]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/util-linux.git/blobdiff - misc-utils/lsblk.c
docs: update year in libs docs
[thirdparty/util-linux.git] / misc-utils / lsblk.c
index d27c5b00d50e29f91bc7a19d106dc9d049937b63..441655e24938331ae6a868f6d5f6f8fea8fb98fc 100644 (file)
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * lsblk(8) - list block devices
  *
- * Copyright (C) 2010,2011,2012 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2018 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
  * Written by Milan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
  *            Karel Zak <kzak@redhat.com>
  *
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
  * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
  * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  */
-
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
@@ -50,6 +49,7 @@
 #include "sysfs.h"
 #include "closestream.h"
 #include "optutils.h"
+#include "fileutils.h"
 
 #include "lsblk.h"
 
@@ -72,12 +72,14 @@ enum {
        COL_FSTYPE,
        COL_FSUSED,
        COL_FSUSEPERC,
+       COL_FSVERSION,
        COL_TARGET,
        COL_LABEL,
        COL_UUID,
        COL_PTUUID,
        COL_PTTYPE,
        COL_PARTTYPE,
+       COL_PARTTYPENAME,
        COL_PARTLABEL,
        COL_PARTUUID,
        COL_PARTFLAGS,
@@ -142,13 +144,12 @@ struct colinfo {
        double          whint;          /* width hint (N < 1 is in percent of termwidth) */
        int             flags;          /* SCOLS_FL_* */
        const char      *help;
-
        int             type;           /* COLTYPE_* */
 };
 
 /* columns descriptions */
 static struct colinfo infos[] = {
-       [COL_NAME]   = { "NAME",    0.25, SCOLS_FL_TREE | SCOLS_FL_NOEXTREMES, N_("device name") },
+       [COL_NAME]   = { "NAME",    0.25, SCOLS_FL_NOEXTREMES, N_("device name") },
        [COL_KNAME]  = { "KNAME",   0.3, 0, N_("internal kernel device name") },
        [COL_PKNAME] = { "PKNAME",  0.3, 0, N_("internal parent kernel device name") },
        [COL_PATH]   = { "PATH",    0.3,  0, N_("path to the device node") },
@@ -159,6 +160,7 @@ static struct colinfo infos[] = {
        [COL_FSTYPE]    = { "FSTYPE", 0.1, SCOLS_FL_TRUNC, N_("filesystem type") },
        [COL_FSUSED]    = { "FSUSED", 5, SCOLS_FL_RIGHT, N_("filesystem size used") },
        [COL_FSUSEPERC] = { "FSUSE%", 3, SCOLS_FL_RIGHT, N_("filesystem use percentage") },
+       [COL_FSVERSION] = { "FSVER", 0.1, SCOLS_FL_TRUNC, N_("filesystem version") },
 
        [COL_TARGET] = { "MOUNTPOINT", 0.10, SCOLS_FL_TRUNC, N_("where the device is mounted") },
        [COL_LABEL]  = { "LABEL",   0.1, 0, N_("filesystem LABEL") },
@@ -167,7 +169,8 @@ static struct colinfo infos[] = {
        [COL_PTUUID] = { "PTUUID",  36,  0, N_("partition table identifier (usually UUID)") },
        [COL_PTTYPE] = { "PTTYPE",  0.1, 0, N_("partition table type") },
 
-       [COL_PARTTYPE]  = { "PARTTYPE",  36,  0, N_("partition type UUID") },
+       [COL_PARTTYPE]  = { "PARTTYPE",  36,  0, N_("partition type code or UUID") },
+       [COL_PARTTYPENAME]  = { "PARTTYPENAME",  0.1,  0, N_("partition type name") },
        [COL_PARTLABEL] = { "PARTLABEL", 0.1, 0, N_("partition LABEL") },
        [COL_PARTUUID]  = { "PARTUUID",  36,  0, N_("partition UUID") },
        [COL_PARTFLAGS] = { "PARTFLAGS",  36,  0, N_("partition flags") },
@@ -209,14 +212,15 @@ static struct colinfo infos[] = {
 
 struct lsblk *lsblk;   /* global handler */
 
-/* columns[] array specifies all currently wanted output column. The columns
+/*
+ * columns[] array specifies all currently wanted output column. The columns
  * are defined by infos[] array and you can specify (on command line) each
  * column twice. That's enough, dynamically allocated array of the columns is
- * unnecessary overkill and over-engineering in this case */
+ * unnecessary overkill and over-engineering in this case
+ */
 static int columns[ARRAY_SIZE(infos) * 2];
 static size_t ncolumns;
 
-
 static inline void add_column(int id)
 {
        if (ncolumns >= ARRAY_SIZE(columns))
@@ -232,17 +236,20 @@ static inline void add_uniq_column(int id)
                add_column(id);
 }
 
+static void lsblk_init_debug(void)
+{
+       __UL_INIT_DEBUG_FROM_ENV(lsblk, LSBLK_DEBUG_, 0, LSBLK_DEBUG);
+}
+
+/*
+ * exclude/include devices filter based on major device numbers
+ */
 static int excludes[256];
 static size_t nexcludes;
 
 static int includes[256];
 static size_t nincludes;
 
-static void lsblk_init_debug(void)
-{
-       __UL_INIT_DEBUG_FROM_ENV(lsblk, LSBLK_DEBUG_, 0, LSBLK_DEBUG);
-}
-
 static int is_maj_excluded(int maj)
 {
        size_t i;
@@ -279,7 +286,7 @@ static int is_maj_included(int maj)
        return 0;
 }
 
-/* array with IDs of enabled columns */
+/* Converts column sequential number to column ID (COL_*) */
 static int get_column_id(int num)
 {
        assert(num >= 0);
@@ -288,11 +295,13 @@ static int get_column_id(int num)
        return columns[num];
 }
 
+/* Returns column description for the column sequential number */
 static struct colinfo *get_column_info(int num)
 {
        return &infos[ get_column_id(num) ];
 }
 
+/* Converts column name (as defined in the infos[] to the column ID */
 static int column_name_to_id(const char *name, size_t namesz)
 {
        size_t i;
@@ -307,6 +316,7 @@ static int column_name_to_id(const char *name, size_t namesz)
        return -1;
 }
 
