@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename libc.info
@settitle The GNU C Library
-@setchapternewpage odd
+@documentencoding UTF-8
+@c '@codequotebacktick on' and '@codequoteundirected on' require
+@c Texinfo 5.0 or later, so use the older equivalent @set variables
+@c supported in Texinfo 4.11 and later.
+@set txicodequoteundirected
+@set txicodequotebacktick
+
+@c setchapternewpage odd
+
+@include macros.texi
@comment Tell install-info what to do.
-@dircategory GNU libraries
+@dircategory Software libraries
@direntry
* Libc: (libc). C library.
@end direntry
+@include dir-add.texi
+
+@include pkgvers.texi
@c This tells texinfo.tex to use the real section titles in xrefs in
@c place of the node name, when no section title is explicitly given.
@c @smallbook
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
+@c Everything related to printed editions is disabled until we have
+@c resolved how to keep them in sync with the master sources of the
+@c manual.
@c sold 0.06/1.09, print run out 21may96
-@set EDITION 0.07 DRAFT
-@set VERSION 2.00 Beta
-@set UPDATED 04 Aug 1997
-@set ISBN 1-882114-53-1
-
-@ifinfo
-This file documents the GNU C library.
-
-This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
-of @cite{The GNU C Library Reference Manual}, for Version @value{VERSION}.
-
-Copyright (C) 1993, '94, '95, '96, '97 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-
-@ignore
-Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
-notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
-(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-
-@end ignore
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
-section entitled ``GNU Library General Public License'' is included
-exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
-derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
-identical to this one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
-except that the text of the translation of the section entitled ``GNU
-Library General Public License'' must be approved for accuracy by the
-Foundation.
-@end ifinfo
+@c @set EDITION 0.13
+@c @set ISBN 1-882114-55-8
+
+@include version.texi
+
+@set FDL_VERSION 1.3
+
+@copying
+This is
+@c Disabled (printed editions, see above).
+@c Edition @value{EDITION} of
+@cite{The GNU C Library Reference Manual}, for version
+@ifset PKGVERSION_DEFAULT
+@value{VERSION}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear PKGVERSION_DEFAULT
+@value{VERSION} @value{PKGVERSION}.
+@end ifclear
+
+Copyright @copyright{} 1993--2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
+@value{FDL_VERSION} or any later version published by the Free
+Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being ``Free Software
+Needs Free Documentation'' and ``GNU Lesser General Public License'',
+the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover
+Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the
+section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
+
+(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to
+copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF
+supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
+@end copying
@iftex
@shorttitlepage The GNU C Library Reference Manual
@center with
@center Richard M. Stallman, Roland McGrath, Andrew Oram, and Ulrich Drepper
@sp 3
-@center Edition @value{EDITION}
-@sp 1
-@center last updated @value{UPDATED}
-@sp 1
+@c Disabled (printed editions, see above).
+@c @center Edition @value{EDITION}
+@c @sp 1
@center for version @value{VERSION}
+@ifclear PKGVERSION_DEFAULT
+@sp 1
+@center @value{PKGVERSION}
+@end ifclear
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1993, '94, '95, '96, '97 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@sp 2
-Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
-59 Temple Place -- Suite 330, @*
-Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA @*
-Printed copies are available for $50 each. @*
-ISBN @value{ISBN} @*
+@insertcopying
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
+@c Disabled (printed editions, see above).
+@c @sp 2
+@c Published by the @uref{https://www.fsf.org/, Free Software Foundation} @*
+@c ISBN @value{ISBN} @*
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
-section entitled ``GNU Library General Public License'' is included
-exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
-derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
-identical to this one.
+@c Disabled (printed editions, see above).
+@c @sp 2
+@c Cover art for the Free Software Foundation's printed edition
+@c by Etienne Suvasa.
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
-except that the text of the translation of the section entitled ``GNU
-Library General Public License'' must be approved for accuracy by the
-Foundation.
@end titlepage
-@page
-
-@ifinfo
-@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
-@top Main Menu
-This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, of
-@cite{The GNU C Library Reference Manual}, for Version @value{VERSION}
-of the GNU C Library.
-@end ifinfo
-
-
-@menu
-* Introduction:: Purpose of the GNU C Library.
-* Error Reporting:: How the GNU Library functions report
- error conditions.
