]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/git.git/blob - Documentation/git.txt
Merge branch 'maint-2.9' into maint-2.10
[thirdparty/git.git] / Documentation / git.txt
1 git(1)
2 ======
3
4 NAME
5 ----
6 git - the stupid content tracker
7
8
9 SYNOPSIS
10 --------
11 [verse]
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
16 <command> [<args>]
17
18 DESCRIPTION
19 -----------
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
23
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
28
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
33
34 A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
36
37 ifdef::stalenotes[]
38 [NOTE]
39 ============
40
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
45
46 * link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2]
47
48 * release notes for
49 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2],
50 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
51 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
52
53 * link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4]
54
55 * release notes for
56 link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4],
57 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3],
58 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
59 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
60 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
61
62 * link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5]
63
64 * release notes for
65 link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5],
66 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4],
67 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3],
68 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2],
69 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
70 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
71
72 * link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5]
73
74 * release notes for
75 link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5],
76 link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4],
77 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
78 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
79 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
80 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
81
82 * link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7]
83
84 * release notes for
85 link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7],
86 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6],
87 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5],
88 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4],
89 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3],
90 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2],
91 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
92 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
93
94 * link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6]
95
96 * release notes for
97 link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6],
98 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5],
99 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4],
100 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3],
101 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2],
102 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
103 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
104
105 * link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12]
106
107 * release notes for
108 link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12],
109 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11],
110 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10],
111 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9],
112 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8],
113 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7],
114 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6],
115 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5],
116 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4],
117 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3],
118 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
119 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
120 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
121
122 * link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
123
124 * release notes for
125 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10],
126 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9],
127 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
128 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
129 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
130 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
131 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
132 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
133 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
134 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
135 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
136
137 * link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
138
139 * release notes for
140 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3],
141 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
142 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
143 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
144
145 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
146
147 * release notes for
148 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
149 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
150 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
151 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
152 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
153
154 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
155
156 * release notes for
157 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
158 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
159 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
160 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
161 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
162 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
163
164 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
165
166 * release notes for
167 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
168 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
169 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
170 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
171 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
172 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
173
174 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
175
176 * release notes for
177 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
178 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
184
185 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
186
187 * release notes for
188 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
189 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
190 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
191 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
192 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
193 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
194
195 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
196
197 * release notes for
198 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
199 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
200 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
201 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
202 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
203
204 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
205
206 * release notes for
207 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
208 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
209 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
210 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
211
212 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
213
214 * release notes for
215 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
216 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
217 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
218 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
219 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
220 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
221 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
222
223 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
224
225 * release notes for
226 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
227 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
228 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
229 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
230
231 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
232
233 * release notes for
234 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
235 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
236 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
237 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
238 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
239
240 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
241
242 * release notes for
243 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
244 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
245 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
246 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
247 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
251
252 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
253
254 * release notes for
255 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
256 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
257 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
258 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
259 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
260 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
261
262 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
263
264 * release notes for
265 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
266 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
267 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
268 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
269 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
270 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
271 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
272 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
273
274 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
275
276 * release notes for
277 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
278 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
279 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
280 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
281 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
282 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
283 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
284
285 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
286
287 * release notes for
288 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
289 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
290 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
291 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
292 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
293 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
294 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
295 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
296
297 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
298
299 * release notes for
300 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
301 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
302 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
303 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
304 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
305 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
306 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
307
308 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
309
310 * release notes for
311 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
312 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
313 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
314 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
315 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
316
317 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
318
319 * release notes for
320 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
321 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
322 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
323 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
324 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
325 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
326
327 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
328
329 * release notes for
330 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
331 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
332 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
333 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
334 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
335 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
336
337 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
338
339 * release notes for
340 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
341 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
342 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
343 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
344 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
345 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
346
347 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
348
349 * release notes for
350 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
351 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
352 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
353 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
354 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
355
356 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
357
358 * release notes for
359 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
360 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
361 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
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367 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
368 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
369
370 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
371
372 * release notes for
373 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
374 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
375 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
376 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
377
378 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
379
380 * release notes for
381 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
382 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
383 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
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389 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
390 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
391
392 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
393
394 * release notes for
395 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
396 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
397 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
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399 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
400 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
401
402 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
403
404 * release notes for
405 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
406 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
407 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
408 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
409 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
410
411 * release notes for
412 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
413 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
414 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
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416 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
417 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
418
419 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
420
421 * release notes for
422 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
423 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
424 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
425 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
426
427 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
428
429 * release notes for
430 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
431 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
432 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
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436 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
437
438 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
439
440 * release notes for
441 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
442 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
443 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
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446 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
447 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
448
449 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
450
451 * release notes for
452 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
453 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
454 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
455 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
456 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
457 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
458 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
459
460 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
461
462 * release notes for
463 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
464 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
465 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
466 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
467 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
468 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
469 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
470 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
471
472 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
473
474 * release notes for
475 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
476 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
477 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
478 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
479 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
480 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
481 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
482 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
483 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
484
485 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
486
487 * release notes for
488 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
489 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
490 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
491 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
492 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
493 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
494
495 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
496
497 * release notes for
498 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
499 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
500 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
501 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
502 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
503 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
504 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
505
506 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
507
508 * release notes for
509 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
510 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
511 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
512 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
513 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
514 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
515 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
516
517 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
518 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
519 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
520 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
521
522 ============
523
524 endif::stalenotes[]
525
526 OPTIONS
527 -------
528 --version::
529 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
530
531 --help::
532 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
533 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
534 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
535 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
536 +
537 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
538 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
539 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
540 help ...`.
