[thirdparty/man-pages.git] / man7 / ascii.7

'\" t
.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de)
.\"
.\" %%%LICENSE_START(GPLv2+_DOC_FULL)
.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
.\" intermediate and printed output.
.\"
.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
.\" License along with this manual; if not, see
.\" <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
.\" %%%LICENSE_END
.\"
.\" Created  1993-04-02 by Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de)
.\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
.\" Modified 1994-05-15 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
.\" Modified 1994-11-22 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
.\" Modified 1995-07-11 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
.\" Modified 1996-12-18 by Michael Haardt and aeb
.\" Modified 1999-05-31 by Dimitri Papadopoulos (dpo@club-internet.fr)
.\" Modified 1999-08-08 by Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de)
.\" Modified 2004-04-01 by aeb
.\"
.TH ASCII 7 2016-10-08 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
ascii \- ASCII character set encoded in octal, decimal,
and hexadecimal
.SH DESCRIPTION
ASCII is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
It is a 7-bit code.
Many 8-bit codes (e.g., ISO 8859-1) contain ASCII as their lower half.
The international counterpart of ASCII is known as ISO 646-IRV.
.PP
The following table contains the 128 ASCII characters.
.PP
C program \f(CW\(aq\eX\(aq\fP escapes are noted.
.if t \{\
.ft CW
\}
.TS
l l l l l l l l.
Oct	Dec	Hex	Char	Oct	Dec	Hex	Char
_
000	0	00	NUL \(aq\e0\(aq (null character)	100	64	40	@
001	1	01	SOH (start of heading)	101	65	41	A
002	2	02	STX (start of text)	102	66	42	B
003	3	03	ETX (end of text)	103	67	43	C
004	4	04	EOT (end of transmission)	104	68	44	D
005	5	05	ENQ (enquiry)	105	69	45	E
006	6	06	ACK (acknowledge)	106	70	46	F
007	7	07	BEL \(aq\ea\(aq (bell)	107	71	47	G
010	8	08	BS  \(aq\eb\(aq (backspace)	110	72	48	H
011	9	09	HT  \(aq\et\(aq (horizontal tab)	111	73	49	I
012	10	0A	LF  \(aq\en\(aq (new line)	112	74	4A	J
013	11	0B	VT  \(aq\ev\(aq (vertical tab)	113	75	4B	K
014	12	0C	FF  \(aq\ef\(aq (form feed)	114	76	4C	L
015	13	0D	CR  \(aq\er\(aq (carriage ret)	115	77	4D	M
016	14	0E	SO  (shift out)	116	78	4E	N
017	15	0F	SI  (shift in)	117	79	4F	O
020	16	10	DLE (data link escape)	120	80	50	P
021	17	11	DC1 (device control 1)	121	81	51	Q
022	18	12	DC2 (device control 2)	122	82	52	R
023	19	13	DC3 (device control 3)	123	83	53	S
024	20	14	DC4 (device control 4)	124	84	54	T
025	21	15	NAK (negative ack.)	125	85	55	U
026	22	16	SYN (synchronous idle)	126	86	56	V
027	23	17	ETB (end of trans. blk)	127	87	57	W
030	24	18	CAN (cancel)	130	88	58	X
031	25	19	EM  (end of medium)	131	89	59	Y
032	26	1A	SUB (substitute)	132	90	5A	Z
033	27	1B	ESC (escape)	133	91	5B	[
034	28	1C	FS  (file separator)	134	92	5C	\e  \(aq\e\e\(aq
035	29	1D	GS  (group separator)	135	93	5D	]
036	30	1E	RS  (record separator)	136	94	5E	^
037	31	1F	US  (unit separator)	137	95	5F	\&_
040	32	20	SPACE	140	96	60	\`
