gcc/d/dmd/README.md

   1 # DMD Source code
   2
   3 This is the source code to the DMD compiler
   4 for the D Programming Language defined in the documents at
   5 https://dlang.org/
   6
   7 These sources are free, they are redistributable and modifiable
   8 under the terms of the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
   9 The terms of this license are in the file boostlicense.txt,
  10 or see https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt.
  11
  12 If a particular file has a different license in it, that overrides
  13 this license for that file.
  14
  15 -Walter Bright
  16
  17 ## Directory structure
  18
  19 | Folder                                                                   | Purpose                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
  20 |--------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  21 | [dmd/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd)                 | The dmd driver and front-end                                                                                                                                                                                  |
  22 | [dmd/backend/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/backend) | Code generation for x86 or x86-64. Based on [DMC](https://github.com/DigitalMars/Compiler/)'s backend, but not kept in sync anymore. Not used by [LDC](https://github.com/ldc-developers/ldc) or [GDC](https://gdcproject.org/). |
  23 | [dmd/common/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/common)   | Code shared by the front-end and back-end                                                                                                                                                                     |
  24 | [dmd/root/](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/root)       | Meant as a portable utility library, but ["it wasn't very good and the only project left using it is dmd"](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/pull/9844#issuecomment-498479516).                                    |
  25
  26 DMD has a mostly flat directory structure, so this section aims to divide all source files into logical groups for easier navigation.
  27 The groups are roughly ordered by how late they appear in the compilation process.
  28 Note that these groups have no strict meaning, the category assignments are a bit subjective.
  29
  30 ### Driver
  31
  32 | File                                                                        | Purpose                                                               |
  33 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
  34 | [main.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/main.d)           | The entry point. Contains `main`.                                     |
  35 | [mars.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mars.d)           | Argument parsing, path manipulation.                                  |
  36 | [cli.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cli.d)             | Define the command line interface                                     |
  37 | [dmdparams.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmdparams.d) | DMD-specific parameters                                               |
  38 | [globals.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/globals.d)     | Define a structure storing command line options                       |
  39 | [dinifile.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dinifile.d)   | Parse settings from .ini file (`sc.ini` / `dmd.conf`)                 |
  40 | [vsoptions.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/vsoptions.d) | Detect the Microsoft Visual Studio toolchain for linking              |
  41 | [frontend.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/frontend.d)   | An interface for using DMD as a library                               |
  42 | [errors.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/errors.d)       | Error reporting implementation                                        |
  43 | [errorsink.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/errorsink.d) | Error reporting interface                                             |
  44 | [target.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/target.d)       | Manage target-specific parameters for cross-compiling (for LDC/GDC)   |
  45 | [compiler.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/compiler.d)   | Describe a back-end compiler and implements compiler-specific actions |
  46
  47 ### Lexing / parsing
  48
  49 | File                                                                  | Purpose                                                              |
  50 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
  51 | [lexer.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lexer.d)   | Convert source code into tokens for the D and ImportC parsers        |
  52 | [location.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/location.d)| Encapsulate file/line/column info for error messages, etc.        |
  53 | [entity.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/entity.d) | Define "\\&Entity;" escape sequence for strings / character literals |
  54 | [tokens.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/tokens.d) | Define lexical tokens.                                               |
  55 | [parse.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/parse.d)   | D parser, converting tokens into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)       |
  56 | [cparse.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cparse.d) | ImportC parser, converting tokens into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) |
  57
  58 ### Semantic analysis
  59
  60 **Symbols and declarations**
  61
  62 | File                                                                            | Purpose                                                                                                          |
  63 |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  64 | [dsymbol.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dsymbol.d)         | Base class for a D symbol, e.g. a variable, function, module, enum etc.                                          |
  65 | [identifier.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/identifier.d)   | Represents the name of a `Dsymbol`                                                                               |
  66 | [id.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/id.d)                   | Define strings for pre-defined identifiers (e.g. `sizeof`, `string`)                                             |
  67 | [dscope.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dscope.d)           | Define a 'scope' on which symbol lookup can be performed                                                         |
  68 | [dtemplate.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dtemplate.d)     | A template declaration or instance                                                                               |
  69 | [dmodule.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmodule.d)         | Define a package and module                                                                                      |
  70 | [mtype.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mtype.d)             | Define expression types such as `int`, `char[]`, `void function()`                                               |
  71 | [arraytypes.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/arraytypes.d)   | For certain Declaration nodes of type `T`, provides aliases for `Array!T`                                        |
