APC and your system crashes randomly.
apic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
- Change the output verbosity whilst booting
+ Change the output verbosity while booting
Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
Change the amount of debugging information output
when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
rule is if the bug is publicly known, in which case the preference is to
release the fix as soon as it's available.
-Whilst embargoed information may be shared with trusted individuals in
+While embargoed information may be shared with trusted individuals in
order to develop a fix, such information will not be published alongside
the fix or on any other disclosure channel without the permission of the
reporter. This includes but is not limited to the original bug report
The boot loader must pass at a minimum the size and location of the
system memory, and the root filesystem location. The dtb must be
placed in a region of memory where the kernel decompressor will not
-overwrite it, whilst remaining within the region which will be covered
+overwrite it, while remaining within the region which will be covered
by the kernel's low-memory mapping.
A safe location is just above the 128MiB boundary from start of RAM.
as they have the same arguments, and can either take the pin specific
values, or the more generic special-function-number arguments.
-3) s3c2410_gpio_pullup() changes have the problem that whilst the
+3) s3c2410_gpio_pullup() changes have the problem that while the
s3c2410_gpio_pullup(x, 1) can be easily translated to the
s3c_gpio_setpull(x, S3C_GPIO_PULL_NONE), the s3c2410_gpio_pullup(x, 0)
are not so easy.
versions.
The S3C2416 and S3C2450 devices are very similar and S3C2450 support is
- included under the arch/arm/mach-s3c2416 directory. Note, whilst core
+ included under the arch/arm/mach-s3c2416 directory. Note, while core
support for these SoCs is in, work on some of the extra peripherals
and extra interrupts is still ongoing.
suspending, which means that use of printascii() or similar direct
access to the UARTs will cause the debug to stop.
- 2) Whilst the pm code itself will attempt to re-enable the UART clocks,
+ 2) While the pm code itself will attempt to re-enable the UART clocks,
care should be taken that any external clock sources that the UARTs
rely on are still enabled at that point.
8. The array can iterated over. The objects will not necessarily come out in
key order.
-9. The array can be iterated over whilst it is being modified, provided the
+9. The array can be iterated over while it is being modified, provided the
RCU readlock is being held by the iterator. Note, however, under these
circumstances, some objects may be seen more than once. If this is a
problem, the iterator should lock against modification. Objects will not
10. Objects in the array can be looked up by means of their index key.
-11. Objects can be looked up whilst the array is being modified, provided the
+11. Objects can be looked up while the array is being modified, provided the
RCU readlock is being held by the thread doing the look up.
The implementation uses a tree of 16-pointer nodes internally that are indexed
enough memory.
It is possible for other threads to iterate over or search the array under
-the RCU read lock whilst this function is in progress. The caller should
+the RCU read lock while this function is in progress. The caller should
lock exclusively against other modifiers of the array.
[data_offset <sectors>]
This option value defines the offset into each data device
where the data starts. This is used to provide out-of-place
- reshaping space to avoid writing over data whilst
+ reshaping space to avoid writing over data while
changing the layout of stripes, hence an interruption/crash
may happen at any time without the risk of losing data.
E.g. when adding devices to an existing raid set during
The graph is split in two parts delimited by time 1ms on the X-axis.
The graph curve with X-axis values = { x | 0 < x < 1ms } has a steep slope
-and denotes the energy costs incurred whilst entering and leaving the idle
+and denotes the energy costs incurred while entering and leaving the idle
state.
The graph curve in the area delimited by X-axis values = {x | x > 1ms } has
shallower slope and essentially represents the energy consumption of the idle
cfg_offset(bus, device, function, register) =
bus << 16 | device << 11 | function << 8 | register
-Whilst ECAM extends this by 4 bits to accommodate 4k of function space:
+While ECAM extends this by 4 bits to accommodate 4k of function space:
cfg_offset(bus, device, function, register) =
bus << 20 | device << 15 | function << 12 | register
- linux,rs485-enabled-at-boot-time: empty property telling to enable the rs485
feature at boot time. It can be disabled later with proper ioctl.
- rs485-rx-during-tx: empty property that enables the receiving of data even
- whilst sending data.
+ while sending data.
RS485 example for Atmel USART:
usart0: serial@fff8c000 {
void fscache_get_retrieval(struct fscache_retrieval *op);
void fscache_put_retrieval(struct fscache_retrieval *op);
- These two functions are used to retain a retrieval record whilst doing
+ These two functions are used to retain a retrieval record while doing
asynchronous data retrieval and block allocation.