-* Memory Allocation:: Your program can allocate memory dynamically
- and manipulate it via pointers.
-* Character Handling:: Character testing and conversion functions.
-* String and Array Utilities:: Utilities for copying and comparing
- strings and arrays.
-* Extended Characters:: Support for extended character sets.
-* Locales:: The country and language can affect
- the behavior of library functions.
-* Message Translation:: How to make the program speak the users
- language.
-* Searching and Sorting:: General searching and sorting functions.
-* Pattern Matching:: Matching wildcards and regular expressions,
- and shell-style ``word expansion''.
-* I/O Overview:: Introduction to the I/O facilities.
-* Streams: I/O on Streams. High-level, portable I/O facilities.
-* Low-Level I/O:: Low-level, less portable I/O.
-* File System Interface:: Functions for manipulating files.
-* Pipes and FIFOs:: A simple interprocess communication mechanism.
-* Sockets:: A more complicated interprocess communication
- mechanism, with support for networking.
-* Low-Level Terminal Interface::How to change the characteristics
- of a terminal device.
-* Mathematics:: Math functions (transcendental functions,
- random numbers, absolute value, etc.).
-* Arithmetic:: Low-level arithmetic functions.
-* Date and Time:: Functions for getting the date and time,
- and for conversion between formats.
-* Non-Local Exits:: The @code{setjmp} and @code{longjmp} facilities.
-* Signal Handling:: All about signals; how to send them,
- block them, and handle them.
-* Process Startup:: Writing the beginning and end of your program.
-* Processes:: How to create processes and run other programs.
-* Job Control:: All about process groups and sessions.
-* Name Service Switch:: Accessing the various system databases.
-* Users and Groups:: How users are identified and classified.
-* System Information:: Getting information about the
- hardware and software configuration
- of the machine a program runs on.
-* System Configuration:: Parameters describing operating system limits.
-
-Appendices
-
-* Language Features:: C language features provided by the library.
-
-* Library Summary:: A summary showing the syntax, header file,
- and derivation of each library feature.
-* Maintenance:: How to install and maintain the GNU C Library.
-* Copying:: The GNU Library General Public License says
- how you can copy and share the GNU C Library.
-
-Indices
-
-* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and names.
-* Type Index:: Index of types and type qualifiers.
-* Function Index:: Index of functions and function-like macros.
-* Variable Index:: Index of variables and variable-like macros.
-* File Index:: Index of programs and files.
-
- --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
-
-Introduction
-
-* Getting Started:: Getting Started
-* Standards and Portability:: Standards and Portability
-* Using the Library:: Using the Library
-* Roadmap to the Manual:: Roadmap to the Manual
-
-Standards and Portability
-
-* ISO C:: The American National Standard for the
- C programming language.
-* POSIX:: The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards
- for operating systems.
-* Berkeley Unix:: BSD and SunOS.
-* SVID:: The System V Interface Description.
-
-Using the Library
-
-* Header Files:: How to use the header files in your programs.
-* Macro Definitions:: Some functions in the library may really
- be implemented as macros.
-* Reserved Names:: The C standard reserves some names for
- the library, and some for users.
-* Feature Test Macros:: How to control what names are defined.
-
-Error Reporting
-
-* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions.
-* Error Codes:: What all the error codes are.
-* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages.
-
-Memory Allocation
-
-* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology.
-* Dynamic Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C.
-* Unconstrained Allocation:: The @code{malloc} facility allows fully general
- dynamic allocation.
-* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc
- but more efficient and convenient.
-* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks
- of automatic storage that are freed when the
- calling function returns.
-* Relocating Allocator:: Waste less memory, if you can tolerate
- automatic relocation of the blocks you get.
-
-Unconstrained Allocation
-
-* Basic Allocation:: Simple use of @code{malloc}.
-* Malloc Examples:: Examples of @code{malloc}. @code{xmalloc}.
-* Freeing after Malloc:: Use @code{free} to free a block you
- got with @code{malloc}.
-* Changing Block Size:: Use @code{realloc} to make a block
- bigger or smaller.
-* Allocating Cleared Space:: Use @code{calloc} to allocate a
- block and clear it.
-* Efficiency and Malloc:: Efficiency considerations in use of
- these functions.
-* Aligned Memory Blocks:: Allocating specially aligned memory:
- @code{memalign} and @code{valloc}.
