man3/fts.3

   1 .\"     $NetBSD: fts.3,v 1.13.2.1 1997/11/14 02:09:32 mrg Exp $
   2 .\"
   3 .\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994
   4 .\"     The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
   5 .\"
   6 .\" SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-4-Clause-UC
   7 .\"
   8 .\"     @(#)fts.3       8.5 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
   9 .\"
  10 .\" 2007-12-08, mtk, Converted from mdoc to man macros
  11 .\"
  12 .TH FTS 3 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
  13 .SH NAME
  14 fts, fts_open, fts_read, fts_children, fts_set, fts_close \- \
  15 traverse a file hierarchy
  16 .SH SYNOPSIS
  17 .nf
  18 .B #include <sys/types.h>
  19 .B #include <sys/stat.h>
  20 .B #include <fts.h>
  21 .PP
  22 .BI "FTS *fts_open(char * const *" path_argv ", int " options ,
  23 .BI "              int (*" compar ")(const FTSENT **, const FTSENT **));"
  24 .PP
  25 .BI "FTSENT *fts_read(FTS *" ftsp );
  26 .PP
  27 .BI "FTSENT *fts_children(FTS *" ftsp ", int " instr );
  28 .PP
  29 .BI "int fts_set(FTS *" ftsp ", FTSENT *" f ", int " instr );
  30 .PP
  31 .BI "int fts_close(FTS *" ftsp );
  32 .fi
  33 .SH DESCRIPTION
  34 The
  35 fts functions are provided for traversing
  36 file hierarchies.
  37 A simple overview is that the
  38 .BR fts_open ()
  39 function returns a "handle" (of type
  40 .IR "FTS\ *" )
  41 that refers to a file hierarchy "stream".
  42 This handle is then supplied to the other
  43 fts functions.
  44 The function
  45 .BR fts_read ()
  46 returns a pointer to a structure describing one of the files in the file
  47 hierarchy.
  48 The function
  49 .BR fts_children ()
  50 returns a pointer to a linked list of structures, each of which describes
  51 one of the files contained in a directory in the hierarchy.
  52 .PP
  53 In general, directories are visited two distinguishable times; in preorder
  54 (before any of their descendants are visited) and in postorder (after all
  55 of their descendants have been visited).
  56 Files are visited once.
  57 It is possible to walk the hierarchy "logically" (visiting the files that
  58 symbolic links point to)
  59 or physically (visiting the symbolic links themselves),
  60 order the walk of the hierarchy or
  61 prune and/or revisit portions of the hierarchy.
  62 .PP
  63 Two structures (and associated types) are defined in the include file
  64 .IR <fts.h> .
  65 The first type is
  66 .IR FTS ,
  67 the structure that represents the file hierarchy itself.
  68 The second type is
  69 .IR FTSENT ,
  70 the structure that represents a file in the file
  71 hierarchy.
  72 Normally, an
  73 .I FTSENT
  74 structure is returned for every file in the file
  75 hierarchy.
  76 In this manual page, "file" and
  77 "FTSENT structure"
  78 are generally interchangeable.
  79 .PP
  80 The
  81 .I FTSENT
  82 structure contains fields describing a file.
  83 The structure contains at least the following fields
  84 (there are additional fields that
  85 should be considered private to the implementation):
  86 .PP
  87 .in +4n
  88 .EX
  89 typedef struct _ftsent {
  90     unsigned short  fts_info;     /* flags for FTSENT structure */
  91     char           *fts_accpath;  /* access path */
  92     char           *fts_path;     /* root path */
  93     short           fts_pathlen;  /* strlen(fts_path) +
  94                                      strlen(fts_name) */
  95     char           *fts_name;     /* filename */
  96     short           fts_namelen;  /* strlen(fts_name) */
  97     short           fts_level;    /* depth (\-1 to N) */
  98     int             fts_errno;    /* file errno */
  99     long            fts_number;   /* local numeric value */
 100     void           *fts_pointer;  /* local address value */
 101     struct _ftsent *fts_parent;   /* parent directory */
 102     struct _ftsent *fts_link;     /* next file structure */
 103     struct _ftsent *fts_cycle;    /* cycle structure */
 104     struct stat    *fts_statp;    /* stat(2) information */
 105 .\" Also:
 106 .\"     ino_t fts_ino;                  /* inode (only for directories)*/
 107 .\"     dev_t fts_dev;                  /* device (only for directories)*/
 108 .\"     nlink_t fts_nlink;              /* link count (only for directories)*/
 109 .\"     u_short fts_flags;              /* private flags for FTSENT structure */
 110 .\"     u_short fts_instr;              /* fts_set() instructions */
 111 } FTSENT;
 112 .EE
 113 .in
 114 .PP
 115 These fields are defined as follows:
 116 .\" .Bl -tag -width "fts_namelen"
 117 .TP
 118 .IR fts_info
 119 One of the following values describing the returned
 120 .I FTSENT
 121 structure and
 122 the file it represents.
