]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/glibc.git/blobdiff - timezone/zic.c
zic: Use PRIdMAX to print line numbers
[thirdparty/glibc.git] / timezone / zic.c
index 2397a7841ede15cac644d1e41d22e68c6ba5502b..946bf6ff8e778414334107d8ace5facc000e18ad 100644 (file)
@@ -1,37 +1,66 @@
-#ifndef lint
-#ifndef NOID
-static char    elsieid[] = "@(#)zic.c  7.94";
-#endif /* !defined NOID */
-#endif /* !defined lint */
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 2006-07-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
 
+#include "version.h"
 #include "private.h"
-#include "locale.h"
 #include "tzfile.h"
-#ifdef unix
-#include "sys/stat.h"                  /* for umask manifest constants */
-#endif /* defined unix */
 
-/*
-** On some ancient hosts, predicates like `isspace(C)' are defined
-** only if isascii(C) || C == EOF.  Modern hosts obey the C Standard,
-** which says they are defined only if C == ((unsigned char) C) || C == EOF.
-** Neither the C Standard nor Posix require that `isascii' exist.
-** For portability, we check both ancient and modern requirements.
-** If isascii is not defined, the isascii check succeeds trivially.
-*/
-#include "ctype.h"
-#ifndef isascii
-#define isascii(x) 1
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define        ZIC_VERSION_PRE_2013 '2'
+#define        ZIC_VERSION     '3'
+
+typedef int_fast64_t   zic_t;
+#define ZIC_MIN INT_FAST64_MIN
+#define ZIC_MAX INT_FAST64_MAX
+#define PRIdZIC PRIdFAST64
+#define SCNdZIC SCNdFAST64
+
+#ifndef ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN
+#define ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN       6
+#endif /* !defined ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_DIRECT_H
+# include <direct.h>
+# include <io.h>
+# undef mkdir
+# define mkdir(name, mode) _mkdir(name)
 #endif
 
+#if HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef S_IRUSR
+#define MKDIR_UMASK (S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IXUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IXGRP|S_IROTH|S_IXOTH)
+#else
+#define MKDIR_UMASK 0755
+#endif
+
+/* The maximum ptrdiff_t value, for pre-C99 platforms.  */
+#ifndef PTRDIFF_MAX
+static ptrdiff_t const PTRDIFF_MAX = MAXVAL(ptrdiff_t, TYPE_BIT(ptrdiff_t));
+#endif
+
+/* The type for line numbers.  Use PRIdMAX to format them; formerly
+   there was also "#define PRIdLINENO PRIdMAX" and formats used
+   PRIdLINENO, but xgettext cannot grok that.  */
+typedef intmax_t lineno;
+
 struct rule {
        const char *    r_filename;
-       int             r_linenum;
+       lineno          r_linenum;
        const char *    r_name;
 
-       int             r_loyear;       /* for example, 1986 */
-       int             r_hiyear;       /* for example, 1986 */
+       zic_t           r_loyear;       /* for example, 1986 */
+       zic_t           r_hiyear;       /* for example, 1986 */
        const char *    r_yrtype;
+       bool            r_lowasnum;
+       bool            r_hiwasnum;
 
        int             r_month;        /* 0..11 */
 
@@ -39,16 +68,16 @@ struct rule {
        int             r_dayofmonth;
        int             r_wday;
 
-       long            r_tod;          /* time from midnight */
-       int             r_todisstd;     /* above is standard time if TRUE */
-                                       /* or wall clock time if FALSE */
-       int             r_todisgmt;     /* above is GMT if TRUE */
-                                       /* or local time if FALSE */
-       long            r_stdoff;       /* offset from standard time */
+       zic_t           r_tod;          /* time from midnight */
+       bool            r_todisstd;     /* above is standard time if 1 */
+                                       /* or wall clock time if 0 */
+       bool            r_todisgmt;     /* above is GMT if 1 */
+                                       /* or local time if 0 */
+       zic_t           r_stdoff;       /* offset from standard time */
        const char *    r_abbrvar;      /* variable part of abbreviation */
 
-       int             r_todo;         /* a rule to do (used in outzone) */
-       time_t          r_temp;         /* used in outzone */
+       bool            r_todo;         /* a rule to do (used in outzone) */
+       zic_t           r_temp;         /* used in outzone */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -61,95 +90,105 @@ struct rule {
 
 struct zone {
        const char *    z_filename;
-       int             z_linenum;
+       lineno          z_linenum;
 
        const char *    z_name;
-       long            z_gmtoff;
+       zic_t           z_gmtoff;
        const char *    z_rule;
        const char *    z_format;
+       char            z_format_specifier;
 
-       long            z_stdoff;
+       zic_t           z_stdoff;
 
        struct rule *   z_rules;
-       int             z_nrules;
+       ptrdiff_t       z_nrules;
 
        struct rule     z_untilrule;
-       time_t          z_untiltime;
+       zic_t           z_untiltime;
 };
 
-extern int     getopt P((int argc, char * const argv[],
-                       const char * options));
-extern int     link P((const char * fromname, const char * toname));
+#if !HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+extern int     getopt(int argc, char * const argv[],
+                       const char * options);
+extern int     link(const char * fromname, const char * toname);
 extern char *  optarg;
 extern int     optind;
+#endif
 
-static void    addtt P((time_t starttime, int type));
-static int     addtype P((long gmtoff, const char * abbr, int isdst,
-                               int ttisstd, int ttisgmt));
-static void    leapadd P((time_t t, int positive, int rolling, int count));
-static void    adjleap P((void));
-static void    associate P((void));
-static int     ciequal P((const char * ap, const char * bp));
-static void    convert P((long val, char * buf));
-static void    dolink P((const char * fromfile, const char * tofile));
-static void    doabbr P((char * abbr, const char * format,
-                       const char * letters, int isdst));
-static void    eat P((const char * name, int num));
-static void    eats P((const char * name, int num,
-                       const char * rname, int rnum));
-static long    eitol P((int i));
-static void    error P((const char * message));
-static char ** getfields P((char * buf));
-static long    gethms P((const char * string, const char * errstrng,
-                       int signable));
-static void    infile P((const char * filename));
-static void    inleap P((char ** fields, int nfields));
-static void    inlink P((char ** fields, int nfields));
-static void    inrule P((char ** fields, int nfields));
-static int     inzcont P((char ** fields, int nfields));
-static int     inzone P((char ** fields, int nfields));
-static int     inzsub P((char ** fields, int nfields, int iscont));
-static int     itsabbr P((const char * abbr, const char * word));
-static int     itsdir P((const char * name));
-static int     lowerit P((int c));
-static char *  memcheck P((char * tocheck));
-static int     mkdirs P((char * filename));
-static void    newabbr P((const char * abbr));
-static long    oadd P((long t1, long t2));
-static void    outzone P((const struct zone * zp, int ntzones));
-static void    puttzcode P((long code, FILE * fp));
-static int     rcomp P((const void * leftp, const void * rightp));
-static time_t  rpytime P((const struct rule * rp, int wantedy));
-static void    rulesub P((struct rule * rp,
+#if ! HAVE_LINK
+# define link(from, to) (errno = ENOTSUP, -1)
+#endif
+#if ! HAVE_SYMLINK
+# define readlink(file, buf, size) (errno = ENOTSUP, -1)
+# define symlink(from, to) (errno = ENOTSUP, -1)
+# define S_ISLNK(m) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW
+# define linkat(fromdir, from, todir, to, flag) \
+    (itssymlink(from) ? (errno = ENOTSUP, -1) : link(from, to))
+#endif
+
+static void    addtt(zic_t starttime, int type);
+static int     addtype(zic_t, char const *, bool, bool, bool);
+static void    leapadd(zic_t, bool, int, int);
+static void    adjleap(void);
+static void    associate(void);
+static void    dolink(const char *, const char *, bool);
+static char ** getfields(char * buf);
+static zic_t   gethms(const char * string, const char * errstring,
+                      bool);
+static void    infile(const char * filename);
+static void    inleap(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static void    inlink(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static void    inrule(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static bool    inzcont(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static bool    inzone(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static bool    inzsub(char **, int, bool);
+static bool    itsdir(char const *);
+static bool    itssymlink(char const *);
+static bool    is_alpha(char a);
+static char    lowerit(char);
+static void    mkdirs(char const *, bool);
+static void    newabbr(const char * abbr);
+static zic_t   oadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2);
+static void    outzone(const struct zone * zp, ptrdiff_t ntzones);
+static zic_t   rpytime(const struct rule * rp, zic_t wantedy);
+static void    rulesub(struct rule * rp,
                        const char * loyearp, const char * hiyearp,
                        const char * typep, const char * monthp,
-                       const char * dayp, const char * timep));
-static void    setboundaries P((void));
-static time_t  tadd P((time_t t1, long t2));
-static void    usage P((void));
-static void    writezone P((const char * name));
-static int     yearistype P((int year, const char * type));
+                       const char * dayp, const char * timep);
+static zic_t   tadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2);
+static bool    yearistype(zic_t year, const char * type);
+
+/* Bound on length of what %z can expand to.  */
+enum { PERCENT_Z_LEN_BOUND = sizeof "+995959" - 1 };
 
-#if !(HAVE_STRERROR - 0)
-static char *  strerror P((int));
-#endif /* !(HAVE_STRERROR - 0) */
+/* If true, work around a bug in Qt 5.6.1 and earlier, which mishandles
+   tz binary files whose POSIX-TZ-style strings contain '<'; see
+   QTBUG-53071 <https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-53071>.  This
+   workaround will no longer be needed when Qt 5.6.1 and earlier are
+   obsolete, say in the year 2021.  */
+enum { WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071 = true };
 
 static int             charcnt;
-static int             errors;
+static bool            errors;
+static bool            warnings;
 static const char *    filename;
 static int             leapcnt;
-static int             linenum;
-static time_t          max_time;
-static int             max_year;
-static int             max_year_representable;
-static time_t          min_time;
-static int             min_year;
-static int             min_year_representable;
-static int             noise;
+static bool            leapseen;
+static zic_t           leapminyear;
+static zic_t           leapmaxyear;
+static lineno          linenum;
+static int             max_abbrvar_len = PERCENT_Z_LEN_BOUND;
+static int             max_format_len;
+static zic_t           max_year;
+static zic_t           min_year;
+static bool            noise;
 static const char *    rfilename;
-static int             rlinenum;
+static lineno          rlinenum;
 static const char *    progname;
-static int             timecnt;
+static ptrdiff_t       timecnt;
+static ptrdiff_t       timecnt_alloc;
 static int             typecnt;
 
 /*
@@ -234,28 +273,31 @@ static int                typecnt;
 #define YR_ONLY                2
 
 static struct rule *   rules;
-static int             nrules; /* number of rules */
+static ptrdiff_t       nrules; /* number of rules */
+static ptrdiff_t       nrules_alloc;
 
 static struct zone *   zones;
-static int             nzones; /* number of zones */
+static ptrdiff_t       nzones; /* number of zones */
+static ptrdiff_t       nzones_alloc;
 
 struct link {
        const char *    l_filename;
-       int             l_linenum;
+       lineno          l_linenum;
        const char *    l_from;
        const char *    l_to;
 };
 
 static struct link *   links;
-static int             nlinks;
+static ptrdiff_t       nlinks;
+static ptrdiff_t       nlinks_alloc;
 
 struct lookup {
        const char *    l_word;
        const int       l_value;
 };
 
-static struct lookup const *   byword P((const char * string,
-                                       const struct lookup * lp));
+static struct lookup const *   byword(const char * string,
+                                       const struct lookup * lp);
 
 static struct lookup const     line_codes[] = {
        { "Rule",       LC_RULE },
@@ -317,8 +359,8 @@ static struct lookup const  end_years[] = {
 };
 
 static struct lookup const     leap_types[] = {
-       { "Rolling",    TRUE },
-       { "Stationary", FALSE },
+       { "Rolling",    true },
+       { "Stationary", false },
        { NULL,         0 }
 };
 
@@ -332,65 +374,95 @@ static const int  len_years[2] = {
 };
 
 static struct attype {
-       time_t          at;
+       zic_t           at;
+       bool            dontmerge;
        unsigned char   type;
-}                      attypes[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
-static long            gmtoffs[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+} *                    attypes;
+static zic_t           gmtoffs[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
 static char            isdsts[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
 static unsigned char   abbrinds[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
-static char            ttisstds[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
-static char            ttisgmts[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+static bool            ttisstds[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+static bool            ttisgmts[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
 static char            chars[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
-static time_t          trans[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
-static long            corr[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
+static zic_t           trans[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
+static zic_t           corr[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
 static char            roll[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
 
 /*
 ** Memory allocation.
 */
 
+static _Noreturn void
+memory_exhausted(const char *msg)
+{
+       fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Memory exhausted: %s\n"), progname, msg);
+       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE size_t
+size_product(size_t nitems, size_t itemsize)
+{
+       if (SIZE_MAX / itemsize < nitems)
+               memory_exhausted(_("size overflow"));
+       return nitems * itemsize;
+}
+
+#if !HAVE_STRDUP
 static char *
-memcheck(ptr)
-char * const   ptr;
+strdup(char const *str)
 {
-       if (ptr == NULL) {
-               const char *e = strerror(errno);
+  char *result = malloc(strlen(str) + 1);
+  return result ? strcpy(result, str) : result;
+}
+#endif
 
-               (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Memory exhausted: %s\n"),
-                       progname, e);
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE void *
+memcheck(void *ptr)
+{
+       if (ptr == NULL)
+               memory_exhausted(strerror(errno));
        return ptr;
 }
 
-#define emalloc(size)          memcheck(imalloc(size))
-#define erealloc(ptr, size)    memcheck(irealloc((ptr), (size)))
-#define ecpyalloc(ptr)         memcheck(icpyalloc(ptr))
-#define ecatalloc(oldp, newp)  memcheck(icatalloc((oldp), (newp)))
+static void *
+emalloc(size_t size)
+{
+  return memcheck(malloc(size));
+}
 
-/*
-** Error handling.
-*/
+static void *
+erealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+  return memcheck(realloc(ptr, size));
+}
 
-#if !(HAVE_STRERROR - 0)
 static char *
-strerror(errnum)
-int    errnum;
+ecpyalloc (char const *str)
 {
-       extern char *   sys_errlist[];
-       extern int      sys_nerr;
+  return memcheck(strdup(str));
+}
 
-       return (errnum > 0 && errnum <= sys_nerr) ?
-               sys_errlist[errnum] : "Unknown system error";
+static void *
+growalloc(void *ptr, size_t itemsize, ptrdiff_t nitems, ptrdiff_t *nitems_alloc)
+{
+       if (nitems < *nitems_alloc)
+               return ptr;
+       else {
+               ptrdiff_t nitems_max = PTRDIFF_MAX - WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071;
+               ptrdiff_t amax = nitems_max < SIZE_MAX ? nitems_max : SIZE_MAX;
+               if ((amax - 1) / 3 * 2 < *nitems_alloc)
+                       memory_exhausted(_("integer overflow"));
+               *nitems_alloc += (*nitems_alloc >> 1) + 1;
+               return erealloc(ptr, size_product(*nitems_alloc, itemsize));
+       }
 }
-#endif /* !(HAVE_STRERROR - 0) */
+
+/*
+** Error handling.
+*/
 
 static void
-eats(name, num, rname, rnum)
-const char * const     name;
-const int              num;
-const char * const     rname;
-const int              rnum;
+eats(char const *name, lineno num, char const *rname, lineno rnum)
 {
        filename = name;
        linenum = num;
@@ -399,50 +471,95 @@ const int         rnum;
 }
 
 static void
-eat(name, num)
-const char * const     name;
-const int              num;
+eat(char const *name, lineno num)
 {
-       eats(name, num, (char *) NULL, -1);
+       eats(name, num, NULL, -1);
 }
 
