man2/stat.2

   1 '\" t
   2 .\" Copyright (c) 1992 Drew Eckhardt (drew@cs.colorado.edu), March 28, 1992
   3 .\" Parts Copyright (c) 1995 Nicolai Langfeldt (janl@ifi.uio.no), 1/1/95
   4 .\" and Copyright (c) 2006, 2007, 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
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  28 .\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
  29 .\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
  30 .\" Modified 1995-05-18 by Todd Larason <jtl@molehill.org>
  31 .\" Modified 1997-01-31 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
  32 .\" Modified 1995-01-09 by Richard Kettlewell <richard@greenend.org.uk>
  33 .\" Modified 1998-05-13 by Michael Haardt <michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de>
  34 .\" Modified 1999-07-06 by aeb & Albert Cahalan
  35 .\" Modified 2000-01-07 by aeb
  36 .\" Modified 2004-06-23 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
  37 .\" 2007-06-08 mtk: Added example program
  38 .\" 2007-07-05 mtk: Added details on underlying system call interfaces
  39 .\"
  40 .TH STAT 2 2017-09-15 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
  41 .SH NAME
  42 stat, fstat, lstat, fstatat \- get file status
  43 .SH SYNOPSIS
  44 .nf
  45 .B #include <sys/types.h>
  46 .B #include <sys/stat.h>
  47 .B #include <unistd.h>
  48 .PP
  49 .BI "int stat(const char *" pathname ", struct stat *" statbuf );
  50 .BI "int fstat(int " fd ", struct stat *" statbuf );
  51 .BI "int lstat(const char *" pathname ", struct stat *" statbuf );
  52
  53 .BR "#include <fcntl.h>           " "/* Definition of AT_* constants */"
  54 .B #include <sys/stat.h>
  55 .PP
  56 .BI "int fstatat(int " dirfd ", const char *" pathname ", struct stat *" \
  57 statbuf ,
  58 .BI "            int " flags );
  59 .fi
  60 .PP
  61 .in -4n
  62 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
  63 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
  64 .in
  65 .PP
  66 .ad l
  67 .BR lstat ():
  68 .RS 4
  69 /* glibc 2.19 and earlier */ _BSD_SOURCE
  70 .br
  71     || /* Since glibc 2.20 */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
  72 .br
  73     || _XOPEN_SOURCE\ >=\ 500
  74 .\"   _XOPEN_SOURCE\ &&\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
  75 .br
  76     || /* Since glibc 2.10: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200112L
  77 .RE
  78 .PP
  79 .BR fstatat ():
  80 .ad l
  81 .RS 4
  82 .PD 0
  83 .TP 4
  84 Since glibc 2.10:
  85 _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200809L
  86 .TP
  87 Before glibc 2.10:
  88 _ATFILE_SOURCE
  89 .RE
  90 .PD
  91 .ad
  92 .SH DESCRIPTION
  93 .PP
  94 These functions return information about a file, in the buffer pointed to by
  95 .IR statbuf .
  96 No permissions are required on the file itself, but\(emin the case of
  97 .BR stat (),
  98 .BR fstatat (),
  99 and
 100 .BR lstat ()\(emexecute
 101 (search) permission is required on all of the directories in
 102 .I pathname
 103 that lead to the file.
 104 .PP
 105 .BR stat ()
 106 and
 107 .BR fstatat ()
 108 retrieve information about the file pointed to by
 109 .IR pathname ;
 110 the differences for
 111 .BR fstatat ()
 112 are described below.
 113 .PP
 114 .BR lstat ()
 115 is identical to
 116 .BR stat (),
 117 except that if
 118 .I pathname
 119 is a symbolic link, then it returns information about the link itself,
 120 not the file that it refers to.
 121 .PP
 122 .BR fstat ()
 123 is identical to
 124 .BR stat (),
 125 except that the file about which information is to be retrieved
 126 is specified by the file descriptor
 127 .IR fd .
