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<refentry id="systemd.exec">
  <refentryinfo>
    <title>systemd.exec</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
        <surname>Poettering</surname>
        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>systemd.exec</refname>
    <refpurpose>Execution environment configuration</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <para><filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename></para>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Unit configuration files for services, sockets, mount
    points, and swap devices share a subset of configuration options
    which define the execution environment of spawned
    processes.</para>

    <para>This man page lists the configuration options shared by
    these four unit types. See
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    for the common options of all unit configuration files, and
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    and
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    for more information on the specific unit configuration files. The
    execution specific configuration options are configured in the
    [Service], [Socket], [Mount], or [Swap] sections, depending on the
    unit type.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Automatic Dependencies</title>

    <para>A few execution parameters result in additional, automatic
    dependencies to be added.</para>

    <para>Units with <varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname> or
    <varname>RootDirectory=</varname> set automatically gain
    dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname> and
    <varname>After=</varname> on all mount units required to access
    the specified paths. This is equivalent to having them listed
    explicitly in <varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname>.</para>

    <para>Similar, units with <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> enabled
    automatically get mount unit dependencies for all mounts
    required to access <filename>/tmp</filename> and
    <filename>/var/tmp</filename>.</para>

    <para>Units whose standard output or error output is connected to <option>journal</option>, <option>syslog</option>
    or <option>kmsg</option> (or their combinations with console output, see below) automatically acquire dependencies
    of type <varname>After=</varname> on <filename>systemd-journald.socket</filename>.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Options</title>

    <variablelist class='unit-directives'>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path relative to the service's root
        directory specified by <varname>RootDirectory=</varname>, or the
        special value <literal>~</literal>. Sets the working directory
        for executed processes. If set to <literal>~</literal>, the
        home directory of the user specified in
        <varname>User=</varname> is used. If not set, defaults to the
        root directory when systemd is running as a system instance
        and the respective user's home directory if run as user. If
        the setting is prefixed with the <literal>-</literal>
        character, a missing working directory is not considered
        fatal. If <varname>RootDirectory=</varname> is not set, then
        <varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname> is relative to the root of
        the system running the service manager.
        Note that setting this parameter might result in
        additional dependencies to be added to the unit (see
        above).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RootDirectory=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path relative to the host's root directory
        (i.e. the root of the system running the service manager). Sets the
        root directory for executed processes, with the <citerefentry
        project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        system call. If this is used, it must be ensured that the
        process binary and all its auxiliary files are available in
        the <function>chroot()</function> jail. Note that setting this
        parameter might result in additional dependencies to be added
        to the unit (see above).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>User=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>Group=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the Unix user or group that the processes
        are executed as, respectively. Takes a single user or group
        name or ID as argument. If no group is set, the default group
        of the user is chosen. These do not affect commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SupplementaryGroups=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the supplementary Unix groups the
        processes are executed as. This takes a space-separated list
        of group names or IDs. This option may be specified more than
        once, in which case all listed groups are set as supplementary
        groups. When the empty string is assigned, the list of
        supplementary groups is reset, and all assignments prior to
        this one will have no effect. In any way, this option does not
        override, but extends the list of supplementary groups
        configured in the system group database for the
        user. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Nice=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the default nice level (scheduling
        priority) for executed processes. Takes an integer between -20
        (highest priority) and 19 (lowest priority). See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the adjustment level for the
        Out-Of-Memory killer for executed processes. Takes an integer
        between -1000 (to disable OOM killing for this process) and
        1000 (to make killing of this process under memory pressure
        very likely). See <ulink
        url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt">proc.txt</ulink>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IOSchedulingClass=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the I/O scheduling class for executed
        processes. Takes an integer between 0 and 3 or one of the
        strings <option>none</option>, <option>realtime</option>,
        <option>best-effort</option> or <option>idle</option>. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IOSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the I/O scheduling priority for executed
        processes. Takes an integer between 0 (highest priority) and 7
        (lowest priority). The available priorities depend on the
        selected I/O scheduling class (see above). See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPolicy=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the CPU scheduling policy for executed
        processes. Takes one of
        <option>other</option>,
        <option>batch</option>,
        <option>idle</option>,
        <option>fifo</option> or
        <option>rr</option>. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets the CPU scheduling priority for executed
        processes. The available priority range depends on the
        selected CPU scheduling policy (see above). For real-time
        scheduling policies an integer between 1 (lowest priority) and
        99 (highest priority) can be used. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUSchedulingResetOnFork=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, elevated
        CPU scheduling priorities and policies will be reset when the
        executed processes fork, and can hence not leak into child
        processes. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls the CPU affinity of the executed
        processes. Takes a list of CPU indices or ranges separated by
        either whitespace or commas. CPU ranges are specified by the
        lower and upper CPU indices separated by a dash.
        This option may be specified more than once, in which case the
        specified CPU affinity masks are merged. If the empty string
        is assigned, the mask is reset, all assignments prior to this
        will have no effect. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>UMask=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls the file mode creation mask. Takes an
        access mode in octal notation. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. Defaults to 0022.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Environment=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets environment variables for executed
        processes. Takes a space-separated list of variable
        assignments. This option may be specified more than once, in
        which case all listed variables will be set. If the same
        variable is set twice, the later setting will override the
        earlier setting. If the empty string is assigned to this
        option, the list of environment variables is reset, all prior
        assignments have no effect. Variable expansion is not
        performed inside the strings, however, specifier expansion is
        possible. The $ character has no special meaning. If you need
        to assign a value containing spaces to a variable, use double
        quotes (") for the assignment.</para>

