.BI "void _Exit(int " status );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.BR _exit()
+.BR _exit ()
terminates the calling process "immediately". Any open file descriptors
belonging to the process are closed; any children of the process are
inherited by process 1,
family of calls.
.LP
The function
-.B _Exit()
+.BR _Exit ()
is equivalent to
-.BR _exit() .
+.BR _exit ().
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
These functions do not return.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVr4, SVID, POSIX, X/OPEN, 4.3BSD.
-The function \fB_Exit()\fP was introduced by C99.
+The function \fB_Exit\fP() was introduced by C99.
.SH NOTES
For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of
exit status, zombie processes, signals sent, etc., see
.BR exit (3).
.LP
The function
-.B _exit()
-is like \fBexit()\fP, but does not call any
+.BR _exit ()
+is like \fBexit\fP(), but does not call any
functions registered with
-.BR atexit()
+.BR atexit ()
or
-.BR on_exit() .
+.BR on_exit ().
Whether it flushes
standard I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with
.BR tmpfile (3)
is implementation dependent.
On the other hand,
-.B _exit()
+.BR _exit ()
does close open file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay,
waiting for pending output to finish. If the delay is undesired,
-it may be useful to call functions like \fItcflush()\fP before
-calling \fB_exit()\fP.
+it may be useful to call functions like \fItcflush\fP() before
+calling \fB_exit\fP().
Whether any pending I/O is cancelled, and which pending I/O may be
-cancelled upon \fB_exit()\fP, is implementation-dependent.
+cancelled upon \fB_exit\fP(), is implementation-dependent.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR execve (2),
.BR fork (2),
share the same timer; calls to one will interfere with use of the
other.
.PP
-.B sleep()
+.BR sleep ()
may be implemented using
.BR SIGALRM ;
mixing calls to
-.B alarm()
+.BR alarm ()
and
-.B sleep()
+.BR sleep ()
is a bad idea.
Scheduling delays can, as ever, cause the execution of the process to
The
.I addr
parameter of
-.B free_hugepages()
+.BR free_hugepages ()
tells which page is being freed: it was the return value of a
call to
-.BR alloc_hugepages() .
+.BR alloc_hugepages ().
(The memory is first actually freed when all users have released it.)
The
.I addr
parameter of
-.B alloc_hugepages()
+.BR alloc_hugepages ()
is a hint, that the kernel may or may not follow.
Addresses must be properly aligned.
.LP
This interface is marked as legacy by X/OPEN.
.SH NOTES
FreeBSD has a stronger
-.I jail()
+.IR jail ()
system call.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR chdir (2),
.BI "int execve(const char *" filename ", char *const " argv
.BI "[], char *const " envp []);
.SH DESCRIPTION
-\fBexecve()\fP executes the program pointed to by \fIfilename\fP.
+\fBexecve\fP() executes the program pointed to by \fIfilename\fP.
\fIfilename\fP must be either a binary executable, or a script
starting with a line of the form "\fB#! \fIinterpreter \fR[arg]".
In the latter case, the interpreter must be a valid pathname for an
called program's main function, when it is defined as \fBint main(int
argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])\fR.
-\fBexecve()\fP does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and
+\fBexecve\fP() does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and
stack of the calling process are overwritten by that of the program
loaded. The program invoked inherits the calling process's PID, and any
open file descriptors that are not set to close on exec. Signals pending
The SIGCHLD signal (when set to SIG_IGN) may or may not be reset to SIG_DFL.
If the current program is being ptraced, a \fBSIGTRAP\fP is sent to it
-after a successful \fBexecve()\fP.
+after a successful \fBexecve\fP().
If the set-user-ID bit is set on the program file pointed to by
\fIfilename\fP, and the calling process is not being ptraced,
version 5, or \fI/lib/ld-linux.so.2\fR for binaries linked with the
GNU libc version 2.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-On success, \fBexecve()\fP does not return, on error \-1 is returned, and
+On success, \fBexecve\fP() does not return, on error \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set appropriately.
.SH ERRORS
document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL,
EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
.SH NOTES
-SUID and SGID processes can not be \fBptrace()\fPd.
+SUID and SGID processes can not be \fBptrace\fP()d.
Linux ignores the SUID and SGID bits on scripts.
.\" Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
.\" interpreters. This is a security hole, because it allows users to
.\" open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading. Some
-.\" Linux versions have also had other security holes in \fBexecve()\fP,
+.\" Linux versions have also had other security holes in \fBexecve\fP(),
.\" that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
.\" ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
\fBmcontext_t\fP and \fBucontext_t\fP defined in
.I <ucontext.h>
and the four functions
-\fBgetcontext()\fP, \fBsetcontext()\fP, \fBmakecontext()\fP
-and \fBswapcontext()\fP
+\fBgetcontext\fP(), \fBsetcontext\fP(), \fBmakecontext\fP()
+and \fBswapcontext\fP()
that allow user-level context switching between multiple
threads of control within a process.
.LP
.IR <signal.h> .
Here \fIuc_link\fP points to the context that will be resumed
when the current context terminates (in case the current context
-was created using \fBmakecontext()\fP), \fIuc_sigmask\fP is the
+was created using \fBmakecontext\fP()), \fIuc_sigmask\fP is the
set of signals blocked in this context (see
.BR sigprocmask (2)),
\fIuc_stack\fP is the stack used by this context (see
machine-specific representation of the saved context,
that includes the calling thread's machine registers.
.LP
-The function \fBgetcontext()\fP initializes the structure
+The function \fBgetcontext\fP() initializes the structure
pointed at by \fIucp\fP to the currently active context.
.LP
-The function \fBsetcontext()\fP restores the user context
+The function \fBsetcontext\fP() restores the user context
pointed at by \fIucp\fP. A successful call does not return.
-The context should have been obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext()\fP,
-or \fBmakecontext()\fP, or passed as third argument to a signal
+The context should have been obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext\fP(),
+or \fBmakecontext\fP(), or passed as third argument to a signal
handler.
.LP
-If the context was obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext()\fP,
+If the context was obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext\fP(),
program execution continues as if this call just returned.
.LP
-If the context was obtained by a call of \fBmakecontext()\fP,
+If the context was obtained by a call of \fBmakecontext\fP(),
program execution continues by a call to the function \fIfunc\fP
-specified as the second argument of that call to \fBmakecontext()\fP.
+specified as the second argument of that call to \fBmakecontext\fP().
When the function \fIfunc\fP returns, we continue with the
\fIuc_link\fP member of the structure \fIucp\fP specified as the
-first argument of that call to \fBmakecontext()\fP.
+first argument of that call to \fBmakecontext\fP().
When this member is NULL, the thread exits.
.LP
If the context was obtained by a call to a signal handler,
by the signal". However, this sentence was removed in SUSv2,
and the present verdict is "the result is unspecified".
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-When successful, \fBgetcontext()\fP returns 0 and \fBsetcontext()\fP
+When successful, \fBgetcontext\fP() returns 0 and \fBsetcontext\fP()
does not return. On error, both return \-1 and set \fIerrno\fP
appropriately.
.SH ERRORS
None defined.
.SH NOTES
The earliest incarnation of this mechanism was the
-\fIsetjmp()\fP/\fIlongjmp()\fP mechanism. Since that does not define
+\fIsetjmp\fP()/\fIlongjmp\fP() mechanism. Since that does not define
the handling of the signal context, the next stage was the
-\fIsigsetjmp()\fP/\fIsiglongjmp()\fP pair.
+\fIsigsetjmp\fP()/\fIsiglongjmp\fP() pair.
The present mechanism gives much more control. On the other hand,
-there is no easy way to detect whether a return from \fBgetcontext()\fP
-is from the first call, or via a \fBsetcontext()\fP call.
+there is no easy way to detect whether a return from \fBgetcontext\fP()
+is from the first call, or via a \fBsetcontext\fP() call.
The user has to invent her own bookkeeping device, and a register
variable won't do since registers are restored.
.LP
When a signal occurs, the current user context is saved and
a new context is created by the kernel for the signal handler.
-Do not leave the handler using \fIlongjmp()\fP: it is undefined
-what would happen with contexts. Use \fIsiglongjmp()\fP or
-\fIsetcontext()\fP instead.
+Do not leave the handler using \fIlongjmp\fP(): it is undefined
+what would happen with contexts. Use \fIsiglongjmp\fP() or
+\fIsetcontext\fP() instead.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SUSv2
.SH "SEE ALSO"
These functions are used to access or to change the host name of the
current processor.
The
-.B gethostname()
+.BR gethostname ()
function returns a NUL-terminated hostname (set earlier by
-.BR sethostname() )
+.BR sethostname ())
in the array \fIname\fP that has a length of \fIlen\fP bytes.
In case the NUL-terminated hostname does not fit, no error is
returned, but the hostname is truncated. It is unspecified
.B int getpagesize(void);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B getpagesize()
+.BR getpagesize ()
returns the number of bytes in a page, where a "page" is the thing
used where it says in the description of
.BR mmap (2)
.SH CONFORMING TO
SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2.
In SUSv2 the
-.B getpagesize()
+.BR getpagesize ()
call is labeled "legacy", and in POSIX 1003.1-2001
it has been dropped.
HPUX does not have this call.
.SH NOTES
Whether
-.B getpagesize()
+.BR getpagesize ()
is present as a Linux system call depends on the architecture.
If it is, it returns the kernel symbol PAGE_SIZE,
which is architecture and machine model dependent.
but use an actual system call, at least for those architectures
(like sun4) where this dependency exists.
Here libc4, libc5, glibc 2.0 fail because their
-.B getpagesize()
+.BR getpagesize ()
returns a statically derived value, and does not use a system call.
Things are OK in glibc 2.1.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
A limit on the combined number of
.BR flock ()
locks and
-.BR fcntl()
+.BR fcntl ()
leases that this process may establish.
.TP
.B RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
is not valid.
.TP
.B EPERM
-An unprivileged process tried to use \fBsetrlimit()\fP to
+An unprivileged process tried to use \fBsetrlimit\fP() to
increase a soft or hard limit above the current hard limit; the
.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
capability is required to do this.
-Or, the process tried to use \fBsetrlimit()\fP to increase
+Or, the process tried to use \fBsetrlimit\fP() to increase
the soft or hard RLIMIT_NOFILE limit above the current kernel
maximum (NR_OPEN).
.SH BUGS
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX, 4.3BSD.
.SH HISTORY
-In Unix V6 the \fBgetuid()\fP call returned (euid << 8) + uid.
-Unix V7 introduced separate calls \fBgetuid()\fP and \fBgeteuid()\fP.
+In Unix V6 the \fBgetuid\fP() call returned (euid << 8) + uid.
+Unix V7 introduced separate calls \fBgetuid\fP() and \fBgeteuid\fP().
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR setreuid (2),
.BR setuid (2)
.BI "int ipc(unsigned int " call ", int " first ", int " second ,
.BI "int " third ", void *" ptr ", long " fifth );
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B ipc()
+.BR ipc ()
is a common kernel entry point for the System V IPC calls
for messages, semaphores, and shared memory.
.I call
.PP
User programs should call the appropriate functions by their usual names.
Only standard library implementors and kernel hackers need to know about
-.BR ipc() .
+.BR ipc ().
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-\fBipc()\fP is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
+\fBipc\fP() is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
intended to be portable.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR msgctl (2),
The pid or process group does not exist.
Note that an existing process might be a zombie,
a process which already committed termination, but
-has not yet been \fBwait()\fPed for.
+has not yet been \fBwait\fP()ed for.
.SH NOTES
The only signals that can be sent task number one, the
.I init
.LP
POSIX 1003.1-2003 requires that if a process sends a signal to itself,
and that process does not have the signal blocked, and no other thread
-has it unblocked or is waiting for it in \fIsigwait()\fP, at least one
+has it unblocked or is waiting for it in \fIsigwait\fP(), at least one
unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the
-call of \fIkill()\fP returns.
+call of \fIkill\fP() returns.
.SH "LINUX HISTORY"
Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules
for the permissions required for an unprivileged process
is available since Linux 2.3.31.
It is Linux specific, and should be avoided in portable applications.
See also the
-.I mmap64()
+.IR mmap64 ()
function that is part of the LFS (Large File Summit).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR getpagesize (2),
.SH NOTE
The pointer argument is declared as \fIstruct msgbuf *\fP with
libc4, libc5, glibc 2.0, glibc 2.1. It is declared as \fIvoid *\fP
-(\fIconst void *\fP for \fImsgsnd()\fP) with glibc 2.2, following the SUSv2.
+(\fIconst void *\fP for \fImsgsnd\fP()) with glibc 2.2, following the SUSv2.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR msgctl (2),
.BR msgget (2),
atomic file locking using a lockfile is to create a unique file on
the same file system (e.g., incorporating hostname and pid), use
.BR link (2)
-to make a link to the lockfile. If \fBlink()\fP returns 0, the lock is
+to make a link to the lockfile. If \fBlink\fP() returns 0, the lock is
successful. Otherwise, use
.BR stat (2)
on the unique file to check if its link count has increased to 2,
.BI "ssize_t pwrite(int " fd ", const void *" buf ", size_t " count ", off_t " offset );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B pread()
+.BR pread ()
reads up to
.I count
bytes from file descriptor
.IR buf .
The file offset is not changed.
.PP
-.B pwrite()
+.BR pwrite ()
writes up to
.I count
bytes from the buffer starting at
.BI "ssize_t read(int " fd ", void *" buf ", size_t " count );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B read()
+.BR read ()
attempts to read up to
.I count
bytes from file descriptor
.PP
If
.I count
-is zero, \fBread()\fP returns zero and has no other results.
+is zero, \fBread\fP() returns zero and has no other results.
If
.I count
is greater than SSIZE_MAX, the result is unspecified.
requested; this may happen for example because fewer bytes are actually
available right now (maybe because we were close to end-of-file, or
because we are reading from a pipe, or from a terminal), or because
-\fBread()\fP was interrupted by a signal.
+\fBread\fP() was interrupted by a signal.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set appropriately. In this case it is left unspecified whether
.BI "ssize_t readahead(int " fd ", off64_t *" offset ", size_t " count );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B readahead()
+.BR readahead ()
populates the page cache with data from a file so that subsequent
reads from that file will not block on disk I/O.
The
and bytes are read up to the next page boundary greater than or
equal to
.IR "(offset+count)" .
-.B readahead()
+.BR readahead ()
does not read beyond the end of the file.
-.B readahead()
+.BR readahead ()
blocks until the specified data has been read.
The current file offset of the open file referred to by
.I fd
is left unchanged.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success,
-.B readahead()
+.BR readahead ()
returns 0; on failure, \-1 is returned, with
.I errno
set to indicate the cause of the error.
can be applied.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B readahead()
+.BR readahead ()
system call is Linux specific, and its use should be avoided
in portable applications.
.SH NOTES
The
-.B readahead()
+.BR readahead ()
system call appeared in Linux 2.4.13.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR fadvise (2),
.BI "ssize_t " pgoff ", int " flags );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B remap_file_pages()
+.BR remap_file_pages ()
system call is used to create a non-linear mapping, that is, a mapping
in which the pages of the file are mapped into a non-sequential order
in memory.
The advantage of using
-.B remap_file_pages()
+.BR remap_file_pages ()
over using repeated calls to
.BR mmap (2)
is that the former approach does not require the kernel to create
.TP
\fB1.\fp
Use
-.B mmap()
+.BR mmap ()
to create a mapping (which is initially linear).
This mapping must be created with the
MAP_SHARED flag.
.TP
\fB2.\fp
Use one or more calls to
-.B remap_file_pages()
+.BR remap_file_pages ()
to rearrange the correspondence between the pages of the mapping
and the pages of the file.
It is possible to map the same page of a file
.I start
must be an address that falls within
a region previously mapped by a call to
-.BR mmap() .
+.BR mmap ().
Second,
.I start
specifies the address at which the file pages
The
.I flags
argument has the same meaning as for
-.BR mmap() ,
+.BR mmap (),
but all flags other than MAP_NONBLOCK are ignored.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success,
-.B remap_file_pages()
+.BR remap_file_pages ()
returns 0.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set appropriately.
.SH NOTES
The
-.B remap_file_pages()
+.BR remap_file_pages ()
system call appeared in Linux 2.5.46.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.\" And possibly others from vma->vm_ops->populate()
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B remap_file_pages()
+.BR remap_file_pages ()
system call is Linux specific.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR getpagesize (2),
This set is watched to see if data is available for reading from any of
its file descriptors. After \fBselect\fP() has returned, \fIreadfds\fP will be
cleared of all file descriptors except for those file descriptors that
-are immediately available for reading with a \fBrecv()\fP (for sockets) or
-\fBread()\fP (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
+are immediately available for reading with a \fBrecv\fP() (for sockets) or
+\fBread\fP() (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
.TP
\fIwritefds\fP
This set is watched to see if there is space to write data to any of
its file descriptor. After \fBselect\fP() has returned, \fIwritefds\fP will be
cleared of all file descriptors except for those file descriptors that
-are immediately available for writing with a \fBsend()\fP (for sockets) or
-\fBwrite()\fP (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
+are immediately available for writing with a \fBsend\fP() (for sockets) or
+\fBwrite\fP() (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
.TP
\fIexceptfds\fP
This set is watched for exceptions or errors on any of the file
\fBsend\fP(2) about this. After \fBselect\fP() has returned,
\fIexceptfds\fP will be cleared of all file descriptors except for those
descriptors that are available for reading OOB data. You can only ever
-read one byte of OOB data though (which is done with \fBrecv()\fP), and
+read one byte of OOB data though (which is done with \fBrecv\fP()), and
writing OOB data (done with \fBsend\fP) can be done at any time and will
not block. Hence there is no need for a fourth set to check if a socket
is available for writing OOB data.
The above program properly forwards most kinds of TCP connections
including OOB signal data transmitted by \fBtelnet\fP servers. It
handles the tricky problem of having data flow in both directions
-simultaneously. You might think it more efficient to use a \fBfork()\fP
+simultaneously. You might think it more efficient to use a \fBfork\fP()
call and devote a thread to each stream. This becomes more tricky than
you might suspect. Another idea is to set non-blocking IO using an
-\fBioctl()\fP call. This also has its problems because you end up having
+\fBioctl\fP() call. This also has its problems because you end up having
to have inefficient timeouts.
The program does not handle more than one simultaneous connection at a
available for reading \fImust\fP be read, etc.
.TP
\fB5.\fP
-The functions \fBread()\fP, \fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, and
-\fBsend()\fP do \fInot\fP necessarily read/write the full amount of data
+The functions \fBread\fP(), \fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), and
+\fBsend\fP() do \fInot\fP necessarily read/write the full amount of data
that you have requested. If they do read/write the full amount, its
because you have a low traffic load and a fast stream. This is not
always going to be the case. You should cope with the case of your
local network.
.TP
\fB7.\fP
-The functions \fBread()\fP, \fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, and
-\fBsend()\fP as well as the \fBselect()\fP call can return \-1 with an
+The functions \fBread\fP(), \fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), and
+\fBsend\fP() as well as the \fBselect\fP() call can return \-1 with an
errno of \fBEINTR\fP or \fBEAGAIN\fP (\fBEWOULDBLOCK\fP) which are not
errors. These results must be properly managed (not done properly
above). If your program is not going to receive any signals then
you should still cope with these errors for completeness.
.TP
\fB8.\fP
-Never call \fBread()\fP, \fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, or \fBsend()\fP
+Never call \fBread\fP(), \fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), or \fBsend\fP()
with a buffer length of zero.
.TP
\fB9.\fP
-Except as indicated in \fB7.\fP, the functions \fBread()\fP,
-\fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, and \fBsend()\fP never have a return value
+Except as indicated in \fB7.\fP, the functions \fBread\fP(),
+\fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), and \fBsend\fP() never have a return value
less than 1 except if an error has occurred. For instance, a
-\fBread()\fP on a pipe where the other end has died returns zero (so
+\fBread\fP() on a pipe where the other end has died returns zero (so
does an end-of-file error), \fIbut\fP only returns zero
once (a followup read or write will return \-1). Should
any of these functions return 0 or \-1, you should \fInot\fP
is zero, the process ID of the current process is used.
The call
-.B setpgrp()
+.BR setpgrp ()
is equivalent to
.BR setpgid(0,0) .
Similarly,
-.B getpgrp()
+.BR getpgrp ()
is equivalent to
.BR getpgid(0) .
Each process group is a member of a session and each process is a
signals by calling
.BR sigsuspend ()
with the signal mask that was returned by
-.BR sigprocmask()
+.BR sigprocmask ()
(in the
.IR oldset
argument).
Under some OSes the
.I fsid
can be used as second parameter to the
-.I sysfs()
+.IR sysfs ()
system call.
.SH NOTES
The kernel has system calls statfs, fstatfs, statfs64, fstatfs64
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBstime\fP() sets the system's idea of the time and date. Time, pointed
to by \fIt\fP, is measured in seconds from 00:00:00 GMT January 1, 1970.
-\fBstime()\fP may only be executed by the superuser.
+\fBstime\fP() may only be executed by the superuser.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
SVr4, SVID, X/OPEN, 4.3BSD
.SH BUGS
According to the standard specification (e.g., SVID),
-\fBsync()\fP schedules the writes, but may return before the actual
+\fBsync\fP() schedules the writes, but may return before the actual
writing is done.
However, since version 1.3.20 Linux does actually wait.
(This still does not guarantee data integrity: modern disks have
with number __NR_xxx defined in
.I /usr/include/asm/unistd.h
can be found in the kernel source in the routine
-.IR sys_xxx() .
+.IR sys_xxx ().
(The dispatch table for i386 can be found in
.IR /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.S .)
There are many exceptions, however, mostly because
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
If you need the libc function
-.BR syslog() ,
+.BR syslog (),
(that talks to
.BR syslogd (8)),
then look at
.BR syslog (3).
The system call of this name is about controlling the kernel
-.I printk()
+.IR printk ()
buffer, and the glibc version is called
-.BR klogctl() .
+.BR klogctl ().
The \fItype\fP argument determines the action taken by this function.
is not an executable of known type,
e.g., does not have the correct magic numbers.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-\fBuselib()\fP is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
+\fBuselib\fP() is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
intended to be portable.
.SH NOTES
-\fBuselib()\fP was used by early libc startup code to load
+\fBuselib\fP() was used by early libc startup code to load
the shared libraries with names found in an array of names
in the binary.
.LP
.I fd
from the buffer starting at
.IR buf .
-POSIX requires that a \fBread()\fP which can be proved to occur after a
-\fBwrite()\fP has returned returns the new data. Note that not all file
+POSIX requires that a \fBread\fP() which can be proved to occur after a
+\fBwrite\fP() has returned returns the new data. Note that not all file
systems are POSIX conforming.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, the number of bytes written are returned (zero indicates
.B void abort(void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBabort()\fP function causes abnormal program termination unless
+The \fBabort\fP() function causes abnormal program termination unless
the signal SIGABRT is caught and the signal handler does not return.
-If the \fBabort()\fP function causes program termination, all open
+If the \fBabort\fP() function causes program termination, all open
streams are closed and flushed.
.PP
-If the SIGABRT signal is blocked or ignored, the \fBabort()\fP
+If the SIGABRT signal is blocked or ignored, the \fBabort\fP()
function will still override it.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBabort()\fP function never returns.
+The \fBabort\fP() function never returns.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99)
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BI "intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t " j );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBabs()\fP function computes the absolute value of the integer
-argument \fIj\fP. The \fBlabs()\fP, \fBllabs()\fP and \fBimaxabs()\fP
+The \fBabs\fP() function computes the absolute value of the integer
+argument \fIj\fP. The \fBlabs\fP(), \fBllabs\fP() and \fBimaxabs\fP()
functions compute the absolute value of the argument \fIj\fP of the
appropriate integer type for the function.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
integer type for the function.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX.1, 4.3BSD, ISO/IEC 9899 (C99). POSIX.1 (1996 edition) only
-requires the \fBabs()\fP function. ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89) only
-includes the \fBabs()\fP and \fBlabs()\fP functions; the functions
-\fBllabs()\fP and \fBimaxabs()\fP were added in C99.
+requires the \fBabs\fP() function. ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89) only
+includes the \fBabs\fP() and \fBlabs\fP() functions; the functions
+\fBllabs\fP() and \fBimaxabs\fP() were added in C99.
.SH NOTES
Trying to take the absolute value of the most negative integer
is not defined.
.PP
-The \fBllabs()\fP function is included in glibc since version 2.0, but
-is not in libc5 or libc4. The \fBimaxabs()\fP function is included in
+The \fBllabs\fP() function is included in glibc since version 2.0, but
+is not in libc5 or libc4. The \fBimaxabs\fP() function is included in
glibc since version 2.1.1.
.PP
-For \fBllabs()\fP to be declared, it may be necessary to define
+For \fBllabs\fP() to be declared, it may be necessary to define
\fB_ISOC99_SOURCE\fP or \fB_ISOC9X_SOURCE\fP (depending on the
version of glibc) before including any standard headers.
.PP
-GCC handles \fBabs()\fP and \fBlabs()\fP as builtin functions. GCC
-3.0 also handles \fBllabs()\fP and \fBimaxabs()\fP as builtins.
+GCC handles \fBabs\fP() and \fBlabs\fP() as builtin functions. GCC
+3.0 also handles \fBllabs\fP() and \fBimaxabs\fP() as builtins.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR cabs (3),
.BR ceil (3),
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBacos()\fP function calculates the arc cosine of \fIx\fP; that is
+The \fBacos\fP() function calculates the arc cosine of \fIx\fP; that is
the value whose cosine is \fIx\fP. If \fIx\fP falls outside the range
-\-1 to 1, \fBacos()\fP fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
+\-1 to 1, \fBacos\fP() fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBacos()\fP function returns the arc cosine in radians and the
+The \fBacos\fP() function returns the arc cosine in radians and the
value is mathematically defined to be between 0 and PI (inclusive).
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.fi
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBacosh()\fP function calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of
+The \fBacosh\fP() function calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of
\fIx\fP; that is the value whose hyperbolic cosine is \fIx\fP. If \fIx\fP
-is less than 1.0, \fBacosh()\fP returns not-a-number (NaN) and \fIerrno\fP
+is less than 1.0, \fBacosh\fP() returns not-a-number (NaN) and \fIerrno\fP
is set.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.BR free (3)
can be used to dispose of them again.
.LP
-.B argz_add()
+.BR argz_add ()
adds the string
.I str
at the end of the array
and
.RI * argz_len .
.LP
-.B argz_add_sep()
+.BR argz_add_sep ()
is similar, but splits the string
.I str
into substrings separated by the delimiter
For example, one might use this on a Unix search path with
delimiter ':'.
.LP
-.B argz_append()
+.BR argz_append ()
appends the argz vector
.RI ( buf , buf_len )
after
will be increased by
.IR buf_len .)
.LP
-.B argz_count()
+.BR argz_count ()
counts the number of strings, that is, the number of NUL bytes, in
.RI ( argz , argz_len ).
.LP
-.B argz_create()
+.BR argz_create ()
converts a Unix-style argument vector
.IR argv ,
terminated by (char *) 0, into an argz vector
.RI (* argz ,* argz_len ).
.LP
-.B argz_create_sep()
+.BR argz_create_sep ()
converts the NUL-terminated string
.I str
into an argz vector
by breaking it up at every occurrence of the separator
.IR sep .
.LP
-.B argz_delete()
+.BR argz_delete ()
removes the substring pointed to by
.I entry
from the argz vector
and
.RI * argz_len .
.LP
-.B argz_extract()
+.BR argz_extract ()
is the opposite of
-.BR argz_create() .
+.BR argz_create ().
It takes the argz vector
.RI ( argz , argz_len )
and fills the array starting at
.IR argz_count ( argz , argz_len ") + 1"
pointers.
.LP
-.B argz_insert()
+.BR argz_insert ()
is the opposite of
-.BR argz_delete() .
+.BR argz_delete ().
It inserts the argument
.I entry
at position
.I entry
will inserted at the end.
.LP
-.B argz_next()
+.BR argz_next ()
is a function to step trough the argz vector. If
.I entry
is NULL, the first entry is returned. Otherwise, the entry
following is returned. It returns NULL if there is no following entry.
.LP
-.B argz_replace()
+.BR argz_replace ()
replaces each occurrence of
.I str
with
.RI * replace_count
will be incremented by the number of replacements.
.LP
-.B argz_stringify()
+.BR argz_stringify ()
is the opposite of
-.BR argz_create_sep() .
+.BR argz_create_sep ().
It transforms the argz vector into a normal string by replacing
all NULs except the last by
.IR sep .
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBasin()\fP function calculates the arc sine of \fIx\fP; that is
+The \fBasin\fP() function calculates the arc sine of \fIx\fP; that is
the value whose sine is \fIx\fP. If \fIx\fP falls outside the range
-\-1 to 1, \fBasin()\fP fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
+\-1 to 1, \fBasin\fP() fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBasin()\fP function returns the arc sine in radians and the
+The \fBasin\fP() function returns the arc sine in radians and the
value is mathematically defined to be between \-PI/2 and PI/2
(inclusive).
.SH ERRORS
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBasinh()\fP function calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of
+The \fBasinh\fP() function calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of
\fIx\fP; that is the value whose hyperbolic sine is \fIx\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
was defined at the moment
.B <assert.h>
was last included, the macro
-.B assert()
+.BR assert ()
generates no code, and hence does nothing at all.
Otherwise, the macro
-.B assert()
+.BR assert ()
prints an error message to standard error and terminates the program
by calling
-.B abort()
+.BR abort ()
if
.I expression
is false (i.e., compares equal to zero).
it may have any scalar type.
.\" See Defect Report 107 for more details.
.SH BUGS
-.B assert()
+.BR assert ()
is implemented as a macro; if the expression tested has side-effects,
program behaviour will be different depending on whether
.B NDEBUG
was defined at the moment
.B <assert.h>
was last included, the macro
-.B assert_perror()
+.BR assert_perror ()
generates no code, and hence does nothing at all.
Otherwise, the macro
-.B assert_perror()
+.BR assert_perror ()
prints an error message to standard output and terminates the program
by calling
-.B abort()
+.BR abort ()
if
.I errnum
is non-zero. The message contains the filename, function name and
.fi
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBatan()\fP function calculates the arc tangent of \fIx\fP; that is
+The \fBatan\fP() function calculates the arc tangent of \fIx\fP; that is
the value whose tangent is \fIx\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBatan()\fP function returns the arc tangent in radians and the
+The \fBatan\fP() function returns the arc tangent in radians and the
value is mathematically defined to be between \-PI/2 and PI/2
(inclusive).
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.fi
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBatan2()\fP function calculates the arc tangent of the two
+The \fBatan2\fP() function calculates the arc tangent of the two
variables \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP. It is similar to calculating the
arc tangent of \fIy\fP / \fIx\fP, except that the signs of both
arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBatan2()\fP function returns the result in radians, which
+The \fBatan2\fP() function returns the result in radians, which
is between \-PI and PI (inclusive).
