fanotify.7: Merge two printf() calls

[thirdparty/man-pages.git] / man7 / fanotify.7

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.TH FANOTIFY 7 2014-04-24 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
fanotify \- monitoring filesystem events
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.B fanotify
API provides notification and interception of filesystem events.
Use cases include virus scanning and hierarchical storage management.
Currently, only a limited set of events is supported.
In particular, there is no support for create, delete, and move events.
(See
.BR inotify (7)
for details of an API that does notify those events.)

Additional capabilities compared to the
.BR inotify (7)
API are monitoring of complete mounts, access permission decisions, and the
possibility to read or modify files before access by other applications.

The following system calls are used with this API:
.BR fanotify_init (2),
.BR fanotify_mark (2),
.BR poll (2),
.BR ppoll (2),
.BR read (2),
.BR write (2),
and
.BR close (2).
.PP
.BR fanotify_init (2)
creates and initializes an fanotify notification group and returns a file
descriptor referring to it.
.PP
An fanotify notification group is a kernel-internal object that holds
a list of files, directories, and mount points for which events shall be
created.
.PP
For each entry in an fanotify notification group, two bit masks exist: the
.I mark
mask and the
.I ignore
mask.
The mark mask defines file activities for which an event shall be created.
The ignore mask defines activities for which no event shall be generated.
Having these two types of masks permits a mount point or directory to be
marked for receiving events, while at the same time ignoring events for
specific objects under that mount point or directory.
.PP
A possible usage of the ignore mask is for a file cache.
Events of interest for a file cache are modification of a file and closing
of the same.
Hence, the cached directory or mount point is to be marked to receive these
events.
After receiving the first event informing that a file has been modified, the
corresponding cache entry will be invalidated.
No further modification events for this file are of interest until the file is
closed.
Hence, the modify event can be added to the ignore mask.
Upon receiving the closed event, the modify event can be removed from the
ignore mask and the file cache entry can be updated.
.PP
The entries in the fanotify notification groups refer to files and directories
via their inode number and to mounts via their mount ID.
If files or directories are renamed or moved, the respective entries survive.
If files or directories are deleted or mounts are unmounted, the corresponding
entries are deleted.
.PP
Two types of events exist: notification events and permission events.
Notification events are only informative and require no action to be taken by
the receiving application except for closing the file descriptor passed in the
event.
Permission events are requests to the receiving application to decide whether
permission for a file access shall be granted.
For these events, the recipient must write a response which decides whether
access is granted or not.
.PP
When all file descriptors referring to the fanotify notification group are
closed, the fanotify group is released and its resources are freed for reuse by
the kernel.
.PP
.BR fanotify_mark (2)
adds a file, directory, or mount to the group and specifies which events
shall be reported (or ignored), or removes or modifies such an entry.
.PP
When an fanotify event occurs, the fanotify file descriptor indicates as
readable when passed to
.BR epoll (7),
.BR poll (2),
or
.BR select (2).
.PP
All events for an fanotify group are collected in a queue.
Consecutive events for the same filesystem object and originating from the
same process may be merged into a single event, with the exception that two
permission events are never merged into one queue entry.
Queue entries for notification events are removed when the event has been
read.
Queue entries for permission events are removed when the permission
decision has been taken by writing to the fanotify file descriptor.
.PP
Calling
.BR read (2)
for the file descriptor returned by
.BR fanotify_init (2)
blocks (if the flag
.B FAN_NONBLOCK
is not specified in the call to
.BR fanotify_init (2))
until either a file event occurs or the call is interrupted by a signal
(see
.BR signal (7)).

