bash-4.4 beta release

[thirdparty/bash.git] / doc / bash.ps

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(w)-.25 E F1(bash)2.532 E F0 -.15(exe)2.532 G .032
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2.532(ft)-2.532 G .032(he \214les e)-2.532 F .033(xist b)-.15 F .033
(ut cannot be)-.2 F(read,)108 556.8 Q F1(bash)2.6 E F0 .1
(reports an error)2.6 F 5.1(.T)-.55 G .1(ildes are e)-5.45 F .099
(xpanded in \214lenames as described belo)-.15 F 2.599(wu)-.25 G(nder)
-2.599 E F1 -.18(Ti)2.599 G .099(lde Expansion).18 F F0(in)2.599 E(the)
108 568.8 Q F3(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(section.)2.25 E(When)108
585.6 Q F1(bash)2.895 E F0 .395(is in)2.895 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.895(da).1 G 2.895(sa)-2.895 G 2.895(ni)-2.895 G(nteracti)-2.895 E .695
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(ve s)-.25 H .396(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)2.896 E F0 .396
(option, it)2.896 F 1.334(\214rst reads and e)108 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.334(cutes commands from the \214le).15 F F2(/etc/pr)3.834 E(o\214le)
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(looks for)108 609.6 R F2(~/.bash_pr)2.748 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,)A F2
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(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .796(option may be used when the shell is started to)
3.296 F(inhibit this beha)108 633.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 1.104
(When an interacti)108 650.4 R 1.404 -.15(ve l)-.25 H 1.104
(ogin shell e).15 F 1.104(xits, or a non-interacti)-.15 F 1.404 -.15
(ve l)-.25 H 1.104(ogin shell e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.104(cutes the).15
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108 662.4 Q F0(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(When an interacti)108 679.2 R 1.998 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.698
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1.697(reads and e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.697(cutes commands from).15 F
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(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is not used to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 148.8 Q
F2(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw)
.1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)
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(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0(as)
3.417 E .145
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-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 172.8 R 1.564 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264
(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263
(cute commands).15 F(from)108 184.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr)
4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F4(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0
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(he)-5.492 E F2(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
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(xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in)
-2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 220.8 Q F2(sh)3.081 E F0
.581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581
(cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58
(ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F2<adad72>3.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0
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(non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F2(sh)2.682 E
F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183
(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 244.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5
E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E
(When)108 261.6 Q F2(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4
(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F2(\255\255posix)2.726
E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-)
-.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 273.6 R .341
(In this mode, interacti)5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15
F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F1(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342
(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 285.6 S
(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5
(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 302.4
Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \
input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223(ork connection,)-.1 F .025
(as when e)108 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025
(cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1
E F0 2.525(,o)C 2.525(rt)-2.525 G .025(he secure shell daemon)-2.525 F
F4(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F2(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525
E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 326.4 R .134
(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .133(cutes commands from)
.15 F F4(~/.bashr)2.633 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.633(,i)C 2.633(ft)-2.633 G .133
(hat \214le e)-2.633 F .133(xists and is)-.15 F 2.869(readable. It)108
338.4 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F2(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F2
<adad6e6f72>2.869 E(c)-.18 E F0 .369
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.869 F(vior)-.2 E 2.869(,a)-.4
G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 350.4 Q F2<adad72>2.919 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .419
(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.919 F .419
(ut neither)-.2 F F4 -.1(rs)2.919 G(hd).1 E F0(nor)2.919 E F4(sshd)2.919
E F0 .418(generally in)2.919 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
(the shell with those options or allo)108 362.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207
(If the shell is started with the ef)108 379.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H 1.208
(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
F2<ad70>3.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \
read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 391.2 R .535
(vironment, the)-.4 F F1(SHELLOPTS)108 403.2 Q F5(,)A F1 -.27(BA)2.959 G
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(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71
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1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F
.904(If the)5.904 F F2<ad70>3.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in)
3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 427.2 Q
(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)
72 444 Q F0(The follo)108 456 Q
(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25
E F2(blank)108 468 Q F0 2.5(As)144 468 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2
-.1(wo)108 480 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)144 480 S
(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E
(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108
492 Q F0(A)144 492 Q F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165
(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)
3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F
(betic character or an underscore.)144 504 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E
F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 516 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144
528 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1
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(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 552 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 564 Q
F4(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5
(|| & && ; ;; \( \) | |&)144 576 R(<newline>)10 E F6(RESER)72 592.8 Q
(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 604.8 R(ds)-.37 E F0
.307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306
(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w)
-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 616.8 Q .227
(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227
(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F1 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0
(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 628.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E
F2(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F2
11.295(!c)144 645.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795
(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795
(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144
657.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 674.4 Q F2(Simple Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A)
108 698.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388
(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25
F .389(wed by)-.25 F F2(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389
(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 710.4 R F4
(contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815
(he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 722.4 Q
(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E
(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)
-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(3)197.895 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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84 Q(alue of a)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(simple command)2.5 E F0
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10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 100.8 Q F0(A)108 112.8 Q F1(pipeline)
2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \
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E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 124.8 Q([)144
141.6 Q F2(time)A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0(]] [ ! ])A F1(command)2.5 E F0
2.5([[)2.5 G F2(|)-2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ef>A F2(|&)A F0(])A F1
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F1(command)2.944 E F0 .243
(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.514 F F1(command2)
2.743 E F0 5.243(.T).02 G .243(his connec-)-5.243 F .642
(tion is performed before an)108 170.4 R 3.142(yr)-.15 G .642
(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.142 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(REDIRECTION)3.143 E F0(belo)2.893 E 3.143(w\). If)-.25 F F2(|&)3.143
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D 1.147(tandard error).55 F 3.647(,i)-.4 G 3.647(na)-3.647 G 1.147
(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-3.647 F F1(command2)
3.647 E F0 2.247 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028
(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 194.4 R F2 .028(2>&1 |)
2.528 F F0 5.028(.T)C .028
(his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F
(dard output is performed after an)108 206.4 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G
(edirections speci\214ed by the command.)-2.5 E .48
(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 223.2 R .48
(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F2(pipefail)2.98 E F0
.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 235.2 Q F2(pipefail)2.686 E F0 .186
(is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186
(eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15
F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 247.2 R .611
(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61
(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(!)3.11 E F0 .61
(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 259.2 S .55
(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55
(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F
(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108
271.2 Q(alue.)-.25 E .299(If the)108 288 R F2(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)
2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\
ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 300 S
.139(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E
F2<ad70>2.639 E F0 .14(option changes the output format to that spec-)
2.639 F .303(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 312 R .303(When the shell is in)5.303
F F1 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303
(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F2(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F
.303(ed w)-.15 F .302(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 324 Q .735
(en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236
E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736
(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.236
(wt)-.25 G(he)-3.236 E 2.226
(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 336
R F4(TIMEFORMA)4.725 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)4.475 E F2 2.225(Shell V)4.725
F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 348 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85
(When the shell is in)108 364.8 R F1 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F2
(time)3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35
(wline. In)-.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.074
(total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108
376.8 R(The)6.073 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.573 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.323 G
1.073(riable may be).25 F
(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 388.8 Q
(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 405.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F2(Lists)87
422.4 Q F0(A)108 434.4 Q F1(list)2.849 E F0 .349(is a sequence of one o\
r more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F F2(;)2.85 E
F0(,)A F2(&)2.85 E F0(,)A F2(&&)2.85 E F0 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85 E F2(||)2.85
E F0 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F(ally terminated by one of)108
446.4 Q F2(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(<newline>)
2.5 E F0(.)A .961(Of these list operators,)108 463.2 R F2(&&)3.461 E F0
(and)3.461 E F2(||)3.461 E F0(ha)3.461 E 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961
(qual precedence, follo).15 F .96(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.46 E F0(and)3.46
E F2(&)3.46 E F0 3.46(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96
(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 475.2 Q 2.5(As)108 492 S
(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F1(list)
2.5 E F0(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029
(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 508.8 R F2(&)
2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029
(cutes the command in the).15 F F1(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0
(in)2.529 E 2.876(as)108 520.8 S 2.876(ubshell. The)-2.876 F .376
(shell does not w)2.876 F .375
(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .375
(Commands sepa-)5.375 F .848(rated by a)108 532.8 R F2(;)3.348 E F0 .848
(are e)3.348 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F
.849(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .849(The return)
5.849 F(status is the e)108 544.8 Q(xit status of the last command e)
-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences \
of one of more pipelines separated by the)108 561.6 R F2(&&)3.436 E F0
(and)3.436 E F2(||)3.436 E F0 .936(control operators,)3.436 F(respecti)
108 573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G
2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F1(command1)144 590.4 Q F2(&&)
2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 607.2 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F1(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e)
2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 624 Q F1
(command1)144 640.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 657.6
Q F0 .728(is e)3.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F1
(command1)3.429 E F0 .729(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.)
-.15 F .729(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108
669.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A)108 698.4
Q F1 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F0 1.054(is one of the follo)3.554 F
3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F1(list)3.553 E F0
1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G 1.053(escription may be)
-3.553 F 1.026(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)
108 710.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25
F 1.027(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)
72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(4)197.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(\()108 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 84 Q F0 .011(is e)2.512 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see)
-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)
-.27 E F0(belo)2.261 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.063
(riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F
1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064
(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q
(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E
(xit status of)-.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E
F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)144 124.8 Q F0 .402(is simply e)2.902 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list)
5.401 E F0 .401(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .401(wline or)-.25
F 3.214(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .714(is kno)3.214 F .714(wn as a)
-.25 F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715
(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .715(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list)
3.215 E F0 5.715(.N)C(ote)-5.715 E .22(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.72(et)
-.1 G .22(he metacharacters)-2.72 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.72 E F0
(and)2.72 E F3(\))2.72 E F0(,)A F3({)2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F3(})2.719 E
F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.719 G .219(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0
.219(and must occur where a reserv)2.719 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S
.256(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .256(Since the)5.256 F 2.756
(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.756 G .257(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .257
(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.757(ym)-.15 G .257(ust be separated)-2.757 F
(from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0
(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108
189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1
-.2(ex)2.552 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .052(is e)2.552 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.551(wu)-.25 G
(nder)-2.551 E F2 .051(ARITHMETIC EV)2.551 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E
(TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.91 F .411
(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status is \
0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 E
(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2
(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(")A F0(.)A F3([[)108 242.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)
2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.3
(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 254.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G
1.299(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex)
3.799 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.273
(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 266.4 R
4.774(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.774 E F2(CONDITION)4.774 E 2.274(AL EXPRES-)-.18
F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.633 G 1.133
(rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133
(xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F
F3([[)3.632 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.963 E F0 2.963(;t)C .463
(ilde e)-2.963 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e)
-.25 F .464(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .464
(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081
(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 302.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G
3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081
(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F3<ad66>3.58 E F0
(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 314.4 Q
(When used with)144 332.4 Q F3([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E
F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144
350.4 R F3(==)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\
e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-)
3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144
362.4 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F3 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM)
-.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he)
-3.31 E F3(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 374.4 Q F0 1.389
(shell option were enabled.)3.889 F(The)6.389 E F3(=)3.889 E F0 1.389
(operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F3(==)3.89
E F0 6.39(.I)C 3.89(ft)-6.39 G(he)-3.89 E F3(nocasematch)3.89 E F0
(shell)3.89 E .272(option is enabled, the match is performed without re)
144 386.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .271
(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.271 E 1.067
(return v)144 398.4 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F3
(==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \()-3.568 F
F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.068(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An)
144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\
 quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243
(An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0
2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243
(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E
F3(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953
(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144
440.4 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954
(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 452.4 R F1
-.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207
(return v)2.707 F .207
(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345
(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846
(xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F
(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S
.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F3(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .592(the case of alphabetic characters.)144
488.4 R(An)5.592 E 3.092(yp)-.15 G .593
(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.092 F(-)-.2
E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016
(et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016
(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.435(,s)-.65
G 1.935
(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.435
F 4.436(ets. If)-.1 F 1.936(the pattern is)4.436 F .265
(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .265(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264
(ariable e)-.25 F .264
(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.773(as)144
536.4 S 3.773(tring. Substrings)-3.773 F 1.274
(matched by parenthesized sube)3.773 F 1.274(xpressions within the re)
-.15 F 1.274(gular e)-.15 F 1.274(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 548.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.097(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.097 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F
(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0
.597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E
F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0)-.15 G(is)-.001 E .049
(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 560.4 R .049
(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .05(element of)2.55 F F2
-.27(BA)2.55 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 572.4 Q(x)-.15
E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1(n)2.5
E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .786
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 590.4 R .785
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144
602.4 Q F3(\()144 620.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\))
2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex)
3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o)
-5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F
(operators.)180 644.4 Q F3(!)144 656.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)
-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 668.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E
(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 680.4 S(pr).2 E
(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0
-.35(Tr)180 692.4 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)
-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.)
2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 704.4 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F1 -.2
(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 716.4 S(ue if either).35
E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr)
.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.641 E F0(and)3.641 E F1(||)3.641 E F0 1.141
(operators do not e)3.641 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141
(if the v)3.641 F 1.14(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.64 G(pr).2 E(ession1)
-.37 E F0 1.14(is suf)3.64 F 1.14(\214cient to)-.25 F
(determine the return v)144 96 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E
(xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 112.8 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5
([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5
(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .423
(The list of w)144 124.8 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.923
E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F
.424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to)
2.924 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list)
3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F
.653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653
(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e)
144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648
(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).)
-.25 E .154(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153
(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653
(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F
(follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0
(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E
F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2
E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2
(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e)
144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)
3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236
(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G
(nder)-3.736 E F3 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e)
5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e)
3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144
225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F
F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592
(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e)
3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144
237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229
(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G
2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G
.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 249.6 R .227
(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2
(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f)
.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728
E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1
(select)108 278.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0
.433(The list of w)144 290.4 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)
2.933 E F0 .432(is e)2.933 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)
-.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842
(is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842
(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he)
-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .843
(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)
144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701
(w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a)
2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213
(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213
F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of)
-.25 F F2(name)4.398 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.218 F 4.037(ord. If)
-.1 F 1.537(the line is empty)4.037 F 4.037(,t)-.65 G 1.537(he w)-4.037
F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.565
(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An)
5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25
F F2(name)144.36 362.4 Q F0 .954(to be set to null.)3.634 F .954
(The line read is sa)5.954 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.453(di).15 G 3.453(nt)
-3.453 G .953(he v)-3.453 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.453 E(Y)-.828 E F4
(.)A F0(The)5.453 E F2(list)3.543 E F0 .953(is e)4.133 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.953(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br)
2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571
(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)
2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F
(last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E
F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5
E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2
(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...)
2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.265 E F0 .764
(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .595
(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see)
-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E
3.096(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.096 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.096 E -.15(ex)144
439.2 S 1.72(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.72(xpansion, parameter and v)
-.15 F 1.72(ariable e)-.25 F 1.72(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.72
(xpansion, com-)-.15 F 1.268
(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25
(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G
1.269(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 463.2 R
.203(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .203(ariable e)-.25 F .203
(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .203(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
.232(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1
(nocasematch)2.733 E F0 .233
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed)2.733 F .234
(without re)144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .234
(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .234
(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.234 F F2(list)2.734 E F0
.625(is e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.125(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.125 E
F1(;;)3.125 E F0 .625(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attem\
pted after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.932(match. Using)144 511.2 R F1
(;&)2.932 E F0 .432(in place of)2.932 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e)
2.932 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .432(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)
2.932 E F0 .431(associated with the ne)2.931 F(xt)-.15 E .866
(set of patterns.)144 523.2 R(Using)5.866 E F1(;;&)3.366 E F0 .866
(in place of)3.366 F F1(;;)3.366 E F0 .866
(causes the shell to test the ne)3.366 F .866
(xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .878(ment, if an)144 535.2 R 2.178
-.65(y, a)-.15 H .878(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378
(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-3.378 E F2(list)3.378 E F0 .878
(on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .877
(xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q
(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2(list)
2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list)
2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1
(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if)
2.977 E F2(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978
(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F
F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.978 E F2(list)2.978
E F0 1.088(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088
(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087
(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list)
3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted and the).15 F
.103(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F1(else)
2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103
(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e)
-.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108
628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1
(done)2.5 E(until)108 640.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2
(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0
.95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15
F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F
F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205
(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205
(command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205
(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ted;).05 E F2(list-2)3.19 E F0 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.189 E F0
.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .204(it status.).15
F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.704 E F0
(and)2.704 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205
(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 700.8 S(cuted in).15
E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)
-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)
143.735 E(6)197.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213(is a shell command preceded by the)
3.713 F F1(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F
3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212
(cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chronously in a subshell, as if the command had\
 been terminated with the)108 108 R F1(&)3.075 E F0 .575
(control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G .575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E
-.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E
(The format for a coprocess is:)108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18
E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2
-.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(])A .709
(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E
F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 .708
(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)3.208
E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.708 G(ME).27 E F0 .64
(must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14
F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
.64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108
194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44
(When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44
(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.67 E 1.17(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.67
G(ME).27 E F0 1.17(in the conte)3.67 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.171(The standard output of)6.171 F F2
(command)3.871 E F0(is)4.441 E 2.029
(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.029
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27
(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.856([0]. The)B 1.356(standard input of)
3.856 F F2(command)4.056 E F0 1.357
(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.626 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103
(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27
(NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103
(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.603(yr)-.15 G .103
(edirections spec-)-2.603 F 1.271(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4
R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F
1.272(guments to)-.18 F .515
(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .515
(ord e)-.1 F 3.015(xpansions. The)-.15 F .515
(\214le descriptors are not a)3.015 F -.25(va)-.2 G .515(ilable in).25 F
3.636(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.136(process ID of the shell spa)3.636
F 1.137(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137(cute the coprocess is a)
.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.137(ilable as the v).25 F 1.137(alue of the)-.25 F
-.25(va)108 290.4 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5
(_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin command may be used to w).2 E
(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336
(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108
307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1
G .335(ys returns success.).1 F
(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 319.2 Q(xit status of)
-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 336 Q
F0 2.697(As)108 348 S .198
(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G
.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 360 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5
H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 376.8
Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C
(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 388.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir)
.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144
400.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402
(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F
1.402(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162
(ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F
(The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound)
2.662 F(command)144 424.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)
3.354 E F1 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 436.8
Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F
2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044
(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w)
.15 G .402(ith one e)-2.902 F .402(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function)
2.901 E F0(reserv)2.901 E .401(ed w)-.15 F .401(ord is used, b)-.1 F
.401(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047
(plied, the braces are required.)144 460.8 R F2(compound\255command)
5.047 E F0 .047(is e)2.547 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .047(cuted whene).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)2.547 E F0 .047(is speci\214ed as the)2.547 F
1.68(name of a simple command.)144 472.8 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68
(posix mode)4.18 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.679
(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 484.8 Q F2 .014
(special b)2.513 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H
.014(edirections \(see).15 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.514 E F0(belo)2.264 E .014
(w\) speci\214ed when a function is)-.25 F 1.12
(de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.119
(it status of a function de\214nition is).15 F .217(zero unless a synta\
x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144
508.8 R 2.717(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 520.8 S .546(cuted, the e)
.15 F .546(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .545
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 532.8 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E
F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF
(COMMENTS)72 549.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 561.6 R 1.282 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 573.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F
(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25
F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E F0 .951
(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604
(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 585.6 R
.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the)
.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 597.6 Q F0
1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836
(omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E
F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108
609.6 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 626.4 S -.438(OT)
.11 G(ING).438 E F2(Quoting)108 638.4 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F
.777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477
(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477
(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185
(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108
650.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184
(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 662.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108
679.2 R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288
(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS)
2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F
(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 691.2 Q 1.345
(When the command history e)108 708 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344
(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the)
-.25 F F2(history e)108 720 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5(,u)
-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
(2015 October 2)143.735 E(7)197.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(escape c)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G
(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 100.8 S .474
(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.974
(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 G(he)-2.974 E F1 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E
(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474
(es the literal v)-.15 F .474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475
(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 112.8 Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F
1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\)
4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553
(wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122
(quoted, the)108 124.8 R F2(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122
(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F
(ef)108 136.8 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295
(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 153.6 R .295
(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.)
-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E
(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033
(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 182.4 R .034
(es the literal v)-.15 F .034
(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108
194.4 S .828(ception of).15 F F2($)3.328 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.328 E F0(,)A
F2(\\)3.328 E F0 3.328(,a)C .828(nd, when history e)-3.328 F .828
(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)3.328 E F0 5.828(.T)C .828
(he characters)-5.828 F F2($)3.328 E F0(and)3.328 E F2<92>3.328 E F0
.827(retain their special)3.328 F .074(meaning within double quotes.)108
206.4 R .074(The backslash retains its special meaning only when follo)
5.074 F .075(wed by one of the)-.25 F(follo)108 218.4 Q .205
(wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)2.705 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.705 E F0(,)A F2(")
3.538 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)2.705 E F0 2.705(,o)C(r)-2.705 E F2(<newline>)
2.705 E F0 5.205(.A)C .204
(double quote may be quoted within double quotes by pre-)-2.5 F .081
(ceding it with a backslash.)108 230.4 R .082(If enabled, history e)
5.082 F .082(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F2(!)2.582 E F0
.082(appearing in double)5.082 F(quotes is escaped using a backslash.)