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
.fi
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBatanh()\fP function calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of
+The \fBatanh\fP() function calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of
\fIx\fP; that is the value whose hyperbolic tangent is \fIx\fP. If the
-absolute value of \fIx\fP is greater than 1.0, \fBatanh()\fP returns
+absolute value of \fIx\fP is greater than 1.0, \fBatanh\fP() returns
not-a-number (NaN) and \fIerrno\fP is set.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.BI "double atof(const char *" nptr );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBatof()\fP function converts the initial portion of the string
+The \fBatof\fP() function converts the initial portion of the string
pointed to by \fInptr\fP to double. The behaviour is the same as
.sp
.RS
.B strtod(nptr, (char **)NULL);
.RE
.sp
-except that \fBatof()\fP does not detect errors.
+except that \fBatof\fP() does not detect errors.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The converted value.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.BI "long long atoq(const char *" nptr );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBatoi()\fP function converts the initial portion of the string
+The \fBatoi\fP() function converts the initial portion of the string
pointed to by \fInptr\fP to
.IR int .
The behaviour is the same as
.B strtol(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10);
.RE
.sp
-except that \fBatoi()\fP does not detect errors.
+except that \fBatoi\fP() does not detect errors.
.PP
-The \fBatol()\fP and \fBatoll()\fP functions behave the same as
-\fBatoi()\fR, except that they convert the initial portion of the
+The \fBatol\fP() and \fBatoll\fP() functions behave the same as
+\fBatoi\fR(), except that they convert the initial portion of the
string to their return type of \fIlong\fP or \fIlong long\fP.
-\fBatoq()\fP is an obsolete name for \fBatoll()\fP.
+\fBatoq\fP() is an obsolete name for \fBatoll\fP().
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The converted value.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX.1, 4.3BSD, ISO/IEC 9899. ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89) and
-POSIX.1 (1996 edition) include the functions \fBatoi()\fP and
-\fBatol()\fP only; C99 adds the function \fBatoll()\fP.
+POSIX.1 (1996 edition) include the functions \fBatoi\fP() and
+\fBatol\fP() only; C99 adds the function \fBatoll\fP().
.SH NOTES
-The non-standard \fBatoq()\fP function is not present in libc 4.6.27
+The non-standard \fBatoq\fP() function is not present in libc 4.6.27
or glibc 2, but is present in libc5 and libc 4.7 (though only as an
inline function in \fB<stdlib.h>\fP until libc 5.4.44). The
-\fBatoll()\fP function is present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but
+\fBatoll\fP() function is present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but
not in libc4 or libc5.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR atof (3),
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B bcmp()
+.BR bcmp ()
function compares the two byte sequences
.I s1
and
each. If they are equal, and in particular if
.I n
is zero,
-.B bcmp()
+.BR bcmp ()
returns 0. Otherwise it returns a non-zero result.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The
-.B bcmp()
+.BR bcmp ()
function returns 0 if the byte sequences are equal,
otherwise a non-zero result is returned.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B bcopy()
+.BR bcopy ()
function copies
.I n
bytes from
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
-.B bindresvport()
+.BR bindresvport ()
is used to bind a socket descriptor to a privileged
.SM IP
port, that is, a
.RE
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBbsearch()\fP function searches an array of \fInmemb\fP objects,
+The \fBbsearch\fP() function searches an array of \fInmemb\fP objects,
the initial member of which is pointed to by \fIbase\fP, for a member
that matches the object pointed to by \fIkey\fP. The size of each member
of the array is specified by \fIsize\fP.
respectively, to be less than, to match, or be greater than the array
member.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBbsearch()\fP function returns a pointer to a matching member of the
+The \fBbsearch\fP() function returns a pointer to a matching member of the
array, or NULL if no match is found. If there are multiple elements that
match the key, the element returned is unspecified.
.SH EXAMPLE
The example below first sorts an array of structures using
.BR qsort (3),
then retrieves desired elements using
-.BR bsearch() .
+.BR bsearch ().
.sp
.nf
#include <stdio.h>
.BI "uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t " netshort );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBhtonl()\fP function converts the unsigned integer \fIhostlong\fP
+The \fBhtonl\fP() function converts the unsigned integer \fIhostlong\fP
from host byte order to network byte order.
.PP
-The \fBhtons()\fP function converts the unsigned short integer \fIhostshort\fP
+The \fBhtons\fP() function converts the unsigned short integer \fIhostshort\fP
from host byte order to network byte order.
.PP
-The \fBntohl()\fP function converts the unsigned integer \fInetlong\fP
+The \fBntohl\fP() function converts the unsigned integer \fInetlong\fP
from network byte order to host byte order.
.PP
-The \fBntohs()\fP function converts the unsigned short integer \fInetshort\fP
+The \fBntohs\fP() function converts the unsigned short integer \fInetshort\fP
from network byte order to host byte order.
.PP
On the i80x86 the host byte order is Least Significant Byte first,
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B bzero()
+.BR bzero ()
function sets the first
.I n
bytes of the byte area starting at
.BI "char *catgets(nl_catd " catalog ", int " set_number ,
.BI "int " message_number ", const char *" message );
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B catgets()
+.BR catgets ()
reads the message
.IR message_number ,
in set
The fourth argument
.I message
points to a default message string which will be returned by
-.B catgets()
+.BR catgets ()
if the identified message catalog is not currently available. The
message-text is contained in an internal buffer area and should be copied by
the application if it is to be saved or modified. The return string is
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
.LP
On success,
-.B catgets()
+.BR catgets ()
returns a pointer to an internal buffer area
containing the null-terminated message string.
On failure,
-.B catgets()
+.BR catgets ()
returns the value
.IR message .
.SH NOTES
.BI "int catclose(nl_catd " catalog );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B catopen()
+.BR catopen ()
opens a message catalog and returns a catalog descriptor.
The descriptor remains valid until catclose() or exec().
If a file descriptor is used to implement catalog descriptors
The
.I flag
argument to
-.B catopen()
+.BR catopen ()
is used to indicate the source for the language to use.
If it is set to
.B NL_CAT_LOCALE
environment variable.
.LP
The function
-.B catclose()
+.BR catclose ()
closes the message catalog identified by
.IR catalog .
It invalidates any subsequent references to the message catalog
.LP
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The function
-.B catopen()
+.BR catopen ()
returns a message catalog descriptor of type
.I nl_catd
on success.
.I errno
to indicate the error. The possible error values include all
possible values for the
-.I open()
+.IR open ()
call.
.LP
The function
-.B catclose()
+.BR catclose ()
returns 0 on success, or \-1 on failure.
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.TP
The
.I flag
argument to
-.B catopen()
+.BR catopen ()
should be either
.B MCLoadBySet
(=0) or
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBcbrt()\fP function returns the (real) cube root of \fIx\fP.
+The \fBcbrt\fP() function returns the (real) cube root of \fIx\fP.
This function cannot fail; every representable real value has a
representable real cube root.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-.B cbrt()
+.BR cbrt ()
was a GNU extension. It is now a C99 requirement.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR pow (3),
of mantissa bits is 24 (resp. 53).)
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B ceil()
+.BR ceil ()
function conforms to SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
The other functions are from C99.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
instead.
.SS "1-arg cfree"
In glibc, the function
-.B cfree()
+.BR cfree ()
is a synonym for
.BR free (3),
"added for compatibility with SunOS".
.LP
.SS "3-arg cfree"
Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument
-.BR cfree() ,
+.BR cfree (),
apparently as an analog to
.BR calloc (3).
.LP
to your file.
.LP
A frequently asked question is "Can I use
-.B free()
+.BR free ()
to free memory allocated with
-.BR calloc() ,
+.BR calloc (),
or do I need
.BR cfree() ?"
Answer: use
-.BR free() .
+.BR free ().
.LP
An SCO manual writes: "The cfree routine is provided for compliance
to the iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size
arguments to cfree are not used."
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The SunOS version of
-.B cfree()
+.BR cfree ()
(which is a synonym for
-.BR free() )
+.BR free ())
returns 1 on success and 0 on failure.
In case of error,
.I errno
one of the routines in the malloc() family.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The 3-argument version of
-.B cfree()
+.BR cfree ()
as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 standard:
Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2.
.BI "int clearenv(void);"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBclearenv()\fP function clears the environment of all name-value
+The \fBclearenv\fP() function clears the environment of all name-value
pairs and sets the value of the external variable
.I environ
to NULL.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBclearenv()\fP function returns zero on success, and a non-zero
+The \fBclearenv\fP() function returns zero on success, and a non-zero
value on failure.
.\" Most versions of Unix return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
.\" Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a non-zero value".
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
Various Unix variants (DGUX, HPUX, QNX, ...).
POSIX.9 (bindings for FORTRAN77).
-POSIX.1-1996 did not accept \fBclearenv()\fP and \fIputenv()\fP,
+POSIX.1-1996 did not accept \fBclearenv\fP() and \fIputenv\fP(),
but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some
later issue of this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, SUSv3
-only adds \fIputenv()\fP, and rejected \fBclearenv()\fP.
+only adds \fIputenv\fP(), and rejected \fBclearenv\fP().
.SH NOTES
Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable
The DGUX and Tru64 manpages write: If
.I environ
has been modified by anything other than the
-.IR putenv() ,
-.IR getenv() ,
+.IR putenv (),
+.IR getenv (),
or
-.IR clearenv()
+.IR clearenv ()
functions, then
-.BR clearenv()
+.BR clearenv ()
will return an error and the process environment will remain unchanged.
.\" .LP
.\" HPUX has a ENOMEM error return.
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B clock()
+.BR clock ()
function returns an approximation of processor time used by the program.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The value returned is the CPU time used so far as a
.SH NOTES
The C standard allows for arbitrary values at the start of the program;
subtract the value returned from a call to
-.B clock()
+.BR clock ()
at the start of the program to get maximum portability.
.PP
Note that the time can wrap around. On a 32bit system where
.\" POSIX 1003.1-2001 doesn't explicitly allow this, nor is there an
.\" explicit prohibition. -- MTK
The
-.B times()
+.BR times ()
function, which explicitly returns (separate) information about the
caller and its children, may be preferable.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BI "int closedir(DIR *" dir );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBclosedir()\fP function closes the directory stream associated with
+The \fBclosedir\fP() function closes the directory stream associated with
\fIdir\fP. The directory stream descriptor \fIdir\fP is not available
after this call.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBclosedir()\fP function returns 0 on success.
+The \fBclosedir\fP() function returns 0 on success.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set appropriately.
.BI "size_t confstr(int " "name" ", char *" buf ", size_t " len );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B confstr()
+.BR confstr ()
gets the value of configuration-dependent string variables.
.PP
The
and
.I len
is not zero,
-.B confstr()
+.BR confstr ()
copies the value of the string to
.I buf
truncated to
.I len \- 1
characters if necessary, with a null character as termination.
This can be detected by comparing the return value of
-.B confstr()
+.BR confstr ()
against
.IR len .
.PP
.I buf
is
.BR NULL ,
-.B confstr()
+.BR confstr ()
just returns the value as defined below.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
If
.I name
does not correspond to a valid configuration variable,
-.B confstr()
+.BR confstr ()
returns 0.
.SH EXAMPLES
The following code fragment determines the path where to find
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBcopysign()\fP functions return a value whose absolute value matches
+The \fBcopysign\fP() functions return a value whose absolute value matches
that of \fIx\fP, but whose sign matches that of \fIy\fP.
If \fIx\fP is a NaN, then a NaN with the sign of \fIy\fP is returned.
.SH NOTES
-The \fBcopysign()\fP functions may treat a negative zero as positive.
+The \fBcopysign\fP() functions may treat a negative zero as positive.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
C99, 4.3BSD.
This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBcos()\fP function returns the cosine of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
+The \fBcos\fP() function returns the cosine of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
given in radians.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBcos()\fP function returns a value between \-1 and 1.
+The \fBcos\fP() function returns a value between \-1 and 1.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
The float and the long double variants are C99 requirements.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBcosh()\fP function returns the hyperbolic cosine of \fIx\fP, which
+The \fBcosh\fP() function returns the hyperbolic cosine of \fIx\fP, which
is defined mathematically as (exp(x) + exp(\-x)) / 2.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99).
.BI "char *ctermid(char *" "s" );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B ctermid()
+.BR ctermid ()
returns a string which is the pathname for the current controlling terminal for this
process.
If
.BI "time_t mktime(struct tm *" tm );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBctime()\fP, \fBgmtime()\fP and \fBlocaltime()\fP functions all take
+The \fBctime\fP(), \fBgmtime\fP() and \fBlocaltime\fP() functions all take
an argument of data type \fItime_t\fP which represents calendar time.
When interpreted as an absolute time value, it represents the number of
seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal
Time (UTC).
.PP
-The \fBasctime()\fP and \fBmktime()\fP functions both take an argument
+The \fBasctime\fP() and \fBmktime\fP() functions both take an argument
representing broken-down time which is a representation
separated into year, month, day, etc.
.PP
functions. The function also sets the external variable \fItzname\fP (see
.BR tzset (3))
with information about the current time zone.
-The re-entrant version \fBctime_r()\fP does the same, but stores the
+The re-entrant version \fBctime_r\fP() does the same, but stores the
string in a user-supplied buffer of length at least 26. It need not
set \fItzname\fP.
.PP
-The \fBgmtime()\fP function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
+The \fBgmtime\fP() function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
broken-down time representation, expressed in Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC). It may return NULL when the year does not fit into an integer.
The return value points to a statically allocated struct which might be
overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions.
-The \fBgmtime_r()\fP function does the same, but stores the data in a
+The \fBgmtime_r\fP() function does the same, but stores the data in a
user-supplied struct.
.PP
-The \fBlocaltime()\fP function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
+The \fBlocaltime\fP() function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
broken-time representation, expressed relative to the user's specified
time zone. The function acts as if it called
.BR tzset (3)
time rules apply during some part of the year.
The return value points to a statically allocated struct which might be
overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions.
-The \fBlocaltime_r()\fP function does the same, but stores the data in a
+The \fBlocaltime_r\fP() function does the same, but stores the data in a
user-supplied struct. It need not set \fItzname\fP.
.PP
-The \fBasctime()\fP function converts the broken-down time value
-\fItm\fP into a string with the same format as \fBctime()\fP.
+The \fBasctime\fP() function converts the broken-down time value
+\fItm\fP into a string with the same format as \fBctime\fP().
The return value points to a statically allocated string which might be
overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions.
-The \fBasctime_r()\fP function does the same, but stores the string in
+The \fBasctime_r\fP() function does the same, but stores the string in
a user-supplied buffer of length at least 26.
.PP
-The \fBmktime()\fP function converts a broken-down time structure, expressed
+The \fBmktime\fP() function converts a broken-down time structure, expressed
as local time, to calendar time representation. The function ignores
the specified contents of the structure members \fItm_wday\fP and \fItm_yday\fP
and recomputes them from the other information in the broken-down time
structure.
If structure members are outside their legal interval, they will be
normalized (so that, e.g., 40 October is changed into 9 November).
-Calling \fBmktime()\fP also sets the external variable \fItzname\fP with
+Calling \fBmktime\fP() also sets the external variable \fItzname\fP with
information about the current time zone. If the specified broken-down
time cannot be represented as calendar time (seconds since the epoch),
-\fBmktime()\fP returns a value of (time_t)(\-1) and does not alter the
+\fBmktime\fP() returns a value of (time_t)(\-1) and does not alter the
\fItm_wday\fP and \fItm_yday\fP members of the broken-down time structure.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
Each of these functions returns the value described, or NULL
-(\-1 in case of \fBmktime()\fP) in case an error was detected.
+(\-1 in case of \fBmktime\fP()) in case an error was detected.
.SH NOTES
The four functions
-.BR asctime() ,
-.BR ctime() ,
-.B gmtime()
+.BR asctime (),
+.BR ctime (),
+.BR gmtime ()
and
-.B localtime()
+.BR localtime ()
return a pointer to static data and hence are not thread-safe.
Thread-safe versions
-.BR asctime_r() ,
-.BR ctime_r() ,
-.B gmtime_r()
+.BR asctime_r (),
+.BR ctime_r (),
+.BR gmtime_r ()
and
-.BR localtime_r()
+.BR localtime_r ()
are specified by SUSv2, and available since libc 5.2.5.
.LP
In many implementations, including
to \fI/dev/null\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
(This function forks, and if the
-.B fork()
+.BR fork ()
succeeds, the parent does
.\" not .IR in order not to underline _
.BR _exit (0),
.BI "double difftime(time_t " time1 ", time_t " time0 );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBdifftime()\fP function returns the number of seconds elapsed
+The \fBdifftime\fP() function returns the number of seconds elapsed
between time \fItime1\fP and time \fItime0\fP, represented as a double.
The two times are specified in calendar time, which represents the time
elapsed since the Epoch
.BI "int dirfd(DIR *" dir );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B dirfd()
+.BR dirfd ()
returns the file descriptor associated with the directory stream
.IR dir .
.LP
.BI "imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t " numerator ", intmax_t " denominator );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBdiv()\fP function computes the value \fInumerator\fP/\fIdenominator\fP and
+The \fBdiv\fP() function computes the value \fInumerator\fP/\fIdenominator\fP and
returns the quotient and remainder in a structure named \fIdiv_t\fP that contains
two integer members (in unspecified order) named \fIquot\fP and \fIrem\fP.
The quotient is rounded towards zero.
The result satisfies \fIquot\fP*\fIdenominator\fP+\fIrem\fP = \fInumerator\fP.
.LP
-The \fBldiv()\fP and \fBlldiv()\fP and \fBimaxdiv()\fP functions do the same,
+The \fBldiv\fP() and \fBlldiv\fP() and \fBimaxdiv\fP() functions do the same,
dividing numbers of the indicated type and returning the result in a structure
of the indicated name, in all cases with fields \fIquot\fP and \fIrem\fP
of the same type as the function arguments.
.fi
(The
-.I ElfW()
+.IR ElfW ()
macro definition turns its argument into the name of an ELF data
type suitable for the hardware architecture.
For example, on a 32-bit platform,
These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential
algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic.
.PP
-The \fBdrand48()\fP and \fBerand48()\fP functions return non-negative
+The \fBdrand48\fP() and \fBerand48\fP() functions return non-negative
double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between
[0.0, 1.0).
.PP
-The \fBlrand48()\fP and \fBnrand48()\fP functions return non-negative
+The \fBlrand48\fP() and \fBnrand48\fP() functions return non-negative
long integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31.
.PP
-The \fBmrand48()\fP and \fBjrand48()\fP functions return signed long
+The \fBmrand48\fP() and \fBjrand48\fP() functions return signed long
integers uniformly distributed between \-2^31 and 2^31.
.PP
-The \fBsrand48()\fP, \fBseed48()\fP and \fBlcong48()\fP functions are
+The \fBsrand48\fP(), \fBseed48\fP() and \fBlcong48\fP() functions are
initialization functions, one of which should be called before using
-\fBdrand48()\fP, \fBlrand48()\fP or \fBmrand48()\fP. The functions
-\fBerand48()\fP, \fBnrand48()\fP and \fBjrand48()\fP do not require
+\fBdrand48\fP(), \fBlrand48\fP() or \fBmrand48\fP(). The functions
+\fBerand48\fP(), \fBnrand48\fP() and \fBjrand48\fP() do not require
an initialization function to be called first.
.PP
All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers,
.fi
.sp
The parameter \fIm\fP = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed.
-Unless \fBlcong48()\fP is called, \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP are given by:
+Unless \fBlcong48\fP() is called, \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP are given by:
.sp
.nf
.RS
.RE
.fi
.sp
-The value returned by any of the functions \fBdrand48()\fP, \fBerand48()\fP,
-\fBlrand48()\fP, \fBnrand48()\fP, \fBmrand48()\fP or \fBjrand48()\fP is
+The value returned by any of the functions \fBdrand48\fP(), \fBerand48\fP(),
+\fBlrand48\fP(), \fBnrand48\fP(), \fBmrand48\fP() or \fBjrand48\fP() is
computed by first generating the next 48-bit \fIXi\fP in the sequence.
Then the appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to
be returned, is copied from the high-order bits of \fIXi\fP and transformed
into the returned value.
.PP
-The functions \fBdrand48()\fP, \fBlrand48()\fP and \fBmrand48()\fP store
+The functions \fBdrand48\fP(), \fBlrand48\fP() and \fBmrand48\fP() store
the last 48-bit \fIXi\fP generated in an internal buffer. The functions
-\fBerand48()\fP, \fBnrand48()\fP and \fBjrand48()\fP require the calling
+\fBerand48\fP(), \fBnrand48\fP() and \fBjrand48\fP() require the calling
program to provide storage for the successive \fIXi\fP values in the array
argument \fIxsubi\fP. The functions are initialized by placing the initial
value of \fIXi\fP into the array before calling the function for the first
time.
.PP
-The initializer function \fBsrand48()\fP sets the high order 32-bits of
+The initializer function \fBsrand48\fP() sets the high order 32-bits of
\fIXi\fP to the argument \fIseedval\fP. The low order 16-bits are set
to the arbitrary value 0x330E.
.PP
-The initializer function \fBseed48()\fP sets the value of \fIXi\fP to
+The initializer function \fBseed48\fP() sets the value of \fIXi\fP to
the 48-bit value specified in the array argument \fIseed16v\fP. The
previous value of \fIXi\fP is copied into an internal buffer and a
-pointer to this buffer is returned by \fBseed48()\fP.
+pointer to this buffer is returned by \fBseed48\fP().
.PP
-The initialization function \fBlcong48()\fP allows the user to specify
+The initialization function \fBlcong48\fP() allows the user to specify
initial values for \fIXi\fP, \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP. Array argument
elements \fIparam[0-2]\fP specify \fIXi\fP, \fIparam[3-5]\fP specify
-\fIa\fP, and \fIparam[6]\fP specifies \fIc\fP. After \fBlcong48()\fP
-has been called, a subsequent call to either \fBsrand48()\fP or
-\fBseed48()\fP will restore the standard values of \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP.
+\fIa\fP, and \fIparam[6]\fP specifies \fIc\fP. After \fBlcong48\fP()
+has been called, a subsequent call to either \fBsrand48\fP() or
+\fBseed48\fP() will restore the standard values of \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3
.SH NOTES
Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, e.g.
by filling it with zeroes, or by calling one of the functions
-.BR srand48_r() ,
-.BR seed48_r() ,
+.BR srand48_r (),
+.BR seed48_r (),
or
-.BR lcong48_r() .
+.BR lcong48_r ().
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The return value is 0.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.BI "char *fcvt(double " number ", int " ndigits ", int *" decpt ,
.BI "int *" sign );
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBecvt()\fP function converts \fInumber\fP to a null-terminated
+The \fBecvt\fP() function converts \fInumber\fP to a null-terminated
string of \fIndigits\fP digits (where \fIndigits\fP is reduced to an
system-specific limit determined by the precision of a double),
and returns a pointer to the string. The high-order digit is non-zero,
.I number
is zero, it is unspecified whether *\fIdecpt\fP is 0 or 1.
.PP
-The \fBfcvt()\fP function is identical to \fBecvt()\fP, except that
+The \fBfcvt\fP() function is identical to \fBecvt\fP(), except that
\fIndigits\fP specifies the number of digits after the decimal point.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-Both the \fBecvt()\fP and \fBfcvt()\fP functions return a pointer to a
+Both the \fBecvt\fP() and \fBfcvt\fP() functions return a pointer to a
static string containing the ASCII representation of \fInumber\fP.
-The static string is overwritten by each call to \fBecvt()\fP or
-\fBfcvt()\fP.
+The static string is overwritten by each call to \fBecvt\fP() or
+\fBfcvt\fP().
.SH NOTES
These functions are obsolete. Instead,
.IR sprintf ()
.BR \-lcrypt .
.SH DESCRIPTION
These functions encrypt and decrypt 64-bit messages. The
-.B setkey()
+.BR setkey ()
function sets the key used by
-.BR encrypt() .
+.BR encrypt ().
The
.I key
parameter used here is an array of 64 bytes, each of which has
.PP
These two functions are not reentrant, that is, the key data is
kept in static storage. The functions
-.B setkey_r()
+.BR setkey_r ()
and
-.B encrypt_r()
+.BR encrypt_r ()
are the reentrant versions. They use the following
structure to hold the key data:
.RS
.fi
.RE
Before calling
-.B setkey_r()
+.BR setkey_r ()
set
.I data->initialized
to zero.
In glibc2.2 these functions use the DES algorithm.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The functions
-.B encrypt()
+.BR encrypt ()
and
-.B setkey()
+.BR setkey ()
conform to SVID, SUSv2, and POSIX 1003.1-2001.
The functions
-.B encrypt_r()
+.BR encrypt_r ()
and
-.B setkey_r()
+.BR setkey_r ()
are GNU extensions.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR cbc_crypt (3),
.LP
These functions are for handling envz vectors.
.LP
-.B envz_add()
+.BR envz_add ()
adds the string
.RI \&" name = value \&"
(in case
.I name
existed, it is removed.
.LP
-.B envz_entry()
+.BR envz_entry ()
looks for
.I name
in the envz vector
.RI ( envz , envz_len )
and returns the entry if found, or NULL if not.
.LP
-.B envz_get()
+.BR envz_get ()
looks for
.I name
in the envz vector
.I name
without '=' sign.)
.LP
-.B envz_merge()
+.BR envz_merge ()
adds each entry in
.I envz2
to
.RI * envz ,
as if with
-.BR envz_add() .
+.BR envz_add ().
If
.I override
is true, then values in
.RI * envz ,
otherwise not.
.LP
-.B envz_remove()
+.BR envz_remove ()
removes the entry for
.I name
from
.fi
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBerf()\fP function returns the error function of \fIx\fP; defined
+The \fBerf\fP() function returns the error function of \fIx\fP; defined
as
.TP
erf(x) = 2/sqrt(pi)* integral from 0 to x of exp(\-t*t) dt
.PP
-The \fBerfc()\fP function returns the complementary error function of
+The \fBerfc\fP() function returns the complementary error function of
\fIx\fP, that is 1.0 \- erf(x).
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, C99.
where
.I errno
no longer needs to have the value it had upon return from
-.IR somecall()
+.IR somecall ()
(i.e., it may have been changed by the
-.IR printf() ).
+.IR printf ()).
If the value of
.I errno
should be preserved across a library call, it must be saved:
.BI "ether_aton_r(const char *" asc ", struct ether_addr *" addr );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-\fBether_aton()\fP converts the 48-bit Ethernet host address \fIasc\fP
+\fBether_aton\fP() converts the 48-bit Ethernet host address \fIasc\fP
from the standard hex-digits-and-colons notation into binary data in
network byte order and returns a pointer to it in a statically
allocated buffer, which subsequent calls will
overwrite. \fBether_aton\fP() returns NULL if the address is invalid.
.PP
-The \fBether_ntoa()\fP function converts the Ethernet host address
+The \fBether_ntoa\fP() function converts the Ethernet host address
\fIaddr\fP given in network byte order to a string in standard
hex-digits-and-colons notation, omitting leading zeroes.
The string is returned in a statically allocated buffer,
which subsequent calls will overwrite.
.PP
-The \fBether_ntohost()\fP function maps an Ethernet address to the
+The \fBether_ntohost\fP() function maps an Ethernet address to the
corresponding hostname in
.B /etc/ethers
and returns non-zero if it cannot be found.
.PP
-The \fBether_hostton()\fP function maps a hostname to the
+The \fBether_hostton\fP() function maps a hostname to the
corresponding Ethernet address in
.B /etc/ethers
and returns non-zero if it cannot be found.
.PP
-The \fBether_line()\fP function parses a line in
+The \fBether_line\fP() function parses a line in
.B /etc/ethers
format (ethernet address followed by whitespace followed by
hostname; '#' introduces a comment) and returns an address
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBexp()\fP function returns the value of e (the base of natural
+The \fBexp\fP() function returns the value of e (the base of natural
logarithms) raised to the power of \fIx\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBexp10()\fP function returns the value of 10
+The \fBexp10\fP() function returns the value of 10
raised to the power of \fIx\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The function is a GNU extension.
.sp
Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBexp2()\fP function returns the value of 2
+The \fBexp2\fP() function returns the value of 2
raised to the power of \fIx\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
No errors can occur.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B fabs()
+.BR fabs ()
function conforms to SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
The other functions are from C99.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR write (2).
.SH NOTES
Note that
-.B fflush()
+.BR fflush ()
only flushes the user space buffers provided by the C library.
To ensure that the data is physically stored on disk
the kernel buffers must be flushed too, e.g. with
.BR fsync (2).
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The function
-.BR fflush()
+.BR fflush ()
conforms to ANSI X3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'').
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR fsync (2),
.BI "int ffsll(long long int " i );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBffs()\fP function returns the position of the first
+The \fBffs\fP() function returns the position of the first
(least significant) bit set in the word \fIi\fP.
The least significant bit is position 1 and the
most significant position e.g. 32 or 64.
.BR
-The functions \fBffsll()\fP and \fBffsl()\fP do the same but take
+The functions \fBffsll\fP() and \fBffsl\fP() do the same but take
arguments of possibly different size.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
These functions return the position of the first bit set,
.BI "struct group *fgetgrent(FILE *" stream );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBfgetgrent()\fP function returns a pointer to a structure containing
+The \fBfgetgrent\fP() function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the group information from the file \fIstream\fP. The first time it is called
it returns the first entry; thereafter, it returns successive entries. The
file \fIstream\fP must have the same format as \fI/etc/group\fP.
.fi
.RE
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBfgetgrent()\fP function returns the group information structure,
+The \fBfgetgrent\fP() function returns the group information structure,
or NULL if there are no more entries or an error occurs.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.BI "struct passwd *fgetpwent(FILE *" stream );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBfgetpwent()\fP function returns a pointer to a structure containing
+The \fBfgetpwent\fP() function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken out fields of a line in the file \fIstream\fP. The first time
it is called it returns the first entry; thereafter, it returns successive
entries. The file \fIstream\fP must have the same format as
.fi
.RE
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBfgetpwent()\fP function returns the passwd structure, or NULL if
+The \fBfgetpwent\fP() function returns the passwd structure, or NULL if
there are no more entries or an error occurs.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
\fIgetc_unlocked\fP() and \fIputc_unlocked\fP() instead of
\fIgetc\fP() and \fIputc\fP().
.LP
-The \fBflockfile()\fP function waits for *\fIfilehandle\fP to be
+The \fBflockfile\fP() function waits for *\fIfilehandle\fP to be
no longer locked by a different thread, then makes the
current thread owner of *\fIfilehandle\fP, and increments
the lockcount.
.LP
-The \fBfunlockfile()\fP function decrements the lock count.
+The \fBfunlockfile\fP() function decrements the lock count.