+/* Converts column ID (COL_*) to column sequential number */
 static int column_id_to_number(int id)
 {
        size_t i;
@@ -317,28 +327,13 @@ static int column_id_to_number(int id)
        return -1;
 }
 
+/* Checks for DM prefix in the device name */
 static int is_dm(const char *name)
 {
        return strncmp(name, "dm-", 3) ? 0 : 1;
 }
 
-static struct dirent *xreaddir(DIR *dp)
-{
-       struct dirent *d;
-
-       assert(dp);
-
-       while ((d = readdir(dp))) {
-               if (!strcmp(d->d_name, ".") ||
-                   !strcmp(d->d_name, ".."))
-                       continue;
-
-               /* blacklist here? */
-               break;
-       }
-       return d;
-}
-
+/* Returns full pat to the device node (TODO: what about sysfs_blkdev_get_path()) */
 static char *get_device_path(struct lsblk_device *dev)
 {
        char path[PATH_MAX];
@@ -395,7 +390,7 @@ static char *get_type(struct lsblk_device *dev)
 {
        char *res = NULL, *p;
 
-       if (cxt->partition)
+       if (device_is_partition(dev))
                return xstrdup("part");
 
        if (is_dm(dev->name)) {
@@ -582,14 +577,20 @@ static void set_sortdata_u64(struct libscols_line *ln, int col, uint64_t x)
        scols_cell_set_userdata(ce, data);
 }
 
-static void set_sortdata_u64_from_string(struct libscols_line *ln, int col, const char *str)
+/* do not modify *data on any error */
+static void str2u64(const char *str, uint64_t *data)
 {
-       uint64_t x;
+       uintmax_t num;
+       char *end = NULL;
 
-       if (!str || sscanf(str, "%"SCNu64, &x) != 1)
+       errno = 0;
+       if (str == NULL || *str == '\0')
                return;
+       num = strtoumax(str, &end, 10);
 
-       set_sortdata_u64(ln, col, x);
+       if (errno || str == end || (end && *end))
+               return;
+       *data = num;
 }
 
 static void unref_sortdata(struct libscols_table *tb)
@@ -658,25 +659,64 @@ static char *get_vfs_attribute(struct lsblk_device *dev, int id)
 
 static struct stat *device_get_stat(struct lsblk_device *dev)
 {
-       if (!dev->st.st_rdev)
-               stat(dev->filename, &dev->st);
+       if (!dev->st.st_rdev
+           && stat(dev->filename, &dev->st) != 0)
+               return NULL;
 
        return &dev->st;
 }
 
-static void set_scols_data(
-               struct lsblk_device *dev,
-               struct lsblk_device *parent,
-               int col,
-               int id,
-               struct libscols_line *ln)
+static int is_removable_device(struct lsblk_device *dev, struct lsblk_device *parent)
 {
-       struct lsblk_devprop *prop;
-       int sort = 0;
-       char *str = NULL;
+       struct path_cxt *pc;
+
+       if (dev->removable != -1)
+               goto done;
+       if (ul_path_scanf(dev->sysfs, "removable", "%d", &dev->removable) == 1)
+               goto done;
+
+       if (parent) {
+               pc = sysfs_blkdev_get_parent(dev->sysfs);
+               if (!pc)
+                       goto done;
+
+               /* dev is partition and parent is whole-disk  */
+               if (pc == parent->sysfs)
+                       dev->removable = is_removable_device(parent, NULL);
+
+               /* parent is something else, use sysfs parent */
+               else if (ul_path_scanf(pc, "removable", "%d", &dev->removable) != 1)
+                       dev->removable = 0;
+       }
+done:
+       if (dev->removable == -1)
+               dev->removable = 0;
+       return dev->removable;
+}
+
+static uint64_t device_get_discard_granularity(struct lsblk_device *dev)
+{
+       if (dev->discard_granularity == (uint64_t) -1
+           && ul_path_read_u64(dev->sysfs, &dev->discard_granularity,
+                               "queue/discard_granularity") != 0)
+               dev->discard_granularity = 0;
+
+       return dev->discard_granularity;
+}
 
-       if (lsblk->sort_id == id)
-               sort = 1;
+/*
+ * Generates data (string) for column specified by column ID for specified device. If sortdata
+ * is not NULL then returns number usable to sort the column if the data are available for the
+ * column.
+ */
+static char *device_get_data(
+               struct lsblk_device *dev,               /* device */
+               struct lsblk_device *parent,            /* device parent as defined in the tree */
+               int id,                                 /* column ID (COL_*) */
+               uint64_t *sortdata)                     /* returns sort data as number */
+{
+       struct lsblk_devprop *prop = NULL;
+       char *str = NULL;
 
        switch(id) {
        case COL_NAME:
@@ -694,37 +734,49 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                        str = xstrdup(dev->filename);
                break;
        case COL_OWNER:
-       {
-               struct stat *st = device_get_stat(dev);
-               struct passwd *pw = st ? NULL : getpwuid(st->st_uid);
-               if (pw)
-                       str = xstrdup(pw->pw_name);
+               if (lsblk->sysroot)
+                       prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
+               if (prop && prop->owner) {
+                       str = xstrdup(prop->owner);
+               } else {
+                       struct stat *st = device_get_stat(dev);
+                       struct passwd *pw = st ? getpwuid(st->st_uid) : NULL;
+                       if (pw)
+                               str = xstrdup(pw->pw_name);
+               }
                break;
-       }
        case COL_GROUP:
-       {
-               struct stat *st = device_get_stat(dev);
-               struct group *gr = st ? NULL : getgrgid(st->st_gid);
-               if (gr)
-                       str = xstrdup(gr->gr_name);
+               if (lsblk->sysroot)
+                       prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
+               if (prop && prop->group) {
+                       str = xstrdup(prop->group);
+               } else {
+                       struct stat *st = device_get_stat(dev);
+                       struct group *gr = st ? getgrgid(st->st_gid) : NULL;
+                       if (gr)
+                               str = xstrdup(gr->gr_name);
+               }
                break;
-       }
        case COL_MODE:
-       {
-               struct stat *st = device_get_stat(dev);
-               char md[11] = { '\0' };
+               if (lsblk->sysroot)
+                       prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
+               if (prop && prop->mode) {
+                       str = xstrdup(prop->mode);
+               } else {
+                       struct stat *st = device_get_stat(dev);
+                       char md[11] = { '\0' };
 