041	33	21	!	141	97	61	a
042	34	22	"	142	98	62	b
043	35	23	#	143	99	63	c
044	36	24	$	144	100	64	d
045	37	25	%	145	101	65	e
046	38	26	&	146	102	66	f
047	39	27	\(aq	147	103	67	g
050	40	28	(	150	104	68	h
051	41	29	)	151	105	69	i
052	42	2A	*	152	106	6A	j
053	43	2B	+	153	107	6B	k
054	44	2C	,	154	108	6C	l
055	45	2D	\-	155	109	6D	m
056	46	2E	.	156	110	6E	n
057	47	2F	/	157	111	6F	o
060	48	30	0	160	112	70	p
061	49	31	1	161	113	71	q
062	50	32	2	162	114	72	r
063	51	33	3	163	115	73	s
064	52	34	4	164	116	74	t
065	53	35	5	165	117	75	u
066	54	36	6	166	118	76	v
067	55	37	7	167	119	77	w
070	56	38	8	170	120	78	x
071	57	39	9	171	121	79	y
072	58	3A	:	172	122	7A	z
073	59	3B	;	173	123	7B	{
074	60	3C	<	174	124	7C	|
075	61	3D	= 	175	125	7D	}
076	62	3E	>	176	126	7E	~
077	63	3F	?	177	127	7F	DEL
.TE
.if t \{\
.in
.ft P
\}
.SS Tables
For convenience, below are more compact tables in hex and decimal.
.PP
.nf
.if t \{\
.in 1i
.ft CW
\}
   2 3 4 5 6 7       30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
 -------------      ---------------------------------
0:   0 @ P \` p     0:    (  2  <  F  P  Z  d   n   x
1: ! 1 A Q a q     1:    )  3  =  G  Q  [  e   o   y
2: " 2 B R b r     2:    *  4  >  H  R  \e  f   p   z
3: # 3 C S c s     3: !  +  5  ?  I  S  ]  g   q   {
4: $ 4 D T d t     4: "  ,  6  @  J  T  ^  h   r   |
5: % 5 E U e u     5: #  \-  7  A  K  U  _  i   s   }
6: & 6 F V f v     6: $  .  8  B  L  V  \`  j   t   ~
7: \(aq 7 G W g w     7: %  /  9  C  M  W  a  k   u  DEL
8: ( 8 H X h x     8: &  0  :  D  N  X  b  l   v
9: ) 9 I Y i y     9: \(aq  1  ;  E  O  Y  c  m   w
A: * : J Z j z
B: + ; K [ k {
C: , < L \e l |
D: \- = M ] m }
E: . > N ^ n ~
F: / ? O _ o DEL
.if t \{\
.in
.ft P
\}
.fi
.SH NOTES
.SS History
An
.B ascii
manual page appeared in Version 7 of AT&T UNIX.
.PP
On older terminals, the underscore code is displayed as a left arrow,
called backarrow, the caret is displayed as an up-arrow and the vertical
bar has a hole in the middle.
.PP
Uppercase and lowercase characters differ by just one bit and the
ASCII character 2 differs from the double quote by just one bit, too.
That made it much easier to encode characters mechanically or with a
non-microcontroller-based electronic keyboard and that pairing was found
on old teletypes.
.PP
The ASCII standard was published by the United States of America
Standards Institute (USASI) in 1968.
.\"
.\" ASA was the American Standards Association and X3 was an ASA sectional
.\" committee on computers and data processing.  Its name changed to
.\" American National Standards Committee X3 (ANSC-X3) and now it is known
.\" as Accredited Standards Committee X3 (ASC X3).  It is accredited by ANSI
.\" and administered by ITI.  The subcommittee X3.2 worked on coded
.\" character sets; the task group working on ASCII appears to have been
.\" designated X3.2.4.  In 1966, ASA became the United States of America
.\" Standards Institute (USASI) and published ASCII in 1968.  It became the
.\" American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1969 and is the
.\" U.S. member body of ISO; private and nonprofit.