-static void
-error(string)
-const char * const     string;
+static void ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT((printf, 1, 0))
+verror(const char *const string, va_list args)
 {
        /*
        ** Match the format of "cc" to allow sh users to
        **      zic ... 2>&1 | error -t "*" -v
        ** on BSD systems.
        */
-       (void) fprintf(stderr, _("\"%s\", line %d: %s"),
-               filename, linenum, string);
+       if (filename)
+         fprintf(stderr, _("\"%s\", line %"PRIdMAX": "), filename, linenum);
+       vfprintf(stderr, string, args);
        if (rfilename != NULL)
-               (void) fprintf(stderr, _(" (rule from \"%s\", line %d)"),
+               fprintf(stderr, _(" (rule from \"%s\", line %"PRIdMAX")"),
                        rfilename, rlinenum);
-       (void) fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-       ++errors;
+       fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+}
+
+static void ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT((printf, 1, 2))
+error(const char *const string, ...)
+{
+       va_list args;
+       va_start(args, string);
+       verror(string, args);
+       va_end(args);
+       errors = true;
+}
+
+static void ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT((printf, 1, 2))
+warning(const char *const string, ...)
+{
+       va_list args;
+       fprintf(stderr, _("warning: "));
+       va_start(args, string);
+       verror(string, args);
+       va_end(args);
+       warnings = true;
 }
 
 static void
-warning(string)
-const char * const     string;
+close_file(FILE *stream, char const *dir, char const *name)
 {
-       char *  cp;
+  char const *e = (ferror(stream) ? _("I/O error")
+                  : fclose(stream) != 0 ? strerror(errno) : NULL);
+  if (e) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s%s%s%s%s\n", progname,
+           dir ? dir : "", dir ? "/" : "",
+           name ? name : "", name ? ": " : "",
+           e);
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
 
-       cp = ecpyalloc("warning: ");
-       cp = ecatalloc(cp, string);
-       error(cp);
-       ifree(cp);
-       --errors;
+static _Noreturn void
+usage(FILE *stream, int status)
+{
+  fprintf(stream,
+         _("%s: usage is %s [ --version ] [ --help ] [ -v ] \\\n"
+           "\t[ -l localtime ] [ -p posixrules ] [ -d directory ] \\\n"
+           "\t[ -L leapseconds ] [ filename ... ]\n\n"
+           "Report bugs to %s.\n"),
+         progname, progname, REPORT_BUGS_TO);
+  if (status == EXIT_SUCCESS)
+    close_file(stream, NULL, NULL);
+  exit(status);
 }
 
+/* Change the working directory to DIR, possibly creating DIR and its
+   ancestors.  After this is done, all files are accessed with names
+   relative to DIR.  */
 static void
-usage P((void))
+change_directory (char const *dir)
 {
-       (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: usage is %s [ -s ] [ -v ] [ -l localtime ] [ -p posixrules ] [ -d directory ]\n\t[ -L leapseconds ] [ -y yearistype ] [ filename ... ]\n"),
-               progname, progname);
-       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  if (chdir(dir) != 0) {
+    int chdir_errno = errno;
+    if (chdir_errno == ENOENT) {
+      mkdirs(dir, false);
+      chdir_errno = chdir(dir) == 0 ? 0 : errno;
+    }
+    if (chdir_errno != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't chdir to %s: %s\n"),
+             progname, dir, strerror(chdir_errno));
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 static const char *    psxrules;
@@ -450,108 +567,116 @@ static const char *     lcltime;
 static const char *    directory;
 static const char *    leapsec;
 static const char *    yitcommand;
-static int             sflag = FALSE;
 
 int
-main(argc, argv)
-int    argc;
-char * argv[];
+main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
-       register int    i;
-       register int    j;
-       register int    c;
-
-#ifdef unix
-       (void) umask(umask(S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH) | (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH));
-#endif /* defined unix */
-#if HAVE_GETTEXT - 0
-       (void) setlocale(LC_MESSAGES, "");
+       register int c, k;
+       register ptrdiff_t i, j;
+
+#ifdef S_IWGRP
+       umask(umask(S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH) | (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH));
+#endif
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+       setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
 #ifdef TZ_DOMAINDIR
-       (void) bindtextdomain(TZ_DOMAIN, TZ_DOMAINDIR);
+       bindtextdomain(TZ_DOMAIN, TZ_DOMAINDIR);
 #endif /* defined TEXTDOMAINDIR */
-       (void) textdomain(TZ_DOMAIN);
-#endif /* HAVE_GETTEXT - 0 */
+       textdomain(TZ_DOMAIN);
+#endif /* HAVE_GETTEXT */
        progname = argv[0];
+       if (TYPE_BIT(zic_t) < 64) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", progname,
+                       _("wild compilation-time specification of zic_t"));
+               return EXIT_FAILURE;
+       }
+       for (k = 1; k < argc; k++)
+               if (strcmp(argv[k], "--version") == 0) {
+                       printf("zic %s%s\n", PKGVERSION, TZVERSION);
+                       close_file(stdout, NULL, NULL);
+                       return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+               } else if (strcmp(argv[k], "--help") == 0) {
+                       usage(stdout, EXIT_SUCCESS);
+               }
        while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "d:l:p:L:vsy:")) != EOF && c != -1)
                switch (c) {
                        default:
-                               usage();
+                               usage(stderr, EXIT_FAILURE);
                        case 'd':
                                if (directory == NULL)
                                        directory = optarg;
                                else {
-                                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                                       fprintf(stderr,
 _("%s: More than one -d option specified\n"),
                                                progname);
-                                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                       return EXIT_FAILURE;
                                }
                                break;
                        case 'l':
                                if (lcltime == NULL)
                                        lcltime = optarg;
                                else {
-                                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                                       fprintf(stderr,
 _("%s: More than one -l option specified\n"),
                                                progname);
-                                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                       return EXIT_FAILURE;
                                }
                                break;
                        case 'p':
                                if (psxrules == NULL)
                                        psxrules = optarg;
                                else {
-                                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                                       fprintf(stderr,
 _("%s: More than one -p option specified\n"),
                                                progname);
-                                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                       return EXIT_FAILURE;
                                }
                                break;
                        case 'y':
                                if (yitcommand == NULL)
                                        yitcommand = optarg;
                                else {
-                                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                                       fprintf(stderr,
 _("%s: More than one -y option specified\n"),
                                                progname);
-                                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                       return EXIT_FAILURE;
                                }
                                break;
                        case 'L':
                                if (leapsec == NULL)
                                        leapsec = optarg;
                                else {
-                                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                                       fprintf(stderr,
 _("%s: More than one -L option specified\n"),
                                                progname);
-                                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                       return EXIT_FAILURE;
                                }
                                break;
                        case 'v':
-                               noise = TRUE;
+                               noise = true;
                                break;
                        case 's':
-                               sflag = TRUE;
+                               warning(_("-s ignored"));
                                break;
                }
        if (optind == argc - 1 && strcmp(argv[optind], "=") == 0)
-               usage();        /* usage message by request */
+               usage(stderr, EXIT_FAILURE);    /* usage message by request */
        if (directory == NULL)
                directory = TZDIR;
        if (yitcommand == NULL)
                yitcommand = "yearistype";
 
-       setboundaries();
-
        if (optind < argc && leapsec != NULL) {
                infile(leapsec);
                adjleap();
        }
 
-       for (i = optind; i < argc; ++i)
-               infile(argv[i]);
+       for (k = optind; k < argc; k++)
+               infile(argv[k]);
        if (errors)
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               return EXIT_FAILURE;
        associate();
+       change_directory(directory);
        for (i = 0; i < nzones; i = j) {
                /*
                ** Find the next non-continuation zone entry.
@@ -563,120 +688,294 @@ _("%s: More than one -L option specified\n"),
        /*
        ** Make links.
        */
-       for (i = 0; i < nlinks; ++i)
-               dolink(links[i].l_from, links[i].l_to);
-       if (lcltime != NULL)
-               dolink(lcltime, TZDEFAULT);
-       if (psxrules != NULL)
-               dolink(psxrules, TZDEFRULES);
-       return (errors == 0) ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+       for (i = 0; i < nlinks; ++i) {
+               eat(links[i].l_filename, links[i].l_linenum);
+               dolink(links[i].l_from, links[i].l_to, false);
+               if (noise)
+                       for (j = 0; j < nlinks; ++j)
+                               if (strcmp(links[i].l_to,
+                                       links[j].l_from) == 0)
+                                               warning(_("link to link"));
+       }
+       if (lcltime != NULL) {
+               eat(_("command line"), 1);
+               dolink(lcltime, TZDEFAULT, true);
+       }
+       if (psxrules != NULL) {
+               eat(_("command line"), 1);
+               dolink(psxrules, TZDEFRULES, true);
+       }
+       if (warnings && (ferror(stderr) || fclose(stderr) != 0))
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
+       return errors ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static void
-dolink(fromfile, tofile)
-const char * const     fromfile;
-const char * const     tofile;
+static bool
+componentcheck(char const *name, char const *component,
+              char const *component_end)
 {
-       register char * fromname;
-       register char * toname;
+       enum { component_len_max = 14 };
+       ptrdiff_t component_len = component_end - component;
+       if (component_len == 0) {
+         if (!*name)
+           error (_("empty file name"));
+         else
+           error (_(component == name
+                    ? "file name '%s' begins with '/'"
+                    : *component_end
+                    ? "file name '%s' contains '//'"
+                    : "file name '%s' ends with '/'"),
+                  name);
+         return false;
+       }
+       if (0 < component_len && component_len <= 2
+           && component[0] == '.' && component_end[-1] == '.') {
+         int len = component_len;
+         error(_("file name '%s' contains '%.*s' component"),
+               name, len, component);
+         return false;
+       }
+       if (noise) {
+         if (0 < component_len && component[0] == '-')
+           warning(_("file name '%s' component contains leading '-'"),
+                   name);
+         if (component_len_max < component_len)
+           warning(_("file name '%s' contains overlength component"
+                     " '%.*s...'"),
+                   name, component_len_max, component);
+       }
+       return true;
+}
 
-       if (fromfile[0] == '/')
-               fromname = ecpyalloc(fromfile);
-       else {
-               fromname = ecpyalloc(directory);
-               fromname = ecatalloc(fromname, "/");
-               fromname = ecatalloc(fromname, fromfile);
-       }
-       if (tofile[0] == '/')
-               toname = ecpyalloc(tofile);
-       else {
-               toname = ecpyalloc(directory);
-               toname = ecatalloc(toname, "/");
-               toname = ecatalloc(toname, tofile);
+static bool
+namecheck(const char *name)
+{
+       register char const *cp;
+
+       /* Benign characters in a portable file name.  */
+       static char const benign[] =
+         "-/_"
+         "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+         "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
+
+       /* Non-control chars in the POSIX portable character set,
+          excluding the benign characters.  */
+       static char const printable_and_not_benign[] =
+         " !\"#$%&'()*+,.0123456789:;<=>?@[\\]^`{|}~";
+
+       register char const *component = name;
+       for (cp = name; *cp; cp++) {
+               unsigned char c = *cp;
+               if (noise && !strchr(benign, c)) {
+                       warning((strchr(printable_and_not_benign, c)
+                                ? _("file name '%s' contains byte '%c'")
+                                : _("file name '%s' contains byte '\\%o'")),
+                               name, c);
+               }
+               if (c == '/') {
+                       if (!componentcheck(name, component, cp))
+                         return false;
+                       component = cp + 1;
+               }
        }
+       return componentcheck(name, component, cp);
+}
+
+/* Create symlink contents suitable for symlinking FROM to TO, as a
+   freshly allocated string.  FROM should be a relative file name, and
+   is relative to the global variable DIRECTORY.  TO can be either
+   relative or absolute.  */
+static char *
+relname(char const *from, char const *to)
+{
+  size_t i, taillen, dotdotetcsize;
+  size_t dir_len = 0, dotdots = 0, linksize = SIZE_MAX;
+  char const *f = from;
+  char *result = NULL;
+  if (*to == '/') {
+    /* Make F absolute too.  */
+    size_t len = strlen(directory);
+    bool needslash = len && directory[len - 1] != '/';
+    linksize = len + needslash + strlen(from) + 1;
+    f = result = emalloc(linksize);
+    strcpy(result, directory);
+    result[len] = '/';
+    strcpy(result + len + needslash, from);
+  }
+  for (i = 0; f[i] && f[i] == to[i]; i++)
+    if (f[i] == '/')
+      dir_len = i + 1;
+  for (; to[i]; i++)
+    dotdots += to[i] == '/' && to[i - 1] != '/';
+  taillen = strlen(f + dir_len);
+  dotdotetcsize = 3 * dotdots + taillen + 1;
+  if (dotdotetcsize <= linksize) {
+    if (!result)
+      result = emalloc(dotdotetcsize);
+    for (i = 0; i < dotdots; i++)
+      memcpy(result + 3 * i, "../", 3);
+    memmove(result + 3 * dotdots, f + dir_len, taillen + 1);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+/* Hard link FROM to TO, following any symbolic links.
+   Return 0 if successful, an error number otherwise.  */
+static int
+hardlinkerr(char const *from, char const *to)
+{
+  int r = linkat(AT_FDCWD, from, AT_FDCWD, to, AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
+  return r == 0 ? 0 : errno;
+}
+
+static void
+dolink(char const *fromfield, char const *tofield, bool staysymlink)
+{
+       bool todirs_made = false;
+       int link_errno;
+
        /*
        ** We get to be careful here since
        ** there's a fair chance of root running us.
        */
-       if (!itsdir(toname))
-               (void) remove(toname);
-       if (link(fromname, toname) != 0) {
-               int     result;
-
-               if (mkdirs(toname) != 0)
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-               result = link(fromname, toname);
-#if (HAVE_SYMLINK - 0) 
-               if (result != 0) {
-                       result = symlink(fromname, toname);
-                       if (result == 0)
-warning(_("hard link failed, symbolic link used"));
-               }
-#endif
-               if (result != 0) {
-                       const char *e = strerror(errno);
-
-                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
-                               _("%s: Can't link from %s to %s: %s\n"),
-                               progname, fromname, toname, e);
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-               }
+       if (itsdir(fromfield)) {
+               fprintf(stderr, _("%s: link from %s/%s failed: %s\n"),
+                       progname, directory, fromfield, strerror(EPERM));
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       }
+       if (staysymlink)
+         staysymlink = itssymlink(tofield);
+       if (remove(tofield) == 0)
+         todirs_made = true;
+       else if (errno != ENOENT) {
+         char const *e = strerror(errno);
+         fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't remove %s/%s: %s\n"),
+                 progname, directory, tofield, e);
+         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       }
+       link_errno = staysymlink ? ENOTSUP : hardlinkerr(fromfield, tofield);
+       if (link_errno == ENOENT && !todirs_made) {
+         mkdirs(tofield, true);
+         todirs_made = true;
+         link_errno = hardlinkerr(fromfield, tofield);
+       }
+       if (link_errno != 0) {
+         bool absolute = *fromfield == '/';
+         char *linkalloc = absolute ? NULL : relname(fromfield, tofield);
+         char const *contents = absolute ? fromfield : linkalloc;
+         int symlink_errno = symlink(contents, tofield) == 0 ? 0 : errno;
+         if (symlink_errno == ENOENT && !todirs_made) {
+           mkdirs(tofield, true);
+           symlink_errno = symlink(contents, tofield) == 0 ? 0 : errno;
+         }
+         free(linkalloc);
+         if (symlink_errno == 0) {
+           if (link_errno != ENOTSUP)
+             warning(_("symbolic link used because hard link failed: %s"),
+                     strerror(link_errno));
+         } else {
+           FILE *fp, *tp;
+           int c;
+           fp = fopen(fromfield, "rb");
+           if (!fp) {
+             char const *e = strerror(errno);
+             fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't read %s/%s: %s\n"),
+                     progname, directory, fromfield, e);
+             exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+           }
+           tp = fopen(tofield, "wb");
+           if (!tp) {
+             char const *e = strerror(errno);
+             fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't create %s/%s: %s\n"),
+                     progname, directory, tofield, e);
+             exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+           }
+           while ((c = getc(fp)) != EOF)
+             putc(c, tp);
+           close_file(fp, directory, fromfield);
+           close_file(tp, directory, tofield);
+           if (link_errno != ENOTSUP)
+             warning(_("copy used because hard link failed: %s"),
+                     strerror(link_errno));
+           else if (symlink_errno != ENOTSUP)
+             warning(_("copy used because symbolic link failed: %s"),
+                     strerror(symlink_errno));
+         }
        }
-       ifree(fromname);
-       ifree(toname);
 }
 