 128 .\"
 129 .SS The stat structure
 130 All of these system calls return a
 131 .I stat
 132 structure, which contains the following fields:
 133 .PP
 134 .in +4n
 135 .EX
 136 struct stat {
 137     dev_t     st_dev;         /* ID of device containing file */
 138     ino_t     st_ino;         /* Inode number */
 139     mode_t    st_mode;        /* File type and mode */
 140     nlink_t   st_nlink;       /* Number of hard links */
 141     uid_t     st_uid;         /* User ID of owner */
 142     gid_t     st_gid;         /* Group ID of owner */
 143     dev_t     st_rdev;        /* Device ID (if special file) */
 144     off_t     st_size;        /* Total size, in bytes */
 145     blksize_t st_blksize;     /* Block size for filesystem I/O */
 146     blkcnt_t  st_blocks;      /* Number of 512B blocks allocated */
 147
 148     /* Since Linux 2.6, the kernel supports nanosecond
 149        precision for the following timestamp fields.
 150        For the details before Linux 2.6, see NOTES. */
 151
 152     struct timespec st_atim;  /* Time of last access */
 153     struct timespec st_mtim;  /* Time of last modification */
 154     struct timespec st_ctim;  /* Time of last status change */
 155
 156 #define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec      /* Backward compatibility */
 157 #define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
 158 #define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
 159 };
 160 .EE
 161 .in
 162 .PP
 163 .IR Note :
 164 the order of fields in the
 165 .I stat
 166 structure varies somewhat
 167 across architectures.
 168 In addition,
 169 the definition above does not show the padding bytes
 170 that may be present between some fields on various architectures.
 171 Consult the glibc and kernel source code
 172 if you need to know the details.
 173 .PP
 174 .\" Background: inode attributes are modified with i_mutex held, but
 175 .\" read by stat() without taking the mutex.
 176 .IR Note :
 177 for performance and simplicity reasons, different fields in the
 178 .I stat
 179 structure may contain state information from different moments
 180 during the execution of the system call.
 181 For example, if
 182 .IR st_mode
 183 or
 184 .IR st_uid
 185 is changed by another process by calling
 186 .BR chmod (2)
 187 or
 188 .BR chown (2),
 189 .BR stat ()
 190 might return the old
 191 .I st_mode
 192 together with the new
 193 .IR st_uid ,
 194 or the old
 195 .I st_uid
 196 together with the new
 197 .IR st_mode .
 198 .PP
 199 The fields in the
 200 .I stat
 201 structure are as follows:
 202 .TP
 203 .I st_dev
 204 This field describes the device on which this file resides.
 205 (The
 206 .BR major (3)
 207 and
 208 .BR minor (3)
 209 macros may be useful to decompose the device ID in this field.)
 210 .TP
 211 .I st_ino
 212 This field contains the file's inode number.
 213 .TP
 214 .I st_mode
 215 This field contains the file type and mode.
 216 See
 217 .BR inode (7)
 218 for further information.
 219 .TP
 220 .I st_nlink
 221 This field contains the number of hard links to the file.
 222 .TP
 223 .I st_uid
 224 This field contains the user ID of the owner of the file.
 225 .TP
 226 .I st_gid
 227 This field contains the ID of the group owner of the file.
 228 .TP
 229 .I st_rdev
 230 This field describes the device that this file (inode) represents.
 231 .TP
 232 .I st_size
 233 This field gives the size of the file (if it is a regular
 234 file or a symbolic link) in bytes.
 235 The size of a symbolic link is the length of the pathname
 236 it contains, without a terminating null byte.
 237 .TP
 238 .I st_blksize
 239 This field gives the "preferred" block size for efficient filesystem I/O.
 240 .TP
 241 .I st_blocks
 242 This field indicates the number of blocks allocated to the file,
 243 in 512-byte units.
 244 (This may be smaller than
 245 .IR st_size /512
 246 when the file has holes.)
