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1 | \input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*- |
2 | @setfilename binutils.info | |
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3 | @c Copyright 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
4 | ||
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5 | @include config.texi |
6 | ||
7 | @ifinfo | |
8 | @format | |
9 | START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY | |
ad0481cd AS |
10 | * Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities. |
11 | * ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
12 | * nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files | |
13 | * objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files | |
14 | * objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files | |
15 | * ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents | |
16 | * readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
17 | * size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size | |
18 | * strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files | |
19 | * strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols | |
20 | * c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols | |
21 | * cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt | |
22 | * addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line | |
23 | * nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM | |
24 | * windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources | |
25 | * dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs | |
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26 | END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
27 | @end format | |
28 | @end ifinfo | |
29 | ||
30 | @ifinfo | |
0285c67d | 31 | @c man begin COPYRIGHT |
18356cf2 | 32 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
252b5132 | 33 | |
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34 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
35 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 | |
36 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | |
37 | with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no | |
38 | Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the | |
39 | section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". | |
252b5132 | 40 | |
0285c67d | 41 | @c man end |
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42 | @ignore |
43 | Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the | |
44 | results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission | |
45 | notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph | |
46 | (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). | |
47 | ||
48 | @end ignore | |
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49 | @end ifinfo |
50 | ||
51 | @synindex ky cp | |
52 | @c | |
53 | @c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy", | |
54 | @c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", "readelf" and "ranlib". | |
55 | @c | |
18356cf2 | 56 | @c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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57 | @c |
58 | @c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU | |
cf055d54 | 59 | @c Free Documentation License. |
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60 | @c |
61 | ||
62 | @setchapternewpage odd | |
63 | @settitle @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities | |
64 | @titlepage | |
65 | @finalout | |
66 | @title The @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities | |
67 | @subtitle Version @value{VERSION} | |
68 | @sp 1 | |
69 | @subtitle May 1993 | |
70 | @author Roland H. Pesch | |
71 | @author Jeffrey M. Osier | |
72 | @author Cygnus Support | |
73 | @page | |
74 | ||
75 | @tex | |
76 | {\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill | |
77 | \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par } | |
78 | @end tex | |
79 | ||
80 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
18356cf2 | 81 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
252b5132 | 82 | |
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83 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
84 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 | |
85 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | |
86 | with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no | |
87 | Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the | |
88 | section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". | |
252b5132 | 89 | |
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90 | @end titlepage |
91 | ||
92 | @node Top | |
93 | @top Introduction | |
94 | ||
95 | @cindex version | |
96 | This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the @sc{gnu} binary | |
97 | utilities (collectively version @value{VERSION}): | |
98 | ||
99 | @iftex | |
100 | @table @code | |
101 | @item ar | |
102 | Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
103 | ||
104 | @item nm | |
105 | List symbols from object files | |
106 | ||
107 | @item objcopy | |
108 | Copy and translate object files | |
109 | ||
110 | @item objdump | |
111 | Display information from object files | |
112 | ||
113 | @item ranlib | |
114 | Generate index to archive contents | |
115 | ||
116 | @item readelf | |
117 | Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
118 | ||
119 | @item size | |
120 | List file section sizes and total size | |
121 | ||
122 | @item strings | |
123 | List printable strings from files | |
124 | ||
125 | @item strip | |
126 | Discard symbols | |
127 | ||
128 | @item c++filt | |
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129 | Demangle encoded C++ symbols (on MS-DOS, this program is named |
130 | @code{cxxfilt}) | |
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131 | |
132 | @item addr2line | |
133 | Convert addresses into file names and line numbers | |
134 | ||
135 | @item nlmconv | |
136 | Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module | |
137 | ||
138 | @item windres | |
139 | Manipulate Windows resources | |
140 | ||
141 | @item dlltool | |
142 | Create the files needed to build and use Dynamic Link Libraries | |
143 | @end table | |
144 | @end iftex | |
145 | ||
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146 | This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free |
147 | Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the | |
148 | section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". | |
149 | ||
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150 | @menu |
151 | * ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
152 | * nm:: List symbols from object files | |
153 | * objcopy:: Copy and translate object files | |
154 | * objdump:: Display information from object files | |
155 | * ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents | |
156 | * readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
157 | * size:: List section sizes and total size | |
158 | * strings:: List printable strings from files | |
159 | * strip:: Discard symbols | |
160 | * c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols | |
9d51cc66 | 161 | * cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt |
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162 | * addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line |
163 | * nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM | |
164 | * windres:: Manipulate Windows resources | |
165 | * dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs | |
166 | * Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target. | |
167 | * Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs | |
cf055d54 | 168 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License |
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169 | * Index:: Index |
170 | @end menu | |
171 | ||
172 | @node ar | |
173 | @chapter ar | |
174 | ||
175 | @kindex ar | |
176 | @cindex archives | |
177 | @cindex collections of files | |
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178 | |
179 | @c man title ar create, modify, and extract from archives | |
180 | ||
252b5132 | 181 | @smallexample |
3de39064 | 182 | ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
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183 | ar -M [ <mri-script ] |
184 | @end smallexample | |
185 | ||
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186 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION ar |
187 | ||
c7c55b78 | 188 | The @sc{gnu} @command{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from |
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189 | archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of |
190 | other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve | |
191 | the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive). | |
192 | ||
193 | The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and | |
194 | group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on | |
195 | extraction. | |
196 | ||
197 | @cindex name length | |
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198 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any |
199 | length; however, depending on how @command{ar} is configured on your | |
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200 | system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility |
201 | with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the | |
202 | limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 | |
203 | characters (typical of formats related to coff). | |
204 | ||
205 | @cindex libraries | |
c7c55b78 | 206 | @command{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort |
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207 | are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed |
208 | subroutines. | |
209 | ||
210 | @cindex symbol index | |
c7c55b78 | 211 | @command{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable |
252b5132 | 212 | object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}. |
c7c55b78 | 213 | Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @command{ar} |
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214 | makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation). |
215 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and | |
216 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to | |
217 | their placement in the archive. | |
218 | ||
219 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index | |
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220 | table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @command{ar} called |
221 | @command{ranlib} can be used to add just the table. | |
252b5132 | 222 | |
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223 | @cindex compatibility, @command{ar} |
224 | @cindex @command{ar} compatibility | |
225 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different | |
252b5132 | 226 | facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options, |
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227 | like the different varieties of @command{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you |
228 | specify the single command-line option @option{-M}, you can control it | |
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229 | with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian'' |
230 | program. | |
231 | ||
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232 | @c man end |
233 | ||
252b5132 | 234 | @menu |
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235 | * ar cmdline:: Controlling @command{ar} on the command line |
236 | * ar scripts:: Controlling @command{ar} with a script | |
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237 | @end menu |
238 | ||
239 | @page | |
240 | @node ar cmdline | |
c7c55b78 | 241 | @section Controlling @command{ar} on the command line |
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242 | |
243 | @smallexample | |
0285c67d | 244 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS ar |
c7c55b78 | 245 | ar [@option{-X32_64}] [@option{-}]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
0285c67d | 246 | @c man end |
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247 | @end smallexample |
248 | ||
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249 | @cindex Unix compatibility, @command{ar} |
250 | When you use @command{ar} in the Unix style, @command{ar} insists on at least two | |
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251 | arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation} |
252 | (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying | |
253 | @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on. | |
254 | ||
255 | Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments, | |
256 | specifying particular files to operate on. | |
257 | ||
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258 | @c man begin OPTIONS ar |
259 | ||
c7c55b78 | 260 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier |
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261 | flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument. |
262 | ||
263 | If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a | |
264 | dash. | |
265 | ||
266 | @cindex operations on archive | |
267 | The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be | |
268 | any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: | |
269 | ||
c7c55b78 | 270 | @table @samp |
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271 | @item d |
272 | @cindex deleting from archive | |
273 | @emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to | |
274 | be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you | |
275 | specify no files to delete. | |
276 | ||
c7c55b78 | 277 | If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @command{ar} lists each module |
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278 | as it is deleted. |
279 | ||
280 | @item m | |
281 | @cindex moving in archive | |
282 | Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive. | |
283 | ||
284 | The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how | |
285 | programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more | |
286 | than one member. | |
287 | ||
288 | If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the | |
289 | @var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive; | |
290 | you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a | |
291 | specified place instead. | |
292 | ||
293 | @item p | |
294 | @cindex printing from archive | |
295 | @emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard | |
296 | output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member | |
297 | name before copying its contents to standard output. | |
298 | ||
299 | If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are | |
300 | printed. | |
301 | ||
302 | @item q | |
303 | @cindex quick append to archive | |
304 | @emph{Quick append}; Historically, add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of | |
305 | @var{archive}, without checking for replacement. | |
306 | ||
307 | The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this | |
308 | operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. | |
309 | ||
c7c55b78 | 310 | The modifier @samp{v} makes @command{ar} list each file as it is appended. |
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311 | |
312 | Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table | |
313 | index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use @samp{ar s} or | |
c7c55b78 | 314 | @command{ranlib} explicitly to update the symbol table index. |
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315 | |
316 | However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds the | |
317 | index, so GNU ar implements @code{q} as a synonym for @code{r}. | |
318 | ||
319 | @item r | |
320 | @cindex replacement in archive | |
321 | Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with | |
322 | @emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any | |
323 | previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being | |
324 | added. | |
325 | ||
c7c55b78 | 326 | If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @command{ar} |
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327 | displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members |
328 | of the archive matching that name. | |
329 | ||
330 | By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may | |
331 | use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request | |
332 | placement relative to some existing member. | |
333 | ||
334 | The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of | |
335 | output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or | |
336 | @samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member | |
337 | deleted) or replaced. | |
338 | ||
339 | @item t | |
340 | @cindex contents of archive | |
341 | Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those | |
342 | of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the | |
343 | archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to | |
344 | see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can | |
345 | request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier. | |
346 | ||
347 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive | |
348 | are listed. | |
349 | ||
350 | @cindex repeated names in archive | |
351 | @cindex name duplication in archive | |
352 | If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in | |
353 | an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the | |
354 | first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete | |
355 | listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}. | |
356 | @c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more | |
357 | @c recent case in fact works the other way. | |
358 | ||
359 | @item x | |
360 | @cindex extract from archive | |
361 | @emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can | |
362 | use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that | |
c7c55b78 | 363 | @command{ar} list each name as it extracts it. |
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364 | |
365 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive | |
366 | are extracted. | |
367 | ||
368 | @end table | |
369 | ||
370 | A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p} | |
371 | keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior: | |
372 | ||
c7c55b78 | 373 | @table @samp |
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374 | @item a |
375 | @cindex relative placement in archive | |
376 | Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the | |
377 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive | |
378 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
379 | @var{archive} specification. | |
380 | ||
381 | @item b | |
382 | Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
383 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive | |
384 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
385 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}). | |
386 | ||
387 | @item c | |
388 | @cindex creating archives | |
389 | @emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always | |
390 | created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is | |
391 | issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by | |
392 | using this modifier. | |
393 | ||
394 | @item f | |
c7c55b78 | 395 | Truncate names in the archive. @sc{gnu} @command{ar} will normally permit file |
252b5132 | 396 | names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are |
c7c55b78 | 397 | not compatible with the native @command{ar} program on some systems. If |
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398 | this is a concern, the @samp{f} modifier may be used to truncate file |
399 | names when putting them in the archive. | |
400 | ||
401 | @item i | |
402 | Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
403 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive | |
404 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
405 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}). | |
406 | ||
407 | @item l | |
408 | This modifier is accepted but not used. | |
409 | @c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with | |
410 | @c what???---doc@@cygnus.com, 25jan91 | |
411 | ||
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412 | @item N |
413 | Uses the @var{count} parameter. This is used if there are multiple | |
414 | entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance | |
415 | @var{count} of the given name from the archive. | |
416 | ||
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417 | @item o |
418 | @cindex dates in archive | |
419 | Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If | |
420 | you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive | |
421 | are stamped with the time of extraction. | |
422 | ||
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423 | @item P |
424 | Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. @sc{gnu} | |
c7c55b78 | 425 | @command{ar} can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives |
3de39064 | 426 | are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This option |
c7c55b78 | 427 | will cause @sc{gnu} @command{ar} to match file names using a complete path |
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428 | name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file from an |
429 | archive created by another tool. | |
430 | ||
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431 | @item s |
432 | @cindex writing archive index | |
433 | Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, | |
434 | even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier | |
435 | flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an | |
436 | archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it. | |
437 | ||
438 | @item S | |
439 | @cindex not writing archive index | |
440 | Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a | |
441 | large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used | |
442 | with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the | |
443 | @samp{S} modifier on the last execution of @samp{ar}, or you must run | |
444 | @samp{ranlib} on the archive. | |
445 | ||
446 | @item u | |
447 | @cindex updating an archive | |
448 | Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files | |
449 | listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those | |
450 | of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same | |
451 | names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the | |
452 | operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is | |
453 | not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed | |
454 | advantage from the operation @samp{q}. | |
455 | ||
456 | @item v | |
457 | This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many | |
458 | operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, | |
459 | when the modifier @samp{v} is appended. | |
460 | ||
461 | @item V | |
c7c55b78 | 462 | This modifier shows the version number of @command{ar}. |
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463 | @end table |
464 | ||
c7c55b78 | 465 | @command{ar} ignores an initial option spelt @samp{-X32_64}, for |
6e800839 | 466 | compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the |
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467 | default for GNU @command{ar}. @command{ar} does not support any of the other |
