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  23 <CENTER><A HREF="#CONTENTS"><IMG SRC="images/cups-large.gif" BORDER="0"><BR>
  24 <H1>CUPS Software Users Manual</H1></A><BR>
  25 CUPS-SUM-1.1<BR>
  26 Easy Software Products<BR>
  27 Copyright 1997-2000, All Rights Reserved<BR>
  28 </CENTER>
  29 <HR>
  30 <H1 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="CONTENTS">Table of Contents</A></H1>
  31 <BR>
  32 <BR><B><A HREF="#1">Preface</A></B>
  33 <UL>
  34 <LI><A HREF="#1_1">System Overview</A></LI>
  35 <LI><A HREF="#1_2">Document Overview</A></LI>
  36 <LI><A HREF="#1_3">Notation Conventions</A></LI>
  37 <LI><A HREF="#1_4">Abbreviations</A></LI>
  38 <LI><A HREF="#1_5">Other References</A></LI>
  39 </UL>
  40 <B><A HREF="#OVERVIEW">1 - Printing System Overview</A></B>
  41 <UL>
  42 <LI><A HREF="#2_1">The Printing Problem</A></LI>
  43 <LI><A HREF="#2_2">The Technology</A></LI>
  44 <LI><A HREF="#2_3">Jobs</A></LI>
  45 <LI><A HREF="#2_4">Classes</A></LI>
  46 <LI><A HREF="#2_5">Filters</A></LI>
  47 <LI><A HREF="#2_6">Backends</A></LI>
  48 <LI><A HREF="#2_7">Printer Drivers</A></LI>
  49 <LI><A HREF="#2_8">Networking</A></LI>
  50 </UL>
  51 <B><A HREF="#USING_SYSTEM">2 - Using the Printing System</A></B>
  52 <UL>
  53 <LI><A HREF="#3_1">Submitting Files for Printing</A></LI>
  54 <LI><A HREF="#3_2">Choosing a Printer</A></LI>
  55 <LI><A HREF="#3_3">Setting Printer Options</A></LI>
  56 <LI><A HREF="#3_4">Printing Multiple Copies</A></LI>
  57 <LI><A HREF="#3_5">Checking the Printer Status from the Command-Line</A></LI>
  58 <LI><A HREF="#3_6">Checking the Printer Status from the Web</A></LI>
  59 <LI><A HREF="#3_7">Canceling a Print Job</A></LI>
  60 </UL>
  61 <B><A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS">3 - Standard Printer Options</A></B>
  62 <UL>
  63 <LI><A HREF="#4_1">General Options</A></LI>
  64 <UL>
  65 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_1">Setting the Orientation</A></LI>
  66 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_2">Selecting the Media Size, Type, and Source</A></LI>
  67 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_3">Printing On Both Sides of the Paper</A></LI>
  68 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_4">Selecting a Range of Pages</A></LI>
  69 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_5">Selecting Even or Odd Pages</A></LI>
  70 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_6">N-Up Printing</A></LI>
  71 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_7">Setting the Brightness</A></LI>
  72 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_8">Setting the Gamma Correction</A></LI>
  73 </UL>
  74 <LI><A HREF="#4_2">Text Options</A></LI>
  75 <UL>
  76 <LI><A HREF="#4_2_1">Setting the Number of Characters Per Inch</A></LI>
  77 <LI><A HREF="#4_2_2">Setting the Number of Lines Per Inch</A></LI>
  78 <LI><A HREF="#4_2_3">Setting the Number of Columns</A></LI>
  79 <LI><A HREF="#4_2_4">Setting the Page Margins</A></LI>
  80 <LI><A HREF="#4_2_5">Pretty Printing</A></LI>
  81 </UL>
  82 <LI><A HREF="#4_3">Image Options</A></LI>
  83 <UL>
  84 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_1">Scaling the Image</A></LI>
  85 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_2">Adjusting the Hue (Tint) of an Image</A></LI>
  86 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_3">Adjusting the Saturation (Color) of an Image</A></LI>
  87 </UL>
  88 <LI><A HREF="#4_4">HP-GL/2 Options</A></LI>
  89 <UL>
  90 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_1">Printing in Black</A></LI>
  91 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_2">Fitting the Plot on the Page</A></LI>
  92 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_3">Setting the Default Pen Width</A></LI>
  93 </UL>
  94 </UL>
  95 <B><A HREF="#SAVING_OPTIONS">4 - Saving Printer Options and Defaults</A></B>
  96 <UL>
  97 <LI><A HREF="#5_1">Printer Options</A></LI>
  98 <LI><A HREF="#5_2">Setting Options for a Specific Printer</A></LI>
  99 <LI><A HREF="#5_3">Viewing the Current Defaults</A></LI>
 100 <LI><A HREF="#5_4">Setting the Default Printer</A></LI>
 101 <LI><A HREF="#5_5">Printer Instances</A></LI>
 102 <LI><A HREF="#5_6">Removing Instances</A></LI>
 103 </UL>
 104 <B><A HREF="#LICENSE">A - Software License Agreement</A></B>
 105 <UL>
 106 <LI><A HREF="#6_1">Common UNIX Printing System License Agreement</A></LI>
 107 <UL>
 108 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_1">Introduction</A></LI>
 109 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_2">Trademarks</A></LI>
 110 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_3">Binary Distribution Rights</A></LI>
 111 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_4">Support</A></LI>
 112 </UL>
 113 <LI><A HREF="#6_2">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></LI>
 114 <LI><A HREF="#6_3">GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></LI>
 115 </UL>
 116 <HR>
 117 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="1">Preface</A></H1>
 118 <P>This software users manual describes how to use the Common UNIX
 119 Printing System<SUP>TM</SUP> (&quot;CUPS<SUP>TM</SUP>&quot;) Version 1.1. </P>
 120 <H2><A NAME="1_1">System Overview</A></H2>
 121 <P>CUPS provides a portable printing layer for UNIX&reg;-based operating
 122 systems. It has been developed by <A HREF="http://www.easysw.com">Easy
 123 Software Products</A> to promote a standard printing solution for all
 124 UNIX vendors and users. CUPS provides the System V and Berkeley
 125 command-line interfaces. </P>
 126 <P>CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (&quot;IPP&quot;) as the basis for
