RELEASE
The Linux man page maintainer proudly announces. . .
- man-pages-2.59.tar.gz- man pages for Linux
+ man-pages-2.60.tar.gz- man pages for Linux
Differences from the previous manual pages release are listed in
the file "Changes".
Begin3
Title: Section 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 man pages for Linux
-Version: 2.59
-Entered-date: 2007-06-25
+Version: 2.60
+Entered-date: 2007-??-??
Description: Linux and POSIX manual pages
Keywords: man pages
Author: several
Maintained-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
Primary-site: ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/manpages
- 2610k man-pages-2.59.tar.gz
+ ????k man-pages-2.60.tar.gz
Alternate-site: ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/manpages
Copying-policy: several; for the POSIX pages, see the file POSIX-COPYRIGHT;
the other pages are all freely distributable as long as
.LP
Under Linux there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you
can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without
-first reading lots of documentation. The traditional Unix environment
+first reading lots of documentation.
+The traditional Unix environment
is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to
-tell the computer what to do. That is faster and more powerful,
+tell the computer what to do.
+That is faster and more powerful,
but requires finding out what the commands are.
Below a bare minimum, to get started.
.SS "Login"
In order to start working, you probably first have to login,
-that is, give your username and password. See also
+that is, give your username and password.
+See also
.BR login (1).
The program
.I login
.I shell
(command interpreter) for you.
In case of a graphical login, you get a screen with menus or icons
-and a mouse click will start a shell in a window. See also
+and a mouse click will start a shell in a window.
+See also
.BR xterm (1).
.SS "The shell"
One types commands to the
.IR shell ,
-the command interpreter. It is not built-in, but is just a program
-and you can change your shell. Everybody has her own favorite one.
+the command interpreter.
+It is not built-in, but is just a program
+and you can change your shell.
+Everybody has her own favorite one.
The standard one is called
.IR sh .
See also
The
.B "% "
here was the command prompt \(em it is the shell's way of indicating
-that it is ready for the next command. The prompt can be customized
+that it is ready for the next command.
+The prompt can be customized
in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like user name,
machine name, current directory, time, etc.
An assignment PS1="What next, master? "
The command
.I ls
lists the contents of the current directory \(em it tells you what
-files you have. With a \-l option it gives a long listing,
+files you have.
+With a \-l option it gives a long listing,
that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the
permissions people have for reading and/or changing the file.
For example, the file "tel" here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb
The command
.I rm
(from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone.
-No wastepaper basket or anything. Deleted means lost.
+No wastepaper basket or anything.
+Deleted means lost.
.LP
The command
.I grep
Each has a
.I "pathname"
describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called /)
-to the file. For example, such a full pathname might be /home/aeb/tel.
+to the file.
+For example, such a full pathname might be /home/aeb/tel.
Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name
of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by only giving
-the last component. That is why "/home/aeb/tel" can be abbreviated
+the last component.
+That is why "/home/aeb/tel" can be abbreviated
to "tel" when the current directory is "/home/aeb".
.LP
The command
.B ldd
comes with glibc2.
Libc5 came with an older version, still present
-on some systems. The long options are not supported by the libc5 version.
+on some systems.
+The long options are not supported by the libc5 version.
On the other hand, the glibc2 version does not support
.B \-V
and only has the equivalent
.LP
The libc5 version of this program will use the name of a library given
on the command line as-is when it contains a '/'; otherwise it
-searches for the library in the standard locations. To run it
+searches for the library in the standard locations.
+To run it
on a shared library in the current directory, prefix the name with "./".
.SH BUGS
.B ldd
but is sufficient to express the clock tick accuracy, and at least one.
.SH ENVIRONMENT
The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_NUMERIC,
-NLSPATH and PATH are used. The last one to search for
+NLSPATH and PATH are used.
+The last one to search for
.IR command .
The remaining ones for the text and formatting of the output.
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
Ordinary characters are directly copied, tab, newline
and backslash are escaped using \et, \en and \e\e,
a percent sign is represented by %%, and otherwise %
-indicates a conversion. The program
+indicates a conversion.
