Use correct *roff special character for hat/caret/circumflex accent.
Signed-off-by: G. Branden Robinson <g.branden.robinson@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org>
.I stabil
are ppm (parts per million) with a 16-bit fractional part,
which means that a value of 1 in one of those fields
-actually means 2^-16 ppm, and 2^16=65536 is 1 ppm.
+actually means 2\[ha]-16 ppm, and 2\[ha]16=65536 is 1 ppm.
This is the case for both input values (in the case of
.IR freq )
and output values.
As noted above,
.BR write (2)
can never overflow the counter.
-However an overflow can occur if 2^64
+However an overflow can occur if 2\[ha]64
eventfd "signal posts" were performed by the KAIO
subsystem (theoretically possible, but practically unlikely).
If an overflow has occurred, then
.BR mmap (2)).
This enables applications that use a 32-bit
.I off_t
-to map large files (up to 2^44 bytes).
+to map large files (up to 2\[ha]44 bytes).
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success,
.BR mmap2 ()
This ring-buffer is created and accessed through
.BR mmap (2).
.PP
-The mmap size should be 1+2^n pages, where the first page is a
+The mmap size should be 1+2\[ha]n pages, where the first page is a
metadata page
.RI ( "struct perf_event_mmap_page" )
that contains various
.TP
.B QFMT_VFS_V0
The standard VFS v0 quota format, which can handle 32-bit UIDs and GIDs
-and quota limits up to 2^42 bytes and 2^32 inodes.
+and quota limits up to 2\[ha]42 bytes and 2\[ha]32 inodes.
.TP
.B QFMT_VFS_V1
A quota format that can handle 32-bit UIDs and GIDs
-and quota limits of 2^63 - 1 bytes and 2^63 - 1 inodes.
+and quota limits of 2\[ha]63 - 1 bytes and 2\[ha]63 - 1 inodes.
.RE
.IP
The
.IP
.in +4n
.EX
-ULONG_MAX - 2^24
+ULONG_MAX - 2\[ha]24
.EE
.in
.IP
.IP
.in +4n
.EX
-ULONG_MAX - 2^24
+ULONG_MAX - 2\[ha]24
.EE
.in
.IP
.BR times ()
is measured has varied across kernel versions.
On Linux 2.4 and earlier, this point is the moment the system was booted.
-Since Linux 2.6, this point is \fI(2^32/HZ) \- 300\fP
+Since Linux 2.6, this point is \fI(2\[ha]32/HZ) \- 300\fP
seconds before system boot time.
This variability across kernel versions (and across UNIX implementations),
combined with the fact that the returned value may overflow the range of
and
.BR nrand48 ()
functions return nonnegative
-long integers uniformly distributed over the interval [0,\ 2^31).
+long integers uniformly distributed over the interval [0,\ 2\[ha]31).
.PP
The
.BR mrand48 ()
and
.BR jrand48 ()
functions return signed long
-integers uniformly distributed over the interval [\-2^31,\ 2^31).
+integers uniformly distributed over the interval [\-2\[ha]31,\ 2\[ha]31).
.PP
The
.BR srand48 (),
.PP
The parameter
.I m
-= 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed.
+= 2\[ha]48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed.
Unless
.BR lcong48 ()
is called,
.IR exp .
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success, these functions return
-.IR "x * (2^exp)" .
+.IR "x * (2\[ha]exp)" .
.PP
If
.I exp
function uses a nonlinear additive feedback random
number generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to
return successive pseudo-random numbers in
-the range from 0 to 2^31\ \-\ 1.
+the range from 0 to 2\[ha]31\ \-\ 1.
The period of this random number generator is very large, approximately
-.IR "16\ *\ ((2^31)\ \-\ 1)" .
+.IR "16\ *\ ((2\[ha]31)\ \-\ 1)" .
.PP
The
.BR srandom ()
The
.BR random ()
function returns a value between 0 and
-.IR "(2^31)\ \-\ 1" .
+.IR "(2\[ha]31)\ \-\ 1" .
The
.BR srandom ()
function returns no value.
