for a common purpose or a common driver), and an 8-bit
serial number.
.LP
-The macros describing this structure live in <asm/ioctl.h>
+The macros describing this structure live in \fI<asm/ioctl.h>\fP
and are _IO(type,nr) and {_IOR,_IOW,_IOWR}(type,nr,size).
They use sizeof(size) so that size is a
misnomer here: this third parameter is a data type.
.BR munlock ()
are available,
.B _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE
-is defined in <unistd.h> and the number of bytes in a page
+is defined in \fI<unistd.h>\fP and the number of bytes in a page
can be determined from the constant
.B PAGESIZE
-(if defined) in <limits.h> or by calling
+(if defined) in \fI<limits.h>\fP or by calling
.IR sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE) .
On POSIX systems on which
.BR munlockall ()
are available,
.B _POSIX_MEMLOCK
-is defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0. (See also
+is defined in \fI<unistd.h>\fP to a value greater than 0. (See also
.BR sysconf (3).)
.\" POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
.\" -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
.BR munmap ()
are available,
.B _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES
-is defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0. (See also
+is defined in \fI<unistd.h>\fP to a value greater than 0. (See also
.BR sysconf (3).)
.\" POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
.\" -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
The
.I user_desc
-structure is defined in <asm/ldt.h> as:
+structure is defined in \fI<asm/ldt.h>\fP as:
.in +0.25i
.nf
argument may have the magic number 0xC0ED (\fBMS_MGC_VAL\fP)
in the top 16 bits (this was required in kernel versions prior to 2.4, but
is no longer required and ignored if specified),
-and various mount flags (as defined in <linux/fs.h> for libc4 and libc5
-and in <sys/mount.h> for glibc2) in the low order 16 bits:
+and various mount flags (as defined in \fI<linux/fs.h>\fP for libc4 and libc5
+and in \fI<sys/mount.h>\fP for glibc2) in the low order 16 bits:
.\" FIXME 2.6.15 added flags for "shared sub-tree" functionality:
.\" MS_UNBINDABLE, MS_PRIVATE, MS_SHARED, MS_SLAVE
.\" These need to be documented on this page.
in more than one place, so specifying the device does not suffice).
.LP
The original MS_SYNC flag was renamed MS_SYNCHRONOUS in 1.1.69
-when a different MS_SYNC was added to <mman.h>.
+when a different MS_SYNC was added to \fI<mman.h>\fP.
.LP
Before Linux 2.4 an attempt to execute a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program
on a filesystem mounted with
.PP
The
.I msqid_ds
-data structure is defined in <sys/msg.h> as follows:
+data structure is defined in \fI<sys/msg.h>\fP as follows:
.nf
.in +4n
.PP
The
.I ipc_perm
-structure is defined in <sys/ipc.h> as follows
+structure is defined in \fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP as follows
(the highlighted fields are settable using
.BR IPC_SET ):
.PP
.B _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES
and
.B _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
-are defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0.
+are defined in \fI<unistd.h>\fP to a value greater than 0.
(See also
.BR sysconf (3).)
.\" POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
.I events
and
.I revents
-are defined in <poll.h>:
+are defined in \fI<poll.h>\fP:
.RS
.TP
.B POLLIN
in the child's
.B USER
area, which holds the registers and other information about the process
-(see <linux/user.h> and <sys/user.h>).
+(see \fI<linux/user.h>\fP and <sys/user.h>).
The word is returned as the result of the
.BR ptrace ()
call.
PTRACE_GETREGS, PTRACE_GETFPREGS
Copies the child's general purpose or floating-point registers,
respectively, to location \fIdata\fP in the parent.
-See <linux/user.h> for information on
+See \fI<linux/user.h>\fP for information on
the format of this data. (\fIaddr\fP is ignored.)
.TP
PTRACE_GETSIGINFO (since Linux 2.3.99-pre6)
.BR sched_get_priority_min ()
are available define
.I _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
-in <unistd.h>.
+in \fI<unistd.h>\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success,
.BR sched_get_priority_max ()
.BR sched_rr_get_interval ()
is available define
.I _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
-in <unistd.h>.