.LP
-The \fBftrylockfile()\fP function is a non-blocking version
-of \fBflockfile()\fP. It does nothing in case some other thread
+The \fBftrylockfile\fP() function is a non-blocking version
+of \fBflockfile\fP(). It does nothing in case some other thread
owns *\fIfilehandle\fP, and it obtains ownership and increments
the lockcount otherwise.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBftrylockfile()\fP function returns zero for success
+The \fBftrylockfile\fP() function returns zero for success
(the lock was obtained), and non-zero for failure.
.SH ERRORS
None.
of mantissa bits is 24 (resp. 53).)
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B floor()
+.BR floor ()
function conforms to SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
The other functions are from C99.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B fma()
+.BR fma ()
function computes
.IR x " * " y " + " z .
The result is rounded according to the
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBfmod()\fP function computes the remainder of dividing \fIx\fP by
+The \fBfmod\fP() function computes the remainder of dividing \fIx\fP by
\fIy\fP. The return value is \fIx\fP \- \fIn\fP * \fIy\fP, where \fIn\fP
is the quotient of \fIx\fP / \fIy\fP, rounded towards zero to an integer.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBfmod()\fP function returns the remainder, unless \fIy\fP is zero,
+The \fBfmod\fP() function returns the remainder, unless \fIy\fP is zero,
when the function fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
This value is printed as INFO.
.PP
The numeric values are between 0 and 4. Using
-.B addseverity()
+.BR addseverity ()
or the environment variable
.B SEV_LEVEL
you can add more levels and strings to print.
.RE
.sp
then
-.I fmtmsg()
+.IR fmtmsg ()
will also accept the indicated values for the level (in addition to
the standard levels 0-4), and use the indicated printstring when
such a level occurs.
.LP
The severity-keyword part is not used by
-.I fmtmsg()
+.IR fmtmsg ()
but it has to be present.
The level part is a string representation of a number.
The numeric value must be a number greater than 4.
This value must be used in the severity parameter of
-.I fmtmsg()
+.IR fmtmsg ()
to select this class. It is not possible to overwrite
any of the predefined classes. The printstring
is the string printed when a message of this class is processed by
-.IR fmtmsg() .
+.IR fmtmsg ().
.SH "RETURN VALUES"
The function can return 4 values:
.TP 12n
Error writing to the console.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The functions
-.I fmtmsg()
+.IR fmtmsg ()
and
-.IR addseverity() ,
+.IR addseverity (),
and environment variables
.B MSGVERB
and
.B SEV_LEVEL
come from System V (XPG4-UNIX).
The function
-.I fmtmsg()
+.IR fmtmsg ()
and the environment variable
.B MSGVERB
are described in POSIX 1003.1-2001.
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B fnmatch()
+.BR fnmatch ()
function checks whether the
.I string
argument matches the
.BI "long pathconf(char *" path ", int " name );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B fpathconf()
+.BR fpathconf ()
gets a value for the configuration option
.I name
for the open file descriptor
.IR filedes .
.PP
-.B pathconf()
+.BR pathconf ()
gets a value for configuration option
.I name
for the file name
.B <unistd.h>
are minimum values; if an application wants to take advantage of values
which may change, a call to
-.B fpathconf()
+.BR fpathconf ()
or
-.B pathconf()
+.BR pathconf ()
can be made, which may yield more liberal results.
.PP
Setting
is negative infinity.
.SH NOTE
In glibc 2.01 and earlier,
-.B isinf()
+.BR isinf ()
returns a non-zero value (actually: 1) if
.I x
is an infinity (positive or negative).
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B fpurge()
+.BR fpurge ()
clears the buffers of the given stream.
For output streams this discards any unwritten output.
For input streams this discards any input read from the underlying object
.BR fflush (3).
.LP
The function
-.B __fpurge()
+.BR __fpurge ()
does precisely the same, but without returning a value.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
Upon successful completion
-.B fpurge()
+.BR fpurge ()
returns 0.
On error, it returns \-1 and sets
.I errno
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBfrexp()\fP function is used to split the number \fIx\fP into a
+The \fBfrexp\fP() function is used to split the number \fIx\fP into a
normalized fraction and an exponent which is stored in \fIexp\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBfrexp()\fP function returns the normalized fraction. If the
+The \fBfrexp\fP() function returns the normalized fraction. If the
argument \fIx\fP is not zero, the normalized fraction is \fIx\fP
times a power of two, and is always in the range 1/2 (inclusive) to
1 (exclusive). If \fIx\fP is zero, then the normalized fraction is
.BI
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBfseeko()\fP and \fBftello()\fP functions are identical to
-\fBfseek()\fP and \fBftell()\fP (see
+The \fBfseeko\fP() and \fBftello\fP() functions are identical to
+\fBfseek\fP() and \fBftell\fP() (see
.BR fseek (3)),
-respectively, except that the \fIoffset\fP argument of \fBfseeko()\fP
-and the return value of \fBftello()\fP is of type \fBoff_t\fP
+respectively, except that the \fIoffset\fP argument of \fBfseeko\fP()
+and the return value of \fBftello\fP() is of type \fBoff_t\fP
instead of \fBlong\fP.
.LP
On many architectures both \fBoff_t\fP and \fBlong\fP are 32-bit types,
glibc 2.1.1 is correct again.
.SH HISTORY
The
-.B ftime()
+.BR ftime ()
function appeared in 4.2BSD.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
4.2BSD, POSIX 1003.1-2001.
.BR malloc (3)
failure), in which case it will return \-1.
.PP
-Because \fBftw()\fP uses dynamic data structures, the only safe way to
+Because \fBftw\fP() uses dynamic data structures, the only safe way to
exit out of a tree walk is to return a non-zero value. To handle
interrupts, for example, mark that the interrupt occurred and return a
non-zero value\(emdon't use
.PP
.SS "*BSD version"
4.4BSD and FreeBSD libm have a
-.B gamma()
+.BR gamma ()
function that computes the Gamma function, as one would expect.
.SS "glibc version"
Glibc has a
-.B gamma()
+.BR gamma ()
function that is equivalent to
-.B lgamma()
+.BR lgamma ()
and computes the natural logarithm of the Gamma function.
(This is for compatibility reasons only. Don't use this function.)
.SH HISTORY
4.2BSD had a
-.B gamma()
+.BR gamma ()
that computed
.RI ln(|Gamma(| x |)|),
leaving the sign of
in the external integer
.IR signgam .
In 4.3BSD the name was changed to
-.BR lgamma() ,
+.BR lgamma (),
and the man page promises
.sp
.in +3
.in
.sp
This did indeed happen in 4.4BSD, where
-.B gamma()
+.BR gamma ()
computes the Gamma function (with no effect on
.IR signgam ).
However, this came too late, and we now have
-.BR tgamma() ,
+.BR tgamma (),
the "true gamma" function.
.\" The FreeBSD man page says about gamma() that it is like lgamma()
.\" except that is does not set signgam.
.BI "char *gcvt(double " number ", size_t " ndigit ", char *" buf );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgcvt()\fP function converts \fInumber\fP to a minimal length NULL
+The \fBgcvt\fP() function converts \fInumber\fP to a minimal length NULL
terminated ASCII string and stores the result in \fIbuf\fP. It produces
\fIndigit\fP significant digits in either
.BR printf (3)
.IR sprintf ()
is recommended.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgcvt()\fP function returns the address of the string pointed to
+The \fBgcvt\fP() function returns the address of the string pointed to
by \fIbuf\fP.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR ecvt (3),
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX 1003.1-2003.
The
-.B getaddrinfo()
+.BR getaddrinfo ()
function is documented in RFC\ 2553.
.SH "NOTES"
.BR AI_ADDRCONFIG ,
is undefined.
.PP
As an extension to the POSIX.1 standard, Linux (libc4, libc5, glibc)
-.B getcwd()
+.BR getcwd ()
allocates the buffer dynamically using
-.B malloc()
+.BR malloc ()
if
.I buf
is
.I buf
is allocated as big as necessary. It is possible (and, indeed,
advisable) to
-.B free()
+.BR free ()
the buffers if they have been obtained this way.
.BR get_current_dir_name (),
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B getdate()
+.BR getdate ()
converts a string pointed to by
.I string
into the tm structure that it returns.
(which has a
.I format
argument),
-.B getdate()
+.BR getdate ()
uses the formats found in the file
of which the full path name is given in the environment variable
.BR DATEMSK .
Invalid input specification.
.SH NOTES
Since
-.B getdate()
+.BR getdate ()
is not reentrant because of the use of
.B getdate_err
and the static buffer to return the result in, glibc provides a
.IR getdate_err .
.LP
The POSIX 1003.1-2001 specification for
-.B strptime()
+.BR strptime ()
contains conversion specifications using the
.B %E
or
.B %O
modifier, while such specifications are not given for
-.BR getdate() .
+.BR getdate ().
The glibc implementation implements
-.B getdate()
+.BR getdate ()
using
-.B strptime()
+.BR strptime ()
so that automatically precisely the same conversions are supported by both.
.LP
The glibc implementation does not support the
File containing format patterns.
.TP
.BR TZ ", " LC_TIME
-Variables used by \fBstrptime()\fP.
+Variables used by \fBstrptime\fP().
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
ISO 9899, POSIX 1003.1-2001
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BI "char *getenv(const char *" name );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetenv()\fP function searches the environment list for a string
+The \fBgetenv\fP() function searches the environment list for a string
that matches the string pointed to by \fIname\fP. The strings are of
the form \fIname = value\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetenv()\fP function returns a pointer to the value in the
+The \fBgetenv\fP() function returns a pointer to the value in the
environment, or NULL if there is no match.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
(read-write, read-write with quota, read-only, swap, ignore).
The function
-.B setfsent()
+.BR setfsent ()
opens the file when required and positions it at the first line.
.LP
The function
-.B getfsent()
+.BR getfsent ()
parses the next line from the file.
(After opening it when required.)
.LP
The function
-.B endfsent()
+.BR endfsent ()
closes the file when required.
.LP
The function
-.B getfsspec()
+.BR getfsspec ()
searches the file from the start and returns the first entry found
for which the
.I fs_spec
argument.
.LP
The function
-.B getfsfile()
+.BR getfsfile ()
searches the file from the start and returns the first entry found
for which the
.I fs_file
argument.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
Upon success, the functions
-.BR getfsent() ,
-.BR getfsfile() ,
+.BR getfsent (),
+.BR getfsfile (),
and
-.BR getfsspec()
+.BR getfsspec ()
return a pointer to a struct fstab, while
-.BR setfsent()
+.BR setfsent ()
returns 1.
Upon failure or end-of-file, these functions return NULL and 0, respectively.
.SH HISTORY
The
-.B getfsent()
+.BR getfsent ()
function appeared in 4.0BSD; the other four functions appeared in 4.3BSD.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
These functions are not in POSIX. Several operating systems have them,
e.g., *BSD, SunOS, Digital Unix, AIX (which also has a
-.IR getfstype() ).
+.IR getfstype ()).
HP-UX has functions of the same names, that however use a struct checklist
instead of a struct fstab, and calls these functions obsolete, superseded by
.BR getmntent (3).
and since several devices can have the same mount point, where the
last device with a given mount point is the interesting one,
while
-.B getfsfile()
+.BR getfsfile ()
and
-.B getfsspec()
+.BR getfsspec ()
only return the first occurrence, these two functions are not suitable
for use under Linux.
.LP
.B void endgrent(void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetgrent()\fP
+The \fBgetgrent\fP()
function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken-out fields of a record in the group database
(e.g., the local group file
The first time it is called
it returns the first entry; thereafter, it returns successive entries.
.PP
-The \fBsetgrent()\fP function rewinds to the beginning
+The \fBsetgrent\fP() function rewinds to the beginning
of the group database, to allow repeated scans.
.PP
-The \fBendgrent()\fP function is used to close the group database
+The \fBendgrent\fP() function is used to close the group database
after all processing has been performed.
.PP
The \fIgroup\fP structure is defined in \fI<grp.h>\fP as follows:
.fi
.RE
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetgrent()\fP function returns a pointer to a
+The \fBgetgrent\fP() function returns a pointer to a
.I group
structure,
or NULL if there are no more entries or an error occurs.
.BI " size_t " buflen ", struct group **" gbufp );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The functions
-.B getgrent_r()
+.BR getgrent_r ()
and
-.B fgetgrent_r()
+.BR fgetgrent_r ()
are the reentrant versions of
.BR getgrent (3)
and
.sp
.SH NOTES
The function
-.B getgrent_r()
+.BR getgrent_r ()
is not really reentrant since it shares the reading position
in the stream with all other threads.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B getgrnam()
+.BR getgrnam ()
function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken-out fields of the record in the group database
(e.g., the local group file
.IR name .
.PP
The
-.B getgrgid()
+.BR getgrgid ()
function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken-out fields of the record in the group database
that matches the group ID
.IR gid .
.PP
The
-.B getgrnam_r()
+.BR getgrnam_r ()
and
-.B getgrgid_r()
+.BR getgrgid_r ()
functions obtain the same information, but store the retrieved
.I group
structure
.BR sysconf (3)
with the _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX parameter.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetgrnam()\fP and \fBgetgrgid()\fP functions return a pointer to a
+The \fBgetgrnam\fP() and \fBgetgrgid\fP() functions return a pointer to a
.I group
structure, or NULL if the matching entry
is not found or an error occurs.
.LP
The return value may point to static area, and may be overwritten
by subsequent calls to
-.BR getgrent() ,
-.BR getgrgid() ,
+.BR getgrent (),
+.BR getgrgid (),
or
-.BR getgrnam() .
+.BR getgrnam ().
.LP
-The \fBgetgrnam_r()\fP and \fBgetgrgid_r()\fP functions return
+The \fBgetgrnam_r\fP() and \fBgetgrgid_r\fP() functions return
zero on success. In case of error, an error number is returned.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.BI "gid_t *" groups ", int *" ngroups );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B getgrouplist()
+.BR getgrouplist ()
function scans the group database for all the groups
.I user
belongs to. Up to
If
.RI * ngroups
is smaller than the total number of groups found, then
-.B getgrouplist()
+.BR getgrouplist ()
returns a value of `\-1'.
In all cases the actual number of groups is stored in
.RI * ngroups .
The current domain and its parents are searched unless \fIname\fP
ends in a dot.
.PP
-The \fBgethostbyaddr()\fP function returns a structure of type \fIhostent\fP
+The \fBgethostbyaddr\fP() function returns a structure of type \fIhostent\fP
for the given host address \fIaddr\fP of length \fIlen\fP and address type
\fItype\fP. Valid address types are
.B AF_INET
.BR AF_INET6 .
The host address argument is a pointer to a struct of a type depending
on the address type, for example a \fBstruct in_addr *\fP (probably
-obtained via a call to \fIinet_addr()\fP) for address type AF_INET.
+obtained via a call to \fIinet_addr\fP()) for address type AF_INET.
.PP
-The \fBsethostent()\fP function specifies, if \fIstayopen\fP is true (1),
+The \fBsethostent\fP() function specifies, if \fIstayopen\fP is true (1),
that a connected TCP socket should be used for the name server queries and
that the connection should remain open during successive queries. Otherwise,
name server queries will use UDP datagrams.
.PP
-The \fBendhostent()\fP function ends the use of a TCP connection for name
+The \fBendhostent\fP() function ends the use of a TCP connection for name
server queries.
.PP
-The (obsolete) \fBherror()\fP function prints the error message associated
+The (obsolete) \fBherror\fP() function prints the error message associated
with the current value of \fIh_errno\fP on stderr.
.PP
-The (obsolete) \fBhstrerror()\fP function takes an error number
+The (obsolete) \fBhstrerror\fP() function takes an error number
(typically \fIh_errno\fP) and returns the corresponding message string.
.PP
-The domain name queries carried out by \fBgethostbyname()\fP and
-\fBgethostbyaddr()\fP use a combination of any or all of the name server
+The domain name queries carried out by \fBgethostbyname\fP() and
+\fBgethostbyaddr\fP() use a combination of any or all of the name server
.BR named (8),
a broken out line from \fI/etc/hosts\fP, and the Network
Information Service (NIS or YP), depending upon the contents of the
The
.BR gethostbyname ()
and
-.BR gethostbyaddr()
+.BR gethostbyaddr ()
functions return the
.I hostent
structure or a NULL pointer if an error occurs. On error, the
.BR gethostent_r ().
.SH "GNU EXTENSIONS"
Glibc2 also has a
-.B gethostbyname2()
+.BR gethostbyname2 ()
that works like
-.BR gethostbyname() ,
+.BR gethostbyname (),
but permits to specify the address family to which the address must belong.
.LP
Glibc2 also has reentrant versions
-.B gethostbyname_r()
+.BR gethostbyname_r ()
and
-.BR gethostbyname2_r() .
+.BR gethostbyname2_r ().
These return 0 on success and non-zero on error. The result of the call
is now stored in the struct with address
.IR ret .
The SUS-v2 standard is buggy and declares the
.I len
parameter of
-.B gethostbyaddr()
+.BR gethostbyaddr ()
to be of type
.IR size_t .
(That is wrong, because it has to be
which is OK.)
.LP
The BSD prototype for
-.B gethostbyaddr()
+.BR gethostbyaddr ()
uses
.I const char *
for the first argument.
.LP
POSIX 1003.1-2001 marks
-.B gethostbyaddr()
+.BR gethostbyaddr ()
and
-.B gethostbyname()
+.BR gethostbyname ()
obsolescent. See
.BR getaddrinfo (3),
.BR getnameinfo (3),
.nl
.BI "ssize_t getdelim(char **" lineptr ", size_t *" n ", int " delim ", FILE *" stream );
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B getline()
+.BR getline ()
reads an entire line, storing the address of the buffer containing
the text into
.IR "*lineptr" .
is
.BR "NULL" ,
the
-.BR getline()
+.BR getline ()
routine will allocate a buffer for containing the line, which must be freed
by the user program.
Alternatively, before calling
buffer
.IR "*n"
bytes in size. If the buffer is not large enough to hold the line read in,
-.B getline()
+.BR getline ()
resizes the buffer to fit with
.BR "realloc()" ,
updating
.IR "*n"
will be updated to reflect the buffer address and size respectively.
-.BR getdelim()
+.BR getdelim ()
works like
.BR "getline()" ,
except a line delimiter other than newline can be specified as the
\fI/etc/fstab\fP and the mounted file system description file
\fI/etc/mtab\fP.
.PP
-The \fBsetmntent()\fP function opens the file system description file
+The \fBsetmntent\fP() function opens the file system description file
\fIfp\fP and returns a file pointer which can be used by
-\fBgetmntent()\fP. The argument \fItype\fP is the type of access
+\fBgetmntent\fP(). The argument \fItype\fP is the type of access
required and can take the same values as the \fImode\fP argument of
.BR fopen (3).
.PP
-The \fBgetmntent()\fP function reads the next line from the file system
+The \fBgetmntent\fP() function reads the next line from the file system
description file \fIfp\fP and returns a pointer to a structure
containing the broken out fields from a line in the file. The pointer
points to a static area of memory which is overwritten by subsequent
-calls to \fBgetmntent()\fP.
+calls to \fBgetmntent\fP().
.PP
-The \fBaddmntent()\fP function adds the mntent structure \fImnt\fP to
+The \fBaddmntent\fP() function adds the mntent structure \fImnt\fP to
the end of the open file \fIfp\fP.
.PP
-The \fBendmntent()\fP function closes the file system description file
+The \fBendmntent\fP() function closes the file system description file
\fIfp\fP.
.PP
-The \fBhasmntopt()\fP function scans the \fImnt_opts\fP field (see below)
+The \fBhasmntopt\fP() function scans the \fImnt_opts\fP field (see below)
of the mntent structure \fImnt\fP for a substring that matches \fIopt\fP.
See \fI<mntent.h>\fP and
.BR mount (8)
for valid mount options.
.PP
-The reentrant \fBgetmntent_r()\fP function is similar to \fBgetmntent()\fP,
+The reentrant \fBgetmntent_r\fP() function is similar to \fBgetmntent\fP(),
but stores the struct mount in the provided
.RI * mntbuf
and stores the strings pointed to by the entries in that struct
octal escapes are used to represent the four characters space (\e040),
tab (\e011), newline (\e012) and backslash (\e134) in those files
when they occur in one of the four strings in a mntent structure.
-The routines \fBaddmntent()\fP and \fBgetmntent()\fP will convert
+The routines \fBaddmntent\fP() and \fBgetmntent\fP() will convert
from string representation to escaped representation and back.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetmntent()\fP and \fBgetmntent_r()\fP functions return
+The \fBgetmntent\fP() and \fBgetmntent_r\fP() functions return
a pointer to the mntent structure or NULL on failure.
.PP
-The \fBaddmntent()\fP function returns 0 on success and 1 on failure.
+The \fBaddmntent\fP() function returns 0 on success and 1 on failure.
.PP
-The \fBendmntent()\fP function always returns 1.
+The \fBendmntent\fP() function always returns 1.
.PP
-The \fBhasmntopt()\fP function returns the address of the substring if
+The \fBhasmntopt\fP() function returns the address of the substring if
a match is found and NULL otherwise.
.SH FILES
.nf
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The non-reentrant functions are from SunOS 4.1.3.
A routine
-.B getmntent_r()
+.BR getmntent_r ()
was introduced in HPUX 10, but it returns an int. The prototype
shown above is glibc-only.
LSB deprecates the functions
-.BR endhostent() ,
-.BR sethostent()
+.BR endhostent (),
+.BR sethostent ()
and
-.BR setmntent() .
+.BR setmntent ().
.SH NOTES
-SysV also has a \fBgetmntent()\fP function but the calling sequence
+SysV also has a \fBgetmntent\fP() function but the calling sequence
differs, and the returned structure is different. Under SysV
.I /etc/mnttab
is used.
-4.4BSD and Digital Unix have a routine \fBgetmntinfo()\fP,
-a wrapper around the system call \fBgetfsstat()\fP.
+4.4BSD and Digital Unix have a routine \fBgetmntinfo\fP(),
+a wrapper around the system call \fBgetfsstat\fP().
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR fopen (3),
.BR fstab (5),
.B void endnetent(void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetnetent()\fP function reads the next line from the file
+The \fBgetnetent\fP() function reads the next line from the file
\fI/etc/networks\fP and returns a structure \fInetent\fP containing
the broken out fields from the line. The \fI/etc/networks\fP file
is opened if necessary.
.PP
-The \fBgetnetbyname()\fP function returns a \fInetent\fP structure
+The \fBgetnetbyname\fP() function returns a \fInetent\fP structure
for the line from \fI/etc/networks\fP that matches the network
\fIname\fP.
.PP
-The \fBgetnetbyaddr()\fP function returns a \fInetent\fP structure
+The \fBgetnetbyaddr\fP() function returns a \fInetent\fP structure
for the line that matches the network number \fInet\fP of type
\fItype\fP.
.PP
-The \fBsetnetent()\fP function opens and rewinds the
+The \fBsetnetent\fP() function opens and rewinds the
\fI/etc/networks\fP file. If \fIstayopen\fP is true (1), then the
-file will not be closed between calls to \fBgetnetbyname()\fP and
-\fBgetnetbyaddr()\fP.
+file will not be closed between calls to \fBgetnetbyname\fP() and
+\fBgetnetbyaddr\fP().
.PP
-The \fBendnetent()\fP function closes \fI/etc/networks\fP.
+The \fBendnetent\fP() function closes \fI/etc/networks\fP.
.PP
The \fInetent\fP structure is defined in \fI<netdb.h>\fP as follows:
.sp
.I n_net
The network number in host byte order.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetnetent()\fP, \fBgetnetbyname()\fP and \fBgetnetbyaddr()\fP
+The \fBgetnetent\fP(), \fBgetnetbyname\fP() and \fBgetnetbyaddr\fP()
functions return the \fInetent\fP structure, or a NULL pointer if an
error occurs or the end of the file is reached.
.SH FILES
and
.I argv
are the argument count and array as passed to the
-.I main()
+.IR main ()
function on program invocation.
An element of \fIargv\fP that starts with '\-'
(and is not exactly "\-" or "\-\-")
.B void endprotoent(void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetprotoent()\fP function reads the next line from the file
+The \fBgetprotoent\fP() function reads the next line from the file
\fI/etc/protocols\fP and returns a structure \fIprotoent\fP
containing the broken out fields from the line. The
\fI/etc/protocols\fP file is opened if necessary.
.PP
-The \fBgetprotobyname()\fP function returns a \fIprotoent\fP
+The \fBgetprotobyname\fP() function returns a \fIprotoent\fP
structure for the line from \fI/etc/protocols\fP that matches
the protocol name \fIname\fP.
.PP
-The \fBgetprotobynumber()\fP function returns a \fIprotoent\fP
+The \fBgetprotobynumber\fP() function returns a \fIprotoent\fP
structure for the line that matches the protocol number \fInumber\fP.
.PP
-The \fBsetprotoent()\fP function opens and rewinds the
+The \fBsetprotoent\fP() function opens and rewinds the
\fI/etc/protocols\fP file. If \fIstayopen\fP is true (1), then
-the file will not be closed between calls to \fBgetprotobyname()\fP
-or \fBgetprotobynumber()\fP.
+the file will not be closed between calls to \fBgetprotobyname\fP()
+or \fBgetprotobynumber\fP().
.PP
-The \fBendprotoent()\fP function closes \fI/etc/protocols\fP.
+The \fBendprotoent\fP() function closes \fI/etc/protocols\fP.
.PP
The \fIprotoent\fP structure is defined in \fI<netdb.h>\fP as follows:
.sp
.I p_proto
The protocol number.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetprotoent()\fP, \fBgetprotobyname()\fP and \fBgetprotobynumber()\fP
+The \fBgetprotoent\fP(), \fBgetprotobyname\fP() and \fBgetprotobynumber\fP()
functions return the \fIprotoent\fP structure, or a NULL pointer if an
error occurs or the end of the file is reached.
.SH FILES
.B "int getpt(void)"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B getpt()
+.BR getpt ()
opens a pseudo-terminal master and returns its file descriptor.
It is equivalent to
.BI "open(" \fI"/dev/ptmx" , O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY )
elsewhere on some systems that use GNU Libc.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-.B getpt()
+.BR getpt ()
returns an open file descriptor upon successful completion. Otherwise, it
returns \-1 and sets
.I errno
to indicate the error.
.SH CONFORMING TO
-.B getpt()
+.BR getpt ()
is specific to GNU Libc.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR grantpt (3),
.BI "int getpw(uid_t " uid ", char *" buf );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetpw()\fP function re-constructs the password line entry for
+The \fBgetpw\fP() function re-constructs the password line entry for
the given user ID \fIuid\fP in the buffer \fIbuf\fP. The returned
buffer contains a line of format
.sp
.fi
.RE
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetpw()\fP function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
+The \fBgetpw\fP() function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
occurs.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B void endpwent(void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetpwent()\fP function returns a pointer to a structure containing
+The \fBgetpwent\fP() function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken-out fields of a record from the password database
(e.g., the local password file
.IR /etc/passwd ,
is called it returns the first entry; thereafter, it returns successive
entries.
.PP
-The \fBsetpwent()\fP function rewinds to the beginning
+The \fBsetpwent\fP() function rewinds to the beginning
of the password database.
.PP
-The \fBendpwent()\fP function is used to close the password database
+The \fBendpwent\fP() function is used to close the password database
after all processing has been performed.
.PP
The \fIpasswd\fP structure is defined in \fI<pwd.h>\fP as follows:
.fi
.RE
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetpwent()\fP function returns a pointer to a
+The \fBgetpwent\fP() function returns a pointer to a
.I passwd
structure, or NULL if
there are no more entries or an error occurs.
.BI " size_t " buflen ", struct passwd **" pwbufp );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The functions
-.B getpwent_r()
+.BR getpwent_r ()
and
-.B fgetpwent_r()
+.BR fgetpwent_r ()
are the reentrant versions of
.BR getpwent (3)
and
.sp
.SH NOTES
The function
-.B getpwent_r()
+.BR getpwent_r ()
is not really reentrant since it shares the reading position
in the stream with all other threads.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B getpwnam()
+.BR getpwnam ()
function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken-out fields of the record in the password database
(e.g., the local password file
.IR name .
.PP
The
-.B getpwuid()
+.BR getpwuid ()
function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken-out fields of the record in the password database
that matches the user ID
.IR uid .
.PP
The
-.B getpwnam_r()
+.BR getpwnam_r ()
and
-.B getpwuid_r()
+.BR getpwuid_r ()
functions obtain the same information, but store the retrieved
.I passwd
structure in the space pointed to by
.BR sysconf (3)
with the _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX parameter.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetpwnam()\fP and \fBgetpwuid()\fP functions return a pointer to a
+The \fBgetpwnam\fP() and \fBgetpwuid\fP() functions return a pointer to a
.I passwd
structure, or NULL if the matching entry is not found or
an error occurs.
.LP
The return value may point to static area, and may be overwritten
by subsequent calls to
-.BR getpwent() ,
-.BR getpwnam() ,
+.BR getpwent (),
+.BR getpwnam (),
or
-.BR getpwuid() .
+.BR getpwuid ().
.LP
-The \fBgetpwnam_r()\fP and \fBgetpwuid_r()\fP functions return
+The \fBgetpwnam_r\fP() and \fBgetpwuid_r\fP() functions return
zero on success. In case of error, an error number is returned.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
-.BR getrpcent() ,
-.BR getrpcbyname() ,
+.BR getrpcent (),
+.BR getrpcbyname (),
and
-.B getrpcbynumber()
+.BR getrpcbynumber ()
each return a pointer to an object with the
following structure
containing the broken-out
.PD
.RE
.LP
-.B getrpcent()
+.BR getrpcent ()
reads the next line of the file, opening the file if necessary.
.LP
-.B setrpcent()
+.BR setrpcent ()
opens and rewinds the file. If the
.I stayopen
flag is non-zero,
the net data base will not be closed after each call to
-.B getrpcent()
+.BR getrpcent ()
(either directly, or indirectly through one of
the other \*(lqgetrpc\*(rq calls).
.LP
.BR endrpcent ()
closes the file.
.LP
-.B getrpcbyname()
+.BR getrpcbyname ()
and
-.B getrpcbynumber()
+.BR getrpcbynumber ()
sequentially search from the beginning
of the file until a matching rpc program name or
program number is found, or until end-of-file is encountered.
int prognum, versnum, proto;
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B getrpcport()
+.BR getrpcport ()
returns the port number for version
.I versnum
of the RPC program
.nl
.BI "int ungetc(int " c ", FILE *" stream );
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B fgetc()
+.BR fgetc ()
reads the next character from
.I stream
and returns it as an
.B EOF
on end of file or error.
.PP
-.B getc()
+.BR getc ()
is equivalent to
-.B fgetc()
+.BR fgetc ()
except that it may be implemented as a macro which evaluates
.I stream
more than once.
.PP
-.B getchar()
+.BR getchar ()
is equivalent to
.BI "getc(" stdin ) \fR.
.PP
.B BUGS
below).