108 242.4 Q(The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5
E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 259.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E
F0(and)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H
(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 276
S .212(rds of the form).8 F F2($)2.712 E F0<08>A F1(string)A F0 2.712
<0861>C .211(re treated specially)-2.712 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)
-5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .211(xpands to)-.15 F F1(string)2.711 E F0
2.711(,w)C .211(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604
(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 288 R .605
(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo)
108 300 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 312 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 312 Q F2
(\\b)144 324 Q F0(backspace)180 324 Q F2(\\e)144 336 Q(\\E)144 348 Q F0
(an escape character)180 348 Q F2(\\f)144 360 Q F0(form feed)180 360 Q
F2(\\n)144 372 Q F0(ne)180 372 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 384
Q F0(carriage return)180 384 Q F2(\\t)144 396 Q F0(horizontal tab)180
396 Q F2(\\v)144 408 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 408 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144
420 Q F0(backslash)180 420 Q F2<5c08>144 432 Q F0(single quote)180 432 Q
F2(\\")144 444 Q F0(double quote)180 444 Q F2(\\?)144 456 Q F0
(question mark)180 456 Q F2(\\)144 468 Q F1(nnn)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)180 468 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144
480 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 480 Q
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2
(\\u)144 492 Q F1(HHHH)A F0 1.507
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 504 R 1.506
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHH)
4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 516 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2
(\\U)144 528 Q F1(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 540 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHHH-)
3.048 E(HHH)180 552 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))
-2.5 E F2(\\c)144 564 Q F1(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 564 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F1(x)A
F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 580.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\
s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 597.6 S
.14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F2($)A F0
(")A F1(string)A F0 .14
("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .495
(to the current locale.)108 609.6 R .495(If the current locale is)5.495
F F2(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F2(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495
(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .496(If the string is trans-)5.496
F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 621.6 Q/F4
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 638.4 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 650.4 Q
F1(par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .843(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F
3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843(can be a)3.343 F F1(name)3.342 E F0 3.342
(,an).18 G(umber)-3.342 E 3.342(,o)-.4 G 3.342(ro)-3.342 G .842
(ne of the special characters)-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 662.4 R
3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F2 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E
F0 5.823(.A)C F1(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a)
3.503 F F1(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823
(riable has a).25 F F1(value)108 674.4 Q F0 .369(and zero or more)2.869
F F1(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369
(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F2(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0
(belo)108 686.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 703.2
S .254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754
(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F
2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005
F(may be unset only by using the)108 715.2 Q F2(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(A)108 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.79 E F0
(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F1(name)144 100.8
Q F0(=[)A F1(value)A F0(])A(If)108 117.6 Q F1(value)3.023 E F0 .233
(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232
(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F1(values)3.022
E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15
F .515(and v)108 129.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see)
-3.015 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108
141.6 Q 2.699(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)
-.25 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198
(ute set, then)-.2 F F1(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25
G .198(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 153.6 R .901
(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F3 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F
F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902
(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 165.6 R
1.179(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179
(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.178(Special P)
3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178
(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 177.6 R 1.148
(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F3
(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.649
E F0(,)A F3(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 189.6 S(adonly).18 E F0
3.289(,a)C(nd)-3.289 E F3(local)3.289 E F0 -.2(bu)3.289 G .789
(iltin commands \().2 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288
(commands\). When)3.289 F(in)3.288 E F1 .788(posix mode)3.288 F F0 3.288
(,t)C .788(hese b)-3.288 F .788(uiltins may)-.2 F 1.496
(appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 201.6 R F3
(command)3.996 E F0 -.2(bu)3.996 G 1.497
(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 213.6
Q .377(In the conte)108 230.4 R .377
(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376
(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376
(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.63
(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 242.4 R(ariable')
-.25 E 4.131(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.131 E 1.631(vious v)-.25 F 4.131
(alue. This)-.25 F 1.631(includes ar)4.131 F 1.631(guments to)-.18 F -.2
(bu)108 254.4 S .164(iltin commands such as).2 F F3(declar)2.664 E(e)
-.18 E F0 .164(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F1(declar)A
(ation)-.15 E F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .163(+= is)2.663 F .251
(applied to a v)108 266.4 R .251(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1(inte)
2.752 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.752 E .252(ute has been set,)-.2
F F1(value)2.752 E F0 .252(is e)2.752 F -.25(va)-.25 G .252
(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .05
(sion and added to the v)108 278.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05
(urrent v)-2.55 F .05(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.55
(luated. When).25 F .05(+= is applied to an array v)2.55 F(ari-)-.25 E
.458(able using compound assignment \(see)108 290.4 R F3(Arrays)2.959 E
F0(belo)2.959 E .459(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.959(sv)-.55 G
.459(alue is not unset \(as it is when using)-3.209 F .265(=\), and ne)
108 302.4 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be)
-3.015 F .265(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.765(sm)
-.55 G .265(aximum inde)-2.765 F 2.765(x\()-.15 G(for)-2.765 E(inde)108
314.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.401(da).15 G .901
(rrays\) or added as additional k)-3.401 F -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .901
(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.201 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E
5.901(.W)-.65 G .902(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 326.4
S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F1(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E
(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G
(alue.)-2.75 E 3.383(Av)108 343.2 S .883(ariable can be assigned the)
-3.633 F F1(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882
(ute using the)-.2 F F3<ad6e>3.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F3
(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.382 E F3(local)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382
G .882(iltin com-).2 F .315(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 355.2 R
F3(declar)2.815 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.815 E F3(local)2.815 E F0(belo)2.815
E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F1(namer)2.816 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.816(,o)C
2.816(rar)-2.816 G .316(eference to another v)-2.816 F(ari-)-.25 E 4.04
(able. This)108 367.2 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54
(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 6.54(.W)-.65 G(hene)-6.54
E -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.04(rt).15 G 1.54(he nameref v)-4.04 F 1.54
(ariable is referenced,)-.25 F 1.165
(assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 379.2 R 1.165
(utes modi\214ed \(other than the)-.2 F F1(namer)3.665 E(ef)-.37 E F0
(attrib)3.665 E 1.165(ute itself\), the operation is)-.2 F .246
(actually performed on the v)108 391.2 R .245
(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.745(sv)
-.55 G 2.745(alue. A)-2.995 F .245(nameref is commonly used)2.745 F
1.474(within shell functions to refer to a v)108 403.2 R 1.474
(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F 1.474
(gument to the function.)-.18 F -.15(Fo)6.474 G(r).15 E
(instance, if a v)108 415.2 Q
(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E
(gument, running)-.18 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 433.2 Q
F0 .303(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 451.2 R(ariable)-.25
E F3 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v)
-.25 F .302(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E
3.592(ment. References)108 463.2 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F3
-.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib)
-3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .144
(ments, and attrib)108 475.2 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F
.144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F3($1)2.644 E
F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .143
(ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)108 487.2 S(r).25 E F0 .867
(loop has the nameref attrib)3.367 F .867(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .868
(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .868
(ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509
(will be established for each w)108 499.2 R .509
(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009
(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108
511.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.192(nt).15 G(he)-4.192 E F3(namer)4.192 E(ef)
-.18 E F0(attrib)4.192 E 4.192(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.492 -.4(r, n).15 H 1.692(ameref v).4 F 1.693
(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F 1.693(ariables and subscripted)
-.25 F .102(array v)108 523.2 R 2.602(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .102
(can be unset using the)2.602 F F3<ad6e>2.602 E F0 .102(option to the)
2.602 F F3(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.601 G 2.601(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F
(if)2.601 E F3(unset)2.601 E F0 .101(is e)2.601 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E
.442(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 535.2 R .442
(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .443
(ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E
(will be unset.)108 547.2 Q F3 -.2(Po)87 564 S(sitional P).2 E
(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 576 Q F1 .706(positional par)4.456 F(ameter)
-.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\
 the single digit 0.)3.936 F(Posi-)5.705 E .444
(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 588 R 2.944(sa)-.55
G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
.2 G .445(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 600 Q F3(set)3.334
E F0 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834(iltin command.).2 F .833(Positional parameters\
 may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.834 F(The)5.833 E
(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function i\
s e)108 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E F2(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0
(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403(When a positional parameter consisting o\
f more than a single digit is e)108 628.8 R 1.404
(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 640.8 Q F2(EXP)
2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 657.6 Q
(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675(The shell treats se)108 669.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
1.675(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674
(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F
(them is not allo)108 681.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 693.6 Q F0 .223
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 693.6 R
.224(When the e)5.224 F .224(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .663
(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 705.6 R .662
(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662
(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.081(those w)144 717.6 R 1.081
(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.082(ord splitting and pathname e)
-.1 F 3.582(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.082(the e)3.582 F(xpansion)-.15 E
2.549(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 729.6 R 2.549
(xpands to a single w)-.15 F 2.548(ord with the v)-.1 F 2.548
(alue of each parameter)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.067
(separated by the \214rst character of the)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(IFS)5.568 E F0 3.068(special v)5.318 F 5.568(ariable. That)-.25 F 3.068
(is, ")5.568 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($*)A F0 5.568("i)C 5.568(se)-5.568
G(qui)-5.568 E -.25(va)-.25 G 3.068(lent to).25 F(")144 96 Q F2($1)A/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2(...)A F0 1.52(", where)B F3
(c)4.22 E F0 1.52(is the \214rst character of the v)4.33 F 1.52
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(IFS)4.019 E F0 -.25(va)3.769 G 4.019(riable. If)
.25 F F1(IFS)4.019 E F0 1.519(is unset, the)3.769 F .832
(parameters are separated by spaces.)144 108 R(If)5.832 E F1(IFS)3.332 E
F0 .833(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)3.083 F(ening)
-.15 E(separators.)144 120 Q F2(@)108 132 Q F0 .606
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 132 R .605
(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .113
(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 144 R .113(xpands to a separate w)-.15
F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .114(is, ")2.614 F F2($@)A F0 2.614("i)C 2.614
(se)-2.614 G(qui)-2.614 E -.25(va)-.25 G .114(lent to ").25 F F2($1)A F0
2.614("")C F2($2)-2.614 E F0 2.614(".)C(..)-2.614 E .135
(If the double-quoted e)144 156 R .135(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F
.135(ord, the e)-.1 F .134(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)
-.15 F .15(with the be)144 168 R .15(ginning part of the original w)-.15
F .151(ord, and the e)-.1 F .151
(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .338
(the last part of the original w)144 180 R 2.838(ord. When)-.1 F .337
(there are no positional parameters, ")2.838 F F2($@)A F0 2.837("a)C(nd)
-2.837 E F2($@)2.837 E F0 -.15(ex)2.837 G(pand).15 E
(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 192 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 204 Q F0
(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 204 Q F2
(?)108 216 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 216 Q
(xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15
E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2<ad>108 228 Q F0 .881
(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 228 R
-.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 G
.882(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)
144 240 Q F2<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 252 Q F0 .214
(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 252 R .214
(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214
(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F
(shell, not the subshell.)144 264 Q F2(!)108 276 Q F0 .499(Expands to t\
he process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whet\
her e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E
(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 288 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F1(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)2.25 E
(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 300 Q F0 1.692
(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 300 R 1.691
(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.691 E F2(bash)4.191 E
F0(is)4.191 E(in)144 312 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw).1 G .577
(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.077 F F2($0)3.077 E F0 .578
(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F2(bash)3.078 E
F0 .578(is started with the)3.078 F F2<ad63>3.078 E F0 .369
(option, then)144 324 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369(is set to the \214rst ar)
2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369
(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E(-)-.2 E
(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H
2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F2(_)108 348
Q F0 .054(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)144
348 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .055
(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .692
(as passed in the en)144 360 R .692(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691
(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E 3.191(,e)-.65 G .691
(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .691(gument to the)-.18 F(pre)144 372 Q
.57(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.07(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571
(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .771 -.1(ke e)
.2 H .571(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 384 S 1.6
(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6
(xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F
(parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144
396 Q(ed.)-.1 E F2(Shell V)87 412.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108
424.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2 -.3(BA)
108 441.6 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144
441.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E
F0(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 453.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.548(Ac)144 465.6 S .049
(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w)
5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049
(gument for the)-.18 F F2<ad73>2.549 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 477.6
R F2(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F1
1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)
3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .476(appearing in)144
489.6 R F1 -.27(BA)2.976 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .476(are those reported as)
2.726 F F3(on)3.206 E F0(by)3.217 E F2(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.477(.I)C 2.977
(ft)-5.477 G .477(his v)-2.977 F .477(ariable is in the en)-.25 F
(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 501.6 Q F2(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\
ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F
3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 513.6 Q
(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SHPID).3 E
F0 .187(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 537.6 R F2(bash)
2.687 E F0 2.688(process. This)2.688 F(dif)2.688 E .188(fers from)-.25 F
F2($$)2.688 E F0 .188(under certain circum-)2.688 F
(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 549.6 Q F2(bash)2.5
E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E
F0 1.195(An associati)144 573.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v)
.15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of al\
iases as main-)-.25 F .024(tained by the)144 585.6 R F2(alias)2.524 E F0
-.2(bu)2.524 G 2.524(iltin. Elements).2 F .024
(added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array ele-)
2.524 F(ments cause aliases to be remo)144 597.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5
(df).15 G(rom the alias list.)-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 609.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E
F0 .935(An array v)144 621.6 R .935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934
(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F
F2(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 633.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F
.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\
n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 645.6 S .142(cuted with).15 F F2(.)
2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F2(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa)
-2.642 G 2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141
(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141
(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144
657.6 R F1 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F1 -.27(BA)5.131 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631
(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 669.6 S(tended deb).15 E
(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F2(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E
F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E
(w\))-.25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 681.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98(An array v)144
693.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)
-.25 F F2(bash)3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F
(The)5.979 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at t\
he top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 705.6 R
1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 717.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)
6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424
(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F1 -.27(BA)144
729.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets)6.697 F F1 -.27(BA)
4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb)
-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
(2015 October 2)143.735 E(10)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(description of the)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E
F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E
(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 96 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 108
R .968 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members co\
rrespond to the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .146
(as maintained by the)144 120 R F1(hash)2.646 E F0 -.2(bu)2.646 G 2.646
(iltin. Elements).2 F .146
(added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting)2.646 F
(array elements cause commands to be remo)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5
(df).15 G(rom the hash table.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E
F0 1.243(The command currently being e)144 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243
(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242
(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F
(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144
168 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108
180 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 192 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 204 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692
(An array v)144 216 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\
n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 228 R
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si)
.1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E
(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969
(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 240 R F1
(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171
E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G
17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 252 Q(ASH_LINENO[)
-.3 E F3($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115
(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2
(LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144
264 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 276 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E
-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 288 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\
 directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F
(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 300 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0(command.)
2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 312 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006(An array v)144
324 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506
E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 E F0 .005
(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 336 R .007
(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007
(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e)
-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 348 R(x)-.15 E
F3(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F
F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5
(sion. This)144 360 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1 -.3(BA)108 372 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 384 R .125(ar\
iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \
shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 396 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME)
-.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78
(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A
F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 408 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[)
-.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[)
-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 420 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0
.296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 432 R
.296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 444 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v)
2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 456 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.645
(Ar)144 468 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144
(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144
(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144
(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 480 S
(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3
(BA)144 498 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)264 498 Q
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3
(BA)144 510 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)264 510 Q
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)
144 522 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)264 522 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 534 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A
F0(The b)264 534 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 546 S
(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)264 546 Q
F3(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 558 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1
(])A F0(The v)264 558 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 570 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0
(Expands to a string describing the v)144 582 Q
(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108
594 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 606 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E
F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396
(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F
(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 618 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681
(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F
1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 630 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 642 Q F0(The k)144 654 Q .3
-.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3
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H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 666 Q F0 1.207
(The current command line.)144 678 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F
2.849(mands in)144 690 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349
(yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.848(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F
F0(belo)144 702 Q(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)
143.735 E(11)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(COMP_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .666(The inde)144 96 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166
(ft)-3.166 G .666(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.166(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666
(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .667(If the)5.667 F .535
(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144
108 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1
(${#COMP_LINE})144 120 Q F0 7.005(.T)C 2.005(his v)-7.005 F 2.005
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.006
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15
F(in)144 132 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G
(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108
144 Q F0 .042(Set to an inte)144 156 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\
esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion)
-.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5
(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2
(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi)
-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 180 Q F0 4.092(,f)C
1.592(or listing alternati)-4.092 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092
(np)-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)
4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)
-4.092 F 1.591(ord is not)-.1 F 1.552(unmodi\214ed, or)144 192 R F2(%)
4.052 E F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)
6.552 F 1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552
(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 204 S 2.929
(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429
(yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.428 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144
216 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 228 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0
1.335(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G
(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336
(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If)
144 252 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G
(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 264 Q F1(COMP_W)108 276 Q(ORDS)-.1 E
F0 .653(An array v)144 288 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.153 E
F0(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w)
-.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.333(line. The)144 300 R
1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332
G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3
(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.082 E .831(described abo)144
312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.831(.T).15 G .831(his v)-5.831 F .831
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .832
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.332
(db).1 G 3.332(yt)-3.332 G .832(he programmable)-3.332 F(completion f)
144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v)
144 348 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E
.169
(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input)
-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses)
-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC)
-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 384 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26
(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F
1.095(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R 3.594
(ya)-.15 G 1.094(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.594 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.594 G 3.594(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.594 E 1.431
(members of this array v)144 408 R 1.432
(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25
F 1.432(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 420 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546
-.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746
F(ariable)-.25 E .35(will not change the current directory)144 432 R
5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.851
(ni).15 G(f)-2.851 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F1(EUID)108 456
Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 456 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25
H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103
(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103
(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 468 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 480 Q(AME)
-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 492 R .479
(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277
(The element with inde)144 504 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276
(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15
G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384
(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 516 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4
10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385
(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076
(tion is e)144 528 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)
2.576 E F3(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.326 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.575 E
(AME)-.18 E F0 .075(is unset, it loses its)2.325 F
(special properties, e)144 540 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .11(This v)144
558 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO)
.3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111
(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 570 S(ME).2 E F0
1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO)
.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404
(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 582 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G
2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A
F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le)
-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184
(at line number)144 594 R F1(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1
(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G
1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F
(this information.)144 606 Q F1(GR)108 618 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228
(An array v)144 630 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of wh\
ich the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E
.572(ments to)144 642 R F3(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872
-.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3
(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s)-3.071 E
(subsequently reset.)144 654 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 666 Q F0 .355
(The history number)144 678 R 2.855(,o)-.4 G 2.855(ri)-2.855 G(nde)
-2.855 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356
(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3
(HISTCMD)2.856 E F0 .356(is unset, it)2.606 F
(loses its special properties, e)144 690 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
(HOSTN)108 702 Q(AME)-.2 E F0
(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 714 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(HOSTTYPE)108 84 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that uniquel\
y describes the type of machine on which)144 96 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0
.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 108 R(def)
2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 120 Q F0 1.408(Each\
 time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\
ber representing the)144 132 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\
arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 144 R .078
(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 156 R .306
(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)
2.557 F(special properties, e)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5
(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)
108 180 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that full\
y describes the system type on which)144 192 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898
(is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144
204 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5
(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)
108 216 Q F0 .293(An array v)144 228 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)2.793 E F0(belo)2.793 E .293(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F
.294(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.794 E F0 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294
(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 240 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1
(OLDPWD)108 252 Q F0(The pre)144 264 Q(vious w)-.25 E
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
(OPT)108 276 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 288 R 1.627
(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F
F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F2
(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 300 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 312 Q F0 1.651(The inde)144 324 R 4.151
(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F
1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu)
4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 336
S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108
348 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\
g system on which)144 360 R F1(bash)2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 372 Q
(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 384 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US)
.95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 396 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)
3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61
(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F
(the most-recently-e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E
(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1
(PPID)108 420 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 420 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G
2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1(PWD)108 432 Q F0(The current w)144 432 Q
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
(RANDOM)108 444 Q F0 .566
(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 456 R .565
(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.565 E .01
(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 468
R .01(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)
4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E
(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 480 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 492 Q F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 504 R
F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)
-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF
1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09
E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 516 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(READLINE_POINT)108 528 Q F0 .313
(The position of the insertion point in the)144 540 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G
(adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G
.313(or use with)-2.813 F F5 .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0(\(see)2.814 E F2
(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 552 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 564 Q(Y)-.92 E F0
(Set to the line of input read by the)144 576 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18
E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)
-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 588 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\
ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 600 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795
(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 612 R .712
(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F4(,)A F0 .712(the v)
2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25
F .408(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 624 R .408
(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .407
(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 636 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 648 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 660 S
.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w)
5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763
(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 672 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F
F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.173
(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.423 E
3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 684 R F2
(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F F3(on)2.749 E
F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G
.019(his v)-2.519 F .02(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E
(when)144 696 Q F1(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in\
 the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641
(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 708 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E
(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(13)192.895 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(SHL)108 84 Q(VL)-.92 E F0
(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 96 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 108 Q F0
(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 108 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G
(nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25
E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 124.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994
(ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1
(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994
(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 136.8
Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 153.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0
1.193(The v)144 165.6 R 1.193(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F
3.693(sc)-.55 G 1.192(ompatibility le)-3.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.692
(l. See).15 F 1.192(the description of the)3.692 F F1(shopt)3.692 E F0
-.2(bu)3.692 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 177.6 Q 2.871(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.871 E
F1 .371(SHELL B)2.871 F(UIL)-.1 E .371(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372
(for a description of the v)2.872 F .372(arious compatibility le)-.25 F
(v-)-.25 E .361(els and their ef)144 189.6 R 2.861(fects. The)-.25 F
-.25(va)2.861 G .361
(lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25 F .36
(ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.75
(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 201.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.751
(is unset or set to the empty)5.201 F .578(string, the compatibility le)
144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578
(et to the def)-3.078 F .578(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.078
(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3(BA)3.078 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0(is)
4.028 E .248(set to a v)144 225.6 R .248(alue that is not one of the v)
-.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .249
(ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F 1.12
(sets the compatibility le)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.62(lt).15 G
3.619(ot)-3.62 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119(ault for the current v)-.1
F 3.619(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.619 G 1.119(lid compatibility le)
.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .575
(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 249.6 R F1
(shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.076 G .576(iltin described belo).2 F 3.076
(w\()-.25 G .576(for e)-3.076 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 261.6 Q F1
(compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5
(alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v)
-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 273.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .506
(If this parameter is set when)144 285.6 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506(is e)
3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .505
(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .354
(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 297.6 R/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.355(.T).31 G .355
(he v)-5.355 F .355(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.855 G
(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .355(is subjected)2.605 F .525(to parameter e)144 309.6
R .525(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525
(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 321.6 Q
F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0
(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA)
108 333.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 345.6
R .48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F
(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981
F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 357.6 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x)
5.614 F F0 3.114(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)
-.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144
369.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)
2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638
G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the \
empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error)
144 381.6 R 7.53(.N)-.55 G 2.53(ote that setting)-7.53 F F3 -.27(BA)144
393.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \
\214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.99 F
(standard error being closed.)144 405.6 Q F1(CDP)108 417.6 Q -.95(AT)
-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.248(The search path for the)144 429.6 R F1(cd)3.748
E F0 3.748(command. This)3.748 F 1.247
(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.748 F 3.795
(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 441.6 R
F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.296(command. A)6.296 F 3.796(sample v)6.296 F 3.796
(alue is)-.25 F F4(".:~:/usr")144 453.6 Q F0(.)A F1(CHILD_MAX)108 465.6
Q F0 .997(Set the number of e)144 477.6 R .997(xited child status v)-.15
F .997(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997
(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.497(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.497 E -.25(va)144
489.6 S 1.077(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077
(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.078
(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 501.6 Q
2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E
F1(COLUMNS)108 513.6 Q F0 .829(Used by the)144 525.6 R F1(select)3.329 E
F0 .828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing \
selection)3.329 F 4.506(lists. Automatically)144 537.6 R 2.006
(set if the)4.506 F F1(checkwinsize)4.506 E F0 2.007
(option is enabled or in an interacti)4.506 F 2.307 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
2.007(hell upon).15 F(receipt of a)144 549.6 Q F3(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 561.6 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .848
(An array v)144 573.6 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E
F0 .848(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)
3.348 F(in)144 585.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)
-2.785 G .285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)
-.1 F F1(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E
2.785(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)
144 597.6 Q F1(EMA)108 609.6 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 621.6 Q F1(bash)2.536
E F0 .036(\214nds this v)2.536 F .036(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036
(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F4(t)2.535 E
F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ta)-2.535 G .035(ssumes that the)-2.535 F
(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 633.6 Q(uf)-.2 E
(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 645.6 Q F0(Similar to)
144 645.6 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F5(;)A F0
(used when the shell is in)2.25 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G
2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(EXECIGNORE)108 657.6 Q F0 3.239(Ac)
144 669.6 S .739(olon-separated list of e)-3.239 F .739
(xtended glob patterns \(see)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.239 G(tter).1 E 3.239
(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.239 E F0 3.239(\)d)C .74
(e\214ning the list of \214le-)-3.239 F .275
(names to be ignored by command search.)144 681.6 R .274
(Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns)5.275 F .62
(are not considered e)144 693.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .62
(cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 3.12(cution. This).15 F 1.07(does not af)144 705.6 R 1.07
(fect the beha)-.25 F 1.07(vior of the)-.2 F F1([)3.57 E F0(,)A F1(test)
3.569 E F0 3.569(,a)C(nd)-3.569 E F1([[)3.569 E F0 3.569(commands. Use)
3.569 F 1.069(this v)3.569 F 1.069(ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F
(library \214les that ha)144 717.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he e).15 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cutable bit set, b).15 E(ut are not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(FCEDIT)108 84 Q F0(The def)144 96 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)
2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F1(FIGNORE)108 108 Q F0 2.598
(Ac)144 120 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.598 F<8c78>-.25 E .098
(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)2.599 E F0(belo)144 132 Q 2.705(w\). A)-.25 F
.205(\214lename whose suf)2.705 F .205
(\214x matches one of the entries in)-.25 F F2(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205
(is e)2.455 F .204(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)
144 144 Q 2.5(As)5 G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(FUNCNEST)108 156 Q F0 .23(If set to a numeric v)
144 168 R .231
(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(l. Function).15 F(in)2.731 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E
(cations that e)144 180 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(lw).15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F1
(GLOBIGNORE)108 192 Q F0 3.118(Ac)144 204 S .618(olon-separated list of\
 patterns de\214ning the set of \214lenames to be ignored by pathname e)
-3.118 F(xpan-)-.15 E 3.131(sion. If)144 216 R 3.132<618c>3.131 G .632
(lename matched by a pathname e)-3.132 F .632
(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F2
(GLOBIGNORE)144 228 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F1
(HISTCONTR)108 240 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.654(Ac)144 252 S .153
(olon-separated list of v)-2.654 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F
2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15
G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .153(If the list)
5.153 F .49(of v)144 264 R .49(alues includes)-.25 F/F5 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)2.99 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.99(,l).18 G .49
(ines which be)-2.99 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.991 E F0 .491
(character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.991(di).15 G 2.991(nt)
-2.991 G .491(he his-)-2.991 F .558(tory list.)144 276 R 3.058(Av)5.558
G .558(alue of)-3.308 F F5(ignor)3.068 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .558
(causes lines matching the pre)3.328 F .557
(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.958
(Av)144 288 S .458(alue of)-3.208 F F5(ignor)2.968 E(eboth)-.37 E F0
.458(is shorthand for)3.238 F F5(ignor)2.959 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and)
2.959 E F5(ignor)2.959 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.459(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .459
(lue of).25 F F5(er)2.959 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)2.959 E .699
(all pre)144 300 R .698
(vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.198(df).15 G .698(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F
(sa)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.763(d. An).15 F 2.763(yv)-.15 G .263
(alue not in the abo)-3.013 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263
(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .264
(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.942(av)144 324 S .442(alid v)
-3.192 F .442(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.941(do).15 G 2.941(nt)-2.941 G .441
(he history list, subject to the v)-2.941 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F2
(HISTIGNORE)144 336 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\
f a multi-line compound command are not)6.481 F
(tested, and are added to the history re)144 348 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.)
A F1(HISTFILE)108 360 Q F0 .181
(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 372 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F2(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)
-.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.681(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.681 E .181(ault v)
-.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 384 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5
(fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5
(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)108 396 Q F0
1.622(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144
408 R 1.623(When this v)6.623 F 1.623(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25
(va)144 420 S .932(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary)
.25 F 3.432(,t)-.65 G 3.432(oc)-3.432 G .932
(ontain no more than that number of lines by)-3.432 F(remo)144 432 Q .87
(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .871(The history \214le is also trunca\
ted to this size after writing it when a)5.87 F 1.245(shell e)144 444 R
3.745(xits. If)-.15 F 1.244(the v)3.744 F 1.244
(alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F 1.244
(Non-numeric v)6.244 F 1.244(alues and)-.25 F 1.021(numeric v)144 456 R
1.022(alues less than zero inhibit truncation.)-.25 F 1.022
(The shell sets the def)6.022 F 1.022(ault v)-.1 F 1.022(alue to the v)
-.25 F 1.022(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)144 468 Q F0(after reading an)
2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 480 Q F0
2.658(Ac)144 492 S .158(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \
which command lines should be sa)-2.658 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.657(do).15 G
2.657(nt)-2.657 G .157(he his-)-2.657 F .707(tory list.)144 504 R .707
(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.707 F .708
(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .626
(\(no implicit `)144 516 R F1(*)A F0 3.126('i)C 3.126(sa)-3.126 G 3.126
(ppended\). Each)-3.126 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.126 F .625
(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F2(HISTCONTR)144
528 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793
(In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F
F1(&)A F0(')A 2.515(matches the pre)144 540 R 2.515(vious history line.)