-#ifndef INT_MAX
-#define INT_MAX        ((int) (((unsigned)~0)>>1))
-#endif /* !defined INT_MAX */
+#define TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE    64
 
-#ifndef INT_MIN
-#define INT_MIN        ((int) ~(((unsigned)~0)>>1))
-#endif /* !defined INT_MIN */
+static zic_t const min_time = MINVAL(zic_t, TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE);
+static zic_t const max_time = MAXVAL(zic_t, TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE);
 
-/*
-** The tz file format currently allows at most 32-bit quantities.
-** This restriction should be removed before signed 32-bit values
-** wrap around in 2038, but unfortunately this will require a
-** change to the tz file format.
-*/
+/* Estimated time of the Big Bang, in seconds since the POSIX epoch.
+   rounded downward to the negation of a power of two that is
+   comfortably outside the error bounds.
 
-#define MAX_BITS_IN_FILE       32
-#define TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE    ((TYPE_BIT(time_t) < MAX_BITS_IN_FILE) ? TYPE_BIT(time_t) : MAX_BITS_IN_FILE)
+   For the time of the Big Bang, see:
 
-static void
-setboundaries P((void))
-{
-       if (TYPE_SIGNED(time_t)) {
-               min_time = ~ (time_t) 0;
-               min_time <<= TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE - 1;
-               max_time = ~ (time_t) 0 - min_time;
-               if (sflag)
-                       min_time = 0;
-       } else {
-               min_time = 0;
-               max_time = 2 - sflag;
-               max_time <<= TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE - 1;
-               --max_time;
-       }
-       min_year = TM_YEAR_BASE + gmtime(&min_time)->tm_year;
-       max_year = TM_YEAR_BASE + gmtime(&max_time)->tm_year;
-       min_year_representable = min_year;
-       max_year_representable = max_year;
-}
+   Ade PAR, Aghanim N, Armitage-Caplan C et al.  Planck 2013 results.
+   I. Overview of products and scientific results.
+   arXiv:1303.5062 2013-03-20 20:10:01 UTC
+   <http://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.5062v1> [PDF]
 
-static int
-itsdir(name)
-const char * const     name;
+   Page 36, Table 9, row Age/Gyr, column Planck+WP+highL+BAO 68% limits
+   gives the value 13.798 plus-or-minus 0.037 billion years.
+   Multiplying this by 1000000000 and then by 31557600 (the number of
+   seconds in an astronomical year) gives a value that is comfortably
+   less than 2**59, so BIG_BANG is - 2**59.
+
+   BIG_BANG is approximate, and may change in future versions.
+   Please do not rely on its exact value.  */
+
+#ifndef BIG_BANG
+#define BIG_BANG (- (1LL << 59))
+#endif
+
+/* If true, work around GNOME bug 730332
+   <https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=730332>
+   by refusing to output time stamps before BIG_BANG.
+   Such time stamps are physically suspect anyway.
+
+   The GNOME bug is scheduled to be fixed in GNOME 3.22, and if so
+   this workaround will no longer be needed when GNOME 3.21 and
+   earlier are obsolete, say in the year 2021.  */
+enum { WORK_AROUND_GNOME_BUG_730332 = true };
+
+static const zic_t early_time = (WORK_AROUND_GNOME_BUG_730332
+                                ? BIG_BANG
+                                : MINVAL(zic_t, TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE));
+
+/* Return true if NAME is a directory.  */
+static bool
+itsdir(char const *name)
 {
-       register char * myname;
-       register int    accres;
+       struct stat st;
+       int res = stat(name, &st);
+#ifdef S_ISDIR
+       if (res == 0)
+               return S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) != 0;
+#endif
+       if (res == 0 || errno == EOVERFLOW) {
+               size_t n = strlen(name);
+               char *nameslashdot = emalloc(n + 3);
+               bool dir;
+               memcpy(nameslashdot, name, n);
+               strcpy(&nameslashdot[n], &"/."[! (n && name[n - 1] != '/')]);
+               dir = stat(nameslashdot, &st) == 0 || errno == EOVERFLOW;
+               free(nameslashdot);
+               return dir;
+       }
+       return false;
+}
 
-       myname = ecpyalloc(name);
-       myname = ecatalloc(myname, "/.");
-       accres = access(myname, F_OK);
-       ifree(myname);
-       return accres == 0;
+/* Return true if NAME is a symbolic link.  */
+static bool
+itssymlink(char const *name)
+{
+  char c;
+  return 0 <= readlink(name, &c, 1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -688,25 +987,21 @@ const char * const        name;
 */
 
 static int
-rcomp(cp1, cp2)
-const void *   cp1;
-const void *   cp2;
+rcomp(const void *cp1, const void *cp2)
 {
        return strcmp(((const struct rule *) cp1)->r_name,
                ((const struct rule *) cp2)->r_name);
 }
 
 static void
-associate P((void))
+associate(void)
 {
        register struct zone *  zp;
        register struct rule *  rp;
-       register int            base, out;
-       register int            i, j;
+       register ptrdiff_t i, j, base, out;
 
        if (nrules != 0) {
-               (void) qsort((void *) rules, (size_t) nrules,
-                       (size_t) sizeof *rules, rcomp);
+               qsort(rules, nrules, sizeof *rules, rcomp);
                for (i = 0; i < nrules - 1; ++i) {
                        if (strcmp(rules[i].r_name,
                                rules[i + 1].r_name) != 0)
@@ -759,30 +1054,29 @@ associate P((void))
                        */
                        eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
                        zp->z_stdoff = gethms(zp->z_rule, _("unruly zone"),
-                                             TRUE);
+                               true);
                        /*
                        ** Note, though, that if there's no rule,
                        ** a '%s' in the format is a bad thing.
                        */
-                       if (strchr(zp->z_format, '%') != 0)
-                               error(_("%s in ruleless zone"));
+                       if (zp->z_format_specifier == 's')
+                               error("%s", _("%s in ruleless zone"));
                }
        }
        if (errors)
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }
 
 static void
-infile(name)
-const char *   name;
+infile(const char *name)
 {
        register FILE *                 fp;
        register char **                fields;
        register char *                 cp;
        register const struct lookup *  lp;
        register int                    nfields;
-       register int                    wantcont;
-       register int                    num;
+       register bool                   wantcont;
+       register lineno                 num;
        char                            buf[BUFSIZ];
 
        if (strcmp(name, "-") == 0) {
@@ -791,19 +1085,19 @@ const char *     name;
        } else if ((fp = fopen(name, "r")) == NULL) {
                const char *e = strerror(errno);
 
-               (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't open %s: %s\n"),
+               fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't open %s: %s\n"),
                        progname, name, e);
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
-       wantcont = FALSE;
+       wantcont = false;
        for (num = 1; ; ++num) {
                eat(name, num);
-               if (fgets(buf, (int) sizeof buf, fp) != buf)
+               if (fgets(buf, sizeof buf, fp) != buf)
                        break;
                cp = strchr(buf, '\n');
                if (cp == NULL) {
                        error(_("line too long"));
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                *cp = '\0';
                fields = getfields(buf);
@@ -823,47 +1117,36 @@ const char *     name;
                        lp = byword(fields[0], line_codes);
                        if (lp == NULL)
                                error(_("input line of unknown type"));
-                       else switch ((int) (lp->l_value)) {
+                       else switch (lp->l_value) {
                                case LC_RULE:
                                        inrule(fields, nfields);
-                                       wantcont = FALSE;
+                                       wantcont = false;
                                        break;
                                case LC_ZONE:
                                        wantcont = inzone(fields, nfields);
                                        break;
                                case LC_LINK:
                                        inlink(fields, nfields);
-                                       wantcont = FALSE;
+                                       wantcont = false;
                                        break;
                                case LC_LEAP:
                                        if (name != leapsec)
-                                               (void) fprintf(stderr,
-_("%s: Leap line in non leap seconds file %s\n"),
-                                                       progname, name);
+                                         warning(_("%s: Leap line in non leap"
+                                                   " seconds file %s"),
+                                                 progname, name);
                                        else    inleap(fields, nfields);
-                                       wantcont = FALSE;
+                                       wantcont = false;
                                        break;
                                default:        /* "cannot happen" */
-                                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                                       fprintf(stderr,
 _("%s: panic: Invalid l_value %d\n"),
                                                progname, lp->l_value);
-                                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                }
-               ifree((char *) fields);
-       }
-       if (ferror(fp)) {
-               (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Error reading %s\n"),
-                       progname, filename);
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
-       if (fp != stdin && fclose(fp)) {
-               const char *e = strerror(errno);
-
-               (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Error closing %s: %s\n"),
-                       progname, filename, e);
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               free(fields);
        }
+       close_file(fp, NULL, filename);
        if (wantcont)
                error(_("expected continuation line not found"));
 }
@@ -876,13 +1159,12 @@ _("%s: panic: Invalid l_value %d\n"),
 ** Call error with errstring and return zero on errors.
 */
 
-static long
-gethms(string, errstring, signable)
-const char *           string;
-const char * const     errstring;
-const int              signable;
+static zic_t
+gethms(char const *string, char const *errstring, bool signable)
 {
-       int     hh, mm, ss, sign;
+       zic_t   hh;
+       int     mm, ss, sign;
+       char xs;
 
        if (string == NULL || *string == '\0')
                return 0;
@@ -892,30 +1174,34 @@ const int                signable;
                sign = -1;
                ++string;
        } else  sign = 1;
-       if (sscanf(string, scheck(string, "%d"), &hh) == 1)
+       if (sscanf(string, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &hh, &xs) == 1)
                mm = ss = 0;
-       else if (sscanf(string, scheck(string, "%d:%d"), &hh, &mm) == 2)
+       else if (sscanf(string, "%"SCNdZIC":%d%c", &hh, &mm, &xs) == 2)
                ss = 0;
-       else if (sscanf(string, scheck(string, "%d:%d:%d"),
-               &hh, &mm, &ss) != 3) {
-                       error(errstring);
+       else if (sscanf(string, "%"SCNdZIC":%d:%d%c", &hh, &mm, &ss, &xs)
+                != 3) {
+                       error("%s", errstring);
                        return 0;
        }
-       if (hh < 0 || hh >= HOURSPERDAY ||
+       if (hh < 0 ||
                mm < 0 || mm >= MINSPERHOUR ||
                ss < 0 || ss > SECSPERMIN) {
-                       error(errstring);
+                       error("%s", errstring);
                        return 0;
        }
-       return eitol(sign) *
-               (eitol(hh * MINSPERHOUR + mm) *
-               eitol(SECSPERMIN) + eitol(ss));
+       if (ZIC_MAX / SECSPERHOUR < hh) {
+               error(_("time overflow"));
+               return 0;
+       }
+       if (noise && (hh > HOURSPERDAY ||
+               (hh == HOURSPERDAY && (mm != 0 || ss != 0))))
+warning(_("values over 24 hours not handled by pre-2007 versions of zic"));
+       return oadd(sign * hh * SECSPERHOUR,
+                   sign * (mm * SECSPERMIN + ss));
 }
 
 static void
-inrule(fields, nfields)
-register char ** const fields;
-const int              nfields;
+inrule(char **fields, int nfields)
 {
        static struct rule      r;
 
@@ -929,85 +1215,71 @@ const int                nfields;
        }
        r.r_filename = filename;
        r.r_linenum = linenum;
-       r.r_stdoff = gethms(fields[RF_STDOFF], _("invalid saved time"), TRUE);
+       r.r_stdoff = gethms(fields[RF_STDOFF], _("invalid saved time"), true);
        rulesub(&r, fields[RF_LOYEAR], fields[RF_HIYEAR], fields[RF_COMMAND],
                fields[RF_MONTH], fields[RF_DAY], fields[RF_TOD]);
        r.r_name = ecpyalloc(fields[RF_NAME]);
        r.r_abbrvar = ecpyalloc(fields[RF_ABBRVAR]);
-       rules = (struct rule *) (void *) erealloc((char *) rules,
-               (int) ((nrules + 1) * sizeof *rules));
+       if (max_abbrvar_len < strlen(r.r_abbrvar))
+               max_abbrvar_len = strlen(r.r_abbrvar);
+       rules = growalloc(rules, sizeof *rules, nrules, &nrules_alloc);
        rules[nrules++] = r;
 }
 
-static int
-inzone(fields, nfields)
-register char ** const fields;
-const int              nfields;
+static bool
+inzone(char **fields, int nfields)
 {
-       register int    i;
-       static char *   buf;
+       register ptrdiff_t i;
 
        if (nfields < ZONE_MINFIELDS || nfields > ZONE_MAXFIELDS) {
                error(_("wrong number of fields on Zone line"));
-               return FALSE;
+               return false;
        }
        if (strcmp(fields[ZF_NAME], TZDEFAULT) == 0 && lcltime != NULL) {
-               buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 + strlen(TZDEFAULT)));
-               (void) sprintf(buf,
+               error(
 _("\"Zone %s\" line and -l option are mutually exclusive"),
                        TZDEFAULT);
-               error(buf);
-               return FALSE;
+               return false;
        }
        if (strcmp(fields[ZF_NAME], TZDEFRULES) == 0 && psxrules != NULL) {
-               buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 + strlen(TZDEFRULES)));
-               (void) sprintf(buf,
+               error(
 _("\"Zone %s\" line and -p option are mutually exclusive"),
                        TZDEFRULES);
-               error(buf);
-               return FALSE;
+               return false;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i)
                if (zones[i].z_name != NULL &&
                        strcmp(zones[i].z_name, fields[ZF_NAME]) == 0) {
-                               buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 +
-                                       strlen(fields[ZF_NAME]) +
-                                       strlen(zones[i].z_filename)));
-                               (void) sprintf(buf,
-_("duplicate zone name %s (file \"%s\", line %d)"),
+                               error(_("duplicate zone name %s"
+                                       " (file \"%s\", line %"PRIdMAX")"),
                                        fields[ZF_NAME],
                                        zones[i].z_filename,
                                        zones[i].z_linenum);
-                               error(buf);
-                               return FALSE;
+                               return false;
                }
-       return inzsub(fields, nfields, FALSE);
+       return inzsub(fields, nfields, false);
 }
 
