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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">

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  SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+

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<refentry id="systemd.resource-control">
  <refentryinfo>
    <title>systemd.resource-control</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
        <surname>Poettering</surname>
        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>systemd.resource-control</refname>
    <refpurpose>Resource control unit settings</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <para>
      <filename><replaceable>slice</replaceable>.slice</filename>,
      <filename><replaceable>scope</replaceable>.scope</filename>,
      <filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>,
      <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>,
      <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>,
      <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename>
    </para>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Unit configuration files for services, slices, scopes, sockets, mount points, and swap devices share a subset
    of configuration options for resource control of spawned processes. Internally, this relies on the Linux Control
    Groups (cgroups) kernel concept for organizing processes in a hierarchical tree of named groups for the purpose of
    resource management.</para>

    <para>This man page lists the configuration options shared by
    those six unit types. See
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    for the common options of all unit configuration files, and
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    and
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    for more information on the specific unit configuration files. The
    resource control configuration options are configured in the
    [Slice], [Scope], [Service], [Socket], [Mount], or [Swap]
    sections, depending on the unit type.</para>

    <para>In addition, options which control resources available to programs
    <emphasis>executed</emphasis> by systemd are listed in
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    Those options complement options listed here.</para>

    <para>See the <ulink
    url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ControlGroupInterface/">New
    Control Group Interfaces</ulink> for an introduction on how to make
    use of resource control APIs from programs.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Implicit Dependencies</title>

    <para>The following dependencies are implicitly added:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para>Units with the <varname>Slice=</varname> setting set automatically acquire
      <varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>After=</varname> dependencies on the specified
      slice unit.</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </refsect1>

  <!-- We don't have any default dependency here. -->

  <refsect1>
    <title>Unified and Legacy Control Group Hierarchies</title>

    <para>The unified control group hierarchy is the new version of kernel control group interface, see <ulink
    url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>. Depending on the resource type,
    there are differences in resource control capabilities.  Also, because of interface changes, some resource types
    have separate set of options on the unified hierarchy.</para>

    <para>
      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><option>CPU</option></term>
          <listitem>
            <para><varname>CPUWeight=</varname> and <varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> replace
            <varname>CPUShares=</varname> and <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname>, respectively.</para>

            <para>The <literal>cpuacct</literal> controller does not exist separately on the unified hierarchy.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><option>Memory</option></term>
          <listitem>
            <para><varname>MemoryMax=</varname> replaces <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>. <varname>MemoryLow=</varname>
            and <varname>MemoryHigh=</varname> are effective only on unified hierarchy.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><option>IO</option></term>
          <listitem>
            <para><varname>IO</varname> prefixed settings are a superset of and replace <varname>BlockIO</varname>
            prefixed ones. On unified hierarchy, IO resource control also applies to buffered writes.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>
    </para>

    <para>To ease the transition, there is best-effort translation between the two versions of settings. For each
    controller, if any of the settings for the unified hierarchy are present, all settings for the legacy hierarchy are
    ignored. If the resulting settings are for the other type of hierarchy, the configurations are translated before
    application.</para>

    <para>Legacy control group hierarchy (see <ulink
    url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>), also called cgroup-v1,
    doesn't allow safe delegation of controllers to unprivileged processes. If the system uses the legacy control group
    hierarchy, resource control is disabled for systemd user instance, see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Options</title>

    <para>Units of the types listed above can have settings
    for resource control configuration:</para>

    <variablelist class='unit-directives'>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUAccounting=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Turn on CPU usage accounting for this unit. Takes a
          boolean argument. Note that turning on CPU accounting for
          one unit will also implicitly turn it on for all units
          contained in the same slice and for all its parent slices
          and the units contained therein. The system default for this
          setting may be controlled with
          <varname>DefaultCPUAccounting=</varname> in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>StartupCPUWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Assign the specified CPU time weight to the processes executed, if the unified control group hierarchy
          is used on the system. These options take an integer value and control the <literal>cpu.weight</literal>
          control group attribute. The allowed range is 1 to 10000. Defaults to 100. For details about this control
          group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink> and <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.
          The available CPU time is split up among all units within one slice relative to their CPU time weight.</para>

          <para>While <varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> only applies to the startup phase of the system,
          <varname>CPUWeight=</varname> applies to normal runtime of the system, and if the former is not set also to
          the startup phase. Using <varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> allows prioritizing specific services at
          boot-up differently than during normal runtime.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>These settings replace <varname>CPUShares=</varname> and <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUQuota=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Assign the specified CPU time quota to the processes executed. Takes a percentage value, suffixed with
          "%". The percentage specifies how much CPU time the unit shall get at maximum, relative to the total CPU time
          available on one CPU. Use values &gt; 100% for allotting CPU time on more than one CPU. This controls the
          <literal>cpu.max</literal> attribute on the unified control group hierarchy and
          <literal>cpu.cfs_quota_us</literal> on legacy. For details about these control group attributes, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink> and <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Example: <varname>CPUQuota=20%</varname> ensures that the executed processes will never get more than
          20% CPU time on one CPU.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MemoryAccounting=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Turn on process and kernel memory accounting for this
          unit. Takes a boolean argument. Note that turning on memory
          accounting for one unit will also implicitly turn it on for
          all units contained in the same slice and for all its parent
          slices and the units contained therein. The system default
          for this setting may be controlled with
          <varname>DefaultMemoryAccounting=</varname> in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MemoryLow=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Specify the best-effort memory usage protection of the executed processes in this unit. If the memory
          usages of this unit and all its ancestors are below their low boundaries, this unit's memory won't be
          reclaimed as long as memory can be reclaimed from unprotected units.</para>

          <para>Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is
          parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a
          percentage value may be specified, which is taken relative to the installed physical memory on the
          system. This controls the <literal>memory.low</literal> control group attribute. For details about this
          control group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>This setting is supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disables
          <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MemoryHigh=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Specify the high limit on memory usage of the executed processes in this unit. Memory usage may go
          above the limit if unavoidable, but the processes are heavily slowed down and memory is taken away
          aggressively in such cases. This is the main mechanism to control memory usage of a unit.</para>

          <para>Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is
          parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a
          percentage value may be specified, which is taken relative to the installed physical memory on the
          system. If assigned the
          special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no memory limit is applied. This controls the
          <literal>memory.high</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute, see
          <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>This setting is supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disables
          <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MemoryMax=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Specify the absolute limit on memory usage of the executed processes in this unit. If memory usage
          cannot be contained under the limit, out-of-memory killer is invoked inside the unit. It is recommended to
          use <varname>MemoryHigh=</varname> as the main control mechanism and use <varname>MemoryMax=</varname> as the
          last line of defense.</para>

          <para>Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is
          parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a
          percentage value may be specified, which is taken relative to the installed physical memory on the system. If
          assigned the special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no memory limit is applied. This controls the
          <literal>memory.max</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute, see
          <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>This setting replaces <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MemorySwapMax=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Specify the absolute limit on swap usage of the executed processes in this unit.</para>

          <para>Takes a swap size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified swap size is
          parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. If assigned the
          special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no swap limit is applied. This controls the
          <literal>memory.swap.max</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute,
          see <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>This setting is supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disables
          <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>TasksAccounting=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Turn on task accounting for this unit. Takes a
          boolean argument. If enabled, the system manager will keep
          track of the number of tasks in the unit. The number of
          tasks accounted this way includes both kernel threads and
          userspace processes, with each thread counting
          individually. Note that turning on tasks accounting for one
          unit will also implicitly turn it on for all units contained
          in the same slice and for all its parent slices and the
          units contained therein. The system default for this setting
          may be controlled with
          <varname>DefaultTasksAccounting=</varname> in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>TasksMax=<replaceable>N</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Specify the maximum number of tasks that may be created in the unit. This ensures that the number of
          tasks accounted for the unit (see above) stays below a specific limit. This either takes an absolute number
          of tasks or a percentage value that is taken relative to the configured maximum number of tasks on the
          system.  If assigned the special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no tasks limit is applied. This controls
          the <literal>pids.max</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute, see
          <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/pids.txt">pids.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>TasksAccounting=true</literal>. The
          system default for this setting may be controlled with
          <varname>DefaultTasksMax=</varname> in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IOAccounting=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Turn on Block I/O accounting for this unit, if the unified control group hierarchy is used on the
          system. Takes a boolean argument. Note that turning on block I/O accounting for one unit will also implicitly
          turn it on for all units contained in the same slice and all for its parent slices and the units contained
          therein. The system default for this setting may be controlled with <varname>DefaultIOAccounting=</varname>
          in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <para>This setting replaces <varname>BlockIOAccounting=</varname> and disables settings prefixed with
          <varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>StartupIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set the default overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the unified control group
          hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a single weight value (between 1 and 10000) to set the default block
          I/O weight. This controls the <literal>io.weight</literal> control group attribute, which defaults to
          100. For details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.  The available I/O
          bandwidth is split up among all units within one slice relative to their block I/O weight.</para>