468 | @samp{-X} options; in particular, it does not support @option{-X32} | |
469 | which is the default for AIX @command{ar}. | |
6e800839 | 470 | |
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471 | @c man end |
472 | ||
473 | @ignore | |
474 | @c man begin SEEALSO ar | |
475 | nm(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
476 | @c man end | |
477 | @end ignore | |
478 | ||
252b5132 | 479 | @node ar scripts |
c7c55b78 | 480 | @section Controlling @command{ar} with a script |
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481 | |
482 | @smallexample | |
483 | ar -M [ <@var{script} ] | |
484 | @end smallexample | |
485 | ||
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486 | @cindex MRI compatibility, @command{ar} |
487 | @cindex scripts, @command{ar} | |
488 | If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @command{ar}, you | |
252b5132 | 489 | can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This |
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490 | form of @command{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming |
491 | directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @command{ar} prompts for | |
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492 | input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after |
493 | errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are | |
c7c55b78 | 494 | issued, and @command{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) |
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495 | on any error. |
496 | ||
c7c55b78 | 497 | The @command{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent |
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498 | to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control |
499 | over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the | |
c7c55b78 | 500 | transition to @sc{gnu} @command{ar} for developers who already have scripts |
252b5132 RH |
501 | written for the MRI ``librarian'' program. |
502 | ||
c7c55b78 | 503 | The syntax for the @command{ar} command language is straightforward: |
252b5132 RH |
504 | @itemize @bullet |
505 | @item | |
506 | commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST} | |
507 | is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are | |
508 | shown in upper case for clarity. | |
509 | ||
510 | @item | |
511 | a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the | |
512 | line. | |
513 | ||
514 | @item | |
515 | empty lines are allowed, and have no effect. | |
516 | ||
517 | @item | |
518 | comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*} | |
519 | or @samp{;} is ignored. | |
520 | ||
521 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 522 | Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @command{ar} |
252b5132 RH |
523 | command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or |
524 | blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity. | |
525 | ||
526 | @item | |
527 | @samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears | |
528 | at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part | |
529 | of the current command. | |
530 | @end itemize | |
531 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
532 | Here are the commands you can use in @command{ar} scripts, or when using |
533 | @command{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance: | |
252b5132 RH |
534 | |
535 | @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is | |
536 | a temporary file required for most of the other commands. | |
537 | ||
538 | @code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior | |
539 | to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current | |
540 | archive. | |
541 | ||
542 | @table @code | |
543 | @item ADDLIB @var{archive} | |
544 | @itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) | |
545 | Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named | |
546 | @var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive. | |
547 | ||
548 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
549 | ||
550 | @item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member} | |
551 | @c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}" | |
552 | @c else like "ar q..." | |
553 | Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive. | |
554 | ||
555 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
556 | ||
557 | @item CLEAR | |
558 | Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect of | |
559 | any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no | |
560 | effect) even if no current archive is specified. | |
561 | ||
562 | @item CREATE @var{archive} | |
563 | Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many | |
564 | other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it | |
565 | is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}. | |
566 | You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any | |
567 | existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}. | |
568 | ||
569 | @item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
570 | Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to | |
571 | @samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}. | |
572 | ||
573 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
574 | ||
575 | @item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) | |
576 | @itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile} | |
577 | List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate | |
578 | command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose | |
579 | output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive} | |
580 | @var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like | |
581 | @samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. | |
582 | ||
583 | Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you | |
c7c55b78 | 584 | specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @command{ar} directs the |
252b5132 RH |
585 | output to that file. |
586 | ||
587 | @item END | |
c7c55b78 | 588 | Exit from @command{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful |
252b5132 RH |
589 | completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have |
590 | changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those | |
591 | changes are lost. | |
592 | ||
593 | @item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
594 | Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them | |
595 | into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x | |
596 | @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. | |
597 | ||
598 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
599 | ||
600 | @ignore | |
601 | @c FIXME Tokens but no commands??? | |
602 | @item FULLDIR | |
603 | ||
604 | @item HELP | |
605 | @end ignore | |
606 | ||
607 | @item LIST | |
608 | Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style | |
609 | regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar | |
c7c55b78 | 610 | tv @var{archive}}. (This single command is a @sc{gnu} @command{ar} |
252b5132 RH |
611 | enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.) |
612 | ||
613 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
614 | ||
615 | @item OPEN @var{archive} | |
616 | Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for | |
617 | many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands | |
618 | will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}. | |
619 | ||
620 | @item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
621 | In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in | |
622 | the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory. | |
623 | To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in | |
624 | the current archive, must exist. | |
625 | ||
626 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
627 | ||
628 | @item VERBOSE | |
629 | Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}. | |
630 | When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from | |
631 | @samp{ar -tv }@dots{}. | |
632 | ||
633 | @item SAVE | |
634 | Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a | |
635 | file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN} | |
636 | command. | |
637 | ||
638 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
639 | ||
640 | @end table | |
641 | ||
642 | @iftex | |
643 | @node ld | |
644 | @chapter ld | |
645 | @cindex linker | |
646 | @kindex ld | |
c7c55b78 | 647 | The @sc{gnu} linker @command{ld} is now described in a separate manual. |
252b5132 RH |
648 | @xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the @sc{gnu} linker}. |
649 | @end iftex | |
650 | ||
651 | @node nm | |
652 | @chapter nm | |
653 | @cindex symbols | |
654 | @kindex nm | |
655 | ||
0285c67d NC |
656 | @c man title nm list symbols from object files |
657 | ||
252b5132 | 658 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 659 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS nm |
c7c55b78 NC |
660 | nm [@option{-a}|@option{--debug-syms}] [@option{-g}|@option{--extern-only}] |
661 | [@option{-B}] [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]] [@option{-D}|@option{--dynamic}] | |
662 | [@option{-s}|@option{--print-armap}] [@option{-A}|@option{-o}|@option{--print-file-name}] | |
663 | [@option{-n}|@option{-v}|@option{--numeric-sort}] [@option{-p}|@option{--no-sort}] | |
664 | [@option{-r}|@option{--reverse-sort}] [@option{--size-sort}] [@option{-u}|@option{--undefined-only}] | |
665 | [@option{-t} @var{radix}|@option{--radix=}@var{radix}] [@option{-P}|@option{--portability}] | |
666 | [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-f}@var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}] | |
667 | [@option{--defined-only}] [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] [@option{--no-demangle}] | |
668 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] [@option{-X 32_64}] [@option{--help}] [@var{objfile}@dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 669 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
670 | @end smallexample |
671 | ||
0285c67d | 672 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION nm |
c7c55b78 NC |
673 | @sc{gnu} @command{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}. |
674 | If no object files are listed as arguments, @command{nm} assumes the file | |
252b5132 RH |
675 | @file{a.out}. |
676 | ||
c7c55b78 | 677 | For each symbol, @command{nm} shows: |
252b5132 RH |
678 | |
679 | @itemize @bullet | |
680 | @item | |
681 | The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or | |
682 | hexadecimal by default. | |
683 | ||
684 | @item | |
685 | The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as | |
686 | well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is | |
687 | local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). | |
688 | ||
689 | @c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for | |
690 | @c would be nice. | |
691 | @table @code | |
692 | @item A | |
693 | The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further | |
694 | linking. | |
695 | ||
696 | @item B | |
697 | The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS). | |
698 | ||
699 | @item C | |
700 | The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When | |
701 | linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the | |
702 | symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined | |
0285c67d NC |
703 | references. |
704 | @ifclear man | |
705 | For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of | |
252b5132 | 706 | --warn-common in @ref{Options,,Linker options,ld.info,The GNU linker}. |
0879a67a | 707 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
708 | |
709 | @item D | |
710 | The symbol is in the initialized data section. | |
711 | ||
712 | @item G | |
713 | The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some | |
714 | object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects, | |
715 | such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array. | |
716 | ||
717 | @item I | |
718 | The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a GNU | |
719 | extension to the a.out object file format which is rarely used. | |
720 | ||
721 | @item N | |
722 | The symbol is a debugging symbol. | |
723 | ||
724 | @item R | |
725 | The symbol is in a read only data section. | |
726 | ||
727 | @item S | |
728 | The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects. | |
729 | ||
730 | @item T | |
731 | The symbol is in the text (code) section. | |
732 | ||
733 | @item U | |
734 | The symbol is undefined. | |
735 | ||
fad6fcbb NC |
736 | @item V |
737 | The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with | |
738 | a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. | |
739 | When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, | |
740 | the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. | |
741 | ||
252b5132 | 742 | @item W |
fad6fcbb NC |
743 | The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a |
744 | weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal | |
745 | defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. | |
746 | When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, | |
747 | the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. | |
252b5132 RH |
748 | |
749 | @item - | |
750 | The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the | |
751 | next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and | |
c7c55b78 NC |
752 | the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information. |
753 | @ifclear man | |
754 | For more information, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs Overview,stabs.info, The | |
252b5132 | 755 | ``stabs'' debug format}. |
c7c55b78 | 756 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
757 | |
758 | @item ? | |
759 | The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific. | |
760 | @end table | |
761 | ||
762 | @item | |
763 | The symbol name. | |
764 | @end itemize | |
765 | ||
0285c67d NC |
766 | @c man end |
767 | ||
768 | @c man begin OPTIONS nm | |
252b5132 RH |
769 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
770 | equivalent. | |
771 | ||
c7c55b78 | 772 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
773 | @item -A |
774 | @itemx -o | |
775 | @itemx --print-file-name | |
776 | @cindex input file name | |
777 | @cindex file name | |
778 | @cindex source file name | |
f20a759a | 779 | Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) |
252b5132 RH |
780 | in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, |
781 | before all of its symbols. | |
782 | ||
783 | @item -a | |
784 | @itemx --debug-syms | |
785 | @cindex debugging symbols | |
786 | Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not | |
787 | listed. | |
788 | ||
789 | @item -B | |
c7c55b78 NC |
790 | @cindex @command{nm} format |
791 | @cindex @command{nm} compatibility | |
792 | The same as @option{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @command{nm}). | |
252b5132 RH |
793 | |
794 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 795 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
796 | @cindex demangling in nm |
797 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
798 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 NC |
799 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
800 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to | |
801 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
802 | for more information on demangling. | |
252b5132 RH |
803 | |
804 | @item --no-demangle | |
805 | Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default. | |
806 | ||
807 | @item -D | |
808 | @itemx --dynamic | |
809 | @cindex dynamic symbols | |
810 | Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is | |
811 | only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
812 | libraries. | |
813 | ||
814 | @item -f @var{format} | |
815 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
c7c55b78 NC |
816 | @cindex @command{nm} format |
817 | @cindex @command{nm} compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
818 | Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd}, |
819 | @code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}. | |
820 | Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be | |
821 | either upper or lower case. | |
822 | ||
823 | @item -g | |
824 | @itemx --extern-only | |
825 | @cindex external symbols | |
826 | Display only external symbols. | |
827 | ||
828 | @item -l | |
829 | @itemx --line-numbers | |
830 | @cindex symbol line numbers | |
831 | For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and | |
832 | line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the | |
833 | address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line | |
834 | number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number | |
835 | information can be found, print it after the other symbol information. | |
836 | ||
837 | @item -n | |
838 | @itemx -v | |
839 | @itemx --numeric-sort | |
840 | Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically | |
841 | by their names. | |
842 | ||
843 | @item -p | |
844 | @itemx --no-sort | |
845 | @cindex sorting symbols | |
846 | Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order | |
847 | encountered. | |
848 | ||
849 | @item -P | |
850 | @itemx --portability | |
851 | Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. | |
852 | Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}. | |
853 | ||
854 | @item -s | |
855 | @itemx --print-armap | |
856 | @cindex symbol index, listing | |
857 | When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping | |
c7c55b78 | 858 | (stored in the archive by @command{ar} or @command{ranlib}) of which modules |
252b5132 RH |
859 | contain definitions for which names. |
860 | ||
861 | @item -r | |
862 | @itemx --reverse-sort | |
863 | Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the | |
864 | last come first. | |
865 | ||
866 | @item --size-sort | |
867 | Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between | |
868 | the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher | |
869 | value. The size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value. | |
870 | ||
871 | @item -t @var{radix} | |
872 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
873 | Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be | |
874 | @samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal. | |
875 | ||
876 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} | |
877 | @cindex object code format | |
878 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
879 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
880 | ||
881 | @item -u | |
882 | @itemx --undefined-only | |
883 | @cindex external symbols | |
884 | @cindex undefined symbols | |
885 | Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). | |
886 | ||
887 | @item --defined-only | |
888 | @cindex external symbols | |
889 | @cindex undefined symbols | |
890 | Display only defined symbols for each object file. | |
891 | ||
892 | @item -V | |
893 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 894 | Show the version number of @command{nm} and exit. |
252b5132 | 895 | |
6e800839 GK |
896 | @item -X |
897 | This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of | |
c7c55b78 NC |
898 | @command{nm}. It takes one parameter which must be the string |
899 | @option{32_64}. The default mode of AIX @command{nm} corresponds | |
900 | to @option{-X 32}, which is not supported by @sc{gnu} @command{nm}. | |
6e800839 | 901 | |
252b5132 | 902 | @item --help |
c7c55b78 | 903 | Show a summary of the options to @command{nm} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
904 | @end table |
905 | ||
0285c67d NC |
906 | @c man end |
907 | ||
908 | @ignore | |
909 | @c man begin SEEALSO nm | |
910 | ar(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
911 | @c man end | |
912 | @end ignore | |
913 | ||
252b5132 RH |
914 | @node objcopy |
915 | @chapter objcopy | |
916 | ||
0285c67d NC |
917 | @c man title objcopy copy and translate object files |
918 | ||
252b5132 | 919 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 920 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS objcopy |
c7c55b78 NC |
921 | objcopy [@option{-F} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
922 | [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
923 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
924 | [@option{-B} @var{bfdarch}|@option{--binary-architecture=}@var{bfdarch}] | |
925 | [@option{-S}|@option{--strip-all}] [@option{-g}|@option{--strip-debug}] | |
926 | [@option{-K} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
927 | [@option{-N} @var{symbolname}|@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
928 | [@option{-G} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-global-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
929 | [@option{-L} @var{symbolname}|@option{--localize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
930 | [@option{-W} @var{symbolname}|@option{--weaken-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
931 | [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}] [@option{-X}|@option{--discard-locals}] | |
932 | [@option{-b} @var{byte}|@option{--byte=}@var{byte}] | |
933 | [@option{-i} @var{interleave}|@option{--interleave=}@var{interleave}] | |
934 | [@option{-j} @var{sectionname}|@option{--only-section=}@var{sectionname}] | |
935 | [@option{-R} @var{sectionname}|@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname}] | |
936 | [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}] | |
937 | [@option{--debugging}] | |
938 | [@option{--gap-fill=}@var{val}] [@option{--pad-to=}@var{address}] | |
939 | [@option{--set-start=}@var{val}] [@option{--adjust-start=}@var{incr}] | |
940 | [@option{--change-addresses=}@var{incr}] | |
941 | [@option{--change-section-address} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
942 | [@option{--change-section-lma} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
943 | [@option{--change-section-vma} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
944 | [@option{--change-warnings}] [@option{--no-change-warnings}] | |
945 | [@option{--set-section-flags} @var{section}=@var{flags}] | |
946 | [@option{--add-section} @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}] | |
947 | [@option{--rename-section} @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}]] | |
948 | [@option{--change-leading-char} ] [@option{--remove-leading-char}] | |
949 | [@option{--srec-len=}@var{ival} ] [@option{--srec-forceS3}] | |
950 | [@option{--redefine-sym} @var{old}=@var{new} ] | |
951 | [@option{--weaken}] | |
952 | [@option{--keep-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
953 | [@option{--strip-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
954 | [@option{--keep-global-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
955 | [@option{--localize-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
956 | [@option{--weaken-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
957 | [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}] | |
958 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
959 | [@option{--help}] | |
252b5132 | 960 | @var{infile} [@var{outfile}] |
0285c67d | 961 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
962 | @end smallexample |
963 | ||
0285c67d | 964 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION objcopy |
c7c55b78 NC |
965 | The @sc{gnu} @command{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object |
966 | file to another. @command{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to | |