        <para>Example:
        <programlisting>Environment="VAR1=word1 word2" VAR2=word3 "VAR3=$word 5 6"</programlisting>
        gives three variables <literal>VAR1</literal>,
        <literal>VAR2</literal>, <literal>VAR3</literal>
        with the values <literal>word1 word2</literal>,
        <literal>word3</literal>, <literal>$word 5 6</literal>.
        </para>

        <para>
        See
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details about environment variables.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>Environment=</varname> but
        reads the environment variables from a text file. The text
        file should contain new-line-separated variable assignments.
        Empty lines, lines without an <literal>=</literal> separator,
        or lines starting with ; or # will be ignored,
        which may be used for commenting. A line ending with a
        backslash will be concatenated with the following one,
        allowing multiline variable definitions. The parser strips
        leading and trailing whitespace from the values of
        assignments, unless you use double quotes (").</para>

        <para>The argument passed should be an absolute filename or
        wildcard expression, optionally prefixed with
        <literal>-</literal>, which indicates that if the file does
        not exist, it will not be read and no error or warning message
        is logged. This option may be specified more than once in
        which case all specified files are read. If the empty string
        is assigned to this option, the list of file to read is reset,
        all prior assignments have no effect.</para>

        <para>The files listed with this directive will be read
        shortly before the process is executed (more specifically,
        after all processes from a previous unit state terminated.
        This means you can generate these files in one unit state, and
        read it with this option in the next).</para>

        <para>Settings from these
        files override settings made with
        <varname>Environment=</varname>. If the same variable is set
        twice from these files, the files will be read in the order
        they are specified and the later setting will override the
        earlier setting.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PassEnvironment=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Pass environment variables from the systemd system
        manager to executed processes. Takes a space-separated list of variable
        names. This option may be specified more than once, in which case all
        listed variables will be set. If the empty string is assigned to this
        option, the list of environment variables is reset, all prior
        assignments have no effect. Variables that are not set in the system
        manager will not be passed and will be silently ignored.</para>

        <para>Variables passed from this setting are overridden by those passed
        from <varname>Environment=</varname> or
        <varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname>.</para>

        <para>Example:
        <programlisting>PassEnvironment=VAR1 VAR2 VAR3</programlisting>
        passes three variables <literal>VAR1</literal>,
        <literal>VAR2</literal>, <literal>VAR3</literal>
        with the values set for those variables in PID1.</para>

        <para>
        See
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details about environment variables.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>StandardInput=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 0 (STDIN) of
        the executed processes is connected to. Takes one of
        <option>null</option>,
        <option>tty</option>,
        <option>tty-force</option>,
        <option>tty-fail</option> or
        <option>socket</option>.</para>

        <para>If <option>null</option> is selected, standard input
        will be connected to <filename>/dev/null</filename>, i.e. all
        read attempts by the process will result in immediate
        EOF.</para>

        <para>If <option>tty</option> is selected, standard input is
        connected to a TTY (as configured by
        <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see below) and the executed
        process becomes the controlling process of the terminal. If
        the terminal is already being controlled by another process,
        the executed process waits until the current controlling
        process releases the terminal.</para>

        <para><option>tty-force</option> is similar to
        <option>tty</option>, but the executed process is forcefully
        and immediately made the controlling process of the terminal,
        potentially removing previous controlling processes from the
        terminal.</para>

        <para><option>tty-fail</option> is similar to
        <option>tty</option> but if the terminal already has a
        controlling process start-up of the executed process
        fails.</para>

        <para>The <option>socket</option> option is only valid in
        socket-activated services, and only when the socket
        configuration file (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details) specifies a single socket only. If this option is
        set, standard input will be connected to the socket the
        service was activated from, which is primarily useful for
        compatibility with daemons designed for use with the
        traditional
        <citerefentry project='freebsd'><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        daemon.</para>

        <para>This setting defaults to
        <option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>StandardOutput=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 1 (STDOUT) of
        the executed processes is connected to. Takes one of
        <option>inherit</option>,
        <option>null</option>,
        <option>tty</option>,
        <option>journal</option>,
        <option>syslog</option>,
        <option>kmsg</option>,
        <option>journal+console</option>,
        <option>syslog+console</option>,
        <option>kmsg+console</option> or
        <option>socket</option>.</para>

        <para><option>inherit</option> duplicates the file descriptor
        of standard input for standard output.</para>

        <para><option>null</option> connects standard output to
        <filename>/dev/null</filename>, i.e. everything written to it
        will be lost.</para>

        <para><option>tty</option> connects standard output to a tty
        (as configured via <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see below). If
        the TTY is used for output only, the executed process will not
        become the controlling process of the terminal, and will not
        fail or wait for other processes to release the
        terminal.</para>

        <para><option>journal</option> connects standard output with
        the journal which is accessible via
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        Note that everything that is written to syslog or kmsg (see
        below) is implicitly stored in the journal as well, the
        specific two options listed below are hence supersets of this
        one.</para>

        <para><option>syslog</option> connects standard output to the
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        system syslog service, in addition to the journal. Note that
        the journal daemon is usually configured to forward everything
        it receives to syslog anyway, in which case this option is no
        different from <option>journal</option>.</para>

        <para><option>kmsg</option> connects standard output with the
        kernel log buffer which is accessible via
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        in addition to the journal. The journal daemon might be
        configured to send all logs to kmsg anyway, in which case this
        option is no different from <option>journal</option>.</para>