 247 .TP
 248 .I st_atime
 249 This is the file's last access timestamp.
 250 .TP
 251 .I st_mtime
 252 This is the file's last modification timestamp.
 253 .TP
 254 .I st_ctime
 255 This is the file's last status change timestamp.
 256 .PP
 257 For further information on the above fields, see
 258 .BR inode (7).
 259 .\"
 260 .SS fstatat()
 261 The
 262 .BR fstatat ()
 263 system call is a more general interface for accessing file information
 264 which can still provide exactly the behavior of each of
 265 .BR stat (),
 266 .BR lstat (),
 267 and
 268 .BR fstat ().
 269 .PP
 270 If the pathname given in
 271 .I pathname
 272 is relative, then it is interpreted relative to the directory
 273 referred to by the file descriptor
 274 .I dirfd
 275 (rather than relative to the current working directory of
 276 the calling process, as is done by
 277 .BR stat ()
 278 and
 279 .BR lstat ()
 280 for a relative pathname).
 281 .PP
 282 If
 283 .I pathname
 284 is relative and
 285 .I dirfd
 286 is the special value
 287 .BR AT_FDCWD ,
 288 then
 289 .I pathname
 290 is interpreted relative to the current working
 291 directory of the calling process (like
 292 .BR stat ()
 293 and
 294 .BR lstat ()).
 295 .PP
 296 If
 297 .I pathname
 298 is absolute, then
 299 .I dirfd
 300 is ignored.
 301 .PP
 302 .I flags
 303 can either be 0, or include one or more of the following flags ORed:
 304 .TP
 305 .BR AT_EMPTY_PATH " (since Linux 2.6.39)"
 306 .\" commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
 307 If
 308 .I pathname
 309 is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
 310 .IR dirfd
 311 (which may have been obtained using the
 312 .BR open (2)
 313 .B O_PATH
 314 flag).
 315 In this case,
 316 .I dirfd
 317 can refer to any type of file, not just a directory, and
 318 the behavior of
 319 .BR fstatat ()
 320 is similar to that of
 321 .BR fstat ().
 322 If
 323 .I dirfd
 324 is
 325 .BR AT_FDCWD ,
 326 the call operates on the current working directory.
 327 This flag is Linux-specific; define
 328 .B _GNU_SOURCE
 329 .\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
 330 to obtain its definition.
 331 .TP
 332 .BR AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT " (since Linux 2.6.38)"
 333 Don't automount the terminal ("basename") component of
 334 .I pathname
 335 if it is a directory that is an automount point.
 336 This allows the caller to gather attributes of an automount point
 337 (rather than the location it would mount).
 338 Since Linux 4.14,
 339 .\" commit 42f46148217865a545e129612075f3d828a2c4e4
 340 also don't instantiate a nonexistent name in an
 341 on-demand directory such as used for automounter indirect maps.
 342 This flag can be used in tools that scan directories
 343 to prevent mass-automounting of a directory of automount points.
 344 The
 345 .B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
 346 flag has no effect if the mount point has already been mounted over.
 347 This flag is Linux-specific; define
 348 .B _GNU_SOURCE
 349 .\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
 350 to obtain its definition.
 351 Both
 352 .BR stat ()
 353 and
 354 .BR lstat ()
 355 act as though
 356 .B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
 357 was set.
 358 .TP
 359 .B AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
 360 If
 361 .I pathname
 362 is a symbolic link, do not dereference it:
 363 instead return information about the link itself, like
 364 .BR lstat ().
 365 (By default,
 366 .BR fstatat ()
 367 dereferences symbolic links, like
 368 .BR stat ().)
 369 .PP
 370 See
 371 .BR openat (2)
 372 for an explanation of the need for
 373 .BR fstatat ().
 374 .SH RETURN VALUE
 375 On success, zero is returned.
 376 On error, \-1 is returned, and
 377 .I errno
 378 is set appropriately.