-* Heap Consistency Checking:: Automatic checking for errors.
-* Hooks for Malloc:: You can use these hooks for debugging
- programs that use @code{malloc}.
-* Statistics of Malloc:: Getting information about how much
- memory your program is using.
-* Summary of Malloc:: Summary of @code{malloc} and related functions.
-
-Obstacks
-
-* Creating Obstacks:: How to declare an obstack in your program.
-* Preparing for Obstacks:: Preparations needed before you can
- use obstacks.
-* Allocation in an Obstack:: Allocating objects in an obstack.
-* Freeing Obstack Objects:: Freeing objects in an obstack.
-* Obstack Functions:: The obstack functions are both
- functions and macros.
-* Growing Objects:: Making an object bigger by stages.
-* Extra Fast Growing:: Extra-high-efficiency (though more
- complicated) growing objects.
-* Status of an Obstack:: Inquiries about the status of an obstack.
-* Obstacks Data Alignment:: Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks.
-* Obstack Chunks:: How obstacks obtain and release chunks.
- Efficiency considerations.
-* Summary of Obstacks::
-
-Automatic Storage with Variable Size
-
-* Alloca Example:: Example of using @code{alloca}.
-* Advantages of Alloca:: Reasons to use @code{alloca}.
-* Disadvantages of Alloca:: Reasons to avoid @code{alloca}.
-* GNU C Variable-Size Arrays:: Only in GNU C, here is an alternative
- method of allocating dynamically and
- freeing automatically.
-Relocating Allocator
-
-* Relocator Concepts:: How to understand relocating allocation.
-* Using Relocator:: Functions for relocating allocation.
-
-Character Handling
-
-* Classification of Characters::Testing whether characters are
- letters, digits, punctuation, etc.
-* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like.
-
-String and Array Utilities
-
-* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts.
-* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an
- arbitrary array function.
-* String Length:: Determining the length of a string.
-* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings
- and arrays.
-* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise
- comparison.
-* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings.
-* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring.
-* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking
- for delimiters.
-
-Extended Characters
-
-* Extended Char Intro:: Multibyte codes versus wide characters.
-* Locales and Extended Chars:: The locale selects the character codes.
-* Multibyte Char Intro:: How multibyte codes are represented.
-* Wide Char Intro:: How wide characters are represented.
-* Wide String Conversion:: Converting wide strings to multibyte code
- and vice versa.
-* Length of Char:: how many bytes make up one multibyte char.
-* Converting One Char:: Converting a string character by character.
-* Example of Conversion:: Example showing why converting
- one character at a time may be useful.
-* Shift State:: Multibyte codes with "shift characters".
-
-Locales and Internationalization
-
-* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of locale.
-* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale.
-* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which
- you can select a locale.
-* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale.
-* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems.
-* Numeric Formatting:: How to format numbers for the chosen locale.
-
-Message Translation
-
-* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The @code{catgets} family of functions.
-* The Uniforum approach:: The @code{gettext} family of functions.
-
-Searching and Sorting
-
-* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects.
- Since the sort and search facilities are
- general, you have to specify the ordering.
-* Array Search Function:: The @code{bsearch} function.
-* Array Sort Function:: The @code{qsort} function.
-* Search/Sort Example:: An example program.
-
-Pattern Matching
-
-* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string.
-* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern.
-* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings.
-* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands,
- arithmetic, and wildcards.
- This is what the shell does with shell commands.
-
-I/O Overview
-
-* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology.
-* File Names:: How to refer to a file.
-
-I/O Concepts
-
-* Streams and File Descriptors:: The GNU Library provides two ways
- to access the contents of files.
-* File Position:: The number of bytes from the
- beginning of the file.
-
-File Names
-
-* Directories:: Directories contain entries for files.
-* File Name Resolution:: A file name specifies how to look up a file.
-* File Name Errors:: Error conditions relating to file names.
-* File Name Portability:: File name portability and syntax issues.
-
-I/O on Streams
-
-* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream.
-* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output
- devices are created for you.
-* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file.
-* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it.
-* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines.
-* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words.
-* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream.
-* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read.
-* Formatted Output:: @code{printf} and related functions.
-* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for
- @code{printf} and friends.
-* Formatted Input:: @code{scanf} and related functions.
-* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data.
-* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens.
-* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files
- and binary files.
-* File Positioning:: About random-access streams.
-* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems.
-* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams.
-* Temporary Files:: How to open a temporary file.
-* Other Kinds of Streams:: Other Kinds of Streams
-
-Unreading
-
-* Unreading Idea:: An explanation of unreading with pictures.
-* How Unread:: How to call @code{ungetc} to do unreading.
-
-Formatted Output
-
-* Formatted Output Basics:: Some examples to get you started.
-* Output Conversion Syntax:: General syntax of conversion specifications.
-* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions, what they do.
-* Integer Conversions:: Details of formatting integers.
-* Floating-Point Conversions:: Details of formatting floating-point numbers.
-* Other Output Conversions:: Details about formatting of strings,
- characters, pointers, and the like.
-* Formatted Output Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions.
-* Variable Arguments Output:: @code{vprintf} and friends.
-* Parsing a Template String:: What kinds of arguments does
- a given template call for?
-
-Customizing Printf
-
-* Registering New Conversions::
-* Conversion Specifier Options::
-* Defining the Output Handler::
-* Printf Extension Example::
-
-Formatted Input
-
-* Formatted Input Basics:: Some basics to get you started.
-* Input Conversion Syntax:: Syntax of conversion specifications.
-* Table of Input Conversions:: Summary of input conversions and what they do.
-* Numeric Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading numbers.
-* String Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading strings.
-* Other Input Conversions:: Details of miscellaneous other conversions.
-* Formatted Input Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions.
-* Variable Arguments Input:: @code{vscanf} and friends.
-
-Stream Buffering
-
-* Buffering Concepts:: Terminology is defined here.
-* Flushing Buffers:: How to ensure that output buffers are flushed.
-* Controlling Buffering:: How to specify what kind of buffering to use.
-
-Other Kinds of Streams
-
-* String Streams::
-* Custom Streams::
-
-Programming Your Own Custom Streams
-
-* Streams and Cookies::
-* Hook Functions::
-
-Low-Level I/O
-
-* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file descriptors.
-* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data.
-* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file position.
-* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream or vice-versa.
-* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both
- descriptors and streams.
-* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output
- on multiple file descriptors.
-* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file descriptors.
-* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating descriptors.
-* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating flags
- associated with file descriptors.
-* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating flags
- associated with open files.
-* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing file locking.
-* Interrupt Input:: Getting a signal when input arrives.
-
-File System Interface
-
-* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative file names.
-* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory contains.
-* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file.
-* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name.
-* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means.
-* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name.
-* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory.
-* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files.
-* Making Special Files:: How to create special files.
-
-Accessing Directories
-
-* Directory Entries:: Format of one directory entry.
-* Opening a Directory:: How to open a directory stream.
-* Reading/Closing Directory:: How to read directory entries from the stream.
-* Simple Directory Lister:: A very simple directory listing program.
-* Random Access Directory:: Rereading part of the directory
- already read with the same stream.
-
-File Attributes
-
-* Attribute Meanings:: The names of the file attributes,
- and what their values mean.
-* Reading Attributes:: How to read the attributes of a file.
-* Testing File Type:: Distinguishing ordinary files,
- directories, links...
-* File Owner:: How ownership for new files is determined,
- and how to change it.
-* Permission Bits:: How information about a file's access mode
- is stored.
-* Access Permission:: How the system decides who can access a file.
-* Setting Permissions:: How permissions for new files are assigned,
- and how to change them.
-* Testing File Access:: How to find out if your process can
- access a file.
-* File Times:: About the time attributes of a file.
-
-Pipes and FIFOs
-
-* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the @code{pipe} function.
-* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a child.
-* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file.
-
-Sockets
-
-* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about.
-* Communication Styles:: Stream communication, datagrams, and others.
-* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work.
-* File Namespace:: Details about the file namespace.
-* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace.
-* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them.
-* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state.
-* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets.
-* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options.
-* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names.
-
-Socket Addresses
-
-* Address Formats:: About @code{struct sockaddr}.
-* Setting Address:: Binding an address to a socket.
-* Reading Address:: Reading the address of a socket.
-
-Internet Domain
-
-* Internet Address Formats:: How socket addresses are specified in the
- Internet namespace.
-* Host Addresses:: All about host addresses of Internet hosts.