 127 managing print jobs and queues. The Line Printer Daemon (&quot;LPD&quot;) Server
 128 Message Block (&quot;SMB&quot;), and AppSocket (a.k.a. JetDirect) protocols are
 129 also supported with reduced functionality. CUPS adds network printer
 130 browsing and PostScript Printer Description (&quot;PPD&quot;) based printing
 131 options to support real-world printing under UNIX. </P>
 132 <P>CUPS also includes a customized version of GNU Ghostscript
 133 (currently based off GNU Ghostscript 5.50) and an image file RIP that
 134 are used to support non-PostScript printers. Sample drivers for HP and
 135 EPSON printers are included that use these filters. </P>
 136
 137 <!-- NEED 2in ---->
 138 <H2><A NAME="1_2">Document Overview</A></H2>
 139 <P>This software users manual is organized into the following sections:</P>
 140 <UL>
 141 <LI><A HREF="#OVERVIEW">1 - Printing System Overview</A></LI>
 142 <LI><A HREF="#USING_SYSTEM">2 - Using the Printing System</A></LI>
 143 <LI><A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS">3 - Standard Printer Options</A></LI>
 144 <LI><A HREF="#SAVING_OPTIONS">4 - Saving Printer Options and Defaults</A>
 145 </LI>
 146 <LI><A HREF="#LICENSE">A - Software License Agreement</A></LI>
 147 </UL>
 148 <H2><A NAME="1_3">Notation Conventions</A></H2>
 149 <P>Various font and syntax conventions are used in this guide. Examples
 150 and their meanings and uses are explained below:
 151 <CENTER>
 152 <TABLE WIDTH="80%">
 153 <TR><TH>Example</TH><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TH>Description</TH></TR>
 154 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 155 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD><CODE>lpstat</CODE>
 156 <BR><CODE>lpstat(1)</CODE></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>The names of commands;
 157 the first mention of a command or  function in a chapter is followed by
 158 a manual page section  number.</TD></TR>
 159 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 160 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD><VAR>/var</VAR>
 161 <BR><VAR>/usr/share/cups/data/testprint.ps</VAR></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>
 162 File and directory names.</TD></TR>
 163 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 164 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD NOWRAP><TT>Request ID is Printer-123</TT></TD><TD>
 165 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>Screen output.</TD></TR>
 166 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 167 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD NOWRAP><KBD>lp -d printer filename ENTER</KBD></TD><TD>
 168 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>Literal user input; special keys like <KBD>ENTER</KBD> are
 169  in ALL CAPS.</TD></TR>
 170 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 171 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD>12.3</TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>Numbers in the text are
 172 written using the period (.) to indicate  the decimal point.</TD></TR>
 173 </TABLE>
 174 </CENTER>
 175
 176 <!-- NEED 3in ---->
 177 </P>
 178 <H2><A NAME="1_4">Abbreviations</A></H2>
 179  The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual:
 180 <UL>
 181 <DL>
 182 <DT>kb </DT>
 183 <DD>Kilobytes, or 1024 bytes
 184 <BR>&nbsp; </DD>
 185 <DT>Mb </DT>
 186 <DD>Megabytes, or 1048576 bytes
 187 <BR>&nbsp; </DD>
 188 <DT>Gb </DT>
 189 <DD>Gigabytes, or 1073741824 bytes
 190 <BR>&nbsp; </DD>
 191 </DL>
 192 </UL>
 193 <H2><A NAME="1_5">Other References</A></H2>
 194 <UL>
 195 <DL>
 196 <DT>CUPS Software Administrators Manual </DT>
 197 <DD>An administration guide for the CUPS software.
 198 <BR>&nbsp; </DD>
 199 <DT>CUPS Software Programmers Manual </DT>
 200 <DD>A programmer guide for interfacing with and/or extending the CUPS
 201  software.
 202 <BR>&nbsp; </DD>
 203 </DL>
 204 </UL>
 205 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="OVERVIEW">1 - Printing System Overview</A></H1>
 206 <P>This chapter provides an overview of how the Common UNIX Printing
 207 System works. </P>
 208 <H2><A NAME="2_1">The Printing Problem</A></H2>
 209 <P>For years <I>the printing problem</I> has plagued UNIX. Unlike
 210 Microsoft&reg; Windows&reg; or Mac OS, UNIX has no standard interface or system
 211 in place for supporting printers. Among the solutions currently
 212 available, the Berkeley and System V printing systems are the most
 213 prevalent. </P>
 214 <P>These printing systems support line printers (text only) or
 215 PostScript printers (text and graphics), and with some coaxing they can
 216 be made to support a full range of printers and file formats. However,
 217 because each varient of the UNIX operating system uses a different
 218 printing system than the next developing printer drivers for a wide
 219 range of printers and operating systems is extremely difficult. That
 220 combined with the limited volume of customers for each UNIX varient has
 221 forced most printer vendors to give up supporting UNIX entirely. </P>
 222 <P>CUPS is designed to eliminate <I>the printing problem</I>. One
 223 common printing system can be used by all UNIX varients to support the
 224 printing needs of users. Printer vendors can use its modular filter
 225 interface to develop a single driver program that supports a wide range
 226 of file formats with little or no effort.  Since CUPS provides both the
 227 System V and Berkeley printing commands, users (and applications) can
 228 reap the benefits of this new technology with no changes. </P>
 229 <H2><A NAME="2_2">The Technology</A></H2>
 230 <P>CUPS is based upon an emerging Internet standard called the Internet
 231 Printing Protocol. IPP has been embraced by dozens of printer and