 123 With the exception of directories without errors
 124 .RB ( FTS_D ),
 125 all of these
 126 entries are terminal, that is, they will not be revisited, nor will any
 127 of their descendants be visited.
 128 .\" .Bl  -tag -width FTS_DEFAULT
 129 .RS
 130 .TP
 131 .BR FTS_D
 132 A directory being visited in preorder.
 133 .TP
 134 .BR FTS_DC
 135 A directory that causes a cycle in the tree.
 136 (The
 137 .I fts_cycle
 138 field of the
 139 .I FTSENT
 140 structure will be filled in as well.)
 141 .TP
 142 .BR FTS_DEFAULT
 143 Any
 144 .I FTSENT
 145 structure that represents a file type not explicitly described
 146 by one of the other
 147 .I fts_info
 148 values.
 149 .TP
 150 .BR FTS_DNR
 151 A directory which cannot be read.
 152 This is an error return, and the
 153 .I fts_errno
 154 field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
 155 .TP
 156 .BR FTS_DOT
 157 A file named
 158 "."
 159 or
 160 ".."
 161 which was not specified as a filename to
 162 .BR fts_open ()
 163 (see
 164 .BR FTS_SEEDOT ).
 165 .TP
 166 .BR FTS_DP
 167 A directory being visited in postorder.
 168 The contents of the
 169 .I FTSENT
 170 structure will be unchanged from when
 171 it was returned in preorder, that is, with the
 172 .I fts_info
 173 field set to
 174 .BR FTS_D .
 175 .TP
 176 .BR FTS_ERR
 177 This is an error return, and the
 178 .I fts_errno
 179 field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
 180 .TP
 181 .BR FTS_F
 182 A regular file.
 183 .TP
 184 .BR FTS_NS
 185 A file for which no
 186 .BR stat (2)
 187 information was available.
 188 The contents of the
 189 .I fts_statp
 190 field are undefined.
 191 This is an error return, and the
 192 .I fts_errno
 193 field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
 194 .TP
 195 .BR FTS_NSOK
 196 A file for which no
 197 .BR stat (2)
 198 information was requested.
 199 The contents of the
 200 .I fts_statp
 201 field are undefined.
 202 .TP
 203 .BR FTS_SL
 204 A symbolic link.
 205 .TP
 206 .BR FTS_SLNONE
 207 A symbolic link with a nonexistent target.
 208 The contents of the
 209 .I fts_statp
 210 field reference the file characteristic information for the symbolic link
 211 itself.
 212 .\" .El
 213 .RE
 214 .TP
 215 .IR fts_accpath
 216 A path for accessing the file from the current directory.
 217 .TP
 218 .IR fts_path
 219 The path for the file relative to the root of the traversal.
 220 This path contains the path specified to
 221 .BR fts_open ()
 222 as a prefix.
 223 .TP
 224 .IR fts_pathlen
 225 The sum of the lengths of the strings referenced by
 226 .IR fts_path
 227 and
 228 .IR fts_name .
 229 .TP
 230 .IR fts_name
 231 The name of the file.
 232 .TP
 233 .IR fts_namelen
 234 The length of the string referenced by
 235 .IR fts_name .
 236 .TP
 237 .IR fts_level
 238 The depth of the traversal, numbered from \-1 to N, where this file
 239 was found.
 240 The
 241 .I FTSENT
 242 structure representing the parent of the starting point (or root)
 243 of the traversal is numbered \-1, and the
 244 .I FTSENT
 245 structure for the root
 246 itself is numbered 0.