541
542 -C <path>::
543 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
544 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
545 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
546 <path>`.
547 +
548 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
549 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
550 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
551 example the following invocations are equivalent:
552
553 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
554 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
555
556 -c <name>=<value>::
557 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
558 given will override values from configuration files.
559 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
560 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
561 +
562 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
563 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
564 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
565 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
566
567 --exec-path[=<path>]::
568 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
569 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
570 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
571 the current setting and then exit.
572
573 --html-path::
574 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
575 documentation is installed and exit.
576
577 --man-path::
578 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
579 this version of Git and exit.
580
581 --info-path::
582 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
583 version of Git are installed and exit.
584
585 -p::
586 --paginate::
587 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
588 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
589 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
590 below).
591
592 --no-pager::
593 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
594
595 --git-dir=<path>::
596 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
597 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
598 path or relative path to current working directory.
599
600 --work-tree=<path>::
601 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
602 or a path relative to the current working directory.
603 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
604 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
605 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
606 more detailed discussion).
607
608 --namespace=<path>::
609 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
610 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
611 variable.
612
613 --bare::
614 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
615 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
616 directory.
617
618 --no-replace-objects::
619 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
620 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
621
622 --literal-pathspecs::
623 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
624 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
625 variable to `1`.
626
627 --glob-pathspecs::
628 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
629 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
630 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
631 magic ":(literal)"
632
633 --noglob-pathspecs::
634 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
635 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
636 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
637 magic ":(glob)"
638
639 --icase-pathspecs::
640 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
641 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
642
643 GIT COMMANDS
644 ------------
645
646 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
647 ("plumbing") commands.
648
649 High-level commands (porcelain)
650 -------------------------------
651
652 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
653 ancillary user utilities.
654
655 Main porcelain commands
656 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
657
658 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
659
660 Ancillary Commands
661 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
662 Manipulators:
663
664 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
665
666 Interrogators:
667
668 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
669
670
671 Interacting with Others
672 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
673
674 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
675 people via patch over e-mail.
676
677 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
678
679
680 Low-level commands (plumbing)
681 -----------------------------
682
683 Although Git includes its
684 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
685 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
686 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
687 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
688
689 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
690 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
691 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
692 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
693 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
694 end user experience.
695
696 The following description divides
697 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
698 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
699 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
700 repositories.
701
702
703 Manipulation commands
704 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
705
706 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
707
708
709 Interrogation commands
710 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
711
712 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
713
714 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
715 the working tree.
716
717
718 Synching repositories
719 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
720
721 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
722
723 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
724 typically do not use them directly.
725
726 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
727
728
729 Internal helper commands
730 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
731
732 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
733 users typically do not use them directly.
734
735 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
736
737
738 Configuration Mechanism
739 -----------------------
740
741 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
742 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
743 like this:
744
745 ------------
746 #
747 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
748 #
749
750 ; core variables
751 [core]
752 ; Don't trust file modes
753 filemode = false
754
755 ; user identity
756 [user]
757 name = "Junio C Hamano"
758 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
759
760 ------------
761
762 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
763 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
764 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
765
766
767 Identifier Terminology
768 ----------------------
769 <object>::
770 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
771
772 <blob>::
773 Indicates a blob object name.
774
775 <tree>::
776 Indicates a tree object name.
777
778 <commit>::
779 Indicates a commit object name.
780
781 <tree-ish>::
782 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
783 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
784 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
785 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
786
787 <commit-ish>::
788 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
789 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
790 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
791 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
792
793 <type>::
794 Indicates that an object type is required.
795 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
796
797 <file>::
798 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
799 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
800
801 Symbolic Identifiers
802 --------------------
803 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
804 symbolic notation:
805
806 HEAD::
807 indicates the head of the current branch.
808
809 <tag>::
810 a valid tag 'name'
811 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
812
813 <head>::
814 a valid head 'name'
815 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
816
817 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
818 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
819
820
821 File/Directory Structure
822 ------------------------
823
824 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
825
826 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
827
828 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
829 `$GIT_DIR`.
830
831
832 Terminology
833 -----------
834 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
835
836
837 Environment Variables
838 ---------------------
839 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
840
841 The Git Repository
842 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
843 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
844 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
845 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
846
847 `GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
848 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
849 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
850 is used.
851
852 `GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
853 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
854 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
855 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
856 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
857
858 `GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
859 If the object storage directory is specified via this
860 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
861 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
862 directory is used.
863
864 `GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
865 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
866 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
867 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
868 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
869 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
870
871 `GIT_DIR`::
872 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
873 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
874 for the base of the repository.