-.25 F(`)7.514 E F1(&)A F0 5.014('m)C 2.514
(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F(remo)144 552
Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(db).15 G .852(efore attempting a match.)-3.352 F
.852(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)5.852 F
(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 564 Q -.05
(ga)-.15 G(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTIGNORE)2.5 E F4
(.)A F1(HISTSIZE)108 576 Q F0 1.387
(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 588
R F2(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If)
-.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 600 S 1.32(lue is 0, commands are not sa)
.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.82(di).15 G 3.821(nt)-3.82 G 1.321
(he history list.)-3.821 F 1.321(Numeric v)6.321 F 1.321
(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 612 T .437
(ry command being sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.937(do).15 G 2.937(nt)-2.937
G .437(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.937 F .436
(The shell sets the def)5.436 F .436(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E
(to 500 after reading an)144 624 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E
F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 636 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 648 R .951
(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952
(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F5(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952
(\(3\) to print the)B .673
(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 660
R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v)
3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144
(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 672 R
2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144
(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\
 character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 684 Q
F1(HOME)108 696 Q F0 1.27
(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 708 R 1.27(ault ar)
-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27
(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 720 S(lue of this v).25 E
(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(15)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(HOSTFILE)108 84 Q F0 1.015
(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 96 R/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015
(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F .551
(needs to complete a hostname.)144 108 R .551
(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F
1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 120 R 1.059
(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059
(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 132 Q F0 .138
(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e)
-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138
(alue, or)-.25 F .517(does not name a readable \214le,)144 144 R F1
(bash)3.017 E F0 .517(attempts to read)3.017 F F2(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0
.518(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144
156 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0
(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F1(IFS)108 168 Q F0(The)
144 168 Q F2 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E
F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555
(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 180 S(rds with the)
.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E
(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E
(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 192 Q F0 .503
(Controls the action of an interacti)144 204 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F3(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503
(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v)
144 216 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3
(EOF)3.076 E F0 .426
(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302
(on an input line before)144 228 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G
2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
(xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302
(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 240 Q(alue, the def)
-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E
F3(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1
(INPUTRC)108 252 Q F0 1.436(The \214lename for the)144 264 R F1 -.18(re)
3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F2(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c)
-.37 E F0(\(see)5.601 E F3(READLINE)3.935 E F0(belo)144 276 Q(w\).)-.25
E F1(LANG)108 288 Q F0 1.239(Used to determine the locale cate)144 288 R
1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24
(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E
(starting with)144 300 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 312 Q F0 .974
(This v)144 324 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974
(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an)
3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G
.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 336 Q(.)-.65 E F1
(LC_COLLA)108 348 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 360 R .412(ariable det\
ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e)
-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 372 R 1.465
(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144
384 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 396 Q F0
1.935(This v)144 408 R 1.936
(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F
1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 420 Q
(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 432 Q(GES)-.55 E
F0(This v)144 444 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\
ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC)
108 456 Q F0(This v)144 468 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 480 Q F0 .055
(Used by the)144 480 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command to de\
termine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264
(Automatically set if the)144 492 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264
(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265
(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 504 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0
SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 516 Q F0 1.201
(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 516
R F3(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201
(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)3.701 E F0
(informs the user of the arri)144 528 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5
(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E
(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 540 Q F0 .098
(Speci\214es ho)144 552 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\))
-2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def)
5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224
(to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\
mpt.)144 564 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F
(or set to a v)144 576 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\
l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 588 Q
-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 600 S .49
(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49
(ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri)
144 612 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \
\214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\
 with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 624 Q(xt of the message,)
-.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1
(MAILP)144 636 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)
-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 648 Q F0 .388
(supplies a def)2.888 F .388(ault v)-.1 F .388(alue for this v)-.25 F
.388(ariable, b)-.25 F .389
(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F
(system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 660 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0
(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 672 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 684 R .39(alue 1,)
-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)
2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2
F F3 .359(SHELL B)144 696 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0
(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36
(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 708 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.74(PA)108 84 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588(The search path for commands.)144
84 R .587
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 96 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .471
(COMMAND EXECUTION)2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472
(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 108 S
.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 120 R .868
(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
-.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 132 R F1(bash)28.829 E F0
31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF
(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 144 Q
F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 156 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 168 R
.471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971
E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472
(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011
(the startup \214les, as if the)144 180 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 192 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 204 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
(If set, the v)144 216 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR)
108 228 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 240 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
(nents to retain when e)144 252 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E
(Characters remo)144 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 276 Q F0 .064(The v)144
276 R .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F
F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 288 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 300 Q F0 .118(The v)144 300 R .118
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)
5.117 E(def)144 312 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 324 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 324 R 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR)
144 336 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 348 Q F0
.101(The v)144 348 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1
(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 360 Q F0 .291
(displays during an e)2.791 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F
.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .292
(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 372 Q 2.5(,t)
-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 384 Q F0 .664
(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 396 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663
(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 408 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 420 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144
432 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649
(pipelines pre\214x)144 444 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711
(an escape sequence that is e)144 456 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F
(and their meanings are as follo)144 468 Q
(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 486 Q F0 2.5
(Al)194 486 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 498 Q F4(p)A F1
(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 498 Q F1(%[)144 510 Q F4(p)
A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 510 Q
F1(%[)144 522 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0
(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 522 Q F1(%P)144 534
Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 534 Q .87
(The optional)144 550.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A)
144 562.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538
(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 574.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F4
(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E
F4(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 586.8 Q
(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 603.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)
3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 615.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365
(If this v)144 632.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)
144 644.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113
(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113
(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144
656.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E
(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108
668.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 680.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,)
-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941
(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441
G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 692.4 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31
(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F
.886(ing from a terminal.)144 704.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885
(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 716.4
S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1
(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1
F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 728.4
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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SF(TMPDIR)108 84 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 96 R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391
(uses its v)2.891 F .391(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F
F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')
144 108 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 120 Q(esume)-.18 E F0
.53(This v)144 132 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531
(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 144 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
 for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 156 S .366(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F
1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
168 R(The)6.125 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.124
(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 180 Q 1.132
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133
(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625
(match the name of a stopped job e)144 192 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15
F F2(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884
(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 204 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
-5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885
(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 216 Q F1(%?)3.334 E F0
.834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834(JOB CONTR)
3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)
3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833
(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315
(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 228 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
F1(%)2.816 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 240 Q(.)-.55 E
F1(histchars)108 252 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 264 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)
-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07
(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.569 E(OR)
-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 276 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216
(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G
1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
144 288 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798
(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 300 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G
.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24
(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576
(ing one string for another in the command.)144 312 R .575(The def)5.575
F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575
(optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\
 that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
char)144 324 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 336 R 1.294
(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293
(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F
.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 348 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F
.38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 360 Q F1(Arrays)87 376.8 Q(Bash)
108 388.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)
-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89
(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 400.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15
F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F
.329(an array)108 412.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr)
-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F
5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328
(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 424.8 R
1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595
(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25
H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108
436.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15
(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 453.6 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F
4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F
F2(name)4.962 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 465.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A
F0 6.548(.T)C(he)-6.548 E F2(subscript)4.388 E F0 1.549
(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.728 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15
F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.549(luate to a number).25 F 6.549(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.349
E -.15(ex)108 477.6 S 1.98(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
4.48(da).15 G(rray)-4.48 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 E
4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F2(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E F3 1.979
(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E
(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 489.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5
E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2
(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 506.4 Q .3 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18
G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 523.2 Q .94
(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the)
-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 -.18(re)3.441 G
(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.441 E
(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 535.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647
(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 552 R
F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647
(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each)
-4.147 F F2(value)108 564 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.332 F F2
(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15
G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.833
(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F2(string)4.333 E F0(.)A .164
(When assigning to inde)108 576 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163
(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163
(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663
(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 588 R 3.91
(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41(he element assigned is the last inde)
-3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)
-3.911 F(Inde)108 600 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E
(When assigning to an associati)108 616.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15
E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)-2.5 E .24
(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 633.6 R F1(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18
E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239
(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108
645.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 1.917
(syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917
(hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray)
-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F2(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-)
4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 657.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416
-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115
(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E
(of)108 669.6 Q F2(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25
-.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838
(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838
(nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338
G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 681.6 Q(An)108 698.4 Q
3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)
-3.576 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075
(braces are required to a)3.575 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541
(con\215icts with pathname e)108 710.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2
(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E
F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541
(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057
(These subscripts dif)108 722.4 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057
(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056
(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)
143.735 E(18)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B .52(xpands to a single w)-.15
F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521
(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F
1.375(of the)108 96 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375
(special v)3.625 F 1.375(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F1(name)A F0 1.375
([@]} e)B 1.375(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.374
(to a separate w)3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027
(there are no array members, ${)108 108 R F1(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B
2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F
2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759(within a w)108 120 R .759(ord, the e)
-.1 F .759(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15
F .759(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)
108 132 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last p\
art of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)
3.016 F .228(to the e)108 144 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)
-.15 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F3(@)2.728 E F0
(\(see)2.728 E F3 .228(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727(\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0
(]})A -.15(ex)108 156 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F1(name)A
F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386
E F3(*)3.386 E F0(or)3.386 E F3(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386
F .886(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295(ments in the array)108
168 R 5.295(.I)-.65 G 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795 E F1(subscript)3.135 E
F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.794(da).15 G .294(rray e)-2.794 F -.25(va)-.25 G .294
(luates to a number).25 F .628
(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 180 R .928 -.15(ve t)
-.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .629(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F
3.129(xo)-.15 G 3.129(ft)-3.129 G .629(he array)-3.129 F 3.129(,s)-.65 G
3.129(on)-3.129 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.129 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(indices count back from the end of the array)108 192 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G
(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G
(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108
208.8 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An)
108 220.8 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25
E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F3(bash)2.5 E
F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 237.6
Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E
2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E
.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 254.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\()
.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918
(alues. ${)-.25 F F3(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F3
(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 266.4 S .75
(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)
3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749
(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108
278.4 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5
E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 295.2 Q F3(unset)
2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1
G(rrays.)-2.767 E F3(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A
F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)
-.15 E F1(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 307.2 Q F0 6.319(.N)C -2.25 -.15(eg a)
-6.319 H(ti).15 E 1.619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.319(ubscripts to inde).15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.819(da).15 G 1.319
(rrays are interpreted as described abo)-3.819 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.318
(.C).15 G 1.318(are must be tak)-6.318 F 1.318(en to)-.1 F -.2(avo)108
319.2 S .297(id unw).2 F .297(anted side ef)-.1 F .297
(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F3(unset)5.297 E F1
(name)2.798 E F0 2.798(,w)C(here)-2.798 E F1(name)2.798 E F0 .298
(is an array)2.798 F 2.798(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.798 E F3(unset)2.798 E F1
(name)108 331.2 Q F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(], where)A F1(subscript)2.5 E
F0(is)2.5 E F3(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F3(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 348
Q F3(declar)3.574 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(local)3.574 E F0 3.574(,a)C(nd)
-3.574 E F3 -.18(re)3.574 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.574 G 1.073
(iltins each accept a).2 F F3<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073
(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.573(da).15 G 1.073
(rray and a)-3.573 F F3<ad41>3.573 E F0 .338
(option to specify an associati)108 360 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15
E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,)
-2.838 F F3<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The)
5.338 E F3 -.18(re)2.839 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.839 G(iltin).2 E .441
(accepts a)108 372 R F3<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
-5.441 E F3(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F3(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 384 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 400.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 412.8 R 3.26
(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 424.8 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br)
2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e)
2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)2.869 E .369
(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369
(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 436.8 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e)
2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5
E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24
E .418(The order of e)108 453.6 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418
(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .419
(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 465.6 S
.196(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F
.195(ashion\); w)-.1 F .195(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)
-.15 E(sion.)108 477.6 Q .257
(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 494.4 R
.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257
(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2
E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 506.4 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G
(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.)
-.15 E 1.487(Only brace e)108 523.2 R 1.487(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487
(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
(ex)108 535.2 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F
1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the)
-.15 F -.15(ex)108 547.2 S(pansions of ").15 E F3($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
-2.5 E F3(${)A F1(name)A F3([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G
(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F3(Brace Expansion)87 564 Q
F1(Br)108.58 576 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 588 Q F1 .415(pathname e)
2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 600 R F1(pr)2.652 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 612 R .563
(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563
(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(co\
ntained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each \
resulting string, e)108 624 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108
636 Q .718(Brace e)108 652.8 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719
(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
108 664.8 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F3({)A F0
(d,c,b)A F3(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As)
108 681.6 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743
(es the form)-.1 F F3({)3.243 E F1(x)A F3(..)A F1(y)A F3([..)A F1(incr)A
F3(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F1(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F1(y)
3.242 E F0 .742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,)
-.15 F(and)108 693.6 Q F1(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G
.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G
.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532
(xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108
705.6 R F1(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F1(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi)
-2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077
(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .077
(to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014
(same width.)108 717.6 R .014(When either)5.014 F F1(x)2.514 E F0(or)
2.514 E F1(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\
empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143
(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 729.6 R
6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F
(xpression)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(19)
192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S
1.064(pands to each character le).15 F 1.064(xicographically between)
-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E F1(y)3.564 E F0
3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G 1.064
(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .984
(that both)108 96 R F1(x)3.484 E F0(and)3.484 E F1(y)3.484 E F0 .983
(must be of the same type.)3.484 F .983
(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference)
-.25 E(between each term.)108 108 Q(The def)5 E
(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 124.8
R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581
(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
(are preserv)108 136.8 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)
5.016 E F0 .015(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 148.8 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 165.6 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132
(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\
t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 177.6 R 3.441
(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
(unchanged. A)108 189.6 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0
.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911
(sion. T)108 201.6 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
F2(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 213.6 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
108 230.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 242.4 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 259.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25
G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 271.2 Q(cho)144 283.2 Q
(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)
-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 300 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 312 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247
(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 324 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh)
3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 336 Q F0 .514
(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e)
3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
(If strict compatibility with)108 348 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2
(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 360 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)
2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09
E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 376.8 S
(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 388.8 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F
1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087
('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
 \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
108 400.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\
 are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 412.8 R .726
(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 424.8 Q .523
(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 436.8 Q/F4
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287
(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287
(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
with the speci\214ed login name.)108 448.8 Q .093
(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 465.6 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 477.6 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642
(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 489.6 R F1(N)4.142
E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641
(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
501.6 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 513.6 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G
.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
108 525.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 542.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 559.2 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E
F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E
.468(these cases, tilde e)108 571.2 R .468(xpansion is also performed.)
-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467
(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108
583.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
(alue.)-.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 600 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `)
108 612 R F2($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605(haracter introduces parameter e)
-4.105 F 1.606(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F
4.106(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 624
R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F
.406(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032
(tect the v)108 636 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032
(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033
(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 648
Q 1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)
108 664.8 R F2(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189
(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15
(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 676.8 R 2.15
(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 688.8 S
(pansion.).15 E(${)108 705.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.205
(The v)144 717.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)6.204 F
F1(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264
(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 729.6 R F1(par)4.014 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.677
(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 84 R(The)7.677 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.676
(is a shell parameter as described abo)5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.74(PA)144 96 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(ra)
-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F2(Arrays)A F0(\).)A .346
(If the \214rst character of)108 112.8 R F1(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F F2(!)A F0 .346
(\), and)B F1(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a)2.846 F F1
(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G(ntroduces)
-2.847 E 2.635(al)108 124.8 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.635 H 2.635(lo).25 G
2.635(fv)-2.635 G .135(ariable indirection.)-2.885 F F2(Bash)5.134 E F0
.134(uses the v)2.634 F .134(alue of the v)-.25 F .134
(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F1(par)2.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.134(as the)2.634 F 1.003(name of the v)108 136.8 R 1.003
(ariable; this v)-.25 F 1.003(ariable is then e)-.25 F 1.003
(xpanded and that v)-.15 F 1.003
(alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .595
(rather than the v)108 148.8 R .595(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.095 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.095(itself. This)3.095 F .595(is kno)3.095 F .595
(wn as)-.25 F F1(indir)3.095 E .595(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.594
(.I)C(f)-5.594 E F1(par)3.094 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .594(is a nameref,)
3.094 F .477(this e)108 160.8 R .477(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F
.477(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F1(par)2.978 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .478
(instead of performing the complete indi-)2.978 F 2.164(rect e)108 172.8
R 4.663(xpansion. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.663 G 2.163
(ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.163(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F2(!)A F1
(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0 4.663(}a)C 2.163(nd ${)-4.663 F F2(!)A F1
(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 2.163(]} described)B(belo)108 184.8 Q 3.8 -.65
(w. T)-.25 H(he e).65 E(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 E
2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E
.334(In each of the cases belo)108 201.6 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15
F(and arithmetic e)108 213.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09
(When not performing substring e)108 230.4 R 1.089
(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G
(e.g.,)-3.589 E F2(:-)3.589 E F0(\),)A F2(bash)3.589 E F0 1.089
(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 242.4 Q(Omitt\
ing the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E
(${)108 259.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})
A F2 .722(Use Default V)144 271.2 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722
E F1(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F
.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)
3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 283.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1
(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 295.2 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.005
(Assign Default V)144 307.2 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F1
(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F
2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004
(is assigned to)5.274 F F1(par)144 319.2 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73
G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279
(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F
(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 331.2 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E
(${)108 343.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A
F2 .535(Display Err)144 355.2 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535
(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535
(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 367.2 R
.661(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\
 written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F
(interacti)144 379.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)
-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 391.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1
(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 403.2 R .745(nate V)-.15 F
(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 415.2 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 427.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 439.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion)
144 451.2 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502
E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.082
(character speci\214ed by)144 463.2 R F1(of)3.582 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.082
(.I)C(f)-6.082 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E
F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15
G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.581 E F2(*)
3.581 E F0 3.581(,o)C 3.581(ra)-3.581 G(n)-3.581 E(associati)144 475.2 Q
1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722
(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length)
3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043
(substring of the v)144 487.2 R .043(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.543 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F
F1(of)2.542 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)
-.15 F .846(end of the v)144 499.2 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0
(and)3.346 E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F
.847(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)
3.347 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 511.2 Q
(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 535.2 Q F1(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029
G .529(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529
(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F
.045(end of the v)144 547.2 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G
.046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F
(of)144 559.2 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F
.202(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202
(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 571.2 R
.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E
F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25
F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 583.2 Q -.2
(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(pansion.).15 E(If)144 607.2 Q F1(par)2.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.959
E F2(@)2.959 E F0 2.959(,t)C .459(he result is)-2.959 F F1(length)2.959
E F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .458(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)
2.958 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.458(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.108 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .095(is tak)144 619.2 R .095
(en relati)-.1 F .396 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.596(oo).15 G .096
(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.596 F 2.596(,s)-.4
G 2.596(oa)-2.596 G 2.596(no)-2.596 G -.25(ff)-2.596 G .096(set of -1 e)
.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .096(luates to).25 F 1.322
(the last positional parameter)144 631.2 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti)
-6.322 G 3.822(sa)-3.822 G 3.822(ne)-3.822 G 1.322(xpansion error if)
-3.972 F F1(length)3.822 E F0 -.25(eva)3.822 G 1.322
(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 643.2 Q(If)144 667.2 Q F1
(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.014(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)
-3.014 F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082
(the array be)144 679.2 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081
(is tak)3.581 F 1.081(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo)
.15 G 1.081(ne greater)-3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 691.2 R
3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft)-3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F
6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G
1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08
(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.)144 703.2 Q(Substring e)144
727.2 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.931
(Substring inde)144 84 R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional\
 parameters are used, in which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 96 Q .306
(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.806(ault. If)-.1 F/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307
(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.807 E F0 .307(is pre\214x)2.807 F(ed)-.15 E
(to the list.)144 108 Q(${)108 124.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2
(*)A F0(})A(${)108 136.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2
.085(Names matching pr)144 148.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084
(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F
.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)
-2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 160.8 R/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757
(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F
.258(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 172.8 Q
(ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108
189.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 201.6 Q F2(!)A F1
(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 213.6 R(eys)
-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)
4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036
(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E
.595(assigned in)144 225.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1
(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595
(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596
(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 237.6 Q F0
(is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)
-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108
254.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 266.4 S .471
(rameter length).1 F F0 5.471(.T)C .471
(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)
2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F1(par)
4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 278.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or)
3.708 E F2(@)3.708 E F0 3.708(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208
(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If)
6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F .349
(array name subscripted by)144 290.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@)
2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349
(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.348
(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.348 E F1(par)145.25 302.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455
(is an inde)3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456
(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756
-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456
(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 314.4 R 1.273
-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde)
-3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272
-.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)
144 326.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5
G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 343.2 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 355.2 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 367.2
Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F
(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196
(is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F
.152(name e)144 379.2 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152
(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152
(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151
(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4(the e)144 391.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)
-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15
E F0 1.4(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2
(#)A F0 -.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)
144 403.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.)
.74 F(If)5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E
F0(or)2.781 E F2(*)2.781 E F0 2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo)
144 415.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774
(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
-3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 427.2 R
(If)5.402 E F1(par)4.152 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.632 F
.401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*)
2.901 E F0 2.901(,t)C .401(he pattern remo)-2.901 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.901
(lo).25 G(peration)-2.901 E
(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 439.2 Q
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 456 Q F1(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 468 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15
E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 480 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H
.146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F1
(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 492
S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588
(the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v)
-.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73
G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 504 R .226
(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1
(par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226
(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 516 S F2
(%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042
(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0
1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.541 E F0(or)2.541 E F2(*)2.541 E F0
2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 528 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94
(lo).25 G .441
(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
-2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 540 R(If)
5.241 E F1(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F2(*)2.74 E
F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G
(per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E
(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 552
Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 568.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 580.8
S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106
E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion.)144 592.8 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034
(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern)
3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033
(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 604.8 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16
E F1(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)2.66 E F0
2.66(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161
(are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161
(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 616.8 R
(If)5.807 E F1(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F2(#)
3.307 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.306(tm)-3.306 G .806(ust match at the be)-3.306
F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 628.8 S .62
(lue of).25 F F1(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F1
(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.12 E F0 3.12
(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621
(xpanded v)-.15 F .621(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 640.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E
F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E F1(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of)
3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/)
3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be)
3.753 F 2.731(omitted. If)144 652.8 R(the)2.731 E F2(nocasematch)2.731 E
F0 .231(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.731
F -.05(ga)-.15 G .232(rd to the).05 F .188
(case of alphabetic characters.)144 664.8 R(If)5.188 E F1(par)3.938 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.418 E F2(@)2.688 E F0(or)2.688 E F2(*)2.687 E F0
2.687(,t)C .187(he substitution operation is applied to each)-2.687 F
.445(positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 676.8 R .446
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.446 E F1(par)4.196 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .446(is an array v)3.676 F(ari-)-.25 E .463
(able subscripted with)144 688.8 R F2(@)2.963 E F0(or)2.963 E F2(*)2.963
E F0 2.963(,t)C .462
(he substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in)
-2.963 F(turn, and the e)144 700.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)
-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(22)192.895 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)A F1
(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern)
A F0(})A(${)108 108 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A
(${)108 120 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437
(Case modi\214cation)144 132 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438
(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par)
2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1(pattern)144 144 Q F0
1.407(is e)3.907 F 1.407
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.906
(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.406(character in the)3.906 F -.15(ex)144 156 S
1.231(panded v).15 F 1.231(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732
(,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144
168 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424
(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F
5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F2(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F
-.15(ve)144 180 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F
F1(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F2(,)3.11 E F0 .61
(operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F
1.548(letters to lo)144 192 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E F0
(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded)
-.15 E -.25(va)144 204 S .633(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.133 E F0(and)3.133 E
F2(,)3.133 E F0 -.15(ex)3.133 G .633(pansions match and con).15 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .634(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .634
(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.134(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 216 Q F0 .78
(is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C
.78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78
(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F2(@)3.28
E F0(or)3.28 E F2(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\
n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 228 R
(xpansion)-.15 E .469(is the resultant list.)144 240 R(If)5.469 E F1
(par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.968 E
F0 2.968(,t)C .468(he case modi\214ca-)-2.968 F(tion operation is appli\
ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 252 Q
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 268.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 280.8 S .86
(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86
(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F
F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 292.8 R F1
(par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F
.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153
E F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144
304.8 Q F2(Q)144 328.8 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 328.8 R 1.064
(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)
3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F
(reused as input.)180 340.8 Q F2(E)144 352.8 Q F0 .441(The e)180 352.8 R
.441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1
(par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F
-.15(ex)180 364.8 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0
(quoting mechansim.)2.5 E F2(P)144 376.8 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 376.8 R
1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073
(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 388.8 Q F2(PR)
2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 400.8 Q F0 1.138
(The e)180 400.8 R 1.138
(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F
F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 412.8 Q
-.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 424.8 Q F0
(The e)180 424.8 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E
(alues representing)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D
(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 441.6 Q F1(par)5.33 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(is)4.81 E F2(@)4.08 E F0(or)4.08 E F2(*)4.08 E F0 4.08(,t)C 1.581
(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the)
-4.08 F -.15(ex)144 453.6 S .347(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F
(If)5.347 E F1(par)4.097 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an array v)3.577 F
.346(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.846 E F0(or)2.846 E F2(*)
2.846 E F0 2.846(,t)C .346(he case)-2.846 F 1.204(modi\214cation operat\
ion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 465.6
R 1.204(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 477.6 Q 1.85
(The result of the e)144 501.6 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F
1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.849(xpansion as described)
-.15 F(belo)144 513.6 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 530.4
Q F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 542.4 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697
(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 554.4 Q F2($\()144 571.2 Q F1
(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 583.2 Q F2<92>144 595.2 Q F1(command)
A F2<92>A(Bash)108 612 Q F0 .02(performs the e)2.52 F .02(xpansion by e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.519 E F0 .019
(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768
(dard output of the command, with an)108 624 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768
(railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768
F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 636 Q 3.219(ym)
-.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719
(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
(The command substitution)5.719 F F2($\(cat)3.219 E F1(\214le)3.219 E F2
(\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 648 Q -.25(va)-.25
G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2
(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\
 used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 664.8 R(xcept)-.15 E
.315(when follo)108 676.8 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.815 E F0(,)A F2
<92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F2(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(h\
e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \
sub-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 688.8 R 1.386(using the $\()
3.886 F F1(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387
(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G
3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F
(mand; none are treated specially)108 700.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894
(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 717.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
(quotes with backslashes.)108 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .422
(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 84 R .422
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15
F(on the results.)108 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arithmetic Expansion)87
112.8 Q F0 1.035(Arithmetic e)108 124.8 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F
1.035(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e)
.25 F 1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
(The format for arithmetic e)108 136.8 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()
144 153.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1
(\)\))A F0(The)108 170.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0
.165(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166
(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .231
(treated specially)108 182.4 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231
(ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v)
-.18 F .23(ariable e)-.25 F .23(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.059
(tution, and quote remo)108 194.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.559(l. The).25 F
1.059(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.559 F 1.06
(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.56(luated. Arithmetic).25 F
-.15(ex)108 206.4 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 223.2
R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 235.2 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)
2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 252 Q
(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 264 Q .97(ocess substitution)-.45 F
F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F2
(FIFOs)A F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F1(/de)3.471 E
(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108 276
R .021(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F1(<\()2.521 E F2(list)A
F1(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F1(>\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0
5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F2(list)2.521 E F0 .021
(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 288 R
F2(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F1(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)
-.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar)
-5.058 F .059(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .131
(mand as the result of the e)108 300 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)
2.63 E F1(>\()2.63 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .13
(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .13(vide input for)
-.15 F F2(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 312 Q F1(<\()2.5 E F2(list)A F1
(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E
(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
(.)A .896(When a)108 328.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .897
(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 340.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
-.75(Wo)87 357.6 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143
(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 369.6 R 1.142
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142
(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 381.6 Q
F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
(The shell treats each character of)108 398.4 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w)
-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)
108 410.4 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F
.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)2.707 E F0
(,)A .836(the def)108 422.4 R .836(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1
(<space>)3.336 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)3.336 E F0 3.336(,a)C(nd)-3.336 E F1
(<newline>)3.336 E F0 .837(at the be)3.336 F .837
(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .346(the pre)108 434.4 R .345
(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15
G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345
(characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es)
-.15 E 1.236(to delimit w)108 446.4 R 3.736(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.736
E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.237
(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)108
458.4 Q F0(and)3.187 E F1(tab)3.187 E F0 .687(are ignored at the be)
3.187 F .687(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .686
(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in)-.1 F .276(the v)108
470.4 R .276(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.777 E F0(\(an)2.527 E F3(IFS)2.777
E F0 .277(whitespace character\).)2.527 F(An)5.277 E 2.777(yc)-.15 G
.277(haracter in)-2.777 F F3(IFS)2.777 E F0 .277(that is not)2.527 F F3
(IFS)2.777 E F0 .277(whitespace, along with)2.527 F(an)108 482.4 Q 3.336
(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-3.336 E F3(IFS)3.336 E F0 .836
(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)3.086 F 3.335(As)5.835 G
.835(equence of)-3.335 F F3(IFS)3.335 E F0 .835
(whitespace characters is also)3.085 F(treated as a delimiter)108 494.4
Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0
(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.878
(Explicit null ar)108 511.2 R 1.878(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G
F0(or)3.545 E F1 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.)