+in \fI<unistd.h>\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success,
.BR sched_rr_get_interval ()
.BR sched_getparam ()
are available define
.I _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
-in <unistd.h>.
+in \fI<unistd.h>\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success,
.BR sched_setparam ()
.BR sched_getscheduler ()
are available define
.I _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
-in <unistd.h>.
+in \fI<unistd.h>\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success,
.BR sched_setscheduler ()
.BR sched_yield ()
is available define
.I _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
-in <unistd.h>.
+in \fI<unistd.h>\fP.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success,
.BR sched_yield ()
.PP
The
.I semid_ds
-data structure is defined in <sys/sem.h> as follows:
+data structure is defined in \fI<sys/sem.h>\fP as follows:
.nf
.in +4n
.PP
The
.I ipc_perm
-structure is defined in <sys/ipc.h> as follows
+structure is defined in \fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP as follows
(the highlighted fields are settable using
.BR IPC_SET ):
.PP
.PP
In some earlier versions of glibc, the
.I semun
-union was defined in <sys/sem.h>, but POSIX.1-2001 requires
+union was defined in \fI<sys/sem.h>\fP, but POSIX.1-2001 requires
that the caller define this union.
On versions of glibc where this union is \fInot\fP defined,
the macro
.B _SEM_SEMUN_UNDEFINED
-is defined in <sys/sem.h>.
+is defined in \fI<sys/sem.h>\fP.
.PP
The following system limit on semaphore sets affects a
.BR semctl ()
The
.I buf
argument is a pointer to a \fIshmid_ds\fP structure,
-defined in <sys/shm.h> as follows:
+defined in \fI<sys/shm.h>\fP as follows:
.PP
.in +4n
.nf
.PP
The
.I ipc_perm
-structure is defined in <sys/ipc.h> as follows
+structure is defined in \fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP as follows
(the highlighted fields are settable using
.BR IPC_SET ):
.PP
The glibc2 library follows the BSD behavior.
If one on a libc5 system includes
-.B "<bsd/signal.h>"
+.I <bsd/signal.h>
instead of
-.B "<signal.h>"
+.I <signal.h>
then
.BR signal ()
is redefined as
.BR fstatfs64 ()
to support this library call.
-Some systems only have <sys/vfs.h>, other systems also have
-<sys/statfs.h>, where the former includes the latter.
+Some systems only have \fI<sys/vfs.h>\fP, other systems also have
+\fI<sys/statfs.h>\fP, where the former includes the latter.
So it seems
including the former is the best choice.
.BR atoq ()
function is not present in libc 4.6.27
or glibc 2, but is present in libc5 and libc 4.7 (though only as an
-inline function in \fB<stdlib.h>\fP until libc 5.4.44).
+inline function in \fI<stdlib.h>\fP until libc 5.4.44).
The
.BR atoll ()
function is present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but
.SH AVAILABILITY
On POSIX systems on which these functions are available, the symbol
.B _POSIX_TIMERS
-is defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0.
+is defined in \fI<unistd.h>\fP to a value greater than 0.
The symbols
.BR _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK ,
.BR _POSIX_CPUTIME ,
.RE
This is still what you will get if _GNU_SOURCE is defined before
-including <search.h>.
+including \fI<search.h>\fP.
The location of the prototypes for these functions differs among several
versions of UNIX.
The above is the POSIX version.
-Some systems place them in <string.h>.
+Some systems place them in \fI<string.h>\fP.
Linux libc4,5 placed them
-in <stdlib.h>.
+in \fI<stdlib.h>\fP.
be queried.
.PP
Examples for the locale elements that can be specified in \fIitem\fP
-using the constants defined in <langinfo.h> are:
+using the constants defined in \fI<langinfo.h>\fP are:
.TP
.BR CODESET \ (LC_CTYPE)
Return a string with the name of the character encoding used in the
.SS Headers
Everybody agrees that
.BR posix_memalign ()
-is declared in <stdlib.h>.
+is declared in \fI<stdlib.h>\fP.
In order to declare it, glibc needs
_GNU_SOURCE defined, or _XOPEN_SOURCE defined to a value not less than 600.