252b5132 RH |
967 | read and write the object files. It can write the destination object |
968 | file in a format different from that of the source object file. The | |
c7c55b78 NC |
969 | exact behavior of @command{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options. |
970 | Note that @command{objcopy} should be able to copy a fully linked file | |
ccd13d18 L |
971 | between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object file |
972 | between any two formats may not work as expected. | |
252b5132 | 973 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
974 | @command{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and |
975 | deletes them afterward. @command{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its | |
252b5132 RH |
976 | translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd} |
977 | and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told | |
978 | explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}. | |
979 | ||
c7c55b78 | 980 | @command{objcopy} can be used to generate S-records by using an output |
252b5132 RH |
981 | target of @samp{srec} (e.g., use @samp{-O srec}). |
982 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
983 | @command{objcopy} can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an |
984 | output target of @samp{binary} (e.g., use @option{-O binary}). When | |
985 | @command{objcopy} generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce | |
252b5132 RH |
986 | a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and |
987 | relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at | |
988 | the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file. | |
989 | ||
990 | When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to | |
c7c55b78 NC |
991 | use @option{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In |
992 | some cases @option{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain | |
f20a759a | 993 | information that is not needed by the binary file. |
252b5132 | 994 | |
c7c55b78 | 995 | Note - @command{objcopy} is not able to change the endianness of its input |
18356cf2 | 996 | files. If the input format has an endianness, (some formats do not), |
c7c55b78 | 997 | @command{objcopy} can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the |
18356cf2 NC |
998 | same endianness or which have no endianness (eg @samp{srec}). |
999 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1000 | @c man end |
1001 | ||
1002 | @c man begin OPTIONS objcopy | |
1003 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1004 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1005 | @item @var{infile} |
1006 | @itemx @var{outfile} | |
f20a759a | 1007 | The input and output files, respectively. |
c7c55b78 | 1008 | If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @command{objcopy} creates a |
252b5132 RH |
1009 | temporary file and destructively renames the result with |
1010 | the name of @var{infile}. | |
1011 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1012 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
252b5132 RH |
1013 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
1014 | Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than | |
1015 | attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1016 | ||
1017 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
1018 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
1019 | Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}. | |
1020 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1021 | ||
1022 | @item -F @var{bfdname} | |
1023 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1024 | Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output | |
1025 | file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no | |
1026 | translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1027 | ||
43a0748c NC |
1028 | @item -B @var{bfdarch} |
1029 | @itemx --binary-architecture=@var{bfdarch} | |
1030 | Useful when transforming a raw binary input file into an object file. | |
1031 | In this case the output architecture can be set to @var{bfdarch}. This | |
1032 | option will be ignored if the input file has a known @var{bfdarch}. You | |
1033 | can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special | |
1034 | symbols that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are | |
1035 | called _binary_@var{objfile}_start, _binary_@var{objfile}_end and | |
1036 | _binary_@var{objfile}_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into | |
1037 | an object file and then access it in your code using these symbols. | |
1038 | ||
f91ea849 ILT |
1039 | @item -j @var{sectionname} |
1040 | @itemx --only-section=@var{sectionname} | |
1041 | Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file. | |
1042 | This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option | |
1043 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. | |
1044 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1045 | @item -R @var{sectionname} |
1046 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname} | |
1047 | Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This | |
1048 | option may be given more than once. Note that using this option | |
1049 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. | |
1050 | ||
1051 | @item -S | |
1052 | @itemx --strip-all | |
1053 | Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. | |
1054 | ||
1055 | @item -g | |
1056 | @itemx --strip-debug | |
1057 | Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file. | |
1058 | ||
1059 | @item --strip-unneeded | |
1060 | Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. | |
1061 | ||
1062 | @item -K @var{symbolname} | |
1063 | @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1064 | Copy only symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may | |
1065 | be given more than once. | |
1066 | ||
1067 | @item -N @var{symbolname} | |
1068 | @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1069 | Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option | |
1070 | may be given more than once. | |
1071 | ||
16b2b71c NC |
1072 | @item -G @var{symbolname} |
1073 | @itemx --keep-global-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1074 | Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} global. Make all other symbols local | |
1075 | to the file, so that they are not visible externally. This option may | |
1076 | be given more than once. | |
1077 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1078 | @item -L @var{symbolname} |
1079 | @itemx --localize-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1080 | Make symbol @var{symbolname} local to the file, so that it is not | |
1081 | visible externally. This option may be given more than once. | |
1082 | ||
1083 | @item -W @var{symbolname} | |
1084 | @itemx --weaken-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1085 | Make symbol @var{symbolname} weak. This option may be given more than once. | |
1086 | ||
1087 | @item -x | |
1088 | @itemx --discard-all | |
1089 | Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. | |
1090 | @c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here? | |
1091 | ||
1092 | @item -X | |
1093 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
1094 | Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. | |
1095 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) | |
1096 | ||
1097 | @item -b @var{byte} | |
1098 | @itemx --byte=@var{byte} | |
1099 | Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not | |
1100 | affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1, | |
c7c55b78 | 1101 | where @var{interleave} is given by the @option{-i} or @option{--interleave} |
252b5132 RH |
1102 | option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files |
1103 | to program @sc{rom}. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output | |
1104 | target. | |
1105 | ||
1106 | @item -i @var{interleave} | |
1107 | @itemx --interleave=@var{interleave} | |
1108 | Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Select which byte to | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1109 | copy with the @option{-b} or @option{--byte} option. The default is 4. |
1110 | @command{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @option{-b} or | |
1111 | @option{--byte}. | |
252b5132 RH |
1112 | |
1113 | @item -p | |
1114 | @itemx --preserve-dates | |
1115 | Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same | |
1116 | as those of the input file. | |
1117 | ||
1118 | @item --debugging | |
1119 | Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default | |
1120 | because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the | |
1121 | conversion process can be time consuming. | |
1122 | ||
1123 | @item --gap-fill @var{val} | |
1124 | Fill gaps between sections with @var{val}. This operation applies to | |
1125 | the @emph{load address} (LMA) of the sections. It is done by increasing | |
1126 | the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra | |
1127 | space created with @var{val}. | |
1128 | ||
1129 | @item --pad-to @var{address} | |
1130 | Pad the output file up to the load address @var{address}. This is | |
1131 | done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is | |
c7c55b78 | 1132 | filled in with the value specified by @option{--gap-fill} (default zero). |
252b5132 RH |
1133 | |
1134 | @item --set-start @var{val} | |
f20a759a | 1135 | Set the start address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file |
252b5132 RH |
1136 | formats support setting the start address. |
1137 | ||
1138 | @item --change-start @var{incr} | |
1139 | @itemx --adjust-start @var{incr} | |
1140 | @cindex changing start address | |
1141 | Change the start address by adding @var{incr}. Not all object file | |
1142 | formats support setting the start address. | |
1143 | ||
1144 | @item --change-addresses @var{incr} | |
1145 | @itemx --adjust-vma @var{incr} | |
1146 | @cindex changing object addresses | |
1147 | Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start | |
1148 | address, by adding @var{incr}. Some object file formats do not permit | |
1149 | section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not | |
1150 | relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a | |
1151 | certain address, and this option is used to change the sections such | |
1152 | that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail. | |
1153 | ||
1154 | @item --change-section-address @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1155 | @itemx --adjust-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1156 | @cindex changing section address | |
1157 | Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of the named | |
1158 | @var{section}. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to | |
1159 | @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the | |
c7c55b78 | 1160 | section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses}, |
252b5132 | 1161 | above. If @var{section} does not exist in the input file, a warning will |
c7c55b78 | 1162 | be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1163 | |
1164 | @item --change-section-lma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1165 | @cindex changing section LMA | |
1166 | Set or change the LMA address of the named @var{section}. The LMA | |
1167 | address is the address where the section will be loaded into memory at | |
1168 | program load time. Normally this is the same as the VMA address, which | |
1169 | is the address of the section at program run time, but on some systems, | |
1170 | especially those where a program is held in ROM, the two can be | |
1171 | different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to | |
1172 | @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the | |
c7c55b78 | 1173 | section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses}, |
252b5132 | 1174 | above. If @var{section} does not exist in the input file, a warning |
c7c55b78 | 1175 | will be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1176 | |
1177 | @item --change-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1178 | @cindex changing section VMA | |
1179 | Set or change the VMA address of the named @var{section}. The VMA | |
1180 | address is the address where the section will be located once the | |
1181 | program has started executing. Normally this is the same as the LMA | |
1182 | address, which is the address where the section will be loaded into | |
1183 | memory, but on some systems, especially those where a program is held in | |
1184 | ROM, the two can be different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address | |
1185 | is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted | |
1186 | from the section address. See the comments under | |
c7c55b78 | 1187 | @option{--change-addresses}, above. If @var{section} does not exist in |
252b5132 | 1188 | the input file, a warning will be issued, unless |
c7c55b78 | 1189 | @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1190 | |
1191 | @item --change-warnings | |
1192 | @itemx --adjust-warnings | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1193 | If @option{--change-section-address} or @option{--change-section-lma} or |
1194 | @option{--change-section-vma} is used, and the named section does not | |
252b5132 RH |
1195 | exist, issue a warning. This is the default. |
1196 | ||
1197 | @item --no-change-warnings | |
1198 | @itemx --no-adjust-warnings | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1199 | Do not issue a warning if @option{--change-section-address} or |
1200 | @option{--adjust-section-lma} or @option{--adjust-section-vma} is used, even | |
252b5132 RH |
1201 | if the named section does not exist. |
1202 | ||
1203 | @item --set-section-flags @var{section}=@var{flags} | |
1204 | Set the flags for the named section. The @var{flags} argument is a | |
1205 | comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are | |
3994e2c6 ILT |
1206 | @samp{alloc}, @samp{contents}, @samp{load}, @samp{noload}, |
1207 | @samp{readonly}, @samp{code}, @samp{data}, @samp{rom}, @samp{share}, and | |
1208 | @samp{debug}. You can set the @samp{contents} flag for a section which | |
1209 | does not have contents, but it is not meaningful to clear the | |
1210 | @samp{contents} flag of a section which does have contents--just remove | |
1211 | the section instead. Not all flags are meaningful for all object file | |
1212 | formats. | |
252b5132 RH |
1213 | |
1214 | @item --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename} | |
1215 | Add a new section named @var{sectionname} while copying the file. The | |
1216 | contents of the new section are taken from the file @var{filename}. The | |
1217 | size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only | |
1218 | works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names. | |
1219 | ||
594ef5db NC |
1220 | @item --rename-section @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}] |
1221 | Rename a section from @var{oldname} to @var{newname}, optionally | |
1222 | changing the section's flags to @var{flags} in the process. This has | |
1223 | the advantage over usng a linker script to perform the rename in that | |
1224 | the output stays as an object file and does not become a linked | |
1225 | executable. | |
1226 | ||
1227 | This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary, | |
1228 | since this will always create a section called .data. If for example, | |
1229 | you wanted instead to create a section called .rodata containing binary | |
1230 | data you could use the following command line to achieve it: | |
1231 | ||
1232 | @smallexample | |
1233 | objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \ | |
1234 | --rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \ | |
1235 | <input_binary_file> <output_object_file> | |
1236 | @end smallexample | |
1237 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1238 | @item --change-leading-char |
1239 | Some object file formats use special characters at the start of | |
1240 | symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers | |
c7c55b78 | 1241 | often add before every symbol. This option tells @command{objcopy} to |
252b5132 RH |
1242 | change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between |
1243 | object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading | |
1244 | character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a | |
1245 | character, or remove a character, or change a character, as | |
1246 | appropriate. | |
1247 | ||
1248 | @item --remove-leading-char | |
1249 | If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading | |
1250 | character used by the object file format, remove the character. The | |
1251 | most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will | |
1252 | remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful | |
1253 | if you want to link together objects of different file formats with | |
1254 | different conventions for symbol names. This is different from | |
c7c55b78 | 1255 | @option{--change-leading-char} because it always changes the symbol name |
252b5132 RH |
1256 | when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output |
1257 | file. | |
1258 | ||
420496c1 NC |
1259 | @item --srec-len=@var{ival} |
1260 | Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords | |
1261 | being produced to @var{ival}. This length covers both address, data and | |
1262 | crc fields. | |
1263 | ||
1264 | @item --srec-forceS3 | |
1265 | Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records, | |
1266 | creating S3-only record format. | |
1267 | ||
57938635 AM |
1268 | @item --redefine-sym @var{old}=@var{new} |
1269 | Change the name of a symbol @var{old}, to @var{new}. This can be useful | |
1270 | when one is trying link two things together for which you have no | |
1271 | source, and there are name collisions. | |
1272 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1273 | @item --weaken |
1274 | Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful | |
1275 | when building an object which will be linked against other objects using | |
c7c55b78 | 1276 | the @option{-R} option to the linker. This option is only effective when |
252b5132 RH |
1277 | using an object file format which supports weak symbols. |
1278 | ||
16b2b71c | 1279 | @item --keep-symbols=@var{filename} |
c7c55b78 | 1280 | Apply @option{--keep-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1281 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1282 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1283 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1284 | ||
1285 | @item --strip-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1286 | Apply @option{--strip-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1287 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1288 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1289 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1290 | ||
1291 | @item --keep-global-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1292 | Apply @option{--keep-global-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the |
16b2b71c NC |
1293 | file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one |
1294 | symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash | |
1295 | character. This option may be given more than once. | |
1296 | ||
1297 | @item --localize-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1298 | Apply @option{--localize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1299 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1300 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1301 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1302 | ||
1303 | @item --weaken-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1304 | Apply @option{--weaken-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1305 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1306 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1307 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1308 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1309 | @item -V |
1310 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 1311 | Show the version number of @command{objcopy}. |
252b5132 RH |
1312 | |
1313 | @item -v | |
1314 | @itemx --verbose | |
1315 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
1316 | archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive. | |
1317 | ||
1318 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 1319 | Show a summary of the options to @command{objcopy}. |
252b5132 RH |
1320 | @end table |
1321 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1322 | @c man end |
1323 | ||
1324 | @ignore | |
1325 | @c man begin SEEALSO objcopy | |
1326 | ld(1), objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1327 | @c man end | |
1328 | @end ignore | |
1329 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1330 | @node objdump |
1331 | @chapter objdump | |
1332 | ||
1333 | @cindex object file information | |
1334 | @kindex objdump | |
1335 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1336 | @c man title objdump display information from object files. |
1337 | ||
252b5132 | 1338 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1339 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS objdump |
c7c55b78 NC |
1340 | objdump [@option{-a}|@option{--archive-headers}] |
1341 | [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=@var{bfdname}}] | |
1342 | [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}] ] | |
1343 | [@option{-d}|@option{--disassemble}] | |
1344 | [@option{-D}|@option{--disassemble-all}] | |
1345 | [@option{-z}|@option{--disassemble-zeroes}] | |
1346 | [@option{-EB}|@option{-EL}|@option{--endian=}@{big | little @}] | |
1347 | [@option{-f}|@option{--file-headers}] | |
1348 | [@option{--file-start-context}] | |
1349 | [@option{-g}|@option{--debugging}] | |
1350 | [@option{-h}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--headers}] | |
1351 | [@option{-i}|@option{--info}] | |
1352 | [@option{-j} @var{section}|@option{--section=}@var{section}] | |
1353 | [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] | |
1354 | [@option{-S}|@option{--source}] | |
1355 | [@option{-m} @var{machine}|@option{--architecture=}@var{machine}] | |
1356 | [@option{-M} @var{options}|@option{--disassembler-options=}@var{options}] | |
1357 | [@option{-p}|@option{--private-headers}] | |
1358 | [@option{-r}|@option{--reloc}] | |
1359 | [@option{-R}|@option{--dynamic-reloc}] | |
1360 | [@option{-s}|@option{--full-contents}] | |
1361 | [@option{-G}|@option{--stabs}] | |
1362 | [@option{-t}|@option{--syms}] | |
1363 | [@option{-T}|@option{--dynamic-syms}] | |
1364 | [@option{-x}|@option{--all-headers}] | |
1365 | [@option{-w}|@option{--wide}] | |
1366 | [@option{--start-address=}@var{address}] | |
1367 | [@option{--stop-address=}@var{address}] | |
1368 | [@option{--prefix-addresses}] | |
1369 | [@option{--[no-]show-raw-insn}] | |
1370 | [@option{--adjust-vma=}@var{offset}] | |
1371 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
1372 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] | |
252b5132 | 1373 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 1374 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1375 | @end smallexample |
1376 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1377 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION objdump |
1378 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1379 | @command{objdump} displays information about one or more object files. |