-static int
-inzcont(fields, nfields)
-register char ** const fields;
-const int              nfields;
+static bool
+inzcont(char **fields, int nfields)
 {
        if (nfields < ZONEC_MINFIELDS || nfields > ZONEC_MAXFIELDS) {
                error(_("wrong number of fields on Zone continuation line"));
-               return FALSE;
+               return false;
        }
-       return inzsub(fields, nfields, TRUE);
+       return inzsub(fields, nfields, true);
 }
 
-static int
-inzsub(fields, nfields, iscont)
-register char ** const fields;
-const int              nfields;
-const int              iscont;
+static bool
+inzsub(char **fields, int nfields, bool iscont)
 {
        register char *         cp;
+       char *                  cp1;
        static struct zone      z;
        register int            i_gmtoff, i_rule, i_format;
        register int            i_untilyear, i_untilmonth;
        register int            i_untilday, i_untiltime;
-       register int            hasuntil;
+       register bool           hasuntil;
 
        if (iscont) {
                i_gmtoff = ZFC_GMTOFF;
@@ -1018,7 +1290,9 @@ const int         iscont;
                i_untilday = ZFC_TILDAY;
                i_untiltime = ZFC_TILTIME;
                z.z_name = NULL;
-       } else {
+       } else if (!namecheck(fields[ZF_NAME]))
+               return false;
+       else {
                i_gmtoff = ZF_GMTOFF;
                i_rule = ZF_RULE;
                i_format = ZF_FORMAT;
@@ -1030,15 +1304,25 @@ const int               iscont;
        }
        z.z_filename = filename;
        z.z_linenum = linenum;
-       z.z_gmtoff = gethms(fields[i_gmtoff], _("invalid UTC offset"), TRUE);
+       z.z_gmtoff = gethms(fields[i_gmtoff], _("invalid UT offset"), true);
        if ((cp = strchr(fields[i_format], '%')) != 0) {
-               if (*++cp != 's' || strchr(cp, '%') != 0) {
+               if ((*++cp != 's' && *cp != 'z') || strchr(cp, '%')
+                   || strchr(fields[i_format], '/')) {
                        error(_("invalid abbreviation format"));
-                       return FALSE;
+                       return false;
                }
        }
        z.z_rule = ecpyalloc(fields[i_rule]);
-       z.z_format = ecpyalloc(fields[i_format]);
+       z.z_format = cp1 = ecpyalloc(fields[i_format]);
+       z.z_format_specifier = cp ? *cp : '\0';
+       if (z.z_format_specifier == 'z') {
+         if (noise)
+           warning(_("format '%s' not handled by pre-2015 versions of zic"),
+                   z.z_format);
+         cp1[cp - fields[i_format]] = 's';
+       }
+       if (max_format_len < strlen(z.z_format))
+               max_format_len = strlen(z.z_format);
        hasuntil = nfields > i_untilyear;
        if (hasuntil) {
                z.z_untilrule.r_filename = filename;
@@ -1059,12 +1343,13 @@ const int               iscont;
                        zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime > min_time &&
                        zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime < max_time &&
                        zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime >= z.z_untiltime) {
-                               error(_("Zone continuation line end time is not after end time of previous line"));
-                               return FALSE;
+                               error(_(
+"Zone continuation line end time is not after end time of previous line"
+                                       ));
+                               return false;
                }
        }
-       zones = (struct zone *) (void *) erealloc((char *) zones,
-               (int) ((nzones + 1) * sizeof *zones));
+       zones = growalloc(zones, sizeof *zones, nzones, &nzones_alloc);
        zones[nzones++] = z;
        /*
        ** If there was an UNTIL field on this line,
@@ -1074,16 +1359,16 @@ const int               iscont;
 }
 
 static void
-inleap(fields, nfields)
-register char ** const fields;
-const int              nfields;
+inleap(char **fields, int nfields)
 {
        register const char *           cp;
        register const struct lookup *  lp;
-       register int                    i, j;
-       int                             year, month, day;
-       long                            dayoff, tod;
-       time_t                          t;
+       register zic_t                  i, j;
+       zic_t                           year;
+       int                             month, day;
+       zic_t                           dayoff, tod;
+       zic_t                           t;
+       char xs;
 
        if (nfields != LEAP_FIELDS) {
                error(_("wrong number of fields on Leap line"));
@@ -1091,13 +1376,18 @@ const int               nfields;
        }
        dayoff = 0;
        cp = fields[LP_YEAR];
-       if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &year) != 1) {
-                       /*
-                        * Leapin' Lizards!
-                        */
-                       error(_("invalid leaping year"));
-                       return;
+       if (sscanf(cp, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &year, &xs) != 1) {
+               /*
+               ** Leapin' Lizards!
+               */
+               error(_("invalid leaping year"));
+               return;
        }
+       if (!leapseen || leapmaxyear < year)
+               leapmaxyear = year;
+       if (!leapseen || leapminyear > year)
+               leapminyear = year;
+       leapseen = true;
        j = EPOCH_YEAR;
        while (j != year) {
                if (year > j) {
@@ -1107,7 +1397,7 @@ const int         nfields;
                        --j;
                        i = -len_years[isleap(j)];
                }
-               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
+               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
        }
        if ((lp = byword(fields[LP_MONTH], mon_names)) == NULL) {
                error(_("invalid month name"));
@@ -1117,62 +1407,64 @@ const int               nfields;
        j = TM_JANUARY;
        while (j != month) {
                i = len_months[isleap(year)][j];
-               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
+               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
                ++j;
        }
        cp = fields[LP_DAY];
-       if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &day) != 1 ||
+       if (sscanf(cp, "%d%c", &day, &xs) != 1 ||
                day <= 0 || day > len_months[isleap(year)][month]) {
                        error(_("invalid day of month"));
                        return;
        }
-       dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(day - 1));
-       if (dayoff < 0 && !TYPE_SIGNED(time_t)) {
-               error(_("time before zero"));
+       dayoff = oadd(dayoff, day - 1);
+       if (dayoff < min_time / SECSPERDAY) {
+               error(_("time too small"));
                return;
        }
-       t = (time_t) dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
-       /*
-       ** Cheap overflow check.
-       */
-       if (t / SECSPERDAY != dayoff) {
-               error(_("time overflow"));
+       if (dayoff > max_time / SECSPERDAY) {
+               error(_("time too large"));
                return;
        }
-       tod = gethms(fields[LP_TIME], _("invalid time of day"), FALSE);
+       t = dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
+       tod = gethms(fields[LP_TIME], _("invalid time of day"), false);
        cp = fields[LP_CORR];
        {
-               register int    positive;
+               register bool   positive;
                int             count;
 
                if (strcmp(cp, "") == 0) { /* infile() turns "-" into "" */
-                       positive = FALSE;
+                       positive = false;
                        count = 1;
                } else if (strcmp(cp, "--") == 0) {
-                       positive = FALSE;
+                       positive = false;
                        count = 2;
                } else if (strcmp(cp, "+") == 0) {
-                       positive = TRUE;
+                       positive = true;
                        count = 1;
                } else if (strcmp(cp, "++") == 0) {
-                       positive = TRUE;
+                       positive = true;
                        count = 2;
                } else {
                        error(_("illegal CORRECTION field on Leap line"));
                        return;
                }
                if ((lp = byword(fields[LP_ROLL], leap_types)) == NULL) {
-                       error(_("illegal Rolling/Stationary field on Leap line"));
+                       error(_(
+                               "illegal Rolling/Stationary field on Leap line"
+                               ));
+                       return;
+               }
+               t = tadd(t, tod);
+               if (t < early_time) {
+                       error(_("leap second precedes Big Bang"));
                        return;
                }
-               leapadd(tadd(t, tod), positive, lp->l_value, count);
+               leapadd(t, positive, lp->l_value, count);
        }
 }
 
 static void
-inlink(fields, nfields)
-register char ** const fields;
-const int              nfields;
+inlink(char **fields, int nfields)
 {
        struct link     l;
 
@@ -1184,116 +1476,102 @@ const int             nfields;
                error(_("blank FROM field on Link line"));
                return;
        }
-       if (*fields[LF_TO] == '\0') {
-               error(_("blank TO field on Link line"));
-               return;
-       }
+       if (! namecheck(fields[LF_TO]))
+         return;
        l.l_filename = filename;
        l.l_linenum = linenum;
        l.l_from = ecpyalloc(fields[LF_FROM]);
        l.l_to = ecpyalloc(fields[LF_TO]);
-       links = (struct link *) (void *) erealloc((char *) links,
-               (int) ((nlinks + 1) * sizeof *links));
+       links = growalloc(links, sizeof *links, nlinks, &nlinks_alloc);
        links[nlinks++] = l;
 }
 
 static void
-rulesub(rp, loyearp, hiyearp, typep, monthp, dayp, timep)
-register struct rule * const   rp;
-const char * const             loyearp;
-const char * const             hiyearp;
-const char * const             typep;
-const char * const             monthp;
-const char * const             dayp;
-const char * const             timep;
+rulesub(struct rule *rp, const char *loyearp, const char *hiyearp,
+       const char *typep, const char *monthp, const char *dayp,
+       const char *timep)
 {
        register const struct lookup *  lp;
        register const char *           cp;
        register char *                 dp;
        register char *                 ep;
+       char xs;
 
        if ((lp = byword(monthp, mon_names)) == NULL) {
                error(_("invalid month name"));
                return;
        }
        rp->r_month = lp->l_value;
-       rp->r_todisstd = FALSE;
-       rp->r_todisgmt = FALSE;
+       rp->r_todisstd = false;
+       rp->r_todisgmt = false;
        dp = ecpyalloc(timep);
        if (*dp != '\0') {
                ep = dp + strlen(dp) - 1;
                switch (lowerit(*ep)) {
                        case 's':       /* Standard */
-                               rp->r_todisstd = TRUE;
-                               rp->r_todisgmt = FALSE;
+                               rp->r_todisstd = true;
+                               rp->r_todisgmt = false;
                                *ep = '\0';
                                break;
                        case 'w':       /* Wall */
-                               rp->r_todisstd = FALSE;
-                               rp->r_todisgmt = FALSE;
+                               rp->r_todisstd = false;
+                               rp->r_todisgmt = false;
                                *ep = '\0';
                                break;
                        case 'g':       /* Greenwich */
                        case 'u':       /* Universal */
                        case 'z':       /* Zulu */
-                               rp->r_todisstd = TRUE;
-                               rp->r_todisgmt = TRUE;
+                               rp->r_todisstd = true;
+                               rp->r_todisgmt = true;
                                *ep = '\0';
                                break;
                }
        }
-       rp->r_tod = gethms(dp, _("invalid time of day"), FALSE);
-       ifree(dp);
+       rp->r_tod = gethms(dp, _("invalid time of day"), false);
+       free(dp);
        /*
        ** Year work.
        */
        cp = loyearp;
        lp = byword(cp, begin_years);
-       if (lp != NULL) switch ((int) lp->l_value) {
+       rp->r_lowasnum = lp == NULL;
+       if (!rp->r_lowasnum) switch (lp->l_value) {
                case YR_MINIMUM:
-                       rp->r_loyear = INT_MIN;
+                       rp->r_loyear = ZIC_MIN;
                        break;
                case YR_MAXIMUM:
-                       rp->r_loyear = INT_MAX;
+                       rp->r_loyear = ZIC_MAX;
                        break;
                default:        /* "cannot happen" */
-                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                       fprintf(stderr,
                                _("%s: panic: Invalid l_value %d\n"),
                                progname, lp->l_value);
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       } else if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &rp->r_loyear) != 1) {
+                       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       } else if (sscanf(cp, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &rp->r_loyear, &xs) != 1) {
                error(_("invalid starting year"));
                return;
-       } else if (noise) {
-               if (rp->r_loyear < min_year_representable)
-                       warning(_("starting year too low to be represented"));
-               else if (rp->r_loyear > max_year_representable)
-                       warning(_("starting year too high to be represented"));
        }
        cp = hiyearp;
-       if ((lp = byword(cp, end_years)) != NULL) switch ((int) lp->l_value) {
+       lp = byword(cp, end_years);
+       rp->r_hiwasnum = lp == NULL;
+       if (!rp->r_hiwasnum) switch (lp->l_value) {
                case YR_MINIMUM:
-                       rp->r_hiyear = INT_MIN;
+                       rp->r_hiyear = ZIC_MIN;
                        break;
                case YR_MAXIMUM:
-                       rp->r_hiyear = INT_MAX;
+                       rp->r_hiyear = ZIC_MAX;
                        break;
                case YR_ONLY:
                        rp->r_hiyear = rp->r_loyear;
                        break;
                default:        /* "cannot happen" */
-                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
+                       fprintf(stderr,
                                _("%s: panic: Invalid l_value %d\n"),
                                progname, lp->l_value);
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       } else if (sscanf(cp, scheck(cp, "%d"), &rp->r_hiyear) != 1) {
+                       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       } else if (sscanf(cp, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &rp->r_hiyear, &xs) != 1) {
                error(_("invalid ending year"));
                return;
-       } else if (noise) {
-               if (rp->r_loyear < min_year_representable)
-                       warning(_("starting year too low to be represented"));
-               else if (rp->r_loyear > max_year_representable)
-                       warning(_("starting year too high to be represented"));
        }
        if (rp->r_loyear > rp->r_hiyear) {
                error(_("starting year greater than ending year"));
@@ -1308,8 +1586,6 @@ const char * const                timep;
                }
                rp->r_yrtype = ecpyalloc(typep);
        }
-       if (rp->r_loyear < min_year && rp->r_loyear > 0)
-               min_year = rp->r_loyear;
        /*
        ** Day work.
        ** Accept things such as:
@@ -1336,109 +1612,141 @@ const char * const            timep;
                        *ep++ = 0;
                        if (*ep++ != '=') {
                                error(_("invalid day of month"));
-                               ifree(dp);
+                               free(dp);
                                return;
                        }
                        if ((lp = byword(dp, wday_names)) == NULL) {
                                error(_("invalid weekday name"));
-                               ifree(dp);
+                               free(dp);
                                return;
                        }
                        rp->r_wday = lp->l_value;
                }
-               if (sscanf(ep, scheck(ep, "%d"), &rp->r_dayofmonth) != 1 ||
+               if (sscanf(ep, "%d%c", &rp->r_dayofmonth, &xs) != 1 ||
                        rp->r_dayofmonth <= 0 ||
                        (rp->r_dayofmonth > len_months[1][rp->r_month])) {
                                error(_("invalid day of month"));
-                               ifree(dp);
+                               free(dp);
                                return;
                }
        }
-       ifree(dp);
+       free(dp);
 }
 
 static void
-convert(val, buf)
-const long     val;
-char * const   buf;
+convert(const int_fast32_t val, char *const buf)
 {
        register int    i;
-       register long   shift;
+       register int    shift;
+       unsigned char *const b = (unsigned char *) buf;
 
