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d166f048 JA |
1 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.01 since |
2 | the release of bash-2.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the | |
3 | place to look for complete descriptions. | |
4 | ||
5 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
6 | ||
7 | a. There is a new builtin array variable: GROUPS, the set of groups to which | |
8 | the user belongs. This is used by the test suite. | |
9 | ||
10 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
11 | ||
12 | a. If a key sequence bound to `universal-argument' is read while reading a | |
13 | numeric argument started with `universal-argument', it terminates the | |
14 | argument but is otherwise ignored. This provides a way to insert multiple | |
15 | instances of a digit string, and is how GNU emacs does it. | |
16 | ||
17 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
18 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.0 since |
19 | the release of bash-1.14.7. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
20 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
726f6388 | 21 | |
ccc6cda3 | 22 | 1. New Features in Bash |
726f6388 | 23 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
24 | a. There is a new invocation option, -D, that dumps translatable strings |
25 | in a script. | |
726f6388 | 26 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
27 | b. The `long' invocation options must now be prefixed with `--'. |
28 | ||
29 | c. New long invocation options: --dump-strings, --help, --verbose | |
30 | ||
31 | d. The `nolineediting' invocation option was renamed to `noediting'. | |
32 | ||
33 | e. The `nobraceexpansion' and `quiet' long invocation options were removed. | |
34 | ||
35 | f. The `--help' and `--version' long options now work as the GNU coding | |
36 | standards specify. | |
37 | ||
38 | g. If invoked as `sh', bash now enters posix mode after reading the | |
39 | startup files, and reads and executes commands from the file named | |
40 | by $ENV if interactive (as POSIX.2 specifies). A login shell invoked | |
41 | as `sh' reads $ENV after /etc/profile and ~/.profile. | |
42 | ||
43 | h. There is a new reserved word, `time', for timing pipelines, builtin | |
44 | commands, and shell functions. It uses the value of the TIMEFORMAT | |
45 | variable as a format string describing how to print the timing | |
46 | statistics. | |
47 | ||
48 | i. The $'...' quoting syntax expands ANSI-C escapes in ... and leaves the | |
49 | result single-quoted. | |
50 | ||
51 | j. The $"..." quoting syntax performs locale-specific translation of ... | |
52 | and leaves the result double-quoted. | |
53 | ||
54 | k. LINENO now works correctly in functions. | |
55 | ||
56 | l. New variables: DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, BASH_VERSINFO, HOSTNAME, SHELLOPTS, | |
57 | MACHTYPE. The first three are array variables. | |
58 | ||
59 | m. The BASH_VERSION and BASH_VERSINFO variables now include the shell's | |
60 | `release status' (alpha[N], beta[N], release). | |
61 | ||
62 | n. Some variables have been removed: MAIL_WARNING, notify, history_control, | |
63 | command_oriented_history, glob_dot_filenames, allow_null_glob_expansion, | |
64 | nolinks, hostname_completion_file, noclobber, no_exit_on_failed_exec, and | |
65 | cdable_vars. Most of them are now implemented with the new `shopt' | |
66 | builtin; others were already implemented by `set'. | |
67 | ||
68 | o. Bash now uses some new variables: LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, LC_CTYPE, | |
69 | LC_COLLATE, LANG, GLOBIGNORE, HISTIGNORE. | |
70 | ||
71 | p. The shell now supports integer-indexed arrays of unlimited length, | |
72 | with a new compound assignment syntax and changes to the appropriate | |
73 | builtin commands (declare/typeset, read, readonly, etc.). The array | |
74 | index may be an arithmetic expression. | |
75 | ||
76 | q. ${!var}: indirect variable expansion, equivalent to eval \${$var}. | |
77 | ||
78 | r. ${paramter:offset[:length]}: variable substring extraction. | |
79 | ||
80 | s. ${parameter/pattern[/[/]string]}: variable pattern substitution. | |
81 | ||
82 | t. The $[...] arithmetic expansion syntax is no longer supported, in | |
83 | favor of $((...)). | |
84 | ||
85 | u. Aliases can now be expanded in shell scripts with a shell option | |
86 | (shopt expand_aliases). | |
87 | ||
88 | v. History and history expansion can now be used in scripts with | |
89 | set -o history and set -H. | |
90 | ||
91 | w. All builtins now return an exit status of 2 for incorrect usage. | |
92 | ||
93 | x. Interactive shells resend SIGHUP to all running or stopped children | |