        <para><option>journal+console</option>,
        <option>syslog+console</option> and
        <option>kmsg+console</option> work in a similar way as the
        three options above but copy the output to the system console
        as well.</para>

        <para><option>socket</option> connects standard output to a
        socket acquired via socket activation. The semantics are
        similar to the same option of
        <varname>StandardInput=</varname>.</para>

        <para>If the standard output (or error output, see below) of a unit is connected to the journal, syslog or the
        kernel log buffer, the unit will implicitly gain a dependency of type <varname>After=</varname> on
        <filename>systemd-journald.socket</filename> (also see the automatic dependencies section above).</para>

        <para>This setting defaults to the value set with
        <option>DefaultStandardOutput=</option> in
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        which defaults to <option>journal</option>. Note that setting
        this parameter might result in additional dependencies to be
        added to the unit (see above).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>StandardError=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Controls where file descriptor 2 (STDERR) of
        the executed processes is connected to. The available options
        are identical to those of <varname>StandardOutput=</varname>,
        with one exception: if set to <option>inherit</option> the
        file descriptor used for standard output is duplicated for
        standard error. This setting defaults to the value set with
        <option>DefaultStandardError=</option> in
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        which defaults to <option>inherit</option>. Note that setting
        this parameter might result in additional dependencies to be
        added to the unit (see above).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>TTYPath=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Sets the terminal device node to use if
        standard input, output, or error are connected to a TTY (see
        above). Defaults to
        <filename>/dev/console</filename>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>TTYReset=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Reset the terminal device specified with
        <varname>TTYPath=</varname> before and after execution.
        Defaults to <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>TTYVHangup=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Disconnect all clients which have opened the
        terminal device specified with <varname>TTYPath=</varname>
        before and after execution. Defaults to
        <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>TTYVTDisallocate=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>If the terminal device specified with
        <varname>TTYPath=</varname> is a virtual console terminal, try
        to deallocate the TTY before and after execution. This ensures
        that the screen and scrollback buffer is cleared. Defaults to
        <literal>no</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SyslogIdentifier=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Sets the process name to prefix log lines sent
        to the logging system or the kernel log buffer with. If not
        set, defaults to the process name of the executed process.
        This option is only useful when
        <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
        <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to
        <option>syslog</option>, <option>journal</option> or
        <option>kmsg</option> (or to the same settings in combination
        with <option>+console</option>).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SyslogFacility=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Sets the syslog facility to use when logging
        to syslog. One of <option>kern</option>,
        <option>user</option>, <option>mail</option>,
        <option>daemon</option>, <option>auth</option>,
        <option>syslog</option>, <option>lpr</option>,
        <option>news</option>, <option>uucp</option>,
        <option>cron</option>, <option>authpriv</option>,
        <option>ftp</option>, <option>local0</option>,
        <option>local1</option>, <option>local2</option>,
        <option>local3</option>, <option>local4</option>,
        <option>local5</option>, <option>local6</option> or
        <option>local7</option>. See
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. This option is only useful when
        <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
        <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to
        <option>syslog</option>. Defaults to
        <option>daemon</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SyslogLevel=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>The default syslog level to use when logging to
        syslog or the kernel log buffer. One of
        <option>emerg</option>,
        <option>alert</option>,
        <option>crit</option>,
        <option>err</option>,
        <option>warning</option>,
        <option>notice</option>,
        <option>info</option>,
        <option>debug</option>. See
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. This option is only useful when
        <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
        <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to
        <option>syslog</option> or <option>kmsg</option>. Note that
        individual lines output by the daemon might be prefixed with a
        different log level which can be used to override the default
        log level specified here. The interpretation of these prefixes
        may be disabled with <varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname>,
        see below. For details, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

        Defaults to
        <option>info</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true and
        <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
        <varname>StandardError=</varname> are set to
        <option>syslog</option>, <option>kmsg</option> or
        <option>journal</option>, log lines written by the executed
        process that are prefixed with a log level will be passed on
        to syslog with this log level set but the prefix removed. If
        set to false, the interpretation of these prefixes is disabled
        and the logged lines are passed on as-is. For details about
        this prefixing see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        Defaults to true.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack in nanoseconds for the
        executed processes. The timer slack controls the accuracy of
        wake-ups triggered by timers. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for more information. Note that in contrast to most other time
        span definitions this parameter takes an integer value in
        nano-seconds if no unit is specified. The usual time units are
        understood too.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Set soft and hard limits on various resources for executed processes. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on
        the resource limit concept. Resource limits may be specified in two formats: either as single value to set a
        specific soft and hard limit to the same value, or as colon-separated pair <option>soft:hard</option> to set
        both limits individually (e.g. <literal>LimitAS=4G:16G</literal>).  Use the string <varname>infinity</varname>
        to configure no limit on a specific resource. The multiplicative suffixes K, M, G, T, P and E (to the base
        1024) may be used for resource limits measured in bytes (e.g. LimitAS=16G). For the limits referring to time
        values, the usual time units ms, s, min, h and so on may be used (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
        details). Note that if no time unit is specified for <varname>LimitCPU=</varname> the default unit of seconds
        is implied, while for <varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname> the default unit of microseconds is implied. Also, note
        that the effective granularity of the limits might influence their enforcement. For example, time limits
        specified for <varname>LimitCPU=</varname> will be rounded up implicitly to multiples of 1s. For
        <varname>LimitNICE=</varname> the value may be specified in two syntaxes: if prefixed with <literal>+</literal>
        or <literal>-</literal>, the value is understood as regular Linux nice value in the range -20..19. If not
        prefixed like this the value is understood as raw resource limit parameter in the range 0..40 (with 0 being
        equivalent to 1).</para>