        for (i = 0, shift = 24; i < 4; ++i, shift -= 8)
-               buf[i] = val >> shift;
+               b[i] = val >> shift;
+}
+
+static void
+convert64(const zic_t val, char *const buf)
+{
+       register int    i;
+       register int    shift;
+       unsigned char *const b = (unsigned char *) buf;
+
+       for (i = 0, shift = 56; i < 8; ++i, shift -= 8)
+               b[i] = val >> shift;
 }
 
 static void
-puttzcode(val, fp)
-const long     val;
-FILE * const   fp;
+puttzcode(const int_fast32_t val, FILE *const fp)
 {
        char    buf[4];
 
        convert(val, buf);
-       (void) fwrite((void *) buf, (size_t) sizeof buf, (size_t) 1, fp);
+       fwrite(buf, sizeof buf, 1, fp);
+}
+
+static void
+puttzcode64(const zic_t val, FILE *const fp)
+{
+       char    buf[8];
+
+       convert64(val, buf);
+       fwrite(buf, sizeof buf, 1, fp);
 }
 
 static int
-atcomp(avp, bvp)
-void * avp;
-void * bvp;
+atcomp(const void *avp, const void *bvp)
 {
-       if (((struct attype *) avp)->at < ((struct attype *) bvp)->at)
-               return -1;
-       else if (((struct attype *) avp)->at > ((struct attype *) bvp)->at)
-               return 1;
-       else    return 0;
+       const zic_t     a = ((const struct attype *) avp)->at;
+       const zic_t     b = ((const struct attype *) bvp)->at;
+
+       return (a < b) ? -1 : (a > b);
+}
+
+static bool
+is32(const zic_t x)
+{
+       return INT32_MIN <= x && x <= INT32_MAX;
 }
 
 static void
-writezone(name)
-const char * const     name;
+writezone(const char *const name, const char *const string, char version)
 {
-       register FILE *         fp;
-       register int            i, j;
-       static char *           fullname;
-       static struct tzhead    tzh;
-       time_t                  ats[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
-       unsigned char           types[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
+       register FILE *                 fp;
+       register ptrdiff_t              i, j;
+       register int                    leapcnt32, leapi32;
+       register ptrdiff_t              timecnt32, timei32;
+       register int                    pass;
+       static const struct tzhead      tzh0;
+       static struct tzhead            tzh;
+       bool dir_checked = false;
+       zic_t one = 1;
+       zic_t y2038_boundary = one << 31;
+       ptrdiff_t nats = timecnt + WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071;
+       zic_t *ats = emalloc(size_product(nats, sizeof *ats + 1));
+       void *typesptr = ats + nats;
+       unsigned char *types = typesptr;
 
        /*
        ** Sort.
        */
        if (timecnt > 1)
-               (void) qsort((void *) attypes, (size_t) timecnt,
-                       (size_t) sizeof *attypes, atcomp);
+               qsort(attypes, timecnt, sizeof *attypes, atcomp);
        /*
        ** Optimize.
        */
        {
-               int     fromi;
-               int     toi;
+               ptrdiff_t fromi, toi;
 
                toi = 0;
                fromi = 0;
-               while (fromi < timecnt && attypes[fromi].at < min_time)
+               while (fromi < timecnt && attypes[fromi].at < early_time)
                        ++fromi;
-               if (isdsts[0] == 0)
-                       while (fromi < timecnt && attypes[fromi].type == 0)
-                               ++fromi;        /* handled by default rule */
                for ( ; fromi < timecnt; ++fromi) {
-                       if (toi != 0
-                           && ((attypes[fromi].at
-                                + gmtoffs[attypes[toi - 1].type])
-                               <= (attypes[toi - 1].at
-                                   + gmtoffs[toi == 1 ? 0
-                                             : attypes[toi - 2].type]))) {
-                               attypes[toi - 1].type = attypes[fromi].type;
-                               continue;
+                       if (toi > 1 && ((attypes[fromi].at +
+                               gmtoffs[attypes[toi - 1].type]) <=
+                               (attypes[toi - 1].at +
+                               gmtoffs[attypes[toi - 2].type]))) {
+                                       attypes[toi - 1].type =
+                                               attypes[fromi].type;
+                                       continue;
                        }
-                       if (toi == 0 ||
-                               attypes[toi - 1].type != attypes[fromi].type)
+                       if (toi == 0
+                           || attypes[fromi].dontmerge
+                           || attypes[toi - 1].type != attypes[fromi].type)
                                        attypes[toi++] = attypes[fromi];
                }
                timecnt = toi;
        }
+
+       if (noise && timecnt > 1200) {
+         if (timecnt > TZ_MAX_TIMES)
+               warning(_("reference clients mishandle"
+                         " more than %d transition times"),
+                       TZ_MAX_TIMES);
+         else
+               warning(_("pre-2014 clients may mishandle"
+                         " more than 1200 transition times"));
+       }
        /*
        ** Transfer.
        */
@@ -1446,135 +1754,630 @@ const char * const    name;
                ats[i] = attypes[i].at;
                types[i] = attypes[i].type;
        }
-       fullname = erealloc(fullname,
-               (int) (strlen(directory) + 1 + strlen(name) + 1));
-       (void) sprintf(fullname, "%s/%s", directory, name);
-       /*
-       ** Remove old file, if any, to snap links.
-       */
-       if (!itsdir(fullname) && remove(fullname) != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
-               const char *e = strerror(errno);
 
-               (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't remove %s: %s\n"),
-                       progname, fullname, e);
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       /* Work around QTBUG-53071 for time stamps less than y2038_boundary - 1,
+          by inserting a no-op transition at time y2038_boundary - 1.
+          This works only for timestamps before the boundary, which
+          should be good enough in practice as QTBUG-53071 should be
+          long-dead by 2038.  */
+       if (WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071 && timecnt != 0
+           && ats[timecnt - 1] < y2038_boundary - 1 && strchr(string, '<')) {
+         ats[timecnt] = y2038_boundary - 1;
+         types[timecnt] = types[timecnt - 1];
+         timecnt++;
        }
-       if ((fp = fopen(fullname, "wb")) == NULL) {
-               if (mkdirs(fullname) != 0)
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-               if ((fp = fopen(fullname, "wb")) == NULL) {
-                       const char *e = strerror(errno);
 
-                       (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't create %s: %s\n"),
-                               progname, fullname, e);
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-               }
-       }
-       convert(eitol(typecnt), tzh.tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
-       convert(eitol(typecnt), tzh.tzh_ttisstdcnt);
-       convert(eitol(leapcnt), tzh.tzh_leapcnt);
-       convert(eitol(timecnt), tzh.tzh_timecnt);
-       convert(eitol(typecnt), tzh.tzh_typecnt);
-       convert(eitol(charcnt), tzh.tzh_charcnt);
-       (void) strncpy(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof tzh.tzh_magic);
-#define DO(field)      (void) fwrite((void *) tzh.field, (size_t) sizeof tzh.field, (size_t) 1, fp)
-       DO(tzh_magic);
-       DO(tzh_reserved);
-       DO(tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
-       DO(tzh_ttisstdcnt);
-       DO(tzh_leapcnt);
-       DO(tzh_timecnt);
-       DO(tzh_typecnt);
-       DO(tzh_charcnt);
-#undef DO
+       /*
+       ** Correct for leap seconds.
+       */
        for (i = 0; i < timecnt; ++i) {
                j = leapcnt;
                while (--j >= 0)
-                       if (ats[i] >= trans[j]) {
+                       if (ats[i] > trans[j] - corr[j]) {
                                ats[i] = tadd(ats[i], corr[j]);
                                break;
                        }
-               puttzcode((long) ats[i], fp);
        }
-       if (timecnt > 0)
-               (void) fwrite((void *) types, (size_t) sizeof types[0],
-                       (size_t) timecnt, fp);
-       for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i) {
-               puttzcode((long) gmtoffs[i], fp);
-               (void) putc(isdsts[i], fp);
-               (void) putc(abbrinds[i], fp);
+       /*
+       ** Figure out 32-bit-limited starts and counts.
+       */
+       timecnt32 = timecnt;
+       timei32 = 0;
+       leapcnt32 = leapcnt;
+       leapi32 = 0;
+       while (timecnt32 > 0 && !is32(ats[timecnt32 - 1]))
+               --timecnt32;
+       while (timecnt32 > 0 && !is32(ats[timei32])) {
+               --timecnt32;
+               ++timei32;
        }
-       if (charcnt != 0)
-               (void) fwrite((void *) chars, (size_t) sizeof chars[0],
-                       (size_t) charcnt, fp);
-       for (i = 0; i < leapcnt; ++i) {
-               if (roll[i]) {
-                       if (timecnt == 0 || trans[i] < ats[0]) {
-                               j = 0;
-                               while (isdsts[j])
-                                       if (++j >= typecnt) {
-                                               j = 0;
-                                               break;
-                                       }
-                       } else {
-                               j = 1;
-                               while (j < timecnt && trans[i] >= ats[j])
-                                       ++j;
-                               j = types[j - 1];
-                       }
-                       puttzcode((long) tadd(trans[i], -gmtoffs[j]), fp);
-               } else  puttzcode((long) trans[i], fp);
-               puttzcode((long) corr[i], fp);
+       /*
+       ** Output an INT32_MIN "transition" if appropriate; see below.
+       */
+       if (timei32 > 0 && ats[timei32] > INT32_MIN) {
+               --timei32;
+               ++timecnt32;
        }
-       for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
-               (void) putc(ttisstds[i], fp);
-       for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
-               (void) putc(ttisgmts[i], fp);
-       if (ferror(fp) || fclose(fp)) {
-               (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Error writing %s\n"),
-                       progname, fullname);
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       while (leapcnt32 > 0 && !is32(trans[leapcnt32 - 1]))
+               --leapcnt32;
+       while (leapcnt32 > 0 && !is32(trans[leapi32])) {
+               --leapcnt32;
+               ++leapi32;
        }
+       /*
+       ** Remove old file, if any, to snap links.
+       */
+       if (remove(name) == 0)
+               dir_checked = true;
+       else if (errno != ENOENT) {
+               const char *e = strerror(errno);
+
+               fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't remove %s/%s: %s\n"),
+                       progname, directory, name, e);
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       }
+       fp = fopen(name, "wb");
+       if (!fp) {
+         int fopen_errno = errno;
+         if (fopen_errno == ENOENT && !dir_checked) {
+           mkdirs(name, true);
+           fp = fopen(name, "wb");
+           fopen_errno = errno;
+         }
+         if (!fp) {
+           fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't create %s/%s: %s\n"),
+                   progname, directory, name, strerror(fopen_errno));
+           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+         }
+       }
+       for (pass = 1; pass <= 2; ++pass) {
+               register ptrdiff_t thistimei, thistimecnt, thistimelim;
+               register int    thisleapi, thisleapcnt, thisleaplim;
+               int             writetype[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+               int             typemap[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+               register int    thistypecnt;
+               char            thischars[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
+               int             thischarcnt;
+               bool            toomanytimes;
+               int             indmap[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
+
+               if (pass == 1) {
+                       thistimei = timei32;
+                       thistimecnt = timecnt32;
+                       toomanytimes = thistimecnt >> 31 >> 1 != 0;
+                       thisleapi = leapi32;
+                       thisleapcnt = leapcnt32;
+               } else {
+                       thistimei = 0;
+                       thistimecnt = timecnt;
+                       toomanytimes = thistimecnt >> 31 >> 31 >> 2 != 0;
+                       thisleapi = 0;
+                       thisleapcnt = leapcnt;
+               }
+               if (toomanytimes)
+                 error(_("too many transition times"));
+               thistimelim = thistimei + thistimecnt;
+               thisleaplim = thisleapi + thisleapcnt;
+               for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+                       writetype[i] = thistimecnt == timecnt;
+               if (thistimecnt == 0) {
+                       /*
+                       ** No transition times fall in the current
+                       ** (32- or 64-bit) window.
+                       */
+                       if (typecnt != 0)
+                               writetype[typecnt - 1] = true;
+               } else {
+                       for (i = thistimei - 1; i < thistimelim; ++i)
+                               if (i >= 0)
+                                       writetype[types[i]] = true;
+                       /*
+                       ** For America/Godthab and Antarctica/Palmer
+                       */
+                       if (thistimei == 0)
+                               writetype[0] = true;
+               }
+#ifndef LEAVE_SOME_PRE_2011_SYSTEMS_IN_THE_LURCH
+               /*
+               ** For some pre-2011 systems: if the last-to-be-written
+               ** standard (or daylight) type has an offset different from the
+               ** most recently used offset,
+               ** append an (unused) copy of the most recently used type
+               ** (to help get global "altzone" and "timezone" variables
+               ** set correctly).
+               */
+               {
+                       register int    mrudst, mrustd, hidst, histd, type;
+
+                       hidst = histd = mrudst = mrustd = -1;
+                       for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i)
+                               if (isdsts[types[i]])
+                                       mrudst = types[i];
+                               else    mrustd = types[i];
+                       for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+                               if (writetype[i]) {
+                                       if (isdsts[i])
+                                               hidst = i;
+                                       else    histd = i;
+                               }
+                       if (hidst >= 0 && mrudst >= 0 && hidst != mrudst &&
+                               gmtoffs[hidst] != gmtoffs[mrudst]) {
+                                       isdsts[mrudst] = -1;
+                                       type = addtype(gmtoffs[mrudst],
+                                               &chars[abbrinds[mrudst]],
+                                               true,
+                                               ttisstds[mrudst],
+                                               ttisgmts[mrudst]);
+                                       isdsts[mrudst] = 1;
+                                       writetype[type] = true;
+                       }
+                       if (histd >= 0 && mrustd >= 0 && histd != mrustd &&
+                               gmtoffs[histd] != gmtoffs[mrustd]) {
+                                       isdsts[mrustd] = -1;
+                                       type = addtype(gmtoffs[mrustd],
+                                               &chars[abbrinds[mrustd]],
+                                               false,
+                                               ttisstds[mrustd],
+                                               ttisgmts[mrustd]);
+                                       isdsts[mrustd] = 0;
+                                       writetype[type] = true;
+                       }
+               }
+#endif /* !defined LEAVE_SOME_PRE_2011_SYSTEMS_IN_THE_LURCH */
+               thistypecnt = 0;
+               for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+                       typemap[i] = writetype[i] ?  thistypecnt++ : -1;
+               for (i = 0; i < sizeof indmap / sizeof indmap[0]; ++i)
+                       indmap[i] = -1;
+               thischarcnt = 0;
+               for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i) {
+                       register char * thisabbr;
+
+                       if (!writetype[i])
+                               continue;
+                       if (indmap[abbrinds[i]] >= 0)
+                               continue;
+                       thisabbr = &chars[abbrinds[i]];
+                       for (j = 0; j < thischarcnt; ++j)
+                               if (strcmp(&thischars[j], thisabbr) == 0)
+                                       break;
+                       if (j == thischarcnt) {
+                               strcpy(&thischars[thischarcnt], thisabbr);
+                               thischarcnt += strlen(thisabbr) + 1;
+                       }
+                       indmap[abbrinds[i]] = j;
+               }
+#define DO(field)      fwrite(tzh.field, sizeof tzh.field, 1, fp)
+               tzh = tzh0;
+               strncpy(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof tzh.tzh_magic);
+               tzh.tzh_version[0] = version;
+               convert(thistypecnt, tzh.tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
+               convert(thistypecnt, tzh.tzh_ttisstdcnt);
+               convert(thisleapcnt, tzh.tzh_leapcnt);
+               convert(thistimecnt, tzh.tzh_timecnt);
+               convert(thistypecnt, tzh.tzh_typecnt);
+               convert(thischarcnt, tzh.tzh_charcnt);
+               DO(tzh_magic);
+               DO(tzh_version);
+               DO(tzh_reserved);
+               DO(tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
+               DO(tzh_ttisstdcnt);
+               DO(tzh_leapcnt);
+               DO(tzh_timecnt);
+               DO(tzh_typecnt);
+               DO(tzh_charcnt);
+#undef DO
+               for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i)
+                       if (pass == 1)
+                               /*
+                               ** Output an INT32_MIN "transition"
+                               ** if appropriate; see above.
+                               */
+                               puttzcode(((ats[i] < INT32_MIN) ?
+                                       INT32_MIN : ats[i]), fp);
+                       else    puttzcode64(ats[i], fp);
+               for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i) {
+                       unsigned char   uc;
+
+                       uc = typemap[types[i]];
+                       fwrite(&uc, sizeof uc, 1, fp);
+               }
+               for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+                       if (writetype[i]) {
+                               puttzcode(gmtoffs[i], fp);
+                               putc(isdsts[i], fp);
+                               putc((unsigned char) indmap[abbrinds[i]], fp);
+                       }
+               if (thischarcnt != 0)
+                       fwrite(thischars, sizeof thischars[0],
+                                     thischarcnt, fp);
+               for (i = thisleapi; i < thisleaplim; ++i) {
+                       register zic_t  todo;
+
+                       if (roll[i]) {
+                               if (timecnt == 0 || trans[i] < ats[0]) {
+                                       j = 0;
+                                       while (isdsts[j])
+                                               if (++j >= typecnt) {
+                                                       j = 0;
+                                                       break;
+                                               }
+                               } else {
+                                       j = 1;
+                                       while (j < timecnt &&
+                                               trans[i] >= ats[j])
+                                                       ++j;
+                                       j = types[j - 1];
+                               }
+                               todo = tadd(trans[i], -gmtoffs[j]);
+                       } else  todo = trans[i];
+                       if (pass == 1)
+                               puttzcode(todo, fp);
+                       else    puttzcode64(todo, fp);
+                       puttzcode(corr[i], fp);
+               }
+               for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+                       if (writetype[i])
+                               putc(ttisstds[i], fp);
+               for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+                       if (writetype[i])
+                               putc(ttisgmts[i], fp);
+       }
+       fprintf(fp, "\n%s\n", string);
+       close_file(fp, directory, name);
+       free(ats);
+}
+
+static char const *
+abbroffset(char *buf, zic_t offset)
+{
+  char sign = '+';
+  int seconds, minutes;
+
+  if (offset < 0) {
+    offset = -offset;
+    sign = '-';
+  }
+
+  seconds = offset % SECSPERMIN;
+  offset /= SECSPERMIN;
+  minutes = offset % MINSPERHOUR;
+  offset /= MINSPERHOUR;
+  if (100 <= offset) {
+    error(_("%%z UTC offset magnitude exceeds 99:59:59"));
+    return "%z";
+  } else {
+    char *p = buf;
+    *p++ = sign;
+    *p++ = '0' + offset / 10;
+    *p++ = '0' + offset % 10;
+    if (minutes | seconds) {
+      *p++ = '0' + minutes / 10;
+      *p++ = '0' + minutes % 10;
+      if (seconds) {
+       *p++ = '0' + seconds / 10;
+       *p++ = '0' + seconds % 10;
+      }
+    }
+    *p = '\0';
+    return buf;
+  }
+}
+
+static size_t
+doabbr(char *abbr, struct zone const *zp, char const *letters,
+       zic_t stdoff, bool doquotes)
+{
+       register char * cp;
+       register char * slashp;
+       register size_t len;
+       char const *format = zp->z_format;
+
+       slashp = strchr(format, '/');
+       if (slashp == NULL) {
+         char letterbuf[PERCENT_Z_LEN_BOUND + 1];
+         if (zp->z_format_specifier == 'z')
+           letters = abbroffset(letterbuf, zp->z_gmtoff + stdoff);
+         else if (!letters)
+           letters = "%s";
+         sprintf(abbr, format, letters);
+       } else if (stdoff != 0) {
+               strcpy(abbr, slashp + 1);
+       } else {
+               memcpy(abbr, format, slashp - format);
+               abbr[slashp - format] = '\0';
+       }
+       len = strlen(abbr);
+       if (!doquotes)
+               return len;
+       for (cp = abbr; is_alpha(*cp); cp++)
+               continue;
+       if (len > 0 && *cp == '\0')
+               return len;
+       abbr[len + 2] = '\0';
+       abbr[len + 1] = '>';
+       memmove(abbr + 1, abbr, len);
+       abbr[0] = '<';
+       return len + 2;
 }
 