 232 printer server manufacturers and is supported by Microsoft Windows
 233 2000. </P>
 234 <P>IPP defines a standard protocol for printing as well as managing
 235 print jobs and printer options like media size, resolution, and so
 236 forth. Like all IP-based protocols, IPP can be used locally or over the
 237 Internet to printers hundreds or thousands of miles away. Unlike other
 238 protocols, however, IPP also supports access control, authentication,
 239 and encryption, making it a much more capable and secure printing
 240 solution than older ones. </P>
 241 <P>IPP is layered on top of the Hyper-Text Transport Protocol (&quot;HTTP&quot;)
 242 which is the basis of web servers on the Internet. This allows users to
 243 view documentation, check status information on a printer or server,
 244 and manage their printers, classes, and jobs using their web browser. </P>
 245 <P>CUPS provides a complete IPP/1.1 based printing system that provides
 246 Basic, Digest, and local certificate authentication and user, domain,
 247 or IP-based access control. TLS encryption will be available in future
 248 versions of CUPS. </P>
 249 <H2><A NAME="2_3">Jobs</A></H2>
 250 <P>Each file or set of files that is submitted for printing is called a <I>
 251 job</I>. Jobs are identified by a unique number starting at 1 and are
 252 assigned to a particular destination, usually a printer. Jobs can also
 253 have options associated with them such as media size, number of copies,
 254 and priority. </P>
 255 <H2><A NAME="2_4">Classes</A></H2>
 256 <P>CUPS supports collections of printers known as <I>classes</I>. Jobs
 257 sent to a class are forwarded to the first available printer in the
 258 class. </P>
 259 <H2><A NAME="2_5">Filters</A></H2>
 260 <P>Filters allow a user or application to print many types of files
 261 without extra effort. Print jobs sent to a CUPS server are filtered
 262 before sending them to a printer. Some filters convert job files to
 263 different formats that the printer can understand. Others perform page
 264 selection and ordering tasks. </P>
 265 <P>CUPS provides filters for printing many types of image files,
 266 HP-GL/2 files, PDF files, and text files. CUPS also supplies PostScript
 267 and image file Raster Image Processor (&quot;RIP&quot;) filters that convert
 268 PostScript or image files into bitmaps that can be sent to a raster
 269 printer. </P>
 270 <H2><A NAME="2_6">Backends</A></H2>
 271 <P>Backends perform the most important task of all - they send the
 272 filtered print data to the printer. </P>
 273 <P>CUPS provides backends for printing over parallel, serial, and USB
 274 ports, and over the network via the IPP, JetDirect (AppSocket), and
 275 Line Printer Daemon (&quot;LPD&quot;) protocols. Additional backends are
 276 available in network service packages such as the SMB backend included
 277 with the popular SAMBA software. </P>
 278 <P>Backends are also used to determine the available devices. On
 279 startup each backend is asked for a list of devices it supports, and
 280 any information that is available. This allows the parallel backend to
 281 tell CUPS that an EPSON Stylus Color 600 printer is attached to
 282 parallel port 1, for example. </P>
 283 <H2><A NAME="2_7">Printer Drivers</A></H2>
 284 <P>Printer drivers in CUPS consist of one of more filters specific to a
 285 printer. CUPS includes sample printer drivers for Hewlett-Packard
 286 LaserJet and DeskJet printers and EPSON 9-pin, 24-pin, Stylus Color,
 287 and Stylus Photo printers. While these drivers do not generate optimal
 288 output for the different printer models, they do provide basic printing
 289 and demonstrate how you can write your own printer drivers and
 290 incorporate them into CUPS. </P>
 291 <H2><A NAME="2_8">Networking</A></H2>
 292 <P>Printers and classes on the local system are automatically shared
 293 with other systems on the network. This allows you to setup one system
 294 to print to a printer and use this system as a printer server or spool
 295 host for all of the others. Users may then select a local printer by
 296 name or a remote printer using &quot;name@server&quot;. </P>
 297 <P>CUPS also provides <I>implicit classes</I>, which are collections of
 298 printers and/or classes with the same name. This allows you to setup
 299 multiple servers pointing to the same physical network printer, for
 300 example, so that you aren't relying on a single system for printing.
 301 Because this also works with printer classes, you can setup multiple
 302 servers and printers and never worry about a single point of failure
 303 unless all of the printers and servers go down! </P>
 304 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="USING_SYSTEM">2 - Using the Printing System</A>
 305 </H1>
 306 <P>This chapter shows you how to submit, query, and cancel print jobs
 307 to different printers. </P>
 308 <H2><A NAME="3_1">Submitting Files for Printing</A></H2>
 309 <P>CUPS provides both the System V (<CODE>lp(1)</CODE>) and Berkeley (<CODE>
 310 lpr(1)</CODE>) printing commands. Type the following command to print a
 311 file to the default (or only) printer on the system: </P>
 312 <UL>
 313 <PRE>
 314 <B>lp filename ENTER</B>
 315 </PRE>
 316 </UL>
 317 <P>or: </P>
 318 <UL>
 319 <PRE>
 320 <B>lpr filename ENTER</B>
 321 </PRE>
 322 </UL>
 323 <P>CUPS understands many different types of files directly, including
 324 PostScript and image files. This allows you to print from inside your
 325 applications or at the command-line, whichever is most convenient! </P>
 326 <H2><A NAME="3_2">Choosing a Printer</A></H2>
 327 <P>Many systems will have more than one printer available to the user.