The Gamma function is defined by
.PP
.RS
-Gamma(x) = integral from 0 to infinity of t^(x\-1) e^\-t dt
+Gamma(x) = integral from 0 to infinity of t\[ha](x\-1) e\[ha]\-t dt
.RE
.PP
It is defined for every real number except for nonpositive integers.
.IP
.in +4n
.EX
-(2^order)\ *\ PAGE_SIZE
+(2\[ha]order)\ *\ PAGE_SIZE
.EE
.in
.IP
.IR pid_max .
On 64-bit systems,
.I pid_max
-can be set to any value up to 2^22
+can be set to any value up to 2\[ha]22
.RB ( PID_MAX_LIMIT ,
approximately 4 million).
.\" Prior to Linux 2.6.10, pid_max could also be raised above 32768 on 32-bit
\fBstrace \-o /tmp/log \e\fP
\fBumount /mnt/dir\fP
umount: /etc/shadow: not mounted.
-# \fBgrep \[aq]^umount\[aq] /tmp/log\fP
+# \fBgrep \[aq]\[ha]umount\[aq] /tmp/log\fP
umount2("/etc/shadow", 0) = \-1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
.EE
.in
equals the effective key size of the key.
For example, a 3072-bit RSA
or Diffie-Hellman private key has an effective key size of 128 bits
-(it requires about 2^128 operations to break) so a key generator
+(it requires about 2\[ha]128 operations to break) so a key generator
needs only 128 bits (16 bytes) of seed material from
.IR /dev/random .
.PP
In addition, under the current implementation,
all of the parameter values must be at least 1024
(i.e., just over one microsecond,
-which is the resolution of the implementation), and less than 2^63.
+which is the resolution of the implementation), and less than 2\[ha]63.
If any of these checks fails,
.BR sched_setattr (2)
fails with the error
.IR tcp_adv_win_scale " (integer; default: 2; since Linux 2.4)"
.\" Since Linux 2.4.0-test7
Count buffering overhead as
-.IR "bytes/2^tcp_adv_win_scale" ,
+.IR "bytes/2\[ha]tcp_adv_win_scale" ,
if
.I tcp_adv_win_scale
is greater than 0; or
-.IR "bytes\-bytes/2^(\-tcp_adv_win_scale)" ,
+.IR "bytes\-bytes/2\[ha](\-tcp_adv_win_scale)" ,
if
.I tcp_adv_win_scale
is less than or equal to zero.
This variable defines how many
bytes of the TCP window are reserved for buffering overhead.
.IP
-A maximum of (\fIwindow/2^tcp_app_win\fP, mss) bytes in the window
+A maximum of (\fIwindow/2\[ha]tcp_app_win\fP, mss) bytes in the window
are reserved for the application buffer.
A value of 0 implies that no amount is reserved.
.\"
.B UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV
This option sets the sender checksum coverage and takes an
.I int
-as argument, with a checksum coverage value in the range 0..2^16-1.
+as argument, with a checksum coverage value in the range 0..2\[ha]16-1.
.IP
A value of 0 means that the entire datagram is always covered.
Values from 1\-7 are illegal (RFC\ 3828, 3.1) and are rounded up to
the minimum coverage of 8.
.IP
With regard to IPv6 jumbograms (RFC\ 2675), the UDP-Litev6 checksum
-coverage is limited to the first 2^16-1 octets, as per RFC\ 3828, 3.5.
-Higher values are therefore silently truncated to 2^16-1.
+coverage is limited to the first 2\[ha]16-1 octets, as per RFC\ 3828, 3.5.
+Higher values are therefore silently truncated to 2\[ha]16-1.
If in doubt, the current coverage value can always be queried using
.BR getsockopt (2).
.TP
.TS
l l l.
