnu.bash.bug)p Fu(.)275
18619 1350 y(All)i(bug)e(rep)s(orts)h(should)f(include:)225
18620 1484 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(v)m(ersion)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h
18621 (Bash.)225 1619 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(hardw)m(are)g(and)g(op)s
18622 (erating)g(system.)225 1753 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30
18623 b(compiler)h(used)e(to)i(compile)h(Bash.)225 1888 y Fq(\017)60
18624 b Fu(A)30 b(description)h(of)f(the)h(bug)f(b)s(eha)m(viour.)225
18625 2022 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(A)30 b(short)h(script)f(or)g(`recip)s(e')h(whic)
18626 m(h)f(exercises)i(the)e(bug)g(and)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(repro)
18627 s(duce)e(it.)150 2182 y Ft(bashbug)d Fu(inserts)i(the)h(\014rst)f
18628 (three)g(items)h(automatically)i(in)m(to)f(the)e(template)i(it)f(pro)m
18629 (vides)f(for)g(\014ling)h(a)150 2291 y(bug)h(rep)s(ort.)275
18630 2426 y(Please)h(send)f(all)h(rep)s(orts)f(concerning)g(this)h(man)m
18631 (ual)f(to)h Ft(bug-bash@gnu.org)p Fu(.)p eop end
18632 %%Page: 150 156
18633 TeXDict begin 150 155 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(150)150 141
18634 y Fp(App)t(endix)58 b(B)81 b(Ma)9 b(jor)54 b(Di\013erences)d(F)-13
18635 b(rom)54 b(The)g(Bourne)1088 299 y(Shell)150 530 y Fu(Bash)26
18636 b(implemen)m(ts)h(essen)m(tially)g(the)g(same)f(grammar,)h(parameter)f
18637 (and)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(expansion,)g(redirec-)150
18638 640 y(tion,)i(and)e(quoting)g(as)h(the)g(Bourne)f(Shell.)40
18639 b(Bash)27 b(uses)g(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)f(as)i(the)g(sp)s
18640 (eci\014cation)g(of)150 749 y(ho)m(w)34 b(these)h(features)g(are)g(to)g
18641 (b)s(e)f(implemen)m(ted.)53 b(There)34 b(are)h(some)g(di\013erences)g
18642 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g(tradi-)150 859 y(tional)e(Bourne)e(shell)h
18643 (and)f(Bash;)i(this)f(section)g(quic)m(kly)h(details)g(the)e
18644 (di\013erences)h(of)g(signi\014cance.)46 b(A)150 969
18645 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)24 b(of)h(these)h(di\013erences)f(are)h(explained)f
18646 (in)g(greater)h(depth)f(in)g(previous)f(sections.)40
18647 b(This)25 b(section)150 1078 y(uses)33 b(the)i(v)m(ersion)f(of)g
18648 Ft(sh)f Fu(included)g(in)h(SVR4.2)h(\(the)f(last)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g
18649 (the)g(historical)i(Bourne)d(shell\))150 1188 y(as)e(the)f(baseline)h
18650 (reference.)225 1322 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(is)h
18651 Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t,)g(ev)m(en)g(where)f(the)g
18652 Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(di\013ers)f(from)g(traditional)330
18653 1431 y Ft(sh)e Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(\(see)i(Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)e
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18655 b Fu(Bash)26 b(has)g(m)m(ulti-c)m(haracter)i(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)g
18656 (options)f(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)h(page)e
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18658 (editing)g(\(see)h(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)f(Line)g(Editing],)k(page)d
18659 (104\))330 1809 y(and)30 b(the)g Ft(bind)g Fu(builtin.)225
18660 1943 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)46 b(pro)m(vides)g(a)g(programmable)g(w)m
18661 (ord)f(completion)i(mec)m(hanism)f(\(see)h(Section)g(8.6)g([Pro-)330
18662 2052 y(grammable)39 b(Completion],)i(page)e(129\),)i(and)d(builtin)g
18663 (commands)f Ft(complete)p Fu(,)h Ft(compgen)p Fu(,)h(and)330
18664 2162 y Ft(compopt)p Fu(,)29 b(to)i(manipulate)g(it.)225
18665 2296 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)26 b(has)f(command)h(history)f(\(see)i
18666 (Section)f(9.1)h([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)30
18667 b(page)c(137\))i(and)d(the)330 2405 y Ft(history)k Fu(and)h
18668 Ft(fc)g Fu(builtins)g(to)h(manipulate)g(it.)42 b(The)30
18669 b(Bash)h(history)g(list)g(main)m(tains)g(timestamp)330
18670 2515 y(information)g(and)e(uses)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31
18671 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32
18672 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(it.)225 2649 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)48
18673 b(implemen)m(ts)h Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(history)f(expansion)g(\(see)h
18674 (Section)g(9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)330 2759
18675 y(page)31 b(139\).)225 2892 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)33
18676 b(has)g(one-dimensional)h(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)34
18677 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(91\),)h(and)e(the)330
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18679 (assignmen)m(t)h(syn)m(tax)g(to)g(use)f(them.)67 b(Sev)m(eral)40
18680 b(of)g(the)330 3112 y(Bash)32 b(builtins)f(tak)m(e)j(options)e(to)h
18681 (act)g(on)e(arra)m(ys.)46 b(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
18682 (er)f(of)h(built-in)f(arra)m(y)330 3221 y(v)-5 b(ariables.)225
18683 3355 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)37 b Ft($'...)n(')g Fu(quoting)g(syn)m(tax,)
18684 j(whic)m(h)d(expands)f(ANSI-C)h(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)h(c)m
18685 (haracters)g(in)330 3465 y(the)26 b(text)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g
18686 (single)f(quotes,)i(is)e(supp)s(orted)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.1.2.4)h
18687 ([ANSI-C)e(Quoting],)330 3574 y(page)31 b(6\).)225 3708
18688 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)30 b(supp)s(orts)f(the)h Ft($"...)o(")f
18689 Fu(quoting)i(syn)m(tax)g(to)f(do)g(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)i
18690 (translation)g(of)e(the)g(c)m(har-)330 3818 y(acters)g(b)s(et)m(w)m
18691 (een)f(the)f(double)g(quotes.)41 b(The)28 b Ft(-D)p Fu(,)h
18692 Ft(--dump-strings)p Fu(,)c(and)j Ft(--dump-po-strings)330
18693 3927 y Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)42 b(options)d(list)i(the)e(translatable)
18694 i(strings)f(found)e(in)h(a)h(script)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.1.2.5)330