-* Protocols Database:: Referring to protocols by name.
-* Services Database:: Ports may have symbolic names.
-* Byte Order:: Different hosts may use different byte
- ordering conventions; you need to
- canonicalize host address and port number.
-* Inet Example:: Putting it all together.
-
-Host Addresses
-
-* Abstract Host Addresses:: What a host number consists of.
-* Data type: Host Address Data Type. Data type for a host number.
-* Functions: Host Address Functions. Functions to operate on them.
-* Names: Host Names. Translating host names to host numbers.
-
-Open/Close Sockets
-
-* Creating a Socket:: How to open a socket.
-* Closing a Socket:: How to close a socket.
-* Socket Pairs:: These are created like pipes.
-
-Connections
-* Connecting:: What the client program must do.
-* Listening:: How a server program waits for requests.
-* Accepting Connections:: What the server does when it gets a request.
-* Who is Connected:: Getting the address of the
- other side of a connection.
-* Transferring Data:: How to send and receive data.
-* Byte Stream Example:: An example client for communicating over a
- byte stream socket in the Internet namespace.
-* Server Example:: A corresponding server program.
-* Out-of-Band Data:: This is an advanced feature.
-
-Transferring Data
-
-* Sending Data:: Sending data with @code{write}.
-* Receiving Data:: Reading data with @code{read}.
-* Socket Data Options:: Using @code{send} and @code{recv}.
-
-Datagrams
-
-* Sending Datagrams:: Sending packets on a datagram socket.
-* Receiving Datagrams:: Receiving packets on a datagram socket.
-* Datagram Example:: An example program: packets sent over a
- datagram stream in the file namespace.
-* Example Receiver:: Another program, that receives those packets.
-
-Socket Options
-
-* Socket Option Functions:: The basic functions for setting and getting
- socket options.
-* Socket-Level Options:: Details of the options at the socket level.
-
-Low-Level Terminal Interface
-
-* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal
- device, and what its name is.
-* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead.
-* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing.
-* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling
- terminal I/O: echoing, signals, editing.
-* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing buffers...
-* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo.
-
-Terminal Modes
-
-* Mode Data Types:: The data type @code{struct termios} and related types.
-* Mode Functions:: Functions to read and set terminal attributes.
-* Setting Modes:: The right way to set attributes reliably.
-* Input Modes:: Flags controlling low-level input handling.
-* Output Modes:: Flags controlling low-level output handling.
-* Control Modes:: Flags controlling serial port behavior.
-* Local Modes:: Flags controlling high-level input handling.
-* Line Speed:: How to read and set the terminal line speed.
-* Special Characters:: Characters that have special effects,
- and how to change them.
-* Noncanonical Input:: Controlling how long to wait for input.
-
-Special Characters
-
-* Editing Characters::
-* Signal Characters::
-* Start/Stop Characters::
-
-Mathematics
-
-* Domain and Range Errors:: How overflow conditions and the
- like are reported.
-* Not a Number:: Making NANs and testing for NANs.
-* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, and tangent.
-* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arc sine, arc cosine, and arc tangent.
-* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also includes square root.
-* Hyperbolic Functions:: Hyperbolic sine and friends.
-* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random numbers.
-* Absolute Value:: Absolute value functions.
-
-Pseudo-Random Numbers
-
-* ISO Random:: @code{rand} and friends.
-* BSD Random:: @code{random} and friends.
-
-Low-Level Arithmetic Functions
-
-* Normalization Functions:: Hacks for radix-2 representations.
-* Rounding and Remainders:: Determining the integer and
- fractional parts of a float.
-* Integer Division:: Functions for performing integer division.
-* Parsing of Numbers:: Functions for ``reading'' numbers from strings.
-* Predicates on Floats:: Some miscellaneous test functions.
-
-Parsing of Numbers
-
-* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values.
-* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point.
-
-Date and Time
-
-* Processor Time:: Measures processor time used by a program.
-* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times.
-* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time.
-* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time.
-
-Processor Time
-
-* Basic CPU Time:: The @code{clock} function.
-* Detailed CPU Time:: The @code{times} function.
-
-Calendar Time
-
-* Simple Calendar Time:: Facilities for manipulating calendar time.
-* High-Resolution Calendar:: A time representation with greater precision.