Prefix Name Value
-q quecto 10^\-30 = 0.000000000000000000000000000001
-r ronto 10^\-27 = 0.000000000000000000000000001
-y yocto 10^\-24 = 0.000000000000000000000001
-z zepto 10^\-21 = 0.000000000000000000001
-a atto 10^\-18 = 0.000000000000000001
-f femto 10^\-15 = 0.000000000000001
-p pico 10^\-12 = 0.000000000001
-n nano 10^\-9 = 0.000000001
-\[mc] micro 10^\-6 = 0.000001
-m milli 10^\-3 = 0.001
-c centi 10^\-2 = 0.01
-d deci 10^\-1 = 0.1
-da deka 10^ 1 = 10
-h hecto 10^ 2 = 100
-k kilo 10^ 3 = 1000
-M mega 10^ 6 = 1000000
-G giga 10^ 9 = 1000000000
-T tera 10^12 = 1000000000000
-P peta 10^15 = 1000000000000000
-E exa 10^18 = 1000000000000000000
-Z zetta 10^21 = 1000000000000000000000
-Y yotta 10^24 = 1000000000000000000000000
-R ronna 10^27 = 1000000000000000000000000000
-Q quetta 10^30 = 1000000000000000000000000000000
+q quecto 10\[ha]\-30 = 0.000000000000000000000000000001
+r ronto 10\[ha]\-27 = 0.000000000000000000000000001
+y yocto 10\[ha]\-24 = 0.000000000000000000000001
+z zepto 10\[ha]\-21 = 0.000000000000000000001
+a atto 10\[ha]\-18 = 0.000000000000000001
+f femto 10\[ha]\-15 = 0.000000000000001
+p pico 10\[ha]\-12 = 0.000000000001
+n nano 10\[ha]\-9 = 0.000000001
+\(mc micro 10\[ha]\-6 = 0.000001
+m milli 10\[ha]\-3 = 0.001
+c centi 10\[ha]\-2 = 0.01
+d deci 10\[ha]\-1 = 0.1
+da deka 10\[ha] 1 = 10
+h hecto 10\[ha] 2 = 100
+k kilo 10\[ha] 3 = 1000
+M mega 10\[ha] 6 = 1000000
+G giga 10\[ha] 9 = 1000000000
+T tera 10\[ha]12 = 1000000000000
+P peta 10\[ha]15 = 1000000000000000
+E exa 10\[ha]18 = 1000000000000000000
+Z zetta 10\[ha]21 = 1000000000000000000000
+Y yotta 10\[ha]24 = 1000000000000000000000000
+R ronna 10\[ha]27 = 1000000000000000000000000000
+Q quetta 10\[ha]30 = 1000000000000000000000000000000
.TE
.RE
.PP
.TS
l l l.
Prefix Name Value
-Ki kibi 2^10 = 1024
-Mi mebi 2^20 = 1048576
-Gi gibi 2^30 = 1073741824
-Ti tebi 2^40 = 1099511627776
-Pi pebi 2^50 = 1125899906842624
-Ei exbi 2^60 = 1152921504606846976
-Zi zebi 2^70 = 1180591620717411303424
-Yi yobi 2^80 = 1208925819614629174706176
+Ki kibi 2\[ha]10 = 1024
+Mi mebi 2\[ha]20 = 1048576
+Gi gibi 2\[ha]30 = 1073741824
+Ti tebi 2\[ha]40 = 1099511627776
+Pi pebi 2\[ha]50 = 1125899906842624
+Ei exbi 2\[ha]60 = 1152921504606846976
+Zi zebi 2\[ha]70 = 1180591620717411303424
+Yi yobi 2\[ha]80 = 1208925819614629174706176
.TE
.RE
.SS Discussion
The address consists of a null byte
followed by 5 bytes in the character set
.IR [0\-9a\-f] .
-Thus, there is a limit of 2^20 autobind addresses.
+Thus, there is a limit of 2\[ha]20 autobind addresses.
(From Linux 2.1.15, when the autobind feature was added,
-8 bytes were used, and the limit was thus 2^32 autobind addresses.
+8 bytes were used, and the limit was thus 2\[ha]32 autobind addresses.
The change to 5 bytes came in Linux 2.3.15.)
.SS Sockets API
The following paragraphs describe domain-specific details and
The lexicographic sorting order of UCS-4 strings is preserved.
.TP
*
-All possible 2^31 UCS codes can be encoded using UTF-8.
+All possible 2\[ha]31 UCS codes can be encoded using UTF-8.
.TP
*
The bytes 0xc0, 0xc1, 0xfe, and 0xff are never used in the UTF-8 encoding.