 328 These printers can be attached to the local system via a parallel,
 329 serial, or USB port, or available over the network. </P>
 330 <P>Use the <CODE>lpstat(1)</CODE> command to see a list of available
 331 printers: </P>
 332 <UL>
 333 <PRE>
 334 <B>lpstat -p -d ENTER</B>
 335 </PRE>
 336 </UL>
 337 <P>The <CODE>-p</CODE> option specifies that you want to see a list of
 338 printers, and the <CODE>-d</CODE> option reports the current system
 339 default printer or class. </P>
 340 <P>Use the <CODE>-d</CODE> option with the <CODE>lp</CODE> command to
 341 print to a specific printer: </P>
 342 <UL>
 343 <PRE>
 344 <B>lp -d printer filename ENTER</B>
 345 </PRE>
 346 </UL>
 347 <P>or the <CODE>-P</CODE> option with the <CODE>lpr</CODE> command: </P>
 348 <UL>
 349 <PRE>
 350 <B>lpr -P printer filename ENTER</B>
 351 </PRE>
 352 </UL>
 353 <H2><A NAME="3_3">Setting Printer Options</A></H2>
 354 <P>For many types of files, the default printer options may be
 355 sufficient for your needs. However, there may be times when you need to
 356 change the options for a particular file you are printing. </P>
 357 <P>The <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE> commands allow you to pass
 358 printer options using the <CODE>-o</CODE> option: </P>
 359 <UL>
 360 <PRE>
 361 <B>lp -o landscape -o scaling=75 -o media=A4 filename.jpg
 362 <B>lpr -o landscape -o scaling=75 -o media=A4 filename.jpg
 363 </B></B></PRE>
 364 </UL>
 365 <P>The available printer options vary depending on the printer. The
 366 standard options are described in <A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS">Chapter
 367 3, &quot;Standard Printing Options&quot;</A>. </P>
 368 <H2><A NAME="3_4">Printing Multiple Copies</A></H2>
 369 <P>Both the <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE> commands have options
 370 for printing more than one copy of a file: </P>
 371 <UL>
 372 <PRE>
 373 <B>lp -n <I>num-copies</I> filename ENTER</B>
 374 <B>lpr -#<I>num-copies</I> filename ENTER</B>
 375 </PRE>
 376 </UL>
 377 <P>Copies are normally <I>not</I> collated for you. Use the <CODE>-o
 378 Collate=True</CODE> option to get collated copies : </P>
 379 <UL>
 380 <PRE>
 381 <B>lp -n <I>num-copies</I> -o Collate=True filename ENTER</B>
 382 <B>lpr -#<I>num-copies</I> -o Collate=True filename ENTER</B>
 383 </PRE>
 384 </UL>
 385
 386 <!-- NEED 3in ---->
 387 <H2><A NAME="3_5">Checking the Printer Status from the Command-Line</A></H2>
 388 <P>The <CODE>lpstat</CODE> command can be used to check for jobs that
 389 you have submitted for printing: </P>
 390 <UL>
 391 <PRE>
 392 <B>lpstat ENTER</B>
 393 Printer-1 johndoe 4427776
 394 Printer-2 johndoe 15786
 395 Printer-3 johndoe 372842
 396 </PRE>
 397 </UL>
 398 <P>The jobs are listed in the order they will be printed. Use the <CODE>
 399 -p</CODE> option to see which files and printers are active: </P>
 400 <UL>
 401 <PRE>
 402 <B>lpstat -p ENTER</B>
 403 printer DeskJet now printing DeskJet-1.
 404 </PRE>
 405 </UL>
 406
 407 <!-- NEED 2in ---->
 408 <P>Use the <CODE>-o</CODE> and <CODE>-p</CODE> options together to show
 409 the jobs and the printers: </P>
 410 <UL>
 411 <PRE>
 412 <B>lpstat -o -p ENTER</B>
 413 Printer-1 johndoe 4427776
 414 Printer-2 johndoe 15786
 415 Printer-3 johndoe 372842
 416 printer DeskJet now printing DeskJet-1.
 417 </PRE>
 418 </UL>
 419 <H2><A NAME="3_6">Checking the Printer Status from the Web</A></H2>
 420 <P>Since CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol, it is also a
 421 fully-functional web server. To use your web browser to monitor the
 422 printers on your system, open the URL: </P>
 423 <UL>
 424 <PRE>
 425 <A HREF="http://localhost:631">http://localhost:631</A>
 426 </PRE>
 427 </UL>
 428 <P>From there you can view the status of classes, jobs, and printers
 429 with the click of a button! </P>
 430 <H2><A NAME="3_7">Canceling a Print Job</A></H2>
 431 <P>The <CODE>cancel(1)</CODE> and <CODE>lprm(1)</CODE> commands cancel
 432 a print job: </P>
 433 <UL>
 434 <PRE>
 435 <B>cancel <I>job-id</I> ENTER</B>
 436 <B>lprm <I>job-id</I> ENTER</B>
 437 </PRE>
 438 </UL>
 439 <P>The <CODE>job-id</CODE> is the number that was reported to you by
 440 the <CODE>lp</CODE> or <CODE>lpstat</CODE> commands. </P>
 441 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="STANDARD_OPTIONS">3 - Standard Printer
 442 Options</A></H1>
 443 <P>This chapter describes the standard printer options that are
 444 available when printing with the <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE>
 445  commands. </P>
 446 <H2><A NAME="4_1">General Options</A></H2>
 447 <P>The following options apply when printing all types of files. </P>
 448 <H3><A NAME="4_1_1">Setting the Orientation</A></H3>
 449 <P>The <CODE>-o landscape</CODE> option will rotate the page 90 degrees
 450 to print in landscape orientation: </P>
 451 <UL>
 452 <PRE>
 453 <B>lp -o landscape filename ENTER</B>
 454 <B>lpr -o landscape filename ENTER</B>
 455 </PRE>
 456 </UL>
 457
 458 <!-- NEED 2in ---->
 459 <H3><A NAME="4_1_2">Selecting the Media Size, Type, and Source</A></H3>
 460 <P>The <CODE>-o media=xyz</CODE> option sets the media size, type,
 461 and/or source: </P>
 462 <UL>
 463 <PRE>
 464 <B>lp -o media=Letter filename ENTER</B>
 465 <B>lp -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose filename ENTER</B>
 466 <B>lpr -o media=Letter,Transparency filename ENTER</B>
 467 <B>lpr -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose,Transparency filename ENTER</B>
 468 </PRE>
 469 </UL>
 470
 471 <!-- NEED 3in ---->
 472 <P>The available media sizes, types, and sources depend on the printer,
 473 but most support the following options (case is not significant): </P>