          <para>While <varname>StartupIOWeight=</varname> only applies
          to the startup phase of the system,
          <varname>IOWeight=</varname> applies to the later runtime of
          the system, and if the former is not set also to the startup
          phase. This allows prioritizing specific services at boot-up
          differently than during runtime.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>These settings replace <varname>BlockIOWeight=</varname> and <varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=</varname>
          and disable settings prefixed with <varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IODeviceWeight=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set the per-device overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the unified control group
          hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a space-separated pair of a file path and a weight value to specify
          the device specific weight value, between 1 and 10000. (Example: "/dev/sda 1000"). The file path may be
          specified as path to a block device node or as any other file, in which case the backing block device of the
          file system of the file is determined. This controls the <literal>io.weight</literal> control group
          attribute, which defaults to 100. Use this option multiple times to set weights for multiple devices. For
          details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>This setting replaces <varname>BlockIODeviceWeight=</varname> and disables settings prefixed with
          <varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IOReadBandwidthMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>IOWriteBandwidthMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set the per-device overall block I/O bandwidth maximum limit for the executed processes, if the unified
          control group hierarchy is used on the system. This limit is not work-conserving and the executed processes
          are not allowed to use more even if the device has idle capacity.  Takes a space-separated pair of a file
          path and a bandwidth value (in bytes per second) to specify the device specific bandwidth. The file path may
          be a path to a block device node, or as any other file in which case the backing block device of the file
          system of the file is used. If the bandwidth is suffixed with K, M, G, or T, the specified bandwidth is
          parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes, respectively, to the base of 1000. (Example:
          "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0 5M"). This controls the <literal>io.max</literal> control
          group attributes. Use this option multiple times to set bandwidth limits for multiple devices. For details
          about this control group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.
          </para>

          <para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>These settings replace <varname>BlockIOReadBandwidth=</varname> and
          <varname>BlockIOWriteBandwidth=</varname> and disable settings prefixed with <varname>BlockIO</varname> or
          <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IOReadIOPSMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>IOPS</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>IOWriteIOPSMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>IOPS</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set the per-device overall block I/O IOs-Per-Second maximum limit for the executed processes, if the
          unified control group hierarchy is used on the system. This limit is not work-conserving and the executed
          processes are not allowed to use more even if the device has idle capacity.  Takes a space-separated pair of
          a file path and an IOPS value to specify the device specific IOPS. The file path may be a path to a block
          device node, or as any other file in which case the backing block device of the file system of the file is
          used. If the IOPS is suffixed with K, M, G, or T, the specified IOPS is parsed as KiloIOPS, MegaIOPS,
          GigaIOPS, or TeraIOPS, respectively, to the base of 1000. (Example:
          "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0 1K"). This controls the <literal>io.max</literal> control
          group attributes. Use this option multiple times to set IOPS limits for multiple devices. For details about
          this control group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.
          </para>

          <para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>These settings are supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disable settings
          prefixed with <varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IPAccounting=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, turns on IPv4 and IPv6 network traffic accounting for packets sent
          or received by the unit. When this option is turned on, all IPv4 and IPv6 sockets created by any process of
          the unit are accounted for.</para>

          <para>When this option is used in socket units, it applies to all IPv4 and IPv6 sockets
          associated with it (including both listening and connection sockets where this applies). Note that for
          socket-activated services, this configuration setting and the accounting data of the service unit and the
          socket unit are kept separate, and displayed separately. No propagation of the setting and the collected
          statistics is done, in either direction. Moreover, any traffic sent or received on any of the socket unit's
          sockets is accounted to the socket unit — and never to the service unit it might have activated, even if the
          socket is used by it.</para>