252b5132 RH |
1380 | The options control what particular information to display. This |
1381 | information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the | |
1382 | compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their | |
1383 | program to compile and work. | |
1384 | ||
1385 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you | |
c7c55b78 | 1386 | specify archives, @command{objdump} shows information on each of the member |
252b5132 RH |
1387 | object files. |
1388 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1389 | @c man end |
1390 | ||
1391 | @c man begin OPTIONS objdump | |
1392 | ||
252b5132 | 1393 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
1dada9c5 | 1394 | equivalent. At least one option from the list |
c7c55b78 | 1395 | @option{-a,-d,-D,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-r,-R,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x} must be given. |
252b5132 | 1396 | |
c7c55b78 | 1397 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1398 | @item -a |
1399 | @itemx --archive-header | |
1400 | @cindex archive headers | |
1401 | If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive | |
1402 | header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the | |
1403 | information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows | |
1404 | the object file format of each archive member. | |
1405 | ||
1406 | @item --adjust-vma=@var{offset} | |
1407 | @cindex section addresses in objdump | |
1408 | @cindex VMA in objdump | |
1409 | When dumping information, first add @var{offset} to all the section | |
1410 | addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not correspond to | |
1411 | the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at particular | |
1412 | addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses, | |
1413 | such as a.out. | |
1414 | ||
1415 | @item -b @var{bfdname} | |
1416 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1417 | @cindex object code format | |
1418 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is | |
1419 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can | |
1420 | automatically recognize many formats. | |
1421 | ||
1422 | For example, | |
1423 | @example | |
1424 | objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o | |
1425 | @end example | |
1426 | @noindent | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1427 | displays summary information from the section headers (@option{-h}) of |
1428 | @file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@option{-m}) as a VAX object | |
252b5132 | 1429 | file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the |
c7c55b78 | 1430 | formats available with the @option{-i} option. |
252b5132 RH |
1431 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
1432 | ||
1433 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 1434 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
1435 | @cindex demangling in objdump |
1436 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
1437 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 NC |
1438 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
1439 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to | |
1440 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
1441 | for more information on demangling. | |
252b5132 | 1442 | |
1dada9c5 | 1443 | @item -G |
252b5132 RH |
1444 | @item --debugging |
1445 | Display debugging information. This attempts to parse debugging | |
1446 | information stored in the file and print it out using a C like syntax. | |
1447 | Only certain types of debugging information have been implemented. | |
1448 | ||
1449 | @item -d | |
1450 | @itemx --disassemble | |
1451 | @cindex disassembling object code | |
1452 | @cindex machine instructions | |
1453 | Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from | |
1454 | @var{objfile}. This option only disassembles those sections which are | |
1455 | expected to contain instructions. | |
1456 | ||
1457 | @item -D | |
1458 | @itemx --disassemble-all | |
c7c55b78 | 1459 | Like @option{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just |
252b5132 RH |
1460 | those expected to contain instructions. |
1461 | ||
1462 | @item --prefix-addresses | |
1463 | When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is | |
1464 | the older disassembly format. | |
1465 | ||
1466 | @item --disassemble-zeroes | |
1467 | Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This | |
1468 | option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like | |
1469 | any other data. | |
1470 | ||
1471 | @item -EB | |
1472 | @itemx -EL | |
1473 | @itemx --endian=@{big|little@} | |
1474 | @cindex endianness | |
1475 | @cindex disassembly endianness | |
1476 | Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects | |
1477 | disassembly. This can be useful when disassembling a file format which | |
1478 | does not describe endianness information, such as S-records. | |
1479 | ||
1480 | @item -f | |
1481 | @itemx --file-header | |
1482 | @cindex object file header | |
1483 | Display summary information from the overall header of | |
1484 | each of the @var{objfile} files. | |
1485 | ||
f1563258 TW |
1486 | @item --file-start-context |
1487 | @cindex source code context | |
1488 | Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly | |
c7c55b78 | 1489 | (assumes @option{-S}) from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend the |
f1563258 TW |
1490 | context to the start of the file. |
1491 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1492 | @item -h |
1493 | @itemx --section-header | |
1494 | @itemx --header | |
1495 | @cindex section headers | |
1496 | Display summary information from the section headers of the | |
1497 | object file. | |
1498 | ||
1499 | File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1500 | using the @option{-Ttext}, @option{-Tdata}, or @option{-Tbss} options to |
1501 | @command{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not | |
252b5132 | 1502 | store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations, |
c7c55b78 | 1503 | although @command{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump |
252b5132 RH |
1504 | -h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. |
1505 | Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the | |
1506 | target. | |
1507 | ||
1508 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 1509 | Print a summary of the options to @command{objdump} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
1510 | |
1511 | @item -i | |
1512 | @itemx --info | |
1513 | @cindex architectures available | |
1514 | @cindex object formats available | |
1515 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available | |
c7c55b78 | 1516 | for specification with @option{-b} or @option{-m}. |
252b5132 RH |
1517 | |
1518 | @item -j @var{name} | |
1519 | @itemx --section=@var{name} | |
1520 | @cindex section information | |
1521 | Display information only for section @var{name}. | |
1522 | ||
1523 | @item -l | |
1524 | @itemx --line-numbers | |
1525 | @cindex source filenames for object files | |
1526 | Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename and | |
1527 | source line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs shown. | |
c7c55b78 | 1528 | Only useful with @option{-d}, @option{-D}, or @option{-r}. |
252b5132 RH |
1529 | |
1530 | @item -m @var{machine} | |
1531 | @itemx --architecture=@var{machine} | |
1532 | @cindex architecture | |
1533 | @cindex disassembly architecture | |
1534 | Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. This | |
1535 | can be useful when disassembling object files which do not describe | |
1536 | architecture information, such as S-records. You can list the available | |
c7c55b78 | 1537 | architectures with the @option{-i} option. |
252b5132 | 1538 | |
dd92f639 NC |
1539 | @item -M @var{options} |
1540 | @itemx --disassembler-options=@var{options} | |
1541 | Pass target specific information to the disassembler. Only supported on | |
1542 | some targets. | |
1543 | ||
1544 | If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used to | |
1545 | select which register name set is used during disassembler. Specifying | |
c7c55b78 | 1546 | @option{-M reg-name-std} (the default) will select the register names as |
58efb6c0 NC |
1547 | used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but with register 13 called |
1548 | 'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register 15 called 'pc'. Specifying | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1549 | @option{-M reg-names-apcs} will select the name set used by the ARM |
1550 | Procedure Call Standard, whilst specifying @option{-M reg-names-raw} will | |
58efb6c0 NC |
1551 | just use @samp{r} followed by the register number. |
1552 | ||
1553 | There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme enabled | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1554 | by @option{-M reg-names-atpcs} and @option{-M reg-names-special-atpcs} which |
1555 | use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming conventions. (Either | |
1556 | with the normal register name or the special register names). | |
dd92f639 | 1557 | |
8f915f68 | 1558 | This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the |
c36774d6 | 1559 | disassembler to interpret all instructions as Thumb instructions by |
c7c55b78 | 1560 | using the switch @option{--disassembler-options=force-thumb}. This can be |
8f915f68 NC |
1561 | useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other |
1562 | compilers. | |
1563 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1564 | @item -p |
1565 | @itemx --private-headers | |
1566 | Print information that is specific to the object file format. The exact | |
1567 | information printed depends upon the object file format. For some | |
1568 | object file formats, no additional information is printed. | |
1569 | ||
1570 | @item -r | |
1571 | @itemx --reloc | |
1572 | @cindex relocation entries, in object file | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1573 | Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with @option{-d} or |
1574 | @option{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the | |
252b5132 RH |
1575 | disassembly. |
1576 | ||
1577 | @item -R | |
1578 | @itemx --dynamic-reloc | |
1579 | @cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file | |
1580 | Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only | |
1581 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
1582 | libraries. | |
1583 | ||
1584 | @item -s | |
1585 | @itemx --full-contents | |
1586 | @cindex sections, full contents | |
1587 | @cindex object file sections | |
1588 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. | |
1589 | ||
1590 | @item -S | |
1591 | @itemx --source | |
1592 | @cindex source disassembly | |
1593 | @cindex disassembly, with source | |
1594 | Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. Implies | |
c7c55b78 | 1595 | @option{-d}. |
252b5132 RH |
1596 | |
1597 | @item --show-raw-insn | |
1598 | When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as | |
1599 | in symbolic form. This is the default except when | |
c7c55b78 | 1600 | @option{--prefix-addresses} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1601 | |
1602 | @item --no-show-raw-insn | |
1603 | When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes. | |
c7c55b78 | 1604 | This is the default when @option{--prefix-addresses} is used. |
252b5132 | 1605 | |
1dada9c5 | 1606 | @item -G |
252b5132 RH |
1607 | @item --stabs |
1608 | @cindex stab | |
1609 | @cindex .stab | |
1610 | @cindex debug symbols | |
1611 | @cindex ELF object file format | |
1612 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the | |
1613 | contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an | |
1614 | ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which | |
1615 | @code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF | |
1616 | section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are | |
c7c55b78 | 1617 | interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @option{--syms} |
0285c67d NC |
1618 | output. |
1619 | @ifclear man | |
1620 | For more information on stabs symbols, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs | |
252b5132 | 1621 | Overview,stabs.info, The ``stabs'' debug format}. |
0285c67d | 1622 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
1623 | |
1624 | @item --start-address=@var{address} | |
1625 | @cindex start-address | |
1626 | Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output | |
c7c55b78 | 1627 | of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options. |
252b5132 RH |
1628 | |
1629 | @item --stop-address=@var{address} | |
1630 | @cindex stop-address | |
1631 | Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output | |
c7c55b78 | 1632 | of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options. |
252b5132 RH |
1633 | |
1634 | @item -t | |
1635 | @itemx --syms | |
1636 | @cindex symbol table entries, printing | |
1637 | Print the symbol table entries of the file. | |
1638 | This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program. | |
1639 | ||
1640 | @item -T | |
1641 | @itemx --dynamic-syms | |
1642 | @cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing | |
1643 | Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only | |
1644 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
1645 | libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} | |
c7c55b78 | 1646 | program when given the @option{-D} (@option{--dynamic}) option. |
252b5132 RH |
1647 | |
1648 | @item --version | |
c7c55b78 | 1649 | Print the version number of @command{objdump} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
1650 | |
1651 | @item -x | |
1652 | @itemx --all-header | |
1653 | @cindex all header information, object file | |
1654 | @cindex header information, all | |
1655 | Display all available header information, including the symbol table and | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1656 | relocation entries. Using @option{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of |
1657 | @option{-a -f -h -r -t}. | |
252b5132 RH |
1658 | |
1659 | @item -w | |
1660 | @itemx --wide | |
1661 | @cindex wide output, printing | |
1662 | Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns. | |
1663 | @end table | |
1664 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1665 | @c man end |
1666 | ||
1667 | @ignore | |
1668 | @c man begin SEEALSO objdump | |
1669 | nm(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1670 | @c man end | |
1671 | @end ignore | |
1672 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1673 | @node ranlib |
1674 | @chapter ranlib | |
1675 | ||
1676 | @kindex ranlib | |
1677 | @cindex archive contents | |
1678 | @cindex symbol index | |
1679 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1680 | @c man title ranlib generate index to archive. |
1681 | ||
252b5132 | 1682 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1683 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS ranlib |
c7c55b78 | 1684 | ranlib [@option{-vV}] @var{archive} |
0285c67d | 1685 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1686 | @end smallexample |
1687 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1688 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION ranlib |
1689 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1690 | @command{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and |
252b5132 RH |
1691 | stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a |
1692 | member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. | |
1693 | ||
1694 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index. | |
1695 | ||
1696 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and | |
1697 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to | |
1698 | their placement in the archive. | |
1699 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
1700 | The @sc{gnu} @command{ranlib} program is another form of @sc{gnu} @command{ar}; running |
1701 | @command{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}. | |
252b5132 RH |
1702 | @xref{ar}. |
1703 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1704 | @c man end |
1705 | ||
1706 | @c man begin OPTIONS ranlib | |
1707 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1708 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1709 | @item -v |
1710 | @itemx -V | |
f20a759a | 1711 | @itemx --version |
c7c55b78 | 1712 | Show the version number of @command{ranlib}. |
252b5132 RH |
1713 | @end table |
1714 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1715 | @c man end |
1716 | ||
1717 | @ignore | |
1718 | @c man begin SEEALSO ranlib | |
1719 | ar(1), nm(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1720 | @c man end | |
1721 | @end ignore | |
1722 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1723 | @node size |
1724 | @chapter size | |
1725 | ||
1726 | @kindex size | |
1727 | @cindex section sizes | |
1728 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1729 | @c man title size list section sizes and total size. |
1730 | ||
252b5132 | 1731 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1732 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS size |
c7c55b78 NC |
1733 | size [@option{-A}|@option{-B}|@option{--format=}@var{compatibility}] |
1734 | [@option{--help}] [@option{-d}|@option{-o}|@option{-x}|@option{--radix=}@var{number}] | |
1735 | [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
1736 | [@var{objfile}@dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 1737 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1738 | @end smallexample |
1739 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1740 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION size |
1741 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1742 | The @sc{gnu} @command{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total |
252b5132 RH |
1743 | size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its |
1744 | argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each | |
1745 | object file or each module in an archive. | |
1746 | ||
1747 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. | |
1748 | If none are specified, the file @code{a.out} will be used. | |
1749 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1750 | @c man end |
1751 | ||
1752 | @c man begin OPTIONS size | |
1753 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1754 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
1755 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1756 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1757 | @item -A |
1758 | @itemx -B | |
1759 | @itemx --format=@var{compatibility} | |
c7c55b78 | 1760 | @cindex @command{size} display format |
252b5132 | 1761 | Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from @sc{gnu} |
c7c55b78 NC |
1762 | @command{size} resembles output from System V @command{size} (using @option{-A}, |
1763 | or @option{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @command{size} (using @option{-B}, or | |
1764 | @option{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to | |
252b5132 RH |
1765 | Berkeley's. |
1766 | @c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or | |
1767 | @c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or | |
1768 | @c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley. | |
1769 | ||
1770 | Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from | |
c7c55b78 | 1771 | @command{size}: |
252b5132 | 1772 | @smallexample |
f20a759a | 1773 | $ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size |
252b5132 RH |
1774 | text data bss dec hex filename |
1775 | 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib | |
1776 | 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size | |
1777 | @end smallexample | |
1778 | ||
1779 | @noindent | |
1780 | This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions: | |
1781 | ||
1782 | @smallexample | |
f20a759a | 1783 | $ size --format=SysV ranlib size |
252b5132 RH |
1784 | ranlib : |
1785 | section size addr | |
1786 | .text 294880 8192 | |
1787 | .data 81920 303104 | |
1788 | .bss 11592 385024 | |
1789 | Total 388392 | |
1790 | ||
1791 | ||
1792 | size : | |
1793 | section size addr | |
1794 | .text 294880 8192 | |
1795 | .data 81920 303104 | |
1796 | .bss 11888 385024 | |
1797 | Total 388688 | |
1798 | @end smallexample | |
1799 | ||
1800 | @item --help | |
1801 | Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options. | |
1802 | ||
1803 | @item -d | |
1804 | @itemx -o | |
1805 | @itemx -x | |
1806 | @itemx --radix=@var{number} | |
c7c55b78 | 1807 | @cindex @command{size} number format |
252b5132 RH |
1808 | @cindex radix for section sizes |
1809 | Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1810 | section is given in decimal (@option{-d}, or @option{--radix=10}); octal |
1811 | (@option{-o}, or @option{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@option{-x}, or | |
1812 | @option{--radix=16}). In @option{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three | |
252b5132 | 1813 | values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two |
c7c55b78 NC |
1814 | radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @option{-d} or @option{-x} output, or |
1815 | octal and hexadecimal if you're using @option{-o}. | |
252b5132 RH |
1816 | |
1817 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1818 | @cindex object code format | |
1819 | Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is | |
c7c55b78 | 1820 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @command{size} can |
252b5132 RH |
1821 | automatically recognize many formats. |
1822 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1823 | ||
1824 | @item -V | |
1825 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 1826 | Display the version number of @command{size}. |
252b5132 RH |
1827 | @end table |
1828 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1829 | @c man end |
1830 | ||
1831 | @ignore | |
1832 | @c man begin SEEALSO size | |
1833 | ar(1), objdump(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1834 | @c man end | |
1835 | @end ignore | |
1836 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1837 | @node strings |
1838 | @chapter strings | |
1839 | @kindex strings | |
1840 | @cindex listings strings | |
1841 | @cindex printing strings | |
1842 | @cindex strings, printing | |
1843 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1844 | @c man title strings print the strings of printable characters in files. |
1845 | ||
252b5132 | 1846 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1847 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS strings |
c7c55b78 NC |
1848 | strings [@option{-afov}] [@option{-}@var{min-len}] [@option{-n} @var{min-len}] [@option{-t} @var{radix}] [@option{-}] |
1849 | [@option{--all}] [@option{--print-file-name}] [@option{--bytes=}@var{min-len}] | |
1850 | [@option{--radix=}@var{radix}] [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
1851 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] @var{file}@dots{} | |
0285c67d | 1852 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1853 | @end smallexample |
1854 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1855 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION strings |
1856 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1857 | For each @var{file} given, @sc{gnu} @command{strings} prints the printable |
252b5132 RH |