The return value of
.BR read (2)
is the length of the filled buffer, or \-1 in case of an error.
After a successful
.BR read (2),
the read buffer contains one or more of the following structures:

.in +4n
.nf
struct fanotify_event_metadata {
    __u32 event_len;
    __u8 vers;
    __u8 reserved;
    __u16 metadata_len;
    __aligned_u64 mask;
    __s32 fd;
    __s32 pid;
};
.fi
.in

.TP 15
.I event_len
This is the length of the data for the current event and the offset to the next
event in the buffer.
In the current implementation, the value of
.I event_len
is always
.BR FAN_EVENT_METADATA_LEN .
In principle, the API design would allow to return variable-length structures.
Therefore, and for performance reasons, it is recommended to use a larger
buffer size when reading, for example 4096 bytes.
.TP
.I vers
This field holds a version number for the structure.
It must be compared to
.B FANOTIFY_METADATA_VERSION
to verify that the structures returned at runtime match
the structures defined at compile time.
In case of a mismatch, the application should abandon trying to use the
fanotify file descriptor.
.TP
.I reserved
This field is not used.
.TP
.I metadata_len
This is the length of the structure.
The field was introduced to facilitate the implementation of optional headers
per event type.
No such optional headers exist in the current implementation.
.TP
.I mask
This is a bit mask describing the event.
.TP
.I fd
This is an open file descriptor for the object being accessed, or
.B FAN_NOFD
if a queue overflow occurred.
The file descriptor can be used to access the contents of the monitored file or
directory.
The
.B FMODE_NONOTIFY
file status flag is set on the corresponding open file description.
This flag suppresses fanotify event generation.
Hence, when the receiver of the fanotify event accesses the notified file or
directory using this file descriptor, no additional events will be created.
The reading application is responsible for closing the file descriptor.
.TP
.I pid
This is the ID of the process that caused the event.
A program listening to fanotify events can compare this PID to the PID returned
by
.BR getpid (2),
to determine whether the event is caused by the listener itself, or is due to a
file access by another program.
.PP
The bit mask in
.I mask
signals which events have occurred for a single filesystem object.
More than one of the following flags can be set at once in the bit mask.
.TP
.B FAN_ACCESS
A file or a directory (but see BUGS) was accessed (read).
.TP
.B FAN_OPEN
A file or a directory was opened.
.TP
.B FAN_MODIFY
A file was modified.
.TP
.B FAN_CLOSE_WRITE
A file that was opened for writing
.RB ( O_WRONLY
or
.BR O_RDWR )
was closed.
.TP
.B FAN_CLOSE_NOWRITE
A file that was opened read-only
.RB ( O_RDONLY )
or a directory was closed.
.TP
.B FAN_Q_OVERFLOW
The event queue exceeded the limit of 16384 entries.
This limit can be overridden in the call to
.BR fanotify_init (2)
by setting the flag
.BR FAN_UNLIMITED_QUEUE .
.TP
.B FAN_ACCESS_PERM
An application wants to read a file or directory, for example using
.BR read (2)
or
.BR readdir (2).
The reader must write a response that determines whether the permission to
access the filesystem object shall be granted.
.TP
.B FAN_OPEN_PERM
An application wants to open a file or directory.
The reader must write a response that determines whether the permission to
open the filesystem object shall be granted.
.PP
To check for any close event, the following bit mask may be used:
.TP
.B FAN_CLOSE
A file was closed
(FAN_CLOSE_WRITE | FAN_CLOSE_NOWRITE).
.PP
The following macros are provided to iterate over a buffer containing fanotify
event metadata returned by a
.BR read (2)
from an fanotify file descriptor.
.TP
.B FAN_EVENT_OK(meta, len)
This macro checks the remaining length
.I len
of the buffer
.I meta
against the length of the metadata structure and the
.I event_len
field of the first metadata structure in the buffer.
.TP
.B FAN_EVENT_NEXT(meta, len)
This macro sets the pointer
.I meta
to the next metadata structure using the length indicated in the
.I event_len
field of the metadata structure and reduces the remaining length of the
buffer
.IR len .
.PP
For permission events, the application must
.BR write (2)
a structure of the following form to the
.B fanotify
file descriptor:

.in +4n
.nf
struct fanotify_response {
    __s32 fd;
    __u32 response;
};
.fi
.in