  72 | [declaration.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/declaration.d) | Misc. declarations of `alias`, variables, type tuples, `ClassInfo` etc.                                          |
  73 | [denum.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/denum.d)             | Defines `enum` declarations and enum members                                                                     |
  74 | [attrib.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/nogc.d)             | Declarations of 'attributes' such as `private`, `pragma()`, `immutable`, `@UDA`, `align`, `extern(C++)` and more |
  75 | [func.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/func.d)               | Define a function declaration (includes function literals, `invariant`, `unittest`)                              |
  76 | [dversion.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dversion.d)       | Defines a version symbol, e.g. `version = ident`, `debug = ident`                                                |
  77
  78 **AST nodes**
  79
  80 | File                                                                              | Purpose                                                     |
  81 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
  82 | [ast_node.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ast_node.d)         | Define an abstract AST node class                           |
  83 | [astbase.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/astbase.d)           | Namespace of AST nodes that can be produced by the parser   |
  84 | [astcodegen.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/astcodegen.d)     | Namespace of AST nodes of a AST ready for code generation   |
  85 | [astenums.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/astenums.d)         | Enums common to DMD and AST                                 |
  86 | [expression.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/expression.d)     | Define expression AST nodes                                 |
  87 | [statement.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/statement.d)       | Define statement AST nodes                                  |
  88 | [staticassert.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/staticassert.d) | Define a `static assert` AST node                           |
  89 | [aggregate.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/aggregate.d)       | Define an aggregate (`struct`, `union` or `class`) AST node |
  90 | [dclass.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dclass.d)             | Define a `class` AST node                                   |
  91 | [dstruct.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dstruct.d)           | Define a `struct` or `union` AST node                       |
  92 | [init.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/init.d)                 | Define variable initializers                                |
  93
  94 **AST visitors**
  95
  96 | File                                                                                                      | Purpose                                                                          |
  97 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  98 | [parsetimevisitor.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/parsetimevisitor.d)                 | General [visitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern) for AST nodes   |
  99 | [permissivevisitor.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/permissivevisitor.d)               | Subclass of ParseTimeVisitor that does not `assert(0)` on unimplemented nodes    |
 100 | [strictvisitor.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/strictvisitor.d)                       | Visitor that forces derived classes to implement `visit` for every possible node |
 101 | [visitor.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/visitor.d)                                   | A visitor implementing `visit` for all nodes present in the compiler             |
 102 | [transitivevisitor.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/transitivevisitor.d)               | Provide a mixin template with visit methods for the parse time AST               |
 103 | [postordervisitor.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/postordervisitor.d)                                       | Depth-first expression visitor                                                   |
 104 | [sapply.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/sapply.d)                                     | Depth-first statement visitor                                                    |
 105 | [statement_rewrite_walker.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/statement_rewrite_walker.d) | Statement visitor that allows replacing the currently visited node               |
 106
 107 **Semantic passes**
 108
 109 | File                                                                                      | Purpose                                                           |
 110 |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
 111 | [dsymbolsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dsymbolsem.d)             | Do semantic 1 pass (symbol identifiers/types)                     |
 112 | [semantic2.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/semantic2.d)               | Do semantic 2 pass (symbol initializers)                          |
 113 | [semantic3.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/semantic3.d)               | Do semantic 3 pass (function bodies)                              |
 114 | [inline.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/inline.d)                     | Do inline pass (optimization pass that dmd does in the front-end) |
 115 | [inlinecost.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/inlinecost.d)             | Compute the cost of inlining a function call.                     |
 116 | [expressionsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/expressionsem.d)       | Do semantic analysis for expressions                              |
 117 | [statementsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/statementsem.d)         | Do semantic analysis for statements                               |
 118 | [initsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/initsem.d)                   | Do semantic analysis for initializers                             |
 119 | [templateparamsem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/templateparamsem.d) | Do semantic analysis for template parameters                      |
 120 | [typesem.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/typesem.d)                   | Do semantic analysis for types                                    |
 121
 122 **Semantic helpers**
 123
 124 | File                                                                          | Purpose                                                                                    |
 125 |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 126 | [opover.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/opover.d)         | Operator overloading                                                                       |
 127 | [clone.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dsymbolsem.d)      | Generate automatic `opEquals`, `opAssign` and constructors for structs                     |
 128 | [blockexit.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/blockexit.d)   | Find out in what ways control flow can exit a block                                        |
 129 | [ctorflow.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ctorflow.d)     | Control flow in constructors                                                               |