.PP
-.B fgets()
+.BR fgets ()
reads in at most one less than
.I size
characters from
.B '\e0'
is stored after the last character in the buffer.
.PP
-.B ungetc()
+.BR ungetc ()
pushes
.I c
back to
.B NULL
on error or when end of file occurs while no characters have been read.
.PP
-.B ungetc()
+.BR ungetc ()
returns
.I c
on success, or
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
ANSI-C, POSIX.1.
LSB deprecates
-.BR gets() .
+.BR gets ().
.SH BUGS
Never use
-.BR gets() .
+.BR gets ().
Because it is impossible to tell without knowing the data in advance how many
characters
-.B gets()
+.BR gets ()
will read, and because
-.B gets()
+.BR gets ()
will continue to store characters past the end of the buffer, it is extremely
dangerous to use. It has been used to break computer security. Use
-.B fgets()
+.BR fgets ()
instead.
.PP
It is not advisable to mix calls to input functions from the
.B stdio
library with low-level calls to
-.B read()
+.BR read ()
for the file descriptor associated with the input stream; the results
will be undefined and very probably not what you want.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.B void endservent(void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetservent()\fP function reads the next line from the file
+The \fBgetservent\fP() function reads the next line from the file
\fI/etc/services\fP and returns a structure \fIservent\fP containing
the broken out fields from the line. The \fI/etc/services\fP file
is opened if necessary.
.PP
-The \fBgetservbyname()\fP function returns a \fIservent\fP structure
+The \fBgetservbyname\fP() function returns a \fIservent\fP structure
for the line from \fI/etc/services\fP that matches the service
\fIname\fP using protocol \fIproto\fP. If \fIproto\fP is NULL,
any protocol will be matched.
.PP
-The \fBgetservbyport()\fP function returns a \fIservent\fP structure
+The \fBgetservbyport\fP() function returns a \fIservent\fP structure
for the line that matches the port \fIport\fP given in network byte order
using protocol \fIproto\fP. If \fIproto\fP is NULL,
any protocol will be matched.
.PP
-The \fBsetservent()\fP function opens and rewinds the
+The \fBsetservent\fP() function opens and rewinds the
\fI/etc/services\fP file. If \fIstayopen\fP is true (1), then the
-file will not be closed between calls to \fBgetservbyname()\fP and
-\fBgetservbyport()\fP.
+file will not be closed between calls to \fBgetservbyname\fP() and
+\fBgetservbyport\fP().
.PP
-The \fBendservent()\fP function closes \fI/etc/services\fP.
+The \fBendservent\fP() function closes \fI/etc/services\fP.
.PP
The \fIservent\fP structure is defined in \fI<netdb.h>\fP as follows:
.sp
.I s_proto
The name of the protocol to use with this service.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetservent()\fP, \fBgetservbyname()\fP and \fBgetservbyport()\fP
+The \fBgetservent\fP(), \fBgetservbyname\fP() and \fBgetservbyport\fP()
functions return the \fIservent\fP structure, or a NULL pointer if an
error occurs or the end of the file is reached.
.SH FILES
.\" now describes the sources to be used.
.LP
The
-.B getspnam()
+.BR getspnam ()
function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the broken-out fields of the record in the shadow password database
that matches the user name
.IR name .
.LP
The
-.B getspent()
+.BR getspent ()
function returns a pointer to the next entry in the shadow password
database.
The position in the input stream is initialized by
-.BR setspent() .
+.BR setspent ().
When done reading, the program may call
-.BR endspent()
+.BR endspent ()
so that resources can be deallocated.
.\" some systems require a call of setspent() before the first getspent()
.\" glibc does not
.LP
The
-.B fgetspent()
+.BR fgetspent ()
function is similar to
-.B getspent()
+.BR getspent ()
but uses the supplied stream instead of the one implicitly opened by
-.BR setspent() .
+.BR setspent ().
.LP
The
-.B sgetspent()
+.BR sgetspent ()
function parses the supplied string
.I s
into a struct
.IR spwd .
.LP
The
-.B putspent()
+.BR putspent ()
function writes the contents of the supplied struct
.I spwd
.RI * p
are written as an empty string.
.LP
The
-.B lckpwdf()
+.BR lckpwdf ()
function is intended to protect against multiple simultaneous accesses
of the shadow password database.
It tries to acquire a lock, and returns 0 on success,
or \-1 on failure (lock not obtained within 15 seconds).
The
-.B ulckpwdf()
+.BR ulckpwdf ()
function releases the lock again.
Note that there is no protection against direct access of the shadow
password file. Only programs that use
-.B lckpwdf()
+.BR lckpwdf ()
will notice the lock.
.LP
These were the functions that formed the original shadow API.
Analogous to the reentrant functions for the password database, glibc
also has reentrant functions for the shadow password database.
The
-.B getspnam_r()
+.BR getspnam_r ()
function is like
-.B getspnam()
+.BR getspnam ()
but stores the retrieved shadow password structure in the space pointed to by
.IR spbuf .
This shadow password structure contains pointers to strings, and these strings
.RI * spbufp .
.LP
The functions
-.BR getspent_r() ,
-.BR fgetspent_r() ,
+.BR getspent_r (),
+.BR fgetspent_r (),
and
-.BR sgetspent_r()
+.BR sgetspent_r ()
are similarly analogous to their non-reentrant counterparts.
.LP
Some non-glibc systems also have functions with these names,
.RE
except that it is documented to be thread-safe (that is, shares
a lock with the
-.I umask()
+.IR umask ()
library call).
.SH NOTES
This function is documented but not implemented yet in glibc 2.2.5.
.B void endusershell(void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBgetusershell()\fP function returns the next line from the file
+The \fBgetusershell\fP() function returns the next line from the file
\fI/etc/shells\fP, opening the file if necessary. The line should contain
the pathname of a valid user shell. If \fI/etc/shells\fP does not exist or
-is unreadable, \fBgetusershell()\fP behaves as if \fI/bin/sh\fP and
+is unreadable, \fBgetusershell\fP() behaves as if \fI/bin/sh\fP and
\fI/bin/csh\fP were listed in the file.
.PP
-The \fBsetusershell()\fP function rewinds \fI/etc/shells\fP.
+The \fBsetusershell\fP() function rewinds \fI/etc/shells\fP.
.PP
-The \fBendusershell()\fP function closes \fI/etc/shells\fP.
+The \fBendusershell\fP() function closes \fI/etc/shells\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBgetusershell()\fP function returns a NULL pointer on end-of-file.
+The \fBgetusershell\fP() function returns a NULL pointer on end-of-file.
.SH FILES
.nf
/etc/shells
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
XPG 2, SVID 2, Linux FSSTND 1.2
.LP
-In XPG2 and SVID2 the function \fIpututline()\fP is documented
+In XPG2 and SVID2 the function \fIpututline\fP() is documented
to return void, and that is what it does on many systems
(AIX, HPUX, Linux libc5).
-HPUX introduces a new function \fI_pututline()\fP with the prototype
-given above for \fIpututline()\fP (also found in Linux libc5).
+HPUX introduces a new function \fI_pututline\fP() with the prototype
+given above for \fIpututline\fP() (also found in Linux libc5).
.LP
All these functions are obsolete now on non-Linux systems.
POSIX 1003.1-2001, following XPG4.2,
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B glob()
+.BR glob ()
function searches for all the pathnames matching
.I pattern
according to the rules used by the shell (see
.BR wordexp (3).
.PP
The
-.B globfree()
+.BR globfree ()
function frees the dynamically allocated storage from an earlier call
to
-.BR glob() .
+.BR glob ().
.PP
The results of a
-.B glob()
+.BR glob ()
call are stored in the structure pointed to by
.IR pglob ,
which is a
.I flags
is made up of bitwise OR of zero or more the following symbolic
constants, which modify the of behaviour of
-.BR glob() :
+.BR glob ():
.TP
.B GLOB_ERR
which means to return upon read error (because a directory does not
.B GLOB_APPEND
which means to append to the results of a previous call. Do not set
this flag on the first invocation of
-.BR glob() .
+.BR glob ().
.TP
.B GLOB_NOESCAPE
which means that meta characters cannot be quoted by backslashes.
returns non-zero, or if
.B GLOB_ERR
is set,
-.B glob()
+.BR glob ()
will terminate after the call to
.IR errfunc .
.PP
.BR NULL .
.PP
It is possible to call
-.B glob()
+.BR glob ()
several times. In that case, the
.B GLOB_APPEND
flag has to be set in
if any metacharacters were found.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On successful completion,
-.B glob()
+.BR glob ()
returns zero.
Other possible returns are:
.TP
POSIX.2
.SH BUGS
The
-.B glob()
+.BR glob ()
function may fail due to failure of underlying function calls, such as
.BR malloc() " or " opendir() .
These will store their error code in
Don't use these functions under Linux.
Due to a historical mistake, under Linux these functions are
aliases for
-.I raise()
+.IR raise ()
and
-.IR signal() ,
+.IR signal (),
respectively.
.LP
Elsewhere, on SYSV-like systems, these functions implement
software signalling, entirely independent of the classical
signal and kill functions. The function
-.B ssignal()
+.BR ssignal ()
defines the action to take when the software signal with
number
.I signum
is raised using the function
-.BR gsignal() ,
+.BR gsignal (),
and returns the previous such action or SIG_DFL.
The function
-.B gsignal()
+.BR gsignal ()
does the following: if no action (or the action SIG_DFL) was
specified for
.IR signum ,
They are called obsolete under most of these systems, and are
broken under Linux libc and glibc.
Some systems also have
-.I gsignal_r()
+.IR gsignal_r ()
and
-.IR ssignal_r() .
+.IR ssignal_r ().
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR kill (2),
.BR signal (2),
allow the user to create a hash table (only one at a time)
which associates a key with any data.
.PP
-First the table must be created with the function \fBhcreate()\fP.
+First the table must be created with the function \fBhcreate\fP().
The argument \fInel\fP is an estimate of the maximum number of entries
in the table.
-The function \fBhcreate()\fP may adjust this value upward to improve the
+The function \fBhcreate\fP() may adjust this value upward to improve the
performance of the resulting hash table.
.PP
-The corresponding function \fBhdestroy()\fP frees the memory occupied by
+The corresponding function \fBhdestroy\fP() frees the memory occupied by
the hash table so that a new table can be constructed.
.PP
The argument \fIitem\fP is of type \fBENTRY\fP, which is a typedef defined in
The field \fIkey\fP points to the NUL-terminated string which is the
search key.
The field \fIdata\fP points to the data associated with that key.
-The function \fBhsearch()\fP searches the hash table for an
+The function \fBhsearch\fP() searches the hash table for an
item with the same key as \fIitem\fP (where "the same" is determined using
.BR strcmp (3)),
and if successful returns a pointer to it.
-The argument \fIaction\fP determines what \fBhsearch()\fP does
+The argument \fIaction\fP determines what \fBhsearch\fP() does
after an unsuccessful search. A value of \fBENTER\fP instructs it to
insert a copy of \fIitem\fP, while a value of \fBFIND\fP means to return
\fBNULL\fP.
are reentrant versions that allow the use of more than one table.
The last argument used identifies the table. The struct it points to
must be zeroed before the first call to
-.BR hcreate_r() .
+.BR hcreate_r ().
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-\fBhcreate()\fP and \fBhcreate_r()\fP return 0 when allocation of the memory
+\fBhcreate\fP() and \fBhcreate_r\fP() return 0 when allocation of the memory
for the hash table fails, non-zero otherwise.
.LP
-\fBhsearch()\fP returns \fBNULL\fP if \fIaction\fP is \fBENTER\fP and
+\fBhsearch\fP() returns \fBNULL\fP if \fIaction\fP is \fBENTER\fP and
the hash table is full, or \fIaction\fP is \fBFIND\fP and \fIitem\fP
cannot be found in the hash table.
.LP
-\fBhsearch_r()\fP returns 0 if \fIaction\fP is \fBENTER\fP and
+\fBhsearch_r\fP() returns 0 if \fIaction\fP is \fBENTER\fP and
the hash table is full, and non-zero otherwise.
.SH ERRORS
POSIX documents
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B hypot()
+.BR hypot ()
function returns
.RI sqrt( x * x + y * y ).
This is the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle
These functions return the exponent part of their argument
as a signed integer. When no error occurs, these functions
are equivalent to the corresponding
-.B logb()
+.BR logb ()
functions, cast to (int).
An error will occur for zero and infinity and NaN,
and possibly for overflow.
.BI "char *rindex(const char *" s ", int " c );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBindex()\fP function returns a pointer to the first occurrence
+The \fBindex\fP() function returns a pointer to the first occurrence
of the character \fIc\fP in the string \fIs\fP.
.PP
-The \fBrindex()\fP function returns a pointer to the last occurrence
+The \fBrindex\fP() function returns a pointer to the last occurrence
of the character \fIc\fP in the string \fIs\fP.
.PP
The terminating NULL character is considered to be a part of the
strings.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBindex()\fP and \fBrindex()\fP functions return a pointer to
+The \fBindex\fP() and \fBrindex\fP() functions return a pointer to
the matched character or NULL if the character is not found.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
4.3BSD
.BI "in_addr_t inet_netof(struct in_addr " in );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-\fBinet_aton()\fP converts the Internet host address \fIcp\fP from the
+\fBinet_aton\fP() converts the Internet host address \fIcp\fP from the
standard numbers-and-dots notation into binary data and stores it in
the structure that \fIinp\fP points to. \fBinet_aton\fP() returns
non-zero if the address is valid, zero if not.
.PP
-The \fBinet_addr()\fP function converts the Internet host address
+The \fBinet_addr\fP() function converts the Internet host address
\fIcp\fP from numbers-and-dots notation into binary data in network
byte order. If the input is invalid, INADDR_NONE (usually \-1) is returned.
This is an \fIobsolete\fP interface to \fBinet_aton\fP(), described
(255.255.255.255), and \fBinet_aton\fP() provides a cleaner way
to indicate error return.
.PP
-The \fBinet_network()\fP function extracts the network number in
+The \fBinet_network\fP() function extracts the network number in
host byte order from the address \fIcp\fP in numbers-and-dots
notation. If the input is invalid, \-1 is returned.
.PP
-The \fBinet_ntoa()\fP function converts the Internet host address
+The \fBinet_ntoa\fP() function converts the Internet host address
\fIin\fP given in network byte order to a string in standard
numbers-and-dots notation. The string is returned in a statically
allocated buffer, which subsequent calls will overwrite.
.PP
-The \fBinet_makeaddr()\fP function makes an Internet host address
+The \fBinet_makeaddr\fP() function makes an Internet host address
in network byte order by combining the network number \fInet\fP
with the local address \fIhost\fP in network \fInet\fP, both in
local host byte order.
.PP
-The \fBinet_lnaof()\fP function returns the local host address part
+The \fBinet_lnaof\fP() function returns the local host address part
of the Internet address \fIin\fP. The local host address is returned
in local host byte order.
.PP
-The \fBinet_netof()\fP function returns the network number part of
+The \fBinet_netof\fP() function returns the network number part of
the Internet Address \fIin\fP. The network number is returned in
local host byte order.
.PP
-The structure \fIin_addr\fP as used in \fBinet_ntoa()\fP,
-\fBinet_makeaddr()\fP, \fBinet_lnoaf()\fP and \fBinet_netof()\fP
+The structure \fIin_addr\fP as used in \fBinet_ntoa\fP(),
+\fBinet_makeaddr\fP(), \fBinet_lnoaf\fP() and \fBinet_netof\fP()
is defined in \fInetinet/in.h\fP as:
.sp
.RS
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBinfnan()\fP function returns a suitable value for infinity and
+The \fBinfnan\fP() function returns a suitable value for infinity and
"not-a-number" (NaN) results. The value of \fIerror\fP can be ERANGE
to represent infinity or anything else to represent NaN. \fIerrno\fP
is also set.
.BI "int initgroups(const char *" user ", gid_t " group );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBinitgroups()\fP function initializes the group access list by
+The \fBinitgroups\fP() function initializes the group access list by
reading the group database \fI/etc/group\fP and using all groups of
which \fIuser\fP is a member. The additional group \fIgroup\fP is
also added to the list.
.I user
argument must be non-NULL.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBinitgroups()\fP function returns 0 on success.
+The \fBinitgroups\fP() function returns 0 on success.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set appropriately.
.BI "void insque(void *" elem ", void *" prev );
.BI "void remque(void *" elem );
.SH DESCRIPTION
-\fBinsque()\fP and \fBremque()\fP are functions for manipulating
+\fBinsque\fP() and \fBremque\fP() are functions for manipulating
doubly-linked lists. Each element in the list is a structure of
which the first two structure elements are a forward and a
backward pointer.
-\fBinsque()\fP inserts the element pointed to by \fIelem\fP
+\fBinsque\fP() inserts the element pointed to by \fIelem\fP
immediately after the element pointed to by \fIprev\fP, which must
not be NULL.
-\fBremque()\fP removes the element pointed to by \fIelem\fP from the
+\fBremque\fP() removes the element pointed to by \fIelem\fP from the
doubly-linked list.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX 1003.1-2001
locale, it is equivalent to
.BI "(isupper(" c ") || islower(" c "))" \fR.
In some locales, there may be additional characters for which
-.B isalpha()
+.BR isalpha ()
is true\(emletters which are neither upper case nor lower
case.
.TP
if not.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
ANSI-C, 4.3BSD.
-\fBisascii()\fP is a BSD extension
+\fBisascii\fP() is a BSD extension
and is also an SVID extension.
-\fBisblank()\fP conforms to ISO C99 7.4.1.3.
+\fBisblank\fP() conforms to ISO C99 7.4.1.3.
.SH NOTE
The details of what characters belong into which class depend on the current
locale. For example,
-.B isupper()
+.BR isupper ()
will not recognize an A-umlaut (\(:A) as an uppercase letter in the default
.B "C"
locale.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBj0()\fP and \fBj1()\fP functions return Bessel functions of \fIx\fP
-of the first kind of orders 0 and 1, respectively. The \fBjn()\fP function
+The \fBj0\fP() and \fBj1\fP() functions return Bessel functions of \fIx\fP
+of the first kind of orders 0 and 1, respectively. The \fBjn\fP() function
returns the Bessel function of \fIx\fP of the first kind of order \fIn\fP.
.PP
-The \fBy0()\fP and \fBy1()\fP functions return Bessel functions of \fIx\fP
-of the second kind of orders 0 and 1, respectively. The \fByn()\fP function
+The \fBy0\fP() and \fBy1\fP() functions return Bessel functions of \fIx\fP
+of the second kind of orders 0 and 1, respectively. The \fByn\fP() function
returns the Bessel function of \fIx\fP of the second kind of order \fIn\fP.
.PP
-For the functions \fBy0()\fP, \fBy1()\fP and \fByn()\fP, the value of \fIx\fP
+For the functions \fBy0\fP(), \fBy1\fP() and \fByn\fP(), the value of \fIx\fP
must be positive. For negative values of \fIx\fP, these functions return
\-HUGE_VAL.
.PP
-The \fBj0f()\fP etc. and \fBj0l()\fP etc. functions are versions that take
+The \fBj0f\fP() etc. and \fBj0l\fP() etc. functions are versions that take
and return float and long double values, respectively.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The functions returning double conform to SVID 3, 4.3BSD, XPG4,
POSIX 1003.1-2001.
.SH BUGS
-There are errors of up to 2e\-16 in the values returned by \fBj0()\fP,
-\fBj1()\fP and \fBjn()\fP for values of \fIx\fP between \-8 and 8.
+There are errors of up to 2e\-16 in the values returned by \fBj0\fP(),
+\fBj1\fP() and \fBjn\fP() for values of \fIx\fP between \-8 and 8.
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B killpg()
+.BR killpg ()
function causes signal
.I signal
to be sent to all the processes in the process group
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B ldexp()
+.BR ldexp ()
function returns the result of multiplying the floating-point number
.I x
by 2 raised to the power
For the definition of the Gamma function, see
.BR tgamma (3).
.PP
-The \fBlgamma()\fP function returns the natural logarithm of
+The \fBlgamma\fP() function returns the natural logarithm of
the absolute value of the Gamma function.
The sign of the Gamma function is returned in the
external integer \fIsigngam\fP declared in
.PP
Since using a constant location
.I signgam
-is not thread-safe, the functions \fBlgamma_r()\fP etc. have
+is not thread-safe, the functions \fBlgamma_r\fP() etc. have
been introduced; they return this sign via the parameter
.IR signp .
.PP
-For nonpositive integer values of \fIx\fP, \fBlgamma()\fP returns HUGE_VAL,
+For nonpositive integer values of \fIx\fP, \fBlgamma\fP() returns HUGE_VAL,
sets \fIerrno\fP to ERANGE and raises the zero divide exception.
-(Similarly, \fBlgammaf()\fP returns HUGE_VALF and \fBlgammal()\fP returns
+(Similarly, \fBlgammaf\fP() returns HUGE_VALF and \fBlgammal\fP() returns
HUGE_VALL.)
.SH ERRORS
In order to check for errors, set
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B localeconv()
+.BR localeconv ()
function returns a pointer to a
.B struct lconv
for the current locale. This structure is defined in the header-file
and
.BR LC_MONETARY .
Programs may also use the functions
-.B printf()
+.BR printf ()
and
-.B strfmon()
+.BR strfmon ()
that behave according the actual locale in use.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
ANSI C, POSIX.1
.SH BUGS
The
-.B printf()
+.BR printf ()
family of functions may or may not honor the current locale.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR locale (1),
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBlog()\fP function returns the natural logarithm of \fIx\fP.
+The \fBlog\fP() function returns the natural logarithm of \fIx\fP.
.SH ERRORS
-The \fBlog()\fP function can return the following errors:
+The \fBlog\fP() function can return the following errors:
.TP
.B EDOM
The argument \fIx\fP is negative.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBlog10()\fP function returns the base 10 logarithm of \fIx\fP.
+The \fBlog10\fP() function returns the base 10 logarithm of \fIx\fP.
.SH ERRORS
-The \fBlog10()\fP function can return the following errors:
+The \fBlog10\fP() function can return the following errors:
.TP
.B EDOM
The argument \fIx\fP is negative.
.sp
Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBlog2()\fP function returns the base 2 logarithm of \fIx\fP.
+The \fBlog2\fP() function returns the base 2 logarithm of \fIx\fP.
.SH ERRORS
-The \fBlog2()\fP function can return the following error:
+The \fBlog2\fP() function can return the following error:
.TP
.B EDOM
The argument \fIx\fP is negative.
If
.I x
is de-normalized,
-.B logb()
+.BR logb ()
returns the exponent
.I x
would have if it were normalized.
.fi
.ad b
.SH DESCRIPTION
-\fBlongjmp()\fP and \fBsetjmp()\fP are useful for dealing with errors
+\fBlongjmp\fP() and \fBsetjmp\fP() are useful for dealing with errors
and interrupts encountered in a low-level subroutine of a program.
-\fBlongjmp()\fP restores the environment saved by the last call of
-\fBsetjmp()\fP with the corresponding \fIenv\fP argument. After
-\fBlongjmp()\fP is completed, program execution continues as if the
-corresponding call of \fBsetjmp()\fP had just returned the value
-\fIval\fP. \fBlongjmp()\fP cannot cause 0 to be returned. If longjmp
+\fBlongjmp\fP() restores the environment saved by the last call of
+\fBsetjmp\fP() with the corresponding \fIenv\fP argument. After
+\fBlongjmp\fP() is completed, program execution continues as if the
+corresponding call of \fBsetjmp\fP() had just returned the value
+\fIval\fP. \fBlongjmp\fP() cannot cause 0 to be returned. If longjmp
is invoked with a second argument of 0, 1 will be returned instead.
.P
-\fBsiglongjmp()\fP is similar to \fBlongjmp()\fP except for the type of
-its \fIenv\fP argument. If the \fBsigsetjmp()\fP call that set this
-\fIenv\fP used a non-zero \fIsavesigs\fP flag, \fBsiglongjmp()\fP also
+\fBsiglongjmp\fP() is similar to \fBlongjmp\fP() except for the type of
+its \fIenv\fP argument. If the \fBsigsetjmp\fP() call that set this
+\fIenv\fP used a non-zero \fIsavesigs\fP flag, \fBsiglongjmp\fP() also
restores the set of blocked signals.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
These functions never return.
context. If you want to save and restore signal masks, use
\fBsiglongjmp\fP().
.P
-\fBlongjmp()\fP and \fBsiglongjmp()\fP make programs hard to
+\fBlongjmp\fP() and \fBsiglongjmp\fP() make programs hard to
understand and maintain. If possible an alternative should be used.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR setjmp (3),
.RE
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-\fBlfind()\fP and \fBlsearch()\fP perform a linear search for
+\fBlfind\fP() and \fBlsearch\fP() perform a linear search for
\fIkey\fP in the array \fIbase\fP which has *\fInmemb\fP elements of
\fIsize\fP bytes each. The comparison function referenced by
\fIcompar\fP is expected to have two arguments which point to the
returns zero if the \fIkey\fP object matches the array member, and
non-zero otherwise.
.PP
-If \fBlsearch()\fP does not find a matching element, then the \fIkey\fP
+If \fBlsearch\fP() does not find a matching element, then the \fIkey\fP
object is inserted at the end of the table, and *\fInmemb\fP is
incremented.
In particular, one should know that a matching element
exists, or that more room is available.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-\fBlfind()\fP returns a pointer to a matching member of the array, or
-\fBNULL\fP if no match is found. \fBlsearch()\fP returns a pointer to
+\fBlfind\fP() returns a pointer to a matching member of the array, or
+\fBNULL\fP if no match is found. \fBlsearch\fP() returns a pointer to
a matching member of the array, or to the newly added member if no
match is found.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.BR lseek (2).
.PP
Four interfaces are available:
-.IR lseek() ,
-.IR lseek64() ,
-.IR llseek() ,
+.IR lseek (),
+.IR lseek64 (),
+.IR llseek (),
and the raw system call
-.IR _llseek() .
+.IR _llseek ().
.SS lseek
Prototype:
.nf
.fi
.sp
The library routine
-.I lseek()
+.IR lseek ()
uses the type
.BR off_t .
This is a 32-bit signed type on 32-bit architectures, unless one
.fi
.sp
The library routine
-.I lseek64()
+.IR lseek64 ()
uses a 64-bit type even when
.B off_t
is a 32-bit type. Its prototype (and the type
.sp
.fi
The function
-.I lseek64()
+.IR lseek64 ()
.\" in glibc 2.0.94, not in 2.0.6
is available since glibc 2.1, and is defined to be an alias for
-.IR llseek() .
+.IR llseek ().
.SS llseek
Prototype:
.B loff_t
is a 64-bit signed type.
The library routine
-.I llseek()
+.IR llseek ()
.\" in libc 5.0.9, not in 4.7.6
is available in libc5 and glibc and works without special defines.
Its prototype was given in
In a SysV-like environment, one has the type \fBucontext_t\fP defined in
.I <ucontext.h>
and the four functions
-\fBgetcontext()\fP, \fBsetcontext()\fP, \fBmakecontext()\fP
-and \fBswapcontext()\fP that allow user-level context switching
+\fBgetcontext\fP(), \fBsetcontext\fP(), \fBmakecontext\fP()
+and \fBswapcontext\fP() that allow user-level context switching
between multiple threads of control within a process.
.LP
For the type and the first two functions, see
.BR getcontext (2).
.LP
-The \fBmakecontext()\fP function modifies the context pointed to
-by \fIucp\fP (which was obtained from a call to \fBgetcontext()\fP).
-Before calling \fBmakecontext()\fP, one should allocate a new stack
+The \fBmakecontext\fP() function modifies the context pointed to
+by \fIucp\fP (which was obtained from a call to \fBgetcontext\fP()).
+Before calling \fBmakecontext\fP(), one should allocate a new stack
for this context, assigning to \fIucp->uc_stack\fP, and define a
successor context, assigning to \fIucp->uc_link\fP.
-When this context is later activated (using \fBsetcontext()\fP or
-\fBswapcontext()\fP) then first the function \fIfunc\fP is called,
+When this context is later activated (using \fBsetcontext\fP() or
+\fBswapcontext\fP()) then first the function \fIfunc\fP is called,
with the arguments specified following \fIargc\fP (where \fIargc\fP
must contain the number of these arguments), and when this function
returns, the successor context is activated. When the successor context
pointer is NULL, the thread exits.
.LP
-The \fBswapcontext()\fP function saves the current context in
+The \fBswapcontext\fP() function saves the current context in
the structure pointed to by \fIoucp\fP, and then activates the
context pointed to by \fIucp\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-When successful, \fBswapcontext()\fP
+When successful, \fBswapcontext\fP()
does not return. (But we may return later, in case \fIoucp\fP is
-activated, in which case it looks like \fBswapcontext()\fP returns 0.)
-On error, \fBswapcontext()\fP returns \-1 and
+activated, in which case it looks like \fBswapcontext\fP() returns 0.)
+On error, \fBswapcontext\fP() returns \-1 and
sets \-1 \fIerrno\fP appropriately.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.BI "void *realloc(void " "*ptr" ", size_t " "size" );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B calloc()
+.BR calloc ()
allocates memory for an array of
.I nmemb
elements of
bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
The memory is set to zero.
.PP
-.B malloc()
+.BR malloc ()
allocates
.I size
bytes and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
The memory is not cleared.
.PP
-.B free()
+.BR free ()
frees the memory space pointed to by
.IR ptr ,
which must have been returned by a previous call to
-.BR malloc() ,
-.B calloc()
+.BR malloc (),
+.BR calloc ()
or
-.BR realloc() .
+.BR realloc ().
Otherwise, or if
.BI "free(" "ptr" )
has already been called before, undefined behaviour occurs.
.BR NULL ,
no operation is performed.
.PP
-.B realloc()
+.BR realloc ()
changes the size of the memory block pointed to by
.I ptr
to
is
.BR NULL ,
it must have been returned by an earlier call to
-.BR malloc() ,
-.BR calloc()
+.BR malloc (),
+.BR calloc ()
or
-.BR realloc() .
+.BR realloc ().
If the area pointed to was moved, a
.BI "free(" "ptr" )
is done.
.B NULL
if the request fails.
.PP
-.B free()
+.BR free ()
returns no value.
.PP
-.B realloc()
+.BR realloc ()
returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, which is suitably
aligned for any kind of variable and may be different from
.IR ptr ,
was equal to 0, either NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to
.IR free ()
is returned. If
-.B realloc()
+.BR realloc ()
fails the original block is left untouched; it is not freed or moved.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
ANSI-C
.BR posix_memalign (3)
.SH NOTES
The Unix98 standard requires
-.BR malloc() ,
-.BR calloc() ,
+.BR malloc (),
+.BR calloc (),
and
.BR realloc ()
to set
.IR errno .
.LP
Crashes in
-.BR malloc() ,
-.BR free()
+.BR malloc (),
+.BR free ()
or
-.BR realloc()
+.BR realloc ()
are almost always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing
an allocated chunk or freeing the same pointer twice.