+The program
.B time
will always add a trailing newline itself.
-The conversions follow. All of those used by
+The conversions follow.
+All of those used by
.BR tcsh (1)
are supported.
.LP
The environment variable TIME was badly chosen.
It is not unusual for systems like autoconf or make
to use environment variables with the name of a utility to override
-the utility to be used. Uses like MORE or TIME for options to programs
+the utility to be used.
+Uses like MORE or TIME for options to programs
(instead of program pathnames) tend to lead to difficulties.
.LP
It seems unfortunate that \-o overwrites instead of appends.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR cabs ()
-function returns the absolute value of the complex number z. The
-result is a real number.
+function returns the absolute value of the complex number z.
+The result is a real number.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
C99
.SH NOTES
Link with \fI-lm\fP.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BI expm1( x )
-returns a value equivalent to `exp (\fIx\fP) \- 1'. It is
+returns a value equivalent to `exp (\fIx\fP) \- 1'.
+It is
computed in a way that is accurate even if the value of \fIx\fP is near
zero\(ema case where `exp (\fIx\fP) \- 1' would be inaccurate due to
subtraction of two numbers that are nearly equal.
.Sh VERSIONS
These functions are available in Linux since glibc2.
.Sh "CONFORMING TO"
-4.4BSD. The
+4.4BSD.
+The
.Nm fts
utility is expected to be included in a future
.St -p1003.1-88
This is part of the Unix98 pty support, see
.BR pts (4).
Many systems implement this function via a set-user-ID helper binary
-called "pt_chown". With Linux devpts no such helper binary is required.
+called "pt_chown".
+With Linux devpts no such helper binary is required.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR open (2),
.BR posix_openpt (3),
Compile with \fI\-std=c99\fP; link with \fI\-lm\fP.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BI log1p( x )
-returns a value equivalent to `log (1 + \fIx\fP)'. It is computed in a way
+returns a value equivalent to `log (1 + \fIx\fP)'.
+It is computed in a way
that is accurate even if the value of \fIx\fP is near zero.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
BSD, C99.
Both old and new libc's have the bug that if \fIneedle\fP is empty
\fIhaystack\fP\-1 (instead of \fIhaystack\fP) is returned.
And glibc 2.0 makes it worse, and returns a pointer to the
-last byte of `haystack'. This is fixed in glibc 2.1.
+last byte of `haystack'.
+This is fixed in glibc 2.1.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR strstr (3),
.BR feature_test_macros (7)
may be used with
.Ql \&.Fa
(function argument)
-to get around the limitation. For example:
+to get around the limitation.
+For example:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Fo "int res_mkquery"
\&.Fa "int op"
.Em not
parsed and
.Em not
-callable. It accepts at most two arguments.
+callable
+It accepts at most two arguments.
.Ss BSD Macro
.Dl Usage: .Bx [Version/release] ... \*(Pu
.Bl -tag -width ".Bx 4.3 ) ," -compact -offset 14n
.Em not
parsed and
.Em not
-callable. It accepts at most two arguments.
+callable
+It accepts at most two arguments.
.Ss UNIX Macro
.Dl Usage: .Ux ... \*(Pu
.Bl -tag -width ".Ux 4.3 ) ," -compact -offset 14n
is presented one character at a time and separated by spaces.
The quoting macros examine opening and closing punctuation
to determine whether it comes before or after the
-enclosing string. This makes some nesting possible.
+enclosing string
+This makes some nesting possible.
.Bl -tag -width xxx,xxxx
.It Li \&.Ec , \&.Eo
These macros expect the first argument to be the
.Xr nroff .
If formatted with
.Xr nroff ,
-a quoted literal is always quoted. If formatted with
+a quoted literal is always quoted.
+If formatted with
troff, an item is only quoted if the width
of the item is less than three constant width characters.
This is to make short strings more visible where the font change
projects / thirdparty / man-pages.git / commitdiff