-4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.879
(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 523.2 S .177
(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .477 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.677(ov).15 G
.177(alues, are remo)-2.927 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.676(ap)
2.676 G .176(arameter with no v)-2.676 F .176(alue is e)-.25 F .176
(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 535.2 Q
(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 552 Q
(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 568.8 S
(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 580.8 R .37
(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F1<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0
2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678
(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 592.8 R .677
(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E
F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562
(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 604.8 R
F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo)
2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .562(no matching \214lenames)3.062 F .009
(are found, and the shell option)108 616.8 R F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .008
(is not enabled, the w)2.509 F .008(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .008
(If the)5.008 F F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 .008(option is)2.508 F .442
(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 628.8 R .442(ord is remo)-.1 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.942(d. If).15 F(the)2.943 E F1(failglob)2.943 E F0 .443
(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.943 F 1.38
(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 640.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F1
(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .103
(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 652.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .104
(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 664.8 R .378
(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08
E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .377
(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .578(matched e)108 676.8 R(xplicitly)-.15 E
3.078(,u)-.65 G .578(nless the shell option)-3.078 F F1(dotglob)3.079 E
F0 .579(is set.)3.079 F .579
(When matching a pathname, the slash character)5.579 F 1.789(must al)108
688.8 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788
(.I)-.65 G 4.288(no)-6.788 G 1.788(ther cases, the)-4.288 F F1 -.63(``)
4.288 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.788
(character is not treated specially)6.788 F 6.788(.S)-.65 G 1.788
(ee the)-6.788 F .165(description of)108 700.8 R F1(shopt)2.665 E F0
(belo)2.665 E 2.665(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.665 E F3 .165(SHELL B)2.665 F(UIL)
-.09 E .165(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .166(for a description of the)2.415
F F1(nocaseglob)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(null-)2.666 E(glob)108 712.8 Q F0(,)A
F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0
(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 729.6 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.398 E F0 1.898
(shell v)4.148 F 1.897
(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214lenames matching a)-.25
F F2(pattern)4.397 E F0 6.897(.I).24 G(f)-6.897 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 84 Q F0 .982(is set, each matching \214lename that al\
so matches one of the patterns in)3.232 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.483 E F0(is)
3.233 E(remo)108 96 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G 1.415
(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415
(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.414(ainst the patterns in)-.05
F F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 108 Q F0 .146(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F .146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F2 -.63
(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.147 E F2 -.63(``)2.647 G(..)
.63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147
(ys ignored when).1 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 120 Q F0 .827
(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.627
-.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827
(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F
.682(enabling the)108 132 R F2(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682
(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a)
-.15 F F2 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.)
5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 144 Q 1.185
(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F F2
-.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e)-.1 E
F2 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184(one of the patterns in)
6.184 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)108 156 Q
F2(dotglob)2.5 E F0(option is disabled when)2.5 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is unset.)2.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)108 172.8 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)
-2.5 E F0(An)108 189.6 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \
a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)
-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 201.6
R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G
1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F
.576(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 213.6 R .576
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya)
-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 225.6 Q(.)-.65 E
(The special pattern characters ha)108 242.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2(*)144 259.2 Q F0 .377
(Matches an)180 259.2 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376
(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F2
(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 271.2
Q F2(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775
(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275
E F2(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058
(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\
.)180 283.2 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)3.558 E
F0(,)A(tw)180 295.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F2(?)144 307.2 Q
F0(Matches an)180 307.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E
F2([...])144 319.2 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 319.2 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578
(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579
(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685
(denotes a)180 331.2 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E
3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)
-3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F
3.184(oc)-.1 G .684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 343.2 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)
-.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F
1.213(If the)6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 355.2 R 1.124
(wing the)-.25 F F2([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F2(!)3.624 E F0
1.124(or a)6.124 F F2(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G
1.123(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894
(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 367.2 R .895
(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v)
180 379.2 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F1(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0
(or)2.625 E F1(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375
(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375(btain the tra-).8
F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 391.2 R .067
(xpressions, where)-.15 F F2([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068
(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 403.2 R F2(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0
.157(shell v)2.657 F .157(ariable to)-.25 F F2(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C
2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F2(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0
.156(shell option.)2.656 F(A)5.156 E F2<ad>2.656 E F0(may)2.656 E .193(\
be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.)
180 415.2 R(A)5.193 E F2(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F
(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 427.2 Q -.4(Wi)
180 445.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F2(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4
-.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F2([:)3.07 E F4(class)A F2
(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F4(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)
180 457.2 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F2
8.173(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 469.2 R 8.173
(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 481.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0
4.29(Ac)180 493.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)
-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F2
-.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E
(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 505.2 Q -.4(Wi)
180 523.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F2(])4.536 E F0 4.536
(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F4 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F2([=)4.537 E F4(c)A F2(=])
A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\
 collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 535.2 R
(the character)180 547.2 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 565.2 S(thin).4
E F2([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F2([.)
2.5 E F4(symbol)A F2(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4
(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 582 R F2(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705
(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F2(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705
(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 594
R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F4
(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255
(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F2(|)2.755 E
F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)
108 606 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 630 Q F4(pattern-list)
.833 E F2(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 642
Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 654 Q F4
(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0
(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 666 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 678 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F2(\))
.833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 690 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(@\()144 702 Q F4(pattern-list).833
E F2(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 714 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(25)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(!\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E
F0(Matches an)180 96 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 112.8 Q -.1(va)
-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 124.8 R 1.112
(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)
3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0
1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 136.8 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 153.6 Q F0 .545
(Before a command is e)108 165.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405
(by the shell.)108 177.6 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\
ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)
-.25 F(dif)108 189.6 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les \
the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019
(Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215
(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 201.6 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E
.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .876(may precede or appear an)108
213.6 R .876(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0
.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.375(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.875(.R).77 G
.875(edirections are)-5.875 F(processed in the order the)108 225.6 Q 2.5
(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\
h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\
stead be preceded by a w)108 242.4 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {)
108 254.4 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293
(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293
(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 266.4
S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179
F F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679
(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 278.4 Q
F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0
(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .284(In the follo)108
295.2 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512
(ion operator is)108 307.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
(redirection operator is)108 319.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
-2.5 E .825(The w)108 336 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462
(jected to brace e)108 348 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463
(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 360 R
.867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F
.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867
F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 372 S(rd,).1 E F1(bash)
2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E
(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 388.8 Q -.15
(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 405.6 Q F1(>)2.5
E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 422.4
Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144
439.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 456 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E
F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F
(output before the standard output w)108 468 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2
(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 484.8 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 496.8 Q F1(/de)144 513.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A
F0(If)180 525.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15
E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5
E F1(/de)144 537.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)
180 549.6 Q F1(/de)144 561.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 573.6 Q F1(/de)144 585.6 Q
(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 597.6 Q F1(/de)
144 609.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 621.6 Q
F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 633.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144
645.6 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 657.6 Q F2
(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 669.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108
686.4 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)
-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\
an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 703.2 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947
(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F
(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 715.2 Q(.)-.65 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Redir)87 84 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 96 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.231 E(d)
-.37 E F0 .391(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)
108 108 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 124.8 Q([)144 141.6 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 158.4 Q
(ecting Output)-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 170.4 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 182.4
R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F
-.15(ex)108 194.4 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
(If the redirection operator is)108 244.8 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 256.8 R
.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 268.8 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
280.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
297.6 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
(Redirection of output in this f)108 309.6 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 321.6 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0
.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
333.6 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
(The general format for appending output is:)108 350.4 Q([)144 367.2 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 384 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
(This construct allo)108 396 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\
e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F
(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 408 Q
(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E(There are tw)108
424.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
(&>)144 441.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 453.6 Q F1(>&)144 465.6 Q
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 482.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 499.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 516 R F2(wor)2.614
E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)-.15 F F1
<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G .115
(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 528 Q F1
(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 544.8 S
(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
(This construct allo)108 556.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108
568.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
585.6 Q F1(&>>)144 602.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
(This is semantically equi)108 619.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
(>>)144 636 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108
652.8 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E
F1(Her)87 669.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of red\
irection instructs the shell to read input from the current source unti\
l a line containing only)108 681.6 R F2(delimiter)108.35 693.6 Q F0 .615
(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 705.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E
F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
(The format of here-documents is:)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
(2015 October 2)143.735 E(27)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<<)A F0([)A F2<ad>A
F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 96 Q(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144
108 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108 124.8 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .226(is performed on)108
136.8 R F1(wor)2.726 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.226(.I).77 G 2.726(fa)-5.226 G .526
-.15(ny c)-2.726 H .226(haracters in).15 F F1(wor)3.066 E(d)-.37 E F0
.226(are quoted, the)3.496 F F1(delimiter)3.076 E F0 .225
(is the result of quote remo)3.456 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.725(lo).25 G(n)
-2.725 E F1(wor)108 148.8 Q(d)-.37 E F0 2.714(,a).77 G .214
(nd the lines in the here-document are not e)-2.714 F 2.714(xpanded. If)
-.15 F F1(wor)2.715 E(d)-.37 E F0 .215
(is unquoted, all lines of the here-docu-)2.715 F .499
(ment are subjected to parameter e)108 160.8 R .499
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .499
(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 172.8 Q F2(\\<newline>)2.5
E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0
(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5
E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
(If the redirection operator is)108 189.6 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
 and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 201.6 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 218.4 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
2.5(Av)108 230.4 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)
144 247.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<<<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 264 Q F1
(wor)2.894 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)2.894 E .394(goes brace e)-.18 F .393
(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .393
(ariable e)-.25 F .393(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.147
(tution, arithmetic e)108 276 R 2.147(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F 2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148
(xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.148(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E
2.574(formed. The)108 288 R .074(result is supplied as a single string \
to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descriptor)2.574 F F1
(n)2.574 E F0(if)2.574 E F1(n)108 300 Q F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E F2
(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 316.8 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
328.8 Q([)144 345.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 362.4 R(If)5.127 E
F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
374.4 Q F1(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 386.4 R(If)5.149 E F1(wor)
2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F2<ad>2.649 E
F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
2.89 F(If)5.15 E F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 398.4 Q
(The operator)108 415.2 Q([)144 432 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 .444
(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 448.8 R
(If)5.444 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .443
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357
(tor 1\) is used.)108 460.8 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F1(wor)
4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 472.8 R F1(wor)
3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.524 G .254(luates to).25 F F2<ad>2.754 E
F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F1(n)3.114 E F0 .254
(is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F1(n)2.754 E F0
.253(is omitted, and)2.754 F F1(wor)2.753 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.753 E
.965(not e)108 484.8 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F2<ad>
3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966
(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
-3.466 F(pre)108 496.8 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 513.6 Q
(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 525.6 Q([)
144 542.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A F0(mo)108 559.2 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F1
(digit)3.036 E F0 .536(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F1(n)3.036 E F0
3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt)-3.036 G .535
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F1(n)3.035 E F0
.535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 571.2 Q F1(digit)5 E F0
(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly)
108 588 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 604.8 Q F1
(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A F0(mo)108 621.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F1(digit)2.785 E F0
.285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F1(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o).24 G 2.785
(rt)-2.785 G .286(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F
F1(n)2.786 E F0 .286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 633.6 Q F2
(Opening File Descriptors f)87 650.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 662.4 Q([)144 679.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)
A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
696 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
108 708 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Aliases)108 96
Q F0(allo)3.173 E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)
-3.173 F .674(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
ses that may be set and unset with the)108 108 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(alias)2.893 E F0(and)2.893 E F3(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393
(iltin commands).2 F(\(see)108 120 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)
4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98
(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F(check)108 132 Q .473
(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473(If so, that w)5.473 F .472
(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472
(The characters)5.472 F F3(/)2.972 E F0(,)A F3($)2.972 E F0(,)A F3<92>
2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 144 Q F3(=)3.611 E F0 1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611
(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)-3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E
(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112
(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 156 R 1.12
(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119
(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 168 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 F
.513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
.296(not e)108 180 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F3(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F3
.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F3
(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 192 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543
(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne)
-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 204 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 220.8 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F3
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 237.6 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
108 249.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
(Aliases are not e)108 266.4 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F3(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 278.4 Q F3(shopt)2.5 E F0
(\(see the description of)2.5 E F3(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .436
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
295.2 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F3(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1
(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337
(one complete line of input before e)108 307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338
(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 319.2 S .904
(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161
(another command does not tak)108 331.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277
(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 343.2 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108
355.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F
.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .613
(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 367.2 R .612
(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not)5.612 F -.2
(av)108 379.2 S .058(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.558(cuted. T).15 F 2.558(ob)-.8 G 2.558(es)-2.558 G .058
(afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .059
(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and).1 F(do not use)108
391.2 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 408 S
2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F1
(FUNCTIONS)72 424.8 Q F0 3.468(As)108 436.8 S .968
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 448.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316
(mands associated with that function name is e)108 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315
(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035
(shell; no ne)108 472.8 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036
F .64(function is e)108 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 496.8
R F3(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532
(Special parameter)5.532 F F3(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F
.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 508.8 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E
(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108
525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F
1.214(these e)108 537.6 R 1.214(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.714 E(UG)
-.09 E F0(and)3.464 E F3(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215
(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F3(trap)3.715 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.715 G 1.215(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.715 E -.09(BU)108 549.6 S(IL)
.09 E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479
(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F3(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E
.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 561.6 R F4(declar)
2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)
-.25 F F3 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F3(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 573.6 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F3
(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F3(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072
(traps\), and the)2.572 F F4(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321
F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 585.6 Q F3(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0
(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 602.4 S .655
(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F3(local)
3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E
3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)108 614.4 Q
(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
(The)108 631.2 Q F3(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028
(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028
(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108
643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.)
-.15 E .043(If the b)108 660 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F3 -.18(re)
2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 672 R 1.012
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F3(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011
(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 684 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213
(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
108 696 Q F3(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5
(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65
G(cution.).15 E 1.359
(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 712.8 R F3
<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F3(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E
F0(or)3.858 E F3(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F
3.39(mands. The)108 724.8 R F3<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F3
(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F3(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .327
(\214le and line number)108 84 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G(he)
-2.827 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
(shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326
(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 96 R 1.597
-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F1<ad66>3.797 E F0
1.297(option to the)3.797 F F1(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798
(iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F .161
(deleted using the)108 108 R F1<ad66>2.661 E F0 .161(option to the)2.661
F F1(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16
(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16(ariables with the same name)-.25
F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108
120 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825
(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 132 Q
(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .372
(Functions may be recursi)108 148.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)
-5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371
(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141
(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 160.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141
(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 172.8 Q .3
-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72
189.6 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298
(The shell allo)108 201.6 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297
(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297
(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.797 E F0
(and)4.797 E F1(declar)108 213.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G .205
(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 2.705
(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte)-.15
F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
(r\215o).15 E 1.729 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .429(hough di).65 F .428
(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.428(.T)-.55 G
.428(he operators and their prece-)-5.428 F 1.919(dence, associati)108
237.6 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919
(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.92(The follo)6.92 F
1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 249.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 266.4 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25
(va)144 278.4 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108
290.4 Q F3(id)A F1<adad>2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 302.4 S
(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 314.4 S F0
(unary minus and plus)144 314.4 Q F1 2.5(!~)108 326.4 S F0
(logical and bitwise ne)144 326.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108
338.4 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 338.4 S(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 350.4 S
F0(multiplication, di)144 350.4 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>
108 362.4 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 362.4 Q F1(<< >>)108 374.4 Q F0
(left and right bitwise shifts)144 374.4 Q F1(<= >= < >)108 386.4 Q F0
(comparison)144 398.4 Q F1(== !=)108 410.4 Q F0(equality and inequality)
144 410.4 Q F1(&)108 422.4 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 422.4 Q F1(^)108 434.4 Q
F0(bitwise e)144 434.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)
108 446.4 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 446.4 Q F1(&&)108 458.4 Q F0(logical AND)
144 458.4 Q F1(||)108 470.4 Q F0(logical OR)144 470.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)108
482.4 S(pr).2 E F1(?)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0
(conditional operator)144 494.4 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 506.4 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G
2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G
(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 518.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 530.4 S
(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 542.4 Q .68
(Shell v)108 559.2 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68
(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 571.2 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4
F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007
(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
-.25 F -.15(ex)108 583.2 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G
1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466
(using the parameter e)108 595.2 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467
(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39
(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 607.2 R 1.389
(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he)
-3.889 E F3(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389
(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is)
3.889 E .332(assigned a v)108 619.2 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)
2.832 F .332(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832
(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632
-.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)
2.832 E .333(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 631.2 Q
(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406
(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 648 R
3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.)
-.15 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 660 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112
(he form [)-2.612 F F3(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F3(base)
2.612 E F0 .113(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534
(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 672 R F3(n)3.034 E F0 .534
(is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F3(base#)3.033 E F0 .533
(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .512(When specifying)108 684
R F3(n)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.012 F .513
(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943
(@, and _, in that order)108 696 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F3(base)
3.443 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.443 F .942
(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F
(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 708 Q .234
(Operators are e)108 724.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234
(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234
(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235
(luated \214rst and may).25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)
143.735 E(30)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ove)108 84 S
(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F1 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 100.8 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256
(Conditional e)108 112.8 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F2 10
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(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255
(iltin commands to test).2 F .77(\214le attrib)108 124.8 R .77
(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77
(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.041
(unary or binary primaries.)108 136.8 R 1.041(If an)6.041 F(y)-.15 E/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)3.541 E F0(ar)3.541 E 1.04
(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F3(/de)3.54 E
(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.54(,t)C 1.04(hen \214le)-3.54 F(descriptor)108 148.8
Q F3(n)3.788 E F0 1.289(is check)3.788 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.789 E
F3(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289
(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F3(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin)
-.15 E F0(,)A F3(/de)3.789 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.789(,o)C(r)-3.789 E F3
(/de)108 160.8 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C
(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722
(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
108 177.6 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar)
-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 189.6
Q 1.095(When used with)108 207.6 R F2([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C(he)-3.595
E F2(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le)
3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096
E F2(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108
219.6 Q F2<ad61>108 243.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 243.6 S
(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2<ad62>108
255.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 255.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2<ad63>108
267.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 267.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2
<ad64>108 279.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 279.6 S(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2
<ad65>108 291.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 291.6 S(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2<ad66>108 303.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 303.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2<ad67>108 315.6
Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 315.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2<ad68>108 327.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 327.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad6b>108 339.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 339.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G
(it is set.)-2.5 E F2<ad70>108 351.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144
351.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2<ad72>108 363.6 Q F3(\214le)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 363.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5
G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2<ad73>108 375.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 375.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2<ad74>108 387.6 Q F3(fd)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 387.6 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F3(fd)4.47 E
F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2<ad75>108 399.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 399.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2<ad77>108
411.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 411.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2<ad78>108 423.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 423.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2<ad47>108
435.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 435.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25
E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2<ad4c>108 447.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)144 447.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad4e>108 459.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)144 459.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F2
<ad4f>108 471.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 471.6 S(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2<ad53>108 483.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 483.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F3(\214le1)108 495.6 Q F2
(\255ef)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 507.6 S(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5
E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F3(\214le1)108 519.6 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F2
(nt)A F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 531.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le1)2.5
E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F3
(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F3
(\214le1)108 543.6 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F2(ot)A F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144
555.6 S(ue if).35 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F3(\214le2)
2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5
G(ists and).15 E F3(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2<ad6f>108 567.6 Q
F3(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 579.6 S .263(ue if the shell option).35
F F3(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262
(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F2<ad6f>
2.762 E F0(option to the)144 591.6 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2<ad76>108 603.6 Q F3(varname)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 615.6 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(varname)
2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F2<ad52>
108 627.6 Q F3(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 639.6 S(ue if the shell v)
.35 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(varname)2.79 E F0
(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F2<ad7a>108 651.6 Q F3(string)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 663.6 S(ue if the length of).35 E F3(string)2.5 E
F0(is zero.)2.5 E F3(string)108 675.6 Q F2<ad6e>108 687.6 Q F3(string)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 699.6 S(ue if the length of).35 E F3(string)2.84 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(==)2.5 E F1
(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 96 Q F2(=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)
144 108 S .861(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861
(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F0 .862
(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 120
R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446
(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746
-.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 132 Q F0(\).)A F1
(string1)108 148.8 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 160.8 S
(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 177.6 Q F2(<)2.5
E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 189.6 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E
F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15
E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 206.4 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35
(Tr)144 218.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1
(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33
235.2 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(OP)144 247.2 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2
(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A
F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385
(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1
(ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\
s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 259.2
R F1(ar)144 271.2 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(ar)2.83 E(g2)
-.37 E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25
-.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 288 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613
(When a simple command is e)108 300 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614
(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614
(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.)
108 312 Q(1.)108 328.8 Q 1.849(The w)144 328.8 R 1.849
(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848
(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F
(name\) and redirections are sa)144 340.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G
(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 357.6 Q 1.163(The w)144 357.6 R
1.163(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164
(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15
F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144
369.6 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775
(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E
(are the ar)144 381.6 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 398.4 Q
(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 398.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)
-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.)
108 415.2 Q .716(The te)144 415.2 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217
E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717
(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 427.2 R .339
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339
(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 439.2 Q
.332(If no command name results, the v)108 456 R .332
(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 468 S .757
(riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757
(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 480 R
(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677
(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677
(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F
(the command e)108 492 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15
(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 508.8 R
.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649
(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 520.8
Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
(If there is a command name left after e)108 537.6 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F
4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108
549.6 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069
(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068
(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 561.6 R .466
(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467
(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 573.6
Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 590.4 Q F0
.547(After a command has been split into w)108 602.4 R .546
(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1
F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 614.4 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E
(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\
mpts to locate it.)108 631.2 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379
(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in)
108 643.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G
.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)
2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F
(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 655.2 Q 2.5
(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E
(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309
(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 672 R .31
(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.81 E F0 .31
(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 684 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH)
-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662
(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108
696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E
F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS)
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(search of the directories in)108 708 R F3 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0
.719(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)
2.97 F .719(If the)5.719 F 11.754(search is unsuccessful, the shell sea\
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(command_not_f)108 84 Q(ound_handle)-.25 E F0 6.435(.I)C 3.935(ft)
-6.435 G 1.435(hat function e)-3.935 F 1.435(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.935(dw).1 G 1.434
(ith the original command and the)-3.935 F .116(original command')108 96
R 2.616(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.616 G .116(uments as its ar).18 F .116
(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.616(se)-.55 G .116
(xit status becomes the e)-2.766 F .117(xit status of the)-.15 F 2.5
(shell. If)108 108 R(that function is not de\214ned, the shell prints a\
n error message and returns an e)2.5 E(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(\
If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or mor\
e slashes, the shell e)108 124.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F
.197(named program in a separate e)108 136.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197
(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198
(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198
(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 148.8 Q
(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 165.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809
(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809
(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G
4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .677(assumed to be a)108 177.6 R/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.177 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678
(le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678
(ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .678(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678
(cute it.).15 F(This)5.678 E .33
(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 189.6 R .33
(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.829(ws)-.25 G .329(hell had been in)-2.829
F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.829(dt).1 G 2.829(oh)-2.829 G .329
(andle the script, with)-2.829 F 1.219(the e)108 201.6 R 1.219
(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see)
-.15 F F1(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E/F3
9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 213.6 S(IL).09 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0
(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be)
108 230.4 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(h\
e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-)
-2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 242.4 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
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108 254.4 R 3.693(es. The)-.15 F(ar)3.693 E 1.193
(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F 1.192
(gument follo)-.18 F 1.192(wing the)-.25 F 1.13
(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 266.4 R
1.131(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F 1.131(wed by the)-.25
F(command ar)108 278.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95
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(The shell has an)108 307.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E
(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25
E<83>108 324 Q 1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 324 R
-.2(vo)-.4 G 1.405
(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F1(exec)
3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)144 336 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 352.8 Q(the current w)144
352.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(pushd)2.5
E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G
(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E<83>108
369.6 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 369.6 Q F1(umask)2.5
E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83>
108 386.4 Q(current traps set by)144 386.4 Q F1(trap)2.5 E F0<83>108
403.2 Q .256(shell parameters that are set by v)144 403.2 R .256
(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F1(set)2.756 E F0 .257
(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E
(in the en)144 415.2 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 432 Q
(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 432 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 448.8 Q
(options enabled at in)144 448.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def)
.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F1(set)
2.5 E F0<83>108 465.6 Q(options enabled by)144 465.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
<83>108 482.4 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 482.4 Q F1(alias)2.5 E
F0<83>108 499.2 Q -.25(va)144 499.2 S
(rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E
(alue of)-.25 E F1($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E
F3(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427(When a simple command other than a b)108 516 R
.426(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426
(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas)
-2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 528 S .133(cution en).15 F .133
(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F
.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F
(the shell.)108 540 Q<83>108 556.8 Q 1.056(the shell')144 556.8 R 3.556
(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056
(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-)
-3.556 F(mand)144 568.8 Q<83>108 585.6 Q(the current w)144 585.6 Q
(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 602.4 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144
602.4 Q<83>108 619.2 Q .856(shell v)144 619.2 R .857
(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857
(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857
(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 631.2 Q(vironment)
-.4 E<83>108 648 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)144
648 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306
(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 660 Q
2.5(Ac)108 676.8 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G
2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E
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(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 705.6 S .245(ubshell en)
-2.745 F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244
(vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F
.358(reset to the v)108 717.6 R .358
(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4
G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E 3.159(as part of a pipeline are also e)108
729.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.159(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 5.659
(vironment. Changes)-.4 F 3.158(made to the subshell)5.658 F
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1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377
(cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F
/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)
3.877 F 2.5(shell. When)108 112.8 R(not in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F1<ad65>
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129.6 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0 .404
(and job control is not acti)2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404
(he def)-2.904 F .404(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197
(is the empty \214le)108 141.6 R F2(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197
(.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc)
.1 G .198(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)
-2.697 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 153.6 Q/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 170.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.354
(When a program is in)108 182.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G
4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg)-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na)
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4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.353
(his is a list of)-7.353 F F2(name)108 194.4 Q F0<ad>A F2(value)A F0
(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F0(.).18 E
1.485(The shell pro)108 211.2 R 1.485(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
1.485(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985
(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.486
(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 223.2 Q .144(viron\
ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\
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2.703(cesses. Ex)108 235.2 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F
2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar)
2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704
(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E 1.153
(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 247.2 R
3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.153
(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 259.2 Q .64
(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64
(alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.)