.PP
is set, a special (less efficient) implementation is used which
is designed to be tolerant against simple errors, such as double
calls of
-.BR free()
+.BR free ()
with the same argument, or overruns of a single byte (off-by-one
bugs). Not all such errors can be protected against, however, and
memory leaks can result.
is set to 0, any detected heap corruption is silently ignored;
if set to 1, a diagnostic is printed on stderr;
if set to 2,
-.BR abort()
+.BR abort ()
is called immediately. This can be useful because otherwise
a crash may happen much later, and the true cause for the problem
is then very hard to track down.
.SH BUGS
By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy.
This means that when
-.B malloc()
+.BR malloc ()
returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the memory really
is available. This is a really bad bug.
In case it turns out that the system is out of memory,
.BI "void *memccpy(void *" dest ", const void *" src ", int " c ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmemccpy()\fP function copies no more than \fIn\fP bytes from
+The \fBmemccpy\fP() function copies no more than \fIn\fP bytes from
memory area \fIsrc\fP to memory area \fIdest\fP, stopping when the
character \fIc\fP is found.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemccpy()\fP function returns a pointer to the next character
+The \fBmemccpy\fP() function returns a pointer to the next character
in \fIdest\fP after \fIc\fP, or NULL if \fIc\fP was not found in the
first \fIn\fP characters of \fIsrc\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B memchr()
+.BR memchr ()
function scans the first \fIn\fP bytes of the memory
area pointed to by \fIs\fP for the character \fIc\fP. The first byte to
match \fIc\fP (interpreted as an unsigned character) stops the operation.
.PP
The
-.B memrchr()
+.BR memrchr ()
function is like the
-.B memchr()
+.BR memchr ()
function,
except that it searches backwards from the end of the \fIn\fP bytes
pointed to by \fIs\fP instead of forwards from the front.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemchr()\fP and \fBmemrchr()\fP functions return a pointer
+The \fBmemchr\fP() and \fBmemrchr\fP() functions return a pointer
to the matching byte or NULL if the character does not occur in
the given memory area.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B memchr()
+.BR memchr ()
function conforms to SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899, POSIX.
The
-.B memrchr()
+.BR memrchr ()
function is a GNU extension, available since glibc 2.1.91.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR index (3),
.BI "int memcmp(const void *" s1 ", const void *" s2 ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmemcmp()\fP function compares the first \fIn\fP bytes of the
+The \fBmemcmp\fP() function compares the first \fIn\fP bytes of the
memory areas \fIs1\fP and \fIs2\fP. It returns an integer less than,
equal to, or greater than zero if \fIs1\fP is found, respectively, to
be less than, to match, or be greater than \fIs2\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemcmp()\fP function returns an integer less than, equal to, or
+The \fBmemcmp\fP() function returns an integer less than, equal to, or
greater than zero if the first \fIn\fP bytes of \fIs1\fP is found,
respectively, to be less than, to match, or be greater than the first
\fIn\fP bytes of \fIs2\fP.
.BI "void *memcpy(void *" dest ", const void *" src ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmemcpy()\fP function copies \fIn\fP bytes from memory area
+The \fBmemcpy\fP() function copies \fIn\fP bytes from memory area
\fIsrc\fP to memory area \fIdest\fP. The memory areas should not
overlap. Use \fBmemmove\fP(3) if the memory areas do overlap.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemcpy()\fP function returns a pointer to \fIdest\fP.
+The \fBmemcpy\fP() function returns a pointer to \fIdest\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BI "void *memfrob(void *" s ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmemfrob()\fP function encrypts the first \fIn\fP bytes of the
+The \fBmemfrob\fP() function encrypts the first \fIn\fP bytes of the
memory area \fIs\fP by exclusive-ORing each character with the number
-42. The effect can be reversed by using \fBmemfrob()\fP on the
+42. The effect can be reversed by using \fBmemfrob\fP() on the
encrypted memory area.
.PP
Note that this function is not a proper encryption routine as the XOR
constant is fixed, and is only suitable for hiding strings.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemfrob()\fP function returns a pointer to the encrypted memory
+The \fBmemfrob\fP() function returns a pointer to the encrypted memory
area.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-The \fBmemfrob()\fP function is unique to the Linux C Library and
+The \fBmemfrob\fP() function is unique to the Linux C Library and
GNU C Library.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR strfry (3)
.in
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmemmem()\fP function finds the start of the first occurrence
+The \fBmemmem\fP() function finds the start of the first occurrence
of the substring \fIneedle\fP of length \fIneedlelen\fP in the memory
area \fIhaystack\fP of length \fIhaystacklen\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemmem()\fP function returns a pointer to the beginning of the
+The \fBmemmem\fP() function returns a pointer to the beginning of the
substring, or NULL if the substring is not found.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
This function is a GNU extension.
.BI "void *memmove(void *" dest ", const void *" src ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmemmove()\fP function copies \fIn\fP bytes from memory area
+The \fBmemmove\fP() function copies \fIn\fP bytes from memory area
\fIsrc\fP to memory area \fIdest\fP. The memory areas may overlap.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemmove()\fP function returns a pointer to \fIdest\fP.
+The \fBmemmove\fP() function returns a pointer to \fIdest\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B mempcpy()
+.BR mempcpy ()
function is nearly identical to the
-.B memcpy()
+.BR memcpy ()
function. It copies
.I n
bytes from the object beginning at
shall be copied to consecutive memory positions.
.PP
The
-.B wmempcpy()
+.BR wmempcpy ()
function is identical but takes
.I wchar_t
type arguments and copies
.BI "void *memset(void *" s ", int " c ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmemset()\fP function fills the first \fIn\fP bytes of the
+The \fBmemset\fP() function fills the first \fIn\fP bytes of the
memory area pointed to by \fIs\fP with the constant byte \fIc\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmemset()\fP function returns a pointer to the memory area
+The \fBmemset\fP() function returns a pointer to the memory area
\fIs\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.BI "char *mkdtemp(char *" template );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmkdtemp()\fP function generates a uniquely-named temporary
+The \fBmkdtemp\fP() function generates a uniquely-named temporary
directory from \fItemplate\fP. The last six characters of \fItemplate\fP
must be XXXXXX and these are replaced with a string that makes the
.\" FIXME: were the permissions 0700 in all glibc versions ?
.I template
must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a character array.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmkdtemp()\fP function returns a pointer to the modified template
+The \fBmkdtemp\fP() function returns a pointer to the modified template
string on success, and \fBNULL\fP on failure, in which case
.IR errno
is set appropriately.
.BI "int mkstemp(char *" template );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmkstemp()\fP function generates a unique temporary file name
+The \fBmkstemp\fP() function generates a unique temporary file name
from \fItemplate\fP. The last six characters of \fItemplate\fP must
be XXXXXX and these are replaced with a string that makes the
filename unique. The file is then created with mode read/write and
.BR mkstemp ()
returns successfully we are the only user.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-On success, the \fBmkstemp()\fP function returns the file descriptor
+On success, the \fBmkstemp\fP() function returns the file descriptor
of the temporary file.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
.BI "char *mktemp(char *" template );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmktemp()\fP function generates a unique temporary file name
+The \fBmktemp\fP() function generates a unique temporary file name
from \fItemplate\fP. The last six characters of \fItemplate\fP must
be XXXXXX and these are replaced with a string that makes the
filename unique. Since it will be modified,
.I template
must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a character array.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmktemp()\fP function returns NULL on error (\fItemplate\fP did not
+The \fBmktemp\fP() function returns NULL on error (\fItemplate\fP did not
end in XXXXXX) and \fItemplate\fP otherwise.
If the call was successful, the last six bytes of \fItemplate\fP will
have been modified in such a way that the resulting name is unique
and has the prototype in
.IR <stdlib.h> .
.SH BUGS
-Never use \fBmktemp()\fP. Some implementations follow 4.3BSD
+Never use \fBmktemp\fP(). Some implementations follow 4.3BSD
and replace XXXXXX by the current process ID and a single letter,
so that at most 26 different names can be returned.
Since on the one hand the names are easy to guess, and on the other
hand there is a race between testing whether the name exists and
-opening the file, every use of \fBmktemp()\fP is a security risk.
+opening the file, every use of \fBmktemp\fP() is a security risk.
The race is avoided by
.BR mkstemp (3).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBmodf()\fP function breaks the argument \fIx\fP into an integral
+The \fBmodf\fP() function breaks the argument \fIx\fP into an integral
part and a fractional part, each of which has the same sign as \fIx\fP.
The integral part is stored in \fIiptr\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBmodf()\fP function returns the fractional part of \fIx\fP.
+The \fBmodf\fP() function returns the fractional part of \fIx\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
The float and the long double variants are C99 requirements.
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B nextafter()
+.BR nextafter ()
functions return the next representable neighbor of
\fIx\fP in the direction towards \fIy\fP. The size of the step
between \fIx\fP and the result depends on the type of the result.
depending on the direction.
.PP
The
-.B nexttoward()
+.BR nexttoward ()
functions do the same as the
-.B nextafter()
+.BR nextafter ()
functions, except that they have a long double second argument.
.PP
These functions will signal overflow or underflow if the result
.BI "DIR *opendir(const char *" name );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBopendir()\fP function opens a directory stream corresponding to the
+The \fBopendir\fP() function opens a directory stream corresponding to the
directory \fIname\fP, and returns a pointer to the directory stream. The
stream is positioned at the first entry in the directory.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBopendir()\fP function returns a pointer to the directory stream.
+The \fBopendir\fP() function returns a pointer to the directory stream.
On error, NULL is returned, and
.I errno
is set appropriately.
Link with \-lutil.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B openpty()
+.BR openpty ()
function finds an available pseudo-terminal and returns file descriptors
for the master and slave in
.I amaster
.IR winp .
The
-.B login_tty()
+.BR login_tty ()
function prepares for a login on the tty
.I fd
(which may be a real tty device, or the slave of a pseudo-terminal as
returned by
-.BR openpty() )
+.BR openpty ())
by creating a new session, making
.I fd
the controlling terminal for the current process, setting
.IR fd .
The
-.B forkpty()
+.BR forkpty ()
function combines
-.BR openpty() ,
-.BR fork() ,
+.BR openpty (),
+.BR fork (),
and
-.B login_tty()
+.BR login_tty ()
to create a new process operating in a pseudo-terminal. The file
descriptor of the master side of the pseudo-terminal is returned in
.IR amaster ,
side of the pseudo-terminal.
.SH "RETURN VALUES"
If a call to
-.BR openpty() ,
-.BR login_tty() ,
+.BR openpty (),
+.BR login_tty (),
or
-.B forkpty()
+.BR forkpty ()
is not successful, \-1 is returned and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error. Otherwise,
-.BR openpty() ,
-.BR login_tty() ,
+.BR openpty (),
+.BR login_tty (),
and the child process of
-.B forkpty()
+.BR forkpty ()
return 0, and the parent process of
-.B forkpty()
+.BR forkpty ()
returns the process ID of the child process.
.SH ERRORS
-.B openpty()
+.BR openpty ()
will fail if:
.TP
.B ENOENT
There are no available ttys.
.LP
-.B login_pty()
+.BR login_pty ()
will fail if
-.B ioctl()
+.BR ioctl ()
fails to set
.I fd
to the controlling terminal of the current process.
.LP
-.B forkpty()
+.BR forkpty ()
will fail if either
-.B openpty()
+.BR openpty ()
or
-.B fork()
+.BR fork ()
fails.
.SH NOTE
These functions are included in libutil, hence you'll need to add
Nobody knows how much space should be reserved for
.IR name .
So, calling
-.B openpty()
+.BR openpty ()
or
-.B forkpty()
+.BR forkpty ()
with non-NULL
.I name
may not be secure.
.BI "int " errno ;
.SH DESCRIPTION
The routine
-.B perror()
+.BR perror ()
produces a message on the standard error output, describing the last
error encountered during a call to a system or library function.
First (if
.IR "<errno.h>" .)
Many library functions do likewise.
The function
-.B perror()
+.BR perror ()
serves to translate this error code into human-readable form.
Note that
.I errno
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The function
-.B perror()
+.BR perror ()
and the external
.I errno
(see
.BI "int pclose(FILE *" stream );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B popen()
+.BR popen ()
function opens a process by creating a pipe, forking, and invoking the
shell. Since a pipe is by definition unidirectional, the
.I type
for reading or `w' for writing.
.PP
The return value from
-.B popen()
+.BR popen ()
is a normal standard I/O stream in all respects save that it must be closed
with
-.B pclose()
+.BR pclose ()
rather than
-.BR fclose() .
+.BR fclose ().
Writing to such a stream writes to the standard input of the command; the
command's standard output is the same as that of the process that called
-.BR popen() ,
+.BR popen (),
unless this is altered by the command itself. Conversely, reading from a
``popened'' stream reads the command's standard output, and the command's
standard input is the same as that of the process that called
.BR EINVAL .
.PP
If
-.B pclose()
+.BR pclose ()
cannot obtain the child status,
.I errno
is set to
.SH BUGS
Since the standard input of a command opened for reading shares its seek
offset with the process that called
-.BR popen() ,
+.BR popen (),
if the original process has done a buffered read, the command's input
position may not be as expected. Similarly, the output from a command
opened for writing may become intermingled with that of the original
an exit status of 127.
.SH HISTORY
A
-.B popen()
+.BR popen ()
and a
-.B pclose()
+.BR pclose ()
function appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR sh (1),
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B posix_memalign()
+.BR posix_memalign ()
allocates
.I size
bytes and places the address of the allocated memory in
.IR "sizeof(void *)".
The obsolete function
-.B memalign()
+.BR memalign ()
allocates
.I size
bytes and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
which must be a power of two.
The obsolete function
-.B valloc()
+.BR valloc ()
allocates
.I size
bytes and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
For all three routines, the memory is not zeroed.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-.BR memalign()
+.BR memalign ()
and
-.BR valloc()
+.BR valloc ()
return the pointer to the allocated memory, or
.B NULL
if the request fails.
-.BR posix_memalign()
+.BR posix_memalign ()
returns zero on success, or one of the error values listed in the
next section on failure. Note that
.IR errno
verifies that
.IR alignment
matches the requirements detailed above.
-.BR memalign()
+.BR memalign ()
may not check that the
.IR boundary
parameter is correct.
POSIX requires that memory obtained from
-.BR posix_memalign()
+.BR posix_memalign ()
can be freed using
.IR free ().
Some systems provide no way to reclaim memory allocated with
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBpow()\fP function returns the value of \fIx\fP raised to the
+The \fBpow\fP() function returns the value of \fIx\fP raised to the
power of \fIy\fP.
.SH ERRORS
-The \fBpow()\fP function can return the following error:
+The \fBpow\fP() function can return the following error:
.TP
.B EDOM
The argument \fIx\fP is negative and \fIy\fP is not an integral value.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBpow10()\fP function returns the value of 10 raised to the
+The \fBpow10\fP() function returns the value of 10 raised to the
power \fIx\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
This is a GNU extension.
.BI "extern const char *const " sys_siglist [];
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBpsignal()\fP function displays a message on \fIstderr\fP
+The \fBpsignal\fP() function displays a message on \fIstderr\fP
consisting of the string \fIs\fP, a colon, a space, and a string
describing the signal number \fIsig\fP. If \fIsig\fP is invalid,
the message displayed will indicate an unknown signal.
The array \fIsys_siglist\fP holds the signal description strings
indexed by signal number.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBpsignal()\fP function returns no value.
+The \fBpsignal\fP() function returns no value.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
4.3BSD
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.\" Not: const char *
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBputenv()\fP function adds or changes the value of environment
+The \fBputenv\fP() function adds or changes the value of environment
variables. The argument \fIstring\fP is of the form \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP.
If \fIname\fP does not already exist in the environment, then
\fIstring\fP is added to the environment. If \fIname\fP does exist,
The string pointed to by \fIstring\fP becomes part of the environment,
so altering the string changes the environment.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBputenv()\fP function returns zero on success, or \-1 if an error
+The \fBputenv\fP() function returns zero on success, or \-1 if an error
occurs.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B ENOMEM
Insufficient space to allocate new environment.
.SH NOTES
-The \fBputenv()\fP function is not required to be reentrant, and the
+The \fBputenv\fP() function is not required to be reentrant, and the
one in libc4, libc5 and glibc2.0 is not, but the glibc2.1 version is.
.LP
Description for libc4, libc5, glibc:
If the argument \fIstring\fP is of the form \fIname\fP,
and does not contain an `=' character, then the variable \fIname\fP
is removed from the environment.
-If \fBputenv()\fP has to allocate a new array \fIenviron\fP,
-and the previous array was also allocated by \fBputenv()\fP,
+If \fBputenv\fP() has to allocate a new array \fIenviron\fP,
+and the previous array was also allocated by \fBputenv\fP(),
then it will be freed. In no case will the old storage associated
to the environment variable itself be freed.
.LP
The libc4 and libc5 and glibc 2.1.2 versions conform to SUSv2:
-the pointer \fIstring\fP given to \fBputenv()\fP is used.
+the pointer \fIstring\fP given to \fBputenv\fP() is used.
In particular, this string becomes part of the environment;
changing it later will change the environment.
-(Thus, it is an error is to call \fBputenv()\fP with an automatic variable
+(Thus, it is an error is to call \fBputenv\fP() with an automatic variable
as the argument, then return from the calling function while \fIstring\fP
is still part of the environment.)
However, glibc 2.0-2.1.1 differs: a copy of the string is used.
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B putgrent()
+.BR putgrent ()
function is the counterpart for
-.BR fgetgrent() .
+.BR fgetgrent ().
The function writes the content of the provided struct group into the
file pointed to by
.IR fp .
.BI "int putpwent(const struct passwd *" p ", FILE *" stream );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBputpwent()\fP function writes a password entry from the
+The \fBputpwent\fP() function writes a password entry from the
structure \fIp\fP in the file associated with \fIstream\fP.
.PP
The \fIpasswd\fP structure is defined in \fI<pwd.h>\fP as follows:
.fi
.RE
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBputpwent()\fP function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
+The \fBputpwent\fP() function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
occurs.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.nl
.BI "int puts(const char *" "s" );
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B fputc()
+.BR fputc ()
writes the character
.IR c ,
cast to an
to
.IR stream .
.PP
-.B fputs()
+.BR fputs ()
writes the string
.I s
to
without its trailing
.BR '\e0' .
.PP
-.B putc()
+.BR putc ()
is equivalent to
-.B fputc()
+.BR fputc ()
except that it may be implemented as a macro which evaluates
.I stream
more than once.
is equivalent to
.BI "putc(" c , stdout ).
.PP
-.BR puts()
+.BR puts ()
writes the string
.I s
and a trailing newline
It is not advisable to mix calls to output functions from the
.B stdio
library with low-level calls to
-.B write()
+.BR write ()
for the file descriptor associated with the same output stream; the results
will be undefined and very probably not what you want.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.in
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBqsort()\fP function sorts an array with \fInmemb\fP elements of
+The \fBqsort\fP() function sorts an array with \fInmemb\fP elements of
size \fIsize\fP. The \fIbase\fP argument points to the start of the
array.
.PP
less than, equal to, or greater than the second. If two members compare
as equal, their order in the sorted array is undefined.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBqsort()\fP function returns no value.
+The \fBqsort\fP() function returns no value.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.SH NOTE
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B raise()
+.BR raise ()
function sends a signal to the current process.
It is equivalent to
.sp
.BI "void srand(unsigned int " seed );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBrand()\fP function returns a pseudo-random integer between 0
+The \fBrand\fP() function returns a pseudo-random integer between 0
and \fBRAND_MAX\fR.
.PP
-The \fBsrand()\fP function sets its argument as the seed for a new
-sequence of pseudo-random integers to be returned by \fBrand()\fP.
-These sequences are repeatable by calling \fBsrand()\fP with the same
+The \fBsrand\fP() function sets its argument as the seed for a new
+sequence of pseudo-random integers to be returned by \fBrand\fP().
+These sequences are repeatable by calling \fBsrand\fP() with the same
seed value.
.PP
-If no seed value is provided, the \fBrand()\fP function is automatically
+If no seed value is provided, the \fBrand\fP() function is automatically
seeded with a value of 1.
.PP
The function
-.B rand()
+.BR rand ()
is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it
uses hidden state that is modified on each call. This might just be
the seed value to be used by the next call, or it might be something
more elaborate. In order to get reproducible behaviour in a threaded
application, this state must be made explicit. The function
-.B rand_r()
+.BR rand_r ()
is supplied with a pointer to an unsigned int, to be used as state.
This is a very small amount of state, so this function will be a weak
pseudo-random generator. Try
.BR drand48_r (3)
instead.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBrand()\fP and \fBrand_r()\fP functions return a value
+The \fBrand\fP() and \fBrand_r\fP() functions return a value
between 0 and RAND_MAX.
-The \fBsrand()\fP function returns no value.
+The \fBsrand\fP() function returns no value.
.SH EXAMPLE
POSIX 1003.1-2003 gives the following example of an implementation of
-.B rand()
+.BR rand ()
and
-.BR srand() ,
+.BR srand (),
possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two different machines.
.sp
.nf
}
.fi
.SH NOTES
-The versions of \fBrand()\fP and \fBsrand()\fP in the Linux C Library use
-the same random number generator as \fBrandom()\fP and \fBsrandom()\fP, so
+The versions of \fBrand\fP() and \fBsrand\fP() in the Linux C Library use
+the same random number generator as \fBrandom\fP() and \fBsrandom\fP(), so
the lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits.
However, on older
-.B rand()
+.BR rand ()
implementations, and on current implementations on different systems,
the lower-order bits are much less random than the higher-order bits.
Do not use this function in applications intended to be portable
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The functions
-.B rand()
+.BR rand ()
and
-.B srand()
+.BR srand ()
conform to SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899, POSIX 1003.1-2003.
The function
-.B rand_r()
+.BR rand_r ()
is from POSIX 1003.1-2003.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR drand48 (3),
.BI "char *setstate(char *" state );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBrandom()\fP function uses a non-linear additive feedback random
+The \fBrandom\fP() function uses a non-linear additive feedback random
number generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to
return successive pseudo-random numbers in the range from 0 to \fBRAND_MAX\fR.
The period of this random number generator is very large, approximately
16*((2**31)\-1).
.PP
-The \fBsrandom()\fP function sets its argument as the seed for a new
-sequence of pseudo-random integers to be returned by \fBrandom()\fP.
-These sequences are repeatable by calling \fBsrandom()\fP with the same
-seed value. If no seed value is provided, the \fBrandom()\fP function
+The \fBsrandom\fP() function sets its argument as the seed for a new
+sequence of pseudo-random integers to be returned by \fBrandom\fP().
+These sequences are repeatable by calling \fBsrandom\fP() with the same
+seed value. If no seed value is provided, the \fBrandom\fP() function
is automatically seeded with a value of 1.
.PP
-The \fBinitstate()\fP function allows a state array \fIstate\fP to
-be initialized for use by \fBrandom()\fP. The size of the state array
-\fIn\fP is used by \fBinitstate()\fP to decide how sophisticated a
+The \fBinitstate\fP() function allows a state array \fIstate\fP to
+be initialized for use by \fBrandom\fP(). The size of the state array
+\fIn\fP is used by \fBinitstate\fP() to decide how sophisticated a
random number generator it should use \(em the larger the state array,
the better the random numbers will be. \fIseed\fP is the seed for the
initialization, which specifies a starting point for the random number
sequence, and provides for restarting at the same point.
.PP
-The \fBsetstate()\fP function changes the state array used by the
-\fBrandom()\fP function. The state array \fIstate\fP is used for
-random number generation until the next call to \fBinitstate()\fP
-or \fBsetstate()\fP. \fIstate\fP must first have been initialized
-using \fBinitstate()\fP or be the result of a previous call of
-\fBsetstate()\fP.
+The \fBsetstate\fP() function changes the state array used by the
+\fBrandom\fP() function. The state array \fIstate\fP is used for
+random number generation until the next call to \fBinitstate\fP()
+or \fBsetstate\fP(). \fIstate\fP must first have been initialized
+using \fBinitstate\fP() or be the result of a previous call of
+\fBsetstate\fP().
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBrandom()\fP function returns a value between 0 and RAND_MAX.
-The \fBsrandom()\fP function returns no value. The \fBinitstate()\fP
-and \fBsetstate()\fP functions return a pointer to the previous state
+The \fBrandom\fP() function returns a value between 0 and RAND_MAX.
+The \fBsrandom\fP() function returns no value. The \fBinitstate\fP()
+and \fBsetstate\fP() functions return a pointer to the previous state
array, or NULL on error.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EINVAL
-A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to \fBinitstate()\fP.
+A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to \fBinitstate\fP().
.SH NOTES
Current "optimal" values for the size of the state array \fIn\fP are
8, 32, 64, 128, and 256 bytes; other amounts will be rounded down to
According to POSIX a buffer of size PATH_MAX suffices, but
PATH_MAX need not be a defined constant, and may have to be
obtained using
-.IR pathconf() .
+.IR pathconf ().
And asking
-.I pathconf()
+.IR pathconf ()
does not really help, since on the one hand POSIX warns that
the result of
-.I pathconf()
+.IR pathconf ()
may be huge and unsuitable for mallocing memory. And on the other
hand
-.I pathconf()
+.IR pathconf ()
may return \-1 to signify that PATH_MAX is not bounded.
.LP
The libc4 and libc5 implementation contains a buffer overflow
In 4.4BSD and Solaris the limit on the pathname length is MAXPATHLEN
(found in <sys/param.h>). The SUSv2 prescribes PATH_MAX and
NAME_MAX, as found in <limits.h> or provided by the
-.I pathconf()
+.IR pathconf ()
function. A typical source fragment would be
.LP
.RS
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B remainder()
+.BR remainder ()
function computes the remainder of dividing
.I x
by
.IR x .
.LP
The
-.B drem()
+.BR drem ()
function does precisely the same thing.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The
-.B remainder()
+.BR remainder ()
function returns the remainder, unless
.I y
is zero, when the function fails and
.B remainder*()
functions are from C99.
The function
-.B drem()
+.BR drem ()
is from 4.3BSD. The float and long double variants
-.B dremf()
+.BR dremf ()
and
-.B dreml()
+.BR dreml ()
exist on some systems, such as Tru64 and glibc2.
.SH EXAMPLE
The call "remainder(29.0, 3.0)" returns \-1.
These functions make queries to and interpret the responses from Internet
domain name servers.
.PP
-The \fBres_init()\fP function reads the configuration files (see
+The \fBres_init\fP() function reads the configuration files (see
resolv+(8)) to get the default domain name, search order and name
server address(es). If no server is given, the local host is tried.
If no domain is given, that associated with the local host is used.
It can be overridden with the environment variable LOCALDOMAIN.
-\fBres_init()\fP is normally executed by the first call to one of the
+\fBres_init\fP() is normally executed by the first call to one of the
other functions.
.PP
-The \fBres_query()\fP function queries the name server for the
+The \fBres_query\fP() function queries the name server for the
fully-qualified domain name \fIname\fP of specified \fItype\fP and
\fIclass\fP. The reply is left in the buffer \fIanswer\fP of length
\fIanslen\fP supplied by the caller.
.PP
-The \fBres_search()\fP function makes a query and waits for the response
-like \fBres_query()\fP, but in addition implements the default and search
+The \fBres_search\fP() function makes a query and waits for the response
+like \fBres_query\fP(), but in addition implements the default and search
rules controlled by RES_DEFNAMES and RES_DNSRCH (see description of
\fI_res\fP options below).
.PP
-The \fBres_querydomain()\fP function makes a query using \fBres_query()\fP
+The \fBres_querydomain\fP() function makes a query using \fBres_query\fP()
on the concatenation of \fIname\fP and \fIdomain\fP.
.PP
-The following functions are lower-level routines used by \fBres_query()\fP.
+The following functions are lower-level routines used by \fBres_query\fP().
.PP
-The \fBres_mkquery()\fP function constructs a query message in \fIbuf\fP
+The \fBres_mkquery\fP() function constructs a query message in \fIbuf\fP
of length \fIbuflen\fP for the domain name \fIdname\fP. The query type
\fIop\fP is usually QUERY, but can be any of the types defined in
\fI<arpa/nameser.h>\fP. \fInewrr\fP is currently unused.
.PP
-The \fBres_send()\fP function sends a pre-formatted query given in
+The \fBres_send\fP() function sends a pre-formatted query given in
\fImsg\fP of length \fImsglen\fP and returns the answer in \fIanswer\fP
-which is of length \fIanslen\fP. It will call \fBres_init()\fP, if it
+which is of length \fIanslen\fP. It will call \fBres_init\fP(), if it
has not already been called.
.PP
-The \fBdn_comp()\fP function compresses the domain name \fIexp_dn\fP
+The \fBdn_comp\fP() function compresses the domain name \fIexp_dn\fP
and stores it in the buffer \fIcomp_dn\fP of length \fIlength\fP.
The compression uses an array of pointers \fIdnptrs\fP to previously
compressed names in the current message. The first pointer points
domain names are not compressed. If \fIlastdnptr\fP is NULL, the list
of labels is not updated.
.PP
-The \fPdn_expand()\fP function expands the compressed domain name
+The \fPdn_expand\fP() function expands the compressed domain name
\fIcomp_dn\fP to a full domain name, which is placed in the buffer
\fIexp_dn\fP of size \fIlength\fP. The compressed name is contained
in a query or reply message, and \fImsg\fP points to the beginning of
.sp
.TP
.B RES_INIT
-True if \fBres_init()\fP has been called.
+True if \fBres_init\fP() has been called.
.TP
.B RES_DEBUG
Print debugging messages.
.TP
.B RES_AAONLY
-Accept authoritative answers only. \fBres_send()\fP continues until
+Accept authoritative answers only. \fBres_send\fP() continues until
it fins an authoritative answer or returns an error. [Not currently
implemented].
.TP
.TP
.B RES_RECURSE
Set the recursion desired bit in queries. Recursion is carried out
-by the domain name server, not by \fBres_send()\fP. [Enabled by
+by the domain name server, not by \fBres_send\fP(). [Enabled by
default].
.TP
.B RES_DEFNAMES
-If set, \fBres_search()\fP will append the default domain name to
+If set, \fBres_search\fP() will append the default domain name to
single component names, ie. those that do not contain a dot.
[Enabled by default].
.TP
Used with RES_USEVC to keep the TCP connection open between queries.
.TP
.B RES_DNSRCH
-If set, \fBres_search()\fP will search for host names in the current
+If set, \fBres_search\fP() will search for host names in the current
domain and in parent domains. This option is used by
.BR gethostbyname (3).
[Enabled by default].
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBres_init()\fP function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
+The \fBres_init\fP() function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
occurs.
.PP
-The \fBres_query()\fP, \fBres_search()\fP, \fBres_querydomain()\fP,
-\fBres_mkquery()\fP and \fBres_send()\fP functions return the length
+The \fBres_query\fP(), \fBres_search\fP(), \fBres_querydomain\fP(),
+\fBres_mkquery\fP() and \fBres_send\fP() functions return the length
of the response, or \-1 if an error occurs.