 474 <UL>
 475 <LI><CODE>Letter</CODE> - US Letter (8.5x11 inches, or 216x279mm) </LI>
 476 <LI><CODE>Legal</CODE> - US Legal (8.5x14 inches, or 216x356mm) </LI>
 477 <LI><CODE>A4</CODE> - ISO A4 (8.27x11.69 inches, or 210x297mm) </LI>
 478 <LI><CODE>COM10</CODE> - US #10 Envelope (9.5x4.125 inches, or
 479  241x105mm) </LI>
 480 <LI><CODE>DL</CODE> - ISO DL Envelope (8.66x4.33 inches, or 220x110mm) </LI>
 481 <LI><CODE>Transparency</CODE> - Transparency media type or source </LI>
 482 <LI><CODE>Upper</CODE> - Upper paper tray </LI>
 483 <LI><CODE>Lower</CODE> - Lower paper tray </LI>
 484 <LI><CODE>MultiPurpose</CODE> - Multi-purpose paper tray </LI>
 485 <LI><CODE>LargeCapacity</CODE> - Large capacity paper tray </LI>
 486 </UL>
 487 <P>The actual options supported are defined in the printer's PPD file
 488 in the <CODE>PageSize</CODE>, <CODE>InputSlot</CODE>, and <CODE>
 489 MediaType</CODE> options. </P>
 490 <H3><A NAME="4_1_3">Printing On Both Sides of the Paper</A></H3>
 491 <P>The <CODE>-o sides=two-sided-short-edge</CODE> and <CODE>-o
 492 sides=two-sided-long-edge</CODE> options will enable duplexing on the
 493 printer, if the printer supports it. The <CODE>-o
 494 sides=two-sided-short-edge</CODE> option is suitable for landscape
 495 pages, while the <CODE>-o sides=two-sided-long-edge</CODE> option is
 496 suitable for portrait pages: </P>
 497 <UL>
 498 <PRE>
 499 <B>lp -o sides=two-sided-short-edge filename ENTER</B>
 500 <B>lp -o sides=two-sided-long-edge filename ENTER</B>
 501 <B>lpr -o sides=two-sided-long-edge filename ENTER</B>
 502 </PRE>
 503 </UL>
 504 <P>The default is to print single-sided: </P>
 505 <UL>
 506 <PRE>
 507 <B>lp -o sides=one-sided filename ENTER</B>
 508 <B>lpr -o sides=one-sided filename ENTER</B>
 509 </PRE>
 510 </UL>
 511 <H3><A NAME="4_1_4">Selecting a Range of Pages</A></H3>
 512 <P>The <CODE>-o page-ranges=pages</CODE> option selects a range of
 513 pages for printing: </P>
 514 <UL>
 515 <PRE>
 516 <B>lp -o page-ranges=1 filename ENTER</B>
 517 <B>lp -o page-ranges=1-4 filename ENTER</B>
 518 <B>lp -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 filename ENTER</B>
 519 <B>lpr -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 filename ENTER</B>
 520 </PRE>
 521 </UL>
 522 <P>As shown above, the <CODE>pages</CODE> value can be a single page, a
 523 range of pages, or a collection of page numbers and ranges separated by
 524 commas. The pages will always be printed in ascending order, regardless
 525 of the order of the pages in the <CODE>page-ranges</CODE> option. </P>
 526 <P>The default is to print all pages. </P>
 527 <H3><A NAME="4_1_5">Selecting Even or Odd Pages</A></H3>
 528 <P>Use the <CODE>-o page-set=set</CODE> option to select the even or
 529 odd pages: </P>
 530 <UL>
 531 <PRE>
 532 <B>lp -o page-set=odd filename ENTER</B>
 533 <B>lp -o page-set=even filename ENTER</B>
 534 <B>lpr -o page-set=even filename ENTER</B>
 535 </PRE>
 536 </UL>
 537 <P>The default is to print all pages. </P>
 538 <H3><A NAME="4_1_6">N-Up Printing</A></H3>
 539 <P>The <CODE>-o number-up=value</CODE> option selects N-Up printing.
 540  N-Up printing places multiple document pages on a single printed page.
 541  CUPS supports 1-Up, 2-Up, and 4-Up formats: </P>
 542 <UL>
 543 <PRE>
 544 <B>lp -o number-up=1 filename ENTER</B>
 545 <B>lp -o number-up=2 filename ENTER</B>
 546 <B>lp -o number-up=4 filename ENTER</B>
 547 <B>lpr -o number-up=4 filename ENTER</B>
 548 </PRE>
 549 </UL>
 550 <P>The default format is 1-Up. </P>
 551 <H3><A NAME="4_1_7">Setting the Brightness</A></H3>
 552 <P>You can control the overall brightness of the printed output using
 553 the <CODE>-o brightness=percent</CODE> option: </P>
 554 <UL>
 555 <PRE>
 556 <B>lp -o brightness=120 filename ENTER</B>
 557 <B>lpr -o brightness=120 filename ENTER</B>
 558 </PRE>
 559 </UL>
 560 <P>Values greater than 100 will lighten the print, while values less
 561 than 100 will darken it. </P>
 562 <H3><A NAME="4_1_8">Setting the Gamma Correction</A></H3>
 563 <P>You can control the overall gamma correction of the printed output
 564 using the <CODE>-o gamma=value</CODE> option: </P>
 565 <UL>
 566 <PRE>
 567 <B>lp -o gamma=1700 filename ENTER</B>
 568 <B>lpr -o gamma=1700 filename ENTER</B>
 569 </PRE>
 570 </UL>
 571 <P>Values greater than 1000 will lighten the print, while values less
 572 than 1000 will darken it. The default gamma is 1000. </P>
 573 <H2><A NAME="4_2">Text Options</A></H2>
 574 <P>The following options apply when printing text files. </P>
 575 <H3><A NAME="4_2_1">Setting the Number of Characters Per Inch</A></H3>
 576 <P>The <CODE>-o cpi=value</CODE> option sets the number of characters
 577 per inch: </P>
 578 <UL>
 579 <PRE>
 580 <B>lp -o cpi=10 filename ENTER</B>
 581 <B>lp -o cpi=12 filename ENTER</B>
 582 <B>lpr -o cpi=17 filename ENTER</B>
 583 </PRE>
 584 </UL>
 585 <P>The default characters per inch is 10. </P>
 586 <H3><A NAME="4_2_2">Setting the Number of Lines Per Inch</A></H3>
 587 <P>The <CODE>-o lpi=value</CODE> option sets the number of lines per
 588 inch: </P>
 589 <UL>
 590 <PRE>
 591 <B>lp -o lpi=6 filename ENTER</B>
 592 <B>lpr -o lpi=8 filename ENTER</B>
 593 </PRE>
 594 </UL>
 595 <P>The default lines per inch is 6. </P>
 596 <H3><A NAME="4_2_3">Setting the Number of Columns</A></H3>
 597 <P>The <CODE>-o columns=value</CODE> option sets the number of text
 598 columns: </P>
 599 <UL>
 600 <PRE>
 601 <B>lp -o columns=2 filename ENTER</B>
 602 <B>lpr -o columns=3 filename ENTER</B>
 603 </PRE>
 604 </UL>
 605 <P>The default number of columns is 1. </P>
 606 <H3><A NAME="4_2_4">Setting the Page Margins</A></H3>
 607 <P>Normally the page margins are set to the hard limits of the printer.