 379 .SH ERRORS
 380 .TP
 381 .B EACCES
 382 Search permission is denied for one of the directories
 383 in the path prefix of
 384 .IR pathname .
 385 (See also
 386 .BR path_resolution (7).)
 387 .TP
 388 .B EBADF
 389 .I fd
 390 is not a valid open file descriptor.
 391 .TP
 392 .B EFAULT
 393 Bad address.
 394 .TP
 395 .B ELOOP
 396 Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the path.
 397 .TP
 398 .B ENAMETOOLONG
 399 .I pathname
 400 is too long.
 401 .TP
 402 .B ENOENT
 403 A component of
 404 .I pathname
 405 does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link.
 406 .TP
 407 .B ENOENT
 408 .I pathname
 409 is an empty string and
 410 .B AT_EMPTY_PATH
 411 was not specified in
 412 .IR flags .
 413 .TP
 414 .B ENOMEM
 415 Out of memory (i.e., kernel memory).
 416 .TP
 417 .B ENOTDIR
 418 A component of the path prefix of
 419 .I pathname
 420 is not a directory.
 421 .TP
 422 .B EOVERFLOW
 423 .I pathname
 424 or
 425 .I fd
 426 refers to a file whose size, inode number,
 427 or number of blocks cannot be represented in, respectively, the types
 428 .IR off_t ,
 429 .IR ino_t ,
 430 or
 431 .IR blkcnt_t .
 432 This error can occur when, for example,
 433 an application compiled on a 32-bit platform without
 434 .I -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64
 435 calls
 436 .BR stat ()
 437 on a file whose size exceeds
 438 .I (1<<31)-1
 439 bytes.
 440 .PP
 441 The following additional errors can occur for
 442 .BR fstatat ():
 443 .TP
 444 .B EBADF
 445 .I dirfd
 446 is not a valid file descriptor.
 447 .TP
 448 .B EINVAL
 449 Invalid flag specified in
 450 .IR flags .
 451 .TP
 452 .B ENOTDIR
 453 .I pathname
 454 is relative and
 455 .I dirfd
 456 is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
 457 .SH VERSIONS
 458 .BR fstatat ()
 459 was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16;
 460 library support was added to glibc in version 2.4.
 461 .SH CONFORMING TO
 462 .BR stat (),
 463 .BR fstat (),
 464 .BR lstat ():
 465 SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1.2008.
 466 .\" SVr4 documents additional
 467 .\" .BR fstat ()
 468 .\" error conditions EINTR, ENOLINK, and EOVERFLOW.  SVr4
 469 .\" documents additional
 470 .\" .BR stat ()
 471 .\" and
 472 .\" .BR lstat ()
 473 .\" error conditions EINTR, EMULTIHOP, ENOLINK, and EOVERFLOW.
 474 .PP
 475 .BR fstatat ():
 476 POSIX.1-2008.
 477 .PP
 478 According to POSIX.1-2001,
 479 .BR lstat ()
 480 on a symbolic link need return valid information only in the
 481 .I st_size
 482 field and the file type of the
 483 .IR st_mode
 484 field of the
 485 .IR stat
 486 structure.
 487 POSIX.1-2008 tightens the specification, requiring
 488 .BR lstat ()
 489 to return valid information in all fields except the mode bits in
 490 .IR st_mode .
 491 .PP
 492 Use of the
 493 .I st_blocks
 494 and
 495 .I st_blksize
 496 fields may be less portable.
 497 (They were introduced in BSD.
 498 The interpretation differs between systems,
 499 and possibly on a single system when NFS mounts are involved.)
 500 .SH NOTES
 501 .SS Timestamp fields
 502 Older kernels and older standards did not support nanosecond timestamp
 503 fields.
 504 Instead, there were three timestamp
 505 .RI fields\(em st_atime ,
 506 .IR st_mtime ,
 507 and
 508 .IR st_ctime \(emtyped
 509 as
 510 .IR time_t
 511 that recorded timestamps with one-second precision.