-* Broken-down Time:: Facilities for manipulating local time.
-* Formatting Date and Time:: Converting times to strings.
-* TZ Variable:: How users specify the time zone.
-* Time Zone Functions:: Functions to examine or specify the time zone.
-* Time Functions Example:: An example program showing use of some of
- the time functions.
-
-Signal Handling
-
-* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities.
-* Standard Signals:: Particular kinds of signals with standard
- names and meanings.
-* Signal Actions:: Specifying what happens when a particular
- signal is delivered.
-* Defining Handlers:: How to write a signal handler function.
-* Generating Signals:: How to send a signal to a process.
-* Blocking Signals:: Making the system hold signals temporarily.
-* Waiting for a Signal:: Suspending your program until a signal arrives.
-* Signal Stack:: Using a Separate Signal Stack
-* BSD Signal Handling:: Additional functions for backward
- compatibility with BSD.
-
-Basic Concepts of Signals
-
-* Kinds of Signals:: Some examples of what can cause a signal.
-* Signal Generation:: Concepts of why and how signals occur.
-* Delivery of Signal:: Concepts of what a signal does to the process.
-
-Standard Signals
-
-* Program Error Signals:: Used to report serious program errors.
-* Termination Signals:: Used to interrupt and/or terminate the program.
-* Alarm Signals:: Used to indicate expiration of timers.
-* Asynchronous I/O Signals:: Used to indicate input is available.
-* Job Control Signals:: Signals used to support job control.
-* Operation Error Signals:: Used to report operational system errors.
-* Miscellaneous Signals:: Miscellaneous Signals.
-* Signal Messages:: Printing a message describing a signal.
-
-Specifying Signal Actions
-
-* Basic Signal Handling:: The simple @code{signal} function.
-* Advanced Signal Handling:: The more powerful @code{sigaction} function.
-* Signal and Sigaction:: How those two functions interact.
-* Sigaction Function Example:: An example of using the sigaction function.
-* Flags for Sigaction:: Specifying options for signal handling.
-* Initial Signal Actions:: How programs inherit signal actions.
-
-Defining Signal Handlers
-
-* Handler Returns::
-* Termination in Handler::
-* Longjmp in Handler::
-* Signals in Handler::
-* Nonreentrancy::
-* Atomic Data Access::
-
-Generating Signals
-
-* Signaling Yourself:: Signaling Yourself
-* Signaling Another Process:: Send a signal to another process.
-* Permission for kill:: Permission for using @code{kill}
-* Kill Example:: Using @code{kill} for Communication
-
-Blocking Signals
-
-* Why Block:: The purpose of blocking signals.
-* Signal Sets:: How to specify which signals to block.
-* Process Signal Mask:: Blocking delivery of signals to your
- process during normal execution.
-* Testing for Delivery:: Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal
-* Blocking for Handler:: Blocking additional signals while a
- handler is being run.
-* Checking for Pending Signals::Checking for Pending Signals
-* Remembering a Signal:: How you can get almost the same effect
- as blocking a signal, by handling it
- and setting a flag to be tested later.
-
-Waiting for a Signal
-
-* Using Pause:: The simple way, using @code{pause}.
-* Pause Problems:: Why the simple way is often not very good.
-* Sigsuspend:: Reliably waiting for a specific signal.
-
-BSD Signal Handling
-
-* BSD Handler:: BSD Function to Establish a Handler.
-* Blocking in BSD:: BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
-
-Process Startup and Termination
-
-* Program Arguments:: Parsing your program's command-line arguments.
-* Environment Variables:: How to access parameters inherited from
- a parent process.
-* Program Termination:: How to cause a process to terminate and
- return status information to its parent.
-
-Program Arguments
-
-* Argument Syntax:: By convention, options start with a hyphen.
-* Parsing Program Arguments:: Ways to parse program options and arguments.
-
-Parsing Program Arguments
-
-* Getopt:: Parsing program options using @code{getopt}.
-* Argp:: Parsing program options using @code{argp_parse}.
-* Suboptions:: Some programs need more detailed options.
-* Suboptions Example:: This shows how it could be done for @code{mount}.
-
-Environment Variables
-
-* Environment Access:: How to get and set the values of
- environment variables.
-* Standard Environment:: These environment variables have
- standard interpretations.
-
-Program Termination
-
-* Normal Termination:: If a program calls @code{exit}, a
- process terminates normally.