.PP
-The \fBdn_comp()\fP and \fBdn_expand()\fP functions return the length
+The \fBdn_comp\fP() and \fBdn_expand\fP() functions return the length
of the compressed name, or \-1 if an error occurs.
.SH FILES
.nf
.BI "void rewinddir(DIR *" dir );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBrewinddir()\fP function resets the position of the directory
+The \fBrewinddir\fP() function resets the position of the directory
stream \fIdir\fP to the beginning of the directory.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBrewinddir()\fP function returns no value.
+The \fBrewinddir\fP() function returns no value.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD
.SH "SEE ALSO"
of mantissa bits is 24 (resp. 53).)
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B rint()
+.BR rint ()
function conforms to 4.3BSD.
The other functions are from C99.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
structures. The use of
.I auth
is undefined after calling
-.BR auth_destroy() .
+.BR auth_destroy ().
.br
.if t .ne 6
.LP
.ft R
.IP
Calls
-.B authunix_create()
+.BR authunix_create ()
with the appropriate parameters.
.br
.if t .ne 13
.B "enum clnt_stat"
cast to an integer if it fails.
The routine
-.B clnt_perrno()
+.BR clnt_perrno ()
is handy for translating failure statuses into messages.
.IP
Warning: calling remote procedures with this routine
uses
.SM UDP/IP
as a transport; see
-.B clntudp_create()
+.BR clntudp_create ()
for restrictions.
You do not have control of timeouts or authentication using
this routine.
.ft R
.IP
Like
-.BR callrpc() ,
+.BR callrpc (),
except the call message is broadcast to all locally
connected broadcast nets. Each time it receives a
response, this routine calls
-.BR eachresult() ,
+.BR eachresult (),
whose form is:
.IP
.RS 1i
is the same as
.I out
passed to
-.BR clnt_broadcast() ,
+.BR clnt_broadcast (),
except that the remote procedure's output is decoded there;
.I addr
points to the address of the machine that sent the results.
If
-.B eachresult()
+.BR eachresult ()
returns zero,
-.B clnt_broadcast()
+.BR clnt_broadcast ()
waits for more replies; otherwise it returns with appropriate
status.
.IP
which is obtained with an
.SM RPC
client creation routine such as
-.BR clnt_create() .
+.BR clnt_create ().
The parameter
.I in
is the address of the procedure's argument(s), and
itself. Use of
.I clnt
is undefined after calling
-.BR clnt_destroy() .
+.BR clnt_destroy ().
If the
.SM RPC
library opened the associated socket, it will close it also.
currently supported values for this field are \(lqudp\(rq
and \(lqtcp\(rq.
Default timeouts are set, but can be modified using
-.BR clnt_control() .
+.BR clnt_control ().
.IP
Warning: Using
.SM UDP
.fi
.IP
Note: if you set the timeout using
-.BR clnt_control() ,
+.BR clnt_control (),
the timeout parameter passed to
-.B clnt_call()
+.BR clnt_call ()
will be ignored in all future calls.
.IP
.nf
.I s
and a colon.
Used when a
-.BR clnt_create() ,
-.BR clntraw_create() ,
-.BR clnttcp_create() ,
+.BR clnt_create (),
+.BR clntraw_create (),
+.BR clnttcp_create (),
or
-.B clntudp_create()
+.BR clntudp_create ()
call fails.
.br
.if t .ne 8
to the condition indicated by
.IR stat .
Used after
-.BR callrpc() .
+.BR callrpc ().
.br
.if t .ne 8
.LP
.I s
and a colon.
Used after
-.BR clnt_call() .
+.BR clnt_call ().
.br
.if t .ne 9
.LP
.ft R
.IP
Like
-.BR clnt_pcreateerror() ,
+.BR clnt_pcreateerror (),
except that it returns a string
instead of printing to the standard error.
.IP
.ft R
.IP
Take the same arguments as
-.BR clnt_perrno() ,
+.BR clnt_perrno (),
but instead of sending a message to the standard error
indicating why an
.SM RPC
the message. The string ends with a
.SM NEWLINE\s0.
.IP
-.B clnt_sperrno()
+.BR clnt_sperrno ()
is used instead of
-.B clnt_perrno()
+.BR clnt_perrno ()
if the program does not have a standard error (as a program
running as a server quite likely does not), or if the
programmer
does not want the message to be output with
.BR printf ,
or if a message format different than that supported by
-.B clnt_perrno()
+.BR clnt_perrno ()
is to be used.
Note: unlike
-.B clnt_sperror()
+.BR clnt_sperror ()
and
-.BR clnt_spcreaterror() ,
-.B clnt_sperrno()
+.BR clnt_spcreaterror (),
+.BR clnt_sperrno ()
returns pointer to static data, but the
result will not get overwritten on each call.
.br
.ft R
.IP
Like
-.BR clnt_perror() ,
+.BR clnt_perror (),
except that (like
-.BR clnt_sperrno() )
+.BR clnt_sperrno ())
it returns a string instead of printing to standard error.
.IP
Bugs: returns pointer to static data that is overwritten
corresponding
.SM RPC
server should live in the same address space; see
-.BR svcraw_create() .
+.BR svcraw_create ().
This allows simulation of
.SM RPC
and acquisition of
time until a response is received or until the call times
out.
The total time for the call to time out is specified by
-.BR clnt_call() .
+.BR clnt_call ().
.IP
Warning: since
.SM UDP\s0-based
time until a response is received or until the call times
out.
The total time for the call to time out is specified by
-.BR clnt_call() .
+.BR clnt_call ().
.IP
This allows the user to specify the maximum packet size for sending and receiving
.SM UDP\s0-based
system failed to contact the remote
.B portmap
service. In the latter case, the global variable
-.B rpc_createerr()
+.BR rpc_createerr ()
contains the
.SM RPC
status.
procedure
succeeds. The definitions of other parameters are discussed
in
-.B callrpc()
+.BR callrpc ()
and
-.BR clnt_call() .
+.BR clnt_call ().
This procedure should be used for a \(lqping\(rq and nothing
else.
See also
-.BR clnt_broadcast() .
+.BR clnt_broadcast ().
.br
.if t .ne 9
.LP
.BR \s-1IPPROTO_TCP\s0 .
This routine returns one if it succeeds, zero otherwise.
Automatically done by
-.BR svc_register() .
+.BR svc_register ().
.br
.if t .ne 7
.LP
are accessed using the
.SM UDP/IP
transport; see
-.B svcudp_create()
+.BR svcudp_create ()
for restrictions.
.br
.if t .ne 5
.SM RPC
client creation routine
that does not succeed. Use the routine
-.B clnt_pcreateerror()
+.BR clnt_pcreateerror ()
to print the reason why.
.if t .ne 7
.LP
.B select
system call. This is only of interest
if a service implementor does not call
-.BR svc_run() ,
+.BR svc_run (),
but rather does his own asynchronous event processing.
This variable is read-only (do not pass its address to
.BR select !),
yet it may change after calls to
-.B svc_getreqset()
+.BR svc_getreqset ()
or any creation routines.
.br
.if t .ne 6
.SM RPC/XDR
system when it decoded the arguments to a service procedure
using
-.BR svc_getargs() .
+.BR svc_getargs ().
This routine returns 1 if the results were successfully
freed,
and zero otherwise.
.IP
This routine is only of interest if a service implementor
does not call
-.BR svc_run() ,
+.BR svc_run (),
but instead implements custom asynchronous event processing.
It is called when the
.B select
.ft R
.IP
Similar to
-.BR svc_getreqset() ,
+.BR svc_getreqset (),
but limited to 32 descriptors. This interface is obsoleted by
-.BR svc_getreqset() .
+.BR svc_getreqset ().
.br
.if t .ne 17
.LP
.RE
.IP
The
-.B svc_register()
+.BR svc_register ()
routine returns one if it succeeds, and zero otherwise.
.br
.if t .ne 6
.SM RPC
requests to arrive, and calls the appropriate service
procedure using
-.B svc_getreq()
+.BR svc_getreq ()
when one arrives. This procedure is usually waiting for a
-.B select()
+.BR select ()
system call to return.
.br
.if t .ne 9
.IP
Called by a service dispatch routine that cannot successfully
decode its parameters. See also
-.BR svc_getargs() .
+.BR svc_getargs ().
.br
.if t .ne 7
.LP
client should live in the same
address space;
see
-.BR clntraw_create() .
+.BR clntraw_create ().
This routine allows simulation of
.SM RPC
and acquisition of
.SM RPC
service package.
This routine modifies the global variable
-.BR svc_fds() .
+.BR svc_fds ().
Service implementors usually do not need this routine.
.br
.if t .ne 8
.SM RPC
service package.
This routine modifies the global variable
-.BR svc_fds() .
+.BR svc_fds ().
Service implementors usually do not need this routine.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.\" We don't have an rpc_secure.3 page in the set at the moment -- MTK, 19 Sep 05
.IR exp .
If FLT_RADIX equals 2, then
-.B scalbn()
+.BR scalbn ()
is equivalent to
-.BR ldexp() .
+.BR ldexp ().
The value of FLT_RADIX is found in
.IR <float.h> .
.\" not in /usr/include but in a gcc lib
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
-.B scalb()
+.BR scalb ()
function is from 4.3BSD.
The
-.B scalbn()
+.BR scalbn ()
and
-.B scalbln()
+.BR scalbln ()
functions are from C99.
All three are in POSIX 1003.1-2003. The
-.B scalb()
+.BR scalb ()
function is marked obsolescent.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR ldexp (3)
.BI "int versionsort(const void *" a ", const void *" b );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBscandir()\fP function scans the directory \fIdir\fP, calling
-\fIfilter()\fP on each directory entry. Entries for which
-\fIfilter()\fP returns non-zero are stored in strings allocated via
-\fBmalloc()\fP, sorted using \fBqsort()\fP with the comparison
-function \fIcompar()\fP, and collected in array \fInamelist\fP
-which is allocated via \fBmalloc()\fP.
+The \fBscandir\fP() function scans the directory \fIdir\fP, calling
+\fIfilter\fP() on each directory entry. Entries for which
+\fIfilter\fP() returns non-zero are stored in strings allocated via
+\fBmalloc\fP(), sorted using \fBqsort\fP() with the comparison
+function \fIcompar\fP(), and collected in array \fInamelist\fP
+which is allocated via \fBmalloc\fP().
If \fIfilter\fP is NULL, all entries are selected.
.LP
The
-.B alphasort()
+.BR alphasort ()
and
-.B versionsort()
+.BR versionsort ()
functions can be used as the comparison function
-.IR compar() .
+.IR compar ().
The former sorts directory entries using
.BR strcoll (3),
the latter using
.BR strvers\%cmp (3)
on the strings \fI(*a)\->d_name\fP and \fI(*b)\->d_name\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBscandir()\fP function returns the number of directory entries
+The \fBscandir\fP() function returns the number of directory entries
selected or \-1 if an error occurs.
.PP
The
-.B alphasort()
+.BR alphasort ()
and
-.B versionsort()
+.BR versionsort ()
functions return an integer less than, equal to,
or greater than zero if the first argument is considered to be
respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
None of these functions is in POSIX.
LSB has deprecated the library call
-.B alphasort()
+.BR alphasort ()
and never contained
-.BR scandir() .
+.BR scandir ().
.LP
The functions
-.B scandir()
+.BR scandir ()
and
-.B alphasort()
+.BR alphasort ()
are from 4.3BSD, and have been available under Linux since libc4.
Libc4 and libc5 use the more precise prototype
.sp
but glibc 2.0 returns to the imprecise BSD prototype.
.LP
The function
-.B versionsort()
+.BR versionsort ()
is a GNU extension, available since glibc 2.1.
Since glibc 2.1,
-.B alphasort()
+.BR alphasort ()
calls
.BR strcoll (3);
earlier it used
.BI "void seekdir(DIR *" dir ", off_t " offset );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBseekdir()\fP function sets the location in the directory stream
-from which the next \fBreaddir()\fP call will start. \fBseekdir()\fP
-should be used with an offset returned by \fBtelldir()\fP.
+The \fBseekdir\fP() function sets the location in the directory stream
+from which the next \fBreaddir\fP() call will start. \fBseekdir\fP()
+should be used with an offset returned by \fBtelldir\fP().
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBseekdir()\fP function returns no value.
+The \fBseekdir\fP() function returns no value.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
4.3BSD
.SH "SEE ALSO"
Six functions are provided to access the aliases database.
.PP
The
-.B getaliasent()
+.BR getaliasent ()
function returns a pointer to a structure containing
the group information from the aliases database.
The first time it is called it returns the first entry;
thereafter, it returns successive entries.
.PP
The
-.B setaliasent()
+.BR setaliasent ()
function rewinds the file pointer to the beginning of the
aliases database.
.PP
The
-.B endaliasent()
+.BR endaliasent ()
function closes the aliases database.
.PP
-.B getaliasent_r()
+.BR getaliasent_r ()
is the reentrant version of the previous function. The requested structure
is stored via the first argument but the programmer needs to fill the other
arguments also. Not providing enough space causes the function to fail.
.PP
The function
-.B getaliasbyname()
+.BR getaliasbyname ()
takes the name argument and searches the aliases database. The entry is
returned as a pointer to a struct aliasent.
.PP
-.B getaliasbyname_r()
+.BR getaliasbyname_r ()
is the reentrant version of the previous function. The requested structure
is stored via the second argument but the programmer need to fill the other
arguments also. Not providing enough space causes the function to fail.
file.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The functions
-.B getaliasent_r()
+.BR getaliasent_r ()
and
-.B getaliasbyname_r()
+.BR getaliasbyname_r ()
return a non-zero value on error.
.SH EXAMPLE
The following example compiles with
.BI "int unsetenv(const char *" name );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBsetenv()\fP function adds the variable \fIname\fP to the
+The \fBsetenv\fP() function adds the variable \fIname\fP to the
environment with the value \fIvalue\fP, if \fIname\fP does not
already exist. If \fIname\fP does exist in the environment, then
its value is changed to \fIvalue\fP if \fIoverwrite\fP is non-zero;
if \fIoverwrite\fP is zero, then the value of \fIname\fP is not
changed.
.PP
-The \fBunsetenv()\fP function deletes the variable \fIname\fP from
+The \fBunsetenv\fP() function deletes the variable \fIname\fP from
the environment.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBsetenv()\fP function returns zero on success, or \-1 if there
+The \fBsetenv\fP() function returns zero on success, or \-1 if there
was insufficient space in the environment.
-The \fBunsetenv()\fP function returns zero on success,
+The \fBunsetenv\fP() function returns zero on success,
or \-1 on error, with
.I errno
set to indicate the cause of the error.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
4.3BSD
.SH "NOTES"
-Prior to glibc 2.2.2, \fBunsetenv()\fP was prototyped
+Prior to glibc 2.2.2, \fBunsetenv\fP() was prototyped
as returning \fIvoid\fP; more recent glibc versions follow the
SUSv3-compliant prototype shown in the SYNOPSIS.
.SH BUGS
.fi
.ad b
.SH DESCRIPTION
-\fBsetjmp()\fP and \fBlongjmp()\fP are useful for dealing with errors
+\fBsetjmp\fP() and \fBlongjmp\fP() are useful for dealing with errors
and interrupts encountered in a low-level subroutine of a program.
-\fBsetjmp()\fP saves the stack context/environment in \fIenv\fP for
-later use by \fBlongjmp()\fP. The stack context will be invalidated
-if the function which called \fBsetjmp()\fP returns.
+\fBsetjmp\fP() saves the stack context/environment in \fIenv\fP for
+later use by \fBlongjmp\fP(). The stack context will be invalidated
+if the function which called \fBsetjmp\fP() returns.
.P
-\fBsigsetjmp()\fP is similar to \fBsetjmp()\fP. If \fIsavesigs\fP is non-zero,
+\fBsigsetjmp\fP() is similar to \fBsetjmp\fP(). If \fIsavesigs\fP is non-zero,
the set of blocked signals is saved in \fIenv\fP and will be restored
-if a \fBsiglongjmp()\fP is later performed with this \fIenv\fP.
+if a \fBsiglongjmp\fP() is later performed with this \fIenv\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-\fBsetjmp()\fP and \fBsigsetjmp()\fP return 0 if returning directly, and
-non-zero when returning from \fBlongjmp()\fP using the saved context.
+\fBsetjmp\fP() and \fBsigsetjmp\fP() return 0 if returning directly, and
+non-zero when returning from \fBlongjmp\fP() using the saved context.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX, ISO 9899 (C99)
.SH NOTES
is a function \fB_setjmp\fP that will not.)
If you want to save signal masks, use \fBsigsetjmp\fP().
.P
-\fBsetjmp()\fP and \fBsigsetjmp\fP() make programs hard to understand
+\fBsetjmp\fP() and \fBsigsetjmp\fP() make programs hard to understand
and maintain. If possible an alternative should be used.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR longjmp (3),
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B setlocale()
+.BR setlocale ()
function is used to set or query the program's current locale.
.PP
If
.B setlocale(LC_ALL, """""")
after program initialization, by using the values returned
from a
-.B localeconv()
+.BR localeconv ()
call
for locale-dependent information, by using the multi-byte and wide
character functions for text processing if
to compare strings.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
A successful call to
-.B setlocale()
+.BR setlocale ()
returns an opaque string that corresponds to the locale set.
This string may be allocated in static storage.
The string returned is such that a subsequent call with that string
The initial mask is such that logging is enabled for all priorities.
.LP
The
-.B setlogmask()
+.BR setlogmask ()
function sets this logmask for the current process,
and returns the previous mask.
If the mask argument is 0, the current logmask is not modified.
defines what database is searched.
.PP
The
-.B setnetgrent()
+.BR setnetgrent ()
call defines the netgroup that will be searched by subsequent
-.B getnetgrent()
+.BR getnetgrent ()
calls. The
-.B getnetgrent()
+.BR getnetgrent ()
function retrieves the next netgroup entry, and returns pointers in
.IR host ,
.IR user ,
The pointers are valid only as long as there is no call to other
netgroup related functions.
To avoid this problem you can use the GNU function
-.B getnetgrent_r()
+.BR getnetgrent_r ()
that stores the strings in the supplied buffer.
To free all allocated buffers use
-.BR endnetgrent() .
+.BR endnetgrent ().
.PP
In most cases you only want to check if the triplet
.BR (hostname "," username "," domainname)
is a member of a netgroup. The function
-.B innetgr()
+.BR innetgr ()
can be used for this without calling the above three functions.
Again, a NULL pointer is a wildcard and matches any string.
The function is thread-safe.
These functions return 1 on success and 0 for failure.
.SH NOTES
In the BSD implementation,
-.B setnetgrent()
+.BR setnetgrent ()
returns void.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR sethostent (3),
.BI "int siginterrupt(int " sig ", int " flag );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBsiginterrupt()\fP function changes the restart behaviour when
+The \fBsiginterrupt\fP() function changes the restart behaviour when
a system call is interrupted by the signal \fIsig\fP. If the \fIflag\fP
argument is false (0), then system calls will be restarted if interrupted
by the specified signal \fIsig\fP. This is the default behaviour in
then the system call will be interrupted and will return the actual
amount of data transferred.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBsiginterrupt()\fP function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if the
+The \fBsiginterrupt\fP() function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if the
signal number \fIsig\fP is invalid.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B significand()
+.BR significand ()
function returns the mantissa of
.I x
scaled to the range [1,2).
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBsin()\fP function returns the sine of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
+The \fBsin\fP() function returns the sine of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
given in radians.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBsin()\fP function returns a value between \-1 and 1.
+The \fBsin\fP() function returns a value between \-1 and 1.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
The float and the long double variants are C99 requirements.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBsinh()\fP function returns the hyperbolic sine of \fIx\fP, which
+The \fBsinh\fP() function returns the hyperbolic sine of \fIx\fP, which
is defined mathematically as (exp(x) \- exp(\-x)) / 2.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99).
.BI "unsigned int sleep(unsigned int " "seconds" );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B sleep()
+.BR sleep ()
makes the current process sleep until
.I seconds
seconds have elapsed or a signal arrives which is not ignored.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX.1
.SH BUGS
-.B sleep()
+.BR sleep ()
may be implemented using
.BR SIGALRM ;
mixing calls to
-.B alarm()
+.BR alarm ()
and
-.B sleep()
+.BR sleep ()
is a bad idea.
.PP
Using
-.B longjmp()
+.BR longjmp ()
from a signal handler or modifying the handling of
.B SIGALRM
while sleeping will cause undefined results.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBsqrt()\fP function returns the non-negative square root of \fIx\fP.
+The \fBsqrt\fP() function returns the non-negative square root of \fIx\fP.
It fails and sets \fIerrno\fP to EDOM, if \fIx\fP is negative.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
internals of the FILE structure, and glibc also implemented these.
.LP
The
-.B __fbufsize()
+.BR __fbufsize ()
function returns the size of the buffer currently used
by the given stream.
.LP
The
-.B __fpending()
+.BR __fpending ()
function returns the number of bytes in the output buffer.
For wide-oriented streams the unit is wide characters.
This function is undefined on buffers in reading mode,
or opened read-only.
.LP
The
-.B __flbf()
+.BR __flbf ()
function returns a non-zero value if the stream is line-buffered,
and zero otherwise.
.LP
The
-.B __freadable()
+.BR __freadable ()
function returns a non-zero value if the stream allows reading,
and zero otherwise.
.LP
The
-.B __fwritable()
+.BR __fwritable ()
function returns a non-zero value if the stream allows writing,
and zero otherwise.
.LP
The
-.B __freading()
+.BR __freading ()
function returns a non-zero value if the stream is read-only, or
if the last operation on the stream was a read operation,
and zero otherwise.
.LP
The
-.B __fwriting()
+.BR __fwriting ()
function returns a non-zero value if the stream is write-only (or
append-only), or if the last operation on the stream was a write
operation, and zero otherwise.
.LP
The
-.B __fsetlocking()
+.BR __fsetlocking ()
function can be used to select the desired type of locking on the stream.
It returns the current type. The
.I type
Don't change the type of locking. (Only return it.)
.LP
The
-.B _flushlbf()
+.BR _flushlbf ()
function flushes all line-buffered streams. (Presumably so that
output to a terminal is forced out, say before reading keyboard input.)
.LP
The
-.B __fpurge()
+.BR __fpurge ()
function discards the contents of the stream's buffer.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR flockfile (3),
.BI "char *stpcpy(char *" dest ", const char *" src );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstpcpy()\fP function copies the string pointed to by \fIsrc\fP
+The \fBstpcpy\fP() function copies the string pointed to by \fIsrc\fP
(including the terminating `\\0' character) to the array pointed to by
\fIdest\fP. The strings may not overlap, and the destination string
\fIdest\fP must be large enough to receive the copy.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-\fBstpcpy()\fP returns a pointer to the \fBend\fP of the string
+\fBstpcpy\fP() returns a pointer to the \fBend\fP of the string
\fIdest\fP (that is, the address of the terminating null character)
rather than the beginning.
.SH EXAMPLE
.BI "int strncasecmp(const char *" s1 ", const char *" s2 ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrcasecmp()\fP function compares the two strings \fIs1\fP and
+The \fBstrcasecmp\fP() function compares the two strings \fIs1\fP and
\fIs2\fP, ignoring the case of the characters. It returns an integer
less than, equal to, or greater than zero if \fIs1\fP is found,
respectively, to be less than, to match, or be greater than \fIs2\fP.
.PP
-The \fBstrncasecmp()\fP function is similar, except it only compares
+The \fBstrncasecmp\fP() function is similar, except it only compares
the first \fIn\fP characters of \fIs1\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrcasecmp()\fP and \fBstrncasecmp()\fP functions return
+The \fBstrcasecmp\fP() and \fBstrncasecmp\fP() functions return
an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if \fIs1\fP
(or the first \fIn\fP bytes thereof) is found, respectively, to be
less than, to match, or be greater than \fIs2\fP.
.BI "char *strncat(char *" dest ", const char *" src ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrcat()\fP function appends the \fIsrc\fP string to the
+The \fBstrcat\fP() function appends the \fIsrc\fP string to the
\fIdest\fP string overwriting the `\\0' character at the end of
\fIdest\fP, and then adds a terminating `\\0' character. The
strings may not overlap, and the \fIdest\fP string must have
enough space for the result.
.PP
-The \fBstrncat()\fP function is similar, except that it will use
+The \fBstrncat\fP() function is similar, except that it will use
at most \fIn\fP characters from \fIsrc\fP.
Since the result is always terminated with `\\0', at most \fIn\fP+1
characters are written.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrcat()\fP and \fBstrncat()\fP functions return a pointer
+The \fBstrcat\fP() and \fBstrncat\fP() functions return a pointer
to the resulting string \fIdest\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.BI "char *strrchr(const char *" s ", int " c );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrchr()\fP function returns a pointer to the first occurrence
+The \fBstrchr\fP() function returns a pointer to the first occurrence
of the character \fIc\fP in the string \fIs\fP.
.PP
-The \fBstrrchr()\fP function returns a pointer to the last occurrence
+The \fBstrrchr\fP() function returns a pointer to the last occurrence
of the character \fIc\fP in the string \fIs\fP.
.PP
Here "character" means "byte"; these functions do not work with
wide or multi-byte characters.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrchr()\fP and \fBstrrchr()\fP functions return a pointer to
+The \fBstrchr\fP() and \fBstrrchr\fP() functions return a pointer to
the matched character or NULL if the character is not found.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.BI "int strncmp(const char *" s1 ", const char *" s2 ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrcmp()\fP function compares the two strings \fIs1\fP and
+The \fBstrcmp\fP() function compares the two strings \fIs1\fP and
\fIs2\fP. It returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater
than zero if \fIs1\fP is found, respectively, to be less than,
to match, or be greater than \fIs2\fP.
.PP
-The \fBstrncmp()\fP function is similar, except it only compares
+The \fBstrncmp\fP() function is similar, except it only compares
the first (at most) \fIn\fP characters of \fIs1\fP and \fIs2\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrcmp()\fP and \fBstrncmp()\fP functions return an integer
+The \fBstrcmp\fP() and \fBstrncmp\fP() functions return an integer
less than, equal to, or greater than zero if \fIs1\fP (or the first
\fIn\fP bytes thereof) is found, respectively, to be less than, to
match, or be greater than \fIs2\fP.
.BI "int strcoll(const char *" s1 ", const char *" s2 );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrcoll()\fP function compares the two strings \fIs1\fP and
+The \fBstrcoll\fP() function compares the two strings \fIs1\fP and
\fIs2\fP. It returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater
than zero if \fIs1\fP is found, respectively, to be less than,
to match, or be greater than \fIs2\fP. The comparison is based on
strings interpreted as appropriate for the program's current locale
for category \fILC_COLLATE\fP. (See \fBsetlocale\fP(3)).
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrcoll()\fP function returns an integer less than, equal to,
+The \fBstrcoll\fP() function returns an integer less than, equal to,
or greater than zero if \fIs1\fP is found, respectively, to be less
than, to match, or be greater than \fIs2\fP, when both are interpreted
as appropriate for the current locale.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.SH NOTES
-In the \fI"POSIX"\fP or \fI"C"\fP locales \fBstrcoll()\fP is equivalent to
-\fBstrcmp()\fP.
+In the \fI"POSIX"\fP or \fI"C"\fP locales \fBstrcoll\fP() is equivalent to
+\fBstrcmp\fP().
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR bcmp (3),
.BR memcmp (3),
.BI "char *strncpy(char *" dest ", const char *" src ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrcpy()\fP function copies the string pointed to by \fIsrc\fP
+The \fBstrcpy\fP() function copies the string pointed to by \fIsrc\fP
(including the terminating `\\0' character) to the array pointed to by
\fIdest\fP. The strings may not overlap, and the destination string
\fIdest\fP must be large enough to receive the copy.
.PP
-The \fBstrncpy()\fP function is similar, except that not more than
+The \fBstrncpy\fP() function is similar, except that not more than
\fIn\fP bytes of \fIsrc\fP are copied. Thus, if there is no null byte
among the first \fIn\fP bytes of \fIsrc\fP, the result will not be
null-terminated.
.I dest
will be padded with nulls.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrcpy()\fP and \fBstrncpy()\fP functions return a pointer to
+The \fBstrcpy\fP() and \fBstrncpy\fP() functions return a pointer to
the destination string \fIdest\fP.
.SH BUGS
-If the destination string of a \fBstrcpy()\fP is not large enough
+If the destination string of a \fBstrcpy\fP() is not large enough
(that is, if the programmer was stupid/lazy, and failed to check
the size before copying) then anything might happen.
Overflowing fixed length strings is a favourite cracker technique.
.sp
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrdup()\fP function returns a pointer to a new string which
+The \fBstrdup\fP() function returns a pointer to a new string which
is a duplicate of the string \fIs\fP. Memory for the new string is
obtained with \fBmalloc\fP(3), and can be freed with \fBfree\fP(3).
-The \fBstrndup()\fP function is similar, but only copies at most
+The \fBstrndup\fP() function is similar, but only copies at most
\fIn\fP characters. If \fIs\fP is longer than \fIn\fP, only \fIn\fP
characters are copied, and a terminating NUL is added.
GCC suite, and suffer from the same limitations described in \fBalloca(3)\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrdup()\fP function returns a pointer to the duplicated
+The \fBstrdup\fP() function returns a pointer to the duplicated
string, or NULL if insufficient memory was available.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.\" 4.3BSD-Reno, not (first) 4.3BSD.
SVID 3, 4.3BSD.
-\fBstrndup()\fP, \fBstrdupa()\fP, and \fBstrndupa()\fP are GNU extensions.
+\fBstrndup\fP(), \fBstrdupa\fP(), and \fBstrndupa\fP() are GNU extensions.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR alloca (3),
.BR calloc (3),
.BI "int strerror_r(int " errnum ", char *" buf ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrerror()\fP function returns a string describing the error
+The \fBstrerror\fP() function returns a string describing the error
code passed in the argument \fIerrnum\fP, possibly using the LC_MESSAGES
part of the current locale to select the appropriate language.
This string must not be modified by the application, but may be
-modified by a subsequent call to \fBperror()\fP or \fBstrerror()\fP.
+modified by a subsequent call to \fBperror\fP() or \fBstrerror\fP().
No library function will modify this string.
-The \fBstrerror_r()\fP function is similar to \fBstrerror()\fP, but is
+The \fBstrerror_r\fP() function is similar to \fBstrerror\fP(), but is
thread safe. It returns the string in the user-supplied buffer
.I buf
of length
.IR n .
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrerror()\fP function returns the appropriate error description
+The \fBstrerror\fP() function returns the appropriate error description
string, or an unknown error message if the error code is unknown.
The value of \fIerrno\fP is not changed for a successful call, and is
set to a non-zero value upon error.
-The \fBstrerror_r()\fP function returns 0 on success and \-1 on failure,
+The \fBstrerror_r\fP() function returns 0 on success and \-1 on failure,
setting \fIerrno\fP.