 247 .TP
 248 .IR fts_errno
 249 If
 250 .BR fts_children ()
 251 or
 252 .BR fts_read ()
 253 returns an
 254 .I FTSENT
 255 structure whose
 256 .I fts_info
 257 field is set to
 258 .BR FTS_DNR ,
 259 .BR FTS_ERR ,
 260 or
 261 .BR FTS_NS ,
 262 the
 263 .I fts_errno
 264 field contains the error number (i.e., the
 265 .IR errno
 266 value)
 267 specifying the cause of the error.
 268 Otherwise, the contents of the
 269 .I fts_errno
 270 field are undefined.
 271 .TP
 272 .IR fts_number
 273 This field is provided for the use of the application program and is
 274 not modified by the
 275 fts functions.
 276 It is initialized to 0.
 277 .TP
 278 .IR fts_pointer
 279 This field is provided for the use of the application program and is
 280 not modified by the
 281 fts functions.
 282 It is initialized to
 283 NULL.
 284 .TP
 285 .IR fts_parent
 286 A pointer to the
 287 .I FTSENT
 288 structure referencing the file in the hierarchy
 289 immediately above the current file, that is, the directory of which this
 290 file is a member.
 291 A parent structure for the initial entry point is provided as well,
 292 however, only the
 293 .IR fts_level ,
 294 .IR fts_number ,
 295 and
 296 .I fts_pointer
 297 fields are guaranteed to be initialized.
 298 .TP
 299 .IR fts_link
 300 Upon return from the
 301 .BR fts_children ()
 302 function, the
 303 .I fts_link
 304 field points to the next structure in the NULL-terminated linked list of
 305 directory members.
 306 Otherwise, the contents of the
 307 .I fts_link
 308 field are undefined.
 309 .TP
 310 .IR fts_cycle
 311 If a directory causes a cycle in the hierarchy (see
 312 .BR FTS_DC ),
 313 either because
 314 of a hard link between two directories, or a symbolic link pointing to a
 315 directory, the
 316 .I fts_cycle
 317 field of the structure will point to the
 318 .I FTSENT
 319 structure in the hierarchy that references the same file as the current
 320 .I FTSENT
 321 structure.
 322 Otherwise, the contents of the
 323 .I fts_cycle
 324 field are undefined.
 325 .TP
 326 .IR fts_statp
 327 A pointer to
 328 .BR stat (2)
 329 information for the file.
 330 .\" .El
 331 .PP
 332 A single buffer is used for all of the paths of all of the files in the
 333 file hierarchy.
 334 Therefore, the
 335 .I fts_path
 336 and
 337 .I fts_accpath
 338 fields are guaranteed to be
 339 null-terminated
 340 .I only
 341 for the file most recently returned by
 342 .BR fts_read ().
 343 To use these fields to reference any files represented by other
 344 .I FTSENT
 345 structures will require that the path buffer be modified using the
 346 information contained in that
 347 .I FTSENT
 348 structure's
 349 .I fts_pathlen
 350 field.
 351 Any such modifications should be undone before further calls to
 352 .BR fts_read ()
 353 are attempted.
 354 The
 355 .I fts_name
 356 field is always
 357 null-terminated.
 358 .SS fts_open()
 359 The
 360 .BR fts_open ()
 361 function takes a pointer to an array of character pointers naming one
 362 or more paths which make up a logical file hierarchy to be traversed.
 363 The array must be terminated by a
 364 null pointer.
 365 .PP
 366 There are
 367 a number of options, at least one of which (either
 368 .BR FTS_LOGICAL
 369 or
 370 .BR FTS_PHYSICAL )
 371 must be specified.
 372 The options are selected by ORing
 373 the following values:
 374 .\" .Bl -tag -width "FTS_PHYSICAL"
 375 .TP
 376 .BR FTS_COMFOLLOW
 377 This option causes any symbolic link specified as a root path to be
 378 followed immediately whether or not
 379 .BR FTS_LOGICAL
 380 is also specified.
 381 .TP
 382 .BR FTS_LOGICAL
 383 This option causes the
 384 fts routines to return
 385 .I FTSENT
 386 structures for the targets of symbolic links
 387 instead of the symbolic links themselves.
 388 If this option is set, the only symbolic links for which
 389 .I FTSENT
 390 structures
 391 are returned to the application are those referencing nonexistent files.