-* Exit Status:: The @code{exit status} provides information
- about why the process terminated.
-* Cleanups on Exit:: A process can run its own cleanup
- functions upon normal termination.
-* Aborting a Program:: The @code{abort} function causes
- abnormal program termination.
-* Termination Internals:: What happens when a process terminates.
-
-
-Child Processes
-
-* Running a Command:: The easy way to run another program.
-* Process Creation Concepts:: An overview of the hard way to do it.
-* Process Identification:: How to get the process ID of a process.
-* Creating a Process:: How to fork a child process.
-* Executing a File:: How to make a child execute another program.
-* Process Completion:: How to tell when a child process has completed.
-* Process Completion Status:: How to interpret the status value
- returned from a child process.
-* BSD Wait Functions:: More functions, for backward compatibility.
-* Process Creation Example:: A complete example program.
-
-Job Control
-
-* Concepts of Job Control :: Concepts of Job Control
-* Job Control is Optional:: Not all POSIX systems support job control.
-* Controlling Terminal:: How a process gets its controlling terminal.
-* Access to the Terminal:: How processes share the controlling terminal.
-* Orphaned Process Groups:: Jobs left after the user logs out.
-* Implementing a Shell:: What a shell must do to implement job control.
-* Functions for Job Control:: Functions to control process groups.
-
-Implementing a Job Control Shell
-
-* Data Structures:: Introduction to the sample shell.
-* Initializing the Shell:: What the shell must do to take
- responsibility for job control.
-* Launching Jobs:: Creating jobs to execute commands.
-* Foreground and Background:: Putting a job in foreground of background.
-* Stopped and Terminated Jobs:: Reporting job status.
-* Continuing Stopped Jobs:: How to continue a stopped job in
- the foreground or background.
-* Missing Pieces:: Other parts of the shell.
-
-Functions for Job Control
-
-* Identifying the Terminal:: Determining the controlling terminal's name.
-* Process Group Functions:: Functions for manipulating process groups.
-* Terminal Access Functions:: Functions for controlling terminal access.
-
-Name Service Switch
-
-* NSS Basics:: What is this NSS good for.
-* NSS Configuration File:: Configuring NSS.
-* NSS Module Internals:: How does it work internally.
-* Extending NSS:: What to do to add services or databases.
-
-Users and Groups
-
-* User and Group IDs:: Each user and group has a unique numeric ID.
-* Process Persona:: The user IDs and group IDs of a process.
-* Why Change Persona:: Why a program might need to change
- its user and/or group IDs.
-* How Change Persona:: Restrictions on changing user and group IDs.
-* Reading Persona:: Examining the process's user and group IDs.
-* Setting User ID::
-* Setting Groups::
-* Enable/Disable Setuid::
-* Setuid Program Example:: Setuid Program Example
-* Tips for Setuid::
-* Who Logged In:: Getting the name of the user who logged in,
- or of the real user ID of the current process.
-
-* User Database:: Functions and data structures for
- accessing the user database.
-* Group Database:: Functions and data structures for
- accessing the group database.
-* Database Example:: Example program showing use of database
- inquiry functions.
-
-User Database
-
-* User Data Structure::
-* Lookup User::
-* Scanning All Users:: Scanning the List of All Users
-* Writing a User Entry::
-
-Group Database
-
-* Group Data Structure::
-* Lookup Group::
-* Scanning All Groups:: Scanning the List of All Groups
-
-System Information
-
-* Host Identification:: Determining the name of the machine.
-* Hardware/Software Type ID:: Determining the hardware type and
- operating system type.
-
-System Configuration Limits
-
-* General Limits:: Constants and functions that describe
- various process-related limits that have
- one uniform value for any given machine.
-* System Options:: Optional POSIX features.
-* Version Supported:: Version numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2.
-* Sysconf:: Getting specific configuration values
- of general limits and system options.
-* Minimums:: Minimum values for general limits.
-
-* Limits for Files:: Size limitations on individual files.
- These can vary between file systems
- or even from file to file.
-* Options for Files:: Optional features that some files may support.
-* File Minimums:: Minimum values for file limits.
-* Pathconf:: Getting the limit values for a particular file.
-
-* Utility Limits:: Capacity limits of POSIX.2 utility programs.
-* Utility Minimums:: Minimum allowable values of those limits.