CacheFiles creates a misc character device - "/dev/cachefiles" - that is used
to communication with the daemon. Only one thing may have this open at once,
-and whilst it is open, a cache is at least partially in existence. The daemon
+and while it is open, a cache is at least partially in existence. The daemon
opens this and sends commands down it to control the cache.
CacheFiles is currently limited to a single cache.
kernel module contains its own very cut-down path walking facility that ignores
mountpoints, but the daemon can't avoid them.
-Do not create, rename or unlink files and directories in the cache whilst the
+Do not create, rename or unlink files and directories in the cache while the
cache is active, as this may cause the state to become uncertain.
Renaming files in the cache might make objects appear to be other objects (the
An optional step is to request an object of miscellaneous type be created in
the cache. This is almost identical to index cookie acquisition. The only
difference is that the type in the object definition should be something other
-than index type. Whilst the parent object could be an index, it's more likely
+than index type. While the parent object could be an index, it's more likely
it would be some other type of object such as a data file.
xattr->cache =
(3) If the submitting thread wants to do the work itself, and has marked the
operation with FSCACHE_OP_MYTHREAD, then it should monitor
FSCACHE_OP_WAITING as described above and check the state of the object if
- necessary (the object might have died whilst the thread was waiting).
+ necessary (the object might have died while the thread was waiting).
When it has finished doing its processing, it should call
fscache_op_complete() and fscache_put_operation() on it.
For more than 16 blocks an indirect addressing in form of another tree is
used. (scheme is the same as the one used for the superblock root nodes)
-The filesize is stored 64bit. Inode counting starts with 1. (whilst long
+The filesize is stored 64bit. Inode counting starts with 1. (while long
filename inodes start with 0)
Directories
The requirement for a static, fixed preallocated system area comes from how
qnx6fs deals with writes.
Each superblock got it's own half of the system area. So superblock #1
-always uses blocks from the lower half whilst superblock #2 just writes to
+always uses blocks from the lower half while superblock #2 just writes to
blocks represented by the upper half bitmap system area bits.
Bitmap blocks, Inode blocks and indirect addressing blocks for those two
d_manage: called to allow the filesystem to manage the transition from a
dentry (optional). This allows autofs, for example, to hold up clients
- waiting to explore behind a 'mountpoint' whilst letting the daemon go
+ waiting to explore behind a 'mountpoint' while letting the daemon go
past and construct the subtree there. 0 should be returned to let the
calling process continue. -EISDIR can be returned to tell pathwalk to
use this directory as an ordinary directory and to ignore anything
determine the scope of the problem.
Different types of metadata have different owner identifiers. For example,
-directory, attribute and extent tree blocks are all owned by an inode, whilst
+directory, attribute and extent tree blocks are all owned by an inode, while
freespace btree blocks are owned by an allocation group. Hence the size and
contents of the owner field are determined by the type of metadata object we are
looking at. The owner information can also identify misplaced writes (e.g.
filesystem from ever unmounting fully in the case of "retry forever"
handler configurations.
- Note: there is no guarantee that fail_at_unmount can be set whilst an
+ Note: there is no guarantee that fail_at_unmount can be set while an
unmount is in progress. It is possible that the sysfs entries are
removed by the unmounting filesystem before a "retry forever" error
handler configuration causes unmount to hang, and hence the filesystem
nand-disk and sharpsl-charge triggers. With led triggers disabled, the code
optimises away.
-Complex triggers whilst available to all LEDs have LED specific
+Complex triggers while available to all LEDs have LED specific
parameters and work on a per LED basis. The timer trigger is an example.
The timer trigger will periodically change the LED brightness between
LED_OFF and the current brightness setting. The "on" and "off" time can
converts that received signal to lower intermediate frequency (IF) or
baseband frequency (BB). Tuners that could do baseband output are often
called Zero-IF tuners. Older tuners were typically simple PLL tuners
-inside a metal box, whilst newer ones are highly integrated chips
+inside a metal box, while newer ones are highly integrated chips
without a metal box "silicon tuners". These controls are mostly
applicable for new feature rich silicon tuners, just because older
tuners does not have much adjustable features.
(Q == &B) and (D == 2) ????
-Whilst this may seem like a failure of coherency or causality maintenance, it
+While this may seem like a failure of coherency or causality maintenance, it
isn't, and this behaviour can be observed on certain real CPUs (such as the DEC
Alpha).
Certain locking variants of the ACQUIRE operation may fail, either due to
being unable to get the lock immediately, or due to receiving an unblocked
- signal whilst asleep waiting for the lock to become available. Failed
+ signal while asleep waiting for the lock to become available. Failed
locks do not imply any sort of barrier.
[!] Note: one of the consequences of lock ACQUIREs and RELEASEs being only
ATOMIC OPERATIONS
-----------------
-Whilst they are technically interprocessor interaction considerations, atomic
+While they are technically interprocessor interaction considerations, atomic
operations are noted specially as some of them imply full memory barriers and
some don't, but they're very heavily relied on as a group throughout the
kernel.
Inside of the Linux kernel, I/O should be done through the appropriate accessor
routines - such as inb() or writel() - which know how to make such accesses
-appropriately sequential. Whilst this, for the most part, renders the explicit
+appropriately sequential. While this, for the most part, renders the explicit
use of memory barriers unnecessary, there are a couple of situations where they
might be needed:
This may be alleviated - at least in part - by disabling local interrupts (a
form of locking), such that the critical operations are all contained within
-the interrupt-disabled section in the driver. Whilst the driver's interrupt
+the interrupt-disabled section in the driver. While the driver's interrupt
routine is executing, the driver's core may not run on the same CPU, and its
interrupt is not permitted to happen again until the current interrupt has been
handled, thus the interrupt handler does not need to lock against that.
Life isn't quite as simple as it may appear above, however: for while the
caches are expected to be coherent, there's no guarantee that that coherency
-will be ordered. This means that whilst changes made on one CPU will
+will be ordered. This means that while changes made on one CPU will
eventually become visible on all CPUs, there's no guarantee that they will
become apparent in the same order on those other CPUs.
(*) an even-numbered cache line may be in cache B, cache D or it may still be
resident in memory;
- (*) whilst the CPU core is interrogating one cache, the other cache may be
+ (*) while the CPU core is interrogating one cache, the other cache may be
making use of the bus to access the rest of the system - perhaps to
displace a dirty cacheline or to do a speculative load;
x = *q;
The above pair of reads may then fail to happen in the expected order, as the
-cacheline holding p may get updated in one of the second CPU's caches whilst
+cacheline holding p may get updated in one of the second CPU's caches while
the update to the cacheline holding v is delayed in the other of the second
CPU's caches by some other cache event:
<C:unbusy>
<C:commit v=2>
-Basically, whilst both cachelines will be updated on CPU 2 eventually, there's
+Basically, while both cachelines will be updated on CPU 2 eventually, there's
no guarantee that, without intervention, the order of update will be the same
as that committed on CPU 1.
This sort of problem can be encountered on DEC Alpha processors as they have a
split cache that improves performance by making better use of the data bus.
-Whilst most CPUs do imply a data dependency barrier on the read when a memory
+While most CPUs do imply a data dependency barrier on the read when a memory
access depends on a read, not all do, so it may not be relied on.
Other CPUs may also have split caches, but must coordinate between the various
thus cutting down on transaction setup costs (memory and PCI devices may
both be able to do this); and
- (*) the CPU's data cache may affect the ordering, and whilst cache-coherency
+ (*) the CPU's data cache may affect the ordering, and while cache-coherency
mechanisms may alleviate this - once the store has actually hit the cache
- there's no guarantee that the coherency management will be propagated in
order to other CPUs.
Automedia detection is included so that in principle you can disconnect
from, e.g. TP, reconnect to BNC and things will still work (after a
- pause whilst the driver figures out where its media went). My tests
+ pause while the driver figures out where its media went). My tests
using ping showed that it appears to work....
By default, the driver will now autodetect any DECchip based card.
setsockopt(server, SOL_RXRPC, RXRPC_SECURITY_KEYRING, "AFSkeys", 7);
The keyring can be manipulated after it has been given to the socket. This
- permits the server to add more keys, replace keys, etc. whilst it is live.
+ permits the server to add more keys, replace keys, etc. while it is live.
(3) A local address must then be bound:
struct sockaddr_rxrpc *srx,
struct key *key);
- This attempts to partially reinitialise a call and submit it again whilst
+ This attempts to partially reinitialise a call and submit it again while
reusing the original call's Tx queue to avoid the need to repackage and
re-encrypt the data to be sent. call indicates the call to retry, srx the
new address to send it to and key the encryption key to use for signing or
waiting for a suitable interval.
This allows the caller to work out if the server is still contactable and
- if the call is still alive on the server whilst waiting for the server to
+ if the call is still alive on the server while waiting for the server to
process a client operation.
This function may transmit a PING ACK.
(*) connection_expiry
The amount of time in seconds after a connection was last used before we
- remove it from the connection list. Whilst a connection is in existence,
+ remove it from the connection list. While a connection is in existence,
it serves as a placeholder for negotiated security; when it is deleted,
the security must be renegotiated.
(*) transport_expiry
The amount of time in seconds after a transport was last used before we
- remove it from the transport list. Whilst a transport is in existence, it
+ remove it from the transport list. While a transport is in existence, it
serves to anchor the peer data and keeps the connection ID counter.
(*) rxrpc_rx_window_size
Some terms used in this document:-
o Regulator - Electronic device that supplies power to other devices.
- Most regulators can enable and disable their output whilst
+ Most regulators can enable and disable their output while
some can control their output voltage and or current.
Input Voltage -> Regulator -> Output Voltage
Sep 2002: Fix tubfs kmalloc()s
* Do read and write lengths correctly in fs3270_read()
- and fs3270_write(), whilst never asking kmalloc()
+ and fs3270_write(), while never asking kmalloc()
for more than 0x800 bytes. Affects tubfs.c and tubio.h.
Sep 2002: Recognize 3270 control unit type 3174
1. The reference count may be altered.
- 2. Whilst the keyring subscriptions of a set of credentials may not be
+ 2. While the keyring subscriptions of a set of credentials may not be
changed, the keyrings subscribed to may have their contents altered.
To catch accidental credential alteration at compile time, struct task_struct
Accessing Another Task's Credentials
------------------------------------
-Whilst a task may access its own credentials without the need for locking, the
+While a task may access its own credentials without the need for locking, the
same is not true of a task wanting to access another task's credentials. It
must use the RCU read lock and ``rcu_dereference()``.
}
Should it be necessary to hold another task's credentials for a long period of
-time, and possibly to sleep whilst doing so, then the caller should get a
+time, and possibly to sleep while doing so, then the caller should get a
reference on them using::
const struct cred *get_task_cred(struct task_struct *task);
held if successful. It returns NULL if not successful (out of memory).
The mutex prevents ``ptrace()`` from altering the ptrace state of a process
-whilst security checks on credentials construction and changing is taking place
+while security checks on credentials construction and changing is taking place
as the ptrace state may alter the outcome, particularly in the case of
``execve()``.
Rather than instantiating a key, it is possible for the possessor of an
authorisation key to negatively instantiate a key that's under construction.
This is a short duration placeholder that causes any attempt at re-requesting
-the key whilst it exists to fail with error ENOKEY if negated or the specified
+the key while it exists to fail with error ENOKEY if negated or the specified
error if rejected.
This is provided to prevent excessive repeated spawning of /sbin/request-key
/* Set rts delay after send, if needed: */
rs485conf.delay_rts_after_send = ...;
- /* Set this flag if you want to receive data even whilst sending data */
+ /* Set this flag if you want to receive data even while sending data */
rs485conf.flags |= SER_RS485_RX_DURING_TX;
if (ioctl (fd, TIOCSRS485, &rs485conf) < 0) {
===
I2S is a common 4 wire DAI used in HiFi, STB and portable devices. The Tx and
-Rx lines are used for audio transmission, whilst the bit clock (BCLK) and
+Rx lines are used for audio transmission, while the bit clock (BCLK) and
left/right clock (LRC) synchronise the link. I2S is flexible in that either the
controller or CODEC can drive (master) the BCLK and LRC clock lines. Bit clock
usually varies depending on the sample rate and the master system clock
PCM is another 4 wire interface, very similar to I2S, which can support a more
flexible protocol. It has bit clock (BCLK) and sync (SYNC) lines that are used
-to synchronise the link whilst the Tx and Rx lines are used to transmit and
+to synchronise the link while the Tx and Rx lines are used to transmit and
receive the audio data. Bit clock usually varies depending on sample rate
-whilst sync runs at the sample rate. PCM also supports Time Division
+while sync runs at the sample rate. PCM also supports Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM) in that several devices can use the bus simultaneously (this
is sometimes referred to as network mode).
* * <----DAI5-----> FM
*************
-This allows the host CPU to sleep whilst the DSP, MODEM DAI and the BT DAI are
+This allows the host CPU to sleep while the DSP, MODEM DAI and the BT DAI are
still in operation.
A BE DAI link can also set the codec to a dummy device if the code is a device
Note that switching branches results in some locks being taken,
particularly the CPU hotplug lock (in order to avoid races against
-CPUs being brought in the kernel whilst the kernel is getting
+CPUs being brought in the kernel while the kernel is getting
patched). Calling the static key API from within a hotplug notifier is
thus a sure deadlock recipe. In order to still allow use of the
functionnality, the following functions are provided:
`k_pu` value will provide a slower ramp, at the cost of capping
available capacity at a low temperature. On the other hand, a high
value of `k_pu` will result in the governor granting very high power
-whilst temperature is low, and may lead to temperature overshooting.
+while temperature is low, and may lead to temperature overshooting.
The default value for `k_pu` is:
projects / thirdparty / kernel / linux.git / commitdiff