18695 4037 y([Lo)s(cale)32 b(T)-8 b(ranslation],)31 b(page)h(7\).)225
18696 4171 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)f
18697 Ft(!)h Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to)g(negate)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5
18698 b(alue)44 b(of)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330 4281
18699 y(tion)33 b(3.2.2)i([Pip)s(elines],)f(page)g(8\).)49
18700 b(V)-8 b(ery)33 b(useful)f(when)g(an)h Ft(if)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(needs)
18701 d(to)i(act)g(only)f(if)330 4390 y(a)k(test)h(fails.)60
18702 b(The)36 b(Bash)g(`)p Ft(-o)30 b(pipefail)p Fu(')35 b(option)i(to)h
18703 Ft(set)d Fu(will)i(cause)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(to)g(return)f(a)330
18704 4500 y(failure)31 b(status)f(if)h(an)m(y)f(command)g(fails.)225
18705 4634 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)34 b(has)g(the)g Ft(time)f
18706 Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(and)f(command)h(timing)h(\(see)g(Section)g
18707 (3.2.2)g([Pip)s(elines],)330 4743 y(page)g(8\).)52 b(The)33
18708 b(displa)m(y)i(of)f(the)g(timing)g(statistics)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(con)m
18709 (trolled)j(with)e(the)g Ft(TIMEFORMAT)330 4853 y Fu(v)-5
18710 b(ariable.)225 4987 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)28 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)f
18711 Ft(for)j(\(\()g Fj(expr1)f Ft(;)h Fj(expr2)f Ft(;)h Fj(expr3)f
18712 Ft(\)\))e Fu(arithmetic)h(for)g(command,)g(sim-)330 5096
18713 y(ilar)j(to)g(the)g(C)f(language)h(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.1)i([Lo)s
18714 (oping)d(Constructs],)h(page)g(10\).)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60
18715 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(the)g Ft(select)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command,)i
18716 (whic)m(h)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)f(generation)g(of)g(simple)330
18717 5340 y(men)m(us)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.4.2)i([Conditional)e
18718 (Constructs],)g(page)g(10\).)p eop end
18719 %%Page: 151 157
18720 TeXDict begin 151 156 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18721 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18722 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(151)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
18723 b Fu(Bash)40 b(includes)g(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command,)43
18724 b(whic)m(h)c(mak)m(es)i(conditional)h(testing)f(part)f(of)330
18725 408 y(the)f(shell)g(grammar)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.2)j([Conditional)
18726 d(Constructs],)i(page)f(10\),)i(including)330 518 y(optional)32
18727 b(regular)e(expression)g(matc)m(hing.)225 653 y Fq(\017)60
18728 b Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(optional)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(matc)m
18729 (hing)f(for)e(the)g Ft(case)g Fu(and)f Ft([[)h Fu(constructs.)225
18730 789 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)g(brace)h(expansion)f(\(see)h
18731 (Section)g(3.5.1)i([Brace)e(Expansion],)g(page)g(21\))h(and)d(tilde)330
18732 898 y(expansion)k(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.2)h([Tilde)f(Expansion],)f
18733 (page)h(22\).)225 1034 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)24 b(implemen)m(ts)h
18734 (command)e(aliases)j(and)d(the)i Ft(alias)d Fu(and)i
18735 Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtins)h(\(see)i(Section)g(6.6)330
18736 1143 y([Aliases],)32 b(page)f(90\).)225 1279 y Fq(\017)60
18737 b Fu(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)g(shell)g(arithmetic,)i(the)e
18738 Ft(\(\()g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4.2)j([Con-)
18739 330 1388 y(ditional)d(Constructs],)e(page)i(10\),)g(and)e(arithmetic)i
18740 (expansion)e(\(see)i(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arith-)330
18741 1498 y(metic],)h(page)f(89\).)225 1633 y Fq(\017)60 b
18742 Fu(V)-8 b(ariables)31 b(presen)m(t)e(in)g(the)g(shell's)h(initial)g(en)
18743 m(vironmen)m(t)g(are)g(automatically)i(exp)s(orted)d(to)h(c)m(hild)330
18744 1743 y(pro)s(cesses.)38 b(The)23 b(Bourne)g(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g
18745 (normally)g(do)g(this)g(unless)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24
18746 b(are)f(explicitly)330 1852 y(mark)m(ed)30 b(using)g(the)h
18747 Ft(export)e Fu(command.)225 1988 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)26
18748 b(supp)s(orts)d(the)j(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')f(assignmen)m(t)i(op)s(erator,)g
18749 (whic)m(h)e(app)s(ends)f(to)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5
18750 b(ariable)330 2097 y(named)30 b(on)g(the)h(left)g(hand)e(side.)225
18751 2233 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)36 b(includes)g(the)g Fm(posix)f
18752 Fu(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)37 b(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(`)p
18753 Ft(#)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')e(and)f(`)p Ft(##)p
18754 Fu(')h(expansions)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)330 2342 y(leading)f(or)f
18755 (trailing)h(substrings)e(from)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(v)-5
18756 b(alues)35 b(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.3)g([Shell)g(P)m(arameter)330
18757 2452 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225 2587 y Fq(\017)60
18758 b Fu(The)46 b(expansion)g Ft(${#xx})p Fu(,)j(whic)m(h)d(returns)f(the)i
18759 (length)f(of)h Ft(${xx})p Fu(,)i(is)e(supp)s(orted)d(\(see)j(Sec-)330
18760 2697 y(tion)31 b(3.5.3)h([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)g(Expansion],)f(page)i
18761 (23\).)225 2832 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(expansion)g
18762 Ft(${var:)p Fr(o\013set)r Ft([:)p Fr(length)p Ft(]})p
18763 Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)g(expands)g(to)h(the)g(substring)e(of)i
18764 Ft(var)p Fu('s)e(v)-5 b(alue)330 2942 y(of)43 b(length)g
18765 Fr(length)p Fu(,)k(b)s(eginning)42 b(at)i Fr(o\013set)p
18766 Fu(,)j(is)c(presen)m(t)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.3)h([Shell)e(P)m
18767 (arameter)330 3051 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225