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR charsets (7),
.BR iso_8859-1 (7),
.BR iso_8859-10 (7),
.BR iso_8859-11 (7),
.BR iso_8859-13 (7),
.BR iso_8859-14 (7),
.BR iso_8859-15 (7),
.BR iso_8859-16 (7),
.BR iso_8859-2 (7),
.BR iso_8859-3 (7),
.BR iso_8859-4 (7),
.BR iso_8859-5 (7),
.BR iso_8859-6 (7),
.BR iso_8859-7 (7),
.BR iso_8859-8 (7),
.BR iso_8859-9 (7),
.BR utf-8 (7)
Commit	Line	Data
fea681da MK	1	'\" t
fea681da MK	2	.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de)
fea681da	3	.\"
1dd72f9c	4	.\" %%%LICENSE_START(GPLv2+_DOC_FULL)
fea681da MK	5	.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
	6	.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
	7	.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
	8	.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	9	.\"
	10	.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
	11	.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
	12	.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
	13	.\" intermediate and printed output.
	14	.\"
	15	.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	16	.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	17	.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
	18	.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
	19	.\"
	20	.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
c715f741 MK	21	.\" License along with this manual; if not, see
c715f741 MK	22	.\" <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
6a8d8745	23	.\" %%%LICENSE_END
fea681da	24	.\"
5ef5222a	25	.\" Created 1993-04-02 by Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de)
fea681da MK	26	.\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
	27	.\" Modified 1994-05-15 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
	28	.\" Modified 1994-11-22 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
	29	.\" Modified 1995-07-11 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
	30	.\" Modified 1996-12-18 by Michael Haardt and aeb
	31	.\" Modified 1999-05-31 by Dimitri Papadopoulos (dpo@club-internet.fr)
	32	.\" Modified 1999-08-08 by Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de)
	33	.\" Modified 2004-04-01 by aeb
	34	.\"
b8efb414	35	.TH ASCII 7 2016-10-08 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
fea681da	36	.SH NAME
5ef5222a MM	37	ascii \- ASCII character set encoded in octal, decimal,
5ef5222a MM	38	and hexadecimal
fea681da MK	39	.SH DESCRIPTION
fea681da MK	40	ASCII is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
c13182ef	41	It is a 7-bit code.
f854adde	42	Many 8-bit codes (e.g., ISO 8859-1) contain ASCII as their lower half.
5ef5222a	43	The international counterpart of ASCII is known as ISO 646-IRV.
dd3568a1	44	.PP
fea681da	45	The following table contains the 128 ASCII characters.
dd3568a1	46	.PP
31a6818e	47	C program \f(CW\(aq\eX\(aq\fP escapes are noted.
fea681da	48	.if t \{\
fea681da MK	49	.ft CW
	50	\}
	51	.TS
2ce70b17 MK	52	l l l l l l l l.