          <para>The system default for this setting may be controlled with <varname>DefaultIPAccounting=</varname> in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IPAddressAllow=<replaceable>ADDRESS[/PREFIXLENGTH]…</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>IPAddressDeny=<replaceable>ADDRESS[/PREFIXLENGTH]…</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Turn on address range network traffic filtering for packets sent and received over AF_INET and AF_INET6
          sockets.  Both directives take a space separated list of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, each optionally suffixed
          with an address prefix length (separated by a <literal>/</literal> character). If the latter is omitted, the
          address is considered a host address, i.e. the prefix covers the whole address (32 for IPv4, 128 for IPv6).
          </para>

          <para>The access lists configured with this option are applied to all sockets created by processes of this
          unit (or in the case of socket units, associated with it). The lists are implicitly combined with any lists
          configured for any of the parent slice units this unit might be a member of. By default all access lists are
          empty. When configured the lists are enforced as follows:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>Access will be granted in case its destination/source address matches any entry in the
            <varname>IPAddressAllow=</varname> setting.</para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>Otherwise, access will be denied in case its destination/source address matches any entry
            in the <varname>IPAddressDeny=</varname> setting.</para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>Otherwise, access will be granted.</para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          <para>In order to implement a whitelisting IP firewall, it is recommended to use a
          <varname>IPAddressDeny=</varname><constant>any</constant> setting on an upper-level slice unit (such as the
          root slice <filename>-.slice</filename> or the slice containing all system services
          <filename>system.slice</filename> – see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
          details on these slice units), plus individual per-service <varname>IPAddressAllow=</varname> lines
          permitting network access to relevant services, and only them.</para>

          <para>Note that for socket-activated services, the IP access list configured on the socket unit applies to
          all sockets associated with it directly, but not to any sockets created by the ultimately activated services
          for it. Conversely, the IP access list configured for the service is not applied to any sockets passed into
          the service via socket activation. Thus, it is usually a good idea, to replicate the IP access lists on both
          the socket and the service unit, however it often makes sense to maintain one list more open and the other
          one more restricted, depending on the usecase.</para>

          <para>If these settings are used multiple times in the same unit the specified lists are combined. If an
          empty string is assigned to these settings the specific access list is reset and all previous settings undone.</para>

          <para>In place of explicit IPv4 or IPv6 address and prefix length specifications a small set of symbolic
          names may be used. The following names are defined:</para>

          <table>
            <title>Special address/network names</title>

            <tgroup cols='3'>
              <colspec colname='name'/>
              <colspec colname='definition'/>
              <colspec colname='meaning'/>

              <thead>
                <row>
                  <entry>Symbolic Name</entry>
                  <entry>Definition</entry>
                  <entry>Meaning</entry>
                </row>
              </thead>

            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><constant>any</constant></entry>
                <entry>0.0.0.0/0 ::/0</entry>
                <entry>Any host</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><constant>localhost</constant></entry>
                <entry>127.0.0.0/8 ::1/128</entry>
                <entry>All addresses on the local loopback</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><constant>link-local</constant></entry>
                <entry>169.254.0.0/16 fe80::/64</entry>
                <entry>All link-local IP addresses</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><constant>multicast</constant></entry>
                <entry>224.0.0.0/4 ff00::/8</entry>
                <entry>All IP multicasting addresses</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </table>