        <para>Note that most process resource limits configured with
        these options are per-process, and processes may fork in order
        to acquire a new set of resources that are accounted
        independently of the original process, and may thus escape
        limits set. Also note that <varname>LimitRSS=</varname> is not
        implemented on Linux, and setting it has no effect. Often it
        is advisable to prefer the resource controls listed in
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        over these per-process limits, as they apply to services as a
        whole, may be altered dynamically at runtime, and are
        generally more expressive. For example,
        <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname> is a more powerful (and
        working) replacement for <varname>LimitRSS=</varname>.</para>

        <table>
          <title>Limit directives and their equivalent with ulimit</title>

          <tgroup cols='3'>
            <colspec colname='directive' />
            <colspec colname='equivalent' />
            <colspec colname='unit' />
            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry>Directive</entry>
                <entry>ulimit equivalent</entry>
                <entry>Unit</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitCPU=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -t</entry>
                <entry>Seconds</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitFSIZE=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -f</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitDATA=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -d</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitSTACK=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -s</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitCORE=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -c</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitRSS=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -m</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitNOFILE=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -n</entry>
                <entry>Number of File Descriptors</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitAS=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -v</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitNPROC=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -u</entry>
                <entry>Number of Processes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitMEMLOCK=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -l</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitLOCKS=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -x</entry>
                <entry>Number of Locks</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitSIGPENDING=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -i</entry>
                <entry>Number of Queued Signals</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitMSGQUEUE=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -q</entry>
                <entry>Bytes</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitNICE=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -e</entry>
                <entry>Nice Level</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitRTPRIO=</entry>
                <entry>ulimit -r</entry>
                <entry>Realtime Priority</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>LimitRTTIME=</entry>
                <entry>No equivalent</entry>
                <entry>Microseconds</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PAMName=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Sets the PAM service name to set up a session
        as. If set, the executed process will be registered as a PAM
        session under the specified service name. This is only useful
        in conjunction with the <varname>User=</varname> setting. If
        not set, no PAM session will be opened for the executed
        processes. See
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls which capabilities to include in the capability bounding set for the executed
        process. See <citerefentry
        project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
        details. Takes a whitespace-separated list of capability names as read by <citerefentry
        project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        e.g. <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>, <constant>CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</constant>,
        <constant>CAP_SYS_PTRACE</constant>. Capabilities listed will be included in the bounding set, all others are
        removed. If the list of capabilities is prefixed with <literal>~</literal>, all but the listed capabilities
        will be included, the effect of the assignment inverted. Note that this option also affects the respective
        capabilities in the effective, permitted and inheritable capability sets. If this option is not used, the
        capability bounding set is not modified on process execution, hence no limits on the capabilities of the
        process are enforced. This option may appear more than once, in which case the bounding sets are merged. If the
        empty string is assigned to this option, the bounding set is reset to the empty capability set, and all prior
        settings have no effect.  If set to <literal>~</literal> (without any further argument), the bounding set is
        reset to the full set of available capabilities, also undoing any previous settings. This does not affect
        commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>AmbientCapabilities=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls which capabilities to include in the
        ambient capability set for the executed process. Takes a
        whitespace-separated list of capability names as read by
        <citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        e.g. <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>,
        <constant>CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</constant>,
        <constant>CAP_SYS_PTRACE</constant>. This option may appear more than
        once in which case the ambient capability sets are merged.
        If the list of capabilities is prefixed with <literal>~</literal>, all
        but the listed capabilities will be included, the effect of the
        assignment inverted. If the empty string is
        assigned to this option, the ambient capability set is reset to
        the empty capability set, and all prior settings have no effect.
        If set to <literal>~</literal> (without any further argument), the
        ambient capability set is reset to the full set of available
        capabilities, also undoing any previous settings. Note that adding
        capabilities to ambient capability set adds them to the process's
        inherited capability set.
        </para><para>
        Ambient capability sets are useful if you want to execute a process
        as a non-privileged user but still want to give it some capabilities.
        Note that in this case option <constant>keep-caps</constant> is
        automatically added to <varname>SecureBits=</varname> to retain the
        capabilities over the user change. <varname>AmbientCapabilities=</varname> does not affect
        commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SecureBits=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Controls the secure bits set for the executed
        process. Takes a space-separated combination of options from
        the following list:
        <option>keep-caps</option>,
        <option>keep-caps-locked</option>,
        <option>no-setuid-fixup</option>,
        <option>no-setuid-fixup-locked</option>,
        <option>noroot</option>, and
        <option>noroot-locked</option>.
        This option may appear more than once, in which case the secure
        bits are ORed. If the empty string is assigned to this option,
        the bits are reset to 0. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.
        See <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Sets up a new file system namespace for
        executed processes. These options may be used to limit access
        a process might have to the main file system hierarchy. Each
        setting takes a space-separated list of paths relative to
        the host's root directory (i.e. the system running the service manager).
        Note that if entries contain symlinks, they are resolved from the host's root directory as well.
        Entries (files or directories) listed in
        <varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname> are accessible from
        within the namespace with the same access rights as from
        outside. Entries listed in
        <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname> are accessible for
        reading only, writing will be refused even if the usual file
        access controls would permit this. Entries listed in
        <varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname> will be made
        inaccessible for processes inside the namespace, and may not
        countain any other mountpoints, including those specified by
        <varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname> or
        <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname>.
        Note that restricting access with these options does not extend
        to submounts of a directory that are created later on.
        Non-directory paths can be specified as well. These
        options may be specified more than once, in which case all
        paths listed will have limited access from within the
        namespace. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the
        specific list is reset, and all prior assignments have no
        effect.</para>
        <para>Paths in
        <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname>
        and
        <varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname>
        may be prefixed with
        <literal>-</literal>, in which case
        they will be ignored when they do not
        exist. Note that using this
        setting will disconnect propagation of
        mounts from the service to the host
        (propagation in the opposite direction
        continues to work). This means that
        this setting may not be used for
        services which shall be able to
        install mount points in the main mount
        namespace.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PrivateTmp=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a
        new file system namespace for the executed processes and
        mounts private <filename>/tmp</filename> and
        <filename>/var/tmp</filename> directories inside it that is
        not shared by processes outside of the namespace. This is
        useful to secure access to temporary files of the process, but
        makes sharing between processes via <filename>/tmp</filename>
        or <filename>/var/tmp</filename> impossible. If this is
        enabled, all temporary files created by a service in these
        directories will be removed after the service is stopped.
        Defaults to false. It is possible to run two or more units
        within the same private <filename>/tmp</filename> and
        <filename>/var/tmp</filename> namespace by using the
        <varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname> directive, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. Note that using this setting will disconnect
        propagation of mounts from the service to the host
        (propagation in the opposite direction continues to work).
        This means that this setting may not be used for services
        which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount
        namespace.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PrivateDevices=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a
        new /dev namespace for the executed processes and only adds
        API pseudo devices such as <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
        <filename>/dev/zero</filename> or
        <filename>/dev/random</filename> (as well as the pseudo TTY
        subsystem) to it, but no physical devices such as
        <filename>/dev/sda</filename>. This is useful to securely turn
        off physical device access by the executed process. Defaults
        to false. Enabling this option will also remove
        <constant>CAP_MKNOD</constant> from the capability bounding
        set for the unit (see above), and set
        <varname>DevicePolicy=closed</varname> (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details). Note that using this setting will disconnect
        propagation of mounts from the service to the host
        (propagation in the opposite direction continues to work).
        This means that this setting may not be used for services
        which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount
        namespace. The /dev namespace will be mounted read-only and 'noexec'.
        The latter may break old programs which try to set up executable
        memory by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        of <filename>/dev/zero</filename> instead of using <constant>MAP_ANON</constant>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a
        new network namespace for the executed processes and
        configures only the loopback network device
        <literal>lo</literal> inside it. No other network devices will
        be available to the executed process. This is useful to
        securely turn off network access by the executed process.
        Defaults to false. It is possible to run two or more units
        within the same private network namespace by using the
        <varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname> directive, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. Note that this option will disconnect all socket
        families from the host, this includes AF_NETLINK and AF_UNIX.
        The latter has the effect that AF_UNIX sockets in the abstract
        socket namespace will become unavailable to the processes
        (however, those located in the file system will continue to be
        accessible).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>ProtectSystem=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or
        <literal>full</literal>. If true, mounts the
        <filename>/usr</filename> and <filename>/boot</filename>
        directories read-only for processes invoked by this unit. If
        set to <literal>full</literal>, the <filename>/etc</filename>
        directory is mounted read-only, too. This setting ensures that
        any modification of the vendor-supplied operating system (and
        optionally its configuration) is prohibited for the service.
        It is recommended to enable this setting for all long-running
        services, unless they are involved with system updates or need
        to modify the operating system in other ways. Note however
        that processes retaining the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can undo
        the effect of this setting. This setting is hence particularly
        useful for daemons which have this capability removed, for
        example with <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>.
        Defaults to off.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>ProtectHome=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or
        <literal>read-only</literal>. If true, the directories
        <filename>/home</filename>, <filename>/root</filename> and
        <filename>/run/user</filename>
        are made inaccessible and empty for processes invoked by this
        unit. If set to <literal>read-only</literal>, the three
        directories are made read-only instead. It is recommended to
        enable this setting for all long-running services (in
        particular network-facing ones), to ensure they cannot get
        access to private user data, unless the services actually
        require access to the user's private data. Note however that
        processes retaining the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can undo the
        effect of this setting. This setting is hence particularly
        useful for daemons which have this capability removed, for
        example with <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>.
        Defaults to off.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MountFlags=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a mount propagation flag:
        <option>shared</option>, <option>slave</option> or
        <option>private</option>, which control whether mounts in the
        file system namespace set up for this unit's processes will
        receive or propagate mounts or unmounts. See
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. Defaults to <option>shared</option>. Use
        <option>shared</option> to ensure that mounts and unmounts are
        propagated from the host to the container and vice versa. Use
        <option>slave</option> to run processes so that none of their
        mounts and unmounts will propagate to the host. Use
        <option>private</option> to also ensure that no mounts and
        unmounts from the host will propagate into the unit processes'
        namespace. Note that <option>slave</option> means that file
        systems mounted on the host might stay mounted continuously in
        the unit's namespace, and thus keep the device busy. Note that
        the file system namespace related options
        (<varname>PrivateTmp=</varname>,
        <varname>PrivateDevices=</varname>,
        <varname>ProtectSystem=</varname>,
        <varname>ProtectHome=</varname>,
        <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname>,
        <varname>InaccessiblePaths=</varname> and
        <varname>ReadWritePaths=</varname>) require that mount
        and unmount propagation from the unit's file system namespace
        is disabled, and hence downgrade <option>shared</option> to
        <option>slave</option>. </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a four character identifier string for
        an <citerefentry
        project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>utmp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        and wtmp entry for this service. This should only be
        set for services such as <command>getty</command>
        implementations (such as <citerefentry
        project='die-net'><refentrytitle>agetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
        where utmp/wtmp entries must be created and cleared before and
        after execution, or for services that shall be executed as if
        they were run by a <command>getty</command> process (see
        below). If the configured string is longer than four
        characters, it is truncated and the terminal four characters
        are used. This setting interprets %I style string
        replacements. This setting is unset by default, i.e. no
        utmp/wtmp entries are created or cleaned up for this
        service.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
         <term><varname>UtmpMode=</varname></term>

         <listitem><para>Takes one of <literal>init</literal>,
         <literal>login</literal> or <literal>user</literal>. If
         <varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname> is set, controls which
         type of <citerefentry
         project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>utmp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>/wtmp
         entries for this service are generated. This setting has no
         effect unless <varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname> is set
         too. If <literal>init</literal> is set, only an
         <constant>INIT_PROCESS</constant> entry is generated and the
         invoked process must implement a
         <command>getty</command>-compatible utmp/wtmp logic. If
         <literal>login</literal> is set, first an
         <constant>INIT_PROCESS</constant> entry, followed by a
         <constant>LOGIN_PROCESS</constant> entry is generated. In
         this case, the invoked process must implement a <citerefentry
         project='die-net'><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible
         utmp/wtmp logic. If <literal>user</literal> is set, first an
         <constant>INIT_PROCESS</constant> entry, then a
         <constant>LOGIN_PROCESS</constant> entry and finally a
         <constant>USER_PROCESS</constant> entry is generated. In this
         case, the invoked process may be any process that is suitable
         to be run as session leader. Defaults to
         <literal>init</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SELinuxContext=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Set the SELinux security context of the
        executed process. If set, this will override the automated
        domain transition. However, the policy still needs to
        authorize the transition. This directive is ignored if SELinux
        is disabled. If prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, all errors
        will be ignored. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.
        See <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>setexeccon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>AppArmorProfile=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a profile name as argument. The process
        executed by the unit will switch to this profile when started.
        Profiles must already be loaded in the kernel, or the unit
        will fail. This result in a non operation if AppArmor is not
        enabled. If prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, all errors will
        be ignored. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SmackProcessLabel=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a <option>SMACK64</option> security
        label as argument. The process executed by the unit will be
        started under this label and SMACK will decide whether the
        process is allowed to run or not, based on it. The process
        will continue to run under the label specified here unless the
        executable has its own <option>SMACK64EXEC</option> label, in
        which case the process will transition to run under that
        label. When not specified, the label that systemd is running
        under is used. This directive is ignored if SMACK is
        disabled.</para>

        <para>The value may be prefixed by <literal>-</literal>, in
        which case all errors will be ignored. An empty value may be
        specified to unset previous assignments. This does not affect
        commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IgnoreSIGPIPE=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, causes
        <constant>SIGPIPE</constant> to be ignored in the executed
        process. Defaults to true because <constant>SIGPIPE</constant>
        generally is useful only in shell pipelines.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, ensures
        that the service process and all its children can never gain
        new privileges. This option is more powerful than the
        respective secure bits flags (see above), as it also prohibits
        UID changes of any kind. This is the simplest, most effective
        way to ensure that a process and its children can never
        elevate privileges again.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of system call
        names. If this setting is used, all system calls executed by
        the unit processes except for the listed ones will result in
        immediate process termination with the
        <constant>SIGSYS</constant> signal (whitelisting). If the
        first character of the list is <literal>~</literal>, the
        effect is inverted: only the listed system calls will result
        in immediate process termination (blacklisting). If running in
        user mode, or in system mode, but without the
        <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> capability (e.g. setting
        <varname>User=nobody</varname>),
        <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. This
        feature makes use of the Secure Computing Mode 2 interfaces of
        the kernel ('seccomp filtering') and is useful for enforcing a
        minimal sandboxing environment. Note that the
        <function>execve</function>,
        <function>rt_sigreturn</function>,
        <function>sigreturn</function>,
        <function>exit_group</function>, <function>exit</function>
        system calls are implicitly whitelisted and do not need to be
        listed explicitly. This option may be specified more than once,
        in which case the filter masks are merged. If the empty string
        is assigned, the filter is reset, all prior assignments will
        have no effect. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para>

        <para>If you specify both types of this option (i.e.
        whitelisting and blacklisting), the first encountered will
        take precedence and will dictate the default action
        (termination or approval of a system call). Then the next
        occurrences of this option will add or delete the listed
        system calls from the set of the filtered system calls,
        depending of its type and the default action. (For example, if
        you have started with a whitelisting of
        <function>read</function> and <function>write</function>, and
        right after it add a blacklisting of
        <function>write</function>, then <function>write</function>
        will be removed from the set.)</para>

        <para>As the number of possible system
        calls is large, predefined sets of system calls are provided.
        A set starts with <literal>@</literal> character, followed by
        name of the set.