-               if (st)
-                       str = xstrdup(xstrmode(st->st_mode, md));
+                       if (st)
+                               str = xstrdup(xstrmode(st->st_mode, md));
+               }
                break;
-       }
        case COL_MAJMIN:
                if (is_parsable(lsblk))
                        xasprintf(&str, "%u:%u", dev->maj, dev->min);
                else
                        xasprintf(&str, "%3u:%-3u", dev->maj, dev->min);
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64(ln, col, makedev(dev->maj, dev->min));
+               if (sortdata)
+                       *sortdata = makedev(dev->maj, dev->min);
                break;
        case COL_FSTYPE:
                prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
@@ -737,9 +789,20 @@ static void set_scols_data(
        case COL_FSUSEPERC:
                str = get_vfs_attribute(dev, id);
                break;
+       case COL_FSVERSION:
+               prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
+               if (prop && prop->fsversion)
+                       str = xstrdup(prop->fsversion);
+               break;
        case COL_TARGET:
-               str = xstrdup(lsblk_device_get_mountpoint(dev));
+       {
+               char *s = lsblk_device_get_mountpoint(dev);
+               if (s)
+                       str = xstrdup(s);
+               else
+                       str = NULL;
                break;
+       }
        case COL_LABEL:
                prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
                if (prop && prop->label)
@@ -765,6 +828,15 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                if (prop && prop->parttype)
                        str = xstrdup(prop->parttype);
                break;
+       case COL_PARTTYPENAME:
+               prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
+               if (prop && prop->parttype && prop->pttype) {
+                       const char *x = lsblk_parttype_code_to_string(
+                                               prop->parttype, prop->pttype);
+                       if (x)
+                               str = xstrdup(x);
+               }
+               break;
        case COL_PARTLABEL:
                prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
                if (prop && prop->partlabel)
@@ -787,18 +859,14 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                break;
        case COL_RA:
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/read_ahead_kb");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_RO:
                str = xstrdup(is_readonly_device(dev) ? "1" : "0");
                break;
        case COL_RM:
-               ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "removable");
-               if (!str && sysfs_blkdev_get_parent(dev->sysfs))
-                       ul_path_read_string(sysfs_blkdev_get_parent(dev->sysfs),
-                                           &str,
-                                           "removable");
+               str = xstrdup(is_removable_device(dev, parent) ? "1" : "0");
                break;
        case COL_HOTPLUG:
                str = sysfs_blkdev_is_hotpluggable(dev->sysfs) ? xstrdup("1") : xstrdup("0");
@@ -810,7 +878,7 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/add_random");
                break;
        case COL_MODEL:
-               if (!dev->partition && dev->nslaves == 0) {
+               if (!device_is_partition(dev) && dev->nslaves == 0) {
                        prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
                        if (prop && prop->model)
                                str = xstrdup(prop->model);
@@ -819,7 +887,7 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                }
                break;
        case COL_SERIAL:
-               if (!dev->partition && dev->nslaves == 0) {
+               if (!device_is_partition(dev) && dev->nslaves == 0) {
                        prop = lsblk_device_get_properties(dev);
                        if (prop && prop->serial)
                                str = xstrdup(prop->serial);
@@ -828,11 +896,11 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                }
                break;
        case COL_REV:
-               if (!dev->partition && dev->nslaves == 0)
+               if (!device_is_partition(dev) && dev->nslaves == 0)
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "device/rev");
                break;
        case COL_VENDOR:
-               if (!dev->partition && dev->nslaves == 0)
+               if (!device_is_partition(dev) && dev->nslaves == 0)
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "device/vendor");
                break;
        case COL_SIZE:
@@ -842,11 +910,11 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                        xasprintf(&str, "%ju", dev->size);
                else
                        str = size_to_human_string(SIZE_SUFFIX_1LETTER, dev->size);
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64(ln, col, dev->size);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       *sortdata = dev->size;
                break;
        case COL_STATE:
-               if (!dev->partition && !dev->dm_name)
+               if (!device_is_partition(dev) && !dev->dm_name)
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "device/state");
                else if (dev->dm_name) {
                        int x = 0;
@@ -856,36 +924,36 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                break;
        case COL_ALIOFF:
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "alignment_offset");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_MINIO:
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/minimum_io_size");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_OPTIO:
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/optimal_io_size");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_PHYSEC:
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/physical_block_size");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_LOGSEC:
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/logical_block_size");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_SCHED:
                str = get_scheduler(dev);
                break;
        case COL_RQ_SIZE:
                ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/nr_requests");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_TYPE:
                str = get_type(dev);
@@ -904,43 +972,41 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                str = get_subsystems(dev);
                break;
        case COL_DALIGN:
-               if (dev->discard)
+               if (device_get_discard_granularity(dev) > 0)
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "discard_alignment");
                if (!str)
                        str = xstrdup("0");
-               if (sort)
-                       set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+               if (sortdata)
+                       str2u64(str, sortdata);
                break;
        case COL_DGRAN:
                if (lsblk->bytes) {
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/discard_granularity");
-                       if (sort)
-                               set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+                       if (sortdata)
+                               str2u64(str, sortdata);
                } else {
-                       uint64_t x;
-                       if (ul_path_read_u64(dev->sysfs, &x, "queue/discard_granularity") == 0) {
-                               str = size_to_human_string(SIZE_SUFFIX_1LETTER, x);
-                               if (sort)
-                                       set_sortdata_u64(ln, col, x);
-                       }
+                       uint64_t x = device_get_discard_granularity(dev);
+                       str = size_to_human_string(SIZE_SUFFIX_1LETTER, x);
+                       if (sortdata)
+                               *sortdata = x;
                }
                break;
        case COL_DMAX:
                if (lsblk->bytes) {
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/discard_max_bytes");
-                       if (sort)
-                               set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+                       if (sortdata)
+                               str2u64(str, sortdata);
                } else {
                        uint64_t x;
                        if (ul_path_read_u64(dev->sysfs, &x, "queue/discard_max_bytes") == 0) {
                                str = size_to_human_string(SIZE_SUFFIX_1LETTER, x);
-                               if (sort)
-                                       set_sortdata_u64(ln, col, x);
+                               if (sortdata)
+                                       *sortdata = x;
                        }
                }
                break;
        case COL_DZERO:
-               if (dev->discard)
+               if (device_get_discard_granularity(dev) > 0)
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/discard_zeroes_data");
                if (!str)
                        str = xstrdup("0");
@@ -948,15 +1014,15 @@ static void set_scols_data(
        case COL_WSAME:
                if (lsblk->bytes) {
                        ul_path_read_string(dev->sysfs, &str, "queue/write_same_max_bytes");
-                       if (sort)
-                               set_sortdata_u64_from_string(ln, col, str);
+                       if (sortdata)
+                               str2u64(str, sortdata);
                } else {
                        uint64_t x;
 