-.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 271.2
R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58
(cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58
(nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F
.3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 283.2 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3
(airs remo)-2.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.8 G(he)-2.801
E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .301(command, plus an)2.801 F 2.801(ya)-.15 G .301
(dditions via the)-2.801 F F1(export)2.801 E F0(and)2.801 E F1(declar)
108 295.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108
312 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .563(simple command)3.403
F F0 .562
(or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F
.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 324 R .502 -.15(ve i)
-.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F
.203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 336 Q(vironment seen by that command.)
-.4 E .81(If the)108 352.8 R F1<ad6b>3.31 E F0 .81
(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81
(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 .81
(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 364.8 Q
(vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.)
-.4 E(When)108 381.6 Q F1(bash)3.585 E F0(in)3.585 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G 3.585(sa).1 G 3.585(ne)-3.585 G 1.085(xternal command, the v)
-3.735 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.585 E F0 1.086
(is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F
(passed to that command in its en)108 393.6 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3
(EXIT ST)72 410.4 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 422.4 R
.151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151
(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2
(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15
(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 434.4 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F
.347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F
1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25
F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 446.4 Q 5.507(.E)-.65 G
.507(xit statuses from shell b)-5.507 F .507
(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F
(Under)5.506 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108
458.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15
(Fo)108 475.2 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G
.873(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F
.873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873
(xit status of)-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 487.2 R 2.549(An)
5.049 G .049(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549
(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f)
-2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 499.2 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)
2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E
(xit status.)-.15 E .404
(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 516 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405
(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 528 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 544.8
Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E
(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.)
-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 561.6 R .081
(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C
2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0
2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F
(the)108 573.6 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F
-.2(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468
(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 585.6 Q(guments.)-.18
E F1(Bash)108 602.4 Q F0 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201
(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 614.4
Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1
(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3
(SIGN)72 631.2 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 643.2 Q F1(bash)3.182 E F0 .682
(is interacti)3.182 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.182(,i).15 G 3.182(nt)-3.182 G
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-3.183 F F4(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .683(\(so that)2.933 F F1 .683(kill 0)
3.183 F F0 .683(does not kill an)3.183 F(interacti)108 655.2 Q .758 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .458(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.958 E F0 .458
(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.708 F F1(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu)
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F1(bash)108 667.2 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0
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(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248(parent. When)108 696
R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747
(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.247 E F0(and)
2.997 E F4(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .747(in addi-)2.997 F .652
(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 708 R .653
(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F
-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 720 Q F4
(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.046(The shell e)
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9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)4.545 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.045
(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15(ve s)-.25
H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F1(SIGHUP)108 96 Q F0 1.004
(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent)
6.004 F F1(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr)
-.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F1(SIGHUP)108 108 Q
F2(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell \
from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356
(jobs table with the)108 120 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)3.856 E(wn)-.1
E F0 -.2(bu)3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F F1 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)
-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.607 E 1.357(w\) or mark)-.25
F 1.357(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(SIGHUP)108 132 Q F0
(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A .166(If the)108 148.8
R F3(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F3
(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F3(bash)2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F1(SIGHUP)
2.666 E F0 .166(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(login shell e)108 160.8 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 177.6 Q F3(bash)3.046 E
F0 .546(is w)3.046 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546
(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .663
(will not be e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663
(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F3(bash)3.163 E
F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99
(via the)108 201.6 R F3(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\
eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F3
(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F
(return immediately with an e)108 213.6 Q
(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72
230.4 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 242.4 S 4.568(bc)
.25 G(ontr)-4.568 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.068(refers to the ability to selecti)
5.078 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F5(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)
C 2.067(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.067
(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 254.4 Q F5 -.37(re)C
(sume).37 E F0 3.201(\)t)C .701(heir e)-3.201 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702
(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702
(ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702
(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.002 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace)
-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 266.4 Q(ernel')-.1
E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E
F3(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 283.2 R F5(job)
5.025 E F0 .785(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F .784
(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784
(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .34(listed with the)108 295.2 R F3
(jobs)2.84 E F0 2.84(command. When)2.84 F F3(bash)2.84 E F0 .341
(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.84 F F5(bac)2.841 E(kgr)-.2 E
(ound)-.45 E F0 .341(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 307.2
Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 324 Q .241(indicating that this job is job num\
ber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline assoc\
iated)108 340.8 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 352.8 R .733
(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job)
5.732 F(.)-.4 E F3(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 364.8 Q F5(job)
4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.063 -.8
(To f)108 381.6 T 1.463(acilitate the implementation of the user interf)
.7 F 1.462(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F
.87(notion of a)108 393.6 R F5(curr)3.37 E .87(ent terminal pr)-.37 F
.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .871
(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023
(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108
405.6 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023
(board-generated signals such as).15 F F1(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 417.6 Q
F2(.)A F0 1.346(These processes are said to be in the)5.846 F F5(for)
3.847 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.927 E
(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.347(processes are those whose process)4.617
F .146(group ID dif)108 429.6 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146
(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145
(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16
(ground processes are allo)108 441.6 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F
2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6
10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter)
-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. Background)108 453.6 R .551
(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.052 F F6 .551
(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .551(is in ef)3.051 F .551(fect\) the)-.25 F
.717(terminal are sent a)108 465.6 R F1 .717(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.217 F
(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.967 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.218(st)-.55
G .718(erminal dri)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.518 -.4(r, w).15 H .718
(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 477.6 Q 1.088
(If the operating system on which)108 494.4 R F3(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088
(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F3(bash)3.587 E F0 1.087
(contains f)3.587 F 1.087(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 506.4 S
.301(ping the).8 F F5(suspend)3.141 E F0 .301(character \(typically)
3.571 F F3(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301
(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801
F 2.143(stopped and returns control to)108 518.4 R F3(bash)4.642 E F0
7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F5 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0
2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F3(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C
(ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\
mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108
530.4 R(to)108 542.4 Q F3(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892
(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F
F3(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .894
(background, the)108 554.4 R F3(fg)3.394 E F0 .895
(command to continue it in the fore)3.394 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F
F3(kill)3.395 E F0 .895(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.895 E F3(^Z)
3.395 E F0(tak)3.395 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 566.4 Q .949(fect immediately)
-.25 F 3.449(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.449 F .948
(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.)
108 578.4 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 595.2 R .777
(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F3
(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 607.2
Q F5(jobspec)A F0 3.458(\). Job)B(number)3.458 E F5(n)3.818 E F0 .957
(may be referred to as)3.697 F F3(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957
(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\
ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.)
108 619.2 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F3(%ce)3.09 E
F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 631.2 Q F3(ce)3.464 E F0(job)3.464
E 5.964(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.964 G .963
(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F3(bash)3.463 E F0 .963
(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F3(%?ce)3.463 E
F0 3.463(,o)C 3.463(nt)-3.463 G .963(he other)-3.463 F .086
(hand, refers to an)108 643.2 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087
(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F3(ce)2.587 E F0 .087
(in its command line.)2.587 F .087
(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 655.2 Q F3
(bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018
(he symbols)-5.018 F F3(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F3(%+)2.518 E F0 .018
(refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F
F5(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is)
-2.518 F .494(the last job stopped while it w)108 667.2 R .495
(as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F
(The)5.495 E F5(pr)4.245 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .495(ious job).15 F F0 .495
(may be)3.225 F .788(referenced using)108 679.2 R F3<25ad>3.288 E F0
5.788(.I)C 3.288(ft)-5.788 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.288 F F3
(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F3<25ad>3.287 E F0 .787
(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.787(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.787 E
.256(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 691.2 R F3
(jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa)
-.1 G .257(ys \215agged with a).1 F F3(+)2.757 E F0(,)A .411
(and the pre)108 703.2 R .411(vious job with a)-.25 F F3<ad>2.911 E F0
5.411(.A)C .411(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .41
(ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(rent job)108 715.2 Q(.)-.4 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)
143.735 E(35)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 36 36
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .443
(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 84 R
(ground:)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)
2.944 F .444(ym for)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E
F0 2.944(,b)C(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473
(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 96 R 3.973
(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472(%1 &').63 F
(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F(equi)108 108
Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1').63 E(')-.63 E F0
(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E
F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131(its until it is about to print a)
.1 F .158(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 136.8 R 2.658
(ss)-.55 G .158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G
.157(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F1<ad62>2.657 E F0 .157
(option to)2.657 F(the)108 148.8 Q F1(set)2.647 E F0 -.2(bu)2.647 G .147
(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.647 E F0 .148
(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.148(.A)-.65 G .448 -.15
(ny t)-5.148 H .148(rap on).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.648 E F0
.148(is e)2.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108
160.8 Q(xits.)-.15 E .033(If an attempt to e)108 177.6 R(xit)-.15 E F1
(bash)2.533 E F0 .033(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532
(,i)-.4 G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F1(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032
(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 2.019(using the)108 189.6 R F1
(shopt)4.519 E F0 -.2(bu)4.519 G 2.019
(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.02
(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.52 E F0 2.02
(option is)4.52 F .459(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108
201.6 R(The)5.459 E F1(jobs)2.959 E F0 .458
(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .458(If a)
5.458 F .603(second attempt to e)108 213.6 R .604
(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
(and an)108 225.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 242.4 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108
254.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15
E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.145 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F
F2(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.825
(and the secondary prompt)108 266.4 R F2(PS2)4.325 E F0 1.825
(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.075 F F1(Bash)6.826 E
F0(allo)4.326 E 1.826(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\
ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\
 are)108 278.4 R(decoded as follo)108 290.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144
302.4 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 302.4 Q F1(\\d)144 314.4 Q
F0(the date in "W)180 314.4 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 326.4 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)
A F1(})A F0(the)180 338.4 Q F4(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)
3.926 F F4(strftime)3.926 E F0 1.427
(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
350.4 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 362.4 Q F0
(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 362.4 Q F1(\\h)144 374.4 Q F0
(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 374.4 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 386.4
Q F0(the hostname)180 386.4 Q F1(\\j)144 398.4 Q F0
(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 398.4 Q F1(\\l)
144 410.4 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 410.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 422.4 Q F0(ne)180 422.4 Q
(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 434.4 Q F0(carriage return)180 434.4 Q F1(\\s)
144 446.4 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 446.4 Q F1($0)
2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1
(\\t)144 458.4 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180
458.4 Q F1(\\T)144 470.4 Q F0
(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 470.4 Q F1(\\@)144
482.4 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 482.4 Q F1(\\A)
144 494.4 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 494.4 Q F1
(\\u)144 506.4 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 506.4 Q F1(\\v)
144 518.4 Q F0(the v)180 518.4 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 530.4 Q F0(the release of)180 530.4 Q
F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 542.4 Q F0 .116
(the current w)180 542.4 R .116(orking directory)-.1 F 2.616(,w)-.65 G
(ith)-2.616 E F2($HOME)2.616 E F0(abbre)2.366 E .115
(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .115(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)
180 554.4 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E
F1(\\W)144 566.4 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 566.4 Q
(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0
(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 578.4 Q F0
(the history number of this command)180 578.4 Q F1(\\#)144 590.4 Q F0
(the command number of this command)180 590.4 Q F1(\\$)144 602.4 Q F0
(if the ef)180 602.4 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 614.4 Q F4
(nnn)A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 614.4 Q F4
(nnn)2.5 E F1(\\\\)144 626.4 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 626.4 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1
(\\[)144 638.4 Q F0(be)180 638.4 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing\
 characters, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
(control sequence into the prompt)180 650.4 Q F1(\\])144 662.4 Q F0
(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 662.4 Q .12
(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 679.2 R
.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positi\
on in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hi\
story \214le \(see)108 691.2 R F2(HIST)4.085 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
(belo)108 703.2 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\
 the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54
(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 715.2 R
.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 727.2 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1
(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351(shell option \(see the)2.852
F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(36)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(description of the)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.5 E F0
(command under)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0
SF(READLINE)72 100.8 Q F0 .15
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
108 112.8 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1
(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209(is gi)108 124.8 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209(hell in)-3.709 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F1<ad65>3.708 E F0 1.208
(option to the)3.708 F F1 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G
3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 136.8 Q .851
(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F
3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852
(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 148.8 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
(\(see)108 160.8 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E
(emacs)108 172.8 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 189.6 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
108 201.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1
(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 213.6 R
(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153
(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653
(oM)-3.653 G 1.153(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)
108 225.6 S .831(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)
3.591 G 2.131 -.65(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F
F4(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13
-.15(ey t)-.1 H .83(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65
(y. T)-.05 H .83(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 237.6 R F4 .599
(meta pr)3.099 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599
(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F4(x)A F0 .599
(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G
.6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6(hen hold).15 F
(the Control k)108 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F4
(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .62
(Readline commands may be gi)108 266.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G
(umeric)-3.119 E F4(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619
(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E(ho)108
278.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G
3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 290.4 R 1.018
(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018
(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 302.4 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 319.2 R F4
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812
(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F4
(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 331.2 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529
F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F4
.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H
.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 343.2 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F
.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
108 355.2 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 372 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\
tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 384 R
F4(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091
(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 396 R .196(en from the v)
-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G
2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)2.696
E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\
es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\
nd the k)108 408 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F -.25
(va)108 420 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe)
6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15
(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737
(lines are ignored.)108 432 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)
-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737(Lines be)5.737 F
.737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .736(indicate conditional)
3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 444 R(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15
(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)
108 460.8 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987
(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F4(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0
3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may)
3.487 F(add their o)108 472.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15
(Fo)108 489.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E
(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 506.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E
(gument)-.18 E(or)108 518.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 530.4 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 542.4 Q F4(inputr)
2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)
-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F4(univer)2.5 E
(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo)108 559.2 R
1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F4 -.4(RU)
3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F4(ESC)3.761 E
F0(,).72 E F4(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F4(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0(,).73 E F4
(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(RETURN)108 571.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F4(SPC)2.5 E F0
(,).72 E F4(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F4
-.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209
(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 588 R .209(ws k)-.25 F
-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209
(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 600 Q F4(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1
(Readline K)87 616.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
(The syntax for controlling k)108 628.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
(indings in the).15 F F4(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 640.8 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)
-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.)
.15 F .264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108
652.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15
(ey n)-.1 H .853(ame, possibly with).15 F F4(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)
3.353 E F4(Contr)3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853
(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 664.8 Q .16
(When using the form)108 681.6 R F1 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F4
(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66 E F4(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F4
-.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 693.6 R(or e)
-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 717.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 729.6 Q
(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(Control-o: "> output")144 84 Q .699(In the abo)108 100.8 R .998 -.15
(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(C\255u)3.038 E F0
.698(is bound to the function)3.448 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(uni)3.198 E
-.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0
.698(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 112.8 Q F2
(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F1
(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259
(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108
124.8 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0
(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 141.6 R F2("k)2.556
E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F1(macr)
2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055
(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15
(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284
(denoting an entire k)108 153.6 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\
ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F
(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 165.6 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H
.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385
(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F
(are not recognized.)108 177.6 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 201.6 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 213.6 Q
("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 225.6 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314
(In this e)108 242.4 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag)
3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1
G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0
.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 254.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G
<ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1
(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3
(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A
(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 271.2 Q F2
<5c43ad>144 283.2 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 283.2 Q F2<5c4dad>144 295.2
Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 295.2 Q F2(\\e)144 307.2 Q F0
(an escape character)180 307.2 Q F2(\\\\)144 319.2 Q F0(backslash)180
319.2 Q F2(\\")144 331.2 Q F0(literal ")180 331.2 Q F2<5c08>144 343.2 Q
F0(literal \010)180 343.2 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\
equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 360 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 372 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 372 Q F2(\\b)144
384 Q F0(backspace)180 384 Q F2(\\d)144 396 Q F0(delete)180 396 Q F2
(\\f)144 408 Q F0(form feed)180 408 Q F2(\\n)144 420 Q F0(ne)180 420 Q
(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 432 Q F0(carriage return)180 432 Q F2(\\t)144
444 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 444 Q F2(\\v)144 456 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 456 S
(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 468 Q F1(nnn)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)180 468 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144
480 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 480 Q
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142
(When entering the te)108 496.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\
 quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089
(Unquoted te)108 508.8 R .089(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15
F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09
(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108
520.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E
F2(Bash)108 537.6 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F
.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the)
.15 F F2(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045
(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 549.6 R .345 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F2<ad6f>2.546 E F0 .046
(option to the)2.546 F F2(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046
(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 561.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2
(Readline V)87 578.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 590.4
R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
(riable may be set in the).25 F F1(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 602.4 Q(c)-.37 E
F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 619.2 Q F1
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108
636 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)
-.25 E F2(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F2(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29
F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v)
108 648 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F
.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448
(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 660 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467
(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F2(On)
2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25
F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F2(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468
(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108
672 S(lues are:).25 E F2(bell\255style \(audible\))108 688.8 Q F0 .011
(Controls what happens when readline w)144 700.8 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F2(none)2.51
E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94
(rings the bell.)144 712.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F2(visible)3.44 E F0
3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va)
-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F2(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A
(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 724.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 84 Q F0 .056(If set to)144
96 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempts to bind the cont\
rol characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F(ernel')-.1 E 2.555
(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G
2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1
(color)108 120 Q(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0
.515(If set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing c\
ompletions, readline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possibl\
e)-3.015 F 2.936(completions using a dif)144 144 R 2.936(ferent color)
-.25 F 7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F
2.935(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 156
Q F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 168 Q
(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 180 R F1(On)4.079 E
F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif)
-4.079 F 1.58(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5
(type. The)144 192 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1
E(alue of the)-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E
(ariable.)-.25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 204 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E
F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 216 R F1
(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 228 Q F1
(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 240 Q
(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 252 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C
(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\
siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1(completion\255pr)108
264 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in ch\
aracters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions that \
is displayed)144 276 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 288 R 1.275
(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)
-.25 F 1.274(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 300 S(lue are repla\
ced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1
(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 312 Q F0 .529
(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 324 R .53
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
144 336 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061
F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v)
-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 348 R
.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 360 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 372 Q F1(con)108 384
Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 396 R F1(On)
3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
144 408 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
.541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 420 Q F0(\).)A F1
(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 432 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 444 R F1
(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
144 456 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 468 Q F0 .142
(Controls whether readline be)144 480 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0
(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0
(can be set to either)144 492 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 504 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21
(When set to)144 516 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211
(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211
(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 528 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board.).15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 540 Q(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E
F0 1.222(When set to)144 552 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221
(eadline will con\214gure the terminal in a w)-3.721 F 1.221
(ay that will enable it to insert each)-.1 F .353
(paste into the editing b)144 564 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\
g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .544
(it had been read from the k)144 576 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This)
.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .543
(nt pasted characters from being interpreted as).15 F(editing commands.)
144 588 Q F1(enable\255k)108 600 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892
(When set to)144 612 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F
(tems need this to enable the arro)144 624 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 636 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64
(When set to)144 648 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64
(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64
(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 660 Q
(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H
2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1
(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 672 Q F0(If set to)144 684 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0
2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)
-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 696 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.338(If set to)144 708 R F1(On)
3.838 E F0 3.838(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \
the same location on each history line)-3.838 F(retrie)144 720 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G
(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(history\255size \(unset\))108 84 Q F0 .949
(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 96 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .948
(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 E .482
(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 108 R 2.982(we)-.25 G .483
(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483(set to a v)
2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F
(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 120 Q(By def)5 E
(ault, the number of history entries is not limited.)-.1 E F1
(horizontal\255scr)108 132 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449
(When set to)144 144 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
 when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
 ne)144 156 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 168 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 180
Q F0 .228(If set to)144 192 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \
will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\
rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 204 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F
(synon)144 216 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 228 Q
(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\
thout subsequently e)144 240 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934
(ing the character as a command.)144 252 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935
(alue, the characters)-3.685 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.435 E F0
(and)144 264 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)
2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 276 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021
(Set the current readline k)144 288 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F
2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021
(map names is).15 F F2 2.02(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E
.068(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 300 R F0 2.568
(,a)C(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0
.068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 312 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 324 Q(fects the def)-.25
E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1
(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 336 Q F0 .051(This string is display\
ed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs ed\
iting)144 348 R .293(mode is acti)144 360 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.293(.T).15
G .293(he v)-5.293 F .293(alue is e)-.25 F .293(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.793
(eak)-.1 G .593 -.15(ey b)-2.893 H .293
(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control).15 F(pre\214x)144 372
Q .601(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.101
(ilable. Use).25 F .601(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)3.101 F .602
(gin and end)-.15 F .019(sequences of non-printing characters, which ca\
n be used to embed a terminal control sequence into)144 384 R
(the mode string.)144 396 Q F1 -.1(ke)108 408 S(yseq\255timeout \(500\))
.1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 420 R F2 -.37(re)2.867 G
(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367
(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 432 R
1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)
-.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.355(an tak)-3.856 F 3.855(ea)
-.1 G(dditional)-3.855 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 444 R .62
-.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re)
2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .907(use the shorter b)144 456 R .907
(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25
(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906
(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 468 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline)
.37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1
F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051
(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 480 R(alue,)-.25
E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051
(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed)
-2.551 E(to decide which k)144 492 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 504 Q(ectories \(On\))
-.18 E F0(If set to)144 516 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 528 Q F0(If set to)144
540 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1
(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 552 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 576
Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1
(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 588 Q F0 .193(This v)144 600 R
.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456
(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 612 R .456
(If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.)
-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F
(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 624 Q F1
(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 636 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0
1.586(If set to)144 648 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions)
-4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 660 Q
(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 672 Q F0
.506(If set to)144 684 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \
display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\
ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 696 Q(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(page\255completions \(On\))108 84 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)
3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808
(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F
(tions at a time.)144 108 Q F1
(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 120 Q F0 1.318
(If set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\
play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818
F(order)144 144 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25
E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 156 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E
F0 .699(If set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699
(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when)
-3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 180 S
2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186
(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186
(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 192 S(adline)
.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 204 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E
F0 .304(This alters the def)144 216 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304
(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On)
2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 228 R(bell.)144 240 Q F1
(sho)108 252 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346
(This alters the def)144 264 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to)
-.1 F F1(sho)144 276 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C
4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691
(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691
(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 288 R 3.54
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\
es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 300 Q F1
(sho)108 312 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.018
(If set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.518 E F0 3.518(,a)C 1.018
(dd a character to the be)-3.518 F 1.018
(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F
(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 336 Q F1
(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 360 R
F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095
(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094
(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 372 Q
2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046
(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1
F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \
the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 384 R
1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 396 Q
(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1
(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 408 Q F0 1.198(This string\
 is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\
en vi editing)144 420 R .522(mode is acti)144 432 R .822 -.15(ve a)-.25
H .522(nd in command mode.).15 F .522(The v)5.522 F .522(alue is e)-.25
F .522(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.022(eak)-.1 G .821 -.15(ey b)-3.122 H .521
(inding, so the standard).15 F .869(set of meta- and control pre\214x)
144 444 R .869(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2
G 3.37(ilable. Use).25 F .87(the \\1 and \\2)3.37 F .387(escapes to be)
144 456 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which \
can be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 468 Q F1
(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 480 Q F0 1.198(This string\
 is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\
en vi editing)144 492 R .783(mode is acti)144 504 R 1.083 -.15(ve a)-.25
H .783(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .783(The v)5.783 F .783(alue is e)
-.25 F .783(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.283(eak)-.1 G 1.083 -.15(ey b)-3.383 H
.783(inding, so the standard).15 F .869
(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 516 R .869
(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.37
(ilable. Use).25 F .87(the \\1 and \\2)3.37 F .387(escapes to be)144 528
R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be u\
sed to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 540 Q F1
(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 552 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)
3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846
(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
(when listing possible completions.)144 576 Q F1
(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 592.8 Q F0 .05
(Readline implements a f)108 604.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096
(which allo)108 616.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097
(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 628.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 645.6 Q F0(The)144 645.6 Q F1($if)2.963
E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\
he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .477
(or the application using readline.)144 657.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477
(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F
(are required to isolate it.)144 669.6 Q F1(mode)144 686.4 Q F0(The)180
686.4 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0
(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211
(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065
(mode. This)180 698.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F
F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to)
3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 710.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E
(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735
(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 722.4
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(term)144 84 Q F0(The)180 84 Q F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696
(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15
(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 96 R .954
-.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154(sf)
-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1(wo)
3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 108 Q F1(=)3.231 E F0
.731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the terminal\
 and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 120
Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(sun)2.84 E F0(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2
(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144
136.8 Q F0(The)180 148.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503
(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F
.503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180
160.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v)
180 172.8 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F
.801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F
.396(ci\214c program.)180 184.8 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 196.8
Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 220.8 Q F0
(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 232.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)
-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 244.8 Q F1($endif)180
256.8 Q($endif)108 273.6 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 273.6
Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)
2.5 E F1($else)108 290.4 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 290.4 Q
F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 307.2 Q F0
.357(This directi)144 319.2 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357
(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356
(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
144 331.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1
($include)144 355.2 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 372 Q
(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 384 R .834
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E
.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 396 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E
(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51
E .698(Incremental searches be)108 412.8 R .698
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112
(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 424.8 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542
(incremental search requires only as man)108 436.8 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G
.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F
5.541(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224
(acters present in the v)108 448.8 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)
2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
(If that v)108 460.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
F .096(mental search.)108 472.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097
(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\
e search string becomes the current line.)108 484.8 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)
108 501.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\
ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674
(search backw)108 513.6 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674
(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675
(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675
(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 525.6 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E
.54(instance, a)108 537.6 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108
549.6 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108
566.4 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653
(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E
(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 578.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 595.2 R(The searc\
h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\
rent line.)108 607.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 624 Q F0 1.392
(The follo)108 636 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 648 R .121
(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122
(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 660 Q F2(point)3.411 E
F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark)3.411
E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41(db)
.15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 672 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re)
2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 688.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1
E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 700.8 Q F0(Mo)144 712.8 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 84 Q F0(Mo)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve t)
-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 108 S
(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108
132 Q F0(Mo)144 144 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E
F1 -.25(fo)108 156 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 168
Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F
.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523
(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
(ters and digits\).)144 180 Q F1(backward\255w)108 192 Q(ord \(M\255b\))
-.1 E F0(Mo)144 204 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 216 Q F1(shell\255f)108 228 Q
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 240 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
.15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W)
-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F
(ters.)144 252 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 264 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144
276 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre)
.15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .608
(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 288 Q
F1(clear\255scr)108 300 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993
(Clear the screen lea)144 312 R .993
(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G
.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F
(current line without clearing the screen.)144 324 Q F1 -.18(re)108 336
S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144
348 Q F1(Commands f)87 364.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E
(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 376.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159
(Accept the line re)144 388.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159
(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty)
5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699
(according to the state of the)144 400.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F
.699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F
(restore the history line to its original state.)144 412.8 Q F1(pr)108
424.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0
(Fetch the pre)144 436.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25
E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 448.8
Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 460.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15
E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1
(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 472.8 Q F0(Mo)144 484.8 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)
-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 496.8 Q F0(Mo)144 508.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18
(re v)108 520.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0
1.471(Search backw)144 532.8 R 1.471
(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47
(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E
(This is an incremental search.)144 544.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 556.8 S
(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131
(Search forw)144 568.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)
-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)
-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 580.8 Q F1
(non\255incr)108 592.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H
(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)
144 604.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\
sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 616.8 S
(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 628.8 Q
(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18
E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 640.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \
a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144
652.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 664.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)
-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 676.8 R .249(ard through the history for\
 the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F
(and the point.)144 688.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1
(history\255sear)108 700.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)
144 712.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\
etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 724.8 Q
(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
(2015 October 2)143.735 E(43)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(yank\255nth\255ar)108 84 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622
(Insert the \214rst ar)144 96 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622
(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F
.622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 108 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794
(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294
(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F2(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794
(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795
(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 120 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292
(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)
-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291
(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291
(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 132 R .281(vious command.)