875 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
876
877 `GIT_WORK_TREE`::
878 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
879 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
880 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
881
882 `GIT_NAMESPACE`::
883 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
884 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
885
886 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
887 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
888 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
889 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
890 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
891 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
892 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
893 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
894 might be present in order to compare them with the current
895 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
896 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
897 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
898 e.g.,
899 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
900
901 `GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
902 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
903 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
904 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
905 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
906 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
907 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
908 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
909 command line.
910
911 `GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
912 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
913 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
914 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
915 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
916 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
917 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
918 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
919
920 Git Commits
921 ~~~~~~~~~~~
922 `GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
923 `GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
924 `GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
925 `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
926 `GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
927 `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
928 'EMAIL'::
929 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
930
931 Git Diffs
932 ~~~~~~~~~
933 `GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
934 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
935 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
936 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
937 value passed on the Git diff command line.
938
939 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
940 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
941 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
942 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
943 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
944
945 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
946 +
947 where:
948
949 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
950 contents of <old|new>,
951 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
952 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
953 +
954 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
955 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
956 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
957 index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
958 temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
959 +
960 For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
961 parameter, <path>.
962 +
963 For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
964 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
965
966 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
967 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
968
969 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
970 The total number of paths.
971
972 other
973 ~~~~~
974 `GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
975 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
976 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
977 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
978
979 `GIT_PAGER`::
980 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
981 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
982 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
983 linkgit:git-config[1].
984
985 `GIT_EDITOR`::
986 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
987 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
988 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
989 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
990
991 `GIT_SSH`::
992 `GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
993 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
994 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
995 when they need to connect to a remote system.
996 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
997 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
998 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
999 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1000 something other than the default SSH port.
1001 +
1002 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1003 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1004 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1005 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1006 needed).
1007 +
1008 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1009 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
1010 for further details.
1011
1012 `GIT_ASKPASS`::
1013 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1014 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1015 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1016 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1017 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1018
1019 `GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1020 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1021 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1022
1023 `GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1024 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1025 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
1026 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1027 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1028 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1029 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1030
1031 `GIT_FLUSH`::
1032 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1033 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1034 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1035 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1036 flushed. If this
1037 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1038 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
1039 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1040 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1041
1042 `GIT_TRACE`::
1043 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1044 command execution and external command execution.
1045 +
1046 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1047 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1048 stderr.
1049 +
1050 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1051 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1052 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1053 trace messages into this file descriptor.
1054 +
1055 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1056 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1057 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1058 into it.
1059 +
1060 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1061 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1062
1063 `GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1064 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1065 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1066 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1067 pack-related performance problems.
1068 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1069
1070 `GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1071 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1072 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1073 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1074 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1075 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1076
1077 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1078 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1079 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1080 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1081 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1082 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1083 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1084 +
1085 Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1086 of clones and fetches.
1087
1088 `GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1089 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1090 time of each Git command.
1091 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1092
1093 `GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1094 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1095 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1096 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1097
1098 `GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1099 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1100 cloning of shallow repositories.
1101 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1102
1103 `GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1104 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1105 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1106 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1107 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1108 variable.
1109 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1110
1111 `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1112 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1113 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1114 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1115 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1116 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1117 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1118 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1119
1120 `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1121 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1122 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1123
1124 `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1125 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1126 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1127
1128 `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1129 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1130 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1131
1132 `GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1133 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1134 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1135 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1136 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1137 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1138 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1139 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1140 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1141
1142 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1143 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1144 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1145 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1146 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1147 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1148 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1149 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1150 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1151 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1152
1153 `GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1154 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1155 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1156 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1157 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1158 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1159 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names
1160 currently used by git are:
1161
1162 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1163 or local paths)
1164
1165 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1166 connection (or proxy, if configured)
1167
1168 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1169 `ssh://`, etc).
1170
1171 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1172 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1173 you should specify both as `http:https`.
1174
1175 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1176 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1177
1178
1179 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1180 ------------------------
1181
1182 More detail on the following is available from the
1183 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1184 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1185
1186 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1187 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1188 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1189 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1190 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1191 as tags and branch heads.
1192
1193 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1194 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1195 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1196 and some number of parent commits.
1197
1198 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1199 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1200 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1201 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1202
1203 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1204 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1205 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1206 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1207 purpose.
1208
1209 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1210 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1211
1212 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1213 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1214 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1215 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1216 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1217 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1218
1219 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1220 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1221 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1222 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1223 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1224 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1225 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1226 content stored in the index.
1227
1228 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1229 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1230 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1231
1232 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1233 ---------------------
1234
1235 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1236 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1237 for a first-time user.
1238
1239 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1240 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1241 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1242
1243 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1244
1245 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1246 examples.
1247
1248 The internals are documented in the
1249 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1250
1251 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1252 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1253
1254
1255 Authors
1256 -------
1257 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1258 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1259 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1260 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1261
1262 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1263 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1264 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1265
1266 Reporting Bugs
1267 --------------
1268
1269 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1270 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1271 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1272
1273 SEE ALSO
1274 --------
1275 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1276 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1277 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1278 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1279 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1280
1281 GIT
1282 ---
1283 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite