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fea681da | 1 | .\" Copyright 1993 David Metcalfe (david@prism.demon.co.uk) |
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2 | .\" and Copyright 2008, Linux Foundation, written by Michael Kerrisk |
3 | .\" <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> | |
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4 | .\" |
5 | .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this | |
6 | .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
7 | .\" preserved on all copies. | |
8 | .\" | |
9 | .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
10 | .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the | |
11 | .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a | |
12 | .\" permission notice identical to this one. | |
c13182ef | 13 | .\" |
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14 | .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this |
15 | .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no | |
16 | .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from | |
17 | .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not | |
18 | .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual, | |
19 | .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working | |
20 | .\" professionally. | |
c13182ef | 21 | .\" |
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22 | .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by |
23 | .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. | |
24 | .\" | |
25 | .\" References consulted: | |
26 | .\" Linux libc source code | |
27 | .\" Lewine's _POSIX Programmer's Guide_ (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991) | |
28 | .\" 386BSD man pages | |
29 | .\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) | |
30 | .\" Modified 1995-08-14 by Arnt Gulbrandsen <agulbra@troll.no> | |
31 | .\" Modified 2002-07-27 by Walter Harms | |
32 | .\" (walter.harms@informatik.uni-oldenburg.de) | |
078dfbb0 | 33 | .TH POW 3 2008-08-10 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual" |
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34 | .SH NAME |
35 | pow, powf, powl \- power functions | |
36 | .SH SYNOPSIS | |
37 | .nf | |
38 | .B #include <math.h> | |
39 | .sp | |
40 | .BI "double pow(double " x ", double " y ); | |
d39541ec | 41 | .br |
fea681da | 42 | .BI "float powf(float " x ", float " y ); |
d39541ec | 43 | .br |
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44 | .BI "long double powl(long double " x ", long double " y ); |
45 | .fi | |
46 | .sp | |
20c58d70 | 47 | Link with \fI\-lm\fP. |
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48 | .sp |
49 | .in -4n | |
50 | Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see | |
51 | .BR feature_test_macros (7)): | |
52 | .in | |
53 | .sp | |
54 | .ad l | |
55 | .BR powf (), | |
56 | .BR powl (): | |
57 | _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\ >=\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE; or | |
58 | .I cc\ -std=c99 | |
59 | .ad b | |
fea681da | 60 | .SH DESCRIPTION |
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61 | The |
62 | .BR pow () | |
0425de01 | 63 | function returns the value of \fIx\fP raised to the |
c13182ef | 64 | power of \fIy\fP. |
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65 | .SH RETURN VALUE |
66 | On success, these functions return the value of | |
67 | .I x | |
68 | to the power of | |
69 | .IR y . | |
70 | ||
71 | If | |
72 | .I x | |
73 | is a finite value less than 0, and | |
74 | .I y | |
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75 | is a finite non-integer, a domain error occurs, |
76 | .\" The domain error is generated at least as far back as glibc 2.4 | |
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77 | and a NaN is returned. |
78 | ||
79 | If the result overflows, | |
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80 | a range error occurs, |
81 | .\" The range error is generated at least as far back as glibc 2.4 | |
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82 | and the functions return |
83 | .BR HUGE_VAL , | |
84 | .BR HUGE_VALF , | |
85 | or | |
86 | .BR HUGE_VALL , | |
87 | respectively, with the mathematically correct sign. | |
88 | ||
89 | If result underflows, and is not representable, | |
efe294cb | 90 | a range error occurs, |
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91 | and 0.0 is returned. |
92 | .\" POSIX.1 does not specify the sign of the zero, | |
93 | .\" but http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=2678 | |
94 | .\" points out that the zero has the wrong sign in some cases. | |
95 | ||
96 | Except as specified below, if | |
97 | .I x | |
98 | or | |
99 | .I y | |
100 | is a NaN, the result is a NaN. | |
101 | ||
102 | If | |
103 | .I x | |
104 | is +1, the result is 1.0 (even if | |
105 | .I y | |
106 | is a NaN). | |
107 | ||
108 | If | |
109 | .I y | |
110 | is 0, the result is 1.0 (even if | |
111 | .I x | |
112 | is a NaN). | |
113 | ||
114 | If | |
115 | .I x | |
116 | is +0 (\-0), | |
117 | and | |
118 | .I y | |
119 | is an odd integer greater than 0, | |
120 | the result is +0 (\-0). | |
121 | ||
122 | If | |
123 | .I x | |
124 | is 0, | |
125 | and | |
126 | .I y | |
127 | greater than 0 and not an odd integer, | |
128 | the result is +0. | |
129 | ||
130 | If | |
131 | .I x | |
132 | is \-1, | |
133 | and | |
134 | .I y | |
135 | is positive infinity or negative infinity, | |
136 | the result is 1.0. | |
137 | ||
138 | If the absolute value of | |
139 | .I x | |
140 | is less than 1, | |
141 | and | |
142 | .I y | |
143 | is negative infinity, | |
144 | the result is positive infinity. | |
145 | ||
146 | If the absolute value of | |
147 | .I x | |
148 | is greater than 1, | |
149 | and | |
150 | .I y | |
151 | is negative infinity, | |
152 | the result is +0. | |
153 | ||
154 | If the absolute value of | |
155 | .I x | |
156 | is less than 1, | |
157 | and | |
158 | .I y | |
159 | is positive infinity, | |
160 | the result is +0. | |
161 | ||
162 | If the absolute value of | |
163 | .I x | |
164 | is greater than 1, | |
165 | and | |
166 | .I y | |
167 | is positive infinity, | |
168 | the result is positive infinity. | |
169 | ||
170 | If | |
171 | .I x | |
172 | is negative infinity, | |
173 | and | |
174 | .I y | |
175 | is an odd integer less than 0, | |
176 | the result is \-0. | |
177 | ||
178 | If | |
179 | .I x | |
180 | is negative infinity, | |
181 | and | |
182 | .I y | |
183 | less than 0 and not an odd integer, | |
184 | the result is +0. | |
185 | ||
186 | If | |
187 | .I x | |
188 | is negative infinity, | |
189 | and | |
190 | .I y | |
191 | is an odd integer greater than 0, | |
192 | the result is negative infinity. | |
193 | ||
194 | If | |
195 | .I x | |
196 | is negative infinity, | |
197 | and | |
198 | .I y | |
199 | greater than 0 and not an odd integer, | |
200 | the result is positive infinity. | |
201 | ||
202 | If | |
203 | .I x | |
204 | is positive infinity, | |
205 | and | |
206 | .I y | |
207 | less than 0, | |
208 | the result is +0. | |
209 | ||
210 | If | |
211 | .I x | |
212 | is positive infinity, | |
213 | and | |
214 | .I y | |
215 | greater than 0, | |
216 | the result is positive infinity. | |
217 | ||
218 | If | |
219 | .I x | |
220 | is +0 or -0, | |
221 | and | |
222 | .I y | |
223 | is an odd integer less than 0, | |
efe294cb | 224 | a pole error occurs and |
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225 | .BR HUGE_VAL , |
226 | .BR HUGE_VALF , | |
227 | or | |
228 | .BR HUGE_VALL , | |
229 | is returned, | |
230 | with the same sign as | |
231 | .IR x . | |
232 | ||
233 | If | |
234 | .I x | |
235 | is +0 or -0, | |
236 | and | |
237 | .I y | |
238 | is less than 0 and not an odd integer, | |
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239 | a pole error occurs and |
240 | .\" The pole error is generated at least as far back as glibc 2.4 | |
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241 | .RB + HUGE_VAL , |
242 | .RB + HUGE_VALF , | |
243 | or | |
244 | .RB + HUGE_VALL , | |
245 | is returned. | |
fea681da | 246 | .SH ERRORS |
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247 | .\" FIXME . review status of this error |
248 | .\" longstanding bug report for glibc: | |
249 | .\" http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=369 | |
250 | .\" For negative x, and -large and +large y, glibc 2.8 gives incorrect | |
251 | .\" results | |
252 | .\" pow(-0.5,-DBL_MAX)=nan | |
253 | .\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result; | |
254 | .\" FAIL (expected: range-error-overflow (ERANGE, FE_OVERFLOW); +INF) | |
385cf745 | 255 | .\" |
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256 | .\" pow(-1.5,-DBL_MAX)=nan |
257 | .\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result; | |
258 | .\" FAIL (expected: range-error-underflow (ERANGE, FE_UNDERFLOW); +0) | |
385cf745 | 259 | .\" |
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260 | .\" pow(-0.5,DBL_MAX)=nan |
261 | .\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result; | |
262 | .\" FAIL (expected: range-error-underflow (ERANGE, FE_UNDERFLOW); +0) | |
385cf745 | 263 | .\" |
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264 | .\" pow(-1.5,DBL_MAX)=nan |
265 | .\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result; | |
266 | .\" FAIL (expected: range-error-overflow (ERANGE, FE_OVERFLOW); +INF) | |
267 | See | |
268 | .BR math_error (7) | |
269 | for information on how to determine whether an error has occurred | |
270 | when calling these functions. | |
271 | .PP | |
272 | The following errors can occur: | |
fea681da | 273 | .TP |
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274 | Domain error: \fIx\fP is negative, and \fIy\fP is a finite non-integer |
275 | .I errno | |
276 | is set to | |
277 | .BR EDOM . | |
278 | An invalid floating-point exception | |
279 | .RB ( FE_INVALID ) | |
280 | is raised. | |
281 | .TP | |
282 | Pole error: \fIx\fP is zero, and \fIy\fP is negative | |
283 | .I errno | |
284 | is set to | |
385cf745 | 285 | .BR ERANGE |
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286 | (but see BUGS). |
287 | .\" FIXME . glibc 2.8 gives EDOM | |
288 | A divide-by-zero floating-point exception | |
289 | .RB ( FE_DIVBYZERO ) | |
290 | is raised. | |
291 | .TP | |
292 | Range error: the result overflows | |
293 | .I errno | |
294 | is set to | |
295 | .BR ERANGE . | |
296 | An overflow floating-point exception | |
297 | .RB ( FE_OVERFLOW ) | |
298 | is raised. | |
299 | .TP | |
300 | Range error: the result underflows | |
301 | .I errno | |
302 | is set to | |
303 | .BR ERANGE . | |
304 | An underflow floating-point exception | |
305 | .RB ( FE_UNDERFLOW ) | |
306 | is raised. | |
fea681da | 307 | .SH "CONFORMING TO" |
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308 | C99, POSIX.1-2001. |
309 | The variant returning | |
310 | .I double | |
311 | also conforms to | |
68e1685c | 312 | SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89. |
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313 | .SH BUGS |
314 | For a pole error, | |
385cf745 | 315 | .\" |
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316 | .\" FIXME . this is as at glibc 2.8; check later if this bug is fixed |
317 | .\" Bug raised: http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6776 | |
318 | .I errno | |
319 | is set to | |
320 | .BR EDOM ; | |
321 | POSIX.1 says it should be set to | |
322 | .BR ERANGE . | |
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323 | |
324 | If | |
325 | .I x | |
326 | is negative, | |
327 | then large negative or positive | |
328 | .I y | |
329 | values yield a NaN as the function result, with | |
330 | .I errno | |
331 | set to | |
332 | .BR EDOM , | |
333 | and an invalid | |
7e919b7a | 334 | .RB ( FE_INVALID ) |
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335 | floating-point exception. |
336 | For example, with | |
337 | .BR pow (), | |
338 | one sees this behavior when the absolute value of | |
339 | .I y | |
340 | is greater than about 9.223373e18. | |
341 | .\" see bug http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3866 | |
342 | .\" and http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=369 | |
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343 | |
344 | In version 2.3.2 and earlier, | |
345 | .\" FIXME . Actually, 2.3.2 is the earlier test result I have; so yet | |
346 | .\" to confirm if this error occurs only in 2.3.2. | |
347 | when an overflow or underflow error occurs, glibc's | |
348 | .BR pow () | |
349 | generates a bogus invalid floating-point | |
350 | .RB ( FE_INVALID ) | |
351 | in addition to the overflow or underflow exception. | |
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352 | .SH "SEE ALSO" |
353 | .BR cbrt (3), | |
36268806 | 354 | .BR cpow (3), |
fea681da | 355 | .BR sqrt (3) |