        <table>
          <title>Currently predefined system call sets</title>

          <tgroup cols='2'>
            <colspec colname='set' />
            <colspec colname='description' />
            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry>Set</entry>
                <entry>Description</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>@clock</entry>
                <entry>System calls for changing the system clock (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>adjtimex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>settimeofday</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and related calls)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@cpu-emulation</entry>
                <entry>System calls for CPU emulation functionality (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>vm86</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@debug</entry>
                <entry>Debugging, performance monitoring and tracing functionality (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ptrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>perf_event_open</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@io-event</entry>
                <entry>Event loop system calls (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>poll</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>select</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>epoll</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>eventfd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@ipc</entry>
                <entry>SysV IPC, POSIX Message Queues or other IPC (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mq_overview</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>svipc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@keyring</entry>
                <entry>Kernel keyring access (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>keyctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@module</entry>
                <entry>Kernel module control (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>init_module</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>delete_module</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and related calls)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@mount</entry>
                <entry>File system mounting and unmounting (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and related calls)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@network-io</entry>
                <entry>Socket I/O (including local AF_UNIX): <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@obsolete</entry>
                <entry>Unusual, obsolete or unimplemented (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>create_module</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>gtty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@privileged</entry>
                <entry>All system calls which need super-user capabilities (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@process</entry>
                <entry>Process control, execution, namespaces (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>execve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>namespaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …</entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>@raw-io</entry>
                <entry>Raw I/O port access (<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ioperm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>iopl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <function>pciconfig_read()</function>, …</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>

        Note, that as new system calls are added to the kernel, additional system calls might be added to the groups
        above, so the contents of the sets may change between systemd versions.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SystemCallErrorNumber=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes an <literal>errno</literal> error number
        name to return when the system call filter configured with
        <varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname> is triggered, instead of
        terminating the process immediately. Takes an error name such
        as <constant>EPERM</constant>, <constant>EACCES</constant> or
        <constant>EUCLEAN</constant>. When this setting is not used,
        or when the empty string is assigned, the process will be
        terminated immediately when the filter is
        triggered.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SystemCallArchitectures=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of architecture
        identifiers to include in the system call filter. The known
        architecture identifiers are <constant>x86</constant>,
        <constant>x86-64</constant>, <constant>x32</constant>,
        <constant>arm</constant> as well as the special identifier
        <constant>native</constant>. Only system calls of the
        specified architectures will be permitted to processes of this
        unit. This is an effective way to disable compatibility with
        non-native architectures for processes, for example to
        prohibit execution of 32-bit x86 binaries on 64-bit x86-64
        systems. The special <constant>native</constant> identifier
        implicitly maps to the native architecture of the system (or
        more strictly: to the architecture the system manager is
        compiled for). If running in user mode, or in system mode,
        but without the <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>
        capability (e.g. setting <varname>User=nobody</varname>),
        <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. Note
        that setting this option to a non-empty list implies that
        <constant>native</constant> is included too. By default, this
        option is set to the empty list, i.e. no architecture system
        call filtering is applied.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RestrictAddressFamilies=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Restricts the set of socket address families
        accessible to the processes of this unit. Takes a
        space-separated list of address family names to whitelist,
        such as
        <constant>AF_UNIX</constant>,
        <constant>AF_INET</constant> or
        <constant>AF_INET6</constant>. When
        prefixed with <constant>~</constant> the listed address
        families will be applied as blacklist, otherwise as whitelist.
        Note that this restricts access to the
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        system call only. Sockets passed into the process by other
        means (for example, by using socket activation with socket
        units, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
        are unaffected. Also, sockets created with
        <function>socketpair()</function> (which creates connected
        AF_UNIX sockets only) are unaffected. Note that this option
        has no effect on 32-bit x86 and is ignored (but works
        correctly on x86-64). If running in user mode, or in system
        mode, but without the <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>
        capability (e.g. setting <varname>User=nobody</varname>),
        <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied. By
        default, no restriction applies, all address families are
        accessible to processes. If assigned the empty string, any
        previous list changes are undone.</para>