18768 3187 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)21 b(expansion)f Ft(${var/[/])p
18769 Fr(pattern)p Ft([/)p Fr(replacemen)m(t)r Ft(]})p Fu(,)i(whic)m(h)e
18770 (matc)m(hes)j Fr(pattern)e Fu(and)f(replaces)330 3296
18771 y(it)29 b(with)e Fr(replacemen)m(t)32 b Fu(in)c(the)g(v)-5
18772 b(alue)29 b(of)f Ft(var)p Fu(,)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31
18773 b(\(see)e(Section)f(3.5.3)i([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)330
18774 3406 y(Expansion],)h(page)h(23\).)225 3541 y Fq(\017)60
18775 b Fu(The)33 b(expansion)g Ft(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(*})d
18776 Fu(expansion,)k(whic)m(h)e(expands)h(to)h(the)f(names)g(of)g(all)h
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18778 (with)g Fr(pre\014x)p Fu(,)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39
18779 b(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.3)g([Shell)g(P)m(arameter)330
18780 3761 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225 3896 y Fq(\017)60
18781 b Fu(Bash)22 b(has)f Fr(indirect)j Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)22
18782 b(expansion)g(using)f Ft(${!word})e Fu(\(see)k(Section)f(3.5.3)i
18783 ([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)330 4006 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)225
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18785 (parameters)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)e Ft($9)h Fu(using)g Ft(${)p
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18787 b Fm(posix)g Ft($\(\))g Fu(form)g(of)h(command)g(substitution)f(is)h
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18789 4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(29\),)j(and)38
18790 b(preferred)g(to)i(the)g(Bourne)f(shell's)h Ft(``)e Fu(\(whic)m(h)i(is)
18791 f(also)330 4495 y(implemen)m(ted)31 b(for)f(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h
18792 (compatibilit)m(y\).)225 4631 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
18793 b(has)f(pro)s(cess)g(substitution)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.6)h([Pro)s
18794 (cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(30\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60
18795 b Fu(Bash)55 b(automatically)j(assigns)e(v)-5 b(ariables)55
18796 b(that)h(pro)m(vide)f(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(curren)m(t)330
18797 4876 y(user)40 b(\()p Ft(UID)p Fu(,)i Ft(EUID)p Fu(,)g(and)e
18798 Ft(GROUPS)p Fu(\),)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(host)g(\()p Ft(HOSTTYPE)p
18799 Fu(,)h Ft(OSTYPE)p Fu(,)h Ft(MACHTYPE)p Fu(,)f(and)330
18800 4985 y Ft(HOSTNAME)p Fu(\),)55 b(and)c(the)g(instance)h(of)g(Bash)f
18801 (that)h(is)f(running)f(\()p Ft(BASH)p Fu(,)56 b Ft(BASH_VERSION)p
18802 Fu(,)e(and)330 5095 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO)p Fu(\).)37 b(See)31
18803 b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(71,)g(for)f
18804 (details.)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(IFS)f
18805 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(split)f(only)g(the)g(results)g
18806 (of)h(expansion,)i(not)d(all)h(w)m(ords)f(\(see)330 5340
18807 y(Section)29 b(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)29 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(30\).)41
18808 b(This)28 b(closes)h(a)g(longstanding)g(shell)f(securit)m(y)h(hole.)p
18809 eop end
18810 %%Page: 152 158
18811 TeXDict begin 152 157 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18812 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18813 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(152)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
18814 b Fu(The)36 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expression)f(co)
18815 s(de)f(uses)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')h(to)g(negate)h
18816 (the)f(set)g(of)330 408 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f
18817 (brac)m(k)m(ets.)43 b(The)29 b(Bourne)i(shell)f(uses)g(only)h(`)p
18818 Ft(!)p Fu('.)225 536 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)38 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)g
18819 (full)g(set)g(of)g Fm(posix)f Fu(\014lename)h(expansion)g(op)s
18820 (erators,)i(including)d Fr(c)m(har-)330 646 y(acter)i(classes)p
18821 Fu(,)j Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)39 b(classes)p Fu(,)j(and)37
18822 b Fr(collating)k(sym)m(b)s(ols)g Fu(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.8)h
18823 ([Filename)330 756 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(30\).)225
18824 883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)35 b(implemen)m(ts)g(extended)g(pattern)g
18825 (matc)m(hing)h(features)f(when)f(the)h Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)
18826 330 993 y(is)30 b(enabled)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)f
18827 (Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(31\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b
18828 Fu(It)22 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(v)-5
18829 b(ariable)23 b(and)f(a)g(function)g(with)g(the)g(same)g(name;)j
18830 Ft(sh)d Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(separate)330 1230 y(the)31
18831 b(t)m(w)m(o)g(name)g(spaces.)225 1358 y Fq(\017)60 b
18832 Fu(Bash)30 b(functions)e(are)i(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(lo)s
18833 (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(using)f(the)g Ft(local)f
18834 Fu(builtin,)i(and)e(th)m(us)330 1468 y(useful)i(recursiv)m(e)g
18835 (functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(written)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g
18836 (Builtins],)g(page)h(49\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8
18837 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(commands)h(a\013ect)h(only)
18838 f(that)g(command,)h(ev)m(en)f(builtins)g(and)330 1705
18839 y(functions)36 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page)
18840 e(38\).)60 b(In)35 b Ft(sh)p Fu(,)j(all)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
18841 b(assignmen)m(ts)330 1815 y(preceding)30 b(commands)g(are)h(global)h
18842 (unless)d(the)i(command)f(is)h(executed)g(from)f(the)g(\014le)h
18843 (system.)225 1943 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)
18844 i(expansion)f(on)h(\014lenames)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(op)s(erands)e