 608 Use the <CODE>-o page-left=value</CODE>, <CODE>-o page-right=value</CODE>
 609 , <CODE>-o page-top=value</CODE>, and <CODE>-o page-bottom=value</CODE>
 610  options to adjust the page margins: </P>
 611 <UL>
 612 <PRE>
 613 <B>lp -o page-left=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 614 <B>lp -o page-right=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 615 <B>lp -o page-top=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 616 <B>lp -o page-bottom=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 617 <B>lpr -o page-bottom=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 618 </PRE>
 619 </UL>
 620 <P>The <CODE>value</CODE> argument is the margin in points; each point
 621 is 1/72 inch or 0.35mm. </P>
 622 <H3><A NAME="4_2_5">Pretty Printing</A></H3>
 623 <P>The <CODE>-o prettyprint</CODE> option puts a header at the top of
 624 each page with the page number, job title (usually the filename), and
 625 the date. Also, C and C++ keywords are highlighted, and comment lines
 626 are italicized: </P>
 627 <UL>
 628 <PRE>
 629 <B>lp -o prettyprint filename ENTER</B>
 630 <B>lpr -o prettyprint filename ENTER</B>
 631 </PRE>
 632 </UL>
 633 <H2><A NAME="4_3">Image Options</A></H2>
 634 <P>The following options apply when printing image files. </P>
 635 <H3><A NAME="4_3_1">Scaling the Image</A></H3>
 636 <P>The <CODE>-o scaling=percent</CODE> and <CODE>-o ppi=value</CODE>
 637  options change the size of a printed image: </P>
 638 <UL>
 639 <PRE>
 640 <B>lp -o scaling=<I>percent</I> filename ENTER</B>
 641 <B>lp -o ppi=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 642 <B>lpr -o ppi=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 643 </PRE>
 644 </UL>
 645 <P>The <CODE>percent</CODE> value is a number from 1 to 800 specifying
 646 the size in relation to the page (<I>not</I> the image.) A scaling of
 647 100 percent will fill the page as completely as the image aspect ratio
 648 allows. A scaling of 200 percent will print on up to 4 pages. </P>
 649 <P>The ppi <CODE>value</CODE> is a number from 1 to 1200 specifying the
 650 resolution of the image in pixels per inch. An image that is 3000x2400
 651 pixels will print 10x8 inches at 300 pixels per inch, for example. If
 652 the specified resolution makes the image larger than the page, multiple
 653 pages will be printed to satisfy the request. </P>
 654 <H3><A NAME="4_3_2">Adjusting the Hue (Tint) of an Image</A></H3>
 655 <P>The <CODE>-o hue=value</CODE> option will adjust the hue of the
 656 printed image, much like the tint control on your television: </P>
 657 <UL>
 658 <PRE>
 659 <B>lp -o hue=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 660 <B>lpr -o hue=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 661 </PRE>
 662 </UL>
 663
 664 <!-- NEED 3in ---->
 665 <P>The <CODE>value</CODE> argument is a number from -360 to 360 and
 666 represents the color hue rotation. The following table summarizes the
 667 change you'll see with different colors:
 668 <CENTER>
 669 <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="50%">
 670 <TR><TH>Original</TH><TH>hue=-45</TH><TH>hue=45</TH></TR>
 671 <TR><TD>Red</TD><TD>Purple</TD><TD>Yellow-orange</TD></TR>
 672 <TR><TD>Green</TD><TD>Yellow-green</TD><TD>Blue-green</TD></TR>
 673 <TR><TD>Yellow</TD><TD>Orange</TD><TD>Green-yellow</TD></TR>
 674 <TR><TD>Blue</TD><TD>Sky-blue</TD><TD>Purple</TD></TR>
 675 <TR><TD>Magenta</TD><TD>Indigo</TD><TD>Crimson</TD></TR>
 676 <TR><TD>Cyan</TD><TD>Blue-green</TD><TD>Light-navy-blue</TD></TR>
 677 </TABLE>
 678 </CENTER>
 679 </P>
 680 <P>The default hue adjustment is 0. </P>
 681 <H3><A NAME="4_3_3">Adjusting the Saturation (Color) of an Image</A></H3>
 682 <P>The <CODE>-o saturation=percent</CODE> option adjusts the saturation
 683 of the colors in an image, much like the color knob on your television: </P>
 684 <UL>
 685 <PRE>
 686 <B>lp -o saturation=<I>percent</I> filename ENTER</B>
 687 <B>lpr -o saturation=<I>percent</I> filename ENTER</B>
 688 </PRE>
 689 </UL>
 690 <P>The <CODE>percent</CODE> argument specifies the color saturation
 691 from 0 to 200. A color saturation of 0 produces a black-and-white
 692 print, while a value of 200 will make the colors extremely intense. </P>
 693 <P>The default saturation is 100.
 694 <!-- NEED 2in ---->
 695 </P>
 696 <H2><A NAME="4_4">HP-GL/2 Options</A></H2>
 697 <P>The following options apply to HP-GL/2 files. </P>
 698 <H3><A NAME="4_4_1">Printing in Black</A></H3>
 699 <P>The <CODE>-o blackplot</CODE> option specifies that all pens should
 700 plot in black: <U></P>
 701 <PRE>
 702 <B>lp -o blackplot filename ENTER</B>
 703 <B>lpr -o blackplot filename ENTER</B>
 704 </PRE>
 705 <P>The default is to use the colors defined in the plot file or the
 706 standard pen colors defined in the HP-GL/2 reference manual from
 707 Hewlett Packard. </P>
 708 <H3><A NAME="4_4_2">Fitting the Plot on the Page</A></H3>
 709 <P>The <CODE>-o fitplot</CODE> option specifies that the plot should be
 710 scaled to fit on the page: <U></P>
 711 <PRE>
 712 <B>lp -o fitplot filename ENTER</B>
 713 <B>lpr -o fitplot filename ENTER</B>
 714 </PRE>
 715 <P>The default is to use the absolute distances specified in the plot
 716 file.