2ce70b17 MK	53	Oct Dec Hex Char Oct Dec Hex Char
fea681da	54	_
5ef5222a	55	000 0 00 NUL \(aq\e0\(aq (null character) 100 64 40 @
2ce70b17 MK	56	001 1 01 SOH (start of heading) 101 65 41 A
	57	002 2 02 STX (start of text) 102 66 42 B
	58	003 3 03 ETX (end of text) 103 67 43 C
	59	004 4 04 EOT (end of transmission) 104 68 44 D
	60	005 5 05 ENQ (enquiry) 105 69 45 E
	61	006 6 06 ACK (acknowledge) 106 70 46 F
31a6818e MK	62	007 7 07 BEL \(aq\ea\(aq (bell) 107 71 47 G
	63	010 8 08 BS \(aq\eb\(aq (backspace) 110 72 48 H
	64	011 9 09 HT \(aq\et\(aq (horizontal tab) 111 73 49 I
	65	012 10 0A LF \(aq\en\(aq (new line) 112 74 4A J
	66	013 11 0B VT \(aq\ev\(aq (vertical tab) 113 75 4B K
	67	014 12 0C FF \(aq\ef\(aq (form feed) 114 76 4C L
	68	015 13 0D CR \(aq\er\(aq (carriage ret) 115 77 4D M
2ce70b17 MK	69	016 14 0E SO (shift out) 116 78 4E N
	70	017 15 0F SI (shift in) 117 79 4F O
	71	020 16 10 DLE (data link escape) 120 80 50 P
	72	021 17 11 DC1 (device control 1) 121 81 51 Q
	73	022 18 12 DC2 (device control 2) 122 82 52 R
	74	023 19 13 DC3 (device control 3) 123 83 53 S
	75	024 20 14 DC4 (device control 4) 124 84 54 T
	76	025 21 15 NAK (negative ack.) 125 85 55 U
	77	026 22 16 SYN (synchronous idle) 126 86 56 V
	78	027 23 17 ETB (end of trans. blk) 127 87 57 W
	79	030 24 18 CAN (cancel) 130 88 58 X
	80	031 25 19 EM (end of medium) 131 89 59 Y
	81	032 26 1A SUB (substitute) 132 90 5A Z
	82	033 27 1B ESC (escape) 133 91 5B [
31a6818e	83	034 28 1C FS (file separator) 134 92 5C \e \(aq\e\e\(aq
2ce70b17 MK	84	035 29 1D GS (group separator) 135 93 5D ]
	85	036 30 1E RS (record separator) 136 94 5E ^
	86	037 31 1F US (unit separator) 137 95 5F \&_
	87	040 32 20 SPACE 140 96 60 \`
	88	041 33 21 ! 141 97 61 a
	89	042 34 22 " 142 98 62 b
	90	043 35 23 # 143 99 63 c
	91	044 36 24 $ 144 100 64 d
	92	045 37 25 % 145 101 65 e
	93	046 38 26 & 146 102 66 f
add6b9f6	94	047 39 27 \(aq 147 103 67 g
2ce70b17 MK	95	050 40 28 ( 150 104 68 h
	96	051 41 29 ) 151 105 69 i
	97	052 42 2A * 152 106 6A j
	98	053 43 2B + 153 107 6B k
	99	054 44 2C , 154 108 6C l
	100	055 45 2D \- 155 109 6D m
	101	056 46 2E . 156 110 6E n
	102	057 47 2F / 157 111 6F o
	103	060 48 30 0 160 112 70 p
	104	061 49 31 1 161 113 71 q
	105	062 50 32 2 162 114 72 r
	106	063 51 33 3 163 115 73 s
	107	064 52 34 4 164 116 74 t
	108	065 53 35 5 165 117 75 u
	109	066 54 36 6 166 118 76 v
	110	067 55 37 7 167 119 77 w
	111	070 56 38 8 170 120 78 x
	112	071 57 39 9 171 121 79 y
	113	072 58 3A : 172 122 7A z
	114	073 59 3B ; 173 123 7B {
	115	074 60 3C < 174 124 7C \|
	116	075 61 3D = 175 125 7D }
	117	076 62 3E > 176 126 7E ~
	118	077 63 3F ? 177 127 7F DEL
fea681da	119	.TE
fea681da MK	120	.if t \{\
	121	.in
	122	.ft P
	123	\}
c0f153c6	124	.SS Tables
5ef5222a	125	For convenience, below are more compact tables in hex and decimal.