18845 (to)j(input)e(and)330 2052 y(output)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g
18846 (\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirections],)g(page)f(32\).)225
18847 2180 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(con)m(tains)h(the)f(`)p
18848 Ft(<>)p Fu(')f(redirection)i(op)s(erator,)f(allo)m(wing)i(a)e(\014le)g
18849 (to)g(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened)g(for)h(b)s(oth)f(read-)330 2290
18850 y(ing)35 b(and)f(writing,)i(and)e(the)h(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(')g(redirection)
18851 g(op)s(erator,)h(for)f(directing)g(standard)f(output)h(and)330
18852 2399 y(standard)30 b(error)g(to)h(the)f(same)h(\014le)f(\(see)i
18853 (Section)f(3.6)g([Redirections],)h(page)g(32\).)225 2527
18854 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)21 b(includes)f(the)h(`)p Ft(<<<)p
18855 Fu(')g(redirection)g(op)s(erator,)i(allo)m(wing)g(a)e(string)f(to)i(b)s
18856 (e)e(used)g(as)h(the)g(standard)330 2637 y(input)29 b(to)j(a)e
18857 (command.)225 2765 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h(`)
18858 p Ft([n]<&)p Fj(word)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft([n]>&)p Fj(word)p
18859 Fu(')e(redirection)j(op)s(erators,)g(whic)m(h)f(mo)m(v)m(e)330
18860 2874 y(one)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(to)h(another.)225
18861 3002 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(treats)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
18862 (\014lenames)g(sp)s(ecially)g(when)f(they)h(are)g(used)f(in)g
18863 (redirection)i(op)s(erators)330 3112 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(3.6)f
18864 ([Redirections],)h(page)f(32\).)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60
18865 b Fu(Bash)33 b(can)f(op)s(en)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(connections)f(to)h
18866 (arbitrary)e(mac)m(hines)h(and)f(services)h(with)f(the)h(redi-)330
18867 3349 y(rection)e(op)s(erators)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h
18868 ([Redirections],)g(page)f(32\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60
18869 b Fu(The)29 b Ft(noclobber)e Fu(option)j(is)g(a)m(v)-5
18870 b(ailable)32 b(to)e(a)m(v)m(oid)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)g(existing)g
18871 (\014les)e(with)h(output)f(redi-)330 3587 y(rection)39
18872 b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(60\).)66
18873 b(The)38 b(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(')h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)330
18874 3696 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)h
18875 Ft(noclobber)p Fu(.)225 3824 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34
18876 b(Bash)g Ft(cd)g Fu(and)f Ft(pwd)g Fu(builtins)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)
18877 g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\))h(eac)m(h)330
18878 3934 y(tak)m(e)c Ft(-L)e Fu(and)f Ft(-P)h Fu(options)h(to)g(switc)m(h)g
18879 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(logical)i(and)c(ph)m(ysical)i(mo)s(des.)225
18880 4061 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g(function)e(to)i(o)m(v)
18881 m(erride)g(a)g(builtin)e(with)h(the)g(same)g(name,)i(and)d(pro)m(vides)
18882 h(access)h(to)330 4171 y(that)34 b(builtin's)f(functionalit)m(y)h
18883 (within)f(the)g(function)g(via)h(the)f Ft(builtin)f Fu(and)g
18884 Ft(command)g Fu(builtins)330 4281 y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g
18885 (Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35
18886 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(allo)m(ws)i(selectiv)m(e)h(disabling)e(of)f
18887 (functions)g(when)g(command)g(lo)s(okup)g(is)330 4518
18888 y(p)s(erformed)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)g(page)g
18889 (49\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i
18890 (b)s(e)e(enabled)h(or)g(disabled)g(using)f(the)h Ft(enable)f
18891 Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)330 4756 y([Bash)31
18892 b(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26
18893 b(Bash)h Ft(exec)e Fu(builtin)h(tak)m(es)i(additional)f(options)g(that)
18894 g(allo)m(w)h(users)d(to)j(con)m(trol)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)330
18895 4993 y(of)35 b(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(passed)f(to)h(the)g(executed)g
18896 (command,)h(and)d(what)i(the)f(zeroth)h(argumen)m(t)330
18897 5103 y(to)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.1)f
18898 ([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(42\).)225 5230
18899 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Shell)29 b(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(exp)s(orted)g
18900 (to)h(c)m(hildren)f(via)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(using)f
18901 Ft(export)f(-f)h Fu(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)i(3.3)h([Shell)e(F)-8
18902 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(17\).)p eop end
18903 %%Page: 153 159
18904 TeXDict begin 153 158 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
18905 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
18906 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(153)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
18907 b Fu(The)40 b(Bash)h Ft(export)p Fu(,)h Ft(readonly)p
18908 Fu(,)f(and)g Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(can)g(tak)m(e)h(a)f
18909 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)i(to)f(act)h(on)330 408 y(shell)30
18910 b(functions,)f(a)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)g(to)i(displa)m(y)e(v)-5
18911 b(ariables)30 b(with)f(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(attributes)g(set)g(in)f(a)h
18912 (format)330 518 y(that)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)g(shell)h(input,)f(a)h
18913 Ft(-n)f Fu(option)h(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(v)-5 b(arious)30
18914 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(attributes,)h(and)330 628 y(`)p
18915 Ft(name=value)p Fu(')d(argumen)m(ts)j(to)g(set)g(v)-5
18916 b(ariable)31 b(attributes)g(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(sim)m(ultaneously)
18917 -8 b(.)225 765 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b(Bash)h Ft(hash)f