 392 Either
 393 .BR FTS_LOGICAL
 394 or
 395 .BR FTS_PHYSICAL
 396 .I must
 397 be provided to the
 398 .BR fts_open ()
 399 function.
 400 .TP
 401 .BR FTS_NOCHDIR
 402 As a performance optimization, the
 403 fts functions change directories as they walk the file hierarchy.
 404 This has the side-effect that an application cannot rely on being
 405 in any particular directory during the traversal.
 406 The
 407 .BR FTS_NOCHDIR
 408 option turns off this optimization, and the
 409 fts functions will not change the current directory.
 410 Note that applications should not themselves change their current directory
 411 and try to access files unless
 412 .BR FTS_NOCHDIR
 413 is specified and absolute
 414 pathnames were provided as arguments to
 415 .BR fts_open ().
 416 .TP
 417 .BR FTS_NOSTAT
 418 By default, returned
 419 .I FTSENT
 420 structures reference file characteristic information (the
 421 .I statp
 422 field) for each file visited.
 423 This option relaxes that requirement as a performance optimization,
 424 allowing the
 425 fts functions to set the
 426 .I fts_info
 427 field to
 428 .BR FTS_NSOK
 429 and leave the contents of the
 430 .I statp
 431 field undefined.
 432 .TP
 433 .BR FTS_PHYSICAL
 434 This option causes the
 435 fts routines to return
 436 .I FTSENT
 437 structures for symbolic links themselves instead
 438 of the target files they point to.
 439 If this option is set,
 440 .I FTSENT
 441 structures for all symbolic links in the
 442 hierarchy are returned to the application.
 443 Either
 444 .BR FTS_LOGICAL
 445 or
 446 .BR FTS_PHYSICAL
 447 .I must
 448 be provided to the
 449 .BR fts_open ()
 450 function.
 451 .TP
 452 .BR FTS_SEEDOT
 453 By default, unless they are specified as path arguments to
 454 .BR fts_open (),
 455 any files named
 456 "."
 457 or
 458 ".."
 459 encountered in the file hierarchy are ignored.
 460 This option causes the
 461 fts routines to return
 462 .I FTSENT
 463 structures for them.
 464 .TP
 465 .BR FTS_XDEV
 466 This option prevents
 467 fts from descending into directories that have a different device number
 468 than the file from which the descent began.
 469 .\" .El
 470 .PP
 471 The argument
 472 .BR compar ()
 473 specifies a user-defined function which may be used to order the traversal
 474 of the hierarchy.
 475 It
 476 takes two pointers to pointers to
 477 .I FTSENT
 478 structures as arguments and
 479 should return a negative value, zero, or a positive value to indicate
 480 if the file referenced by its first argument comes before, in any order
 481 with respect to, or after, the file referenced by its second argument.
 482 The
 483 .IR fts_accpath ,
 484 .IR fts_path ,
 485 and
 486 .I fts_pathlen
 487 fields of the
 488 .I FTSENT
 489 structures may
 490 .I never
 491 be used in this comparison.
 492 If the
 493 .I fts_info
 494 field is set to
 495 .BR FTS_NS
 496 or
 497 .BR FTS_NSOK ,
 498 the
 499 .I fts_statp
 500 field may not either.
 501 If the
 502 .BR compar ()
 503 argument is
 504 NULL,
 505 the directory traversal order is in the order listed in
 506 .I path_argv
 507 for the root paths, and in the order listed in the directory for
 508 everything else.
 509 .SS fts_read()
 510 The
 511 .BR fts_read ()
 512 function returns a pointer to an
 513 .I FTSENT
 514 structure describing a file in
 515 the hierarchy.
 516 Directories (that are readable and do not cause cycles) are visited at
 517 least twice, once in preorder and once in postorder.
 518 All other files are visited at least once.
 519 (Hard links between directories that do not cause cycles or symbolic
 520 links to symbolic links may cause files to be visited more than once,
 521 or directories more than twice.)
 522 .PP
 523 If all the members of the hierarchy have been returned,
 524 .BR fts_read ()
 525 returns NULL and sets
 526 .I errno
 527 to 0.
 528 If an error unrelated to a file in the hierarchy occurs,
 529 .BR fts_read ()
 530 returns
 531 NULL
 532 and sets
 533 .I errno
 534 to indicate the error.