.SH ERRORS
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89).
.br
-.BR strerror_r()
+.BR strerror_r ()
with prototype as given above is specified by SUSv3, and was in use
under Digital Unix and HP Unix. An incompatible function, with prototype
.sp
.B "...);"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrfmon()\fP function formats the specified amounts
+The \fBstrfmon\fP() function formats the specified amounts
according to the format specification \fIformat\fP and places the
result in the character array \fIs\fP of size \fImax\fP.
.PP
One argument of type double is converted using the locale's
national currency format.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrfmon()\fP function returns the number of characters placed
+The \fBstrfmon\fP() function returns the number of characters placed
in the array \fIs\fP, not including the terminating NUL character,
provided the string, including the terminating NUL, fits.
Otherwise, it sets
.BI "char *strfry(char *" string );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrfry()\fP function randomizes the contents of \fIstring\fP by
+The \fBstrfry\fP() function randomizes the contents of \fIstring\fP by
using \fBrand\fP(3) to randomly swap characters in the string. The
result is an anagram of \fIstring\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrfry()\fP functions returns a pointer to the randomized
+The \fBstrfry\fP() functions returns a pointer to the randomized
string.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-The \fBstrfry()\fP function is unique to the Linux C Library and
+The \fBstrfry\fP() function is unique to the Linux C Library and
GNU C Library.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR memfrob (3)
.BI " const struct tm *" tm );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrftime()\fP function formats the broken-down time \fItm\fP
+The \fBstrftime\fP() function formats the broken-down time \fItm\fP
according to the format specification \fIformat\fP and places the
result in the character array \fIs\fP of size \fImax\fP.
.PP
.BR ctime (3).
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrftime()\fP function returns the number of characters placed
+The \fBstrftime\fP() function returns the number of characters placed
in the array \fIs\fP, not including the terminating NUL character,
provided the string, including the terminating NUL, fits.
Otherwise, it returns 0, and the contents of the array is undefined.
.BI "size_t strlen(const char *" s );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrlen()\fP function calculates the length of the string
+The \fBstrlen\fP() function calculates the length of the string
\fIs\fP, not including the terminating `\\0' character.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrlen()\fP function returns the number of characters in \fIs\fP.
+The \fBstrlen\fP() function returns the number of characters in \fIs\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BI "char *strpbrk(const char *" s ", const char *" accept );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrpbrk()\fP function locates the first occurrence in the
+The \fBstrpbrk\fP() function locates the first occurrence in the
string \fIs\fP of any of the characters in the string \fIaccept\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrpbrk()\fP function returns a pointer to the character in
+The \fBstrpbrk\fP() function returns a pointer to the character in
\fIs\fP that matches one of the characters in \fIaccept\fP, or NULL
if no such character is found.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.BI "struct tm *" tm );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B strptime()
+.BR strptime ()
function is the converse function to
-.B strftime()
+.BR strftime ()
and converts the character string pointed to by
.I s
to values which are stored in the
There should be white\%space or other alphanumeric characters
between any two field descriptors.
.PP
-The \fBstrptime()\fP function processes the input string from left
+The \fBstrptime\fP() function processes the input string from left
to right. Each of the three possible input elements (whitespace,
literal, or format) are handled one after the other. If the input
cannot be matched to the format string the function stops. The
contains more characters than required by the format string the return
value points right after the last consumed input character. In case
the whole input string is consumed the return value points to the NUL
-byte at the end of the string. If \fBstrptime()\fP fails to match all
+byte at the end of the string. If \fBstrptime\fP() fails to match all
of the format string and therefore an error occurred the function
returns \fBNULL\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
XPG4, SUSv2, POSIX 1003.1-2001.
.SH EXAMPLE
-The following example demonstrates the use of \fBstrptime()\fP
-and \fBstrftime()\fP.
+The following example demonstrates the use of \fBstrptime\fP()
+and \fBstrftime\fP().
.sp
.nf
.ne 12
.BI "char *strsep(char **" stringp ", const char *" delim );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-If *\fIstringp\fP is NULL, the \fBstrsep()\fP function returns NULL
+If *\fIstringp\fP is NULL, the \fBstrsep\fP() function returns NULL
and does nothing else. Otherwise, this function finds the first token
in the string *\fIstringp\fP, where tokens
are delimited by symbols in the string \fIdelim\fP.
In case no delimiter was found, the token is taken to be
the entire string *\fIstringp\fP, and *\fIstringp\fP is made NULL.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrsep()\fP function returns a pointer to the token,
+The \fBstrsep\fP() function returns a pointer to the token,
that is, it returns the original value of *\fIstringp\fP.
.SH NOTES
-The \fBstrsep()\fP function was introduced as a replacement for
-\fBstrtok()\fP, since the latter cannot handle empty fields.
-However, \fBstrtok()\fP conforms to ANSI-C and hence is more portable.
+The \fBstrsep\fP() function was introduced as a replacement for
+\fBstrtok\fP(), since the latter cannot handle empty fields.
+However, \fBstrtok\fP() conforms to ANSI-C and hence is more portable.
.SH BUGS
-This function suffers from the same problems as \fBstrtok()\fP.
+This function suffers from the same problems as \fBstrtok\fP().
In particular, it modifies the original string. Avoid it.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
4.4BSD
.BI "extern const char * const " sys_siglist [];
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrsignal()\fP function returns a string describing the signal
+The \fBstrsignal\fP() function returns a string describing the signal
number passed in the argument \fIsig\fP. The string can only be used
-until the next call to \fBstrsignal()\fP.
+until the next call to \fBstrsignal\fP().
.PP
The array \fIsys_siglist\fP holds the signal description strings
-indexed by signal number. The \fBstrsignal()\fP function should be
+indexed by signal number. The \fBstrsignal\fP() function should be
used if possible instead of this array.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrsignal()\fP function returns the appropriate description
+The \fBstrsignal\fP() function returns the appropriate description
string, or an unknown signal message if the signal number is invalid.
On some systems (but not on Linux), a \fBNULL\fP pointer may be
returned instead for an invalid signal number.
.BI "size_t strcspn(const char *" s ", const char *" reject );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrspn()\fP function calculates the length of the initial
+The \fBstrspn\fP() function calculates the length of the initial
segment of \fIs\fP which consists entirely of characters in
\fIaccept\fP.
.PP
-The \fBstrcspn()\fP function calculates the length of the initial
+The \fBstrcspn\fP() function calculates the length of the initial
segment of \fIs\fP which consists entirely of characters not in
\fIreject\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrspn()\fP function returns the number of characters in
+The \fBstrspn\fP() function returns the number of characters in
the initial segment of \fIs\fP which consist only of characters
from \fIaccept\fP.
.PP
-The \fBstrcspn()\fP function returns the number of characters in
+The \fBstrcspn\fP() function returns the number of characters in
the initial segment of \fIs\fP which are not in the string
\fIreject\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.BI "char *strcasestr(const char *" haystack ", const char *" needle );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrstr()\fP function finds the first occurrence of the substring
+The \fBstrstr\fP() function finds the first occurrence of the substring
\fIneedle\fP in the string \fIhaystack\fP. The terminating \`\\0'
characters are not compared.
-The \fBstrcasestr()\fP function is like \fBstrstr()\fP,
+The \fBstrcasestr\fP() function is like \fBstrstr\fP(),
but ignores the case of both arguments.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
These functions return a pointer to the beginning of the
substring, or NULL if the substring is not found.
.SH BUGS
Early versions of Linux libc (like 4.5.26) would not allow
-an empty \fIneedle\fP argument for \fBstrstr()\fP.
+an empty \fIneedle\fP argument for \fBstrstr\fP().
Later versions (like 4.6.27) work correctly,
and return \fIhaystack\fP when \fIneedle\fP is empty.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-The \fBstrstr()\fP function conforms to ISO 9899.
-The \fBstrcasestr()\fP function is a non-standard extension.
+The \fBstrstr\fP() function conforms to ISO 9899.
+The \fBstrcasestr\fP() function is a non-standard extension.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR index (3),
.BR memchr (3),
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
These functions are just like
-.B strtol()
+.BR strtol ()
and
-.BR strtoul() ,
+.BR strtoul (),
except that they return a value of type
.B intmax_t
and
the string \fIdelim\fP, followed by \e0 or by a character occurring
in \fIdelim\fP.
.PP
-The \fBstrtok()\fP function can be used to parse the string \fIs\fP
-into tokens. The first call to \fBstrtok()\fP should have \fIs\fP
+The \fBstrtok\fP() function can be used to parse the string \fIs\fP
+into tokens. The first call to \fBstrtok\fP() should have \fIs\fP
as its first argument. Subsequent calls should have the first argument
set to NULL. Each call returns a pointer to the next token, or NULL
when no more tokens are found.
.PP
If a token ends with a delimiter, this delimiting character is
overwritten with a \e0 and a pointer to the next character is
-saved for the next call to \fBstrtok()\fP.
+saved for the next call to \fBstrtok\fP().
The delimiter string \fIdelim\fP may be different for each call.
.PP
The
-.B strtok_r()
+.BR strtok_r ()
function is a reentrant version of the
-.B strtok()
+.BR strtok ()
function, which instead of using its own static buffer, requires a pointer
to a user allocated char*. This pointer, the
.I ptrptr
if this matters to you.
.RE
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrtok()\fP function returns a pointer to the next token, or
+The \fBstrtok\fP() function returns a pointer to the next token, or
NULL if there are no more tokens.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.TP
.BI "strtoll(const char *" nptr ", char **" endptr ", int " base );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrtol()\fP function converts the initial part of the string
+The \fBstrtol\fP() function converts the initial part of the string
in \fInptr\fP to a long integer value according to the given \fIbase\fP,
which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0.
.PP
either upper or lower case represents 10, `B' represents 11, and so
forth, with `Z' representing 35.)
.PP
-If \fIendptr\fP is not NULL, \fBstrtol()\fP stores the address of the
+If \fIendptr\fP is not NULL, \fBstrtol\fP() stores the address of the
first invalid character in \fI*endptr\fP. If there were no digits at
-all, \fBstrtol()\fP stores the original value of \fInptr\fP in
+all, \fBstrtol\fP() stores the original value of \fInptr\fP in
\fI*endptr\fP (and returns 0).
In particular, if \fI*nptr\fP is not `\\0' but \fI**endptr\fP
is `\\0' on return, the entire string is valid.
.PP
The
-.B strtoll()
+.BR strtoll ()
function works just like the
-.B strtol()
+.BR strtol ()
function but returns a long long integer value.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrtol()\fP function returns the result of the conversion,
+The \fBstrtol\fP() function returns the result of the conversion,
unless the value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs,
-\fBstrtol()\fP returns LONG_MIN. If an overflow occurs, \fBstrtol()\fP
+\fBstrtol\fP() returns LONG_MIN. If an overflow occurs, \fBstrtol\fP()
returns LONG_MAX. In both cases, \fIerrno\fP is set to ERANGE.
Precisely the same holds for
-.B strtoll()
+.BR strtoll ()
(with LLONG_MIN and LLONG_MAX instead of LONG_MIN and LONG_MAX).
.SH ERRORS
.TP
with completely analogous definition.
Depending on the wordsize of the current architecture, this
may be equivalent to
-.B strtoll()
+.BR strtoll ()
or to
-.BR strtol() .
+.BR strtol ().
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-.B strtol()
+.BR strtol ()
conforms to SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99) and POSIX, and
-.B strtoll()
+.BR strtoll ()
to ISO 9899 (C99) and POSIX 1003.1-2001.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR atof (3),
.BI "strtoull(const char *" nptr ", char **" endptr ", int " base );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrtoul()\fP function converts the initial part of the string
+The \fBstrtoul\fP() function converts the initial part of the string
in \fInptr\fP to an unsigned long integer value according to the
given \fIbase\fP, which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be
the special value 0.
either upper or lower case represents 10, `B' represents 11, and so
forth, with `Z' representing 35.)
.PP
-If \fIendptr\fP is not NULL, \fBstrtoul()\fP stores the address of the
+If \fIendptr\fP is not NULL, \fBstrtoul\fP() stores the address of the
first invalid character in \fI*endptr\fP. If there were no digits at
-all, \fBstrtoul()\fP stores the original value of \fInptr\fP in
+all, \fBstrtoul\fP() stores the original value of \fInptr\fP in
\fI*endptr\fP (and returns 0).
In particular, if \fI*nptr\fP is not `\\0' but \fI**endptr\fP
is `\\0' on return, the entire string is valid.
.PP
The
-.B strtoull()
+.BR strtoull ()
function works just like the
-.B strtoul()
+.BR strtoul ()
function but returns an unsigned long long integer value.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrtoul()\fP function returns either the result of the conversion
+The \fBstrtoul\fP() function returns either the result of the conversion
or, if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the
conversion, unless the original (non-negated) value would overflow; in
-the latter case, \fBstrtoul()\fP returns ULONG_MAX and sets the global
+the latter case, \fBstrtoul\fP() returns ULONG_MAX and sets the global
variable \fIerrno\fP to ERANGE.
Precisely the same holds for
-.B strtoull()
+.BR strtoull ()
(with ULLONG_MAX instead of ULONG_MAX).
.SH ERRORS
.TP
with completely analogous definition.
Depending on the wordsize of the current architecture, this
may be equivalent to
-.B strtoull()
+.BR strtoull ()
or to
-.BR strtoul() .
+.BR strtoul ().
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-.B strtoul()
+.BR strtoul ()
conforms to SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99) and POSIX, and
-.BR strtoull()
+.BR strtoull ()
to ISO 9899 (C99) and POSIX 1003.1-2001.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR atof (3),
Thus, the ordering is
.IR 000 ", " 00 ", " 01 ", " 010 ", " 09 ", " 0 ", " 1 ", " 9 ", " 10 .
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrverscmp()\fP function returns an integer
+The \fBstrverscmp\fP() function returns an integer
less than, equal to, or greater than zero if \fIs1\fP
is found, respectively, to be earlier than, equal to,
or later than \fIs2\fP.
.BI "size_t strxfrm(char *" dest ", const char *" src ", size_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBstrxfrm()\fP function transforms the \fIsrc\fP string into a
-form such that the result of \fBstrcmp()\fP on two strings that have
-been transformed with \fBstrxfrm()\fP is the same as the result of
-\fBstrcoll()\fP on the two strings before their transformation. The
+The \fBstrxfrm\fP() function transforms the \fIsrc\fP string into a
+form such that the result of \fBstrcmp\fP() on two strings that have
+been transformed with \fBstrxfrm\fP() is the same as the result of
+\fBstrcoll\fP() on the two strings before their transformation. The
first \fIn\fP characters of the transformed string are placed in
\fIdest\fP. The transformation is based on the program's current
locale for category \fILC_COLLATE\fP. (See \fBsetlocale\fP(3)).
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBstrxfrm()\fP function returns the number of bytes required to
+The \fBstrxfrm\fP() function returns the number of bytes required to
store the transformed string in \fIdest\fP excluding the terminating
`\\0' character. If the value returned is \fIn\fP or more, the
contents of \fIdest\fP are indeterminate.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899
.SH NOTES
-In the \fI"POSIX"\fP or \fI"C"\fP locales \fBstrxfrm()\fP is equivalent to
-copying the string with \fBstrncpy()\fP.
+In the \fI"POSIX"\fP or \fI"C"\fP locales \fBstrxfrm\fP() is equivalent to
+copying the string with \fBstrncpy\fP().
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR bcmp (3),
.BR memcmp (3),
.BI "void swab(const void *" from ", void *" to ", ssize_t " n );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBswab()\fP function copies \fIn\fP bytes from the array pointed
+The \fBswab\fP() function copies \fIn\fP bytes from the array pointed
to by \fIfrom\fP to the array pointed to by \fIto\fP, exchanging
adjacent even and odd bytes. This function is used to exchange data
between machines that have different low/high byte ordering.
as above, and does something unspecified with the last byte.
(In other words, \fIn\fP should be even.)
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBswab()\fP function returns no value.
+The \fBswab\fP() function returns no value.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, POSIX 1003.1-2001
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.\" and 999 to indicate support for options no longer present in the latest
.\" standard. (?)
The
-.B sysconf()
+.BR sysconf ()
argument will be
.BR _SC_FOO .
For a list of options, see
more might actually be supported.
If an application wants to take advantage of values which may change
between systems, a call to
-.B sysconf()
+.BR sysconf ()
can be made.
The
.B
.BR _SC_FOO .
.SH "POSIX.1 VARIABLES"
We give the name of the variable, the name of the
-.B sysconf()
+.BR sysconf ()
parameter used to inquire about its value,
and a short description.
.LP
.TP
.BR ARG_MAX " - " _SC_ARG_MAX
The maximum length of the arguments to the
-.B exec()
+.BR exec ()
family of functions.
Must not be less than _POSIX_ARG_MAX (4096).
.TP
It is difficult to use
.B ARG_MAX
because it is not specified how much of the argument space for
-.B exec()
+.BR exec ()
is consumed by the user's environment variables.
.PP
Some returned values may be huge; they are not suitable for allocating
.BI "void vsyslog(int " priority ", const char *" format ", va_list " ap );
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B closelog()
+.BR closelog ()
closes the descriptor being used to write to the system logger. The use of
-.B closelog()
+.BR closelog ()
is optional.
.sp
-.B openlog()
+.BR openlog ()
opens a connection to the system logger for a program. The string pointed
to by
.I ident
The
.I option
argument specifies flags which control the operation of
-.B openlog()
+.BR openlog ()
and subsequent calls to
-.BR syslog() .
+.BR syslog ().
The
.I facility
argument establishes a default to be used if
none is specified in subsequent calls to
-.BR syslog() .
+.BR syslog ().
Values for
.I option
and
.I facility
are given below. The use of
-.B openlog()
+.BR openlog ()
is optional; it will automatically be called by
-.B syslog()
+.BR syslog ()
if necessary, in which case
.I ident
will default to NULL.
.sp
-.B syslog()
+.BR syslog ()
generates a log message, which will be distributed by
.BR syslogd (8).
The
A trailing newline is added when needed.
The function
-.B vsyslog()
+.BR vsyslog ()
performs the same task as
-.B syslog()
+.BR syslog ()
with the difference that it takes a set of arguments which have
been obtained using the
.BR stdarg (3)
The
.I option
argument to
-.B openlog()
+.BR openlog ()
is an OR of any of these:
.TP
.B LOG_CONS
The converse of
.BR LOG_NDELAY ;
opening of the connection is delayed until
-.B syslog()
+.BR syslog ()
is called. (This is the default, and need not be specified.)
.TP
.B LOG_PERROR
can be used to restrict logging to specified levels only.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The functions
-.BR openlog() ,
-.BR closelog() ,
+.BR openlog (),
+.BR closelog (),
and
-.BR syslog()
+.BR syslog ()
(but not
-.BR vsyslog() )
+.BR vsyslog ())
are specified in SUSv2 and POSIX 1003.1-2001.
POSIX 1003.1-2001 specifies only the
.B LOG_USER
The parameter
.I ident
in the call of
-.B openlog()
+.BR openlog ()
is probably stored as-is. Thus, if the string it points to
is changed,
-.B syslog()
+.BR syslog ()
may start prepending the changed string, and if the string
it points to ceases to exist, the results are undefined.
Most portable is to use a string constant.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBtan()\fP function returns the tangent of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
+The \fBtan\fP() function returns the tangent of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
given in radians.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
.sp
Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBtanh()\fP function returns the hyperbolic tangent of \fIx\fP, which
+The \fBtanh\fP() function returns the hyperbolic tangent of \fIx\fP, which
is defined mathematically as sinh(x) / cosh(x).
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99).
.BI "int tcsetpgrp(int " fd ", pid_t " pgrp );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B tcgetpgrp()
+.BR tcgetpgrp ()
returns the process group ID of the foreground process group on the
terminal associated to
.IR fd ,
.\" The process itself may be a background process.
.LP
The function
-.B tcsetpgrp()
+.BR tcsetpgrp ()
makes the process group with process group ID \fIpgrp\fP
the foreground process group on the terminal associated to
.IR fd ,
the same session as the calling process.
.LP
If
-.B tcsetpgrp()
+.BR tcsetpgrp ()
is called by a member of a background process group in its session,
and the calling process is not blocking or ignoring SIGTTOU,
a SIGTTOU signal is sent to all members of this background process group.
.I fd
refers to the controlling terminal of the calling process,
the function
-.B tcgetpgrp()
+.BR tcgetpgrp ()
will return the foreground process group ID of that terminal
if there is one, and some value larger than 1 that is not
presently a process group ID otherwise.
is set appropriately.
.LP
When successful,
-.B tcsetpgrp()
+.BR tcsetpgrp ()
returns 0. Otherwise, it returns \-1, and
.I errno
is set appropriately.
it has one but it is not described by
.IR fd ,
or, for
-.BR tcsetpgrp() ,
+.BR tcsetpgrp (),
this controlling terminal is no longer associated with the session
of the calling process.
.TP
.BI "pid_t tcgetsid(int " fd );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B tcgetsid()
+.BR tcgetsid ()
returns the session ID of the current session that has the
terminal associated to
.I fd
.I fd
refers to the controlling terminal of our session,
the function
-.B tcgetsid()
+.BR tcgetsid ()
will return the session ID of this session.
Otherwise, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
.BI "off_t telldir(DIR *" dir );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBtelldir()\fP function returns the current location associated with
+The \fBtelldir\fP() function returns the current location associated with
the directory stream \fIdir\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-On success, the \fBtelldir()\fP function returns the current location
+On success, the \fBtelldir\fP() function returns the current location
in the directory stream.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B tempnam()
+.BR tempnam ()
function returns a pointer to a string that is a valid filename,
and such that a file with this name did not exist when
-.B tempnam()
+.BR tempnam ()
checked.
The filename suffix of the pathname generated will start with
.I pfx
(iv) Finally an implementation-defined directory may be used.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The
-.B tempnam()
+.BR tempnam ()
function returns a pointer to a unique temporary
filename, or NULL if a unique name cannot be generated.
.SH ERRORS
SVID2 specifies that the directory used under (iv) is
.IR /tmp .
SVID2 specifies that the string returned by
-.B tempnam()
+.BR tempnam ()
was allocated using
.BR malloc (3)
and hence can be freed by
.BR free (3).
.LP
The
-.B tempnam()
+.BR tempnam ()
function generates a different string each time it is called,
up to TMP_MAX (defined in
.IR <stdio.h> )
.LP
(POSIX says that the baud speed is stored in the termios structure
without specifying where precisely, and provides
-.B cfgetispeed()
+.BR cfgetispeed ()
and
-.B cfsetispeed()
+.BR cfsetispeed ()
for getting at it. Some systems use bits selected by CBAUD in
.IR c_cflag ,
other systems use separate fields, e.g.
End-of-file character.
More precisely: this character causes the pending tty buffer to be sent
to the waiting user program without waiting for end-of-line.
-If it is the first character of the line, the \fIread()\fP in the
+If it is the first character of the line, the \fIread\fP() in the
user program returns 0, which signifies end-of-file.
Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input.
.TP
or the timer times out. If neither is set, the read will return
immediately, only giving the currently already available characters.)
.PP
-.B tcgetattr()
+.BR tcgetattr ()
gets the parameters associated with the object referred by \fIfd\fP and
stores them in the \fBtermios\fP structure referenced by
\fItermios_p\fP. This function may be invoked from a background process;
however, the terminal attributes may be subsequently changed by a
foreground process.
.LP
-.B tcsetattr()
+.BR tcsetattr ()
sets the parameters associated with the terminal (unless support is
required from the underlying hardware that is not available) from the
\fBtermios\fP structure referred to by \fItermios_p\fP.
has been transmitted, and all input that has been received but not read
will be discarded before the change is made.
.LP
-.B tcsendbreak()
+.BR tcsendbreak ()
transmits a continuous stream of zero-valued bits for a specific
duration, if the terminal is using asynchronous serial data
transmission. If \fIduration\fP is zero, it transmits zero-valued bits
implementation-defined length of time.
.LP
If the terminal is not using asynchronous serial data transmission,
-\fBtcsendbreak()\fP returns without taking any action.
+\fBtcsendbreak\fP() returns without taking any action.
.LP
-.B tcdrain()
+.BR tcdrain ()
waits until all output written to the object referred to by
.I fd
has been transmitted.
.LP
-.B tcflush()
+.BR tcflush ()
discards data written to the object referred to by
.I fd
but not transmitted, or data received but not read, depending on the
flushes both data received but not read, and data written but not
transmitted.
.LP
-.B tcflow()
+.BR tcflow ()
suspends transmission or reception of data on the object referred to by
.IR fd ,
depending on the value of
The baud rate functions are provided for getting and setting the values
of the input and output baud rates in the \fBtermios\fP structure. The
new values do not take effect
-until \fBtcsetattr()\fP is successfully called.
+until \fBtcsetattr\fP() is successfully called.
Setting the speed to \fBB0\fP instructs the modem to "hang up".
The actual bit rate corresponding to \fBB38400\fP may be altered with
termios_p->c_cflag |= CS8;
.fi
.LP
-.B cfgetospeed()
+.BR cfgetospeed ()
returns the output baud rate stored in the \fBtermios\fP structure
pointed to by
.IR termios_p .
.LP
-.B cfsetospeed()
+.BR cfsetospeed ()
sets the output baud rate stored in the \fBtermios\fP structure pointed
to by \fItermios_p\fP to \fIspeed\fP, which must be one of these constants:
.nf
for the speeds beyond those defined in POSIX.1 (57600 and above).
Thus, \fBB57600\fP & \fBCBAUDEX\fP is non-zero.
.LP
-.B cfgetispeed()
+.BR cfgetispeed ()
returns the input baud rate stored in the \fBtermios\fP structure.
.LP
-.B cfsetispeed()
+.BR cfsetispeed ()
sets the input baud rate stored in the \fBtermios\fP structure to
.IR speed .
If the input baud rate is set to zero, the input baud rate will be
equal to the output baud rate.
.LP
-.B cfsetspeed()
+.BR cfsetspeed ()
is a 4.4 BSD extension. It will set both input and output speed.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
.LP
-.B cfgetispeed()
+.BR cfgetispeed ()
returns the input baud rate stored in the
\fBtermios\fP
structure.
.LP
-.B cfgetospeed()
+.BR cfgetospeed ()
returns the output baud rate stored in the \fBtermios\fP structure.
.LP
All other functions return:
to indicate the error.
.LP
Note that
-.BI tcsetattr()
+.BI tcsetattr ()
returns success if \fIany\fP of the requested changes could be
successfully carried out. Therefore, when making multiple changes
it may be necessary to follow this call with a further call to
-.BI tcgetattr()
+.BI tcgetattr ()
to check that all changes have been performed successfully.
.SH NOTES
This function returns the value of the Gamma function for the
argument \fIx\fP. It had to be called "true gamma function"
since there is already a function
-.I gamma()
+.IR gamma ()
that returns something else.
.SH ERRORS
In order to check for errors, set
.BI "time_t timegm (struct tm *" tm );
.SH DESCRIPTION
The functions
-.B timelocal()
+.BR timelocal ()
and
-.B timegm()
+.BR timegm ()
are the inverses to
.BR localtime (3)
and
.SH NOTES
These functions are GNU extensions.
The
-.B timelocal()
+.BR timelocal ()
function is equivalent to the POSIX standard function
.BR mktime (3).
There is no reason to ever use it.
.LP
For a portable version of
-.BR timegm() ,
+.BR timegm (),
set the
.B TZ
environment variable to UTC, call
-.B mktime()
+.BR mktime ()
and restore the value of
.BR TZ .
Something like
.B FILE *tmpfile (void);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBtmpfile()\fP function generates a unique temporary filename.
+The \fBtmpfile\fP() function generates a unique temporary filename.
The temporary file is then opened in binary read/write (w+b) mode.
The file will be automatically deleted when it is closed or the
program terminates normally.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
-The \fBtmpfile()\fP function returns a stream descriptor, or NULL if
+The \fBtmpfile\fP() function returns a stream descriptor, or NULL if
a unique filename cannot be generated or the unique file cannot be
opened. In the latter case, \fIerrno\fP is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
An error message may be written to \fIstdout\fP if the stream
cannot be opened.
.LP
-The standard does not specify the directory that \fItmpfile()\fP
+The standard does not specify the directory that \fItmpfile\fP()
will use. Glibc will try the path prefix \fIP_tmpdir\fP defined
in \fI<stdio.h>\fP, and if that fails the directory \fI/tmp\fP.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.B tmpnam()
+.BR tmpnam ()
function returns a pointer to a string that is a valid filename,
and such that a file with this name did not exist at some point
in time, so that naive programmers may think it
.I s
is NULL this name is generated in an internal static buffer
and may be overwritten by the next call to
-.BR tmpnam() .
+.BR tmpnam ().
If
.I s
is not NULL, the name is copied to the character array (of length
just like the TMP_MAX mentioned below.)
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The
-.B tmpnam()
+.BR tmpnam ()
function returns a pointer to a unique temporary
filename, or NULL if a unique name cannot be generated.
.SH ERRORS
No errors are defined.
.SH NOTES
The
-.B tmpnam()
+.BR tmpnam ()
function generates a different string each time it is called,
up to TMP_MAX times. If it is called more than TMP_MAX times,
the behaviour is implementation defined.
.LP
Portable applications that use threads cannot call
-.B tmpnam()
+.BR tmpnam ()
with NULL parameter if either _POSIX_THREADS or
_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS is defined.
.LP
A POSIX draft proposed to use a function
-.B tmpnam_r()
+.BR tmpnam_r ()
defined by
.sp
.nf
.BI "int tolower(int " "c" );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B toupper()
+.BR toupper ()
converts the letter
.I c
to upper case, if possible.
.PP
-.B tolower()
+.BR tolower ()
converts the letter
.I c
to lower case, if possible.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVID.
The function
-.B tdestroy()
+.BR tdestroy ()
is a GNU extension.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR bsearch (3),
.BI "extern int " daylight ;
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBtzset()\fP function initializes the \fItzname\fP variable from the
+The \fBtzset\fP() function initializes the \fItzname\fP variable from the
TZ environment variable. This function is automatically called by the
other time conversion functions that depend on the time zone.
In a SysV-like environment it will also set the variables \fItimezone\fP
.BI "useconds_t ualarm(useconds_t " usecs ", useconds_t " interval );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBualarm()\fP function causes the signal SIGALRM to be sent
+The \fBualarm\fP() function causes the signal SIGALRM to be sent
to the invoking process after (not less than)
.I usecs
microseconds.
.BI "int usleep(useconds_t " usec ");
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBusleep()\fP function suspends execution of the calling process for
+The \fBusleep\fP() function suspends execution of the calling process for
(at least) \fIusec\fP microseconds. The sleep may be lengthened slightly
by any system activity or by the time spent processing the call or by the
granularity of system timers.