18918 Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)j(a)e(name)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d
18919 (an)h(arbitrary)f(\014lename,)330 874 y(ev)m(en)30 b(when)e(that)h
18920 (\014lename)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(found)g(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)g(the)g
18921 Ft($PATH)p Fu(,)g(using)f(`)p Ft(hash)h(-p)p Fu(')g(\(see)330
18922 984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(42\).)225
18923 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(a)i Ft(help)d
18924 Fu(builtin)i(for)f(quic)m(k)h(reference)h(to)f(shell)g(facilities)i
18925 (\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(49\).)225
18926 1367 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(printf)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h(a)m(v)-5
18927 b(ailable)45 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(formatted)g(output)g(\(see)h(Section)g
18928 (4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(49\).)225
18929 1614 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i
18930 (Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(49\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g
18931 (line)g(ending)330 1724 y(in)i(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(with)f(the)g
18932 Ft(-r)g Fu(option,)i(and)d(will)i(use)f(the)h Ft(REPLY)e
18933 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(as)g(a)f(default)h(if)f(no)h(non-option)330
18934 1833 y(argumen)m(ts)h(are)h(supplied.)42 b(The)30 b(Bash)i
18935 Ft(read)e Fu(builtin)g(also)j(accepts)f(a)g(prompt)e(string)h(with)g
18936 (the)330 1943 y Ft(-p)c Fu(option)h(and)f(will)g(use)h(Readline)g(to)g
18937 (obtain)g(the)g(line)f(when)g(giv)m(en)h(the)g Ft(-e)f
18938 Fu(option.)40 b(The)27 b Ft(read)330 2052 y Fu(builtin)h(also)i(has)e
18939 (additional)i(options)f(to)g(con)m(trol)h(input:)39 b(the)29
18940 b Ft(-s)f Fu(option)h(will)g(turn)e(o\013)j(ec)m(hoing)330
18941 2162 y(of)f(input)f(c)m(haracters)j(as)e(they)g(are)h(read,)f(the)g
18942 Ft(-t)g Fu(option)g(will)h(allo)m(w)g Ft(read)e Fu(to)i(time)g(out)f
18943 (if)g(input)330 2271 y(do)s(es)i(not)h(arriv)m(e)g(within)f(a)h(sp)s
18944 (eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(seconds,)g(the)f
18945 Ft(-n)g Fu(option)h(will)g(allo)m(w)h(reading)330 2381
18946 y(only)38 b(a)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(c)m(haracters)h
18947 (rather)e(than)g(a)h(full)g(line,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-d)f
18948 Fu(option)h(will)330 2491 y(read)30 b(un)m(til)h(a)g(particular)f(c)m
18949 (haracter)i(rather)f(than)f(newline.)225 2628 y Fq(\017)60
18950 b Fu(The)33 b Ft(return)e Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(ab)
18951 s(ort)f(execution)h(of)f(scripts)g(executed)h(with)f(the)g
18952 Ft(.)g Fu(or)330 2737 y Ft(source)c Fu(builtins)g(\(see)j(Section)f
18953 (4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\).)225
18954 2874 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)43 b(includes)g(the)g Ft(shopt)f
18955 Fu(builtin,)k(for)d(\014ner)f(con)m(trol)j(of)e(shell)h(optional)g
18956 (capabilities)h(\(see)330 2984 y(Section)c(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f
18957 (Builtin],)k(page)d(64\),)k(and)39 b(allo)m(ws)i(these)f(options)h(to)f
18958 (b)s(e)f(set)i(and)330 3093 y(unset)30 b(at)h(shell)g(in)m(v)m(o)s
18959 (cation)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)g(page)h
18960 (82\).)225 3230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)45 b(has)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)h
18961 (optional)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e(con)m(trollable)j(with)e(the)f
18962 Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)330 3340 y(tion)31
18963 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)225 3477
18964 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(`)p Ft(-x)p Fu(')g(\()p Ft(xtrace)p
18965 Fu(\))g(option)h(displa)m(ys)f(commands)h(other)f(than)h(simple)f
18966 (commands)g(when)g(p)s(er-)330 3587 y(forming)f(an)g(execution)i(trace)
18967 f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)225
18968 3724 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)28 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)
18969 f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h
18970 (di\013eren)m(t,)330 3833 y(as)23 b(it)g(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h
18971 Fm(posix)f Fu(algorithm,)j(whic)m(h)d(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m
18972 (vior)f(based)g(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)330 3943 y(of)31
18973 b(argumen)m(ts.)225 4080 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)g(the)h
18974 Ft(caller)d Fu(builtin,)j(whic)m(h)f(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(con)m(text)i
18975 (of)f(an)m(y)g(activ)m(e)h(subroutine)330 4189 y(call)28
18976 b(\(a)f(shell)f(function)h(or)f(a)h(script)f(executed)h(with)f(the)h
18977 Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)39 b(This)26
18978 b(supp)s(orts)330 4299 y(the)31 b(bash)e(debugger.)225
18979 4436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section)
18980 f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(42\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e
18981 Ft(DEBUG)330 4545 y Fu(pseudo-signal)c(sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(similar)e
18982 (to)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(.)62 b(Commands)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(with)g(a)h
18983 Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h
18984 (simple)f(command,)j Ft(for)c Fu(command,)k Ft(case)c
18985 Fu(command,)k Ft(select)330 4765 y Fu(command,)35 b(ev)m(ery)g
18986 (arithmetic)g Ft(for)e Fu(command,)i(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)g(\014rst)f
18987 (command)h(executes)h(in)330 4874 y(a)29 b(shell)g(function.)40
18988 b(The)28 b Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(trap)g(is)h(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h(shell)g
18989 (functions)f(unless)g(the)h(function)330 4984 y(has)35
18990 b(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)i(the)f Ft(trace)e Fu(attribute)i(or)g(the)g
18991 Ft(functrace)d Fu(option)j(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)330
18992 5093 y(the)28 b Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin.)39 b(The)27 b