 static void
-doabbr(abbr, format, letters, isdst)
-char * const           abbr;
-const char * const     format;
-const char * const     letters;
-const int              isdst;
-{
-       if (strchr(format, '/') == NULL) {
-               if (letters == NULL)
-                       (void) strcpy(abbr, format);
-               else    (void) sprintf(abbr, format, letters);
-       } else if (isdst)
-               (void) strcpy(abbr, strchr(format, '/') + 1);
-       else {
-               (void) strcpy(abbr, format);
-               *strchr(abbr, '/') = '\0';
+updateminmax(const zic_t x)
+{
+       if (min_year > x)
+               min_year = x;
+       if (max_year < x)
+               max_year = x;
+}
+
+static int
+stringoffset(char *result, zic_t offset)
+{
+       register int    hours;
+       register int    minutes;
+       register int    seconds;
+       bool negative = offset < 0;
+       int len = negative;
+
+       if (negative) {
+               offset = -offset;
+               result[0] = '-';
+       }
+       seconds = offset % SECSPERMIN;
+       offset /= SECSPERMIN;
+       minutes = offset % MINSPERHOUR;
+       offset /= MINSPERHOUR;
+       hours = offset;
+       if (hours >= HOURSPERDAY * DAYSPERWEEK) {
+               result[0] = '\0';
+               return 0;
        }
+       len += sprintf(result + len, "%d", hours);
+       if (minutes != 0 || seconds != 0) {
+               len += sprintf(result + len, ":%02d", minutes);
+               if (seconds != 0)
+                       len += sprintf(result + len, ":%02d", seconds);
+       }
+       return len;
+}
+
+static int
+stringrule(char *result, const struct rule *const rp, const zic_t dstoff,
+          const zic_t gmtoff)
+{
+       register zic_t  tod = rp->r_tod;
+       register int    compat = 0;
+
+       if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOM) {
+               register int    month, total;
+
+               if (rp->r_dayofmonth == 29 && rp->r_month == TM_FEBRUARY)
+                       return -1;
+               total = 0;
+               for (month = 0; month < rp->r_month; ++month)
+                       total += len_months[0][month];
+               /* Omit the "J" in Jan and Feb, as that's shorter.  */
+               if (rp->r_month <= 1)
+                 result += sprintf(result, "%d", total + rp->r_dayofmonth - 1);
+               else
+                 result += sprintf(result, "J%d", total + rp->r_dayofmonth);
+       } else {
+               register int    week;
+               register int    wday = rp->r_wday;
+               register int    wdayoff;
+
+               if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ) {
+                       wdayoff = (rp->r_dayofmonth - 1) % DAYSPERWEEK;
+                       if (wdayoff)
+                               compat = 2013;
+                       wday -= wdayoff;
+                       tod += wdayoff * SECSPERDAY;
+                       week = 1 + (rp->r_dayofmonth - 1) / DAYSPERWEEK;
+               } else if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ) {
+                       if (rp->r_dayofmonth == len_months[1][rp->r_month])
+                               week = 5;
+                       else {
+                               wdayoff = rp->r_dayofmonth % DAYSPERWEEK;
+                               if (wdayoff)
+                                       compat = 2013;
+                               wday -= wdayoff;
+                               tod += wdayoff * SECSPERDAY;
+                               week = rp->r_dayofmonth / DAYSPERWEEK;
+                       }
+               } else  return -1;      /* "cannot happen" */
+               if (wday < 0)
+                       wday += DAYSPERWEEK;
+               result += sprintf(result, "M%d.%d.%d",
+                                 rp->r_month + 1, week, wday);
+       }
+       if (rp->r_todisgmt)
+               tod += gmtoff;
+       if (rp->r_todisstd && rp->r_stdoff == 0)
+               tod += dstoff;
+       if (tod != 2 * SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR) {
+               *result++ = '/';
+               if (! stringoffset(result, tod))
+                       return -1;
+               if (tod < 0) {
+                       if (compat < 2013)
+                               compat = 2013;
+               } else if (SECSPERDAY <= tod) {
+                       if (compat < 1994)
+                               compat = 1994;
+               }
+       }
+       return compat;
+}
+
+static int
+rule_cmp(struct rule const *a, struct rule const *b)
+{
+       if (!a)
+               return -!!b;
+       if (!b)
+               return 1;
+       if (a->r_hiyear != b->r_hiyear)
+               return a->r_hiyear < b->r_hiyear ? -1 : 1;
+       if (a->r_month - b->r_month != 0)
+               return a->r_month - b->r_month;
+       return a->r_dayofmonth - b->r_dayofmonth;
+}
+
+enum { YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE = 1 };
+
+static int
+stringzone(char *result, struct zone const *zpfirst, ptrdiff_t zonecount)
+{
+       register const struct zone *    zp;
+       register struct rule *          rp;
+       register struct rule *          stdrp;
+       register struct rule *          dstrp;
+       register ptrdiff_t              i;
+       register const char *           abbrvar;
+       register int                    compat = 0;
+       register int                    c;
+       size_t                          len;
+       int                             offsetlen;
+       struct rule                     stdr, dstr;
+
+       result[0] = '\0';
+       zp = zpfirst + zonecount - 1;
+       stdrp = dstrp = NULL;
+       for (i = 0; i < zp->z_nrules; ++i) {
+               rp = &zp->z_rules[i];
+               if (rp->r_hiwasnum || rp->r_hiyear != ZIC_MAX)
+                       continue;
+               if (rp->r_yrtype != NULL)
+                       continue;
+               if (rp->r_stdoff == 0) {
+                       if (stdrp == NULL)
+                               stdrp = rp;
+                       else    return -1;
+               } else {
+                       if (dstrp == NULL)
+                               dstrp = rp;
+                       else    return -1;
+               }
+       }
+       if (stdrp == NULL && dstrp == NULL) {
+               /*
+               ** There are no rules running through "max".
+               ** Find the latest std rule in stdabbrrp
+               ** and latest rule of any type in stdrp.
+               */
+               register struct rule *stdabbrrp = NULL;
+               for (i = 0; i < zp->z_nrules; ++i) {
+                       rp = &zp->z_rules[i];
+                       if (rp->r_stdoff == 0 && rule_cmp(stdabbrrp, rp) < 0)
+                               stdabbrrp = rp;
+                       if (rule_cmp(stdrp, rp) < 0)
+                               stdrp = rp;
+               }
+               /*
+               ** Horrid special case: if year is 2037,
+               ** presume this is a zone handled on a year-by-year basis;
+               ** do not try to apply a rule to the zone.
+               */
+               if (stdrp != NULL && stdrp->r_hiyear == 2037)
+                       return YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE;
+
+               if (stdrp != NULL && stdrp->r_stdoff != 0) {
+                       /* Perpetual DST.  */
+                       dstr.r_month = TM_JANUARY;
+                       dstr.r_dycode = DC_DOM;
+                       dstr.r_dayofmonth = 1;
+                       dstr.r_tod = 0;
+                       dstr.r_todisstd = dstr.r_todisgmt = false;
+                       dstr.r_stdoff = stdrp->r_stdoff;
+                       dstr.r_abbrvar = stdrp->r_abbrvar;
+                       stdr.r_month = TM_DECEMBER;
+                       stdr.r_dycode = DC_DOM;
+                       stdr.r_dayofmonth = 31;
+                       stdr.r_tod = SECSPERDAY + stdrp->r_stdoff;
+                       stdr.r_todisstd = stdr.r_todisgmt = false;
+                       stdr.r_stdoff = 0;
+                       stdr.r_abbrvar
+                         = (stdabbrrp ? stdabbrrp->r_abbrvar : "");
+                       dstrp = &dstr;
+                       stdrp = &stdr;
+               }
+       }
+       if (stdrp == NULL && (zp->z_nrules != 0 || zp->z_stdoff != 0))
+               return -1;
+       abbrvar = (stdrp == NULL) ? "" : stdrp->r_abbrvar;
+       len = doabbr(result, zp, abbrvar, 0, true);
+       offsetlen = stringoffset(result + len, -zp->z_gmtoff);
+       if (! offsetlen) {
+               result[0] = '\0';
+               return -1;
+       }
+       len += offsetlen;
+       if (dstrp == NULL)
+               return compat;
+       len += doabbr(result + len, zp, dstrp->r_abbrvar, dstrp->r_stdoff, true);
+       if (dstrp->r_stdoff != SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR) {
+         offsetlen = stringoffset(result + len,
+                                  -(zp->z_gmtoff + dstrp->r_stdoff));
+         if (! offsetlen) {
+           result[0] = '\0';
+           return -1;
+         }
+         len += offsetlen;
+       }
+       result[len++] = ',';
+       c = stringrule(result + len, dstrp, dstrp->r_stdoff, zp->z_gmtoff);
+       if (c < 0) {
+               result[0] = '\0';
+               return -1;
+       }
+       if (compat < c)
+               compat = c;
+       len += strlen(result + len);
+       result[len++] = ',';
+       c = stringrule(result + len, stdrp, dstrp->r_stdoff, zp->z_gmtoff);
+       if (c < 0) {
+               result[0] = '\0';
+               return -1;
+       }
+       if (compat < c)
+               compat = c;
+       return compat;
 }
 