          <para>Note that these settings might not be supported on some systems (for example if eBPF control group
          support is not enabled in the underlying kernel or container manager). These settings will have no effect in
          that case. If compatibility with such systems is desired it is hence recommended to not exclusively rely on
          them for IP security.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>DeviceAllow=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Control access to specific device nodes by the
          executed processes. Takes two space-separated strings: a
          device node specifier followed by a combination of
          <constant>r</constant>, <constant>w</constant>,
          <constant>m</constant> to control
          <emphasis>r</emphasis>eading, <emphasis>w</emphasis>riting,
          or creation of the specific device node(s) by the unit
          (<emphasis>m</emphasis>knod), respectively. This controls
          the <literal>devices.allow</literal> and
          <literal>devices.deny</literal> control group
          attributes. For details about these control group
          attributes, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/devices.txt">devices.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>The device node specifier is either a path to a device
          node in the file system, starting with
          <filename>/dev/</filename>, or a string starting with either
          <literal>char-</literal> or <literal>block-</literal>
          followed by a device group name, as listed in
          <filename>/proc/devices</filename>. The latter is useful to
          whitelist all current and future devices belonging to a
          specific device group at once. The device group is matched
          according to filename globbing rules, you may hence use the
          <literal>*</literal> and <literal>?</literal>
          wildcards. Examples: <filename>/dev/sda5</filename> is a
          path to a device node, referring to an ATA or SCSI block
          device. <literal>char-pts</literal> and
          <literal>char-alsa</literal> are specifiers for all pseudo
          TTYs and all ALSA sound devices,
          respectively. <literal>char-cpu/*</literal> is a specifier
          matching all CPU related device groups.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>DevicePolicy=auto|closed|strict</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Control the policy for allowing device access:
          </para>
          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><option>strict</option></term>
              <listitem>
                <para>means to only allow types of access that are
                explicitly specified.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><option>closed</option></term>
              <listitem>
                <para>in addition, allows access to standard pseudo
                devices including
                <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
                <filename>/dev/zero</filename>,
                <filename>/dev/full</filename>,
                <filename>/dev/random</filename>, and
                <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><option>auto</option></term>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  in addition, allows access to all devices if no
                  explicit <varname>DeviceAllow=</varname> is present.
                  This is the default.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Slice=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>The name of the slice unit to place the unit
          in. Defaults to <filename>system.slice</filename> for all
          non-instantiated units of all unit types (except for slice
          units themselves see below). Instance units are by default
          placed in a subslice of <filename>system.slice</filename>
          that is named after the template name.</para>

          <para>This option may be used to arrange systemd units in a
          hierarchy of slices each of which might have resource
          settings applied.</para>

          <para>For units of type slice, the only accepted value for
          this setting is the parent slice. Since the name of a slice
          unit implies the parent slice, it is hence redundant to ever
          set this parameter directly for slice units.</para>

          <para>Special care should be taken when relying on the default slice assignment in templated service units
          that have <varname>DefaultDependencies=no</varname> set, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, section
          "Default Dependencies" for details.</para>

        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Delegate=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Turns on delegation of further resource control partitioning to processes of the unit. Units where this
          is enabled may create and manage their own private subhierarchy of control groups below the control group of
          the unit itself. For unprivileged services (i.e. those using the <varname>User=</varname> setting) the unit's
          control group will be made accessible to the relevant user. When enabled the service manager will refrain
          from manipulating control groups or moving processes below the unit's control group, so that a clear concept
          of ownership is established: the control group tree above the unit's control group (i.e. towards the root
          control group) is owned and managed by the service manager of the host, while the control group tree below
          the unit's control group is owned and managed by the unit itself. Takes either a boolean argument or a list
          of control group controller names. If true, delegation is turned on, and all supported controllers are
          enabled for the unit, making them available to the unit's processes for management. If false, delegation is
          turned off entirely (and no additional controllers are enabled). If set to a list of controllers, delegation
          is turned on, and the specified controllers are enabled for the unit. Note that additional controllers than
          the ones specified might be made available as well, depending on configuration of the containing slice unit
          or other units contained in it. Note that assigning the empty string will enable delegation, but reset the
          list of controllers, all assignments prior to this will have no effect.  Defaults to false.</para>

          <para>Note that controller delegation to less privileged code is only safe on the unified control group
          hierarchy. Accordingly, access to the specified controllers will not be granted to unprivileged services on
          the legacy hierarchy, even when requested.</para>

          <para>The following controller names may be specified: <option>cpu</option>, <option>cpuacct</option>,
          <option>io</option>, <option>blkio</option>, <option>memory</option>, <option>devices</option>,
          <option>pids</option>. Not all of these controllers are available on all kernels however, and some are
          specific to the unified hierarchy while others are specific to the legacy hierarchy. Also note that the
          kernel might support further controllers, which aren't covered here yet as delegation is either not supported
          at all for them or not defined cleanly.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Deprecated Options</title>

    <para>The following options are deprecated. Use the indicated superseding options instead:</para>