 130 | [constfold.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/constfold.d)   | Do constant folding of arithmetic expressions                                              |
 131 | [optimize.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/optimize.d)     | Do constant folding more generally                                                         |
 132 | [dcast.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dcast.d)           | Implicit or explicit cast(), finding common types e.g. in `x ? a : b`, integral promotions |
 133 | [impcnvtab.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/impcnvtab.d)   | Define an implicit conversion table for basic types                                        |
 134 | [importc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/importc.d)       | Helpers specific to ImportC                                                                |
 135 | [sideeffect.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/sideeffect.d) | Extract side-effects of expressions for certain lowerings.                                 |
 136 | [mustuse.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/mustuse.d)       | Helpers related to the `@mustuse` attribute                                                |
 137
 138
 139 **Compile Time Function Execution (CTFE)**
 140
 141 | File                                                                          | Purpose                                                                             |
 142 |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 143 | [dinterpret.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dinterpret.d) | CTFE entry point                                                                    |
 144 | [ctfeexpr.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ctfeexpr.d)     | CTFE for expressions involving pointers, slices, array concatenation etc.           |
 145 | [builtin.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/builtin.d)       | Allow CTFE of certain external functions (`core.math`, `std.math` and `core.bitop`) |
 146
 147 ### Specific language features
 148
 149 **Attribute checks**
 150
 151 | File                                                                      | Purpose                                |
 152 |---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
 153 | [nogc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/nogc.d)         | `@nogc` checks                         |
 154 | [safe.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/safe.d)         | `@safe` checks                         |
 155 | [canthrow.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/canthrow.d) | `nothrow` checks                       |
 156 | [escape.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/escape.d)     | `scope` checks                         |
 157 | [access.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/access.d)     | `public` / `private` checks            |
 158 | [ob.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/ob.d)             | Ownership / borrowing (`@live`) checks |
 159
 160 **Inline Assembly**
 161
 162 | File                                                                    | Purpose                                   |
 163 |-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
 164 | [iasm.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/iasm.d)       | Inline assembly depending on the compiler |
 165 | [iasmdmd.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/iasmdmd.d) | Inline assembly for DMD                   |
 166 | [iasmgcc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/iasmgcc.d) | Inline assembly for GDC                   |
 167
 168 **Other**
 169
 170 | File                                                                           | Purpose                                                                                     |
 171 |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 172 | [aliasthis.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/aliasthis.d)    | Resolve implicit conversions for `alias X this`                                             |
 173 | [traits.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/traits.d)          | `__traits()`                                                                                |
 174 | [lambdacomp.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lambdacomp.d)  | `__traits(isSame, x => y, z => w)`                                                          |
 175 | [cond.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cond.d)              | Evaluate `static if`, `version` `debug `                                                    |
 176 | [staticcond.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/staticcond.d)  | Lazily evaluate static conditions for `static if`, `static assert` and template constraints |
 177 | [delegatize.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/delegatize.d)  | Converts expression to delegates for `lazy` parameters                                      |
 178 | [nspace.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/nspace.d)          | Namespace for `extern (C++, Module)`                                                        |
 179 | [intrange.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/intrange.d)      | [Value range propagation](https://digitalmars.com/articles/b62.html)                        |
 180 | [dimport.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dimport.d)        | Renamed imports (`import aliasSymbol = pkg1.pkg2.symbol`)                                   |
 181 | [arrayop.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/arrayop.d)        | Array operations (`a[] = b[] + c[]`)                                                        |
 182 | [cpreprocess.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cpreprocess.d)| Run the C preprocessor on C source files                                                   |
 183 | [typinf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/typinf.d)          | Generate typeinfo for `typeid()` (as well as internals)                                     |
 184
 185 | File                                                                        | Purpose                                                                            |
 186 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 187 | [chkformat.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/chkformat.d) | Validate arguments with format specifiers for `printf` / `scanf` etc.              |
 188 | [imphint.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/imphint.d)     | Give a suggestion to e.g. `import std.stdio` when `writeln` could not be resolved. |
 189
 190 ### Library files
 191
 192 | File                                                                          | Purpose                                              |
 193 |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
 194 | [lib.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/lib.d)               | Abstract library class                               |
 195 | [libelf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/libelf.d)         | Library in ELF format (Unix)                         |
 196 | [libmach.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/libmach.d)       | Library in Mach-O format (macOS)                     |
 197 | [libmscoff.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/libmscoff.d)   | Library in COFF format (32/64-bit Windows)           |
 198 | [libomf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/libomf.d)         | Library in OMF format (legacy 32-bit Windows)        |
 199 | [scanelf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/scanelf.d)       | Extract symbol names from a library in ELF format    |