 717 <CENTER>
 718 <TABLE BGCOLOR="#cccccc" BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="80%">
 719 <TR><TD><B>NOTE:</B>
 720 <P>This feature depends upon an accurate plot size (<CODE>PS</CODE>)
 721  command in the HP-GL/2 file. If no plot size is given in the file
 722  than the HP-GL/2 filter assumes the plot is ANSI E size. </P>
 723 </TD></TR>
 724 </TABLE>
 725 </CENTER>
 726 </P>
 727 <H3><A NAME="4_4_3">Setting the Default Pen Width</A></H3>
 728 <P>The <CODE>-o penwidth=value</CODE> option specifies the default pen
 729 width for HP-GL/2 files: </P>
 730 <UL>
 731 <PRE>
 732 <B>lp -o penwidth=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 733 <B>lpr -o penwidth=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 734 </PRE>
 735 </UL>
 736 <P>The pen width <CODE>value</CODE> specifies the pen width in
 737 micrometers. The default value of 1000 produces lines that are 1
 738 millimeter in width. Specifying a pen width of 0 produces lines that
 739 are exactly 1 pixel wide.
 740 <CENTER>
 741 <TABLE BGCOLOR="#cccccc" BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="80%">
 742 <TR><TD><B>NOTE:</B>
 743 <P>This option is ignored when the pen widths are set in the  plot
 744 file. </P>
 745 </TD></TR>
 746 </TABLE>
 747 </CENTER>
 748 </P>
 749 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="SAVING_OPTIONS">4 - Saving Printer Options
 750 and Defaults</A></H1>
 751 <P>This chapter describes how to save printer options for your printer
 752 and set your own default printer. </P>
 753 <H2><A NAME="5_1">Printer Options</A></H2>
 754 <P>Each printer supports a large number of options, which you learned
 755 about in <A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS">Chapter 3, &quot;Standard Printer
 756 Options&quot;</A>. Rather than specifying these options each time you print
 757 a file, CUPS allows you to save them as &quot;default&quot; options for the
 758 printer. </P>
 759 <P>The <CODE>lpoptions(1)</CODE> command saves the options for your
 760 printers. Like the <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE> commands, it
 761 accepts printer options using the <CODE>-o</CODE> argument: </P>
 762 <UL>
 763 <PRE>
 764 <B>lpoptions -o media=A4 -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTER</B>
 765 <B>lpoptions -o media=Legal -o scaling=100 ENTER</B>
 766 </PRE>
 767 </UL>
 768 <P>Once saved, any <CODE>lp</CODE> or <CODE>lpr</CODE> command will use
 769 them when you print. </P>
 770 <H2><A NAME="5_2">Setting Options for a Specific Printer</A></H2>
 771 <P>The previous example shows how to set the options for the default
 772 printer. The <CODE>-p printer</CODE> option specifies the options are
 773 for another printer: </P>
 774 <UL>
 775 <PRE>
 776 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet -o media=A4 -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTER</B>
 777 <B>lpoptions -p deskjet -o media=Legal -o scaling=100 ENTER</B>
 778 </PRE>
 779 </UL>
 780 <H2><A NAME="5_3">Viewing the Current Defaults</A></H2>
 781 <P>The <CODE>lpoptions</CODE> command can also be used to show the
 782 current options by not specifying any new options on the command-line: </P>
 783 <UL>
 784 <PRE>
 785 <B>lpoptions ENTER</B>
 786 media=A4 sides=two-sided-long-edge
 787 <B>lpoptions -p deskjet ENTER</B>
 788 media=Legal scaling=100
 789 </PRE>
 790 </UL>
 791 <H2><A NAME="5_4">Setting the Default Printer</A></H2>
 792 <P>The administrator normally will set a system-wide default printer
 793 that is normally used as the default printer by everyone. Use the <CODE>
 794 -d printer</CODE> option to set your own default printer: </P>
 795 <UL>
 796 <PRE>
 797 <B>lpoptions -d deskjet ENTER</B>
 798 </PRE>
 799 </UL>
 800 <P>The printer can be local (<CODE>deskjet</CODE>) or remote (<CODE>
 801 deskjet@server</CODE>). </P>
 802 <H2><A NAME="5_5">Printer Instances</A></H2>
 803 <P>Besides setting options for each print queue, CUPS supports <I>
 804 printer instances</I> which allow you to define several different sets
 805 of options for each printer. You specify a printer instance using the
 806 slash (<CODE>/</CODE>) character: </P>
 807 <UL>
 808 <PRE>
 809 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet/duplex -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTER</B>
 810 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet/legal -o media=Legal ENTER</B>
 811 </PRE>
 812 </UL>
 813 <P>The <CODE>lp</CODE> and lpr commands also understand this notation: </P>
 814 <UL>
 815 <PRE>
 816 <B>lp -d laserjet/duplex filename ENTER</B>
 817 <B>lpr -P laserjet/legal filename ENTER</B>
 818 </PRE>
 819 </UL>
 820 <H2><A NAME="5_6">Removing Instances</A></H2>
 821 <P>Use the <CODE>-x printer/instance</CODE> option to remove a printer
 822 instance that you no longer need: </P>
 823 <UL>
 824 <PRE>
 825 <B>lpoptions -x laserjet ENTER</B>
 826 <B>lpoptions -x laserjet/duplex ENTER</B>
 827 <B>lpoptions -x laserjet/legal ENTER</B>
 828 </PRE>
 829 </UL>
 830 <P>The <CODE>-x</CODE> option only removes the default options for that
 831 printer and instance; the original print queue will remain until
 832 deleted with the <CODE>lpadmin(8)</CODE> command by the administrator. </P>
 833 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="LICENSE">A - Software License Agreement</A></H1>
 834 <H2 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="6_1">Common UNIX Printing System License
 835 Agreement</A></H2>
 836 <P ALIGN="CENTER">Copyright 1997-2000 by Easy Software Products
 837 <BR> 44141 AIRPORT VIEW DR STE 204
 838 <BR> HOLLYWOOD, MARYLAND 20636-3111 USA
 839 <BR>
 840 <BR> Voice: +1.301.373.9603
 841 <BR> Email: <A HREF="mailto:cups-info@cups.org">cups-info@cups.org</A>
 842 <BR> WWW: <A HREF="http://www.cups.org">http://www.cups.org</A></P>
 843 <H3><A NAME="6_1_1">Introduction</A></H3>
 844 <P>The Common UNIX Printing System<SUP>TM</SUP>, or CUPS<SUP>TM</SUP>,
 845 is provided under the GNU General Public License (&quot;GPL&quot;) and GNU
 846 Library General Public License (&quot;LGPL&quot;), Version 2. A copy of these
 847 licenses follow this introduction. </P>
 848 <P>The GNU LGPL applies to the CUPS API library, located in the &quot;cups&quot;
 849 subdirectory of the CUPS source distribution and in the
 850 &quot;/usr/include/cups&quot; directory and &quot;/usr/lib/libcups.so&quot; or
 851 &quot;/usr/lib32/libcups.so&quot; files in the binary distributions. </P>
 852 <P>The GNU GPL applies to the remainder of the CUPS distribution,
 853 including the &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter which is based upon GNU Ghostscript
 854 5.50. </P>
 855 <P>For those not familiar with the GNU GPL, the license basically
 856 allows you to: </P>
 857 <UL>
 858 <LI>Use the CUPS software at no charge. </LI>