94 | if (and only if) they exit due to a SIGHUP. | |
95 | ||
96 | y. New prompting expansions: \a, \e, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V. | |
97 | ||
98 | z. Variable expansion in prompt strings is now controllable via a shell | |
99 | option (shopt promptvars). | |
100 | ||
101 | aa. Bash now defaults to using command-oriented history. | |
102 | ||
103 | bb. The history file ($HISTFILE) is now truncated to $HISTFILESIZE after | |
104 | being written. | |
105 | ||
106 | cc. The POSIX.2 conditional arithmetic evaluation syntax (expr ? expr : expr) | |
107 | has been implemented. | |
108 | ||
109 | dd. Each builtin now accepts `--' to signify the end of the options, except | |
110 | as documented (echo, etc.). | |
111 | ||
112 | ee. All builtins use -p to display values in a re-readable format where | |
113 | appropriate, except as documented (echo, type, etc.). | |
114 | ||
115 | ff. The `alias' builtin has a new -p option. | |
116 | ||
117 | gg. Changes to the `bind' builtin: | |
118 | o has new options: -psPSVr. | |
119 | o the `-d' option was renamed to `-p' | |
120 | o the `-v' option now dumps variables; the old `-v' is now `-P' | |
121 | ||
122 | hh. The `bye' synonym for `exit' was removed. | |
123 | ||
124 | ii. The -L and -P options to `cd' and `pwd' have been documented. | |
125 | ||
126 | jj. The `cd' builtin now does spelling correction on the directory name | |
127 | by default. This is settable with a shell option (shopt cdspell). | |
128 | ||
129 | kk. The `declare' builtin has new options: -a, -F, -p. | |
130 | ||
131 | ll. The `dirs' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -v. | |
132 | ||
133 | mm. The new `disown' builtin removes jobs from the shell's jobs table | |
134 | or inhibits the resending of SIGHUP when the shell receives a | |
135 | SIGHUP. | |
136 | ||
137 | nn. The `echo' builtin has a new escape character: \e. | |
138 | ||
139 | oo. The `enable' builtin can now load new builtins dynamically from shared | |
140 | objects on systems with the dlopen/dlsym interface. There are a number | |
141 | of examples in the examples/loadables directory. There are also | |
142 | new options: -d, -f, -s, -p. | |
143 | ||
144 | pp. The `-all' option to `enable' was removed in favor of `-a'. | |
145 | ||
146 | qq. The `exec' builtin has new options: -l, -c, -a. | |
147 | ||
148 | rr. The `hash' builtin has a new option: -p. | |
149 | ||
150 | ss. The `history' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -s. | |
151 | ||
152 | tt. The `jobs' builtin has new options: -r, -s. | |
153 | ||
154 | uu. The `kill' builtin has new options: -n signum, -l signame. | |
155 | ||
156 | vv. The `pushd' and `popd' builtins have a new option: -n. | |
157 | ||
158 | ww. The `read' builtin has new options: -p prompt, -e, -a. | |
159 | ||
160 | xx. The `readonly' builtin has a new -a option, and the -n option was removed. | |
161 | ||
162 | yy. Changes to the `set' builtin: | |
163 | o new options: -B, -o keyword, -o onecmd, -o history | |
164 | o options removed: -l, -d, -o nohash | |
165 | o options changed: +o, -h, -o hashall | |
166 | o now displays variables in a format that can be re-read as input | |
167 | ||
168 | zz. The new `shopt' builtin controls shell optional behavior previously | |
169 | done by setting and unsetting certain shell variables. | |
170 | ||
171 | aaa. The `test' builtin has new operators: -o option, s1 == s2, s1 < s2, | |
172 | and s1 > s2, where s1 and s2 are strings. | |
173 | ||
174 | bbb. There is a new trap, DEBUG, executed after every simple command. | |
175 | ||
176 | ccc. The `trap' builtin has a new -p option. | |
177 | ||
178 | ddd. The `ulimit' builtin has a new -l option on 4.4BSD-based systems. | |
179 | ||
180 | eee. The PS1, PS2, PATH, and IFS variables may now be unset. | |
181 | ||
182 | fff. The restricted shell mode has been expanded and is now documented. | |
183 | ||
184 | ggg. Security improvements: | |
185 | o functions are not imported from the environment if running setuid | |
186 | or with -p | |
187 | o no startup files are sourced if running setuid or with -p | |
188 | ||
189 | hhh. The documentation has been overhauled: the texinfo manual was | |
190 | expanded, and HTML versions of the man page and texinfo manual | |
191 | are included. | |
192 | ||
193 | iii. Changes to Posix mode: | |
194 | o Command lookup now finds special builtins before shell functions. | |
195 | o Failure of a special builtin causes a non-interactive shell to | |
196 | exit. Failures are defined in the POSIX.2 specification. | |
197 | o If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using $CDPATH, | |
198 | the value assigned to PWD when `cd' completes does not contain | |