                        if (ul_path_read_u64(dev->sysfs, &x, "queue/write_same_max_bytes") == 0) {
                                str = size_to_human_string(SIZE_SUFFIX_1LETTER, x);
-                               if (sort)
-                                       set_sortdata_u64(ln, col, x);
+                               if (sortdata)
+                                       *sortdata = x;
                        }
                }
                if (!str)
@@ -967,29 +1033,108 @@ static void set_scols_data(
                break;
        };
 
-       if (str && scols_line_refer_data(ln, col, str))
-               err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to add output data"));
+       return str;
 }
 
-static void device_to_scols(struct lsblk_device *dev, struct lsblk_device *parent, struct libscols_table *tab)
+/*
+ * Adds data for all wanted columns about the device to the smartcols table
+ */
+static void device_to_scols(
+                       struct lsblk_device *dev,
+                       struct lsblk_device *parent,
+                       struct libscols_table *tab,
+                       struct libscols_line *parent_line)
 {
        size_t i;
+       struct libscols_line *ln;
        struct lsblk_iter itr;
        struct lsblk_device *child = NULL;
+       int link_group = 0;
+
+
+       DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "add '%s' to scols", dev->name));
+       ON_DBG(DEV, if (ul_path_isopen_dirfd(dev->sysfs)) ul_debugobj(dev, " %s ---> is open!", dev->name));
+
+       if (!parent && dev->wholedisk)
+               parent = dev->wholedisk;
 
-       dev->scols_line = scols_table_new_line(tab, parent ? parent->scols_line : NULL);
-       if (!dev->scols_line)
+       /* Do not print device more than one in --list mode */
+       if (!(lsblk->flags & LSBLK_TREE) && dev->is_printed)
+               return;
+
+       if (lsblk->merge && list_count_entries(&dev->parents) > 1) {
+               if (!lsblk_device_is_last_parent(dev, parent))
+                       return;
+               link_group = 1;
+       }
+
+       ln = scols_table_new_line(tab, link_group ? NULL : parent_line);
+       if (!ln)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output line"));
 
-       for (i = 0; i < ncolumns; i++)
-               set_scols_data(dev, parent, i, get_column_id(i), dev->scols_line);
+       dev->is_printed = 1;
+
+       if (link_group) {
+               struct lsblk_device *p;
+               struct libscols_line *gr = parent_line;
+
+               /* Merge all my parents to the one group */
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " grouping parents [--merge]"));
+               lsblk_reset_iter(&itr, LSBLK_ITER_FORWARD);
+               while (lsblk_device_next_parent(dev, &itr, &p) == 0) {
+                       if (!p->scols_line) {
+                               DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " *** ignore '%s' no scols line yet", p->name));
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " group '%s'", p->name));
+                       scols_table_group_lines(tab, p->scols_line, gr, 0);
+               }
+
+               /* Link the group -- this makes group->child connection */
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " linking the group [--merge]"));
+               scols_line_link_group(ln, gr, 0);
+       }
+
+       /* read column specific data and set it to smartcols table line */
+       for (i = 0; i < ncolumns; i++) {
+               char *data;
+               int id = get_column_id(i);
+
+               if (lsblk->sort_id != id)
+                       data = device_get_data(dev, parent, id, NULL);
+               else {
+                       uint64_t sortdata = (uint64_t) -1;
+
+                       data = device_get_data(dev, parent, id, &sortdata);
+                       if (data && sortdata != (uint64_t) -1)
+                               set_sortdata_u64(ln, i, sortdata);
+               }
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " refer data[%zu]=\"%s\"", i, data));
+               if (data && scols_line_refer_data(ln, i, data))
+                       err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to add output data"));
+       }
+
+       dev->scols_line = ln;
+
+       if (dev->npartitions == 0)
+               /* For partitions we often read from parental whole-disk sysfs,
+                * otherwise we can close */
+               ul_path_close_dirfd(dev->sysfs);
 
        lsblk_reset_iter(&itr, LSBLK_ITER_FORWARD);
+       while (lsblk_device_next_child(dev, &itr, &child) == 0) {
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "%s -> continue to child", dev->name));
+               device_to_scols(child, dev, tab, ln);
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "%s <- child done", dev->name));
+       }
 
-       while (lsblk_device_next_child(dev, &itr, &child) == 0)
-               device_to_scols(child, dev, tab);
+       /* Let's be careful with number of open files */
+       ul_path_close_dirfd(dev->sysfs);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Walks on tree and adds one line for each device to the smartcols table
+ */
 static void devtree_to_scols(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, struct libscols_table *tab)
 {
        struct lsblk_iter itr;
@@ -998,19 +1143,27 @@ static void devtree_to_scols(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, struct libscols_table *ta
        lsblk_reset_iter(&itr, LSBLK_ITER_FORWARD);
 
        while (lsblk_devtree_next_root(tr, &itr, &dev) == 0)
-               device_to_scols(dev, NULL, tab);
+               device_to_scols(dev, NULL, tab, NULL);
 }
 
-static int set_device(struct lsblk_device *dev,
+/*
+ * Reads very basic information about the device from sysfs into the device struct
+ */
+static int initialize_device(struct lsblk_device *dev,
                    struct lsblk_device *wholedisk,
                    const char *name)
 {
        dev_t devno;
 