 859 <LI>Distribute verbatim copies of the software in source or  binary
 860 form. </LI>
 861 <LI>Sell verbatim copies of the software for a media fee, or  sell
 862 support for the software. </LI>
 863 <LI>Distribute or sell printer drivers and filters that use the  CUPS
 864 API so long as source code is made available under the GPL. </LI>
 865 </UL>
 866 <P>What this license <B>does not</B> allow you to do is make changes or
 867 add features to CUPS and then sell a binary distribution without source
 868 code. You must provide source for any new drivers, changes, or
 869 additions to the software, and all code must be provided under the GPL. </P>
 870 <P>The GNU LGPL relaxes the &quot;link-to&quot; restriction, allowing you to
 871 develop applications that use the CUPS API library under other licenses
 872 and/or conditions as appropriate for your application. </P>
 873 <H3><A NAME="6_1_2">Trademarks</A></H3>
 874 <P>Easy Software Products has trademarked the Common UNIX Printing
 875 System, CUPS, and CUPS logo. These names and logos may be used freely
 876 in any direct port or binary distribution of CUPS. To use them in
 877 derivative products, please contract Easy Software Products for written
 878 permission. Our intention is to protect the value of these trademarks
 879 and ensure that any derivative product meets the same high-quality
 880 standards as the original. </P>
 881 <H3><A NAME="6_1_3">Binary Distribution Rights</A></H3>
 882 <P>Easy Software Products also sells rights to the CUPS source code
 883 under a binary distribution license for vendors that are unable to
 884 release source code for their drivers, additions, and modifications to
 885 CUPS under the GNU GPL. For pricing information please contact us at
 886 the address shown above. </P>
 887 <P>The Common UNIX Printing System provides a &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter that
 888 utilizes GNU GhostScript 5.50 to convert PostScript files into a stream
 889 of raster images. For binary distribution licensing of this software,
 890 please contact: <BLOCKQUOTE>Miles Jones
 891 <BR> Director of Marketing
 892 <BR> Artifex Software Inc.
 893 <BR> 454 Las Gallinas Ave., Suite 108
 894 <BR> San Rafael, CA 94903 USA
 895 <BR> Voice: +1.415.492.9861
 896 <BR> Fax: +1.415.492.9862
 897 <BR> EMail: info@arsoft.com </BLOCKQUOTE></P>
 898 <H3><A NAME="6_1_4">Support</A></H3>
 899 <P>Easy Software Products sells software support for CUPS as well as a
 900 commercial printing product based on CUPS called ESP Print Pro. You can
 901 find out more at our web site: </P>
 902 <UL>
 903 <PRE>
 904 <A HREF="http://www.easysw.com">http://www.easysw.com</A>
 905 </PRE>
 906 </UL>
 907
 908 <!-- NEW PAGE ---->
 909 <H2><A NAME="6_2">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></H2>
 910 <P>Version 2, June 1991 </P>
 911 <PRE>
 912 Copyright 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 913 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 914
 915 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
 916 copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 917 </PRE>
 918 <PRE>
 919
 920 </PRE>
 921 <H4>Preamble</H4>
 922 <P>The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
 923 freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
 924 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
 925 software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
 926 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
 927 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
 928 using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
 929 the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
 930 your programs, too. </P>
 931 <P>When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
 932 price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
 933 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
 934 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
 935 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
 936 new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. </P>
 937 <P>To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
 938 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
 939 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
 940 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. </P>
 941 <P>For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
 942 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
 943 you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
 944 source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
 945 rights. </P>
 946 <P>We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
 947 and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to
 948 copy, distribute and/or modify the software. </P>
 949 <P>Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
 950 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
 951 software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on,
 952 we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original,
 953 so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the
 954 original authors' reputations. </P>
 955 <P>Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
 956 patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
 957 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
 958 program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
 959 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. </P>
 960 <P>The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
 961 modification follow. </P>
 962 <H4>GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
 963 <BR> TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</H4>
 964 <OL START="0">
 965 <LI>This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
 966 notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
 967 under the terms of this General Public License.  The &quot;Program&quot;, below,
 968 refers to any such program or work, and a &quot;work based on the Program&quot;
 969 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
 970 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
 971 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
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1163 <H4>END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS</H4>
1164
1165 <!-- NEW PAGE ---->
1166 <H2><A NAME="6_3">GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></H2>
1167 <P>Version 2, June 1991 </P>
1168 <PRE>
1169 Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
1170 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
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1173
1174 [This is the first released version of the library GPL.  It is
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