 static void
-outzone(zpfirst, zonecount)
-const struct zone * const      zpfirst;
-const int                      zonecount;
+outzone(const struct zone *zpfirst, ptrdiff_t zonecount)
 {
        register const struct zone *    zp;
        register struct rule *          rp;
-       register int                    i, j;
-       register int                    usestart, useuntil;
-       register time_t                 starttime, untiltime;
-       register long                   gmtoff;
-       register long                   stdoff;
-       register int                    year;
-       register long                   startoff;
-       register int                    startttisstd;
-       register int                    startttisgmt;
+       register ptrdiff_t              i, j;
+       register bool                   usestart, useuntil;
+       register zic_t                  starttime, untiltime;
+       register zic_t                  gmtoff;
+       register zic_t                  stdoff;
+       register zic_t                  year;
+       register zic_t                  startoff;
+       register bool                   startttisstd;
+       register bool                   startttisgmt;
        register int                    type;
-       char                            startbuf[BUFSIZ];
-
+       register char *                 startbuf;
+       register char *                 ab;
+       register char *                 envvar;
+       register int                    max_abbr_len;
+       register int                    max_envvar_len;
+       register bool                   prodstic; /* all rules are min to max */
+       register int                    compat;
+       register bool                   do_extend;
+       register char                   version;
+       ptrdiff_t lastatmax = -1;
+       zic_t one = 1;
+       zic_t y2038_boundary = one << 31;
+       zic_t max_year0;
+
+       max_abbr_len = 2 + max_format_len + max_abbrvar_len;
+       max_envvar_len = 2 * max_abbr_len + 5 * 9;
+       startbuf = emalloc(max_abbr_len + 1);
+       ab = emalloc(max_abbr_len + 1);
+       envvar = emalloc(max_envvar_len + 1);
        INITIALIZE(untiltime);
        INITIALIZE(starttime);
        /*
@@ -1583,21 +2386,103 @@ const int                      zonecount;
        timecnt = 0;
        typecnt = 0;
        charcnt = 0;
+       prodstic = zonecount == 1;
+       /*
+       ** Thanks to Earl Chew
+       ** for noting the need to unconditionally initialize startttisstd.
+       */
+       startttisstd = false;
+       startttisgmt = false;
+       min_year = max_year = EPOCH_YEAR;
+       if (leapseen) {
+               updateminmax(leapminyear);
+               updateminmax(leapmaxyear + (leapmaxyear < ZIC_MAX));
+       }
+       for (i = 0; i < zonecount; ++i) {
+               zp = &zpfirst[i];
+               if (i < zonecount - 1)
+                       updateminmax(zp->z_untilrule.r_loyear);
+               for (j = 0; j < zp->z_nrules; ++j) {
+                       rp = &zp->z_rules[j];
+                       if (rp->r_lowasnum)
+                               updateminmax(rp->r_loyear);
+                       if (rp->r_hiwasnum)
+                               updateminmax(rp->r_hiyear);
+                       if (rp->r_lowasnum || rp->r_hiwasnum)
+                               prodstic = false;
+               }
+       }
        /*
-       ** A guess that may well be corrected later.
+       ** Generate lots of data if a rule can't cover all future times.
        */
-       stdoff = 0;
+       compat = stringzone(envvar, zpfirst, zonecount);
+       version = compat < 2013 ? ZIC_VERSION_PRE_2013 : ZIC_VERSION;
+       do_extend = compat < 0 || compat == YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE;
+       if (noise) {
+               if (!*envvar)
+                       warning("%s %s",
+                               _("no POSIX environment variable for zone"),
+                               zpfirst->z_name);
+               else if (compat != 0 && compat != YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE) {
+                       /* Circa-COMPAT clients, and earlier clients, might
+                          not work for this zone when given dates before
+                          1970 or after 2038.  */
+                       warning(_("%s: pre-%d clients may mishandle"
+                                 " distant timestamps"),
+                               zpfirst->z_name, compat);
+               }
+       }
+       if (do_extend) {
+               /*
+               ** Search through a couple of extra years past the obvious
+               ** 400, to avoid edge cases.  For example, suppose a non-POSIX
+               ** rule applies from 2012 onwards and has transitions in March
+               ** and September, plus some one-off transitions in November
+               ** 2013.  If zic looked only at the last 400 years, it would
+               ** set max_year=2413, with the intent that the 400 years 2014
+               ** through 2413 will be repeated.  The last transition listed
+               ** in the tzfile would be in 2413-09, less than 400 years
+               ** after the last one-off transition in 2013-11.  Two years
+               ** might be overkill, but with the kind of edge cases
+               ** available we're not sure that one year would suffice.
+               */
+               enum { years_of_observations = YEARSPERREPEAT + 2 };
+
+               if (min_year >= ZIC_MIN + years_of_observations)
+                       min_year -= years_of_observations;
+               else    min_year = ZIC_MIN;
+               if (max_year <= ZIC_MAX - years_of_observations)
+                       max_year += years_of_observations;
+               else    max_year = ZIC_MAX;
+               /*
+               ** Regardless of any of the above,
+               ** for a "proDSTic" zone which specifies that its rules
+               ** always have and always will be in effect,
+               ** we only need one cycle to define the zone.
+               */
+               if (prodstic) {
+                       min_year = 1900;
+                       max_year = min_year + years_of_observations;
+               }
+       }
        /*
-       ** Thanks to Earl Chew (earl@dnd.icp.nec.com.au)
-       ** for noting the need to unconditionally initialize startttisstd.
+       ** For the benefit of older systems,
+       ** generate data from 1900 through 2038.
        */
-       startttisstd = FALSE;
-       startttisgmt = FALSE;
+       if (min_year > 1900)
+               min_year = 1900;
+       max_year0 = max_year;
+       if (max_year < 2038)
+               max_year = 2038;
        for (i = 0; i < zonecount; ++i) {
+               /*
+               ** A guess that may well be corrected later.
+               */
+               stdoff = 0;
                zp = &zpfirst[i];
-               usestart = i > 0 && (zp - 1)->z_untiltime > min_time;
+               usestart = i > 0 && (zp - 1)->z_untiltime > early_time;
                useuntil = i < (zonecount - 1);
-               if (useuntil && zp->z_untiltime <= min_time)
+               if (useuntil && zp->z_untiltime <= early_time)
                        continue;
                gmtoff = zp->z_gmtoff;
                eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
@@ -1605,17 +2490,14 @@ const int                       zonecount;
                startoff = zp->z_gmtoff;
                if (zp->z_nrules == 0) {
                        stdoff = zp->z_stdoff;
-                       doabbr(startbuf, zp->z_format,
-                               (char *) NULL, stdoff != 0);
+                       doabbr(startbuf, zp, NULL, stdoff, false);
                        type = addtype(oadd(zp->z_gmtoff, stdoff),
                                startbuf, stdoff != 0, startttisstd,
                                startttisgmt);
                        if (usestart) {
                                addtt(starttime, type);
-                               usestart = FALSE;
-                       }
-                       else if (stdoff != 0)
-                               addtt(min_time, type);
+                               usestart = false;
+                       } else  addtt(early_time, type);
                } else for (year = min_year; year <= max_year; ++year) {
                        if (useuntil && year > zp->z_untilrule.r_hiyear)
                                break;
@@ -1630,19 +2512,22 @@ const int                       zonecount;
                                rp->r_todo = year >= rp->r_loyear &&
                                                year <= rp->r_hiyear &&
                                                yearistype(year, rp->r_yrtype);
-                               if (rp->r_todo)
+                               if (rp->r_todo) {
                                        rp->r_temp = rpytime(rp, year);
+                                       rp->r_todo
+                                         = (rp->r_temp < y2038_boundary
+                                            || year <= max_year0);
+                               }
                        }
                        for ( ; ; ) {
-                               register int    k;
-                               register time_t jtime, ktime;
-                               register long   offset;
-                               char            buf[BUFSIZ];
+                               register ptrdiff_t k;
+                               register zic_t  jtime, ktime;
+                               register zic_t  offset;
 
                                INITIALIZE(ktime);
                                if (useuntil) {
                                        /*
-                                       ** Turn untiltime into UTC
+                                       ** Turn untiltime into UT
                                        ** assuming the current gmtoff and
                                        ** stdoff values.
                                        */
@@ -1676,41 +2561,58 @@ const int                       zonecount;
                                        if (k < 0 || jtime < ktime) {
                                                k = j;
                                                ktime = jtime;
+                                       } else if (jtime == ktime) {
+                                         char const *dup_rules_msg =
+                                           _("two rules for same instant");
+                                         eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
+                                              rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
+                                         warning("%s", dup_rules_msg);
+                                         rp = &zp->z_rules[k];
+                                         eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
+                                              rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
+                                         error("%s", dup_rules_msg);
                                        }
                                }
                                if (k < 0)
                                        break;  /* go on to next year */
                                rp = &zp->z_rules[k];
-                               rp->r_todo = FALSE;
+                               rp->r_todo = false;
                                if (useuntil && ktime >= untiltime)
                                        break;
                                stdoff = rp->r_stdoff;
                                if (usestart && ktime == starttime)
-                                       usestart = FALSE;
+                                       usestart = false;
                                if (usestart) {
                                        if (ktime < starttime) {
                                                startoff = oadd(zp->z_gmtoff,
                                                        stdoff);
-                                               doabbr(startbuf, zp->z_format,
+                                               doabbr(startbuf, zp,
                                                        rp->r_abbrvar,
-                                                       rp->r_stdoff != 0);
+                                                       rp->r_stdoff,
+                                                       false);
                                                continue;
                                        }
                                        if (*startbuf == '\0' &&
-                                           startoff == oadd(zp->z_gmtoff,
-                                           stdoff)) {
-                                               doabbr(startbuf, zp->z_format,
-                                                       rp->r_abbrvar,
-                                                       rp->r_stdoff != 0);
+                                               startoff == oadd(zp->z_gmtoff,
+                                               stdoff)) {
+                                                       doabbr(startbuf,
+                                                               zp,
+                                                               rp->r_abbrvar,
+                                                               rp->r_stdoff,
+                                                               false);
                                        }
                                }
                                eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
                                        rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
-                               doabbr(buf, zp->z_format, rp->r_abbrvar,
-                                       rp->r_stdoff != 0);
+                               doabbr(ab, zp, rp->r_abbrvar,
+                                      rp->r_stdoff, false);
                                offset = oadd(zp->z_gmtoff, rp->r_stdoff);
-                               type = addtype(offset, buf, rp->r_stdoff != 0,
+                               type = addtype(offset, ab, rp->r_stdoff != 0,
                                        rp->r_todisstd, rp->r_todisgmt);
+                               if (rp->r_hiyear == ZIC_MAX
+                                   && ! (0 <= lastatmax
+                                         && ktime < attypes[lastatmax].at))
+                                 lastatmax = timecnt;
                                addtt(ktime, type);
                        }
                }
@@ -1719,7 +2621,7 @@ const int                 zonecount;
                                zp->z_format != NULL &&
                                strchr(zp->z_format, '%') == NULL &&
                                strchr(zp->z_format, '/') == NULL)
-                                       (void) strcpy(startbuf, zp->z_format);
+                                       strcpy(startbuf, zp->z_format);
                        eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
                        if (*startbuf == '\0')
 error(_("can't determine time zone abbreviation to use just after until time"));
@@ -1742,59 +2644,68 @@ error(_("can't determine time zone abbreviation to use just after until time"));
                                starttime = tadd(starttime, -gmtoff);
                }
        }
-       writezone(zpfirst->z_name);
+       if (0 <= lastatmax)
+         attypes[lastatmax].dontmerge = true;
+       if (do_extend) {
+               /*
+               ** If we're extending the explicitly listed observations
+               ** for 400 years because we can't fill the POSIX-TZ field,
+               ** check whether we actually ended up explicitly listing
+               ** observations through that period.  If there aren't any
+               ** near the end of the 400-year period, add a redundant
+               ** one at the end of the final year, to make it clear
+               ** that we are claiming to have definite knowledge of
+               ** the lack of transitions up to that point.
+               */
+               struct rule xr;
+               struct attype *lastat;
+               xr.r_month = TM_JANUARY;
+               xr.r_dycode = DC_DOM;
+               xr.r_dayofmonth = 1;
+               xr.r_tod = 0;
+               for (lastat = &attypes[0], i = 1; i < timecnt; i++)
+                       if (attypes[i].at > lastat->at)
+                               lastat = &attypes[i];
+               if (lastat->at < rpytime(&xr, max_year - 1)) {
+                       addtt(rpytime(&xr, max_year + 1), typecnt-1);
+                       attypes[timecnt - 1].dontmerge = true;
+               }
+       }
+       writezone(zpfirst->z_name, envvar, version);
+       free(startbuf);
+       free(ab);
+       free(envvar);
 }
 
 static void
-addtt(starttime, type)
-const time_t   starttime;
-int            type;
+addtt(zic_t starttime, int type)
 {
-       if (starttime <= min_time ||
-               (timecnt == 1 && attypes[0].at < min_time)) {
+       if (starttime <= early_time
+           || (timecnt == 1 && attypes[0].at < early_time)) {
                gmtoffs[0] = gmtoffs[type];
                isdsts[0] = isdsts[type];
                ttisstds[0] = ttisstds[type];
                ttisgmts[0] = ttisgmts[type];
                if (abbrinds[type] != 0)
-                       (void) strcpy(chars, &chars[abbrinds[type]]);
+                       strcpy(chars, &chars[abbrinds[type]]);
                abbrinds[0] = 0;
                charcnt = strlen(chars) + 1;
                typecnt = 1;
                timecnt = 0;
                type = 0;
        }
-       if (timecnt >= TZ_MAX_TIMES) {
-               error(_("too many transitions?!"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
+       attypes = growalloc(attypes, sizeof *attypes, timecnt, &timecnt_alloc);
        attypes[timecnt].at = starttime;
+       attypes[timecnt].dontmerge = false;
        attypes[timecnt].type = type;
        ++timecnt;
 }
 
 static int
-addtype(gmtoff, abbr, isdst, ttisstd, ttisgmt)
-const long             gmtoff;
-const char * const     abbr;
-const int              isdst;
-const int              ttisstd;
-const int              ttisgmt;
+addtype(zic_t gmtoff, char const *abbr, bool isdst, bool ttisstd, bool ttisgmt)
 {
        register int    i, j;
 
-       if (isdst != TRUE && isdst != FALSE) {
-               error(_("internal error - addtype called with bad isdst"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
-       if (ttisstd != TRUE && ttisstd != FALSE) {
-               error(_("internal error - addtype called with bad ttisstd"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
-       if (ttisgmt != TRUE && ttisgmt != FALSE) {
-               error(_("internal error - addtype called with bad ttisgmt"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
        /*
        ** See if there's already an entry for this zone type.
        ** If so, just return its index.
@@ -1812,7 +2723,11 @@ const int                ttisgmt;
        */
        if (typecnt >= TZ_MAX_TYPES) {
                error(_("too many local time types"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       }
+       if (! (-1L - 2147483647L <= gmtoff && gmtoff <= 2147483647L)) {
+               error(_("UT offset out of range"));
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        gmtoffs[i] = gmtoff;
        isdsts[i] = isdst;
@@ -1830,23 +2745,19 @@ const int               ttisgmt;
 }
 
 static void
-leapadd(t, positive, rolling, count)
-const time_t   t;
-const int      positive;
-const int      rolling;
-int            count;
+leapadd(zic_t t, bool positive, int rolling, int count)
 {
        register int    i, j;
 
        if (leapcnt + (positive ? count : 1) > TZ_MAX_LEAPS) {
                error(_("too many leap seconds"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        for (i = 0; i < leapcnt; ++i)
                if (t <= trans[i]) {
                        if (t == trans[i]) {
                                error(_("repeated leap second moment"));
-                               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                        break;
                }
@@ -1857,17 +2768,17 @@ int             count;
                        roll[j] = roll[j - 1];
                }
                trans[i] = t;
-               corr[i] = positive ? 1L : eitol(-count);
+               corr[i] = positive ? 1 : -count;
                roll[i] = rolling;
                ++leapcnt;
        } while (positive && --count != 0);
 }
 
 static void
-adjleap P((void))
+adjleap(void)
 {
        register int    i;
-       register long   last = 0;
+       register zic_t  last = 0;
 
        /*
        ** propagate leap seconds forward
@@ -1878,69 +2789,126 @@ adjleap P((void))
        }
 }
 