-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281
(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282
(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 144 Q
(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 156 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308
(Insert the last ar)144 168 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307
(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307
(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 180 S .203(th a numeric ar).4
F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e)
-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204
E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E
(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 192 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507
(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507
(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E
1.396(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 204 R(An)6.396 E
3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.397
(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.697 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls)
.15 E .492(determines the direction to mo)144 216 R .792 -.15(ve t)-.15
H .492(hrough the history).15 F 5.491(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
(ti).05 E .791 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .491
(ument switches the direction).18 F .494
(through the history \(back or forw)144 228 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494
(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144
240 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)
-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 252 Q F0 .623
(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 264 R .622
(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622
(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 276 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5
(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 288 Q F0 .938
(Perform history e)144 300 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-)
-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 312 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
108 324 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 336 R 1.627
(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F3
(HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
(belo)144 348 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E
(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 360 Q F0 .394
(Perform alias e)144 372 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 384 Q F1
(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 396 Q F0
(Perform history and alias e)144 408 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 420 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 432 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 444 Q F0 .948
(Accept the current line for e)144 456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F
(history for editing.)144 468 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(ument is ignored.).18 E F1
(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 480 Q F0(In)144
492 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026
(ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026
(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0
(attempts to in)144 504 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)
-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0
(and)2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 520.8 Q(or Changing T)
-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 532.8 Q F1
(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .799
(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 544.8 R .799
(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.298
(ft)-5.799 G .798(his character is read when)-3.298 F .592
(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 556.8 R
.593(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F
(as the end of input and returns)144 568.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1
(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 580.8 Q F0 .442
(Delete the character at point.)144 592.8 R .442
(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F1
(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 604.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))
108 616.8 Q F0 .552(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 628.8 R
5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
(umeric ar)-3.053 F .553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553
(he deleted te).15 F .553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 640.8 Q F1
-.25(fo)108 652.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474
(Delete the character under the cursor)144 664.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F
(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 676.8 Q F1
(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 688.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144
700.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279
(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 712.8 S(ample.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 84 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
(Insert a tab character)144 96 Q(.)-.55 E F1
(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 108 Q F0
(Insert the character typed.)144 120 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))
108 132 Q F0 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 144 R .321
(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321
(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321
(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 156
R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 168 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3
-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
(transpose\255w)108 180 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144
192 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)
-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F
(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 204 Q 2.5
(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 216 Q
(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 228
R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699
(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 240 S(rd, b).1 E
(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 252 Q
(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 264 Q 1.648
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre)
-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 276 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 288 Q
(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 300
R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 312 S(rd, b).1
E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 324
S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 336 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
(Wi)144 348 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)
-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 360 Q F1
(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395
F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G
1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G
(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144
372 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1
(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469
(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 384 R .958
(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1
(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457
F(before point with a space.)144 396 Q(By def)5 E
(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 412.8 Q
(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 424.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
436.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 448.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
144 460.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 472.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 484.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 496.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
508.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 520.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 532.8 R .729
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 544.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 556.8 Q
(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 568.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 580.8 Q
(ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 592.8
R .728(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F
.728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 604.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
108 616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 628.8 R 3.025
(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
5.525 E(ward\255w)144 640.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 652.8 Q
(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 664.8 R .365
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144
676.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 688.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)
144 700.8 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 712.8 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 84 Q F0
(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 96 Q F1(kill\255r)108 108
Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 120 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 132 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
144 144 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
(copy\255backward\255w)108 156 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 168 Q 4.801(yt)-.1
G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2
E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 180 Q
(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 192 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0
(Cop)144 204 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F
2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55
G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25
(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 216 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(yank \(C\255y\))108 228 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 240 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 252 Q F0
(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 264 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 280.8 Q
(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 292.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
(Add this digit to the ar)144 304.8 R .367
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .366(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 316.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 328.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
E F0 .778(This is another w)144 340.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
352.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
364.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 376.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 388.8 R 1.23
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
-.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 400.8 R .823
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .822(es the ar)-.1 F
(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 412.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
87 429.6 Q(complete \(T)108 441.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 453.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 465.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
-.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F
.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
144 477.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 489.6 Q F1
(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 501.6 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 513.6 Q(xt before point.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 525.6 Q F0 .783
(Insert all completions of the te)144 537.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
549.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 561.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
573.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
1.194(possible completions.)144 585.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828
(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 597.6 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
(\(subject to the setting of)144 609.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73
(positions forw)144 621.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
E(through the list.)144 633.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 645.6 Q F0 .82
(Identical to)144 657.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
(menu\255complete)144 669.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 681.6 Q F0 .234
(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 693.6 R
.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 705.6 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 717.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 84 Q F0
(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 96 Q(xt before point.)-.15
E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 108 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 120 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255user)108 132 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 144 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
108 156 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
180 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(possible\255v)108 204 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 228 Q F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 252 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 276 Q F0 .58
(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581
(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 300 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
(\214nally e)144 312 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 324 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 336 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 348 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424
(Attempt completion on the te)144 360 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
(for possible completion matches.)144 372 Q F1(dab)108 384 Q(br)-.1 E
-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611
(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 396 R .611
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 408 Q F1
(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 420 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
in braces so)144 432 R(the list is a)144 444 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 460.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 472.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
.833 E F0(Be)144 484.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 496.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 508.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 520.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
E F0(Re-e)144 532.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 544.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1
(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 556.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0
(Print the last k)144 568.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1
(Miscellaneous)87 585.6 Q -.18(re)108 597.6 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776
(Read in the contents of the)144 609.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0
1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)-.15 G 1.777
(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
621.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 633.6 Q F0 3.249
(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 645.6 R
5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1
(bell\255style)144 657.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 669.6 Q
(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 681.6 R F2(x)
4.255 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.255 F 1.756
(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F
(uppercase character)144 693.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 705.6 Q
(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 717.6 Q
(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0
(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 84 Q F0
(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 96 Q F1
-2.29 -.18(re v)108 108 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 120 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F
3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E
F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F
(return the line to its initial state.)144 132 Q F1
(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 144 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 156 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 168 Q F0
(Set the mark to the point.)144 180 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 192 Q F0(Sw)144
204 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa)
144 216 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
(character\255sear)108 228 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 240 S
.536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt)
.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
144 252 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 264 Q
(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 276 S 1.043
(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 288 Q F1
(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 300 Q F0 1.827
(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 312 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 324 R .791
(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791
(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 336 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n)
-.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)
-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\
y characters into the editing b)144 348 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)
-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 360 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108
372 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 384 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481
(gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48
(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 396 Q .244
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.244 F .245
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .322
(the characters at the be)144 408 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is)
-.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 420 R F1
(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469
(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 432 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F
1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 444 Q F0 .839
(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F
(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 456 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 468 Q
(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 480 R .791
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791
(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 492
R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\
le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 504 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))
-.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 516 R .176
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 528 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
144 540 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
108 552 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 564 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
.872(the line is redra)144 576 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
(ex)144 588 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 600 Q F0 .626
(Print all of the functions and their k)144 612 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar)
5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 624 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 636 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 648 R 1.799
(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.)
-.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 660 R .304
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 672 Q(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 684 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593
(Print all of the readline k)144 696 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G
3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 708 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)144 720 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(48)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(display\255shell\255v)108 84 Q(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0
(Display v)144 96 Q(ersion information about the current instance of)
-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 112.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18
E F0 .147(When w)108 124.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)
-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(compspec)108 136.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the)
-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 148.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498
(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 165.6 R .498
(If the command w)5.498 F .497
(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108
177.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to)
2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-)
5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \
used to generate the list of possible completions)108 189.6 R .822
(for the w)108 201.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F
.823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\
ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 213.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\
r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\
rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 225.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.298 F 2.799(yc)-.15
G .299(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.799 F F1<ad44>2.799 E F0(option to)
108 237.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
.817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\
 matching w)108 254.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817
(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 266.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)
2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15
E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463
(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 283.2 R
.464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F
.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 295.2 R .596
(When the)5.596 F F1<ad66>3.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .595
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
(shell v)108 307.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 324 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G
1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 336 S
.555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554
(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554
(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E
(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 348 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 364.8 Q
.32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F
F1<ad57>2.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the)
108 376.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091
(using brace e)108 388.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092
(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108
400.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
412.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209
(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21
(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 424.8 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238
(After these matches ha)108 441.6 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238
(een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F F1<ad46>3.737 E
F0(and)3.737 E F1<ad43>3.737 E F0 3.375(options is in)108 453.6 R -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375
(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375
(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)5.876 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)5.626 E F4(,)A F3
(COMP_KEY)108 465.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25
(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157
(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108
477.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .347
(the function or command is in)108 489.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.846(\)i)C
2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments)
-.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 501.6 R .263
(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w)
-2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 513.6
R .629(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .628
(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 525.6 R
.714(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\
tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.)
108 537.6 Q(An)108 554.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437
(unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437
(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437
(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 566.4 Q F1
(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756
-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457
(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F3(COMPREPL)108
578.4 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25
E(Ne)108 595.2 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081
(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F1<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081
(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na)
-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)
-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It)108 607.2 R
.359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard \
output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108
619.2 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377
(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 636 R 2.877
<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.876 E F0
.376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 648 R .681
(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681(xpansion; a)
-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182
F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523(the w)108 660 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F
3.023(Al)5.523 G(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 672 R
(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1
(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 684 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.264 E F1(nocase-)3.264 E(match)108 696 Q F0
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108
712.8 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15
F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E
F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)
3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\
tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .247(If the pre)
108 84 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747
(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .247
(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .246
(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 96 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461
(If the)108 112.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)
2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
F(pletion is attempted and an)108 124.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56
(By def)108 141.6 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F
.631(of possible completions.)108 153.6 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1
E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632
(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 165.6 R
.559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558
(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 177.6 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671
(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
-.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F1<ad6f>3.172 E(default)108 189.6 Q F0 1.207
(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F
(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
201.6 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
desired, the programmable completion func-)108 218.4 R .633(tions force\
 readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\
 to directories, subject)108 230.4 R 2.761(to the v)108 242.4 R 2.761
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762
(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 254.4
Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E
.191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108
271.2 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33
(tion with a def)108 283.2 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F
F1 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33
(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15
F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\
 by returning an e)108 295.2 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a)
5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\
ed with the command on which completion is)108 307.2 R .666
(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 319.2 R .665
(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665
(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108
331.2 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)
-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F
.084(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 343.2 Q(uilt dynamicall\
y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2
E -.15(Fo)108 360 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137
(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F
.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F
(the command, the follo)108 372 Q(wing def)-.25 E
(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1
E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 388.8 Q({)108 400.8 Q 6
(.")144 412.8 S
(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108
424.8 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108
436.8 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 465.6 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0
.371(When the)108 477.6 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371
(option to the)2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4
10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305
(the list of commands pre)108 489.6 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305
(The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE)
2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25
F .429(mands to sa)108 501.6 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429
(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5
(HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287
(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
513.6 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 525.6
S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565
(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0
(and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 537.6 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
A F0 .082
(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
108 554.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1
E F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108
566.4 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315
(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G
.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659
(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 578.4 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5
(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0
.658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 590.4 S
.142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142
(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 602.4 Q 1.605
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604
(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098
(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 614.4 R .098
(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.098 F
.098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 626.4 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E
F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059
(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5
($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158
(copied from the history list to)108 638.4 R F5($HISTFILE)2.658 E F6(.)A
F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F1(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F1(shopt)108
650.4 Q F0(under)2.582 E F5 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082
(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F
.196(history \214le is o)108 662.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If)
.15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is\
 unwritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584
(If the)108 674.4 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834
G .584
(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25
F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 686.4 R
3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147
(ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148
(This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377
(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 698.4
R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G
1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756
(truncated to contain no more than)108 710.4 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E
F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757
(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 722.4 Q
(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E
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R .299(uiltin command)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)2.799 E F0(\(see)
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(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.549 E .298
(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E
.471(cute a portion of the history list.)108 96 R(The)5.471 E F1
(history)2.971 E F0 -.2(bu)2.971 G .472
(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .002
(manipulate the history \214le.)108 108 R .001
(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.002 F -.25(va)
-.2 G .001(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 120 Q
(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 136.8
R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486
(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt)
-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F2(HISTCONTR)3.986
E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F2(HISTIGNORE)108 148.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G
.458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o)
-.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F1
(cmdhist)108 160.8 Q F0 .75
(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05
-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077
(the same history entry)108 172.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077
(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G
1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F1(lithist)3.576 E F0
.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 184.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2
H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374
(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319
(description of the)108 196.8 R F1(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318
(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F2 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F
(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318
(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108
208.8 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 225.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)
-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)
108 237.6 R .611(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15
F .611(xpansion in)-.15 F F1(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F
.871(describes what syntax features are a)108 249.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G
3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87
(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F
2.013(can be disabled using the)108 261.6 R F1(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014
(option to the)4.514 F F1(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014
(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 273.6 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E
(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 290.4 R 1.306
(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\
 input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209
(commands, insert the ar)108 302.4 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21
(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25
F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 314.4 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108
331.2 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\
s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 343.2 S 3.2
(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2
(arts. The)-3.2 F .7
(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during)
3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 355.2 R 1.868(second is to select por\
tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867
(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 367.2 R/F4
10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663
(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F4(wor)
3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F4(modi\214er)108 379.2
Q(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227
(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226
(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F
(ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 391.2 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .352
(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625
(one w)108 403.2 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624
(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624
(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 415.2 Q
F1(!)3.51 E F0 .177(by def)3.51 F 2.677(ault. Only)-.1 F .177
(backslash \()2.677 F F1(\\).833 E F0 2.678(\)a).833 G .178
(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.678 F .178
(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.678(,b)-.4 G .178(ut the his-)-2.878 F .67
(tory e)108 427.2 R .67(xpansion character is also treated as quoted if\
 it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a)-.15 F
(double-quoted string.)108 439.2 Q(Se)108 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03
(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03
(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25
F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 468 T 3.163
(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662
(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and)-.25
F F1(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F1(extglob)
3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F1(\()3.162 E F0
(will also inhibit e)108 480 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 496.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F1(shopt)2.609 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11
(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 508.8 R F1
(histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F1(shopt)
3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F1
-.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\
stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 520.8 R
5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line)-.15 F
1.516(is reloaded into the)108 532.8 R F1 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E
F0 1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516
(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F1 -.18(re)4.015 G
(adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F1(histr)108 544.8
Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202
(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)
3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 556.8 S -.25(ff).2 G
1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F1<ad70>3.661 E F0 1.161
(option to the)3.661 F F1(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16
(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 568.8
S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F1<ad73>2.555
E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F1(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G
.056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F
(end of the history list without actually e)108 580.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 597.6 R 2.2
(ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e)
-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108
609.6 R F1(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
.15 E F1 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147
(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F
(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 621.6 Q F1
(Ev)87 638.4 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 650.4 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\
 history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)
108 662.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5
(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 679.2
Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 679.2 R 1.607
(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107
(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F
(\(when the)144 691.2 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0
(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 703.2 Q F4(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144
703.2 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 715.2 Q F4(n)A F0
(Refer to the current command minus)144 715.2 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E
(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(51)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(!!)108 84 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 84 Q(vious command.)-.25 E
(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!)108 96 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command pr\
eceding the current position in the history list starting with)144 96 R
F2(string)144 108 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 120 Q F2(string)A F1([?])A F0
1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position i\
n the history list containing)144 132 R F2(string)144 144 Q F0 5(.T).22
G(he trailing)-5 E F1(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F2(string)2.84
E F0(is follo)2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12
/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 161 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3
(^)5 I F0 .784(Quick substitution.)144 168 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F
.784(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E
F2(string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783
(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 180 S(!!:s/).74 E F2(string1)A F0(/)A F2
(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0
(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 192 Q F0
(The entire command line typed so f)144 192 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.75
(Wo)87 208.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 220.8 S 1.313
(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e)
-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.314
(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F
.53(from the w)108 232.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F1<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3
(are numbered from the be)108 244.8 R 1.3
(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301
(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8
F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 256.8 Q
F1 2.5(0\()108 273.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 285.6 Q
2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
F2(n)108.36 297.6 Q F0(The)144 297.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E
F1(^)108 309.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 309.6 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F
(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 321.6 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 321.6
R 2.564(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064
(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F
.063(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 333.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E
F1(%)108 345.6 Q F0(The w)144 345.6 Q(ord matched by the most recent `?)
-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 357.6 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0
2.5(Ar)144 357.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C
(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 369.6 Q F0
.315(All of the w)144 369.6 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2
F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815
('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316
(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 381.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108
393.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 393.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<78ad>108 405.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 405.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0
(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E
(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 422.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)
-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E
(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1
(Modi\214ers)87 439.2 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 451.2 R .184
(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183
(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183
(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 463.2 Q F1(h)108
480 Q F0(Remo)144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
108 492 Q F0(Remo)144 492 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
108 504 Q F0(Remo)144 504 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 516 Q F0(Remo)144 516 Q .3 -.15(ve a)
-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 528 Q
F0(Print the ne)144 528 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 540 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)144 540 Q
(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 552 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)144 552 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5
(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5
E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 564 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A
F0(Substitute)144 576 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221
(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e)
3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G
.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 588 R .617
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616
F .666(be quoted in)144 600 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)3.526
E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 612 R(If)
5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2
(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774(fn)
-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E
(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 624 Q F2(string)2.84
E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1(&)
108 636 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 636 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)
108 648 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 648 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898
('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 660 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219
(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089
(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 672 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09
(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 684 Q F0(.)A
F1(G)108 696 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 696 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt line.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(52)
192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 84 Q(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0
.063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 96 R .062(uiltin command docume\
nted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>108 108 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F2<adad>2.533 E F0 .034
(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F2(:)2.534 E F0
(,)A F2(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F2(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E
F2(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and)
.2 F 1.549(do not treat)108 120 R F2<adad>4.049 E F0(specially)4.049 E
6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F2(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F2(logout)4.049 E F0
(,)A F2 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F2(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18
E F0(,)A F2(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F2(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd)
-4.049 E F2(shift)4.048 E F0 -.2(bu)4.048 G 1.548(iltins accept and).2 F
.26(process ar)108 132 R .26(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F
F2<ad>2.76 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.76 F F2<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261
(.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261
(guments b)-.18 F .261(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154
(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 144 R 1.154
(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>3.654 E F0 1.154
(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F2
<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 156 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 174 Q F0([)2.5 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 186 R .451
(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
-.15 E F3(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F
2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 198 R
(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)110.5 214.8 Q F3(\214lename)6.666 E
F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sour)108 226.8 Q(ce)-.18 E
F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02
(Read and e)144 238.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F3
(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02
(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458
(status of the last command e)144 250.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458
(cuted from).15 F F3(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F3
(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F
.608(names in)144 262.8 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189
E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3
(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)
-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 274.8
R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.332 E F0 .832
(is not in)3.332 F F3 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833
(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982
(\214le is found in)144 286.8 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F2(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18
E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F2(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144
298.8 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F
(y)-.15 E F3(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F
2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F3
(\214lename)144 310.8 Q F0 1.697(is e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197
(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F F2<ad54>4.197 E F0 1.696(option is)4.197 F
(enabled,)144 322.8 Q F2(sour)3.617 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.117(inherits an)
3.617 F 3.617(yt)-.15 G 1.117(rap on)-3.617 F F2(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0
3.618(;i)C 3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118
(ot, an)-3.618 F(y)-.15 E F2(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.118
(trap string is sa)3.618 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.618(da).15 G(nd)-3.618 E .36
(restored around the call to)144 334.8 R F2(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0
2.86(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F2(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F
F2(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86
(cutes. If).15 F F2<ad54>2.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435
(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 346.8 R F2(DEB)3.935 E
(UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435
(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F2(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.763
(completes. The)144 358.8 R 1.262
(return status is the status of the last command e)3.763 F 1.262
(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 370.8 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F3(\214lename)4.41 E
F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 387.6 Q F0([)2.5
E F2<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F3(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E F2(Alias)144 399.6 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F2<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F2(alias)5.225 E
F3(name)144 411.6 Q F0(=)A F3(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F3(name)
3.08 E F0(whose)144 423.6 Q F3(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F3(value)
2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009
(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579
(tution when the alias is e)144 435.6 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579
(or each)-.15 F F3(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579
(gument list for which no)-.18 F F3(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078
F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 447.6 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F2(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
(returns true unless a)3.814 F F3(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 459.6 Q F2(bg)108 476.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F3(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144
488.4 R F3(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745
(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F2(&)3.244 E
F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F3(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 500.4 Q F0 .671
(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
-3.171 F F3(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F2
(bg)5.672 E F3(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419
(when job control is disabled or)144 512.4 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G
(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F3(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G
(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 524.4 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
E F2(bind)108 541.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 553.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad71>-2.5 E F3
(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F3(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2<ad72>-2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 565.2 Q F0
([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad66>2.5 E F3
(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 577.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5
G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad78>2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3
(shell\255command)A F2(bind)108 589.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3
(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 601.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3 -.37(re)C
(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 613.2 R F2 -.18(re)
2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239
(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239
(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or)
2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 625.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E
F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F3
(.inputr)144 637.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484
(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F
.484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5
(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 649.2 R(if supplied, ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6d>144
661.2 Q F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 673.2 Q F3 -.1(ke)5.159 G
(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af)
.15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E
F3 -.1(ke)180 685.2 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F3 3.192
(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193
(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E
(vi\255command)180 697.2 Q F0 4.43(,a)C(nd)-4.43 E F3(vi\255insert)4.429
E F0(.).68 E F3(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929
(lent to).25 F F3(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F3(emacs)4.429 E F0 1.929
(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929(lent to).25 F F3(emacs\255standar)
180 709.2 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad6c>144 84 Q F0(List the names of all)180 84 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G
(adline).18 E F0(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 96 Q F0(Display)180 96 Q
F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)
-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad50>144 108 Q F0(List current)180 108 Q
F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1
<ad73>144 120 Q F0(Display)180 120 Q F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0
-.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155
(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)-.15 G
1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 132 S 2.5(yt).1 G(hat the)-2.5
E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad53>144 144 Q F0(Display)180
144 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G
(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad76>144 156 Q F0(Display)180 156 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G
(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad56>144 168 Q F0(List current)180 168 Q F1
-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues.)-.25 E F1<ad66>144 180 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)2.5
E F0(Read k)180 192 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2
(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 204 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0
(Query about which k)180 216 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)
-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>
144 228 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 240 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5
(sb).15 G(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad72>144
252 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 264 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
.3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E
F0(.)A F1<ad78>144 276 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 288 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0
1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F
(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 300 Q F0 1.764(is e)
4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765
(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 312 S(adline).18 E
F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3
(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353
(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011(insertion point.)180
324 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011
(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3
(READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 336 Q/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G
(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1<ad58>144 348
Q F0 .83(List all k)180 348 R 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829
(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for)
.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 360 Q(The return v)
144 376.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5
E F1(br)108 393.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054
(Exit from within a)144 405.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1
(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1
(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055
(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555
E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 417.6 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\
 number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714
(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144
429.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2
(bu)108 446.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E
F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 458.4 Q .792
(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2
(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293
F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616
(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144
470.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144
482.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0
-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E
5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 494.4 Q(alse if)-.1
E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E
(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr)
.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 523.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F
2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254
(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 535.2 Q
(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2
(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.824 E F0 .324
(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F
.254(subroutine call.)144 547.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15
G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15
F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253
(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\
tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\
ent e)144 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001
(This e)144 571.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001
(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E
3.019(0. The)144 583.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519
(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52
(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52
(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 595.2 Q
(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 612 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F1<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F2
(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 624 R F2(dir)
2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F2(dir)2.822 E F0 .321
(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.821 E
F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is)-.25 F 1.035(the def)144 636 R
3.535(ault. An)-.1 F 3.535(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.535 F 1.035
(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F2(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.)
3.535 F 1.036(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.536 E -.855(AT)-.666
G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.286 E .85
(the search path for the directory containing)144 648 R F2(dir)3.35 E F0
3.35(:e).73 G .849(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.349 E -.855
(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .849(is searched for)3.099 F F2(dir)144 660 Q F0
5.664(.A)C(lternati)-5.664 E .964 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665
(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .665
(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 672 Q F3(CDP)4.163 E -.855(AT)-.666
G(H).855 E F0 1.663(is the same as the current directory)3.913 F 4.162
(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662(.I)
.74 G(f)-6.662 E F2(dir)4.512 E F0(be)4.892 E 1.662
(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 684 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F0 .19(is not used.)2.44 F(The)5.191 E F1<ad50>2.691 E F0 .191
(option causes)2.691 F F1(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph)2.691 F .191
(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12
(symbolic links while tra)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir)
3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F2(..)3.62 E F0
(in)3.62 E F2(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F1<ad50>3.62 E F0
.395(option to the)144 708 R F1(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395
(iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>2.895 E F0 .395
(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-)
-.25 F .444(ing the link after processing instances of)144 720 R F2(..)