1858 | character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number |
1859 | given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable | |
1860 | character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized | |
1861 | and loaded sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints | |
1862 | the strings from the whole file. | |
1863 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1864 | @command{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text |
252b5132 RH |
1865 | files. |
1866 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1867 | @c man end |
1868 | ||
1869 | @c man begin OPTIONS strings | |
1870 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1871 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1872 | @item -a |
1873 | @itemx --all | |
1874 | @itemx - | |
1875 | Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object files; | |
1876 | scan the whole files. | |
1877 | ||
1878 | @item -f | |
1879 | @itemx --print-file-name | |
1880 | Print the name of the file before each string. | |
1881 | ||
1882 | @item --help | |
1883 | Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit. | |
1884 | ||
1885 | @item -@var{min-len} | |
1886 | @itemx -n @var{min-len} | |
1887 | @itemx --bytes=@var{min-len} | |
1888 | Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters | |
1889 | long, instead of the default 4. | |
1890 | ||
1891 | @item -o | |
c7c55b78 | 1892 | Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @command{strings} have @option{-o} |
252b5132 RH |
1893 | act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both |
1894 | ways, we simply chose one. | |
1895 | ||
1896 | @item -t @var{radix} | |
1897 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
1898 | Print the offset within the file before each string. The single | |
1899 | character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for | |
1900 | octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal. | |
1901 | ||
1902 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1903 | @cindex object code format | |
1904 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
1905 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1906 | ||
1907 | @item -v | |
1908 | @itemx --version | |
1909 | Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. | |
1910 | @end table | |
1911 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1912 | @c man end |
1913 | ||
1914 | @ignore | |
1915 | @c man begin SEEALSO strings | |
1916 | ar(1), nm(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), readelf(1) | |
1917 | and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1918 | @c man end | |
1919 | @end ignore | |
1920 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1921 | @node strip |
1922 | @chapter strip | |
1923 | ||
1924 | @kindex strip | |
1925 | @cindex removing symbols | |
1926 | @cindex discarding symbols | |
1927 | @cindex symbols, discarding | |
1928 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1929 | @c man title strip Discard symbols from object files. |
1930 | ||
252b5132 | 1931 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1932 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS strip |
c7c55b78 NC |
1933 | strip [@option{-F} @var{bfdname} |@option{--target=}@var{bfdname} ] |
1934 | [@option{-I} @var{bfdname} |@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname} ] | |
1935 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname} |@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname} ] | |
1936 | [@option{-s}|@option{--strip-all}] [@option{-S}|@option{-g}|@option{--strip-debug}] | |
1937 | [@option{-K} @var{symbolname} |@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname} ] | |
1938 | [@option{-N} @var{symbolname} |@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname} ] | |
1939 | [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all} ] [@option{-X} |@option{--discard-locals}] | |
1940 | [@option{-R} @var{sectionname} |@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname} ] | |
1941 | [@option{-o} @var{file} ] [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}] | |
1942 | [@option{-v} |@option{--verbose}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] [@option{--help}] | |
252b5132 | 1943 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 1944 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1945 | @end smallexample |
1946 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1947 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION strip |
1948 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1949 | @sc{gnu} @command{strip} discards all symbols from object files |
252b5132 RH |
1950 | @var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives. |
1951 | At least one object file must be given. | |
1952 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1953 | @command{strip} modifies the files named in its argument, |
252b5132 RH |
1954 | rather than writing modified copies under different names. |
1955 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1956 | @c man end |
1957 | ||
1958 | @c man begin OPTIONS strip | |
1959 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1960 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1961 | @item -F @var{bfdname} |
1962 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1963 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object | |
1964 | code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format. | |
1965 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1966 | ||
1967 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 1968 | Show a summary of the options to @command{strip} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
1969 | |
1970 | @item -I @var{bfdname} | |
1971 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} | |
1972 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object | |
1973 | code format @var{bfdname}. | |
1974 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1975 | ||
1976 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
1977 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
1978 | Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}. | |
1979 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1980 | ||
1981 | @item -R @var{sectionname} | |
1982 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname} | |
1983 | Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This | |
1984 | option may be given more than once. Note that using this option | |
1985 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. | |
1986 | ||
1987 | @item -s | |
1988 | @itemx --strip-all | |
1989 | Remove all symbols. | |
1990 | ||
1991 | @item -g | |
1992 | @itemx -S | |
1993 | @itemx --strip-debug | |
1994 | Remove debugging symbols only. | |
1995 | ||
1996 | @item --strip-unneeded | |
1997 | Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. | |
1998 | ||
1999 | @item -K @var{symbolname} | |
2000 | @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
2001 | Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may | |
2002 | be given more than once. | |
2003 | ||
2004 | @item -N @var{symbolname} | |
2005 | @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
2006 | Remove symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may be | |
2007 | given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other than | |
c7c55b78 | 2008 | @option{-K}. |
252b5132 RH |
2009 | |
2010 | @item -o @var{file} | |
2011 | Put the stripped output in @var{file}, rather than replacing the | |
2012 | existing file. When this argument is used, only one @var{objfile} | |
2013 | argument may be specified. | |
2014 | ||
2015 | @item -p | |
2016 | @itemx --preserve-dates | |
2017 | Preserve the access and modification dates of the file. | |
2018 | ||
2019 | @item -x | |
2020 | @itemx --discard-all | |
2021 | Remove non-global symbols. | |
2022 | ||
2023 | @item -X | |
2024 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
2025 | Remove compiler-generated local symbols. | |
2026 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) | |
2027 | ||
2028 | @item -V | |
2029 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2030 | Show the version number for @command{strip}. |
252b5132 RH |
2031 | |
2032 | @item -v | |
2033 | @itemx --verbose | |
2034 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
2035 | archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive. | |
2036 | @end table | |
2037 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2038 | @c man end |
2039 | ||
2040 | @ignore | |
2041 | @c man begin SEEALSO strip | |
2042 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2043 | @c man end | |
2044 | @end ignore | |
2045 | ||
9d51cc66 | 2046 | @node c++filt, addr2line, strip, Top |
252b5132 RH |
2047 | @chapter c++filt |
2048 | ||
2049 | @kindex c++filt | |
2050 | @cindex demangling C++ symbols | |
2051 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2052 | @c man title cxxfilt Demangle C++ and Java symbols. |
2053 | ||
252b5132 | 2054 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2055 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS cxxfilt |
c7c55b78 NC |
2056 | c++filt [@option{-_}|@option{--strip-underscores}] |
2057 | [@option{-j}|@option{--java}] | |
2058 | [@option{-n}|@option{--no-strip-underscores}] | |
2059 | [@option{-s} @var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}] | |
2060 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] [@var{symbol}@dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 2061 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2062 | @end smallexample |
2063 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2064 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION cxxfilt |
2065 | ||
9d51cc66 | 2066 | @kindex cxxfilt |
252b5132 RH |
2067 | The C++ and Java languages provides function overloading, which means |
2068 | that you can write many functions with the same name (providing each | |
2069 | takes parameters of different types). All C++ and Java function names | |
2070 | are encoded into a low-level assembly label (this process is known as | |
c7c55b78 | 2071 | @dfn{mangling}). The @command{c++filt} |
9d51cc66 | 2072 | @footnote{MS-DOS does not allow @kbd{+} characters in file names, so on |
c7c55b78 | 2073 | MS-DOS this program is named @command{cxxfilt}.} |
9d51cc66 ILT |
2074 | program does the inverse mapping: it decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level |
2075 | names into user-level names so that the linker can keep these overloaded | |
2076 | functions from clashing. | |
252b5132 RH |
2077 | |
2078 | Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, | |
2079 | dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the | |
2080 | label decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level | |
2081 | name in the output. | |
2082 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2083 | You can use @command{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols: |
252b5132 RH |
2084 | |
2085 | @example | |
2086 | c++filt @var{symbol} | |
2087 | @end example | |
2088 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2089 | If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @command{c++filt} reads symbol |
252b5132 RH |
2090 | names from the standard input and writes the demangled names to the |
2091 | standard output. All results are printed on the standard output. | |
2092 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2093 | @c man end |
2094 | ||
2095 | @c man begin OPTIONS cxxfilt | |
2096 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2097 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2098 | @item -_ |
2099 | @itemx --strip-underscores | |
2100 | On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front | |
2101 | of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level | |
2102 | name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether | |
c7c55b78 | 2103 | @command{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent. |
252b5132 RH |
2104 | |
2105 | @item -j | |
2106 | @itemx --java | |
2107 | Prints demangled names using Java syntax. The default is to use C++ | |
2108 | syntax. | |
2109 | ||
2110 | @item -n | |
2111 | @itemx --no-strip-underscores | |
2112 | Do not remove the initial underscore. | |
2113 | ||
2114 | @item -s @var{format} | |
2115 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
c7c55b78 | 2116 | @sc{gnu} @command{nm} can decode three different methods of mangling, used by |
252b5132 RH |
2117 | different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which |
2118 | method it uses: | |
2119 | ||
2120 | @table @code | |
2121 | @item gnu | |
2122 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} compiler (the default method) | |
2123 | @item lucid | |
2124 | the one used by the Lucid compiler | |
2125 | @item arm | |
2126 | the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual | |
2127 | @item hp | |
2128 | the one used by the HP compiler | |
2129 | @item edg | |
2130 | the one used by the EDG compiler | |
28c309a2 NC |
2131 | @item gnu-new-abi |
2132 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} compiler with the new ABI. | |
252b5132 RH |
2133 | @end table |
2134 | ||
2135 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 2136 | Print a summary of the options to @command{c++filt} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
2137 | |
2138 | @item --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2139 | Print the version number of @command{c++filt} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
2140 | @end table |
2141 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2142 | @c man end |
2143 | ||
2144 | @ignore | |
2145 | @c man begin SEEALSO cxxfilt | |
2146 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2147 | @c man end | |
2148 | @end ignore | |
2149 | ||
252b5132 | 2150 | @quotation |
c7c55b78 | 2151 | @emph{Warning:} @command{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its |
252b5132 RH |
2152 | user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular, |
2153 | a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name | |
2154 | passed as an argument on the command line; in other words, | |
2155 | ||
2156 | @example | |
2157 | c++filt @var{symbol} | |
2158 | @end example | |
2159 | ||
2160 | @noindent | |
2161 | may in a future release become | |
2162 | ||
2163 | @example | |
2164 | c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol} | |
2165 | @end example | |
2166 | @end quotation | |
2167 | ||
2168 | @node addr2line | |
2169 | @chapter addr2line | |
2170 | ||
2171 | @kindex addr2line | |
2172 | @cindex address to file name and line number | |
2173 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2174 | @c man title addr2line convert addresses into file names and line numbers. |
2175 | ||
252b5132 | 2176 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2177 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS addr2line |
c7c55b78 NC |
2178 | addr2line [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
2179 | [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}] | |
2180 | [@option{-e} @var{filename}|@option{--exe=}@var{filename}] | |
2181 | [@option{-f}|@option{--functions}] [@option{-s}|@option{--basename}] | |
2182 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
2183 | [addr addr @dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 2184 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2185 | @end smallexample |
2186 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2187 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION addr2line |
2188 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2189 | @command{addr2line} translates program addresses into file names and line |
252b5132 RH |
2190 | numbers. Given an address and an executable, it uses the debugging |
2191 | information in the executable to figure out which file name and line | |
2192 | number are associated with a given address. | |
2193 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2194 | The executable to use is specified with the @option{-e} option. The |
f20a759a | 2195 | default is the file @file{a.out}. |
252b5132 | 2196 | |
c7c55b78 | 2197 | @command{addr2line} has two modes of operation. |
252b5132 RH |
2198 | |
2199 | In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line, | |
c7c55b78 | 2200 | and @command{addr2line} displays the file name and line number for each |
252b5132 RH |
2201 | address. |
2202 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2203 | In the second, @command{addr2line} reads hexadecimal addresses from |
252b5132 | 2204 | standard input, and prints the file name and line number for each |
c7c55b78 | 2205 | address on standard output. In this mode, @command{addr2line} may be used |
252b5132 RH |
2206 | in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses. |
2207 | ||
2208 | The format of the output is @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}. The file name and | |
2209 | line number for each address is printed on a separate line. If the | |
c7c55b78 | 2210 | @command{-f} option is used, then each @samp{FILENAME:LINENO} line is |
252b5132 RH |
2211 | preceded by a @samp{FUNCTIONNAME} line which is the name of the function |
2212 | containing the address. | |
2213 | ||
2214 | If the file name or function name can not be determined, | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2215 | @command{addr2line} will print two question marks in their place. If the |
2216 | line number can not be determined, @command{addr2line} will print 0. | |
252b5132 | 2217 | |
0285c67d NC |
2218 | @c man end |
2219 | ||
2220 | @c man begin OPTIONS addr2line | |
2221 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2222 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
2223 | equivalent. | |
2224 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2225 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2226 | @item -b @var{bfdname} |
2227 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
2228 | @cindex object code format | |
2229 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is | |
2230 | @var{bfdname}. | |
2231 | ||
2232 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 2233 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
2234 | @cindex demangling in objdump |
2235 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
2236 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 NC |
2237 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
2238 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to | |
2239 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
2240 | for more information on demangling. | |
252b5132 RH |
2241 | |
2242 | @item -e @var{filename} | |
2243 | @itemx --exe=@var{filename} | |
2244 | Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be | |
2245 | translated. The default file is @file{a.out}. | |
2246 | ||
2247 | @item -f | |
2248 | @itemx --functions | |
2249 | Display function names as well as file and line number information. | |
2250 | ||
2251 | @item -s | |
2252 | @itemx --basenames | |
2253 | Display only the base of each file name. | |
e107c42f | 2254 | @end table |
252b5132 | 2255 | |
0285c67d NC |
2256 | @c man end |
2257 | ||
2258 | @ignore | |
2259 | @c man begin SEEALSO addr2line | |
2260 | Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2261 | @c man end | |
2262 | @end ignore | |
2263 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2264 | @node nlmconv |
2265 | @chapter nlmconv | |
2266 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2267 | @command{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare |
252b5132 RH |
2268 | Loadable Module. |
2269 | ||
2270 | @ignore | |
c7c55b78 | 2271 | @command{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object |
252b5132 RH |
2272 | files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC} |
2273 | object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{ | |
c7c55b78 | 2274 | @command{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object |
252b5132 RH |
2275 | format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested |
2276 | with the above formats.}. | |
2277 | @end ignore | |
2278 | ||
2279 | @quotation | |
c7c55b78 | 2280 | @emph{Warning:} @command{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary |
252b5132 RH |
2281 | utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets. |
2282 | @end quotation | |
2283 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2284 | @c man title nlmconv converts object code into an NLM. |
2285 | ||
252b5132 | 2286 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2287 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS nlmconv |
c7c55b78 NC |
2288 | nlmconv [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] |
2289 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
2290 | [@option{-T} @var{headerfile}|@option{--header-file=}@var{headerfile}] | |
2291 | [@option{-d}|@option{--debug}] [@option{-l} @var{linker}|@option{--linker=}@var{linker}] | |
2292 | [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
252b5132 | 2293 | @var{infile} @var{outfile} |
0285c67d | 2294 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2295 | @end smallexample |
2296 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2297 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION nlmconv |
2298 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2299 | @command{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file |
252b5132 RH |
2300 | @var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally |
2301 | reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions | |
2302 | on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the | |
2303 | @samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM | |
2304 | Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software | |
2305 | Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc. | |
c7c55b78 | 2306 | @command{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read |
0285c67d NC |
2307 | @var{infile}; |
2308 | @ifclear man | |
2309 | see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for more information. | |
2310 | @end ifclear | |
252b5132 | 2311 | |
c7c55b78 | 2312 | @command{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list |
252b5132 RH |
2313 | more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions |
2314 | file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line). | |
c7c55b78 | 2315 | In this case, @command{nlmconv} calls the linker for you. |
252b5132 | 2316 | |
0285c67d NC |
2317 | @c man end |
2318 | ||
2319 | @c man begin OPTIONS nlmconv | |
2320 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2321 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2322 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
2323 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} | |
c7c55b78 | 2324 | Object format of the input file. @command{nlmconv} can usually determine |
252b5132 RH |
2325 | the format of a given file (so no default is necessary). |
2326 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2327 | ||
2328 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
2329 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
c7c55b78 | 2330 | Object format of the output file. @command{nlmconv} infers the output |
252b5132 RH |
2331 | format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the |
2332 | output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}. | |
2333 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2334 | ||
2335 | @item -T @var{headerfile} | |
2336 | @itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile} | |