    <variablelist class='unit-directives'>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CPUShares=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>StartupCPUShares=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Assign the specified CPU time share weight to the processes executed. These options take an integer
          value and control the <literal>cpu.shares</literal> control group attribute. The allowed range is 2 to
          262144. Defaults to 1024. For details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.
          The available CPU time is split up among all units within one slice relative to their CPU time share
          weight.</para>

          <para>While <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname> only applies to the startup phase of the system,
          <varname>CPUShares=</varname> applies to normal runtime of the system, and if the former is not set also to
          the startup phase. Using <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname> allows prioritizing specific services at
          boot-up differently than during normal runtime.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>These settings are deprecated. Use <varname>CPUWeight=</varname> and
          <varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> instead.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>MemoryLimit=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Specify the limit on maximum memory usage of the executed processes. The limit specifies how much
          process and kernel memory can be used by tasks in this unit. Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is
          suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or
          Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a percentage value may be specified, which is
          taken relative to the installed physical memory on the system. If assigned the special value
          <literal>infinity</literal>, no memory limit is applied. This controls the
          <literal>memory.limit_in_bytes</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group
          attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt">memory.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>This setting is deprecated. Use <varname>MemoryMax=</varname> instead.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>BlockIOAccounting=</varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Turn on Block I/O accounting for this unit, if the legacy control group hierarchy is used on the
          system. Takes a boolean argument. Note that turning on block I/O accounting for one unit will also implicitly
          turn it on for all units contained in the same slice and all for its parent slices and the units contained
          therein. The system default for this setting may be controlled with
          <varname>DefaultBlockIOAccounting=</varname> in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <para>This setting is deprecated. Use <varname>IOAccounting=</varname> instead.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>BlockIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Set the default overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the legacy control
        group hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a single weight value (between 10 and 1000) to set the default
        block I/O weight. This controls the <literal>blkio.weight</literal> control group attribute, which defaults to
        500. For details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
        url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
        The available I/O bandwidth is split up among all units within one slice relative to their block I/O
        weight.</para>

        <para>While <varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=</varname> only
        applies to the startup phase of the system,
        <varname>BlockIOWeight=</varname> applies to the later runtime
        of the system, and if the former is not set also to the
        startup phase. This allows prioritizing specific services at
        boot-up differently than during runtime.</para>

        <para>Implies
        <literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

        <para>These settings are deprecated. Use <varname>IOWeight=</varname> and <varname>StartupIOWeight=</varname>
        instead.</para>

      </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>BlockIODeviceWeight=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set the per-device overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the legacy control group
          hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a space-separated pair of a file path and a weight value to specify
          the device specific weight value, between 10 and 1000. (Example: "/dev/sda 500"). The file path may be
          specified as path to a block device node or as any other file, in which case the backing block device of the
          file system of the file is determined. This controls the <literal>blkio.weight_device</literal> control group
          attribute, which defaults to 1000. Use this option multiple times to set weights for multiple devices. For
          details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.</para>

          <para>Implies
          <literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>This setting is deprecated. Use <varname>IODeviceWeight=</varname> instead.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>BlockIOReadBandwidth=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>BlockIOWriteBandwidth=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set the per-device overall block I/O bandwidth limit for the executed processes, if the legacy control
          group hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a space-separated pair of a file path and a bandwidth value (in
          bytes per second) to specify the device specific bandwidth. The file path may be a path to a block device
          node, or as any other file in which case the backing block device of the file system of the file is used. If
          the bandwidth is suffixed with K, M, G, or T, the specified bandwidth is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes,
          Gigabytes, or Terabytes, respectively, to the base of 1000. (Example:
          "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0 5M"). This controls the
          <literal>blkio.throttle.read_bps_device</literal> and <literal>blkio.throttle.write_bps_device</literal>
          control group attributes. Use this option multiple times to set bandwidth limits for multiple devices. For
          details about these control group attributes, see <ulink
          url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
          </para>

          <para>Implies
          <literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>

          <para>These settings are deprecated. Use <varname>IOReadBandwidthMax=</varname> and
          <varname>IOWriteBandwidthMax=</varname> instead.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para>
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      The documentation for control groups and specific controllers in the Linux kernel:
      <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>,
      <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpuacct.txt">cpuacct.txt</ulink>,
      <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt">memory.txt</ulink>,
      <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>
</refentry>