 200 | [scanmach.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/scanmach.d)     | Extract symbol names from a library in Mach-O format |
 201 | [scanmscoff.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/scanmscoff.d) | Extract symbol names from a library in COFF format   |
 202 | [scanomf.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/scanomf.d)       | Extract symbol names from a library in OMF format    |
 203
 204 ### Code generation / back-end interfacing
 205
 206 | File                                                                                        | Purpose                                                                             |
 207 |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 208 | [dmsc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmsc.d)                           | Configures and initializes the back-end                                             |
 209 | [toobj.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/toobj.d)                         | Convert an AST that went through all semantic phases into an object file            |
 210 | [toir.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/toir.d)                           | Convert Dsymbols intermediate representation                                        |
 211 | [e2ir.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/e2ir.d)                           | Convert Expressions to intermediate representation                                  |
 212 | [s2ir.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/s2ir.d)                           | Convert Statements to intermediate representation                                   |
 213 | [stmtstate.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/stmtstate.d)                 | Used to help transform statement AST into flow graph                                |
 214 | [toctype.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/toctype.d)                     | Convert a D type to a type the back-end understands                                 |
 215 | [tocsym.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/tocsym.d)                       | Convert a D symbol to a symbol the linker understands (with mangled name)           |
 216 | [argtypes_x86.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/argtypes_x86.d)           | Convert a D type into simple (register) types for the 32-bit x86 ABI                |
 217 | [argtypes_sysv_x64.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/argtypes_sysv_x64.d) | 'argtypes' for the x86_64 System V ABI                                              |
 218 | [argtypes_aarch64.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/argtypes_aarch64.d)   | 'argtypes' for the AArch64 ABI                                                      |
 219 | [glue.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/glue.d)                           | Generate the object file for function declarations                                  |
 220 | [gluelayer.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/gluelayer.d)                 | Declarations for back-end functions that the front-end invokes                      |
 221 | [todt.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/todt.d)                           | Convert initializers into structures that the back-end will add to the data segment |
 222 | [tocvdebug.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/tovcdebug.d)                 | Generate debug info in the CV4 debug format.                                        |
 223 | [objc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/objc.d)                           | Objective-C interfacing                                                             |
 224 | [objc_glue.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/objc_glue.d)                 | Glue code for Objective-C interop.                                                  |
 225
 226 **Name mangling**
 227
 228 | File                                                                              | Purpose                                                          |
 229 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
 230 | [cppmangle.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cppmangle.d)       | C++ name mangling                                                |
 231 | [cppmanglewin.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/cppmanglewin.d) | C++ name mangling for Windows                                    |
 232 | [dmangle.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmangle.d)           | D [name mangling](https://dlang.org/spec/abi.html#name_mangling) |
 233
 234 ### Linking
 235
 236 | File                                                              | Purpose                                 |
 237 |-------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
 238 | [link.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/link.d) | Invoke the linker as a separate process |
 239
 240 ### Special output
 241
 242 | File                                                                  | Purpose                                                                                                 |
 243 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 244 | [doc.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/doc.d)       | [Documentation generation](https://dlang.org/spec/ddoc.html)                                            |
 245 | [dmacro.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dmacro.d) | DDoc macro processing                                                                                   |
 246 | [hdrgen.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/hdrgen.d) | Convert an AST into D source code for `.di` header generation, as well as `-vcg-ast` and error messages |
 247 | [json.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/json.d)     | Describe the module in a `.json` file for the `-X` flag                                                 |
 248 | [dtoh.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/dtoh.d)     | C++ header generation from D source files                                                               |
 249
 250 ### Utility
 251
 252 Note: many other utilities are in [dmd/root](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/tree/master/compiler/src/dmd/root).
 253
 254 | File                                                                              | Purpose                                           |
 255 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
 256 | [console.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/console.d)           | Print error messages in color                     |
 257 | [file_manager.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/file_manager.d) | Keep file contents in memory                      |
 258 | [utils.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/utils.d)               | Utility functions related to files and file paths |
 259
 260 | File                                                                            | Purpose                                                       |
 261 |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
 262 | [asttypename.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/asttypename.d) | Print the internal name of an AST node (for debugging only)   |
 263 | [printast.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/printast.d)       | Print the AST data structure                                  |
 264 | [foreachvar.d](https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/src/dmd/foreachvar.d)   | Used in `ob.d` to iterate over all variables in an expression |