-       DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "setting context for %s [wholedisk=%p]", name, wholedisk));
+       DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "initialize %s [wholedisk=%p %s]",
+                       name, wholedisk, wholedisk ? wholedisk->name : ""));
 
        dev->name = xstrdup(name);
-       dev->partition = wholedisk != NULL;
+
+       if (wholedisk) {
+               dev->wholedisk = wholedisk;
+               lsblk_ref_device(wholedisk);
+       }
 
        dev->filename = get_device_path(dev);
        if (!dev->filename) {
@@ -1020,7 +1173,6 @@ static int set_device(struct lsblk_device *dev,
        DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "%s: filename=%s", dev->name, dev->filename));
 
        devno = __sysfs_devname_to_devno(lsblk->sysroot, dev->name, wholedisk ? wholedisk->name : NULL);
-
        if (!devno) {
                DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "%s: unknown device name", dev->name));
                return -1;
@@ -1039,10 +1191,6 @@ static int set_device(struct lsblk_device *dev,
        if (ul_path_read_u64(dev->sysfs, &dev->size, "size") == 0)      /* in sectors */
                dev->size <<= 9;                                        /* in bytes */
 
-       if (ul_path_read_s32(dev->sysfs, &dev->discard,
-                          "queue/discard_granularity") != 0)
-               dev->discard = 0;
-
        /* Ignore devices of zero size */
        if (!lsblk->all_devices && dev->size == 0) {
                DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "zero size device -- ignore"));
@@ -1080,11 +1228,11 @@ static struct lsblk_device *devtree_get_device_or_new(struct lsblk_devtree *tr,
        struct lsblk_device *dev = lsblk_devtree_get_device(tr, name);
 
        if (!dev) {
-               dev = lsblk_new_device(tr);
+               dev = lsblk_new_device();
                if (!dev)
                        err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate device"));
 
-               if (set_device(dev, disk, name) != 0) {
+               if (initialize_device(dev, disk, name) != 0) {
                        lsblk_unref_device(dev);
                        return NULL;
                }
@@ -1115,7 +1263,7 @@ static int process_partitions(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, struct lsblk_device *dis
         * Do not process further if there are no partitions for
         * this device or the device itself is a partition.
         */
-       if (!disk->npartitions || disk->partition)
+       if (!disk->npartitions || device_is_partition(disk))
                return -EINVAL;
 
        DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(disk, "%s: probe whole-disk for partitions", disk->name));
@@ -1138,8 +1286,14 @@ static int process_partitions(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, struct lsblk_device *dis
 
                if (lsblk_device_new_dependence(disk, part) == 0)
                        process_dependencies(tr, part, 0);
+
+               ul_path_close_dirfd(part->sysfs);
        }
 
+       /* For partitions we need parental (whole-disk) sysfs directory pretty
+        * often, so close it now when all is done */
+       ul_path_close_dirfd(disk->sysfs);
+
        DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(disk, "probe whole-disk for partitions -- done"));
        closedir(dir);
        return 0;
@@ -1170,7 +1324,7 @@ static char *get_wholedisk_from_partition_dirent(DIR *dir, struct dirent *d, cha
 }
 
 /*
- * List device dependencies: partitions, holders (inverse = 0) or slaves (inverse = 1).
+ * Reads slaves/holders and partitions for specified device into device tree
  */
 static int process_dependencies(
                        struct lsblk_devtree *tr,
@@ -1183,13 +1337,13 @@ static int process_dependencies(
 
        assert(dev);
 
+       if (lsblk->nodeps)
+               return 0;
+
        /* read all or specified partition */
        if (do_partitions && dev->npartitions)
                process_partitions(tr, dev);
 
-       if (lsblk->nodeps)
-               return 0;
-
        DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "%s: reading dependencies", dev->name));
 
        if (!(lsblk->inverse ? dev->nslaves : dev->nholders)) {
@@ -1203,18 +1357,19 @@ static int process_dependencies(
                DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " ignore (no slaves/holders directory)"));
                return 0;
        }
+       ul_path_close_dirfd(dev->sysfs);
 
        DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " %s: checking for '%s' dependence", dev->name, depname));
 
        while ((d = xreaddir(dir))) {
-               struct lsblk_device *dep;
+               struct lsblk_device *dep = NULL;
+               struct lsblk_device *disk = NULL;
 
                /* Is the dependency a partition? */
                if (sysfs_blkdev_is_partition_dirent(dir, d, NULL)) {
 
                        char buf[PATH_MAX];
                        char *diskname;
-                       struct lsblk_device *disk = NULL;
 
                        DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, " %s: dependence is partition", d->d_name));
 
@@ -1223,12 +1378,12 @@ static int process_dependencies(
                                disk = devtree_get_device_or_new(tr, NULL, diskname);
                        if (!disk) {
                                DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "  ignore no wholedisk ???"));
-                               continue;
+                               goto next;
                        }
 
                        dep = devtree_get_device_or_new(tr, disk, d->d_name);
                        if (!dep)
-                               continue;
+                               goto next;
 
                        if (lsblk_device_new_dependence(dev, dep) == 0)
                                process_dependencies(tr, dep, 1);
@@ -1236,7 +1391,6 @@ static int process_dependencies(
                        if (lsblk->inverse
                            && lsblk_device_new_dependence(dep, disk) == 0)
                                process_dependencies(tr, disk, 0);
-
                }
                /* The dependency is a whole device. */
                else {
@@ -1245,13 +1399,18 @@ static int process_dependencies(
 
                        dep = devtree_get_device_or_new(tr, NULL, d->d_name);
                        if (!dep)
-                               continue;
+                               goto next;
 
                        if (lsblk_device_new_dependence(dev, dep) == 0)
                                /* For inverse tree we don't want to show partitions
                                 * if the dependence is on whole-disk */
                                process_dependencies(tr, dep, lsblk->inverse ? 0 : 1);
                }
+next:
+               if (dep && dep->sysfs)
+                       ul_path_close_dirfd(dep->sysfs);
+               if (disk && disk->sysfs)
+                       ul_path_close_dirfd(disk->sysfs);
        }
        closedir(dir);
 
@@ -1259,31 +1418,41 @@ static int process_dependencies(
        return 0;
 }
 
-
-/* Iterate devices in sysfs */
-
-static int process_one_device(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, char *devname)
+/*
+ * Defines the device as root node in the device tree and walks on all dependencies of the device.
+ */
+static int __process_one_device(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, char *devname, dev_t devno)
 {
        struct lsblk_device *dev = NULL;
-       struct stat st;
+       struct lsblk_device *disk = NULL;
        char buf[PATH_MAX + 1], *name = NULL, *diskname = NULL;
-       dev_t disk = 0;
        int real_part = 0, rc = -EINVAL;
 