 512 .PP
 513 Since kernel 2.5.48, the
 514 .I stat
 515 structure supports nanosecond resolution for the three file timestamp fields.
 516 The nanosecond components of each timestamp are available
 517 via names of the form
 518 .IR st_atim.tv_nsec ,
 519 if suitable feature test macros are defined.
 520 Nanosecond timestamps were standardized in POSIX.1-2008,
 521 and, starting with version 2.12,
 522 glibc exposes the nanosecond component names if
 523 .BR _POSIX_C_SOURCE
 524 is defined with the value 200809L or greater, or
 525 .BR _XOPEN_SOURCE
 526 is defined with the value 700 or greater.
 527 Up to and including glibc 2.19,
 528 the definitions of the nanoseconds components are also defined if
 529 .B _BSD_SOURCE
 530 or
 531 .B _SVID_SOURCE
 532 is defined.
 533 If none of the aforementioned macros are defined,
 534 then the nanosecond values are exposed with names of the form
 535 .IR st_atimensec .
 536 .\"
 537 .SS C library/kernel differences
 538 Over time, increases in the size of the
 539 .I stat
 540 structure have led to three successive versions of
 541 .BR stat ():
 542 .IR sys_stat ()
 543 (slot
 544 .IR __NR_oldstat ),
 545 .IR sys_newstat ()
 546 (slot
 547 .IR __NR_stat ),
 548 and
 549 .I sys_stat64()
 550 (slot
 551 .IR __NR_stat64 )
 552 on 32-bit platforms such as i386.
 553 The first two versions were already present in Linux 1.0
 554 (albeit with different names);
 555 .\" See include/asm-i386/stat.h in the Linux 2.4 source code for the
 556 .\" various versions of the structure definitions
 557 the last was added in Linux 2.4.
 558 Similar remarks apply for
 559 .BR fstat ()
 560 and
 561 .BR lstat ().
 562 .PP
 563 The kernel-internal versions of the
 564 .I stat
 565 structure dealt with by the different versions are, respectively:
 566 .TP
 567 .IR __old_kernel_stat
 568 The original structure, with rather narrow fields, and no padding.
 569 .TP
 570 .IR stat
 571 Larger
 572 .I st_ino
 573 field and padding added to various parts of the structure to
 574 allow for future expansion.
 575 .TP
 576 .IR stat64
 577 Even larger
 578 .I st_ino
 579 field,
 580 larger
 581 .I st_uid
 582 and
 583 .I st_gid
 584 fields to accommodate the Linux-2.4 expansion of UIDs and GIDs to 32 bits,
 585 and various other enlarged fields and further padding in the structure.
 586 (Various padding bytes were eventually consumed in Linux 2.6,
 587 with the advent of 32-bit device IDs and nanosecond components
 588 for the timestamp fields.)
 589 .PP
 590 The glibc
 591 .BR stat ()
 592 wrapper function hides these details from applications,
 593 invoking the most recent version of the system call provided by the kernel,
 594 and repacking the returned information if required for old binaries.
 595 .\"
 596 .\" A note from Andries Brouwer, July 2007
 597 .\"
 598 .\" > Is the story not rather more complicated for some calls like
 599 .\" > stat(2)?
 600 .\"
 601 .\" Yes and no, mostly no. See /usr/include/sys/stat.h .
 602 .\"
 603 .\" The idea is here not so much that syscalls change, but that
 604 .\" the definitions of struct stat and of the types dev_t and mode_t change.
 605 .\" This means that libc (even if it does not call the kernel
 606 .\" but only calls some internal function) must know what the
 607 .\" format of dev_t or of struct stat is.
 608 .\" The communication between the application and libc goes via
 609 .\" the include file <sys/stat.h> that defines a _STAT_VER and
 610 .\" _MKNOD_VER describing the layout of the data that user space
 611 .\" uses. Each (almost each) occurrence of stat() is replaced by
 612 .\" an occurrence of xstat() where the first parameter of xstat()
 613 .\" is this version number _STAT_VER.