-
-* String Parameters:: Getting the default search path.
-
-Library Facilities that are Part of the C Language
-
-* Consistency Checking:: Using @code{assert} to abort
- if something ``impossible'' happens.
-* Variadic Functions:: Defining functions with varying
- numbers of arguments.
-* Null Pointer Constant:: The macro @code{NULL}.
-* Important Data Types:: Data types for object sizes.
-* Data Type Measurements:: Parameters of data type representations.
-
-Variadic Functions
-
-* Why Variadic:: Reasons for making functions take
- variable arguments.
-* How Variadic:: How to define and call variadic functions.
-* Argument Macros:: Detailed specification of the macros
- for accessing variable arguments.
-* Variadic Example:: A complete example.
-
-How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used
-
-* Variadic Prototypes:: How to make a prototype for a function
- with variable arguments.
-* Receiving Arguments:: Steps you must follow to access the
- optional argument values.
-* How Many Arguments:: How to decide whether there are more arguments.
-* Calling Variadics:: Things you need to know about calling
- variable arguments functions.
-
-Data Type Measurements
-
-* Width of Type:: How many bits does an integer type hold?
-* Range of Type:: What are the largest and smallest values
- that an integer type can hold?
-* Floating Type Macros:: Parameters that measure floating-point types.
-* Structure Measurement:: Getting measurements on structure types.
-
-Floating Type Macros
-
-* Floating Point Concepts:: Definitions of terminology.
-* Floating Point Parameters:: Dimensions, limits of floating point types.
-* IEEE Floating Point:: How one common representation is described.
-
-Library Maintenance
-
-* Installation:: How to configure, compile and install
- the GNU C library.
-* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs (if you want to
- get them fixed) and other troubles
- you may have with the GNU C library.
-* Porting:: How to port the GNU C library to
- a new machine or operating system.
-@c * Traditional C Compatibility:: Using the GNU C library with non-ANSI
-@c C compilers.
-* Contributors:: Who wrote what parts of the GNU C Library.
-
-Porting the GNU C Library
-
-* Hierarchy Conventions:: How the @file{sysdeps} hierarchy is
- layed out.
-* Porting to Unix:: Porting the library to an average
- Unix-like system.
-@end menu
+@c @titlepage is only visible in the printed manual. Show the
+@c copyright information elsewhere in other renderings. For the HTML
+@c version, it should come above the short table of contents. In the
+@c Info manual, the option below is used.
+@ifhtml
+@insertcopying
+@end ifhtml
+@shortcontents
+@contents
-@comment Includes of all the individual chapters.
-@include intro.texi
-@include errno.texi
-@include memory.texi
-@include ctype.texi
-@include string.texi
-@include mbyte.texi
-@include locale.texi
-@include message.texi
-@include search.texi
-@include pattern.texi
-@include io.texi
-@include stdio.texi
-@include llio.texi
-@include filesys.texi
-@include pipe.texi
-@include socket.texi
-@include terminal.texi
-@include math.texi
-@include arith.texi
-@include time.texi
-@include setjmp.texi
-@include signal.texi
-@include startup.texi
-@include process.texi
-@include job.texi
-@include nss.texi
-@include users.texi
-@include sysinfo.texi
-@include conf.texi
+@ifnottex
+@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
+@top Main Menu
+@c Disabled (printed editions, see above).
+@ifnothtml
+@insertcopying
+@end ifnothtml
+@end ifnottex
-@comment Includes of the appendices.
-@include lang.texi
-@include header.texi
-@include maint.texi
+@include top-menu.texi
+@include chapters.texi
+@node Free Manuals, Copying, Contributors, Top
+@appendix Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+@include freemanuals.texi
-@set lgpl-appendix
-@node Copying, Concept Index, Maintenance, Top
-@include lgpl.texinfo
+@node Copying, Documentation License, Free Manuals, Top
+@appendix GNU Lesser General Public License
+@include lgpl-2.1.texi
+@node Documentation License, Concept Index, Copying, Top
+@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
+@cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License
+@include fdl-@value{FDL_VERSION}.texi
-@node Concept Index, Type Index, Copying, Top
+@node Concept Index, Type Index, Documentation License, Top
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp
@printindex pg
-@shortcontents
-@contents
@bye
projects / thirdparty / glibc.git / blobdiff