18993 Ft(extdebug)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)f(additional)h(e\013ects)h(on)f
18994 (the)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap.)330 5230 y(The)21 b Ft(trap)e
18995 Fu(builtin)i(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)j
18996 (page)e(42\))g(allo)m(ws)g(an)f Ft(ERR)f Fu(pseudo-)330
18997 5340 y(signal)30 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(similar)f(to)g
18998 Ft(EXIT)f Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)39 b(Commands)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h
18999 (with)g(an)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)p eop end
19000 %%Page: 154 160
19001 TeXDict begin 154 159 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19002 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
19003 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(154)330 299 y(are)40 b(executed)g(after)g
19004 (a)f(simple)h(command)f(fails,)j(with)d(a)h(few)f(exceptions.)68
19005 b(The)39 b Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)g(is)330 408 y(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h
19006 (shell)g(functions)f(unless)g(the)h Ft(-o)29 b(errtrace)37
19007 b Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(is)330
19008 518 y(enabled.)330 650 y(The)g Ft(trap)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)g(Section)h
19009 (4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(42\))g(allo)m(ws)g(a)g
19010 Ft(RETURN)330 759 y Fu(pseudo-signal)35 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)j
19011 (similar)d(to)h Ft(EXIT)e Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)54
19012 b(Commands)34 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)h(an)330 869 y
19013 Ft(RETURN)k Fu(trap)i(are)g(executed)h(b)s(efore)e(execution)i(resumes)
19014 e(after)h(a)g(shell)g(function)g(or)g(a)g(shell)330 978
19015 y(script)36 b(executed)g(with)g Ft(.)f Fu(or)h Ft(source)e
19016 Fu(returns.)56 b(The)35 b Ft(RETURN)f Fu(trap)i(is)g(not)g(inherited)f
19017 (b)m(y)h(shell)330 1088 y(functions)k(unless)h(the)g(function)f(has)h
19018 (b)s(een)f(giv)m(en)i(the)f Ft(trace)e Fu(attribute)j(or)e(the)h
19019 Ft(functrace)330 1198 y Fu(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)
19020 g(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin.)225 1329 y Fq(\017)60
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19025 Ft(umask)e Fu(builtin)h(p)s(ermits)g(a)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)h(to)h
19026 (cause)f(the)g(output)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(in)g(the)330
19027 1680 y(form)i(of)h(a)g Ft(umask)f Fu(command)g(that)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f
19028 (reused)g(as)h(input)f(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)330
19029 1789 y(Builtins],)g(page)g(42\).)225 1921 y Fq(\017)60
19030 b Fu(Bash)34 b(implemen)m(ts)h(a)g Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(directory)f
19031 (stac)m(k,)j(and)d(pro)m(vides)g(the)g Ft(pushd)p Fu(,)g
19032 Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(and)g Ft(dirs)330 2030 y Fu(builtins)g(to)i
19033 (manipulate)f(it)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.8)g([The)f(Directory)h(Stac)m
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19035 (directory)g(stac)m(k)g(visible)g(as)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31
19036 b(of)g(the)f Ft(DIRSTACK)f Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)225
19037 2272 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)28 b(in)m(terprets)h(sp)s(ecial)g(bac)m
19038 (kslash-escap)s(ed)g(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(prompt)e(strings)h
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19040 ([Con)m(trolling)f(the)g(Prompt],)f(page)h(94\).)225
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19042 (more)f(useful)g(\(see)h(Section)h(6.10)g([The)e(Restricted)i(Shell],)
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19044 (de)f(is)h(to)s(o)g(limited.)225 2754 y Fq(\017)60 b
19045 Fu(The)30 b Ft(disown)f Fu(builtin)h(can)h(remo)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(job)f
19046 (from)g(the)h(in)m(ternal)g(shell)g(job)f(table)i(\(see)f(Section)h
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19048 (suppress)d(the)i(sending)g(of)g Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)j(a)g(job)f(when)f
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19050 Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)225 3104 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(a)g(n)
19051 m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(features)g(to)g(supp)s(ort)d(a)j(separate)g
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19055 (t)f(in)330 3346 y(Bash.)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
19056 b(do)s(es)f(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e Ft(stop)g Fu(or)g
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19058 b(do)s(es)f(not)g(use)g(the)h Ft(SHACCT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32
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19060 Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h Ft(sh)f Fu(uses)g(a)g
19061 Ft(TIMEOUT)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(lik)m(e)h(Bash)e(uses)g
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19063 (y)g(b)s(e)f(found)f(in)h(Chapter)f(6)i([Bash)g(F)-8
19064 b(eatures],)32 b(page)f(82.)150 4128 y Fs(B.1)67 b(Implemen)l(tation)48
19065 b(Di\013erences)e(F)-11 b(rom)44 b(The)h(SVR4.2)g(Shell)150
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19069 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance:)225 4529 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32
19070 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(fork)f(a)h(subshell)e(when)h(redirecting)h(in)m(to)h
19071 (or)e(out)h(of)g(a)g(shell)f(con)m(trol)i(structure)330
19072 4639 y(suc)m(h)d(as)h(an)f Ft(if)g Fu(or)g Ft(while)f
19073 Fu(statemen)m(t.)225 4770 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(do)s(es)f(not)h
19074 (allo)m(w)h(un)m(balanced)f(quotes.)41 b(The)28 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g
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19076 (at)f Ft(EOF)f Fu(under)g(certain)h(circumstances.)41