2337 | Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on | |
2338 | writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the | |
2339 | @samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools | |
2340 | Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available | |
2341 | from Novell, Inc. | |
2342 | ||
2343 | @item -d | |
2344 | @itemx --debug | |
c7c55b78 | 2345 | Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @command{nlmconv}. |
252b5132 RH |
2346 | |
2347 | @item -l @var{linker} | |
2348 | @itemx --linker=@var{linker} | |
2349 | Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an absolute or a | |
2350 | relative pathname. | |
2351 | ||
2352 | @item -h | |
2353 | @itemx --help | |
2354 | Prints a usage summary. | |
2355 | ||
2356 | @item -V | |
2357 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2358 | Prints the version number for @command{nlmconv}. |
252b5132 RH |
2359 | @end table |
2360 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2361 | @c man end |
2362 | ||
2363 | @ignore | |
2364 | @c man begin SEEALSO nlmconv | |
2365 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2366 | @c man end | |
2367 | @end ignore | |
2368 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2369 | @node windres |
2370 | @chapter windres | |
2371 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2372 | @command{windres} may be used to manipulate Windows resources. |
252b5132 RH |
2373 | |
2374 | @quotation | |
c7c55b78 | 2375 | @emph{Warning:} @command{windres} is not always built as part of the binary |
252b5132 RH |
2376 | utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets. |
2377 | @end quotation | |
2378 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2379 | @c man title windres manipulate Windows resources. |
2380 | ||
252b5132 | 2381 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2382 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS windres |
252b5132 | 2383 | windres [options] [input-file] [output-file] |
0285c67d | 2384 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2385 | @end smallexample |
2386 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2387 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION windres |
2388 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2389 | @command{windres} reads resources from an input file and copies them into |
252b5132 RH |
2390 | an output file. Either file may be in one of three formats: |
2391 | ||
2392 | @table @code | |
2393 | @item rc | |
2394 | A text format read by the Resource Compiler. | |
2395 | ||
2396 | @item res | |
2397 | A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler. | |
2398 | ||
2399 | @item coff | |
2400 | A COFF object or executable. | |
2401 | @end table | |
2402 | ||
2403 | The exact description of these different formats is available in | |
2404 | documentation from Microsoft. | |
2405 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2406 | When @command{windres} converts from the @code{rc} format to the @code{res} |
252b5132 | 2407 | format, it is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When |
c7c55b78 | 2408 | @command{windres} converts from the @code{res} format to the @code{coff} |
252b5132 RH |
2409 | format, it is acting like the Windows @code{CVTRES} program. |
2410 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2411 | When @command{windres} generates an @code{rc} file, the output is similar |
252b5132 RH |
2412 | but not identical to the format expected for the input. When an input |
2413 | @code{rc} file refers to an external filename, an output @code{rc} file | |
2414 | will instead include the file contents. | |
2415 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2416 | If the input or output format is not specified, @command{windres} will |
252b5132 RH |
2417 | guess based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents. |
2418 | A file with an extension of @file{.rc} will be treated as an @code{rc} | |
2419 | file, a file with an extension of @file{.res} will be treated as a | |
2420 | @code{res} file, and a file with an extension of @file{.o} or | |
2421 | @file{.exe} will be treated as a @code{coff} file. | |
2422 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2423 | If no output file is specified, @command{windres} will print the resources |
252b5132 RH |
2424 | in @code{rc} format to standard output. |
2425 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2426 | The normal use is for you to write an @code{rc} file, use @command{windres} |
252b5132 RH |
2427 | to convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into |
2428 | your application. This will make the resources described in the | |
2429 | @code{rc} file available to Windows. | |
2430 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2431 | @c man end |
2432 | ||
2433 | @c man begin OPTIONS windres | |
2434 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2435 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2436 | @item -i @var{filename} |
2437 | @itemx --input @var{filename} | |
2438 | The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2439 | @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument as the input file |
2440 | name. If there are no non-option arguments, then @command{windres} will | |
2441 | read from standard input. @command{windres} can not read a COFF file from | |
252b5132 RH |
2442 | standard input. |
2443 | ||
2444 | @item -o @var{filename} | |
2445 | @itemx --output @var{filename} | |
2446 | The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then | |
c7c55b78 | 2447 | @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument, after any used |
252b5132 | 2448 | for the input file name, as the output file name. If there is no |
c7c55b78 NC |
2449 | non-option argument, then @command{windres} will write to standard output. |
2450 | @command{windres} can not write a COFF file to standard output. | |
252b5132 RH |
2451 | |
2452 | @item -I @var{format} | |
2453 | @itemx --input-format @var{format} | |
2454 | The input format to read. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, @samp{rc}, or | |
c7c55b78 | 2455 | @samp{coff}. If no input format is specified, @command{windres} will |
252b5132 RH |
2456 | guess, as described above. |
2457 | ||
2458 | @item -O @var{format} | |
2459 | @itemx --output-format @var{format} | |
2460 | The output format to generate. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, | |
2461 | @samp{rc}, or @samp{coff}. If no output format is specified, | |
c7c55b78 | 2462 | @command{windres} will guess, as described above. |
252b5132 RH |
2463 | |
2464 | @item -F @var{target} | |
2465 | @itemx --target @var{target} | |
2466 | Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. This | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2467 | is a BFD target name; you can use the @option{--help} option to see a list |
2468 | of supported targets. Normally @command{windres} will use the default | |
2469 | format, which is the first one listed by the @option{--help} option. | |
2470 | @ifclear man | |
252b5132 | 2471 | @ref{Target Selection}. |
c7c55b78 | 2472 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
2473 | |
2474 | @item --preprocessor @var{program} | |
c7c55b78 | 2475 | When @command{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through the C |
252b5132 RH |
2476 | preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify the preprocessor |
2477 | to use, including any leading arguments. The default preprocessor | |
2478 | argument is @code{gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED}. | |
2479 | ||
2480 | @item --include-dir @var{directory} | |
2481 | Specify an include directory to use when reading an @code{rc} file. | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2482 | @command{windres} will pass this to the preprocessor as an @option{-I} |
2483 | option. @command{windres} will also search this directory when looking for | |
252b5132 RH |
2484 | files named in the @code{rc} file. |
2485 | ||
751d21b5 | 2486 | @item -D @var{target} |
ad0481cd | 2487 | @itemx --define @var{sym}[=@var{val}] |
c7c55b78 | 2488 | Specify a @option{-D} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an |
252b5132 RH |
2489 | @code{rc} file. |
2490 | ||
751d21b5 DD |
2491 | @item -v |
2492 | Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if you | |
2493 | didn't specify one. | |
2494 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2495 | @item --language @var{val} |
2496 | Specify the default language to use when reading an @code{rc} file. | |
2497 | @var{val} should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are | |
2498 | the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage. | |
2499 | ||
5a298d2d NC |
2500 | @item --use-temp-file |
2501 | Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output of | |
2502 | the preprocessor. Use this option if the popen implementation is buggy | |
2503 | on the host (eg., certain non-English language versions of Windows 95 and | |
2504 | Windows 98 are known to have buggy popen where the output will instead | |
2505 | go the console). | |
2506 | ||
2507 | @item --no-use-temp-file | |
2508 | Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the preprocessor. | |
2509 | This is the default behaviour. | |
2510 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2511 | @item --help |
2512 | Prints a usage summary. | |
2513 | ||
2514 | @item --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2515 | Prints the version number for @command{windres}. |
252b5132 RH |
2516 | |
2517 | @item --yydebug | |
c7c55b78 | 2518 | If @command{windres} is compiled with @code{YYDEBUG} defined as @code{1}, |
252b5132 RH |
2519 | this will turn on parser debugging. |
2520 | @end table | |
2521 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2522 | @c man end |
2523 | ||
2524 | @ignore | |
2525 | @c man begin SEEALSO windres | |
2526 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2527 | @c man end | |
2528 | @end ignore | |
252b5132 RH |
2529 | |
2530 | @node dlltool | |
2531 | @chapter Create files needed to build and use DLLs | |
2532 | @cindex DLL | |
2533 | @kindex dlltool | |
2534 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2535 | @command{dlltool} may be used to create the files needed to build and use |
252b5132 RH |
2536 | dynamic link libraries (DLLs). |
2537 | ||
2538 | @quotation | |
c7c55b78 | 2539 | @emph{Warning:} @command{dlltool} is not always built as part of the binary |
252b5132 RH |
2540 | utilities, since it is only useful for those targets which support DLLs. |
2541 | @end quotation | |
2542 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2543 | @c man title dlltool Create files needed to build and use DLLs. |
2544 | ||
252b5132 | 2545 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2546 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS dlltool |
c7c55b78 NC |
2547 | dlltool [@option{-d}|@option{--input-def} @var{def-file-name}] |
2548 | [@option{-b}|@option{--base-file} @var{base-file-name}] | |
2549 | [@option{-e}|@option{--output-exp} @var{exports-file-name}] | |
2550 | [@option{-z}|@option{--output-def} @var{def-file-name}] | |
2551 | [@option{-l}|@option{--output-lib} @var{library-file-name}] | |
2552 | [@option{--export-all-symbols}] [@option{--no-export-all-symbols}] | |
2553 | [@option{--exclude-symbols} @var{list}] | |
2554 | [@option{--no-default-excludes}] | |
2555 | [@option{-S}|@option{--as} @var{path-to-assembler}] [@option{-f}|@option{--as-flags} @var{options}] | |
2556 | [@option{-D}|@option{--dllname} @var{name}] [@option{-m}|@option{--machine} @var{machine}] | |
2557 | [@option{-a}|@option{--add-indirect}] [@option{-U}|@option{--add-underscore}] [@option{-k}|@option{--kill-at}] | |
2558 | [@option{-A}|@option{--add-stdcall-alias}] | |
2559 | [@option{-x}|@option{--no-idata4}] [@option{-c}|@option{--no-idata5}] [@option{-i}|@option{--interwork}] | |
2560 | [@option{-n}|@option{--nodelete}] [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}] | |
2561 | [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
252b5132 | 2562 | [object-file @dots{}] |
0285c67d | 2563 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2564 | @end smallexample |
2565 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2566 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION dlltool |
2567 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
2568 | @command{dlltool} reads its inputs, which can come from the @option{-d} and |
2569 | @option{-b} options as well as object files specified on the command | |
2570 | line. It then processes these inputs and if the @option{-e} option has | |
2571 | been specified it creates a exports file. If the @option{-l} option | |
2572 | has been specified it creates a library file and if the @option{-z} option | |
2573 | has been specified it creates a def file. Any or all of the @option{-e}, | |
2574 | @option{-l} and @option{-z} options can be present in one invocation of | |
2575 | dlltool. | |
252b5132 RH |
2576 | |
2577 | When creating a DLL, along with the source for the DLL, it is necessary | |
c7c55b78 | 2578 | to have three other files. @command{dlltool} can help with the creation of |
252b5132 RH |
2579 | these files. |
2580 | ||
2581 | The first file is a @samp{.def} file which specifies which functions are | |
2582 | exported from the DLL, which functions the DLL imports, and so on. This | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2583 | is a text file and can be created by hand, or @command{dlltool} can be used |
2584 | to create it using the @option{-z} option. In this case @command{dlltool} | |
252b5132 RH |
2585 | will scan the object files specified on its command line looking for |
2586 | those functions which have been specially marked as being exported and | |
2587 | put entries for them in the .def file it creates. | |
2588 | ||
2589 | In order to mark a function as being exported from a DLL, it needs to | |
c7c55b78 | 2590 | have an @option{-export:<name_of_function>} entry in the @samp{.drectve} |
252b5132 RH |
2591 | section of the object file. This can be done in C by using the |
2592 | asm() operator: | |
2593 | ||
2594 | @smallexample | |
2595 | asm (".section .drectve"); | |
2596 | asm (".ascii \"-export:my_func\""); | |
2597 | ||
2598 | int my_func (void) @{ @dots{} @} | |
2599 | @end smallexample | |
2600 | ||
2601 | The second file needed for DLL creation is an exports file. This file | |
2602 | is linked with the object files that make up the body of the DLL and it | |
2603 | handles the interface between the DLL and the outside world. This is a | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2604 | binary file and it can be created by giving the @option{-e} option to |
2605 | @command{dlltool} when it is creating or reading in a .def file. | |
252b5132 RH |
2606 | |
2607 | The third file needed for DLL creation is the library file that programs | |
2608 | will link with in order to access the functions in the DLL. This file | |
c7c55b78 | 2609 | can be created by giving the @option{-l} option to dlltool when it |
252b5132 RH |
2610 | is creating or reading in a .def file. |
2611 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2612 | @command{dlltool} builds the library file by hand, but it builds the |
252b5132 | 2613 | exports file by creating temporary files containing assembler statements |
c7c55b78 | 2614 | and then assembling these. The @option{-S} command line option can be |
252b5132 | 2615 | used to specify the path to the assembler that dlltool will use, |
c7c55b78 NC |
2616 | and the @option{-f} option can be used to pass specific flags to that |
2617 | assembler. The @option{-n} can be used to prevent dlltool from deleting | |
2618 | these temporary assembler files when it is done, and if @option{-n} is | |
252b5132 RH |
2619 | specified twice then this will prevent dlltool from deleting the |
2620 | temporary object files it used to build the library. | |
2621 | ||
2622 | Here is an example of creating a DLL from a source file @samp{dll.c} and | |
2623 | also creating a program (from an object file called @samp{program.o}) | |
2624 | that uses that DLL: | |
2625 | ||
2626 | @smallexample | |
2627 | gcc -c dll.c | |
2628 | dlltool -e exports.o -l dll.lib dll.o | |
2629 | gcc dll.o exports.o -o dll.dll | |
2630 | gcc program.o dll.lib -o program | |
2631 | @end smallexample | |
2632 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2633 | @c man end |
2634 | ||
2635 | @c man begin OPTIONS dlltool | |
2636 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2637 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
2638 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2639 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2640 | |
2641 | @item -d @var{filename} | |
2642 | @itemx --input-def @var{filename} | |
2643 | @cindex input .def file | |
2644 | Specifies the name of a .def file to be read in and processed. | |
2645 | ||
2646 | @item -b @var{filename} | |
2647 | @itemx --base-file @var{filename} | |
2648 | @cindex base files | |
2649 | Specifies the name of a base file to be read in and processed. The | |
2650 | contents of this file will be added to the relocation section in the | |
2651 | exports file generated by dlltool. | |
2652 | ||
2653 | @item -e @var{filename} | |
2654 | @itemx --output-exp @var{filename} | |
2655 | Specifies the name of the export file to be created by dlltool. | |
2656 | ||
2657 | @item -z @var{filename} | |
2658 | @itemx --output-def @var{filename} | |
2659 | Specifies the name of the .def file to be created by dlltool. | |
2660 | ||
2661 | @item -l @var{filename} | |
2662 | @itemx --output-lib @var{filename} | |
2663 | Specifies the name of the library file to be created by dlltool. | |
2664 | ||
2665 | @item --export-all-symbols | |
2666 | Treat all global and weak defined symbols found in the input object | |
2667 | files as symbols to be exported. There is a small list of symbols which | |
c7c55b78 | 2668 | are not exported by default; see the @option{--no-default-excludes} |
252b5132 | 2669 | option. You may add to the list of symbols to not export by using the |
c7c55b78 | 2670 | @option{--exclude-symbols} option. |
252b5132 RH |
2671 | |
2672 | @item --no-export-all-symbols | |
2673 | Only export symbols explicitly listed in an input .def file or in | |
2674 | @samp{.drectve} sections in the input object files. This is the default | |
2675 | behaviour. The @samp{.drectve} sections are created by @samp{dllexport} | |
2676 | attributes in the source code. | |
2677 | ||
2678 | @item --exclude-symbols @var{list} | |
2679 | Do not export the symbols in @var{list}. This is a list of symbol names | |
2680 | separated by comma or colon characters. The symbol names should not | |
2681 | contain a leading underscore. This is only meaningful when | |
c7c55b78 | 2682 | @option{--export-all-symbols} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
2683 | |
2684 | @item --no-default-excludes | |
c7c55b78 | 2685 | When @option{--export-all-symbols} is used, it will by default avoid |
252b5132 RH |
2686 | exporting certain special symbols. The current list of symbols to avoid |
2687 | exporting is @samp{DllMain@@12}, @samp{DllEntryPoint@@0}, | |
c7c55b78 | 2688 | @samp{impure_ptr}. You may use the @option{--no-default-excludes} option |
252b5132 | 2689 | to go ahead and export these special symbols. This is only meaningful |
c7c55b78 | 2690 | when @option{--export-all-symbols} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
2691 | |
2692 | @item -S @var{path} | |
2693 | @itemx --as @var{path} | |
2694 | Specifies the path, including the filename, of the assembler to be used | |
2695 | to create the exports file. | |
2696 | ||
2697 | @item -f @var{switches} | |
2698 | @itemx --as-flags @var{switches} | |
2699 | Specifies any specific command line switches to be passed to the | |
2700 | assembler when building the exports file. This option will work even if | |
c7c55b78 | 2701 | the @option{-S} option is not used. This option only takes one argument, |
252b5132 RH |
2702 | and if it occurs more than once on the command line, then later |
2703 | occurrences will override earlier occurrences. So if it is necessary to | |
2704 | pass multiple switches to the assembler they should be enclosed in | |
2705 | double quotes. | |
2706 | ||
2707 | @item -D @var{name} | |
2708 | @itemx --dll-name @var{name} | |
2709 | Specifies the name to be stored in the .def file as the name of the DLL | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2710 | when the @option{-e} option is used. If this option is not present, then |
2711 | the filename given to the @option{-e} option will be used as the name of | |
252b5132 RH |
2712 | the DLL. |
2713 | ||
2714 | @item -m @var{machine} | |
2715 | @itemx -machine @var{machine} | |
2716 | Specifies the type of machine for which the library file should be | |
c7c55b78 | 2717 | built. @command{dlltool} has a built in default type, depending upon how |
252b5132 RH |
2718 | it was created, but this option can be used to override that. This is |
2719 | normally only useful when creating DLLs for an ARM processor, when the | |
c36774d6 | 2720 | contents of the DLL are actually encode using Thumb instructions. |
252b5132 RH |
2721 | |
2722 | @item -a | |
2723 | @itemx --add-indirect | |
c7c55b78 | 2724 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
2725 | should add a section which allows the exported functions to be |
2726 | referenced without using the import library. Whatever the hell that | |
2727 | means! | |
2728 | ||
2729 | @item -U | |
2730 | @itemx --add-underscore | |
c7c55b78 | 2731 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
2732 | should prepend an underscore to the names of the exported functions. |
2733 | ||
2734 | @item -k | |
2735 | @itemx --kill-at | |
c7c55b78 | 2736 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
2737 | should not append the string @samp{@@ <number>}. These numbers are |
2738 | called ordinal numbers and they represent another way of accessing the | |
2739 | function in a DLL, other than by name. | |
2740 | ||
2741 | @item -A | |
2742 | @itemx --add-stdcall-alias | |
c7c55b78 | 2743 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
2744 | should add aliases for stdcall symbols without @samp{@@ <number>} |
2745 | in addition to the symbols with @samp{@@ <number>}. | |
2746 | ||
2747 | @item -x | |
2748 | @itemx --no-idata4 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2749 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library |
2750 | files it should omit the @code{.idata4} section. This is for compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
2751 | with certain operating systems. |
2752 | ||
2753 | @item -c | |
2754 | @itemx --no-idata5 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2755 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library |
2756 | files it should omit the @code{.idata5} section. This is for compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
2757 | with certain operating systems. |
2758 | ||
2759 | @item -i | |
2760 | @itemx --interwork | |
c7c55b78 | 2761 | Specifies that @command{dlltool} should mark the objects in the library |
252b5132 | 2762 | file and exports file that it produces as supporting interworking |
c36774d6 | 2763 | between ARM and Thumb code. |
252b5132 RH |
2764 | |
2765 | @item -n | |
2766 | @itemx --nodelete | |
c7c55b78 | 2767 | Makes @command{dlltool} preserve the temporary assembler files it used to |
252b5132 RH |