On some systems
.BR memalign ()
-is declared in <stdlib.h> instead of <malloc.h>.
+is declared in \fI<stdlib.h>\fP instead of \fI<malloc.h>\fP.
According to SUSv2,
.BR valloc ()
-is declared in <stdlib.h>.
-Libc4,5 and glibc declare it in <malloc.h> and perhaps also in <stdlib.h>
+is declared in \fI<stdlib.h>\fP.
+Libc4,5 and glibc declare it in \fI<malloc.h>\fP and perhaps also in <stdlib.h>
(namely, if _GNU_SOURCE is defined, or _BSD_SOURCE is defined, or,
for glibc, if _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED is defined, or, equivalently,
_XOPEN_SOURCE is defined to a value not less than 500).
4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
In 4.4BSD and Solaris the limit on the pathname length is MAXPATHLEN
-(found in <sys/param.h>).
+(found in \fI<sys/param.h>\fP).
SUSv2 prescribes PATH_MAX and
-NAME_MAX, as found in <limits.h> or provided by the
+NAME_MAX, as found in \fI<limits.h>\fP or provided by the
.BR pathconf (3)
function.
A typical source fragment would be
argument is relative.
The prototype of
.BR realpath ()
-is given in <unistd.h> in libc4 and libc5,
-but in <stdlib.h> everywhere else.
+is given in \fI<unistd.h>\fP in libc4 and libc5,
+but in \fI<stdlib.h>\fP everywhere else.
.SH NOTES
The glibc implementation of
.BR realpath ()
POSIX.1-2001.
.SH NOTES
.SS Glibc Notes
-If the _GNU_SOURCE feature test macro is defined, then <signal.h>
+If the _GNU_SOURCE feature test macro is defined, then \fI<signal.h>\fP
exposes three other functions for manipulating signal
sets.
.TP
are 0, 1, and 2, respectively.
The preprocessor symbols STDIN_FILENO,
STDOUT_FILENO, and STDERR_FILENO are defined with these values in
-<unistd.h>.
+\fI<unistd.h>\fP.
(Applying
.Xr freopen 3
to one of these streams can change the file descriptor number
.IP \fBFDRAWCMD\fP
sends a raw command to the floppy controller.
.PP
-For more precise information, consult also the <linux/fd.h> and
-<linux/fdreg.h> include files, as well as the manual page for
+For more precise information, consult also the \fI<linux/fd.h>\fP and
+\fI<linux/fdreg.h>\fP include files, as well as the manual page for
floppycontrol.
.SH FILES
/dev/fd*
\fBnameserver\fP Name server IP address
Internet address (in dot notation) of a name server
that the resolver should query.
-Up to MAXNS (currently 3, see <resolv.h>) name servers may be listed,
+Up to MAXNS (currently 3, see \fI<resolv.h>\fP) name servers may be listed,
one per keyword.
If there are multiple servers,
the resolver library queries them in the order listed.
response from a remote name server before retrying the
query via a different name server.
Measured in seconds,
-the default is RES_TIMEOUT (currently 5, see <resolv.h>).
+the default is RES_TIMEOUT (currently 5, see \fI<resolv.h>\fP).
.TP
.BI attempts: n
sets the number of times the resolver will send a
query to its name servers before giving up and returning
an error to the calling application.
-The default is RES_DFLRETRY (currently 2, see <resolv.h>).
+The default is RES_DFLRETRY (currently 2, see \fI<resolv.h>\fP).
.TP
.B rotate
sets RES_ROTATE in
Messages with a priority above
.I console_loglevel
are also printed on the console.
-(For these levels, see <linux/kernel.h>.)
+(For these levels, see \fI<linux/kernel.h>\fP.)
By default this variable is set to log anything more important than
debug messages.
This boot argument will cause the kernel to also
.I IP_TOS
are ignored.
.TP
-.BR IP_RECVERR " (defined in <linux/errqueue.h>)"
+.BR IP_RECVERR " (defined in \fI<linux/errqueue.h>\fP)"
Enable extended reliable error message passing.
When enabled on a datagram socket all
generated errors will be queued in a per-socket error queue.