19077 b(This)27 b(can)h(b)s(e)g(the)g(cause)g(of)g(some)h(hard-)330
19078 4989 y(to-\014nd)h(errors.)225 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45
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19080 m(heme)e(based)g(on)g(trapping)330 5230 y Ft(SIGSEGV)p
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19084 (it)f(misb)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(badly)-8 b(.)p eop end
19085 %%Page: 155 161
19086 TeXDict begin 155 160 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19087 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
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19093 (less)h(than)f(some)h(magic)330 518 y(threshold)30 b(v)-5
19094 b(alue,)31 b(commonly)g(100.)42 b(This)29 b(can)i(lead)g(to)g(unexp)s
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19096 (do)s(es)f(not)g(allo)m(w)i(users)e(to)h(trap)f Ft(SIGSEGV)p
19097 Fu(,)f Ft(SIGALRM)p Fu(,)f(or)j Ft(SIGCHLD)p Fu(.)225
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19099 (w)j(the)d Ft(IFS)p Fu(,)h Ft(MAILCHECK)p Fu(,)f Ft(PATH)p
19100 Fu(,)h Ft(PS1)p Fu(,)g(or)f Ft(PS2)g Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)35
19101 b(to)330 897 y(b)s(e)30 b(unset.)225 1031 y Fq(\017)60
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19103 (undo)s(cumen)m(ted)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(of)g(`)p
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19105 (ultiple)f(option)g(argumen)m(ts)g(when)e(it)i(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
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19107 1275 y(allo)m(ws)c(only)f(one)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g(\()p
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19109 (shell)f(dump)f(core)330 1385 y(if)f(the)h(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(b)s
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19114 (only)h(for)f(certain)h(failures,)h(as)f(en)m(umerated)g(in)f(the)h
19115 Fm(posix)330 1738 y Fu(standard.)225 1873 y Fq(\017)60
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19118 (con)m(trol\).)p eop end
19119 %%Page: 156 162
19120 TeXDict begin 156 161 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(156)150 299
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19123 b(1.3,)g(3)g(No)m(v)m(em)m(b)s(er)h(2008)390 635 y(Cop)m(yrigh)m(t)842
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19132 1450 y(useful)29 b(do)s(cumen)m(t)h Fr(free)36 b Fu(in)29
19133 b(the)i(sense)f(of)g(freedom:)41 b(to)31 b(assure)e(ev)m(ery)m(one)j
19134 (the)e(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(freedom)330 1559 y(to)f(cop)m(y)g(and)f
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19201 %%Page: 157 163
19202 TeXDict begin 157 162 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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19242 -8 b(ransparen)m(t)53 b(copies)h(include)f(plain)g Fm(asci)r(i)g
19243 Fu(without)330 2395 y(markup,)37 b(T)-8 b(exinfo)36 b(input)f(format,)j
19244 (LaT)1759 2414 y(E)1810 2395 y(X)e(input)f(format,)j
19245 Ff(SGML)f Fu(or)f Ff(XML)g Fu(using)g(a)g(publicly)330
19246 2504 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)42 b Ff(DTD)p Fu(,)h(and)c
19247 (standard-conforming)g(simple)h Ff(HTML)p Fu(,)i(P)m(ostScript)e(or)f
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19249 b(Examples)38 b(of)h(transparen)m(t)f(image)h(formats)g(include)f
19250 Ff(PNG)p Fu(,)i Ff(X)n(CF)330 2724 y Fu(and)e Ff(JPG)p
19251 Fu(.)64 b(Opaque)38 b(formats)h(include)f(proprietary)h(formats)f(that)
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19293 5189 y(e\013ect)32 b(on)e(the)h(meaning)f(of)h(this)f(License.)199
19294 5340 y(2.)61 b(VERBA)-8 b(TIM)31 b(COPYING)p eop end
19295 %%Page: 158 164
19296 TeXDict begin 158 163 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19297 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
19298 b(158)330 299 y(Y)-8 b(ou)39 b(ma)m(y)f(cop)m(y)h(and)e(distribute)h
19299 (the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(in)f(an)m(y)g(medium,)h(either)g(commercially)h
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19301 b(that)h(this)f(License,)47 b(the)42 b(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i(notices,)j
19302 (and)42 b(the)h(license)330 518 y(notice)37 b(sa)m(ying)g(this)e
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19310 b(y)m(ou)d(ma)m(y)g(accept)h(comp)s(ensation)f(in)f(exc)m(hange)j(for)d
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19317 y(3.)61 b(COPYING)30 b(IN)g(QUANTITY)330 1577 y(If)25
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19325 (er)g(T)-8 b(exts:)59 b(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)41
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19342 (ones)h(listed)g(\(as)h(man)m(y)f(as)g(\014t)g(reasonably\))g(on)g(the)
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19345 y(If)27 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)e(or)i(distribute)g(Opaque)f(copies)i(of)f
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19387 b(,)p eop end
19388 %%Page: 159 165
19389 TeXDict begin 159 164 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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19408 (notice)f(for)g(y)m(our)f(mo)s(di\014cations)g(adjacen)m(t)i(to)f(the)g
19409 (other)510 1504 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g(notices.)365 1641
19410 y(F.)61 b(Include,)28 b(immediately)h(after)f(the)h(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g
19411 (notices,)h(a)e(license)h(notice)g(giving)g(the)f(public)510
19412 1751 y(p)s(ermission)23 b(to)j(use)e(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8
19413 b(ersion)25 b(under)e(the)i(terms)f(of)h(this)f(License,)j(in)d(the)g
19414 (form)510 1861 y(sho)m(wn)30 b(in)g(the)g(Addendum)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)353
19415 1998 y(G.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)23 b(in)g(that)g(license)h(notice)g(the)f
19416 (full)g(lists)g(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)23 b(Sections)h(and)e
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19418 (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)g(license)h(notice.)357 2244
19419 y(H.)60 b(Include)30 b(an)g(unaltered)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(this)f(License.)