2768 | create the exports file. If this option is repeated then dlltool will |
2769 | also preserve the temporary object files it uses to create the library | |
2770 | file. | |
2771 | ||
2772 | @item -v | |
2773 | @itemx --verbose | |
2774 | Make dlltool describe what it is doing. | |
2775 | ||
2776 | @item -h | |
2777 | @itemx --help | |
2778 | Displays a list of command line options and then exits. | |
2779 | ||
2780 | @item -V | |
2781 | @itemx --version | |
2782 | Displays dlltool's version number and then exits. | |
2783 | ||
2784 | @end table | |
2785 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2786 | @c man end |
2787 | ||
2788 | @ignore | |
2789 | @c man begin SEEALSO dlltool | |
2790 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2791 | @c man end | |
2792 | @end ignore | |
2793 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2794 | @node readelf |
2795 | @chapter readelf | |
2796 | ||
2797 | @cindex ELF file information | |
2798 | @kindex readelf | |
2799 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2800 | @c man title readelf Displays information about ELF files. |
2801 | ||
252b5132 | 2802 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2803 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS readelf |
c7c55b78 NC |
2804 | readelf [@option{-a}|@option{--all}] |
2805 | [@option{-h}|@option{--file-header}] | |
2806 | [@option{-l}|@option{--program-headers}|@option{--segments}] | |
2807 | [@option{-S}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--sections}] | |
2808 | [@option{-e}|@option{--headers}] | |
2809 | [@option{-s}|@option{--syms}|@option{--symbols}] | |
2810 | [@option{-n}|@option{--notes}] | |
2811 | [@option{-r}|@option{--relocs}] | |
2812 | [@option{-u}|@option{--unwind}] | |
2813 | [@option{-d}|@option{--dynamic}] | |
2814 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version-info}] | |
2815 | [@option{-D}|@option{--use-dynamic}] | |
2816 | [@option{-x} <number>|@option{--hex-dump=}<number>] | |
2817 | [@option{-w[liaprmf]}|@option{--debug-dump}[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=ranges,=macro,=frames]] | |
2818 | [@option{-histogram}] | |
2819 | [@option{-v}|@option{--version}] | |
2820 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] | |
252b5132 | 2821 | @var{elffile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 2822 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2823 | @end smallexample |
2824 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2825 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION readelf |
2826 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2827 | @command{readelf} displays information about one or more ELF format object |
252b5132 RH |
2828 | files. The options control what particular information to display. |
2829 | ||
2830 | @var{elffile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. At the | |
c7c55b78 | 2831 | moment, @command{readelf} does not support examining archives, nor does it |
252b5132 RH |
2832 | support examing 64 bit ELF files. |
2833 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2834 | @c man end |
2835 | ||
2836 | @c man begin OPTIONS readelf | |
2837 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2838 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
2839 | equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-v} or @samp{-H} must be | |
2840 | given. | |
2841 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2842 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2843 | @item -a |
2844 | @itemx --all | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2845 | Equivalent to specifiying @option{--file-header}, |
2846 | @option{--program-headers}, @option{--sections}, @option{--symbols}, | |
2847 | @option{--relocs}, @option{--dynamic}, @option{--notes} and | |
2848 | @option{--version-info}. | |
252b5132 RH |
2849 | |
2850 | @item -h | |
2851 | @itemx --file-header | |
2852 | @cindex ELF file header information | |
2853 | Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the | |
2854 | file. | |
2855 | ||
2856 | @item -l | |
2857 | @itemx --program-headers | |
2858 | @itemx --segments | |
2859 | @cindex ELF program header information | |
2860 | @cindex ELF segment information | |
2861 | Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it | |
2862 | has any. | |
2863 | ||
2864 | @item -S | |
2865 | @itemx --sections | |
2866 | @itemx --section-headers | |
2867 | @cindex ELF section information | |
2868 | Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it | |
2869 | has any. | |
2870 | ||
2871 | @item -s | |
2872 | @itemx --symbols | |
2873 | @itemx --syms | |
2874 | @cindex ELF symbol table information | |
2875 | Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one. | |
2876 | ||
2877 | @item -e | |
2878 | @itemx --headers | |
c7c55b78 | 2879 | Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to @option{-h -l -S}. |
252b5132 | 2880 | |
779fe533 NC |
2881 | @item -n |
2882 | @itemx --notes | |
2883 | @cindex ELF core notes | |
2884 | Displays the contents of the NOTE segment, if it exists. | |
2885 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2886 | @item -r |
2887 | @itemx --relocs | |
2888 | @cindex ELF reloc information | |
f5e21966 NC |
2889 | Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one. |
2890 | ||
2891 | @item -u | |
2892 | @itemx --unwind | |
2893 | @cindex unwind information | |
2894 | Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only | |
2895 | the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files are currently supported. | |
252b5132 RH |
2896 | |
2897 | @item -d | |
2898 | @itemx --dynamic | |
2899 | @cindex ELF dynamic section information | |
2900 | Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one. | |
2901 | ||
2902 | @item -V | |
2903 | @itemx --version-info | |
2904 | @cindex ELF version sections informations | |
2905 | Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they | |
2906 | exist. | |
2907 | ||
2908 | @item -D | |
2909 | @itemx --use-dynamic | |
c7c55b78 | 2910 | When displaying symbols, this option makes @command{readelf} use the |
6dbb55b6 | 2911 | symbol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in the |
252b5132 RH |
2912 | symbols section. |
2913 | ||
2914 | @item -x <number> | |
2915 | @itemx --hex-dump=<number> | |
2916 | Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal dump. | |
2917 | ||
e0c60db2 NC |
2918 | @item -w[liaprmf] |
2919 | @itemx --debug-dump[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=ranges,=macro,=frames] | |
252b5132 RH |
2920 | Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are |
2921 | present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the switch | |
2922 | then only data found in those specific sections will be dumped. | |
2923 | ||
2924 | @item --histogram | |
2925 | Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents | |
2926 | of the symbol tables. | |
2927 | ||
2928 | @item -v | |
2929 | @itemx --version | |
2930 | Display the version number of readelf. | |
2931 | ||
2932 | @item -H | |
2933 | @itemx --help | |
c7c55b78 | 2934 | Display the command line options understood by @command{readelf}. |
252b5132 RH |
2935 | |
2936 | @end table | |
2937 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2938 | @c man end |
2939 | ||
2940 | @ignore | |
2941 | @c man begin SEEALSO readelf | |
2942 | objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2943 | @c man end | |
2944 | @end ignore | |
252b5132 RH |
2945 | |
2946 | @node Selecting The Target System | |
2947 | @chapter Selecting the target system | |
2948 | ||
2949 | You can specify three aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu} | |
2950 | binary file utilities, each in several ways: | |
2951 | ||
2952 | @itemize @bullet | |
2953 | @item | |
2954 | the target | |
2955 | ||
2956 | @item | |
2957 | the architecture | |
2958 | ||
2959 | @item | |
2960 | the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only) | |
2961 | @end itemize | |
2962 | ||
2963 | In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in | |
2964 | order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those | |
2965 | listed later. | |
2966 | ||
2967 | The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the | |
2968 | programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with | |
c7c55b78 | 2969 | @option{--enable-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available |
252b5132 RH |
2970 | values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at |
2971 | once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts | |
2972 | with the same type as the target system). | |
2973 | ||
2974 | @menu | |
2975 | * Target Selection:: | |
2976 | * Architecture Selection:: | |
2977 | * Linker Emulation Selection:: | |
2978 | @end menu | |
2979 | ||
2980 | @node Target Selection | |
2981 | @section Target Selection | |
2982 | ||
2983 | A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be | |
2984 | supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}). | |
2985 | A target selection may also have variations for different operating | |
2986 | systems or architectures. | |
2987 | ||
2988 | The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i} | |
2989 | (the first column of output contains the relevant information). | |
2990 | ||
2991 | Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips}, | |
2992 | @samp{a.out-sunos-big}. | |
2993 | ||
2994 | You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is | |
f20a759a ILT |
2995 | the same sort of name that is passed to @file{configure} to specify a |
2996 | target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be | |
2997 | fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by | |
252b5132 RH |
2998 | running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the |
2999 | sources. | |
3000 | ||
3001 | Some sample configuration triplets are: @samp{m68k-hp-bsd}, | |
3002 | @samp{mips-dec-ultrix}, @samp{sparc-sun-sunos}. | |
3003 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3004 | @subheading @command{objdump} Target |
252b5132 RH |
3005 | |
3006 | Ways to specify: | |
3007 | ||
3008 | @enumerate | |
3009 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3010 | command line option: @option{-b} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3011 | |
3012 | @item | |
3013 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3014 | ||
3015 | @item | |
3016 | deduced from the input file | |
3017 | @end enumerate | |
3018 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3019 | @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target |
252b5132 RH |
3020 | |
3021 | Ways to specify: | |
3022 | ||
3023 | @enumerate | |
3024 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3025 | command line options: @option{-I} or @option{--input-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3026 | |
3027 | @item | |
3028 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3029 | ||
3030 | @item | |
3031 | deduced from the input file | |
3032 | @end enumerate | |
3033 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3034 | @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Output Target |
252b5132 RH |
3035 | |
3036 | Ways to specify: | |
3037 | ||
3038 | @enumerate | |
3039 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3040 | command line options: @option{-O} or @option{--output-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3041 | |
3042 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3043 | the input target (see ``@command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target'' above) |
252b5132 RH |
3044 | |
3045 | @item | |
3046 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3047 | ||
3048 | @item | |
3049 | deduced from the input file | |
3050 | @end enumerate | |
3051 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3052 | @subheading @command{nm}, @command{size}, and @command{strings} Target |
252b5132 RH |
3053 | |
3054 | Ways to specify: | |
3055 | ||
3056 | @enumerate | |
3057 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3058 | command line option: @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
3059 | |
3060 | @item | |
3061 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3062 | ||
3063 | @item | |
3064 | deduced from the input file | |
3065 | @end enumerate | |
3066 | ||
3067 | @subheading Linker Input Target | |
3068 | ||
3069 | Ways to specify: | |
3070 | ||
3071 | @enumerate | |
3072 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3073 | command line option: @option{-b} or @option{--format} |
252b5132 RH |
3074 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) |
3075 | ||
3076 | @item | |
3077 | script command @code{TARGET} | |
3078 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
3079 | ||
3080 | @item | |
3081 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
3082 | (@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
3083 | ||
3084 | @item | |
3085 | the default target of the selected linker emulation | |
3086 | (@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection}) | |
3087 | @end enumerate | |
3088 | ||
3089 | @subheading Linker Output Target | |
3090 | ||
3091 | Ways to specify: | |
3092 | ||
3093 | @enumerate | |
3094 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3095 | command line option: @option{-oformat} |
252b5132 RH |
3096 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) |
3097 | ||
3098 | @item | |
3099 | script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT} | |
3100 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
3101 | ||
3102 | @item | |
3103 | the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above) | |
3104 | @end enumerate | |
3105 | ||
3106 | @node Architecture Selection | |
3107 | @section Architecture selection | |
3108 | ||
3109 | An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is | |
3110 | to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the | |
3111 | processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}. | |
3112 | ||
3113 | The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the | |
3114 | second column contains the relevant information). | |
3115 | ||
3116 | Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}. | |
3117 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3118 | @subheading @command{objdump} Architecture |
252b5132 RH |
3119 | |
3120 | Ways to specify: | |
3121 | ||
3122 | @enumerate | |
3123 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3124 | command line option: @option{-m} or @option{--architecture} |
252b5132 RH |
3125 | |
3126 | @item | |
3127 | deduced from the input file | |
3128 | @end enumerate | |
3129 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3130 | @subheading @command{objcopy}, @command{nm}, @command{size}, @command{strings} Architecture |
252b5132 RH |
3131 | |
3132 | Ways to specify: | |
3133 | ||
3134 | @enumerate | |
3135 | @item | |
3136 | deduced from the input file | |
3137 | @end enumerate | |
3138 | ||
3139 | @subheading Linker Input Architecture | |
3140 | ||
3141 | Ways to specify: | |
3142 | ||
3143 | @enumerate | |
3144 | @item | |
3145 | deduced from the input file | |
3146 | @end enumerate | |
3147 | ||
3148 | @subheading Linker Output Architecture | |
3149 | ||
3150 | Ways to specify: | |
3151 | ||
3152 | @enumerate | |
3153 | @item | |
3154 | script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH} | |
3155 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
3156 | ||
3157 | @item | |
3158 | the default architecture from the linker output target | |
3159 | (@pxref{Target Selection}) | |
3160 | @end enumerate | |
3161 | ||
3162 | @node Linker Emulation Selection | |
3163 | @section Linker emulation selection | |
3164 | ||
3165 | A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives | |
3166 | the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system. | |
3167 | In particular, it consists of | |
3168 | ||
3169 | @itemize @bullet | |
3170 | @item | |
3171 | the linker script | |
3172 | ||
3173 | @item | |
3174 | the target | |
3175 | ||
3176 | @item | |
3177 | several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking | |
3178 | process to do special things that some targets require | |
3179 | @end itemize | |
3180 | ||
3181 | The command to list valid linker emulation values is @samp{ld -V}. | |
3182 | ||
3183 | Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}. | |
3184 | ||
3185 | Ways to specify: | |
3186 | ||
3187 | @enumerate | |
3188 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 3189 | command line option: @option{-m} |
252b5132 RH |
3190 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) |
3191 | ||
3192 | @item | |
3193 | environment variable @code{LDEMULATION} | |
3194 | ||
3195 | @item | |
3196 | compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile}, | |
3197 | which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt} | |
3198 | @end enumerate | |
3199 | ||
3200 | @node Reporting Bugs | |
3201 | @chapter Reporting Bugs | |
3202 | @cindex bugs | |
3203 | @cindex reporting bugs | |
3204 | ||
3205 | Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities | |
3206 | reliable. | |
3207 | ||
3208 | Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or | |
3209 | it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is | |
3210 | to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary | |
3211 | utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their | |
3212 | maintenance. | |
3213 | ||
3214 | In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the | |
3215 | information that enables us to fix the bug. | |
3216 | ||
3217 | @menu | |
3218 | * Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug? | |
3219 | * Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs | |
3220 | @end menu | |
3221 | ||
3222 | @node Bug Criteria | |
3223 | @section Have you found a bug? | |
3224 | @cindex bug criteria | |
3225 | ||
3226 | If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines: | |
3227 | ||
3228 | @itemize @bullet | |
3229 | @cindex fatal signal | |
3230 | @cindex crash | |
3231 | @item | |
3232 | If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is | |
3233 | a bug. Reliable utilities never crash. | |
3234 | ||
3235 | @cindex error on valid input | |
3236 | @item | |
3237 | If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a | |
3238 | bug. | |
3239 | ||
3240 | @item | |
3241 | If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for | |
3242 | improvement are welcome in any case. | |
3243 | @end itemize | |
3244 | ||
3245 | @node Bug Reporting | |
3246 | @section How to report bugs | |
3247 | @cindex bug reports | |
3248 | @cindex bugs, reporting | |
3249 | ||
3250 | A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu} | |
3251 | products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support | |
3252 | organization, we recommend you contact that organization first. | |
3253 | ||
3254 | You can find contact information for many support companies and | |
3255 | individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs | |
3256 | distribution. | |
3257 | ||
3258 | In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the binary | |
2f952d20 | 3259 | utilities to @samp{bug-binutils@@gnu.org}. |
252b5132 RH |
3260 | |
3261 | The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: | |
3262 | @strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a | |
3263 | fact or leave it out, state it! | |
3264 | ||
3265 | Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the | |
3266 | problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might | |
3267 | assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter. | |
3268 | Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is | |
3269 | a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where | |
3270 | that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were | |
3271 | different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into | |
3272 | doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a | |
3273 | specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, | |
3274 | and the most helpful. | |
3275 | ||
3276 | Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if | |
3277 | it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption | |
3278 | that the bug has not been reported previously. | |
3279 | ||
3280 | Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a | |
3281 | bell?'' Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to | |
3282 | @emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report | |
3283 | bugs properly. | |
3284 | ||
3285 | To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things: | |
3286 | ||
3287 | @itemize @bullet | |
3288 | @item | |
3289 | The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it | |
c7c55b78 | 3290 | with the @option{--version} argument. |
252b5132 RH |
3291 | |
3292 | Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for | |
3293 | the bug in the current version of the binary utilities. | |
3294 | ||
3295 | @item | |
3296 | Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches | |
3297 | made to the @code{BFD} library. | |
3298 | ||
3299 | @item | |
3300 | The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and | |
3301 | version number. | |
3302 | ||
3303 | @item | |
3304 | What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g. | |
3305 | ``@code{gcc-2.7}''. | |
3306 | ||
3307 | @item | |
3308 | The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To | |
3309 | guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy | |
3310 | of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient. | |
3311 | ||
3312 | If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong | |
3313 | and then we might not encounter the bug. | |
3314 | ||
3315 | @item | |
3316 | A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the | |
3317 | bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is | |
3318 | generally most helpful to send the actual object files, uuencoded if | |
757acbc5 | 3319 | necessary to get them through the mail system. Note that |
2f952d20 | 3320 | @samp{bug-binutils@@gnu.org} is a mailing list, so you should avoid |
757acbc5 ILT |
3321 | sending very large files to it. Making the files available for |
3322 | anonymous FTP is OK. | |
252b5132 RH |
3323 | |
3324 | If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs | |
c7c55b78 | 3325 | (e.g., @command{gcc}, @command{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @command{ld}), then it |
252b5132 | 3326 | may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In |
c7c55b78 | 3327 | this case, be sure to say exactly what version of @command{gcc}, or |
252b5132 | 3328 | whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how |
c7c55b78 | 3329 | @command{gcc}, or whatever, was configured. |
252b5132 RH |
3330 | |
3331 | @item | |
3332 | A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is | |
3333 | incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.'' | |
3334 | ||
3335 | Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we | |
3336 | will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might | |
3337 | not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us | |
3338 | a chance to make a mistake. | |
3339 | ||
3340 | Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still | |
f20a759a | 3341 | say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as your |
252b5132 RH |
3342 | copy of the utility is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in |
3343 | the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might | |
3344 | crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when | |