199 | any symbolic links. | |
200 | o A non-interactive shell exits if a variable assignment error | |
201 | occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. | |
202 | o A non-interactive shell exits if the interation variable in a | |
203 | `for' statement or the selection variable in a `select' statement | |
204 | is read-only or another variable assignment error occurs. | |
205 | o The `<>' redirection operator now opens a file for both stdin and | |
206 | stdout by default, not just when in posix mode. | |
207 | o Assignment statements preceding special builtins now persist in | |
208 | the shell's environment when the builtin completes. | |
209 | ||
210 | Posix mode is now completely POSIX.2-compliant (modulo bugs). When | |
211 | invoked as sh, bash should be completely POSIX.2-compliant. | |
212 | ||
213 | jjj. The default value of PS1 is now "\s-\v\$ ". | |
214 | ||
215 | kkk. The ksh-like ((...)) arithmetic command syntax has been implemented. | |
216 | This is exactly equivalent to `let "..."'. | |
217 | ||
218 | lll. Integer constants have been extended to base 64. | |
219 | ||
220 | mmm. The `ulimit' builtin now sets both hard and soft limits and reports the | |
221 | soft limit by default. | |
222 | ||
223 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
224 | ||
225 | a. New variables: enable-keypad, input-meta (new name for meta-flag), | |
226 | mark-directories, visible-stats (now documented), disable-completion, | |
227 | comment-begin. | |
228 | ||
229 | b. New bindable commands: kill-region, copy-region-as-kill, | |
230 | copy-backward-word, copy-forward-word, set-mark, exchange-point-and-mark, | |
231 | character-search, character-search-backward, insert-comment, | |
232 | glob-expand-word, glob-list-expansions, dump-variables, dump-macros. | |
233 | ||
234 | c. New emacs keybindings: delete-horizontal-space (M-\), | |
235 | insert-completions (M-*), possible-completions (M-=). | |
236 | ||
237 | d. The history-search-backward and history-search-forward commands were | |
238 | modified to be the same as previous-line and next-line if point is at | |
239 | the start of the line. | |
240 | ||
241 | e. More file types are available for the visible-stats mode. | |
242 | ||
243 | 3. Changes of interest in the Bash implementation | |
244 | ||
245 | a. There is a new autoconf-based configuration mechanism. | |
246 | ||
247 | b. More things have been moved from Posix mode to standard shell behavior. | |
248 | ||
249 | c. The trace output (set -x) now inserts quotes where necessary so it can | |
250 | be reused as input. | |
251 | ||
252 | d. There is a compile-time option for a system-wide interactive shell | |
253 | startup file (disabled by default). | |
254 | ||
255 | e. The YACC grammar is smaller and tighter, and all 66 shift-reduce | |
256 | conflicts are gone. Several parsing bugs have been fixed. | |
257 | ||
258 | f. Builtin option parsing has been regularized (using internal_getopt()), | |
259 | with the exception of `echo', `type', and `set'. | |
260 | ||
261 | g. Builtins now return standard usage messages constructed from the | |
262 | `short doc' used by the help builtin. | |
263 | ||
264 | h. Completion now quotes using backslashes by default, but honors | |
265 | user-supplied quotes. | |
266 | ||
267 | i. The GNU libc malloc is available as a configure-time option. | |
268 | ||
269 | j. There are more internationalization features; bash uses gettext if | |
270 | it is available. The $"..." translation syntax uses the current | |
271 | locale and gettext. | |
272 | ||
273 | k. There is better reporting of job termination when the shell is not | |
274 | interactive. | |
275 | ||
276 | l. The shell is somewhat more efficient: it uses a little less memory and | |
277 | makes fewer system calls. | |
278 | ||
279 | 4. Changes of interest in the Readline implementation | |
280 | ||
281 | a. There is now support for readline `callback' functions. | |
282 | ||
283 | b. There is now support for user-supplied input, redisplay, and terminal | |
284 | preparation functions. | |
285 | ||
286 | c. Most of the shell-specific code in readline has been generalized or | |
287 | removed. | |
288 | ||
289 | d. Most of the annoying redisplay bugs have been fixed, notably the problems | |
290 | with incremental search and excessive redrawing when special characters | |
291 | appear in the prompt string. | |
292 | ||
293 | e. There are new library functions and variables available to application | |
294 | writers, most having to do with completion and quoting. | |
295 | ||
296 | f. The NEWLINE character (^J) is now treated as a search terminator by the | |
297 | incremental search functions. |