19420 392 2381 y(I.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)f(section)h(En)m(titled)g
19421 (\\History",)h(Preserv)m(e)f(its)f(Title,)i(and)d(add)h(to)h(it)f(an)g
19422 (item)510 2491 y(stating)d(at)g(least)g(the)g(title,)h(y)m(ear,)g(new)d
19423 (authors,)i(and)e(publisher)f(of)j(the)f(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8
19424 b(ersion)510 2600 y(as)32 b(giv)m(en)g(on)f(the)h(Title)g(P)m(age.)45
19425 b(If)31 b(there)h(is)f(no)g(section)i(En)m(titled)f(\\History")h(in)e
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19427 (title,)i(y)m(ear,)g(authors,)f(and)e(publisher)f(of)i(the)g(Do)s
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19429 (then)d(add)g(an)g(item)g(describing)g(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8
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19431 (tence.)378 3066 y(J.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)g(net)m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s
19432 (cation,)i(if)d(an)m(y)-8 b(,)34 b(giv)m(en)f(in)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m
19433 (t)h(for)g(public)e(access)j(to)510 3176 y(a)e(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)30
19434 b(cop)m(y)i(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(and)f(lik)m(ewise)h(the)g(net)
19435 m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cations)g(giv)m(en)g(in)510 3285 y(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m
19436 (t)g(for)g(previous)f(v)m(ersions)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(based)f(on.)45
19437 b(These)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(placed)h(in)g(the)510 3395
19438 y(\\History")27 b(section.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)25 b(ma)m(y)h(omit)g(a)f(net)
19439 m(w)m(ork)h(lo)s(cation)g(for)f(a)h(w)m(ork)f(that)g(w)m(as)h
19440 (published)510 3504 y(at)36 b(least)h(four)e(y)m(ears)i(b)s(efore)e
19441 (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(itself,)h(or)d(if)h(the)g(original)h(publisher)
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19443 (ermission.)354 3751 y(K.)60 b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(an)m(y)h(section)f(En)m
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19446 (preserv)m(e)h(in)f(the)h(section)g(all)h(the)e(substance)h(and)f(tone)
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19448 (wledgemen)m(ts)i(and/or)d(dedications)h(giv)m(en)h(therein.)368
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19450 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(of)f(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(unaltered)f
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19457 4573 y(in)g(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion.)357
19458 4710 y(N.)60 b(Do)29 b(not)g(retitle)h(an)m(y)e(existing)i(section)f
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19460 (in)510 4819 y(title)j(with)e(an)m(y)h(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31
19461 b(Section.)354 4956 y(O.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)31 b(an)m(y)g(W)-8
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19469 eop end
19470 %%Page: 160 166
19471 TeXDict begin 160 165 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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19474 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(in)f(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8
19475 b(ersion's)36 b(license)g(notice.)57 b(These)330 408
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19558 %%Page: 161 167
19559 TeXDict begin 161 166 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19560 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
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19645 (an)m(y)g(righ)m(ts)f(to)i(use)e(it.)p eop end
19646 %%Page: 162 168
19647 TeXDict begin 162 167 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19648 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
19649 b(162)154 299 y(10.)61 b(FUTURE)30 b(REVISIONS)f(OF)i(THIS)e(LICENSE)
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19713 %%Page: 163 169
19714 TeXDict begin 163 168 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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19751 %%Page: 164 170
19752 TeXDict begin 164 169 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(164)150 299
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20198 eop end
20199 %%Page: 167 173
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20660 %%Page: 170 176
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20779 %%Page: 171 177
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21013 b Fb(95)150 3586 y(return)c(status)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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21016 294 y Fs(S)2025 427 y Fb(shell)h(arithmetic)17 b Fc(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
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21019 y(shell)26 b(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21020 h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
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21022 b(script)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21023 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
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21028 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
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21030 b Fb(85)2025 892 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
21031 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21032 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28
21033 b Fb(4)2025 984 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
21034 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21035 g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(39)2025 1077
21036 y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
21037 (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
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21039 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
21040 g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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21042 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21043 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25
21044 b Fb(100)2021 1619 y Fs(T)2025 1752 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7
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21049 f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)32
21050 b Fb(4)2025 1932 y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)c
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21054 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
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21058 b Fb(108)2021 2876 y Fs(W)2025 3010 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 b
21059 Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
21060 (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21061 g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2025 3097
21062 y(w)n(ord)h(splitting)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
21063 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21064 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(30)2021 3458 y Fs(Y)2025
21065 3586 y Fb(y)n(anking)h(text)13 b Fc(:)f(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
21066 (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
21067 g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(106)p eop end
21068 %%Trailer
21069
21070 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
21071 %%EOF