 535 If an error related to a returned file occurs, a pointer to an
 536 .I FTSENT
 537 structure is returned, and
 538 .I errno
 539 may or may not have been set (see
 540 .IR fts_info ).
 541 .PP
 542 The
 543 .I FTSENT
 544 structures returned by
 545 .BR fts_read ()
 546 may be overwritten after a call to
 547 .BR fts_close ()
 548 on the same file hierarchy stream, or, after a call to
 549 .BR fts_read ()
 550 on the same file hierarchy stream unless they represent a file of type
 551 directory, in which case they will not be overwritten until after a call to
 552 .BR fts_read ()
 553 after the
 554 .I FTSENT
 555 structure has been returned by the function
 556 .BR fts_read ()
 557 in postorder.
 558 .SS fts_children()
 559 The
 560 .BR fts_children ()
 561 function returns a pointer to an
 562 .I FTSENT
 563 structure describing the first entry in a NULL-terminated linked list of
 564 the files in the directory represented by the
 565 .I FTSENT
 566 structure most recently returned by
 567 .BR fts_read ().
 568 The list is linked through the
 569 .I fts_link
 570 field of the
 571 .I FTSENT
 572 structure, and is ordered by the user-specified comparison function, if any.
 573 Repeated calls to
 574 .BR fts_children ()
 575 will re-create this linked list.
 576 .PP
 577 As a special case, if
 578 .BR fts_read ()
 579 has not yet been called for a hierarchy,
 580 .BR fts_children ()
 581 will return a pointer to the files in the logical directory specified to
 582 .BR fts_open (),
 583 that is, the arguments specified to
 584 .BR fts_open ().
 585 Otherwise, if the
 586 .I FTSENT
 587 structure most recently returned by
 588 .BR fts_read ()
 589 is not a directory being visited in preorder,
 590 or the directory does not contain any files,
 591 .BR fts_children ()
 592 returns
 593 NULL
 594 and sets
 595 .I errno
 596 to zero.
 597 If an error occurs,
 598 .BR fts_children ()
 599 returns
 600 NULL
 601 and sets
 602 .I errno
 603 to indicate the error.
 604 .PP
 605 The
 606 .I FTSENT
 607 structures returned by
 608 .BR fts_children ()
 609 may be overwritten after a call to
 610 .BR fts_children (),
 611 .BR fts_close (),
 612 or
 613 .BR fts_read ()
 614 on the same file hierarchy stream.
 615 .PP
 616 The
 617 .I instr
 618 argument is either zero or the following value:
 619 .\" .Bl -tag -width FTS_NAMEONLY
 620 .TP
 621 .BR FTS_NAMEONLY
 622 Only the names of the files are needed.
 623 The contents of all the fields in the returned linked list of structures
 624 are undefined with the exception of the
 625 .I fts_name
 626 and
 627 .I fts_namelen
 628 fields.
 629 .\" .El
 630 .SS fts_set()
 631 The function
 632 .BR fts_set ()
 633 allows the user application to determine further processing for the
 634 file
 635 .I f
 636 of the stream
 637 .IR ftsp .
 638 The
 639 .BR fts_set ()
 640 function
 641 returns 0 on success, and \-1 if an error occurs.
 642 .PP
 643 The
 644 .I instr
 645 argument is either 0 (meaning "do nothing") or one of the following values:
 646 .\" .Bl -tag -width FTS_PHYSICAL
 647 .TP
 648 .BR FTS_AGAIN
 649 Revisit the file; any file type may be revisited.
 650 The next call to
 651 .BR fts_read ()
 652 will return the referenced file.
 653 The
 654 .I fts_stat
 655 and
 656 .I fts_info
 657 fields of the structure will be reinitialized at that time,
 658 but no other fields will have been changed.
 659 This option is meaningful only for the most recently returned
 660 file from
 661 .BR fts_read ().
 662 Normal use is for postorder directory visits, where it causes the
 663 directory to be revisited (in both preorder and postorder) as well as all
 664 of its descendants.