.TP 15
.I fd
This is the file descriptor from the structure
.IR fanotify_event_metadata .
.TP
.I response
This field indicates whether or not the permission is to be granted.
Its value must be either
.B FAN_ALLOW
to allow the file operation or
.B FAN_DENY
to deny the file operation.
.PP
If access has been denied, the requesting application call will receive an
error
.BR EPERM .
.PP
To end listening, it is sufficient to
.BR close (2)
the fanotify file descriptor.
The outstanding permission events will be set to allowed, and all resources
will be returned to the kernel.
.PP
The file
.I /proc/<pid>/fdinfo/<fd>
contains information about fanotify marks for file descriptor
.I fd
of process
.IR pid .
See
.I Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
for details.
.SH ERRORS
In addition to the usual errors for
.BR read (2),
the following errors can occur when reading from the fanotify file descriptor:
.TP
.B EINVAL
The buffer is too short to hold the event.
.TP
.B EMFILE
The per-process limit on the number of open files has been reached.
See the description of
.B RLIMIT_NOFILE
in
.BR getrlimit (2).
.TP
.B ENFILE
The system-wide limit on the number of open files has been reached.
See
.I /proc/sys/fs/file-max
in
.BR proc (5).
.TP
.B ETXTBSY
A write enabled file descriptor shall be created for a file that is executing.
This error is returned by
.BR read (2),
if
.B O_RDWR
or
.B O_WRONLY
was specified in the
.I event_f_flags
argument when calling
.BR fanotify_init (2)
and the event occurred for a monitored file that is currently being execuded.
.PP
In addition to the usual errors for
.BR write (2),
the following errors can occur when writing to the fanotify file descriptor:
.TP
.B EINVAL
Fanotify access permissions are not enabled in the kernel configuration or the
value of
.I response
in the response structure is not valid.
.TP
.B ENOENT
The file descriptor
.I fd
in the response structure is not valid.
This might occur because the file was already deleted by another thread or
process.
.SH VERSIONS
The fanotify API was introduced in version 2.6.36 of the Linux kernel and
enabled in version 2.6.37.
Fdinfo support was added in version 3.8.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The fanotify API is Linux-specific.
.SH NOTES
The fanotify API is available only if the kernel was built with the
.B CONFIG_FANOTIFY
configuration option enabled.
In addition, fanotify permission handling is available only if the
.B CONFIG_FANOTIFY_ACCESS_PERMISSIONS
configuration option is enabled.
.SS Limitations and caveats
Fanotify reports only events that a user-space program triggers through the
filesystem API.
As a result, it does not catch remote events that occur on network filesystems.
.PP
The fanotify API does not report file accesses and modifications that
may occur because of
.BR mmap (2),
.BR msync (2),
and
.BR munmap (2).
.PP
Events for directories are created only if the directory itself is opened,
read, and closed.
Adding, removing, or changing children of a marked directory does not create
events for the monitored directory itself.
.PP
Fanotify monitoring of directories is not recursive: to monitor subdirectories
under a directory, additional marks must be created.
(But note that the fanotify API provides no way of  detecting when a
subdirectory has been created under a marked directory, which makes recursive
monitoring difficult.)
Monitoring mounts offers the capability to monitor a whole directory tree.
.PP
The event queue can overflow.
In this case, events are lost.
.SH BUGS
As of Linux 3.15,
the following bugs exist:
.IP * 3
.\" FIXME: Patch is in linux-next-20140424.
.BR readdir (2)
does not create a
.B FAN_ACCESS
event.
.IP *
.\" FIXME: A patch was proposed.
When an event is generated, no check is made to see whether the user ID of the
receiving process has authorization to read or write the file before passing a
file descriptor for that file in
This poses a security risk, when the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability is set for programs executed by unprivileged users.
.SH EXAMPLE
The following program demonstrates the usage of the fanotify API.
It marks the mount point passed as command-line argument
and waits for events of type
.B FAN_PERM_OPEN
and
.BR FAN_CLOSE_WRITE .
When a permission event occurs, a
.B FAN_ALLOW
response is given.
.PP
The following output was recorded while editing the file
.IR /home/user/temp/notes .
Before the file was opened, a
.B FAN_OPEN_PERM
event occurred.
After the file was closed, a
.B FAN_CLOSE_WRITE
event occurred.
Execution of the program ends when the user presses the ENTER key.
.SS Example output
.in +4n
.nf
# ./fanotify_example /home
Press enter key to terminate.
Listening for events.
FAN_OPEN_PERM: File /home/user/temp/notes
FAN_CLOSE_WRITE: File /home/user/temp/notes

Listening for events stopped.
.fi
.in
.SS Program source
.nf
#define _GNU_SOURCE     /* Needed to get O_LARGEFILE defintion */
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/fanotify.h>
#include <unistd.h>