2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F2(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F2(..)
2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F2(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943
(ti)-2.943 G 2.943(sp)-2.943 G .443(rocessed by remo)-2.943 F(ving)-.15
E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(54)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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(the immediately pre)144 84 R .744(vious pathname component from)-.25 F
/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744
(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F1(dir)3.244 E
F0(.)A 1.466(If the)144 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>3.966 E F0 1.466
(option is supplied with)3.966 F F2<ad50>3.965 E F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465
(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.465
(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .467
(determined after a successful directory change,)144 108 R F2(cd)2.968 E
F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .468(On systems)
5.468 F .337(that support it, the)144 120 R F2<ad40>2.837 E F0 .336
(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .336
(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar)
144 132 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>3.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71
(before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F
.107(empty directory name from)144 144 R F3(CDP)2.607 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.357 F F2<ad>2.607 E F0 .106
(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .106(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F
.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 156 R 2.538(ww)
-.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F
(The return v)144 168 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E
(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108
184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 196.8 Q F1(command)2.765 E F0(with)
3.335 E F1(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065
(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064
F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 208.8 R
F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F2<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)
3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.202 E
F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 220.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4
(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If)
5.399 E .174(either the)144 232.8 R F2<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2
<ad76>2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F1
(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F2<ad76>2.675 E
F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 244.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F
.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087
F F2<ad56>144 256.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249
(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F2<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
2.749 E F2<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25
(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 268.8 R F1(command)3.705 E F0 -.1
(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004
(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1
(command)144.2 280.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599
(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599
(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 292.8 S
(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2
(compgen)108 309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 321.6 R
F1(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513
E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981
(accepted by the)144 333.6 R F2(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F2<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
3.481 E F2<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the)
-3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 345.6 R .131(When using the)5.131 F
F2<ad46>2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F2<ad43>2.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)
2.631 F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25
F(mable completion f)144 357.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25
E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 381.6 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
393.6 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
2.52 F(those completions matching)144 405.6 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 429.6 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2
(complete)108 446.4 Q F0([)3.728 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.728(][)C
F2<ad6f>-3.728 E F1(comp-option)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2(\255DE)-3.728 E
F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad41>-3.728 E F1(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad47>
-3.728 E F1(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.729(][)C F2<ad57>-3.729 E F1(wor)3.729
E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.729(][)C F2<ad46>-3.729 E F1(func-)3.729 E(tion)108
458.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 470.4 Q
F2<ad58>A F1(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad50>-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E
(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F1(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])
A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name ...)A F0(])A F2(complete \255pr)108
482.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E
.634(Specify ho)144 494.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634
(uments to each).18 F F1(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134
F .633(If the)5.634 F F2<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633
(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144
506.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15
F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)
144 518.4 R(The)5.31 E F2<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F1
(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E
F1(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346
(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 530.4 R(The)6.347 E
F2<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options)
3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 542.4 R(`def)-.74 E
(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144
554.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F2<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
(option indicates that)3.455 F .065
(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 566.4 R
(`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064
(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F
(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 578.4 Q 1.437
(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
602.4 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144
614.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556
(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 638.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
(guments to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F2<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055
(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F2<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary)
144 650.4 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F2<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E
F2<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723
(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion before the)144 662.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2<ad6f>144 674.4 Q
F1(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 686.4 Q F1(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291
(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 698.4 Q F1
(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(bashdefault)184 84 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 96 R
(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 .281
(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 108 Q F1
(default)184 120 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 120 R 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef)
-5.376 E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)
-.1 F(matches.)224 132 Q F1(dir)184 144 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\
tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 156 Q F1
(\214lenames)184 168 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 180 S .137(ll readline that the co\
mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15
G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 192 R 2.634
(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F
.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 204 R .45
(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 216 Q F1(noquote)
184 228 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 228 S .814
(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F
3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F
(\214lenames is the def)224 240 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 252 Q F0
-.7(Te)224 252 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\
ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 264 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 264 S
.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1
F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 276 Q F1
(plusdirs)184 288 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 288 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985
(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F
.583(completion is attempted and an)224 300 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584
(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 312
Q F1<ad41>144 324 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 336
Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184
348 Q F0(Alias names.)224 348 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 360 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 372 Q
(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 384 Q(Readline)224 384 Q F0 -.1
(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 396 S(iltin)
.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 396 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 408
Q F0(Command names.)224 420 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 432 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 444 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 456
Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 468 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184
480 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 480 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184
492 Q F0(Names of e)224 492 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)
-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184
504 Q F0(File names.)224 504 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 516 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 528
Q F1(gr)184 540 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 540 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184
552 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 564 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 576 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 588
Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 600 Q F0
(Job names, if job control is acti)224 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G
(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 612 S
(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 624 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May)
-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184
636 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 636 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 648 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 648
Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 660
Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 660 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5
E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1
(shopt)184 672 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 672 Q F1
(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 684 Q F0
(Signal names.)224 684 Q F1(stopped)184 696 Q F0
(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 696 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(.).15 E F1(user)184 708 Q F0(User names.)224 708 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.1(va)184 84 S(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 84 Q 2.5
(ariables. May)-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A
F1<ad43>144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 108 Q
F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F
1.056(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F
(completions.)184 120 Q F1<ad46>144 132 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .113
(The shell function)184 144 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614
(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 156 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1
($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816
(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407
(are being completed, the second ar)184 168 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1
($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407
(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 180 R .104
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w)
-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103
(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 192 R
.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the)
-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 204 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25
E(ariable.)-.25 E F1<ad47>144 216 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008
(The pathname e)184 228 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507
E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)
-.15 F(tions.)184 240 Q F1<ad50>144 252 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
184 264 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 276 Q F1<ad53>144 288 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 288 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 300 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 312 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139
(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007
(each resultant w)184 324 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15
F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F
(resultant list which match the w)184 336 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
F1<ad58>144 348 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 360 Q F0 .456
(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 372 R 1.596
(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 384 Q F2(\214lterpat)
3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704
(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704
(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 396 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 412.8 R .466
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362
(plied without a)144 424.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 436.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
F1(compopt)108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 465.6 R
F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726
(completion if no)144 477.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726
(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725
(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 489.6 Q F2(name)
3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 501.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
-5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297
(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F
1.227(the `)144 513.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \
no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 525.6 R 2.178
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177
(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `)
144 537.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5
E 1.387(The return v)144 561.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.388
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F
(options for a)144 573.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 590.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 602.4 R 1.754
(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1
(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753
(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 614.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0
1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10
/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514
(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 626.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513
(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is)
3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 638.4 Q F1(declar)108 655.2
Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1
(typeset)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 679.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F
1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)
3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F
-.25(va)144 691.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983
(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982
(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1
<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 703.2 Q F2(name)2.774 E
F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1
<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275
(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)
2.775 F(without)144 715.2 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314
(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313
(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F
(attrib)144 727.2 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)
-.2 F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F1<ad70>3.682
E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .62
(will display the attrib)144 84 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62
(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12(ariables. The)-.25 F/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>3.12 E F0 .62(option will restrict the display)
3.12 F 1.29(to shell functions.)144 96 R(The)6.29 E F1<ad46>3.79 E F0
1.291(option inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only the f\
unction)3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 108 R .948(utes are printed.)
-.2 F .948(If the)5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948
(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C
.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144
120 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.19 E F0 1.69
(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F(The)6.69 E F1<ad46>4.19 E F0
(option)4.19 E(implies)144 132 Q F1<ad66>3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392
E F1<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391(option forces v)3.892 F 1.391
(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 144 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882
(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F
1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F
(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 156 R
.794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F
1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 168 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1
<ad61>144 180 Q F0(Each)180 180 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5
E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 192 Q F0(Each)180
192 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v)
.15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 204 Q F0(Use function names only)180 204 Q(.)-.65
E F1<ad69>144 216 Q F0 .557(The v)180 216 R .558
(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558
(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 228 Q F0(abo)2.25
E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E
(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 240 Q F0 .91
(When the v)180 240 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4
G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 252 R
(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 264 Q
F0(Gi)180 264 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the)
3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319
(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E
1.519(That other v)180 276 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F
1.518(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518
(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 288 Q .27
(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.77 E F0 2.77(,e)C .27
(xcept for changing the)-2.92 F F1<ad6e>2.77 E F0(attrib)2.77 E .27
(ute itself, are performed)-.2 F .895(on the v)180 300 R .895
(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.395 E F0 1.995 -.55('s v)D 3.395
(alue. The).3 F .894(nameref attrib)3.395 F .894
(ute cannot be applied to)-.2 F(array v)180 312 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1
<ad72>144 324 Q F0(Mak)180 324 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C
(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546
(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547
(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 336 Q F1
<ad74>144 348 Q F0(Gi)180 348 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929
(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)
-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0(traps from the calling shell.)
180 360 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E
(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 372 Q F0 .909(When the v)180 372 R .909
(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909
(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)
-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 384 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E
(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 396 Q F0(Mark)180 396 Q F2(name)2.5
E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E
(vironment.)-.4 E .121(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 412.8 R
2.621(ft)-.25 G .121(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2
F .12(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F
.644(to destro)144 424.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v)
-3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo)
3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145
(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 436.8 Q F1
(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835
E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335
(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335
(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282
(is supplied.)144 448.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283
(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783
(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283
(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144
460.8 R F1<ad61>3.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F1<ad41>3.427 E F0 .926
(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926
(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 472.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2
F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592
(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429
(option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)
144 484.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C
2.928(na)-2.928 G .428(ttempt is)-2.928 F .062(made to assign a v)144
496.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063
(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063
(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102
(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 508.8 R F1
(Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F
F2(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 520.8 S .171
(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25
F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172
(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 532.8 R 3.46(fa)
-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96
(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 544.8 Q
(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 561.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1
(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 573.6 S .328
(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 585.6 R 1.238
(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 597.6 Q
F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo)
4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503
F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 609.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G
(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1<ad63>144 621.6 Q F0
(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 621.6 Q
F1<ad6c>144 633.6 Q F0 .882
(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 633.6 R .881
(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180
645.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 657.6 Q F0
(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 657.6 Q F1<ad76>
144 669.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \
pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 669.6 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773
(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 681.6 Q F1(+)144 693.6 Q F2(n)A F0
1.565(Displays the)180 693.6 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565
(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1
(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 705.6 Q F1<ad>144 717.6 Q F2
(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 717.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194
(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .258(The return v)
144 84 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
(lid option is supplied or).25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.758 E F0
(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258
(ond the end of the direc-).15 F(tory stack.)144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(diso)108 112.8 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F2(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad68>
-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 124.8 S
.121(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F1
(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)
-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 F F1(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122
(is not present, and)2.932 F .096(neither the)144 136.8 R F2<ad61>2.596
E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F2<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096
(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F1(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0
.096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F2<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096
(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each).15 F F1(jobspec)
145.74 148.8 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G
.585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1
F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586
(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 160.8 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962
(If no)5.462 F F1(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2
<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15
H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 172.8 R F2
<ad72>3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F1(jobspec)5.598 E F0
(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F
1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 184.8 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F1
(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E
F2(echo)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)
-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 213.6 R F1(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E
F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924
(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307
(error occurs.)144 225.6 R(If)5.307 E F2<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307
(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25
F .308(If the)5.308 F F2<ad65>2.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144
237.6 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)
6.348 E F2<ad45>3.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054
(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555
(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144
261.6 Q F2(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959
(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459
F F2(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715
(these escape characters by def)144 273.6 R(ault.)-.1 E F2(echo)5.715 E
F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F2<adad>3.216 E F0 .716
(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F2(echo)5.716 E F0
(interprets the follo)144 285.6 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a)
144 297.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 297.6 Q F2(\\b)144 309.6 Q F0
(backspace)180 309.6 Q F2(\\c)144 321.6 Q F0(suppress further output)180
321.6 Q F2(\\e)144 333.6 Q(\\E)144 345.6 Q F0(an escape character)180
345.6 Q F2(\\f)144 357.6 Q F0(form feed)180 357.6 Q F2(\\n)144 369.6 Q
F0(ne)180 369.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 381.6 Q F0
(carriage return)180 381.6 Q F2(\\t)144 393.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)180
393.6 Q F2(\\v)144 405.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 405.6 S(rtical tab).15 E F2
(\\\\)144 417.6 Q F0(backslash)180 417.6 Q F2(\\0)144 429.6 Q F1(nnn)A
F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 429.6 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25
E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F2
(\\x)144 441.6 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 441.6 Q
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2
(\\u)144 453.6 Q F1(HHHH)A F0 1.507
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 465.6 R 1.506
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHH)
4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 477.6 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2
(\\U)144 489.6 Q F1(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 501.6 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHHH-)
3.048 E(HHH)180 513.6 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G
(igits\))-2.5 E F2(enable)108 530.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C
F2(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad66>-2.5 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 542.4 R
.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278
(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833
(the same name as a shell b)144 554.4 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99
(the shell normally searches for b)144 566.4 R .989
(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F2<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989
(is used, each)3.489 F F1(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581
(abled; otherwise,)144 578.4 R F1(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.)
4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F
F2(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082
G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 590.4 R .081(uiltin v)
-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test)
2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F2<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08
(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 602.4 S 1.524
(iltin command).2 F F1(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F
F1(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524
(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 614.4 Q F2<ad64>
2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F
.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F2<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn)
-5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F1(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi)
-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 626.4 R F2<ad70>
2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399
(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4
F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144
638.4 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F2<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F
(If)5.098 E F2<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916
(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 650.4 R 1.916
(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879
(enabled. If)144 662.4 R F2<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379
(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F1(special)
2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F
(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 674.4 R F1(name)3.854 E F0 .994
(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)
-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144
686.4 Q F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 703.2 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37
E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 715.2 Q F1(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C
.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F
.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 727.2 R -.15(xe)-.15
G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F2 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
-2.995 F F1(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(or only null ar)
144 84 Q(guments,)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l)
.15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1(exec)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0
2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 112.8
Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)
3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)
-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176
(the ar)144 124.8 R .176(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176
(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 136.8 R .5(gument passed to)-.18
F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999
E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0
.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 148.8 Q F0 .638
(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the)
3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 160.8 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0
1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a)
.15 F(non-interacti)144 172.8 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F
.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577
(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577
F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 184.8 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)
-.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)
-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005
(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 196.8 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536
(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536
(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536
(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 208.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 225.6 R .096(xit with a status of)
-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095
(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)
-.15 F -.15(exe)144 237.6 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5
E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 266.4 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 278.4 R
F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F
.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 290.4 R(the)2.627 E F1
<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the)
.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)
5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126
(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 302.4 Q F0 .048
(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v)
-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1<ad6e>2.548 E F0
.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 314.4 S 1.447
(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447
(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G
1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 326.4 S .741(lue of the v)
.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742
(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is)
.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 338.4 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032
(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25
F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0
(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 350.4 Q F1(fc)108 367.2 Q F0([)2.5
E F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108
379.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431
(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 391.2 R F2<8c72>
4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432
(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144
403.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs)
.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141
(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be)
144 415.2 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15
F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .315
(is used as an of)144 427.2 R .315
(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.315 E F2(last)2.904
E F0 .314(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F(-)-.2 E .948
(rent command for listing \(so that)144 439.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .948
(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)
3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If)
144 451.2 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0
(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E
(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 475.2
Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 487.2 R .438(If the)
5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
.335(the editor gi)144 499.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E
F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835
(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835
F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 511.2 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E
F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25
F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631
(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 523.2 R .951
(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95
(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F
-.15(exe)144 535.2 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 559.2 R
F2(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789
E(mand)144 571.2 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F2<8c72>
2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347
(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .346(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0
2.846(,s)C 2.846(ot)-2.846 G(hat)-2.846 E(typing)144 583.2 Q F4 7.165
(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166
(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r)
3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F
(mand.)144 595.2 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144
619.2 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 631.2
R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455
(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 643.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
(cuted or f).15 F .787
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135
(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
655.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136
(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 667.2 Q
(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E
(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 684 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144
696 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413
(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413
(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0
1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 708 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G .616
(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617
(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617
(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 720 Q .363
(ground, or f)-.15 F .363(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)
-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)145.74 84 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E
(alid job or)-.25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E
(as started without job control.)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)108
100.8 Q F1(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F2
(getopts)144 112.8 Q F0 .793
(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F1
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15
(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 124.8 R .149
(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449
-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 136.8 Q .578
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 148.8 R 1.665
(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts)
4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796
(option in the shell v)144 160.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.296 E F0
3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797
(if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G
3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 172.8 Q .085
(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)
4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845
(or a shell script is in)144 184.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345
(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F2
(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804
(into the v)144 196.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A
F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803
(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293
(reset between multiple calls to)144 208.8 R F2(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293
(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F
2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 220.8
Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 244.8 R F2(getopts)
4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043
(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 256.8 Q F0
(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0
(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 280.8 Q F0 2.392
(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392
(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893
(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F1(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F2(getopts)144
292.8 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 316.8 Q F0 1.166
(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F
1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165
(is a colon,)3.885 F F1(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07
(reporting is used.)144 328.8 R 1.071
(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144
340.8 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F
(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394
(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 352.8 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E
F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 376.8 R
-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F2(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667
(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .667
(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144
388.8 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899 E
F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3
(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F
(diagnostic message is printed.)144 400.8 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144
424.8 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F2(getopts)3.741 E F0
1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F2(?).833 E F0 3.742
(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F F1(name)144 436.8
Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234
(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F2
(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F2(:).833 E
F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 448.8 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3
(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F2
(getopts)144 472.8 Q F0 .902
(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F
(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 484.8 Q F2(hash)108
501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F1(\214lename)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(])A
.858(Each time)144 513.6 R F2(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F1(name)
3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956
(the directories in)144 525.6 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956
(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 537.6
R F2<ad70>2.743 E F0 .243
(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F1
(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711
(of the command.)144 549.6 R(The)6.711 E F2<ad72>4.211 E F0 1.711
(option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712
(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F2<ad64>4.212 E F0
.833(option causes the shell to for)144 561.6 R .833
(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F1(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I)
C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F2<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-)
3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 573.6 R F1(name)
3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F
F1(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144
585.6 R F2<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F1(name)3.295 E F0
.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F2
<ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934
(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144
597.6 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 609.6 Q F2<ad6c>2.822 E F0 .322
(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F
.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 621.6 Q F1(name)2.86
E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.)
.25 E F2(help)108 638.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144
650.4 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F1(pattern)4.617 E F0
.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F2(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144
662.4 R F1(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307
(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306
(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 674.4 Q F2
<ad64>144 686.4 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 686.4 Q F1
(pattern)2.5 E F2<ad6d>144 698.4 Q F0(Display the description of each)
180 698.4 Q F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G
(ormat)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 710.4 Q F0
(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 710.4 Q F1(pattern)2.5
E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 727.2 Q F1
(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E
(61)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(history [)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F1(])A(history \255c)
108 96 Q(history \255d)108 108 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F1
(history \255anrw)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1
(history \255p)108 132 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)
-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 144 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E
F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 156 S .752
(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2
G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 168 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F
F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88
(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 180 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264
(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2
(strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02
(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 192 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G
3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019
(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176
(time stamp and the history line.)144 204 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename)
2.676 E F0 .176
(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F
(not, the v)144 216 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25
E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 228 Q F0
(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 228 Q F1<ad64>
144 240 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0
(Delete the history entry at position)180 252 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E
F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 264 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 264 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')
-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F
.564(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 276 Q
(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E
(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q
F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\
 into the current history list.)180 288 R .773
(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 300 R
.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E
(sion.)180 312 Q F1<ad72>144 324 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 324 Q F1<ad77>
144 336 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180
336 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 .625
(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 348 R(wing)-.25 E F2(ar)
3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
2.975(output. Does)180 360 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
(normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 384 Q F0 .362
(Store the)180 384 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363
(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 396 Q -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669
(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669
(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .415
(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 448.8 R .416
(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .416
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\
ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\
, an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.999 E(fset)-.18 E F0
(is)2.999 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E
F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E
(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1
(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command)
2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E
(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5
(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 525.6 Q F1
<ad6e>144 537.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)
180 537.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15
F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 549.6 Q F1<ad70>
144 561.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 561.6 Q 2.5(sp)
-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0
(Display only running jobs.)180 573.6 Q F1<ad73>144 585.6 Q F0
(Display only stopped jobs.)180 585.6 Q(If)144 602.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554
E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 631.2 R F1
<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395
(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 643.2 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
F1(kill)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
(kill \255l)108 672 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5
E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144
684 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119
(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2
(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318
(either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318
(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0
1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 720 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
.15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(62)192.895 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .28
(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28
(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .377
(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378
(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 108 R
(The)5.962 E F2<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25
G .962(lent to).25 F F2<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F2(kill)5.962 E F0 .962
(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E
(successfully sent, or f)144 120 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1
E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144
148.8 Q F1(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197
(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF .197(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G
(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)
144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E
F2(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108
177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1
(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15
G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25
F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E
F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144
201.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)
-3.152 F F2(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)
3.152 E F0 .653(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)
-.25 E(able)144 213.6 Q F1(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15
(ve a v)-.2 H .422
(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F(If)
5.421 E F1(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F 1.461
(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 225.6 R F2
(local)3.961 E F0 1.462(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.462
(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 237.6 R F2(set)4.063
E F0 -.2(bu)4.063 G 1.563
(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.562
(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 249.6 R 1.243
(ith no operands,)-.4 F F2(local)3.743 E F0 1.243
(writes a list of local v)3.743 F 1.244
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F .42
(error to use)144 261.6 R F2(local)2.92 E F0 .42
(when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless)
5.42 F F2(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in)
144 273.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)
2.68 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout)
108 290.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 290.4 Q F2(map\214le)108 307.2 Q
F0([)2.5 E F2<ad64>A F1(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad6e>-2.5 E F1(count)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>
-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>
-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E
F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E
(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 319.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2
<ad64>A F1(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad6e>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1
(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1
(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)
C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(])A .35(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 331.2 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1
(arr)2.851 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.851(,o).32 G 2.851(rf)-2.851 G .351
(rom \214le descriptor)-2.851 F F1(fd)2.851 E F0 1.249(if the)144 343.2
R F2<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249
F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1
E F1(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,)
-6.248 F(ha)144 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad64>144 367.2 Q F0(The \214rst character of)
180 367.2 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25
E F2<ad6e>144 379.2 Q F0(Cop)180 379.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)
-2.5 E F1(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1(count)2.5 E F0
(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2<ad4f>144 391.2 Q F0(Be)180 391.2 Q
(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x)
-.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)
-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 403.2 Q F0
(Discard the \214rst)180 403.2 Q F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2
<ad74>144 415.2 Q F0(Remo)180 415.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15
E F1(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E
(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 427.2 Q F0
(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 427.2 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0
(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2<ad43>144 439.2 Q F0(Ev)180
439.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F1
(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F2<ad63>2.5 E F0
(option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2<ad63>144 451.2
Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 451.2 Q
F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 468 Q F2<ad43>2.967 E F0 .467
(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F2<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1
(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467
(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 480 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G
2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\
ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274
(as additional ar)144 492 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E
F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274
(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275
(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 504 Q
(If not supplied with an e)144 520.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 537.6 Q F0 1.906
(returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905
(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F1(arr)
4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 549.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E
F2(popd)108 566.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0
2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 578.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799
(se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G
.299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15
G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144
590.4 R F2(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479
(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478
(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15
F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 602.4 Q F2<ad6e>144 614.4 Q F0 .551
(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 614.4 R .551
(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 626.4 Q F2(+)144 638.4 Q F1(n)A
F0(Remo)180 638.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E
F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25
F F2(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180
650.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)
-.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2<ad>144 662.4 Q F1(n)A F0
(Remo)180 662.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F1(n)3.759 E
F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)
-.25 F F2(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5
(zero. F)180 674.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65
E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144
691.2 R F2(popd)3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F2
(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)
3.143 F F2(popd)5.643 E F0 .415(returns f)144 703.2 R .415
(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415
(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916
(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F
(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 715.2 Q
(ails.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(63)192.895 E
0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(printf)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(var)2.5
E F0(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.437
(Write the formatted)144 96 R F2(ar)3.937 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437
(to the standard output under the control of the)3.937 F F2(format)3.936
E F0 6.436(.T)C(he)-6.436 E F1<ad76>3.936 E F0 .126
(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 108 R(ariable)-.25
E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard)2.626
F(output.)144 120 Q(The)144 144 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(is a charac\
ter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, whi\
ch are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character escape \
sequences, which are con)144 156 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704
(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\
\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 168 R .036
(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 180 Q(gument)-.37 E F0
5.531(.I)C 3.031(na)-5.531 G .531(ddition to the standard)-3.031 F F2
(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.032
E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 192 Q
(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 204 Q F0(causes)180 204 Q F1(printf)5.115 E
F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615
(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar)
5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 216 Q .608(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c)
3.108 E F0 .608(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F1<5c08>3.108
E F0(,)A F1(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F1(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608
(are not remo)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .608(d, and octal).15 F(escapes be)
180 228 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F1(\\0)2.5 E F0
(may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F1(%q)144 240 Q F0(causes)180
240 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)
2.51 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51
F(input.)180 252 Q F1(%\()144 264 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)180
276 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904
(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt)
4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 288 R F2
(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar)
2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381
(ger representing the number)-.15 F .457(of seconds since the epoch.)180
300 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F
.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .848
(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 312 R .847
(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.347(d. If).1 F .847(no ar)3.347
F .847(gument is speci-)-.18 F .354(\214ed, con)180 324 R -.15(ve)-.4 G
.354(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.854(sa).15 G 2.854(si)-2.854 G
2.854(f-)-2.854 G 2.854(1h)-2.854 G .354(ad been gi)-2.854 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .355(is an e)2.854 F .355
(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.855 E F0(beha)180 336 Q(vior)
-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 352.8 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\
\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463
(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 364.8
R 1.259
(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v)
-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 376.8 Q(alue of the follo)
-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 393.6 Q F2(format)3.424 E
F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423
E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format)
3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 405.6 Q(guments)-.37 E
F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,)
-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 417.6 Q(The return v)5 E
(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C
<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 446.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0
2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\
rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 458.4 R 3.139(wt)
-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 470.4 R .416
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F
(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416
(changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.917 E 1.625
(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 482.4 R 6.625
(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925
-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 494.4 Q
F1<ad6e>144 506.4 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \
when rotating or adding directories to the)180 506.4 R
(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 518.4 Q F1(+)144
530.4 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 530.4 R F2(n)
3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B
1.267(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 542.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 554.4 Q F2(n)A F0
.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 554.4 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)180 566.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 578.4 Q F0(Adds)180 578.4 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288
(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc)
-.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F
(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 590.4 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1
(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 607.2 R F1(pushd)
2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488
(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F
F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 619.2 R F2(dir)
3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4
F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846
(stack is empty)144 631.2 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\
 directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)
-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 643.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5
E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 672 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144
684 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181
(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set)
2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264(enabled. If)
144 696 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
 reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 708 R -.25(va)
-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 720 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.18(re)108 84 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1
<ad61>-3.817 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1
<ad64>-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad69>-3.817 E F2(te)
3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E
(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E
F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad70>-3.816 E F2(pr)3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C
F1<ad74>-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad75>-3.816 E F2
(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 96 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is \
read from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 108 R F2
(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)
144 120 Q F1<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039(option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038
(ord is assigned to the \214rst)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G
.038(he second w)-2.538 F .038(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E
F0(,).18 E .42(and so on, with lefto)144 132 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw)
.15 G .42(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 144 R .541(wer w)-.25
F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \
are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 156 S 3.357(lues. The).25 F .857
(characters in)3.357 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.357 E F0 .857
(are used to split the line into w)3.107 F .857
(ords using the same rules the shell)-.1 F .754(uses for e)144 168 R
.753(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.053 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E
F1 -.75(Wo)3.253 G .753(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.253(\). The)B .753
(backslash character \()3.253 F F1(\\)A F0 3.253(\)m)C .753(ay be)-3.253
F .075(used to remo)144 180 R .375 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .375 -.15(ny s).15 H
.075(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .076
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Options,)5.076 E
(if supplied, ha)144 192 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 204 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w)
180 216 R 1.049(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)
-.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049
(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F F2(aname)180.33 228 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68
E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E
F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 240 Q
F2(delim)2.5 E F0(The \214rst character of)180 252 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
F1<ad65>144 264 Q F0 .372
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 264 R F1 -.18(re)
2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218
(to obtain the line.)180 276 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def)
5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F
(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G
(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1<ad69>144 300 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)
180 300 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-)
-.25 F(ing be)180 312 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 324 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)
-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395
(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of)
-.1 F(input, b)180 348 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25
E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 360
Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 372 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269
(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E
(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27
(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 384 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-)
5.274 F 1.002
(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 396 R
F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503
E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 408 R .608
(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0
3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 420 S .669
(riable is assigned e).25 F .669
(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67
(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 432 Q F0(option belo)
2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 444 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)
180 456 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F
3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161
(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 468 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5
(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
<ad72>144 480 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
180 480 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
-5.543 F(the line.)180 492 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
-.25 E F1<ad73>144 504 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 504 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
<ad74>144 516 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 528 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 G
(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428
(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56
(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 540 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0
(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number)
3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 552 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
564 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 576 R .59
(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2
G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589
(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 588 S(riable)
.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G
(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 600 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)
.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
612 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 624 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 624 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476
(If no)144 640.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476
(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.246 F(ariable)-.25 E
F3(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .477(The e)4.977
F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .773
(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 652.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad)
.18 E F0 .772
(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.273 F
-.25(va)144 664.8 S 2.004
(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.005
(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.005(lid \214le).25 F
(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 676.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 693.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)
-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77
(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 717.6 R
1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 729.6 Q 4.903(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>4.903 E F0 2.403(option restricts the v)4.903 F 2.403
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.903(da).15 G 2.403(rrays; the)
-4.903 F F1<ad41>4.903 E F0 2.402(option restricts the)4.903 F
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)144 84 S
1.412(riables to associati).25 F 1.712 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.912(rrays. If)
.15 F 1.412(both options are supplied,)3.912 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
<ad41>3.912 E F0(tak)3.912 E 1.412(es precedence.)-.1 F 1.413(If no)
6.412 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.273 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .854
(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .854(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>
3.354 E F0 .853
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.353 F
(The)5.853 E .559(other options may be used to restrict the output to a\
 subset of the set of readonly names.)144 108 R(The)5.559 E F1<ad70>
3.059 E F0 .201(option causes output to be displayed in a format that m\
ay be reused as input.)144 120 R .2(If a v)5.2 F .2(ariable name is)-.25
F(follo)144 132 Q .133(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.633(,t)C
.133(he v)-2.633 F .133(alue of the v)-.25 F .133(ariable is set to)-.25
F F2(wor)2.633 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.133(.T)C .133
(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.133 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26
(option is encountered, one of the)144 144 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26
(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F
F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 156 Q F0
(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 172.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 184.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597
(the return status is that of the last command e)144 196.8 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E
F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15
G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 208.8 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238
(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.067(before the trap handler)144
220.8 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E
F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)
3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F .389
(determine the status is the last command e)144 232.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.89 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.89 H -.1(ke).4
G(d.).1 E(If)144 244.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084
(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E
F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 F .588
(causes the shell to stop e)144 256.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588
(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589
(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e)
144 268.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325
(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444
(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 280.8 R .444
(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 292.8 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E
.749(mand associated with the)144 304.8 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 316.8 Q F1
(set)108 333.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E
F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0
2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E
(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 357.6 S .836
(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 369.6
R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 381.6 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0
.412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412
(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53
(locale. When)144 393.6 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F
1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 405.6 R 1.623
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order)
144 417.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 429.6 Q
F0 1.377(Each v)184 429.6 R 1.377
(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F
1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 441.6 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15
E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 453.6 Q F0 .132
(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 453.6 R
2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
(primary prompt.)184 465.6 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 477.6 Q F0
.087(Exit immediately if a)184 477.6 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087
(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F
F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 489.6 Q
F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e)
.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079
(The shell does not e)184 501.6 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F
.08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 513.6 Q
1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0
-.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654
(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv)
4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 525.6 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc)
-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1
(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582
(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 537.6 R
F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c)
-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917
(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E
-.25(va)184 549.6 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66
(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661
(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113
(non-zero status because a command f)184 561.6 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F
F1<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112
(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 573.6 R 2.677
(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678
(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178
(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178
(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 585.6 R .617
(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see)
-.4 F F3 .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR)184 597.6 R(ONMENT)
-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643
(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 609.6
Q 2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 627.6 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F1<ad65>4.542
E F0 2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435(ignored, none of the commands e)184
639.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436
(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F .194
(body will be af)184 651.6 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F1<ad65>2.694 E
F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1
<ad65>2.693 E F0 .193(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure)
-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 663.6 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89
(ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F1<ad65>3.39 E F0 .89
(while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E
(where)184 675.6 Q F1<ad65>3.154 E F0 .654
(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953
-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F
(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 687.6 Q F1
<ad66>144 699.6 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 699.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
<ad68>144 711.6 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)184
711.6 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184
723.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(66)
192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad6b>144 84 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 84 R .514
(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18
F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F
(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 96 Q F1
<ad6d>144 108 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 108 R .148
(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F
.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651
(on systems that support it \(see)184 120 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .651
(JOB CONTR)3.151 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151
(\). All).15 F .65(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678
(process group.)184 132 R .679(When a background job completes, the she\
ll prints a line containing its)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 144 S(it status.).15
E F1<ad6e>144 156 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)184 156 R .653(ut do not e)
-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652
(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184
168 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
F1<ad6f>144 180 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)
184 192 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 204 Q F0(Same as)224 216 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 228 Q F0(Same as)224 240 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)
A F1(emacs)184 252 Q F0 .089
(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 252 R 2.589
(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95
(when the shell is interacti)224 264 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95
(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E
F0 2.5(option. This)224 276 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf)
-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err)
184 288 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 288 Q F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(errtrace)184 300 Q F0(Same as)224 300 Q F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(functrace)184 312 Q F0(Same as)224 324 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(hashall)184 336 Q F0(Same as)224 336 Q F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(histexpand)184 348 Q F0(Same as)224 360 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(history)184 372 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 372 R 3.087(,a)
-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 384 Q
(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184
396 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 408 R 1.657
(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10)
4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224
420 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).)