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
These functions are just like
-.B wcstol()
+.BR wcstol ()
and
-.BR wcstoul() ,
+.BR wcstoul (),
except that they return a value of type
.B intmax_t
and
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B wordexp()
+.BR wordexp ()
performs a shell-like expansion of the string
.I s
and returns the result in the structure pointed to by
array that should be filled with NULLs.
.LP
The function
-.B wordfree()
+.BR wordfree ()
frees the allocated memory again. More precisely, it does not free
its argument, but it frees the array
.I we_wordv
The parameter
.I p
resulted from a previous call to
-.BR wordexp() ,
+.BR wordexp (),
and
-.BR wordfree()
+.BR wordfree ()
was not called. Reuse the allocated storage.
.TP
.B WRDE_SHOWERR
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION
The function
-.B passwd2des()
+.BR passwd2des ()
takes a character string
.I passwd
of arbitrary length and fills a character array
into a DES key.
.LP
The
-.B xencrypt()
+.BR xencrypt ()
function takes the ASCII character string
.I secret
given in hex,
encrypts it using the DES key derived from
.I passwd
by
-.BR passwd2des() ,
+.BR passwd2des (),
and outputs the result again in
.I secret
as a hex string
of the same length.
.LP
The
-.B xdecrypt()
+.BR xdecrypt ()
function performs the converse operation.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The functions
-.B xencrypt()
+.BR xencrypt ()
and
-.B xdecrypt()
+.BR xdecrypt ()
return 1 on success and 0 on error.
.SH AVAILABILITY
These routines are present in libc 4.6.27 and later, and in
Note: encoded characters are not packed, and occupy 4 bytes
each. For arrays of characters, it is worthwhile to
consider
-.BR xdr_bytes() ,
-.B xdr_opaque()
+.BR xdr_bytes (),
+.BR xdr_opaque ()
or
-.BR xdr_string() .
+.BR xdr_string ().
.br
.if t .ne 8
.LP
associated with the stream. Using
.I xdrs
after invoking
-.B xdr_destroy()
+.BR xdr_destroy ()
is undefined.
.br
.if t .ne 7
.BR "long *" .
.IP
Warning:
-.B xdr_inline()
+.BR xdr_inline ()
may return
.SM NULL
(0)
.ft R
.IP
Like
-.B xdr_reference()
+.BR xdr_reference ()
except that it serializes
.SM NULL
pointers, whereas
-.B xdr_reference()
+.BR xdr_reference ()
does not. Thus,
-.B xdr_pointer()
+.BR xdr_pointer ()
can represent
recursive data structures, such as binary trees or
linked lists.
.IP
This routine can be invoked only on
streams created by
-.BR xdrrec_create() .
+.BR xdrrec_create ().
The data in the output buffer is marked as a completed
record,
and the output buffer is optionally written out if
.IP
This routine can be invoked only on
streams created by
-.BR xdrrec_create() .
+.BR xdrrec_create ().
After consuming the rest of the current record in the stream,
this routine returns one if the stream has no more input,
zero otherwise.
.IP
This routine can be invoked only on
streams created by
-.BR xdrrec_create() .
+.BR xdrrec_create ().
It tells the
.SM XDR
implementation that the rest of the current record
Warning: this routine does not understand
.SM NULL
pointers. Use
-.B xdr_pointer()
+.BR xdr_pointer ()
instead.
.br
.if t .ne 10
The parameter
.I pos
is a position value obtained from
-.BR xdr_getpos() .
+.BR xdr_getpos ().
This routine returns one if the
.SM XDR
stream could be repositioned,
Warning: the destroy routine associated with such
.SM XDR
streams calls
-.B fflush()
+.BR fflush ()
on the
.I file
stream, but never
-.BR fclose() .
+.BR fclose ().
.br
.if t .ne 9
.LP
is translated. The parameter
.I choices
is a pointer to an array of
-.B xdr_discrim()
+.BR xdr_discrim ()
structures. Each structure contains an ordered pair of
.RI [ value , proc ].
If the union's discriminant is equal to the associated
then the
.I proc
is called to translate the union. The end of the
-.B xdr_discrim()
+.BR xdr_discrim ()
structure array is denoted by a routine of value
.SM NULL\s0.
If the discriminant is not found in the
.B
.SM MAXUN.UNSIGNED
is the maximum value of an unsigned integer.
-.B xdr_wrapstring()
+.BR xdr_wrapstring ()
is handy because the
.SM RPC
package passes a maximum of two
.SM XDR
routines as parameters, and
-.BR xdr_string() ,
+.BR xdr_string (),
one of the most frequently used primitives, requires three.
Returns one if it succeeds, zero otherwise.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.SH NAME
console ioctl \- ioctl's for console terminal and virtual consoles
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The following Linux-peculiar \fBioctl()\fP requests are supported.
+The following Linux-peculiar \fBioctl\fP() requests are supported.
Each requires a third argument, assumed here to be \fIargp\fP.
.IP \fBKDGETLED\fP
Get state of LEDs. \fIargp\fP points to a long int. The lower three bits
.I write_wakeup_threshold
contains the number of bits of entropy below which we wake up
processes that do a
-.I select()
+.IR select ()
or
-.I poll()
+.IR poll ()
for write access to
.BR /dev/random .
These values can be changed by writing to the files.
For example, if the drive firmware selects fixed-block mode,
the tape device uses fixed-block mode. The options can
be changed with explicit
-.B ioctl()
+.BR ioctl ()
calls and remain in effect when the device is closed and reopened.
Setting the options affects both the auto-rewind and the non-rewind
device.
.HP
\s-1GMT_ONLINE(\s+1\fIx\fP\s-1)\s+1:
The last
-.B open()
+.BR open ()
found the drive with a tape in place and ready for operation.
.HP
\s-1GMT_D_6250(\s+1\fIx\fP\s-1)\s+1, \s-1GMT_D_1600(\s+1\fIx\fP\s-1)\s+1, \s-1GMT_D_800(\s+1\fIx\fP\s-1)\s+1:
.IP EACCES
An attempt was made to write or erase a write-protected tape.
(This error is not detected during
-.BR open() .)
+.BR open ().)
.IP EFAULT
The command parameters point to memory not belonging to the calling
process.
larger than the driver's internal buffer.
.IP EINVAL
An
-.B ioctl()
+.BR ioctl ()
had an illegal argument, or a requested block size was illegal.
.IP ENOSYS
Unknown
-.BR ioctl() .
+.BR ioctl ().
.IP EROFS
Open is attempted with O_WRONLY or O_RDWR when the tape in the drive is
write-protected.
minor number 0, usually of mode 0666 and owner.group root.tty. It is a
synonym for the controlling terminal of a process, if any.
.LP
-In addition to the \fBioctl()\fP requests supported by the device that
-\fBtty\fP refers to, the \fBioctl()\fP request \fBTIOCNOTTY\fP is supported.
+In addition to the \fBioctl\fP() requests supported by the device that
+\fBtty\fP refers to, the \fBioctl\fP() request \fBTIOCNOTTY\fP is supported.
.SS TIOCNOTTY
Detach the current process from its controlling terminal.
.sp
then SIGHUP and SIGCONT signals are sent to the foreground process group
and all processes in the current session lose their controlling tty.
.sp
-This \fBioctl()\fP call only works on file descriptors connected
+This \fBioctl\fP() call only works on file descriptors connected
to \fB/dev/tty\fP. It is used by daemon processes when they are invoked
by a user at a terminal.
The process attempts to open \fB/dev/tty\fP. If the open succeeds, it
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
-.I ioctl()
+.IR ioctl ()
call for terminals and serial ports accepts many possible command arguments.
Most require a third argument, of varying type, here called \fIargp\fP
or \fIarg\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
The
-.I ioctl()
+.IR ioctl ()
system call returns 0 on success. On error it returns \-1 and sets
.I errno
appropriately.
task.
.PP
The functions it declares are
-.B setlocale()
+.BR setlocale ()
to set the current locale, and
-.B localeconv()
+.BR localeconv ()
to get information about number formatting.
.PP
There are different categories for local information a program might
need; they are declared as macros. Using them as the first argument
to the
-.B setlocale()
+.BR setlocale ()
function, it is possible to set one of these to the desired locale:
.TP
.B LC_COLLATE
This is used to change the behaviour of the functions
-.B strcoll()
+.BR strcoll ()
and
-.BR strxfrm() ,
+.BR strxfrm (),
which are used to compare strings in the local alphabet. For example,
the German sharp s is sorted as "ss".
.TP
.B LC_CTYPE
This changes the behaviour of the character handling and
classification functions, such as
-.B isupper()
+.BR isupper ()
and
-.BR toupper() ,
+.BR toupper (),
and the multi\-byte character functions such as
-.B mblen()
+.BR mblen ()
or
-.BR wctomb() .
+.BR wctomb ().
.TP
.B LC_MONETARY
changes the information returned by
-.B localeconv()
+.BR localeconv ()
which describes the way numbers are usually printed, with details such
as decimal point versus decimal comma. This information is internally
used by the function
-.BR strfmon() .
+.BR strfmon ().
.TP
.B LC_MESSAGES
changes the language messages are displayed in and how an affirmative or
negative answer looks like. The GNU C-library contains the
-.BR gettext() ,
-.BR ngettext() ,
+.BR gettext (),
+.BR ngettext (),
and
-.B rpmatch()
+.BR rpmatch ()
functions to ease the use of these information. The GNU gettext family of
functions also obey the environment variable
.BR LANGUAGE .
.TP
.B LC_NUMERIC
changes the information used by the
-.B printf()
+.BR printf ()
and
-.B scanf()
+.BR scanf ()
family of functions, when they are advised to use the
locale-settings. This information can also be read with the
-.B localeconv()
+.BR localeconv ()
function.
.TP
.B LC_TIME
changes the behaviour of the
-.B strftime()
+.BR strftime ()
function to display the current time in a locally acceptable form; for
example, most of Europe uses a 24\-hour clock vs. the US' 12\-hour
clock.
All of the above.
.PP
If the second argument to
-.B setlocale()
+.BR setlocale ()
is empty string,
.BR """""" ,
for the default locale, it is determined using the following steps:
Values about local numeric formatting is made available in a
.B struct lconv
returned by the
-.B localeconv()
+.BR localeconv ()
function, which has the following declaration:
.nf
struct lconv
.BR sysconf (3).
.LP
We give the name of the POSIX abbreviation, the option, the name of the
-.B sysconf()
+.BR sysconf ()
parameter used to inquire about the option, and possibly
a very short description.
Much more precise detail can be found in the POSIX standard itself,
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_fadvise() ,
-.IR posix_fallocate() ,
-.IR posix_memalign() ,
-.IR posix_madvise()
+.IR posix_fadvise (),
+.IR posix_fallocate (),
+.IR posix_memalign (),
+.IR posix_madvise ()
.br
.in -4
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR aio_cancel() ,
-.IR aio_error() ,
-.IR aio_fsync() ,
-.IR aio_read() ,
-.IR aio_return() ,
-.IR aio_suspend() ,
-.IR aio_write() ,
-.IR lio_listio()
+.IR aio_cancel (),
+.IR aio_error (),
+.IR aio_fsync (),
+.IR aio_read (),
+.IR aio_return (),
+.IR aio_suspend (),
+.IR aio_write (),
+.IR lio_listio ()
.br
.in -4
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_barrier_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_barrier_init() ,
-.IR pthread_barrier_wait() ,
-.IR pthread_barrierattr_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_barrierattr_init()
+.IR pthread_barrier_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_barrier_init (),
+.IR pthread_barrier_wait (),
+.IR pthread_barrierattr_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_barrierattr_init ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
then only root may change the owner of a file, and non-root can only
set the group of a file to one of the groups it belongs to.
This affects the functions
-.IR chown() ,
-.IR fchown() .
+.IR chown (),
+.IR fchown ().
.\" What about lchown() ?
.SS "CS - _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION - _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION"
This option implies the _POSIX_TIMERS option.
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_condattr_getclock() ,
-.IR pthread_condattr_setclock() ,
-.IR clock_nanosleep()
+.IR pthread_condattr_getclock (),
+.IR pthread_condattr_setclock (),
+.IR clock_nanosleep ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
are present.
If CLOCK_REALTIME is changed by the function
-.IR clock_settime() ,
+.IR clock_settime (),
then this affects all timers set for an absolute time.
.SS "CPT - _POSIX_CPUTIME - _SC_CPUTIME"
The clockID CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID is supported.
The initial value of this clock is 0 for each process.
This option implies the _POSIX_TIMERS option.
The function
-.IR clock_getcpuclockid()
+.IR clock_getcpuclockid ()
is present.
.\" .SS "FD"
.\" Fortran development
This option has been deleted. Not in final XPG6.
.SS "FSC - _POSIX_FSYNC - _SC_FSYNC "
The function
-.I fsync()
+.IR fsync ()
is present.
.SS "IP6 - _POSIX_IPV6 - _SC_IPV6"
Internet Protocol Version 6 is supported.
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR setpgid() ,
-.IR tcdrain() ,
-.IR tcflush() ,
-.IR tcgetpgrp() ,
-.IR tcsendbreak() ,
-.IR tcsetattr() ,
-.IR tcsetpgrp()
+.IR setpgid (),
+.IR tcdrain (),
+.IR tcflush (),
+.IR tcgetpgrp (),
+.IR tcsendbreak (),
+.IR tcsetattr (),
+.IR tcsetpgrp ()
.in -4
are present.
.fi
Shared memory is supported. The include file
.I <sys/mman.h>
is present. The functions
-.IR mmap() ,
-.IR msync() ,
-.IR munmap()
+.IR mmap (),
+.IR msync (),
+.IR munmap ()
are present.
.SS "ML - _POSIX_MEMLOCK - _SC_MEMLOCK"
Shared memory can be locked into core. The functions
-.IR mlockall() ,
-.IR munlockall()
+.IR mlockall (),
+.IR munlockall ()
are present.
.SS "MR/MLR - _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE - _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE"
More precisely, ranges can be locked into core. The functions
-.IR mlock() ,
-.IR munlock()
+.IR mlock (),
+.IR munlock ()
are present.
.SS "MPR - _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION - _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION"
The function
-.I mprotect()
+.IR mprotect ()
is present.
.SS "MSG - _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING - _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING"
The include file
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR mq_close() ,
-.IR mq_getattr() ,
-.IR mq_notify() ,
-.IR mq_open() ,
-.IR mq_receive() ,
-.IR mq_send() ,
-.IR mq_setattr() ,
-.IR mq_unlink()
+.IR mq_close (),
+.IR mq_getattr (),
+.IR mq_notify (),
+.IR mq_open (),
+.IR mq_receive (),
+.IR mq_send (),
+.IR mq_setattr (),
+.IR mq_unlink ()
.br
.in -4
.fi
This option implies the _POSIX_TIMERS option.
Affected functions are
.in +4
-.IR aio_suspend() ,
-.IR clock_getres() ,
-.IR clock_gettime() ,
-.IR clock_settime() ,
-.IR timer_create() .
+.IR aio_suspend (),
+.IR clock_getres (),
+.IR clock_gettime (),
+.IR clock_settime (),
+.IR timer_create ().
.in -4
.fi
.SS "--- - _POSIX_MULTI_PROCESS - _SC_MULTI_PROCESS"
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR aio_read() ,
-.IR aio_write() .
+.IR aio_read (),
+.IR aio_write ().
.in -4
.fi
.SS "PS - _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING"
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR sched_get_priority_max() ,
-.IR sched_get_priority_min() ,
-.IR sched_getparam() ,
-.IR sched_getscheduler() ,
-.IR sched_rr_get_interval() ,
-.IR sched_setparam() ,
-.IR sched_setscheduler() ,
-.IR sched_yield()
+.IR sched_get_priority_max (),
+.IR sched_get_priority_min (),
+.IR sched_getparam (),
+.IR sched_getscheduler (),
+.IR sched_rr_get_interval (),
+.IR sched_setparam (),
+.IR sched_setscheduler (),
+.IR sched_yield ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedparam() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedparam() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy()
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedparam (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedparam (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy ()
.in -4
are present.
.fi
.SS "RS - _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS"
Raw sockets are supported. Affected functions are
-.IR getsockopt() ,
-.IR setsockopt() .
+.IR getsockopt (),
+.IR setsockopt ().
.SS "--- - _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS - _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS"
This option implies the _POSIX_THREADS option. Conversely,
under POSIX 1003.1-2001 the _POSIX_THREADS option implies this option.
.nf
The functions
.in +4
-.IR pthread_rwlock_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_init() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_rdlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_trywrlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_unlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_wrlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlockattr_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlockattr_init()
+.IR pthread_rwlock_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_init (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_rdlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_trywrlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_unlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_wrlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlockattr_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_rwlockattr_init ()
.in -4
are present.
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR sigqueue() ,
-.IR sigtimedwait() ,
-.IR sigwaitinfo()
+.IR sigqueue (),
+.IR sigtimedwait (),
+.IR sigwaitinfo ()
.br
.in -4
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR regcomp() ,
-.IR regerror() ,
-.IR regexec() ,
-.IR regfree()
+.IR regcomp (),
+.IR regerror (),
+.IR regexec (),
+.IR regfree ()
.br
.in -4
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR exec() ,
-.IR kill() ,
-.IR seteuid() ,
-.IR setegid() ,
-.IR setgid() ,
-.IR setuid() .
+.IR exec (),
+.IR kill (),
+.IR seteuid (),
+.IR setegid (),
+.IR setgid (),
+.IR setuid ().
.br
.in -4
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR sem_close() ,
-.IR sem_destroy() ,
-.IR sem_getvalue() ,
-.IR sem_init() ,
-.IR sem_open() ,
-.IR sem_post() ,
-.IR sem_trywait() ,
-.IR sem_unlink() ,
-.IR sem_wait()
+.IR sem_close (),
+.IR sem_destroy (),
+.IR sem_getvalue (),
+.IR sem_init (),
+.IR sem_open (),
+.IR sem_post (),
+.IR sem_trywait (),
+.IR sem_unlink (),
+.IR sem_wait ()
.br
.in -4
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR mmap() ,
-.IR munmap() ,
-.IR shm_open() ,
-.IR shm_unlink()
+.IR mmap (),
+.IR munmap (),
+.IR shm_open (),
+.IR shm_unlink ()
.br
.in -4
.fi
.SS "--- - _POSIX_SHELL - _SC_SHELL"
If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX 1003.1-2001),
the function
-.IR system()
+.IR system ()
is present.
.SS "SPN - _POSIX_SPAWN - _SC_SPAWN"
This option describes support for process creation in a context where
it is difficult or impossible to use
-.IR fork() ,
+.IR fork (),
e.g. because no MMU is present.
If _POSIX_SPAWN is in effect, then the include file
.I <spawn.h>
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_spawn() ,
-.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose() ,
-.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2() ,
-.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen() ,
-.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy() ,
-.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_init() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_destroy() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getflags() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getpgroup() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getsigmask() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_init() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setflags() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setpgroup() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setsigmask() ,
-.IR posix_spawnp()
+.IR posix_spawn (),
+.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose (),
+.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2 (),
+.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen (),
+.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy (),
+.IR posix_spawn_file_actions_init (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_destroy (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getflags (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getpgroup (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getsigmask (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_init (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setflags (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setpgroup (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setsigmask (),
+.IR posix_spawnp ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedparam() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedparam() ,
-.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy()
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedparam (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedparam (),
+.IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy ()
.in -4
are present.
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_spin_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_spin_init() ,
-.IR pthread_spin_lock() ,
-.IR pthread_spin_trylock() ,
-.IR pthread_spin_unlock()
+.IR pthread_spin_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_spin_init (),
+.IR pthread_spin_lock (),
+.IR pthread_spin_trylock (),
+.IR pthread_spin_unlock ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR sched_setparam() ,
-.IR sched_setscheduler() .
+.IR sched_setparam (),
+.IR sched_setscheduler ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.SS "SIO - _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO - _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO"
Affected functions are
-.IR open() ,
-.IR msync() ,
-.IR fsync() ,
-.IR fdatasync() .
+.IR open (),
+.IR msync (),
+.IR fsync (),
+.IR fdatasync ().
.SS "TSA - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR"
Affected functions are
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_attr_getstack() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_getstackaddr() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setstack() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setstackaddr() .
+.IR pthread_attr_getstack (),
+.IR pthread_attr_getstackaddr (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setstack (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setstackaddr ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_attr_getstack() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_getstacksize() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setstack() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setstacksize() .
+.IR pthread_attr_getstack (),
+.IR pthread_attr_getstacksize (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setstack (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setstacksize ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_getcpuclockid() ,
-.IR clock_getres() ,
-.IR clock_gettime() ,
-.IR clock_settime() ,
-.IR timer_create() .
+.IR pthread_getcpuclockid (),
+.IR clock_getres (),
+.IR clock_gettime (),
+.IR clock_settime (),
+.IR timer_create ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol() .
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_mutex_getprioceiling() ,
-.IR pthread_mutex_setprioceiling() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol() .
+.IR pthread_mutex_getprioceiling (),
+.IR pthread_mutex_setprioceiling (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_attr_getinheritsched() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_getschedpolicy() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_getscope() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setinheritsched() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setschedpolicy() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setscope() ,
-.IR pthread_getschedparam() ,
-.IR pthread_setschedparam() ,
-.IR pthread_setschedprio() .
+.IR pthread_attr_getinheritsched (),
+.IR pthread_attr_getschedpolicy (),
+.IR pthread_attr_getscope (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setinheritsched (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setschedpolicy (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setscope (),
+.IR pthread_getschedparam (),
+.IR pthread_setschedparam (),
+.IR pthread_setschedprio ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_barrierattr_getpshared() ,
-.IR pthread_barrierattr_setpshared() ,
-.IR pthread_condattr_getpshared() ,
-.IR pthread_condattr_setpshared() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_getpshared() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_setpshared() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared() .
+.IR pthread_barrierattr_getpshared (),
+.IR pthread_barrierattr_setpshared (),
+.IR pthread_condattr_getpshared (),
+.IR pthread_condattr_setpshared (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_getpshared (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_setpshared (),
+.IR pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared (),
+.IR pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR readdir_r() ,
-.IR getgrgid_r() ,
-.IR getgrnam_r() ,
-.IR getpwnam_r() ,
-.IR getpwuid_r() ,
-.IR flockfile() ,
-.IR ftrylockfile() ,
-.IR funlockfile() ,
-.IR getc_unlocked() ,
-.IR getchar_unlocked() ,
-.IR putc_unlocked() ,
-.IR putchar_unlocked() ,
-.IR rand_r() ,
-.IR strerror_r() ,
-.IR strtok_r() ,
-.IR asctime_r() ,
-.IR ctime_r() ,
-.IR gmtime_r() ,
-.IR localtime_r() .
+.IR readdir_r (),
+.IR getgrgid_r (),
+.IR getgrnam_r (),
+.IR getpwnam_r (),
+.IR getpwuid_r (),
+.IR flockfile (),
+.IR ftrylockfile (),
+.IR funlockfile (),
+.IR getc_unlocked (),
+.IR getchar_unlocked (),
+.IR putc_unlocked (),
+.IR putchar_unlocked (),
+.IR rand_r (),
+.IR strerror_r (),
+.IR strtok_r (),
+.IR asctime_r (),
+.IR ctime_r (),
+.IR gmtime_r (),
+.IR localtime_r ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR sched_getparam() ,
-.IR sched_setparam() ,
-.IR sched_setscheduler() .
+.IR sched_getparam (),
+.IR sched_setparam (),
+.IR sched_setscheduler ().
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR pthread_atfork() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_getdetachstate() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_getschedparam() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_init() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setdetachstate() ,
-.IR pthread_attr_setschedparam() ,
-.IR pthread_cancel() ,
-.IR pthread_cleanup_push() ,
-.IR pthread_cleanup_pop() ,
-.IR pthread_cond_broadcast() ,
-.IR pthread_cond_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_cond_init() ,
-.IR pthread_cond_signal() ,
-.IR pthread_cond_timedwait() ,
-.IR pthread_cond_wait() ,
-.IR pthread_condattr_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_condattr_init() ,
-.IR pthread_create() ,
-.IR pthread_detach() ,
-.IR pthread_equal() ,
-.IR pthread_exit() ,
-.IR pthread_getspecific() ,
+.IR pthread_atfork (),
+.IR pthread_attr_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_attr_getdetachstate (),
+.IR pthread_attr_getschedparam (),
+.IR pthread_attr_init (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setdetachstate (),
+.IR pthread_attr_setschedparam (),
+.IR pthread_cancel (),
+.IR pthread_cleanup_push (),
+.IR pthread_cleanup_pop (),
+.IR pthread_cond_broadcast (),
+.IR pthread_cond_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_cond_init (),
+.IR pthread_cond_signal (),
+.IR pthread_cond_timedwait (),
+.IR pthread_cond_wait (),
+.IR pthread_condattr_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_condattr_init (),
+.IR pthread_create (),
+.IR pthread_detach (),
+.IR pthread_equal (),
+.IR pthread_exit (),
+.IR pthread_getspecific (),
.IR pthread_join( ,
-.IR pthread_key_create() ,
-.IR pthread_key_delete() ,
-.IR pthread_mutex_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_mutex_init() ,
-.IR pthread_mutex_lock() ,
-.IR pthread_mutex_trylock() ,
-.IR pthread_mutex_unlock() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_mutexattr_init() ,
-.IR pthread_once() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_init() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_rdlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_trywrlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_unlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_wrlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlockattr_destroy() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlockattr_init() ,
-.IR pthread_self() ,
-.IR pthread_setcancelstate() ,
-.IR pthread_setcanceltype() ,
-.IR pthread_setspecific() ,
-.IR pthread_testcancel()
+.IR pthread_key_create (),
+.IR pthread_key_delete (),
+.IR pthread_mutex_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_mutex_init (),
+.IR pthread_mutex_lock (),
+.IR pthread_mutex_trylock (),
+.IR pthread_mutex_unlock (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_mutexattr_init (),
+.IR pthread_once (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_init (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_rdlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_trywrlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_unlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_wrlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlockattr_destroy (),
+.IR pthread_rwlockattr_init (),
+.IR pthread_self (),
+.IR pthread_setcancelstate (),
+.IR pthread_setcanceltype (),
+.IR pthread_setspecific (),
+.IR pthread_testcancel ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR mq_timedreceive() ,
-.IR mq_timedsend() ,
-.IR pthread_mutex_timedlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock() ,
-.IR pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock() ,
-.IR sem_timedwait() ,
-.IR posix_trace_timedgetnext_event()
+.IR mq_timedreceive (),
+.IR mq_timedsend (),
+.IR pthread_mutex_timedlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock (),
+.IR pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock (),
+.IR sem_timedwait (),
+.IR posix_trace_timedgetnext_event ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR clock_getres() ,
-.IR clock_gettime() ,
-.IR clock_settime() ,
-.IR nanosleep() ,
-.IR timer_create() ,
-.IR timer_delete() ,
-.IR timer_gettime() ,
-.IR timer_getoverrun() ,
-.IR timer_settime()
+.IR clock_getres (),
+.IR clock_gettime (),
+.IR clock_settime (),
+.IR nanosleep (),
+.IR timer_create (),
+.IR timer_delete (),
+.IR timer_gettime (),
+.IR timer_getoverrun (),
+.IR timer_settime ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_trace_attr_destroy() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getclockres() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getcreatetime() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getgenversion() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getmaxdatasize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getmaxsystemeventsize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getmaxusereventsize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getname() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getstreamfullpolicy() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getstreamsize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_init() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_setmaxdatasize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_setname() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_setstreamsize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_setstreamfullpolicy() ,
-.IR posix_trace_clear() ,
-.IR posix_trace_create() ,
-.IR posix_trace_event() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventid_equal() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventid_get_name() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventid_open() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventtypelist_getnext_id() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventtypelist_rewind() ,
-.IR posix_trace_flush() ,
-.IR posix_trace_get_attr() ,
-.IR posix_trace_get_status() ,
-.IR posix_trace_getnext_event() ,
-.IR posix_trace_shutdown() ,
-.IR posix_trace_start() ,
-.IR posix_trace_stop() ,
-.IR posix_trace_trygetnext_event()
+.IR posix_trace_attr_destroy (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getclockres (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getcreatetime (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getgenversion (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getmaxdatasize (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getmaxsystemeventsize (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getmaxusereventsize (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getname (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getstreamfullpolicy (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getstreamsize (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_init (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_setmaxdatasize (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_setname (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_setstreamsize (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_setstreamfullpolicy (),
+.IR posix_trace_clear (),
+.IR posix_trace_create (),
+.IR posix_trace_event (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventid_equal (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventid_get_name (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventid_open (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventtypelist_getnext_id (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventtypelist_rewind (),
+.IR posix_trace_flush (),
+.IR posix_trace_get_attr (),
+.IR posix_trace_get_status (),
+.IR posix_trace_getnext_event (),
+.IR posix_trace_shutdown (),
+.IR posix_trace_start (),
+.IR posix_trace_stop (),
+.IR posix_trace_trygetnext_event ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_trace_eventset_add() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventset_del() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventset_empty() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventset_fill() ,
-.IR posix_trace_eventset_ismember() ,
-.IR posix_trace_get_filter() ,
-.IR posix_trace_set_filter() ,
-.IR posix_trace_trid_eventid_open()
+.IR posix_trace_eventset_add (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventset_del (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventset_empty (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventset_fill (),
+.IR posix_trace_eventset_ismember (),
+.IR posix_trace_get_filter (),
+.IR posix_trace_set_filter (),
+.IR posix_trace_trid_eventid_open ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getinherited() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_setinherited()
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getinherited (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_setinherited ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getlogfullpolicy() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_getlogsize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_setlogfullpolicy() ,
-.IR posix_trace_attr_setlogsize() ,
-.IR posix_trace_close() ,
-.IR posix_trace_create_withlog() ,
-.IR posix_trace_open() ,
-.IR posix_trace_rewind()
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getlogfullpolicy (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_getlogsize (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_setlogfullpolicy (),
+.IR posix_trace_attr_setlogsize (),
+.IR posix_trace_close (),
+.IR posix_trace_create_withlog (),
+.IR posix_trace_open (),
+.IR posix_trace_rewind ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
.br
.nf
.in +4
-.IR posix_mem_offset() ,
-.IR posix_typed_mem_get_info() ,
-.IR posix_typed_mem_open()
+.IR posix_mem_offset (),
+.IR posix_typed_mem_get_info (),
+.IR posix_typed_mem_open ()
.in -4
.br
.fi
using
.BR accept (2).
A socket which has had
-.B accept()
+.BR accept ()
or
-.B connect()
+.BR connect ()
successfully called on it is fully specified and may
transmit data. Data cannot be transmitted on listening or
not yet connected sockets.
larger sizes compared to the actual TCP windows.
On individual connections, the socket buffer size must be
set prior to the
-.B listen()
+.BR listen ()
or
-.B connect()
+.BR connect ()
calls in order to have it take effect. See
.BR socket (7)
for more information.
projects / thirdparty / man-pages.git / commitdiff