 665 .TP
 666 .BR FTS_FOLLOW
 667 The referenced file must be a symbolic link.
 668 If the referenced file is the one most recently returned by
 669 .BR fts_read (),
 670 the next call to
 671 .BR fts_read ()
 672 returns the file with the
 673 .I fts_info
 674 and
 675 .I fts_statp
 676 fields reinitialized to reflect the target of the symbolic link instead
 677 of the symbolic link itself.
 678 If the file is one of those most recently returned by
 679 .BR fts_children (),
 680 the
 681 .I fts_info
 682 and
 683 .I fts_statp
 684 fields of the structure, when returned by
 685 .BR fts_read (),
 686 will reflect the target of the symbolic link instead of the symbolic link
 687 itself.
 688 In either case, if the target of the symbolic link does not exist, the
 689 fields of the returned structure will be unchanged and the
 690 .I fts_info
 691 field will be set to
 692 .BR FTS_SLNONE .
 693 .IP
 694 If the target of the link is a directory, the preorder return, followed
 695 by the return of all of its descendants, followed by a postorder return,
 696 is done.
 697 .TP
 698 .BR FTS_SKIP
 699 No descendants of this file are visited.
 700 The file may be one of those most recently returned by either
 701 .BR fts_children ()
 702 or
 703 .BR fts_read ().
 704 .\" .El
 705 .SS fts_close()
 706 The
 707 .BR fts_close ()
 708 function closes the file hierarchy stream referred to by
 709 .I ftsp
 710 and restores the current directory to the directory from which
 711 .BR fts_open ()
 712 was called to open
 713 .IR ftsp .
 714 The
 715 .BR fts_close ()
 716 function
 717 returns 0 on success, and \-1 if an error occurs.
 718 .SH ERRORS
 719 The function
 720 .BR fts_open ()
 721 may fail and set
 722 .I errno
 723 for any of the errors specified for
 724 .BR open (2)
 725 and
 726 .BR malloc (3).
 727 .PP
 728 The function
 729 .BR fts_close ()
 730 may fail and set
 731 .I errno
 732 for any of the errors specified for
 733 .BR chdir (2)
 734 and
 735 .BR close (2).
 736 .PP
 737 The functions
 738 .BR fts_read ()
 739 and
 740 .BR fts_children ()
 741 may fail and set
 742 .I errno
 743 for any of the errors specified for
 744 .BR chdir (2),
 745 .BR malloc (3),
 746 .BR opendir (3),
 747 .BR readdir (3),
 748 and
 749 .BR stat (2).
 750 .PP
 751 In addition,
 752 .BR fts_children (),
 753 .BR fts_open (),
 754 and
 755 .BR fts_set ()
 756 may fail and set
 757 .I errno
 758 as follows:
 759 .TP
 760 .B EINVAL
 761 .I options
 762 or
 763 .I instr
 764 was invalid.
 765 .SH VERSIONS
 766 These functions are available in Linux since glibc2.
 767 .SH ATTRIBUTES
 768 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
 769 .BR attributes (7).
 770 .ad l
 771 .nh
 772 .TS
 773 allbox;
 774 lbx lb lb
 775 l l l.
 776 Interface       Attribute       Value
 777 T{
 778 .BR fts_open (),
 779 .BR fts_set (),
 780 .BR fts_close ()
 781 T}      Thread safety   MT-Safe
 782 T{
 783 .BR fts_read (),
 784 .BR fts_children ()
 785 T}      Thread safety   MT-Unsafe
 786 .TE
 787 .hy
 788 .ad
 789 .sp 1
 790 .SH CONFORMING TO
 791 4.4BSD.
 792 .SH BUGS
 793 In versions of glibc before 2.23,
 794 .\" Fixed by commit 8b7b7f75d91f7bac323dd6a370aeb3e9c5c4a7d5
 795 .\" https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=15838
 796 .\" https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=11460
 797 all of the APIs described in this man page are not safe when compiling
 798 a program using the LFS APIs (e.g., when compiling with
 799 .IR \-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 ).
 800 .\"
 801 .\" The following statement is years old, and seems no closer to
 802 .\" being true -- mtk
 803 .\" The
 804 .\" .I fts
 805 .\" utility is expected to be included in a future
 806 .\" POSIX.1
 807 .\" revision.
 808 .SH SEE ALSO
 809 .BR find (1),
 810 .BR chdir (2),
 811 .BR stat (2),
 812 .BR ftw (3),
 813 .BR qsort (3)