-static int
-yearistype(year, type)
-const int              year;
-const char * const     type;
+static char *
+shellquote(char *b, char const *s)
 {
-       static char *   buf;
-       int             result;
+  *b++ = '\'';
+  while (*s) {
+    if (*s == '\'')
+      *b++ = '\'', *b++ = '\\', *b++ = '\'';
+    *b++ = *s++;
+  }
+  *b++ = '\'';
+  return b;
+}
+
+static bool
+yearistype(zic_t year, const char *type)
+{
+       char *buf;
+       char *b;
+       int result;
 
        if (type == NULL || *type == '\0')
-               return TRUE;
-       buf = erealloc(buf, (int) (132 + strlen(yitcommand) + strlen(type)));
-       (void) sprintf(buf, "%s %d %s", yitcommand, year, type);
+               return true;
+       buf = emalloc(1 + 4 * strlen(yitcommand) + 2
+                     + INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM(zic_t) + 2 + 4 * strlen(type) + 2);
+       b = shellquote(buf, yitcommand);
+       *b++ = ' ';
+       b += sprintf(b, "%"PRIdZIC, year);
+       *b++ = ' ';
+       b = shellquote(b, type);
+       *b = '\0';
        result = system(buf);
-       if (result == 0)
-               return TRUE;
-       if (result == (1 << 8))
-               return FALSE;
+       if (WIFEXITED(result)) {
+         int status = WEXITSTATUS(result);
+         if (status <= 1) {
+           free(buf);
+           return status == 0;
+         }
+       }
        error(_("Wild result from command execution"));
-       (void) fprintf(stderr, _("%s: command was '%s', result was %d\n"),
+       fprintf(stderr, _("%s: command was '%s', result was %d\n"),
                progname, buf, result);
-       for ( ; ; )
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }
 
-static int
-lowerit(a)
-int    a;
+/* Is A a space character in the C locale?  */
+static bool
+is_space(char a)
 {
-       a = (unsigned char) a;
-       return (isascii(a) && isupper(a)) ? tolower(a) : a;
+       switch (a) {
+         default:
+               return false;
+         case ' ': case '\f': case '\n': case '\r': case '\t': case '\v':
+               return true;
+       }
 }
 
-static int
-ciequal(ap, bp)                /* case-insensitive equality */
-register const char *  ap;
-register const char *  bp;
+/* Is A an alphabetic character in the C locale?  */
+static bool
+is_alpha(char a)
+{
+       switch (a) {
+         default:
+               return false;
+         case 'A': case 'B': case 'C': case 'D': case 'E': case 'F': case 'G':
+         case 'H': case 'I': case 'J': case 'K': case 'L': case 'M': case 'N':
+         case 'O': case 'P': case 'Q': case 'R': case 'S': case 'T': case 'U':
+         case 'V': case 'W': case 'X': case 'Y': case 'Z':
+         case 'a': case 'b': case 'c': case 'd': case 'e': case 'f': case 'g':
+         case 'h': case 'i': case 'j': case 'k': case 'l': case 'm': case 'n':
+         case 'o': case 'p': case 'q': case 'r': case 's': case 't': case 'u':
+         case 'v': case 'w': case 'x': case 'y': case 'z':
+               return true;
+       }
+}
+
+/* If A is an uppercase character in the C locale, return its lowercase
+   counterpart.  Otherwise, return A.  */
+static char
+lowerit(char a)
+{
+       switch (a) {
+         default: return a;
+         case 'A': return 'a'; case 'B': return 'b'; case 'C': return 'c';
+         case 'D': return 'd'; case 'E': return 'e'; case 'F': return 'f';
+         case 'G': return 'g'; case 'H': return 'h'; case 'I': return 'i';
+         case 'J': return 'j'; case 'K': return 'k'; case 'L': return 'l';
+         case 'M': return 'm'; case 'N': return 'n'; case 'O': return 'o';
+         case 'P': return 'p'; case 'Q': return 'q'; case 'R': return 'r';
+         case 'S': return 's'; case 'T': return 't'; case 'U': return 'u';
+         case 'V': return 'v'; case 'W': return 'w'; case 'X': return 'x';
+         case 'Y': return 'y'; case 'Z': return 'z';
+       }
+}
+
+/* case-insensitive equality */
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE bool
+ciequal(register const char *ap, register const char *bp)
 {
        while (lowerit(*ap) == lowerit(*bp++))
                if (*ap++ == '\0')
-                       return TRUE;
-       return FALSE;
+                       return true;
+       return false;
 }
 
-static int
-itsabbr(abbr, word)
-register const char *  abbr;
-register const char *  word;
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE bool
+itsabbr(register const char *abbr, register const char *word)
 {
        if (lowerit(*abbr) != lowerit(*word))
-               return FALSE;
+               return false;
        ++word;
        while (*++abbr != '\0')
                do {
                        if (*word == '\0')
-                               return FALSE;
+                               return false;
                } while (lowerit(*word++) != lowerit(*abbr));
-       return TRUE;
+       return true;
 }
 
-static const struct lookup *
-byword(word, table)
-register const char * const            word;
-register const struct lookup * const   table;
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE const struct lookup *
+byword(const char *word, const struct lookup *table)
 {
        register const struct lookup *  foundlp;
        register const struct lookup *  lp;
@@ -1967,8 +2935,7 @@ register const struct lookup * const      table;
 }
 
 static char **
-getfields(cp)
-register char *        cp;
+getfields(register char *cp)
 {
        register char *         dp;
        register char **        array;
@@ -1976,12 +2943,11 @@ register char * cp;
 
        if (cp == NULL)
                return NULL;
-       array = (char **) (void *)
-               emalloc((int) ((strlen(cp) + 1) * sizeof *array));
+       array = emalloc(size_product(strlen(cp) + 1, sizeof *array));
        nsubs = 0;
        for ( ; ; ) {
-               while (isascii(*cp) && isspace((unsigned char) *cp))
-                       ++cp;
+               while (is_space(*cp))
+                               ++cp;
                if (*cp == '\0' || *cp == '#')
                        break;
                array[nsubs++] = dp = cp;
@@ -1991,10 +2957,12 @@ register char * cp;
                        else while ((*dp = *cp++) != '"')
                                if (*dp != '\0')
                                        ++dp;
-                               else    error(_("Odd number of quotation marks"));
-               } while (*cp != '\0' && *cp != '#' &&
-                       (!isascii(*cp) || !isspace((unsigned char) *cp)));
-               if (isascii(*cp) && isspace((unsigned char) *cp))
+                               else {
+                                 error(_("Odd number of quotation marks"));
+                                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                               }
+               } while (*cp && *cp != '#' && !is_space(*cp));
+               if (is_space(*cp))
                        ++cp;
                *dp = '\0';
        }
@@ -2002,57 +2970,55 @@ register char * cp;
        return array;
 }
 
-static long
-oadd(t1, t2)
-const long     t1;
-const long     t2;
+static _Noreturn void
+time_overflow(void)
 {
-       register long   t;
-
-       t = t1 + t2;
-       if ((t2 > 0 && t <= t1) || (t2 < 0 && t >= t1)) {
-               error(_("time overflow"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
-       return t;
+  error(_("time overflow"));
+  exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }
 
-static time_t
-tadd(t1, t2)
-const time_t   t1;
-const long     t2;
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE zic_t
+oadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2)
 {
-       register time_t t;
+       if (t1 < 0 ? t2 < ZIC_MIN - t1 : ZIC_MAX - t1 < t2)
+         time_overflow();
+       return t1 + t2;
+}
 
-       if (t1 == max_time && t2 > 0)
-               return max_time;
-       if (t1 == min_time && t2 < 0)
-               return min_time;
-       t = t1 + t2;
-       if ((t2 > 0 && t <= t1) || (t2 < 0 && t >= t1)) {
-               error(_("time overflow"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-       }
-       return t;
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE zic_t
+tadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2)
+{
+  if (t1 < 0) {
+    if (t2 < min_time - t1) {
+      if (t1 != min_time)
+       time_overflow();
+      return min_time;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (max_time - t1 < t2) {
+      if (t1 != max_time)
+       time_overflow();
+      return max_time;
+    }
+  }
+  return t1 + t2;
 }
 
 /*
-** Given a rule, and a year, compute the date in seconds since January 1,
-** 1970, 00:00 LOCAL time - in that year that the rule refers to.
+** Given a rule, and a year, compute the date (in seconds since January 1,
+** 1970, 00:00 LOCAL time) in that year that the rule refers to.
 */
 
-static time_t
-rpytime(rp, wantedy)
-register const struct rule * const     rp;
-register const int                     wantedy;
+static zic_t
+rpytime(const struct rule *rp, zic_t wantedy)
 {
-       register int    y, m, i;
-       register long   dayoff;                 /* with a nod to Margaret O. */
-       register time_t t;
+       register int    m, i;
+       register zic_t  dayoff;                 /* with a nod to Margaret O. */
+       register zic_t  t, y;
 
-       if (wantedy == INT_MIN)
+       if (wantedy == ZIC_MIN)
                return min_time;
-       if (wantedy == INT_MAX)
+       if (wantedy == ZIC_MAX)
                return max_time;
        dayoff = 0;
        m = TM_JANUARY;
@@ -2065,11 +3031,11 @@ register const int                      wantedy;
                        --y;
                        i = -len_years[isleap(y)];
                }
-               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
+               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
        }
        while (m != rp->r_month) {
                i = len_months[isleap(y)][m];
-               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
+               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
                ++m;
        }
        i = rp->r_dayofmonth;
@@ -2078,16 +3044,16 @@ register const int                      wantedy;
                        --i;
                else {
                        error(_("use of 2/29 in non leap-year"));
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
        }
        --i;
-       dayoff = oadd(dayoff, eitol(i));
+       dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
        if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ || rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ) {
-               register long   wday;
+               register zic_t  wday;
 
-#define LDAYSPERWEEK   ((long) DAYSPERWEEK)
-               wday = eitol(EPOCH_WDAY);
+#define LDAYSPERWEEK   ((zic_t) DAYSPERWEEK)
+               wday = EPOCH_WDAY;
                /*
                ** Don't trust mod of negative numbers.
                */
@@ -2098,112 +3064,107 @@ register const int                    wantedy;
                        if (wday < 0)
                                wday += LDAYSPERWEEK;
                }
-               while (wday != eitol(rp->r_wday))
+               while (wday != rp->r_wday)
                        if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ) {
-                               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, (long) 1);
+                               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, 1);
                                if (++wday >= LDAYSPERWEEK)
                                        wday = 0;
                                ++i;
                        } else {
-                               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, (long) -1);
+                               dayoff = oadd(dayoff, -1);
                                if (--wday < 0)
                                        wday = LDAYSPERWEEK - 1;
                                --i;
                        }
                if (i < 0 || i >= len_months[isleap(y)][m]) {
-                       error(_("no day in month matches rule"));
-                       (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                       if (noise)
+                               warning(_("rule goes past start/end of month; \
+will not work with pre-2004 versions of zic"));
                }
        }
-       if (dayoff < 0 && !TYPE_SIGNED(time_t))
+       if (dayoff < min_time / SECSPERDAY)
                return min_time;
-       t = (time_t) dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
-       /*
-       ** Cheap overflow check.
-       */
-       if (t / SECSPERDAY != dayoff)
-               return (dayoff > 0) ? max_time : min_time;
+       if (dayoff > max_time / SECSPERDAY)
+               return max_time;
+       t = (zic_t) dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
        return tadd(t, rp->r_tod);
 }
 
 static void
-newabbr(string)
-const char * const     string;
+newabbr(const char *string)
 {
        register int    i;
 
+       if (strcmp(string, GRANDPARENTED) != 0) {
+               register const char *   cp;
+               const char *            mp;
+
+               cp = string;
+               mp = NULL;
+               while (is_alpha(*cp) || ('0' <= *cp && *cp <= '9')
+                      || *cp == '-' || *cp == '+')
+                               ++cp;
+               if (noise && cp - string < 3)
+                 mp = _("time zone abbreviation has fewer than 3 characters");
+               if (cp - string > ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN)
+                 mp = _("time zone abbreviation has too many characters");
+               if (*cp != '\0')
+mp = _("time zone abbreviation differs from POSIX standard");
+               if (mp != NULL)
+                       warning("%s (%s)", mp, string);
+       }
        i = strlen(string) + 1;
        if (charcnt + i > TZ_MAX_CHARS) {
                error(_("too many, or too long, time zone abbreviations"));
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
-       (void) strcpy(&chars[charcnt], string);
-       charcnt += eitol(i);
+       strcpy(&chars[charcnt], string);
+       charcnt += i;
 }
 
-static int
-mkdirs(argname)
-char * const   argname;
+/* Ensure that the directories of ARGNAME exist, by making any missing
+   ones.  If ANCESTORS, do this only for ARGNAME's ancestors; otherwise,
+   do it for ARGNAME too.  Exit with failure if there is trouble.
+   Do not consider an existing non-directory to be trouble.  */
+static void
+mkdirs(char const *argname, bool ancestors)
 {
        register char * name;
        register char * cp;
 
-       if (argname == NULL || *argname == '\0')
-               return 0;
        cp = name = ecpyalloc(argname);
-       while ((cp = strchr(cp + 1, '/')) != 0) {
-               *cp = '\0';
-#ifndef unix
+
+       /* Do not mkdir a root directory, as it must exist.  */
+#ifdef HAVE_DOS_FILE_NAMES
+       if (is_alpha(name[0]) && name[1] == ':')
+         cp += 2;
+#endif
+       while (*cp == '/')
+         cp++;
+
+       while (cp && ((cp = strchr(cp, '/')) || !ancestors)) {
+               if (cp)
+                 *cp = '\0';
                /*
-               ** DOS drive specifier?
+               ** Try to create it.  It's OK if creation fails because
+               ** the directory already exists, perhaps because some
+               ** other process just created it.  For simplicity do
+               ** not check first whether it already exists, as that
+               ** is checked anyway if the mkdir fails.
                */
-               if (isalpha((unsigned char) name[0]) &&
-                       name[1] == ':' && name[2] == '\0') {
-                               *cp = '/';
-                               continue;
-               }
-#endif /* !defined unix */
-               if (!itsdir(name)) {
-                       /*
-                       ** It doesn't seem to exist, so we try to create it.
-                       ** Creation may fail because of the directory being
-                       ** created by some other multiprocessor, so we get
-                       ** to do extra checking.
-                       */
-                       if (mkdir(name, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IXUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IXGRP|S_IROTH|S_IXOTH) != 0) {
-                               const char *e = strerror(errno);
-
-                               if (errno != EEXIST || !itsdir(name)) {
-                                       (void) fprintf(stderr,
-_("%s: Can't create directory %s: %s\n"),
-                                               progname, name, e);
-                                       ifree(name);
-                                       return -1;
-                               }
+               if (mkdir(name, MKDIR_UMASK) != 0) {
+                       /* For speed, skip itsdir if errno == EEXIST.  Since
+                          mkdirs is called only after open fails with ENOENT
+                          on a subfile, EEXIST implies itsdir here.  */
+                       int err = errno;
+                       if (err != EEXIST && !itsdir(name)) {
+                               error(_("%s: Can't create directory %s: %s"),
+                                     progname, name, strerror(err));
+                               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                }
-               *cp = '/';
-       }
-       ifree(name);
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static long
-eitol(i)
-const int      i;
-{
-       long    l;
-
-       l = i;
-       if ((i < 0 && l >= 0) || (i == 0 && l != 0) || (i > 0 && l <= 0)) {
-               (void) fprintf(stderr,
-                       _("%s: %d did not sign extend correctly\n"),
-                       progname, i);
-               (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+               if (cp)
+                 *cp++ = '/';
        }
-       return l;
+       free(name);
 }
-
-/*
-** UNIX was a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories in 1993.
-*/