 614 .\"
 615 .\" Now, also the definitions used by the kernel change.
 616 .\" But glibc copes with this in the standard way, and the
 617 .\" struct stat as returned by the kernel is repacked into
 618 .\" the struct stat as expected by the application.
 619 .\" Thus, _STAT_VER and this setup cater for the application-libc
 620 .\" interface, rather than the libc-kernel interface.
 621 .\"
 622 .\" (Note that the details depend on gcc being used as c compiler.)
 623 .PP
 624 On modern 64-bit systems, life is simpler: there is a single
 625 .BR stat ()
 626 system call and the kernel deals with a
 627 .I stat
 628 structure that contains fields of a sufficient size.
 629 .PP
 630 The underlying system call employed by the glibc
 631 .BR fstatat ()
 632 wrapper function is actually called
 633 .BR fstatat64 ()
 634 or, on some architectures,
 635 .\" strace(1) shows the name "newfstatat" on x86-64
 636 .BR newfstatat ().
 637 .SH EXAMPLE
 638 The following program calls
 639 .BR lstat ()
 640 and displays selected fields in the returned
 641 .I stat
 642 structure.
 643 .PP
 644 .EX
 645 #include <sys/types.h>
 646 #include <sys/stat.h>
 647 #include <time.h>
 648 #include <stdio.h>
 649 #include <stdlib.h>
 650 #include <sys/sysmacros.h>
 651
 652 int
 653 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 654 {
 655     struct stat sb;
 656
 657     if (argc != 2) {
 658         fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pathname>\\n", argv[0]);
 659         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 660     }
 661
 662     if (lstat(argv[1], &sb) == \-1) {
 663         perror("lstat");
 664         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 665     }
 666
 667     printf("ID of containing device:  [%lx,%lx]\\n",
 668             (long) major(sb.st_dev), (long) minor(sb.st_dev));
 669
 670     printf("File type:                ");
 671
 672     switch (sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) {
 673     case S_IFBLK:  printf("block device\\n");            break;
 674     case S_IFCHR:  printf("character device\\n");        break;
 675     case S_IFDIR:  printf("directory\\n");               break;
 676     case S_IFIFO:  printf("FIFO/pipe\\n");               break;
 677     case S_IFLNK:  printf("symlink\\n");                 break;
 678     case S_IFREG:  printf("regular file\\n");            break;
 679     case S_IFSOCK: printf("socket\\n");                  break;
 680     default:       printf("unknown?\\n");                break;
 681     }
 682
 683     printf("I\-node number:            %ld\\n", (long) sb.st_ino);
 684
 685     printf("Mode:                     %lo (octal)\\n",
 686             (unsigned long) sb.st_mode);
 687
 688     printf("Link count:               %ld\\n", (long) sb.st_nlink);
 689     printf("Ownership:                UID=%ld   GID=%ld\\n",
 690             (long) sb.st_uid, (long) sb.st_gid);
 691
 692     printf("Preferred I/O block size: %ld bytes\\n",
 693             (long) sb.st_blksize);
 694     printf("File size:                %lld bytes\\n",
 695             (long long) sb.st_size);
 696     printf("Blocks allocated:         %lld\\n",
 697             (long long) sb.st_blocks);
 698
 699     printf("Last status change:       %s", ctime(&sb.st_ctime));
 700     printf("Last file access:         %s", ctime(&sb.st_atime));
 701     printf("Last file modification:   %s", ctime(&sb.st_mtime));
 702
 703     exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 704 }
 705 .EE
 706 .SH SEE ALSO
 707 .BR ls (1),
 708 .BR stat (1),
 709 .BR access (2),
 710 .BR chmod (2),
 711 .BR chown (2),
 712 .BR readlink (2),
 713 .BR utime (2),
 714 .BR capabilities (7),
 715 .BR inode (7),
 716 .BR symlink (7)