        <para>Use this option to limit exposure of processes to remote
        systems, in particular via exotic network protocols. Note that
        in most cases, the local <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> address
        family should be included in the configured whitelist as it is
        frequently used for local communication, including for
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        logging. This does not affect commands prefixed with <literal>!</literal>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Personality=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls which kernel architecture <citerefentry
        project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> shall report,
        when invoked by unit processes. Takes one of the architecture identifiers <constant>x86</constant>,
        <constant>x86-64</constant>, <constant>ppc</constant>, <constant>ppc-le</constant>, <constant>ppc64</constant>,
        <constant>ppc64-le</constant>, <constant>s390</constant> or <constant>s390x</constant>. Which personality
        architectures are supported depends on the system architecture. Usually the 64bit versions of the various
        system architectures support their immediate 32bit personality architecture counterpart, but no others. For
        example, <constant>x86-64</constant> systems support the <constant>x86-64</constant> and
        <constant>x86</constant> personalities but no others. The personality feature is useful when running 32-bit
        services on a 64-bit host system. If not specified, the personality is left unmodified and thus reflects the
        personality of the host system's kernel.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a list of directory names. If set, one
        or more directories by the specified names will be created
        below <filename>/run</filename> (for system services) or below
        <varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname> (for user services) when
        the unit is started, and removed when the unit is stopped. The
        directories will have the access mode specified in
        <varname>RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname>, and will be owned by
        the user and group specified in <varname>User=</varname> and
        <varname>Group=</varname>. Use this to manage one or more
        runtime directories of the unit and bind their lifetime to the
        daemon runtime. The specified directory names must be
        relative, and may not include a <literal>/</literal>, i.e.
        must refer to simple directories to create or remove. This is
        particularly useful for unprivileged daemons that cannot
        create runtime directories in <filename>/run</filename> due to
        lack of privileges, and to make sure the runtime directory is
        cleaned up automatically after use. For runtime directories
        that require more complex or different configuration or
        lifetime guarantees, please consider using
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MemoryDenyWriteExecute=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If set, attempts to create memory mappings that are writable and
        executable at the same time, or to change existing memory mappings to become executable are prohibited.
        Specifically, a system call filter is added that rejects
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        system calls with both <constant>PROT_EXEC</constant> and <constant>PROT_WRITE</constant> set
        and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mprotect</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        system calls with <constant>PROT_EXEC</constant> set. Note that this option is incompatible with programs
        that generate program code dynamically at runtime, such as JIT execution engines, or programs compiled making
        use of the code "trampoline" feature of various C compilers. This option improves service security, as it makes
        harder for software exploits to change running code dynamically.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RestrictRealtime=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If set, any attempts to enable realtime scheduling in a process of
        the unit are refused. This restricts access to realtime task scheduling policies such as
        <constant>SCHED_FIFO</constant>, <constant>SCHED_RR</constant> or <constant>SCHED_DEADLINE</constant>. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details about
        these scheduling policies. Realtime scheduling policies may be used to monopolize CPU time for longer periods
        of time, and may hence be used to lock up or otherwise trigger Denial-of-Service situations on the system. It
        is hence recommended to restrict access to realtime scheduling to the few programs that actually require
        them. Defaults to off.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Environment variables in spawned processes</title>

    <para>Processes started by the system are executed in a clean
    environment in which select variables listed below are set. System
    processes started by systemd do not inherit variables from PID 1,
    but processes started by user systemd instances inherit all
    environment variables from the user systemd instance.
    </para>

    <variablelist class='environment-variables'>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$PATH</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Colon-separated list of directories to use
        when launching executables. Systemd uses a fixed value of
        <filename>/usr/local/sbin</filename>:<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>:<filename>/usr/sbin</filename>:<filename>/usr/bin</filename>:<filename>/sbin</filename>:<filename>/bin</filename>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$LANG</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Locale. Can be set in
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        or on the kernel command line (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        and
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$USER</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$LOGNAME</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$HOME</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$SHELL</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>User name (twice), home directory, and the
        login shell. The variables are set for the units that have
        <varname>User=</varname> set, which includes user
        <command>systemd</command> instances. See
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>The directory for volatile state. Set for the
        user <command>systemd</command> instance, and also in user
        sessions. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$XDG_SESSION_ID</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$XDG_SEAT</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$XDG_VTNR</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>The identifier of the session, the seat name,
        and virtual terminal of the session. Set by
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for login sessions. <varname>$XDG_SEAT</varname> and
        <varname>$XDG_VTNR</varname> will only be set when attached to
        a seat and a tty.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$MAINPID</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>The PID of the units main process if it is
        known. This is only set for control processes as invoked by
        <varname>ExecReload=</varname> and similar. </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$MANAGERPID</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>The PID of the user <command>systemd</command>
        instance, set for processes spawned by it. </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$LISTEN_FDS</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$LISTEN_PID</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$LISTEN_FDNAMES</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Information about file descriptors passed to a
        service for socket activation. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$NOTIFY_SOCKET</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>The socket
        <function>sd_notify()</function> talks to. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$WATCHDOG_PID</varname></term>
        <term><varname>$WATCHDOG_USEC</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Information about watchdog keep-alive notifications. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_watchdog_enabled</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$TERM</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Terminal type, set only for units connected to
        a terminal (<varname>StandardInput=tty</varname>,
        <varname>StandardOutput=tty</varname>, or
        <varname>StandardError=tty</varname>). See
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>termcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>$JOURNAL_STREAM</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>If the standard output or standard error output of the executed processes are connected to the
        journal (for example, by setting <varname>StandardError=journal</varname>) <varname>$JOURNAL_STREAM</varname>
        contains the device and inode numbers of the connection file descriptor, formatted in decimal, separated by a
        colon (<literal>:</literal>). This permits invoked processes to safely detect whether their standard output or
        standard error output are connected to the journal. The device and inode numbers of the file descriptors should
        be compared with the values set in the environment variable to determine whether the process output is still
        connected to the journal. Note that it is generally not sufficient to only check whether
        <varname>$JOURNAL_STREAM</varname> is set at all as services might invoke external processes replacing their
        standard output or standard error output, without unsetting the environment variable.</para>

        <para>This environment variable is primarily useful to allow services to optionally upgrade their used log
        protocol to the native journal protocol (using
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_journal_print</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> and other
        functions) if their standard output or standard error output is connected to the journal anyway, thus enabling
        delivery of structured metadata along with logged messages.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>Additional variables may be configured by the following
    means: for processes spawned in specific units, use the
    <varname>Environment=</varname>, <varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname>
    and <varname>PassEnvironment=</varname> options above; to specify
    variables globally, use <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname>
    (see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
    or the kernel option <varname>systemd.setenv=</varname> (see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
    Additional variables may also be set through PAM,
    cf. <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
      <title>See Also</title>
      <para>
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
      </para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>