-       DBG(DEV, ul_debug("%s: reading alone device", devname));
+       if (devno == 0 && devname) {
+               struct stat st;
 
-       if (stat(devname, &st) || !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
-               warnx(_("%s: not a block device"), devname);
-               goto leave;
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debug("%s: reading alone device", devname));
+
+               if (stat(devname, &st) || !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+                       warnx(_("%s: not a block device"), devname);
+                       goto leave;
+               }
+               devno = st.st_rdev;
+       } else if (devno) {
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debug("%d:%d: reading alone device", major(devno), minor(devno)));
+       } else {
+               assert(devno || devname);
+               return -EINVAL;
        }
 
        /* TODO: sysfs_devno_to_devname() internally initializes path_cxt, it
         * would be better to use ul_new_sysfs_path() + sysfs_blkdev_get_name()
-        * and reuse path_cxt for set_device()
+        * and reuse path_cxt for initialize_device()
         */
-       name = sysfs_devno_to_devname(st.st_rdev, buf, sizeof(buf));
+       name = sysfs_devno_to_devname(devno, buf, sizeof(buf));
        if (!name) {
-               warn(_("%s: failed to get sysfs name"), devname);
+               if (devname)
+                       warn(_("%s: failed to get sysfs name"), devname);
                goto leave;
        }
        name = xstrdup(name);
@@ -1292,12 +1461,14 @@ static int process_one_device(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, char *devname)
                /* dm mapping is never a real partition! */
                real_part = 0;
        } else {
-               if (blkid_devno_to_wholedisk(st.st_rdev, buf, sizeof(buf), &disk)) {
-                       warn(_("%s: failed to get whole-disk device number"), devname);
+               dev_t diskno = 0;
+
+               if (blkid_devno_to_wholedisk(devno, buf, sizeof(buf), &diskno)) {
+                       warn(_("%s: failed to get whole-disk device number"), name);
                        goto leave;
                }
                diskname = buf;
-               real_part = st.st_rdev != disk;
+               real_part = devno != diskno;
        }
 
        if (!real_part) {
@@ -1316,8 +1487,6 @@ static int process_one_device(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, char *devname)
                /*
                 * Partition, read sysfs name of the disk device
                 */
-               struct lsblk_device *disk;
-
                DBG(DEV, ul_debug(" partition"));
 
                disk = devtree_get_device_or_new(tr, NULL, diskname);
@@ -1334,62 +1503,124 @@ static int process_one_device(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, char *devname)
                if (lsblk->inverse
                    && lsblk_device_new_dependence(dev, disk) == 0)
                        process_dependencies(tr, disk, 0);
+               else
+                       ul_path_close_dirfd(disk->sysfs);
        }
 
        rc = 0;
 leave:
+       if (dev && dev->sysfs)
+               ul_path_close_dirfd(dev->sysfs);
+       if (disk && disk->sysfs)
+               ul_path_close_dirfd(disk->sysfs);
        free(name);
        return rc;
 }
 
-static int process_all_devices(struct lsblk_devtree *tr)
+static int process_one_device(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, char *devname)
+{
+       assert(devname);
+       return __process_one_device(tr, devname, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The /sys/block contains only root devices, and no partitions. It seems more
+ * simple to scan /sys/dev/block where are all devices without exceptions to get
+ * top-level devices for the reverse tree.
+ */
+static int process_all_devices_inverse(struct lsblk_devtree *tr)
 {
        DIR *dir;
        struct dirent *d;
-       struct path_cxt *pc = ul_new_path(_PATH_SYS_BLOCK);
+       struct path_cxt *pc = ul_new_path(_PATH_SYS_DEVBLOCK);
+
+       assert(lsblk->inverse);
 
        if (!pc)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate /sys handler"));
 
        ul_path_set_prefix(pc, lsblk->sysroot);
-
-       /* TODO: reuse @pc in set_device(), etc. */
        dir = ul_path_opendir(pc, NULL);
        if (!dir)
                goto done;
 
-       DBG(DEV, ul_debug("iterate on " _PATH_SYS_BLOCK "%s", lsblk->inverse ? " [inverse]" : ""));
+       DBG(DEV, ul_debug("iterate on " _PATH_SYS_DEVBLOCK));
 
        while ((d = xreaddir(dir))) {
-               struct lsblk_device *dev;
+               dev_t devno;
+               int maj, min;
 
                DBG(DEV, ul_debug(" %s dentry", d->d_name));
 
+               if (sscanf(d->d_name, "%d:%d", &maj, &min) != 2)
+                       continue;
+               devno = makedev(maj, min);
+
+               if (is_maj_excluded(maj) || !is_maj_included(maj))
+                       continue;
+               if (ul_path_countf_dirents(pc, "%s/holders", d->d_name) != 0)
+                       continue;
+               if (sysfs_devno_count_partitions(devno) != 0)
+                       continue;
+               __process_one_device(tr, NULL, devno);
+       }
+
+       closedir(dir);
+done:
+       ul_unref_path(pc);
+       DBG(DEV, ul_debug("iterate on " _PATH_SYS_DEVBLOCK " -- done"));
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reads root nodes (devices) from /sys/block into devices tree
+ */
+static int process_all_devices(struct lsblk_devtree *tr)
+{
+       DIR *dir;
+       struct dirent *d;
+       struct path_cxt *pc;
+
+       assert(lsblk->inverse == 0);
+
+       pc = ul_new_path(_PATH_SYS_BLOCK);
+       if (!pc)
+               err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate /sys handler"));
+
+       ul_path_set_prefix(pc, lsblk->sysroot);
+       dir = ul_path_opendir(pc, NULL);
+       if (!dir)
+               goto done;
+
+       DBG(DEV, ul_debug("iterate on " _PATH_SYS_BLOCK));
+
+       while ((d = xreaddir(dir))) {
+               struct lsblk_device *dev = NULL;
+
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debug(" %s dentry", d->d_name));
                dev = devtree_get_device_or_new(tr, NULL, d->d_name);
                if (!dev)
-                       continue;
+                       goto next;
 