.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 432 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 444 Q F1
<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 456 Q F0(Same as)224 456 Q F1<ad6d>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 468 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 480 Q F1<ad43>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 492 Q F0(Same as)224 492 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A
F1(noglob)184 504 Q F0(Same as)224 504 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)
184 516 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 516 Q F1(notify)184 528 Q F0
(Same as)224 528 Q F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 540 Q F0(Same as)
224 540 Q F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 552 Q F0(Same as)224 552 Q
F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 564 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 564 Q
F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 576 Q F0 1.029
(If set, the return v)224 576 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F
1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 588
R 1.136
(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
-.15 F -.15(ex)224 600 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 612 Q F0
2.09(Change the beha)224 612 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0
2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091
(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224
624 R F3 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B F2 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F
F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306
(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 636 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G
2.307(osix mode af)-4.807 F 2.307(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224
648 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 660 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224
672 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 684 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224
684 Q F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 696 Q F0 1.466
(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 696 R 3.965(ace. This)
-.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224
708 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A
(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(67)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(xtrace)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 84 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 102 Q
F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553
(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184
114 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0
3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071
(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F
(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 126 Q F1<ad70>
144 138 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 138 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1
(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)
-.27 E F0 1.072(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501
(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 150 R 1.5
(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3
-.27(BA)184 162 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G
.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F
(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 174 R .38
(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461
(user \(group\) id, and the)184 186 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462
(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 198 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 210 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886
F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F
(set to the real user and group ids.)184 222 Q F1<ad74>144 234 Q F0
(Exit after reading and e)184 234 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.)
.15 E F1<ad75>144 246 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 246 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044
(ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \
as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 258 R 2.682
(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746
(able or parameter)184 270 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
282 Q F1<ad76>144 294 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 294 Q 2.5
(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 306 Q F0 .315(After e)184 306 R
.315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25
(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)
2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184
318 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F
1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0
(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 330 Q
(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1
<ad42>144 342 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 342 R 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 354 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 366 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 366 R F1(bash)2.714 E
F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F
3.053(tors. This)184 378 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 390 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<ad45>144 402 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 402 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104
(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
F .838(mands e)184 414 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 426 Q F1
<ad48>144 438 Q F0(Enable)184 438 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 450 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 462 Q F0 .959
(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 462 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822
(that change the current w)184 474 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821
(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 486 R(def)2.685
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
(mands which change the current directory)184 498 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
510 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 510 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
(substitutions, and commands e)184 522 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 534 Q F0
(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 546 Q
F0 .401(If no ar)184 546 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G
.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 558 Q F2
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144
570 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 570 R
F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G
1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 582 R
F1<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945
(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no)
3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B
(parameters remain unchanged.)184 594 Q .425(The options are of)144
610.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
(to be turned of)144 622.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
(current set of options may be found in)144 634.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
(is encountered.)144 646.8 Q F1(shift)108 663.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 675.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 687.6 Q F1($#)2.582
E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 699.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 711.6 R
.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 723.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
(2015 October 2)143.735 E(68)192.895 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(shopt)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144
96 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639
(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374
(listed belo)144 108 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H 2.874
(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F1<ad6f>2.874 E F0 .375(option is used, those a)
2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375
(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-)
.2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 120 R .826(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1
<ad70>3.326 E F0 .825
(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F
.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 132 R(The)5.945 E F1
<ad70>3.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form)
3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 144 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 156 Q
F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 156 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 168
Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 168 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>
144 180 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return s\
tatus indicates whether the)180 180 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E
.255(set or unset.)180 192 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E
F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256
(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 204 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0
(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 216 Q F0
(Restricts the v)180 216 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 232.8 R F1
<ad73>3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124
E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233
(set or unset, respecti)144 244.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)
-.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0
2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 256.8 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
273.6 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
4.044 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
144 285.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696
(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 297.6 Q(The list of)144 314.4 Q F1(shopt)
2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 332.4 Q F0 .2
(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 332.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment to the)184 344.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
F1(cdable_v)144 356.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 368.4 R .155
(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
(name of a v)184 380.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 392.4 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184
392.4 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
(corrected. The)184 404.4 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487
(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 416.4 R 4.57 -.65(y. I)
-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77
(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F
(the command proceeds.)184 428.4 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
.15 E F1(checkhash)144 440.4 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 452.4 R F1(bash)3.236
E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737
(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184
464.4 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 476.4
Q F0 .449(If set,)184 488.4 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449
(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448
(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 500.4 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G
.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938
(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203
(attempted without an interv)184 512.4 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15
F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 524.4 Q -.1(wa)
-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G
(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 536.4 Q F0 .796(If set,)184
548.4 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G
.797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G
.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 560.4 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5
E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)
144 572.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 572.4 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184
584.4 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 596.4
Q F0 .419(If set,)184 608.4 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha)
2.919 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42
(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .462(to the)
184 620.4 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E
F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462
(operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71
(using the)184 632.4 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F
(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash)
3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .821
(use ASCII collation and)184 644.4 R F2(str)3.321 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821
(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G
(ollation)-3.32 E(sequence and)184 656.4 Q F2(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0
(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 668.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 680.4 R F1
(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)
-.2 F 1.41(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423
(string comparison when using the)184 692.4 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422
(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>)
2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F(vious item\).)184 704.4 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(compat40)144 84 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409
(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41
(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008
(string comparison when using the)184 108 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007
(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>)
4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 120 R
F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769
(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions)
-.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184
132 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086
(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 144 Q
(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 156 Q F0 1.483(If set,)
184 168 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix)3.983 E F0 1.484
(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15
(ex)184 180 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G
.958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458
(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59
(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 192
R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59
(posix mode through v)184 204 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def)
5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589
(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 216 Q F1(compat42)144 228 Q
F0 1.796(If set,)184 240 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796
(does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w)
4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 252 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25
(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 264 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 276 R F1
(bash)2.641 E F0 .141(does not print a w)2.641 F .14
(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F 1.236
(pound array assignment as an ar)184 288 R 1.237(gument to)-.18 F F1
(declar)3.737 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.737(,a)C 1.237(nd mak)-3.737 F 1.237(es w)
-.1 F 1.237(ord e)-.1 F 1.237(xpansion errors)-.15 F(non-f)184 300 Q
.676(atal errors that cause the current command to f)-.1 F .676
(ail \(the def)-.1 F .675(ault beha)-.1 F .675(vior is to mak)-.2 F(e)
-.1 E(them f)184 312 Q(atal errors that cause the shell to e)-.1 E
(xit\).)-.15 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 324 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 336 R
F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames \
and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.)
184 348 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)
-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in comple\
ted \214lenames when these)184 360 R .029
(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 372 R .028
(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .028
(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 384 R 1.073
(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073
(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25
(ev e)184 396 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123
(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F
6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59
(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184
408 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 420 Q
(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E
(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 432 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487
(If set,)184 444 R F1(bash)2.987 E F0 .486
(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F
.486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184
456 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F
(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184
468 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G
(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 480 Q F0 .859(If set,)184
480 R F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858
(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858
(ord completion if)-.1 F
(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 492 Q(xist.)-.15 E
F1(dotglob)144 504 Q F0(If set,)184 504 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(includes \214lenames be)2.5 E(ginning with a `.)-.15 E 2.5('i)-.7 G 2.5
(nt)-2.5 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)
144 516 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti)184 516 R 1.686 -.15(ve s)
-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 528 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E
(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15
E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 540 Q F0
.717(If set, aliases are e)184 552 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15
F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E
/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F
(by def)184 564 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
.15 E F1(extdeb)144 576 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 588 Q
(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184
600 Q F0(The)220 600 Q F1<ad46>4.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1
(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751
(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F
(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 612 Q
(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 624 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220
624 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F
1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 636
Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 648 Q F0 .84
(If the command run by the)220 648 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15
(exe)220 660 S .488
(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1
(sour)220 672 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 684 Q F3 -.27(BA)220 684 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0
(and)3.153 E F3 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904
(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 696 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 708 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\
bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 708 R
(shells in)220 720 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1
(\()2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(6.)184 84 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,\
 shell functions, and subshells)220 84 R(in)220 96 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)
2.5 E F1(extglob)144 108 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 108 R .4
(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u)
-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 120 Q
F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 132 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 144 R
F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973
E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within)
-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G
(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 156 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 168 Q F0
1.425(If set, patterns which f)184 168 R 1.425
(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424
(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 180 S(pansion error).15 E(.)
-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 192 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
.936(If set, the suf)184 204 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)
-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936
(ariable cause w)-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32
(when performing w)184 216 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32
(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947(pletions. See)184 228 R F3
.447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)
-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F3(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def)184
240 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 252 Q F0 2.519(If set, range e)
184 264 R 2.519(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518
(et e)-.1 F 2.518(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E
(n)-.135 E(Matching)184 276 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b)
.15 G(eha)-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214
G 3.214(nt)-3.214 G .714
(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)-3.214 F 1.02
(That is, the current locale')184 288 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02
(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1
(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 300 R F1(A)
3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F
.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957
(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 312 Q(.)-.55 E
F1(globstar)144 324 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 324 R F1(**)3.019
E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518
(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431
(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 336 R .431
(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0
2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184
348 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 360 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\
en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 372 Q F1(histappend)144
384 Q F0 .676
(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
396 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G
(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 408 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 420 Q(eedit)-.18
E F0 .575(If set, and)184 432 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575
(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576
(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F
(tory substitution.)184 444 Q F1(histv)144 456 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403
(If set, and)184 468 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately)
2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 480 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662
(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162
G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 492 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1
(hostcomplete)144 504 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 516 R F1 -.18(re)3.682
G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181
(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184
528 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E
F3(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 540 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F
(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 552 Q F0(If set,)
184 564 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0
(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e)
.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 576 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0
.33(If set, allo)184 588 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33
(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33
(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967
(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 600 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25
H .967(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15
G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 612 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 624 Q F0 .066
(If set, and job control is not acti)184 624 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t)
.15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en)
184 636 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 648 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)
184 648 R F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654
(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F
(with embedded ne)184 660 Q
(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1
(login_shell)144 672 Q F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
684 R F3(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 696 S(lue may not be changed.).25
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(mailwar)144 84 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 96 R
F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815
(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F
-.1(wa)184 108 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
(`The mail in)-.74 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0
(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1
(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 120 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 132 R F1 -.18
(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E
F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F
(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 144 Q F1
(nocaseglob)144 156 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 168 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436
(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25
H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 180 S
(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 192 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184
204 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)
3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05
F .551(while e)184 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0
(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551
(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1
(wo)184 228 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\
le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 240 Q F1
(nullglob)144 252 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 264 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)
3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)
3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355
(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 276 S
(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144
288 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184
300 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E
(are enabled.)184 312 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
(pr)144 324 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447
(If set, prompt strings under)184 336 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F
1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 348
S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17
(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)2.67 E
(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E
(This option is enabled by def)184 360 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 372
S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
184 384 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 396 Q 2.86
(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36
(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 408 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E
F1(shift_v)144 420 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 432 R F1
(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501
(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502
(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 444 Q F1(sour)
144 456 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 468 R F1(sour)3.271 E
(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v)
-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77
(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar)
184 480 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)
-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 492 Q F0(If set, the)184 504 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0
-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15
E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 520.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001
(Suspend the e)144 532.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001
(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G
F3(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be)
3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 544.8 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023
(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022
(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is)
5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 556.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E
F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5
E F1(test)108 573.6 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 585.6 Q F2 -.2
(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877
(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 585.6 R .878
(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878
(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)144 597.6
S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53
(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03
(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.079
(primaries described abo)144 609.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E
F3(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E
(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 621.6 Q(gument of)-.18
E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 639.6 R .785
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411
(dence. The)144 651.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911
(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F
4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F
(used when there are \214v)144 663.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G
(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 675.6 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E
F0 -.35(Tr)180 675.6 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23
E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 687.6 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0
.26(Returns the v)180 687.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2
E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26
(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 699.6 Q
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(a)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S
(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E
F2(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S(ue if either).35 E
F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0
(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 136.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 -.25
(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E
(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E
(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 154.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)
180 166.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 178.8 S -.18
(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 190.8 Q
(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18
E 2.5(2a)144 202.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)
180 214.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87
F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37
(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 226.8 R .38
(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180
238.8 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552
(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F
.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 250.8 Q
(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 262.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 274.8 R .236
(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236
(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855
(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 286.8 R 1.155 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F
F4(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 298.8 R .578(xpression i\
s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F
(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 310.8 R(The)6.332 E F2<ad61>3.832
E F0(and)3.832 E F2<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.333
(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558
(three ar)180 322.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058
F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F
.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F
(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180
334.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521
(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)
3.021 F(ar)180 346.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985
E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485
(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E
(wise, the e)180 358.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144
370.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 382.8 R
.384(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385
(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385(tion of the three-ar)
.05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648
(posed of the remaining ar)180 394.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F
1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180
406.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 418.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)
-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 430.8 R 1.635
(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635
(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180
442.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 460.8 Q F2(test)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2
(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 477.6 Q F0
1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\
 processes run from the shell.)144 477.6 R(The return status is 0.)144
489.6 Q F2(trap)108 506.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E
F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)
144 518.4 R F1(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702(is to be read and e)3.422 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .702(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.203(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F1(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G
(f)-5.703 E F1(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609
(absent \(and there is a single)144 530.4 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108
(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F2<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608
(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F
.658(\(the v)144 542.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
-.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659
(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec)
144.34 554.4 Q F0 .581
(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58
(is not present and)3.3 F F2<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214
(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 566.4 R
F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215
F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 578.4 R F2<ad70>3.36
E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(trap)3.36 E F0 .86
(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83
(signal. The)144 590.4 R F2<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F
4.311(bers. Each)144 602.4 R F1(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811
(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.81
(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E
(names are case insensiti)144 614.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E
F3(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 632.4 R F1
(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648
(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F1(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F
1.649(If a)6.649 F F1(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 644.4 Q
(UG)-.09 E F4(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F1(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0
1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.667 E F0
(command,)3.667 E F1(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 656.4 Q F1
(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146
(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)2.646 E F0 .147
(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147
(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 668.4 R F3 .146
(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15
F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F2(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0
.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 680.4 Q F2(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7
(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)3.2 E(UG)
-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3
(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 692.4 Q F1(ar)
3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643
(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.643(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F2(sour)3.143 E(ce)
-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 704.4 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .521(If a)144 722.4 R F1(sigspec)3.361 E F0(is)
3.331 E F3(ERR)3.021 E F4(,)A F0 .522(the command)2.771 F F1(ar)3.352 E
(g)-.37 E F0 .522(is e)3.242 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .522(cuted whene).15 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.022(raap).15 G .522(ipeline \(which may consist of a)
-3.022 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(73)192.895 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .185(single simpl\
e command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255zero e)144
84 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 96 R .451
(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ERR)2.951 E F0
.451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452
(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388
(mand list immediately follo)144 108 R .388(wing a)-.25 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F2(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)
2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(if)2.897 E F0 .387(statement, part)4.847 F .777
(of a command e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)
3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F0 .778(list e)3.278 F .778
(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)3.278
E F0(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F0 3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28
(command in a pipeline b)144 132 R 1.28(ut the last, or if the command')
-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F2(!)3.78 E F0(.)A
(These are the same conditions obe)144 144 Q(yed by the)-.15 E F2(err)
2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0 2.5(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095
(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144
162 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662
(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 174 R .662
(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is)
-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 186 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1
E(y)-.15 E F3(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid; otherwise).25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F2(type)108
202.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3
(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 214.8 S .173
(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F3(name)
3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
F2<ad74>144 226.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F2(type)3.343 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F3(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F3 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F3(function)3.343 E F0
(,).24 E F3 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F3
(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F3(name)144.36 238.8 Q F0 .086
(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F3
(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119
(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 250.8 R .118
(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
F2<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F2(type)2.618 E F0 .855
(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 262.8 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F3(name)3.715 E F0
.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if)
144 274.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141
G .641(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E
F2<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F1 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189
E F0 .112(search for each)144 286.8 R F3(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15
(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F4 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I)
.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F2<ad70>2.613 E
F0(and)144 298.8 Q F2<ad50>3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F
.73(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)
-.25 F F1 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73
(If the)5.23 F F2<ad61>144 310.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F2
(type)4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F3(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T)
.18 G(his)-6.749 E .744
(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 322.8 R F2<ad70>
3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .743
(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using)
144 334.8 R F2<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F2<ad66>3.723 E F0
1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)
144 346.8 R F2(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)
5.326 E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325
(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325
(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 358.8 Q F2(ulimit)108 375.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F3(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144
387.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243
(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
.944(that allo)144 399.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
(The)5.944 E F2<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F2<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
144 411.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 423.6 R .426
(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F2<ad48>2.925 E
F0(nor)2.925 E F2<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
435.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F3(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
.742(of the special v)144 447.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 459.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F3(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 471.6 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0
.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 483.6 Q 2.5
(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2
<ad61>144 495.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 495.6 Q F2
<ad62>144 507.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 507.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
(fer size)-.25 E F2<ad63>144 519.6 Q F0
(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 519.6 Q F2<ad64>144 531.6
Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 531.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 543.6 Q F0
(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 543.6 Q F2<ad66>144
555.6 Q F0
(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
555.6 Q F2<ad69>144 567.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
567.6 Q F2<ad6b>144 579.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 579.6 Q F2
<ad6c>144 591.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 591.6 Q
(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 603.6 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 603.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 615.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
180 615.6 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
(be set\))180 627.6 Q F2<ad70>144 639.6 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 639.6 Q F2
<ad71>144 651.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 651.6 Q F2
<ad72>144 663.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 663.6
Q F2<ad73>144 675.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 675.6 Q F2<ad74>144
687.6 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 687.6 Q F2
<ad75>144 699.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 699.6 Q -.25
(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 711.6 Q F0 .47
(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 711.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
723.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 October 2)143.735 E(74)192.895 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad78>144 84 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 84 Q F1<ad50>
144 96 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 96 Q F1<ad54>144
108 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 108 Q(If)144 124.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968
F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045
(no option is gi)144 136.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1
<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F 1.588(in seconds;)144
148.8 R F1<ad70>4.088 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589
(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F1<ad50>4.089 E F0(,)A F1
<ad54>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad6b>4.089 E F0(,)A F1
<ad6e>4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F1<ad75>4.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C
1.589(hich are)-4.089 F 1.439(unscaled v)144 160.8 R 1.439
(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E
F1<ad66>3.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.438(hich are in 512-byte increments.)
-3.939 F(The)6.438 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 172.8 R
-.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144
184.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E
F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A
.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 213.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
pted by)144 225.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
237.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 249.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
(mode)144.38 261.6 Q F0 .552
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 273.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
(unalias)108 290.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 302.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
F(remo)144 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 331.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 343.2 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0
3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327
(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 355.2 Q F0 1.55
(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551
(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 367.2 R F1
<ad66>4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0
2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821
F(remo)144 379.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
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