/* Read all available fanotify events from the file descriptor 'fd' */

void
handle_events(int fd)
{
    const struct fanotify_event_metadata *metadata;
    char buf[4096];
    ssize_t len;
    char path[PATH_MAX];
    ssize_t path_len;
    char procfd_path[PATH_MAX];
    struct fanotify_response response;

    /* Loop while events can be read from fanotify file descriptor */

    for(;;) {

        /* Read some events */

        len = read(fd, (void *) &buf, sizeof(buf));
        if (len == \-1 && errno != EAGAIN) {
            perror("read");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* Check if end of available data reached */

        if (len <= 0)
            break;

        /* Point to the first event in the buffer */

        metadata = (struct fanotify_event_metadata *) buf;

        /* Loop over all events in the buffer */

        while (FAN_EVENT_OK(metadata, len)) {

            /* Check that run\-time and compile\-time structures match */

            if (metadata\->vers != FANOTIFY_METADATA_VERSION) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "Mismatch of fanotify metadata version.\\n");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }

            /* Check that the event contains a file descriptor */

            if (metadata\->fd >= 0) {

                /* Handle open permission event */

                if (metadata\->mask & FAN_OPEN_PERM) {
                    printf("FAN_OPEN_PERM: ");

                    /* Allow file to be opened */

                    response.fd = metadata\->fd;
                    response.response = FAN_ALLOW;
                    write(fd, &response,
                            sizeof(struct fanotify_response));
                }

                /* Handle closing of writable file event */

                if (metadata\->mask & FAN_CLOSE_WRITE)
                    printf("FAN_CLOSE_WRITE: ");

                /* Determine path of the file accessed */

                snprintf(procfd_path, sizeof(procfd_path),
                         "/proc/self/fd/%d", metadata\->fd);
                path_len = readlink(procfd_path, path,
                                    sizeof(path) \- 1);
                if (path_len == \-1) {
                    perror("readlink");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                path[path_len] = '\\0';
                printf("File %s\\n", path);

                /* Close the file descriptor of the event */

                close(metadata\->fd);
            }

            /* Advance to next event */

            metadata = FAN_EVENT_NEXT(metadata, len);
        }
    }
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char buf;
    int fd, poll_num;
    nfds_t nfds;
    struct pollfd fds[2];

    /* Check mount point is supplied */

    if (argc != 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s MOUNT\\n", argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    printf("Press enter key to terminate.\\n");

    /* Create the file descriptor for accessing the fanotify API */

    fd = fanotify_init(FAN_CLOEXEC | FAN_CLASS_CONTENT | FAN_NONBLOCK,
                       O_RDONLY | O_LARGEFILE);
    if (fd == \-1) {
        perror("fanotify_init");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Mark the mount for:
       \- permission events before opening files
       \- notification events after closing a write\-enabled
         file descriptor */

    if (fanotify_mark(fd, FAN_MARK_ADD | FAN_MARK_MOUNT,
                      FAN_OPEN_PERM | FAN_CLOSE_WRITE, \-1,
                      argv[1]) == \-1) {
        perror("fanotify_mark");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Prepare for polling */

    nfds = 2;

    /* Console input */

    fds[0].fd = STDIN_FILENO;
    fds[0].events = POLLIN;

    /* Fanotify input */

    fds[1].fd = fd;
    fds[1].events = POLLIN;

    /* This is the loop to wait for incoming events */

    printf("Listening for events.\\n");
    while (1) {
        poll_num = poll(fds, nfds, \-1);
        if (poll_num == \-1) {
            if (errno == EINTR)
                continue;
            perror("poll");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        if (poll_num > 0) {
            if (fds[0].revents & POLLIN) {

                /* Console input is available: empty stdin and quit */

                while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf, 1) > 0 && buf != '\\n')
                    continue;
                break;
            }
            if (fds[1].revents & POLLIN) {

                /* Fanotify events are available */

                handle_events(fd);
            }
        }
    }

    printf("Listening for events stopped.\\n");
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.fi
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.ad l
.BR fanotify_init (2),
.BR fanotify_mark (2),
.BR inotify (7)