                /* remove unwanted devices */
                if (is_maj_excluded(dev->maj) || !is_maj_included(dev->maj)) {
                        DBG(DEV, ul_debug(" %s: ignore (by filter)", d->d_name));
                        lsblk_devtree_remove_device(tr, dev);
-                       continue;
+                       dev = NULL;
+                       goto next;
                }
 
-               /*
-                * ignore devices in the midle of the tree
-                */
-               if (!lsblk->inverse) {
-                       if (dev->nslaves) {
-                               DBG(DEV, ul_debug(" %s: ignore (in-middle)", d->d_name));
-                               continue;
-                       }
-                       lsblk_devtree_add_root(tr, dev);
-                       process_dependencies(tr, dev, 1);
-               } else {
-                       /* not implemented yet */
-                       ;
+               if (dev->nslaves) {
+                       DBG(DEV, ul_debug(" %s: ignore (in-middle)", d->d_name));
+                       goto next;
                }
+
+               lsblk_devtree_add_root(tr, dev);
+               process_dependencies(tr, dev, 1);
+next:
+               /* Let's be careful with number of open files */
+               if (dev && dev->sysfs)
+                       ul_path_close_dirfd(dev->sysfs);
        }
 
        closedir(dir);
@@ -1399,6 +1630,9 @@ done:
        return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Parses major numbers as specified on lsblk command line
+ */
 static void parse_excludes(const char *str0)
 {
        const char *str = str0;
@@ -1426,6 +1660,10 @@ static void parse_excludes(const char *str0)
        }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Parses major numbers as specified on lsblk command line
+ * (TODO: what about refactor and merge parse_excludes() and parse_includes().)
+ */
 static void parse_includes(const char *str0)
 {
        const char *str = str0;
@@ -1471,6 +1709,43 @@ static int cmp_u64_cells(struct libscols_cell *a,
        return *adata == *bdata ? 0 : *adata >= *bdata ? 1 : -1;
 }
 
+static void device_set_dedupkey(
+                       struct lsblk_device *dev,
+                       struct lsblk_device *parent,
+                       int id)
+{
+       struct lsblk_iter itr;
+       struct lsblk_device *child = NULL;
+
+       dev->dedupkey = device_get_data(dev, parent, id, NULL);
+       if (dev->dedupkey)
+               DBG(DEV, ul_debugobj(dev, "%s: de-duplication key: %s", dev->name, dev->dedupkey));
+
+       if (dev->npartitions == 0)
+               /* For partitions we often read from parental whole-disk sysfs,
+                * otherwise we can close */
+               ul_path_close_dirfd(dev->sysfs);
+
+       lsblk_reset_iter(&itr, LSBLK_ITER_FORWARD);
+
+       while (lsblk_device_next_child(dev, &itr, &child) == 0)
+               device_set_dedupkey(child, dev, id);
+
+       /* Let's be careful with number of open files */
+       ul_path_close_dirfd(dev->sysfs);
+}
+
+static void devtree_set_dedupkeys(struct lsblk_devtree *tr, int id)
+{
+       struct lsblk_iter itr;
+       struct lsblk_device *dev = NULL;
+
+       lsblk_reset_iter(&itr, LSBLK_ITER_FORWARD);
+
+       while (lsblk_devtree_next_root(tr, &itr, &dev) == 0)
+               device_set_dedupkey(dev, NULL, id);
+}
+
 static void __attribute__((__noreturn__)) usage(void)
 {
        FILE *out = stdout;
@@ -1483,28 +1758,30 @@ static void __attribute__((__noreturn__)) usage(void)
        fputs(_("List information about block devices.\n"), out);
 
        fputs(USAGE_OPTIONS, out);
+       fputs(_(" -D, --discard        print discard capabilities\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -E, --dedup <column> de-duplicate output by <column>\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -I, --include <list> show only devices with specified major numbers\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -J, --json           use JSON output format\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -O, --output-all     output all columns\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -P, --pairs          use key=\"value\" output format\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -S, --scsi           output info about SCSI devices\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -T, --tree[=<column>] use tree format output\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -a, --all            print all devices\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -b, --bytes          print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -d, --nodeps         don't print slaves or holders\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -D, --discard        print discard capabilities\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -z, --zoned          print zone model\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -e, --exclude <list> exclude devices by major number (default: RAM disks)\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -f, --fs             output info about filesystems\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -i, --ascii          use ascii characters only\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -I, --include <list> show only devices with specified major numbers\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -J, --json           use JSON output format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -l, --list           use list format output\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -T, --tree           use tree format output\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -M, --merge          group parents of sub-trees (usable for RAIDs, Multi-path)\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -m, --perms          output info about permissions\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -n, --noheadings     don't print headings\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -o, --output <list>  output columns\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -O, --output-all     output all columns\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -p, --paths          print complete device path\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -P, --pairs          use key=\"value\" output format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -r, --raw            use raw output format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -s, --inverse        inverse dependencies\n"), out);
-       fputs(_(" -S, --scsi           output info about SCSI devices\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -t, --topology       output info about topology\n"), out);
+       fputs(_(" -z, --zoned          print zone model\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -x, --sort <column>  sort output by <column>\n"), out);
        fputs(_("     --sysroot <dir>  use specified directory as system root\n"), out);
        fputs(USAGE_SEPARATOR, out);
@@ -1529,12 +1806,17 @@ static void check_sysdevblock(void)
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-       struct lsblk _ls = { .sort_id = -1, .flags = LSBLK_TREE };
+       struct lsblk _ls = {
+               .sort_id = -1,
+               .dedup_id = -1,
+               .flags = LSBLK_TREE,
+               .tree_id = COL_NAME
+       };
        struct lsblk_devtree *tr = NULL;
        int c, status = EXIT_FAILURE;
        char *outarg = NULL;
        size_t i;
-       int force_tree = 0;
+       int force_tree = 0, has_tree_col = 0;
 