bdd915e2	126	.PP
c0f153c6	127	.nf
e69aa6c8 KK	128	.if t \{\
	129	.in 1i
	130	.ft CW
	131	\}
c0f153c6 MK	132	2 3 4 5 6 7 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
c0f153c6 MK	133	------------- ---------------------------------
185ec3e4	134	0: 0 @ P \` p 0: ( 2 < F P Z d n x
c0f153c6	135	1: ! 1 A Q a q 1: ) 3 = G Q [ e o y
31a6818e	136	2: " 2 B R b r 2: * 4 > H R \e f p z
c0f153c6 MK	137	3: # 3 C S c s 3: ! + 5 ? I S ] g q {
	138	4: $ 4 D T d t 4: " , 6 @ J T ^ h r \|
	139	5: % 5 E U e u 5: # \- 7 A K U _ i s }
185ec3e4	140	6: & 6 F V f v 6: $ . 8 B L V \` j t ~
4fe88caf	141	7: \(aq 7 G W g w 7: % / 9 C M W a k u DEL
c0f153c6	142	8: ( 8 H X h x 8: & 0 : D N X b l v
4fe88caf	143	9: ) 9 I Y i y 9: \(aq 1 ; E O Y c m w
c0f153c6 MK	144	A: * : J Z j z
c0f153c6 MK	145	B: + ; K [ k {
31a6818e	146	C: , < L \e l \|
c0f153c6 MK	147	D: \- = M ] m }
	148	E: . > N ^ n ~
	149	F: / ? O _ o DEL
e69aa6c8 KK	150	.if t \{\
	151	.in
	152	.ft P
	153	\}
c0f153c6	154	.fi
889829be MK	155	.SH NOTES
889829be MK	156	.SS History
fea681da MK	157	An
	158	.B ascii
	159	manual page appeared in Version 7 of AT&T UNIX.
dd3568a1	160	.PP
fea681da MK	161	On older terminals, the underscore code is displayed as a left arrow,
	162	called backarrow, the caret is displayed as an up-arrow and the vertical
	163	bar has a hole in the middle.
dd3568a1	164	.PP
fea681da MK	165	Uppercase and lowercase characters differ by just one bit and the
	166	ASCII character 2 differs from the double quote by just one bit, too.
	167	That made it much easier to encode characters mechanically or with a
	168	non-microcontroller-based electronic keyboard and that pairing was found
	169	on old teletypes.
dd3568a1	170	.PP
fea681da MK	171	The ASCII standard was published by the United States of America
	172	Standards Institute (USASI) in 1968.
	173	.\"
	174	.\" ASA was the American Standards Association and X3 was an ASA sectional
	175	.\" committee on computers and data processing. Its name changed to
	176	.\" American National Standards Committee X3 (ANSC-X3) and now it is known
	177	.\" as Accredited Standards Committee X3 (ASC X3). It is accredited by ANSI
	178	.\" and administered by ITI. The subcommittee X3.2 worked on coded
	179	.\" character sets; the task group working on ASCII appears to have been
	180	.\" designated X3.2.4. In 1966, ASA became the United States of America
	181	.\" Standards Institute (USASI) and published ASCII in 1968. It became the
	182	.\" American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1969 and is the
24b74457	183	.\" U.S. member body of ISO; private and nonprofit.
fea681da	184	.\"
47297adb	185	.SH SEE ALSO
5ef5222a	186	.BR charsets (7),
e37e3282	187	.BR iso_8859-1 (7),
9e781349	188	.BR iso_8859-10 (7),
5ef5222a	189	.BR iso_8859-11 (7),
9e781349 MK	190	.BR iso_8859-13 (7),
9e781349 MK	191	.BR iso_8859-14 (7),
e37e3282 MK	192	.BR iso_8859-15 (7),
	193	.BR iso_8859-16 (7),
	194	.BR iso_8859-2 (7),
9e781349	195	.BR iso_8859-3 (7),
a738dbe3	196	.BR iso_8859-4 (7),
9e781349	197	.BR iso_8859-5 (7),
a738dbe3	198	.BR iso_8859-6 (7),
e37e3282	199	.BR iso_8859-7 (7),
9e781349	200	.BR iso_8859-8 (7),
4d04d4f0 MK	201	.BR iso_8859-9 (7),
4d04d4f0 MK	202	.BR utf-8 (7)