3345 | ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for | |
3346 | us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able | |
3347 | to draw any conclusion from our observations. | |
3348 | ||
3349 | @item | |
3350 | If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as | |
c7c55b78 | 3351 | generated by @command{diff} with the @option{-u}, @option{-c}, or @option{-p} |
252b5132 | 3352 | option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you |
c7c55b78 | 3353 | wish to discuss something in the @command{ld} source, refer to it by |
f20a759a | 3354 | context, not by line number. |
252b5132 RH |
3355 | |
3356 | The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your | |
3357 | sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us. | |
3358 | @end itemize | |
3359 | ||
3360 | Here are some things that are not necessary: | |
3361 | ||
3362 | @itemize @bullet | |
3363 | @item | |
3364 | A description of the envelope of the bug. | |
3365 | ||
3366 | Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating | |
3367 | which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which | |
3368 | changes will not affect it. | |
3369 | ||
3370 | This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we | |
3371 | will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger | |
3372 | with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples. | |
3373 | We recommend that you save your time for something else. | |
3374 | ||
3375 | Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead} | |
3376 | of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the | |
3377 | output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take | |
3378 | less time, and so on. | |
3379 | ||
3380 | However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this, | |
3381 | report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used. | |
3382 | ||
3383 | @item | |
3384 | A patch for the bug. | |
3385 | ||
3386 | A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit | |
3387 | the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that | |
3388 | a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide | |
3389 | to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all. | |
3390 | ||
3391 | Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is | |
3392 | very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a | |
3393 | certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we | |
3394 | will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that | |
3395 | the bug is fixed. | |
3396 | ||
3397 | And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your | |
3398 | patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will | |
3399 | help us to understand. | |
3400 | ||
3401 | @item | |
3402 | A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. | |
3403 | ||
3404 | Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such | |
3405 | things without first using the debugger to find the facts. | |
3406 | @end itemize | |
3407 | ||
cf055d54 NC |
3408 | @node GNU Free Documentation License |
3409 | @chapter GNU Free Documentation License | |
3410 | @cindex GNU Free Documentation License | |
3411 | ||
3412 | GNU Free Documentation License | |
3413 | ||
3414 | Version 1.1, March 2000 | |
3415 | ||
3416 | Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3417 | 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
3418 | ||
3419 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
3420 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
3421 | ||
3422 | ||
3423 | 0. PREAMBLE | |
3424 | ||
3425 | The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other | |
3426 | written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone | |
3427 | the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without | |
3428 | modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, | |
3429 | this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get | |
3430 | credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for | |
3431 | modifications made by others. | |
3432 | ||
3433 | This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative | |
3434 | works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It | |
3435 | complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft | |
3436 | license designed for free software. | |
3437 | ||
3438 | We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free | |
3439 | software, because free software needs free documentation: a free | |
3440 | program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the | |
3441 | software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; | |
3442 | it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or | |
3443 | whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License | |
3444 | principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. | |
3445 | ||
3446 | ||
3447 | 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS | |
3448 | ||
3449 | This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a | |
3450 | notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed | |
3451 | under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any | |
3452 | such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is | |
3453 | addressed as "you". | |
3454 | ||
3455 | A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the | |
3456 | Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with | |
3457 | modifications and/or translated into another language. | |
3458 | ||
3459 | A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of | |
3460 | the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the | |
3461 | publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject | |
3462 | (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly | |
3463 | within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a | |
3464 | textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any | |
3465 | mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical | |
3466 | connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, | |
3467 | commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding | |
3468 | them. | |
3469 | ||
3470 | The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles | |
3471 | are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice | |
3472 | that says that the Document is released under this License. | |
3473 | ||
3474 | The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, | |
3475 | as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that | |
3476 | the Document is released under this License. | |
3477 | ||
3478 | A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, | |
3479 | represented in a format whose specification is available to the | |
3480 | general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and | |
3481 | straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of | |
3482 | pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available | |
3483 | drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or | |
3484 | for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input | |
3485 | to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file | |
3486 | format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage | |
3487 | subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is | |
3488 | not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". | |
3489 | ||
3490 | Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain | |
3491 | ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML | |
3492 | or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple | |
3493 | HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include | |
3494 | PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only | |
3495 | by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or | |
3496 | processing tools are not generally available, and the | |
3497 | machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output | |
3498 | purposes only. | |
3499 | ||
3500 | The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, | |
3501 | plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material | |
3502 | this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in | |
3503 | formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means | |
3504 | the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, | |
3505 | preceding the beginning of the body of the text. | |
3506 | ||
3507 | ||
3508 | 2. VERBATIM COPYING | |
3509 | ||
3510 | You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either | |
3511 | commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the | |
3512 | copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies | |
3513 | to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other | |
3514 | conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use | |
3515 | technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further | |
3516 | copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept | |
3517 | compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough | |
3518 | number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. | |
3519 | ||
3520 | You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and | |
3521 | you may publicly display copies. | |
3522 | ||
3523 | ||
3524 | 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY | |
3525 | ||
3526 | If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, | |
3527 | and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose | |
3528 | the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover | |
3529 | Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on | |
3530 | the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify | |
3531 | you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present | |
3532 | the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and | |
3533 | visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. | |
3534 | Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve | |
3535 | the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated | |
3536 | as verbatim copying in other respects. | |
3537 | ||
3538 | If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit | |
3539 | legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit | |
3540 | reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent | |
3541 | pages. | |
3542 | ||
3543 | If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering | |
3544 | more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent | |
3545 | copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy | |
3546 | a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete | |
3547 | Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the | |
3548 | general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no | |
3549 | charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter | |
3550 | option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin | |
3551 | distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this | |
3552 | Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location | |
3553 | until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque | |
3554 | copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to | |
3555 | the public. | |
3556 | ||
3557 | It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the | |
3558 | Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give | |
3559 | them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. | |
3560 | ||
3561 | ||
3562 | 4. MODIFICATIONS | |
3563 | ||
3564 | You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under | |
3565 | the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release | |
3566 | the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified | |
3567 | Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution | |
3568 | and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy | |
3569 | of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: | |
3570 | ||
3571 | A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct | |
3572 | from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions | |
3573 | (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section | |
3574 | of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version | |
3575 | if the original publisher of that version gives permission. | |
3576 | B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities | |
3577 | responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified | |
3578 | Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the | |
3579 | Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five). | |
3580 | C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the | |
3581 | Modified Version, as the publisher. | |
3582 | D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. | |
3583 | E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications | |
3584 | adjacent to the other copyright notices. | |
3585 | F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice | |
3586 | giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the | |
3587 | terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. | |
3588 | G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections | |
3589 | and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. | |
3590 | H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. | |
3591 | I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to | |
3592 | it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and | |
3593 | publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If | |
3594 | there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one | |
3595 | stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as | |
3596 | given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified | |
3597 | Version as stated in the previous sentence. | |
3598 | J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for | |
3599 | public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise | |
3600 | the network locations given in the Document for previous versions | |
3601 | it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. | |
3602 | You may omit a network location for a work that was published at | |
3603 | least four years before the Document itself, or if the original | |
3604 | publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. | |
3605 | K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", | |
3606 | preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the | |
3607 | substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements | |
3608 | and/or dedications given therein. | |
3609 | L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, | |
3610 | unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers | |
3611 | or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. | |
3612 | M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section | |
3613 | may not be included in the Modified Version. | |
3614 | N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" | |
3615 | or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. | |
3616 | ||
3617 | If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or | |
3618 | appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material | |
3619 | copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all | |
3620 | of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the | |
3621 | list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. | |
3622 | These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. | |
3623 | ||
3624 | You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains | |
3625 | nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various | |
3626 | parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has | |
3627 | been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a | |
3628 | standard. | |
3629 | ||
3630 | You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a | |
3631 | passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list | |
3632 | of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of | |
3633 | Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or | |
3634 | through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already | |
3635 | includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or | |
3636 | by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, | |
3637 | you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit | |
3638 | permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. | |
3639 | ||
3640 | The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License | |
3641 | give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or | |
3642 | imply endorsement of any Modified Version. | |
3643 | ||
3644 | ||
3645 | 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS | |
3646 | ||
3647 | You may combine the Document with other documents released under this | |
3648 | License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified | |
3649 | versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the | |
3650 | Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and | |
3651 | list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its | |
3652 | license notice. | |
3653 | ||
3654 | The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and | |
3655 | multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single | |
3656 | copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but | |
3657 | different contents, make the title of each such section unique by | |
3658 | adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original | |
3659 | author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. | |
3660 | Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of | |
3661 | Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. | |
3662 | ||
3663 | In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" | |
3664 | in the various original documents, forming one section entitled | |
3665 | "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", | |
3666 | and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections | |
3667 | entitled "Endorsements." | |
3668 | ||
3669 | ||
3670 | 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS | |
3671 | ||
3672 | You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents | |
3673 | released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this | |
3674 | License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in | |
3675 | the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for | |
3676 | verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. | |
3677 | ||
3678 | You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute | |
3679 | it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this | |
3680 | License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all | |
3681 | other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. | |
3682 | ||
3683 | ||
3684 | 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS | |
3685 | ||
3686 | A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate | |
3687 | and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or | |
3688 | distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version | |
3689 | of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the | |
3690 | compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this | |
3691 | License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled | |
3692 | with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they | |
3693 | are not themselves derivative works of the Document. | |
3694 | ||
3695 | If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these | |
3696 | copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter | |
3697 | of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on | |
3698 | covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. | |
3699 | Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. | |
3700 | ||
3701 | ||
3702 | 8. TRANSLATION | |
3703 | ||
3704 | Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may | |
3705 | distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. | |
3706 | Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special | |
3707 | permission from their copyright holders, but you may include | |
3708 | translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the | |
3709 | original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a | |
3710 | translation of this License provided that you also include the | |
3711 | original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement | |
3712 | between the translation and the original English version of this | |
3713 | License, the original English version will prevail. | |
3714 | ||
3715 | ||
3716 | 9. TERMINATION | |
3717 | ||
3718 | You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except | |
3719 | as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to | |
3720 | copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will | |
3721 | automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, | |
3722 | parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this | |
3723 | License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
3724 | parties remain in full compliance. | |
3725 | ||
3726 | ||
3727 | 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE | |
3728 | ||
3729 | The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions | |
3730 | of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new | |
3731 | versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may | |
3732 | differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See | |
3733 | http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. | |
3734 | ||
3735 | Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. | |
3736 | If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this | |
3737 | License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of | |
3738 | following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or | |
3739 | of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the | |
3740 | Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version | |
3741 | number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not | |
3742 | as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. | |
3743 | ||
3744 | ||
3745 | ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents | |
3746 | ||
3747 | To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of | |
3748 | the License in the document and put the following copyright and | |
3749 | license notices just after the title page: | |
3750 | ||
3751 | @smallexample | |
3752 | Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. | |
3753 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
3754 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 | |
3755 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | |
3756 | with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the | |
3757 | Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. | |
3758 | A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU | |
3759 | Free Documentation License". | |
3760 | @end smallexample | |
3761 | ||
3762 | If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" | |
3763 | instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no | |
3764 | Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of | |
3765 | "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. | |
3766 | ||
3767 | If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we | |
3768 | recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of | |
3769 | free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, | |
3770 | to permit their use in free software. | |
3771 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3772 | @node Index |
3773 | @unnumbered Index | |
3774 | ||
3775 | @printindex cp | |
3776 | ||
3777 | @contents | |
3778 | @bye |