        enum {
                OPT_SYSROOT = CHAR_MAX + 1
@@ -1545,11 +1827,13 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                { "bytes",      no_argument,       NULL, 'b' },
                { "nodeps",     no_argument,       NULL, 'd' },
                { "discard",    no_argument,       NULL, 'D' },
+               { "dedup",      required_argument, NULL, 'E' },
                { "zoned",      no_argument,       NULL, 'z' },
                { "help",       no_argument,       NULL, 'h' },
                { "json",       no_argument,       NULL, 'J' },
                { "output",     required_argument, NULL, 'o' },
                { "output-all", no_argument,       NULL, 'O' },
+               { "merge",      no_argument,       NULL, 'M' },
                { "perms",      no_argument,       NULL, 'm' },
                { "noheadings", no_argument,       NULL, 'n' },
                { "list",       no_argument,       NULL, 'l' },
@@ -1565,7 +1849,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                { "scsi",       no_argument,       NULL, 'S' },
                { "sort",       required_argument, NULL, 'x' },
                { "sysroot",    required_argument, NULL, OPT_SYSROOT },
-               { "tree",       no_argument,       NULL, 'T' },
+               { "tree",       optional_argument, NULL, 'T' },
                { "version",    no_argument,       NULL, 'V' },
                { NULL, 0, NULL, 0 },
        };
@@ -1577,6 +1861,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                { 'O','S' },
                { 'O','f' },
                { 'O','m' },
+               { 'O','o' },
                { 'O','t' },
                { 'P','T', 'l','r' },
                { 0 }
@@ -1586,14 +1871,14 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
        setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
        bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
        textdomain(PACKAGE);
-       atexit(close_stdout);
+       close_stdout_atexit();
 
        lsblk = &_ls;
 
        lsblk_init_debug();
 
        while((c = getopt_long(argc, argv,
-                              "abdDze:fhJlnmo:OpPiI:rstVSTx:", longopts, NULL)) != -1) {
+                              "abdDzE:e:fhJlnMmo:OpPiI:rstVST:x:", longopts, NULL)) != -1) {
 
                err_exclusive_options(c, longopts, excl, excl_st);
 
@@ -1621,15 +1906,15 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                case 'e':
                        parse_excludes(optarg);
                        break;
-               case 'h':
-                       usage();
-                       break;
                case 'J':
                        lsblk->flags |= LSBLK_JSON;
                        break;
                case 'l':
                        lsblk->flags &= ~LSBLK_TREE; /* disable the default */
                        break;
+               case 'M':
+                       lsblk->merge = 1;
+                       break;
                case 'n':
                        lsblk->flags |= LSBLK_NOHEADINGS;
                        break;
@@ -1663,6 +1948,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                case 'f':
                        add_uniq_column(COL_NAME);
                        add_uniq_column(COL_FSTYPE);
+                       add_uniq_column(COL_FSVERSION);
                        add_uniq_column(COL_LABEL);
                        add_uniq_column(COL_UUID);
                        add_uniq_column(COL_FSAVAIL);
@@ -1702,20 +1988,30 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                        break;
                case 'T':
                        force_tree = 1;
+                       if (optarg)
+                               lsblk->tree_id = column_name_to_id(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                        break;
-
                case OPT_SYSROOT:
                        lsblk->sysroot = optarg;
                        break;
-               case 'V':
-                       printf(UTIL_LINUX_VERSION);
-                       return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+               case 'E':
+                       lsblk->dedup_id = column_name_to_id(optarg, strlen(optarg));
+                       if (lsblk->dedup_id >= 0)
+                               break;
+                       errtryhelp(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                       break;
                case 'x':
                        lsblk->flags &= ~LSBLK_TREE; /* disable the default */
                        lsblk->sort_id = column_name_to_id(optarg, strlen(optarg));
                        if (lsblk->sort_id >= 0)
                                break;
-                       /* fallthrough */
+                       errtryhelp(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                       break;
+
+               case 'h':
+                       usage();
+               case 'V':
+                       print_version(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                default:
                        errtryhelp(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
@@ -1758,6 +2054,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                lsblk->sort_hidden = 1;
        }
 
+       if (lsblk->dedup_id >= 0 && column_id_to_number(lsblk->dedup_id) < 0) {
+               /* the deduplication column is not between output columns -- add as hidden */
+               add_column(lsblk->dedup_id);
+               lsblk->dedup_hidden = 1;
+       }
+
        lsblk_mnt_init();
        scols_init_debug(0);
        ul_path_init_debug();
@@ -1781,10 +2083,27 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                struct libscols_column *cl;
                int id = get_column_id(i), fl = ci->flags;
 
-               if (!(lsblk->flags & LSBLK_TREE) && id == COL_NAME)
-                       fl &= ~SCOLS_FL_TREE;
+               if ((lsblk->flags & LSBLK_TREE)
+                   && has_tree_col == 0
+                   && id == lsblk->tree_id) {
+                       fl |= SCOLS_FL_TREE;
+                       fl &= ~SCOLS_FL_RIGHT;
+                       has_tree_col = 1;
+               }
+
                if (lsblk->sort_hidden && lsblk->sort_id == id)
                        fl |= SCOLS_FL_HIDDEN;
+               if (lsblk->dedup_hidden && lsblk->dedup_id == id)
+                       fl |= SCOLS_FL_HIDDEN;
+
+               if (force_tree
+                   && lsblk->flags & LSBLK_JSON
+                   && has_tree_col == 0
+                   && i + 1 == ncolumns)
+                       /* The "--tree --json" specified, but no column with
+                        * SCOLS_FL_TREE yet; force it for the last column
+                        */
+                       fl |= SCOLS_FL_TREE;
 
                cl = scols_table_new_column(lsblk->table, ci->name, ci->whint, fl);
                if (!cl) {
@@ -1822,9 +2141,13 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
        if (!tr)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate device tree"));
 
-       if (optind == argc)
-               status = process_all_devices(tr) == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
-       else {
+       if (optind == argc) {
+               int rc = lsblk->inverse ?
+                       process_all_devices_inverse(tr) :
+                       process_all_devices(tr);
+
+               status = rc == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+       } else {
                int cnt = 0, cnt_err = 0;
 
                while (optind < argc) {
@@ -1838,6 +2161,11 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                                          EXIT_SUCCESS;         /* all success */
        }
 
+       if (lsblk->dedup_id > -1) {
+               devtree_set_dedupkeys(tr, lsblk->dedup_id);
+               lsblk_devtree_deduplicate_devices(tr);
+       }
+
        devtree_to_scols(tr, lsblk->table);
 
        if (lsblk->sort_col)