man2/prctl.2

   1 .\" Copyright (C) 1998 Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
   2 .\" and Copyright (C) 2002, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
   3 .\" and Copyright Guillem Jover <guillem@hadrons.org>
   4 .\" and Copyright (C) 2014 Dave Hansen / Intel
   5 .\"
   6 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
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  12 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
  13 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
  14 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
  15 .\"
  16 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
  17 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
  18 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
  19 .\" the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
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  27 .\"
  28 .\" Modified Thu Nov 11 04:19:42 MET 1999, aeb: added PR_GET_PDEATHSIG
  29 .\" Modified 27 Jun 02, Michael Kerrisk
  30 .\"     Added PR_SET_DUMPABLE, PR_GET_DUMPABLE,
  31 .\"     PR_SET_KEEPCAPS, PR_GET_KEEPCAPS
  32 .\" Modified 2006-08-30 Guillem Jover <guillem@hadrons.org>
  33 .\"     Updated Linux versions where the options where introduced.
  34 .\"     Added PR_SET_TIMING, PR_GET_TIMING, PR_SET_NAME, PR_GET_NAME,
  35 .\"     PR_SET_UNALIGN, PR_GET_UNALIGN, PR_SET_FPEMU, PR_GET_FPEMU,
  36 .\"     PR_SET_FPEXC, PR_GET_FPEXC
  37 .\" 2008-04-29 Serge Hallyn, Document PR_CAPBSET_READ and PR_CAPBSET_DROP
  38 .\" 2008-06-13 Erik Bosman, <ejbosman@cs.vu.nl>
  39 .\"     Document PR_GET_TSC and PR_SET_TSC.
  40 .\" 2008-06-15 mtk, Document PR_SET_SECCOMP, PR_GET_SECCOMP
  41 .\" 2009-10-03 Andi Kleen, document PR_MCE_KILL
  42 .\" 2012-04 Cyrill Gorcunov, Document PR_SET_MM
  43 .\" 2012-04-25 Michael Kerrisk, Document PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_DISABLE and
  44 .\"                             PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_ENABLE
  45 .\" 2012-09-20 Kees Cook, update PR_SET_SECCOMP for mode 2
  46 .\" 2012-09-20 Kees Cook, document PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
  47 .\" 2012-10-25 Michael Kerrisk, Document PR_SET_TIMERSLACK and
  48 .\"                             PR_GET_TIMERSLACK
  49 .\" 2013-01-10 Kees Cook, document PR_SET_PTRACER
  50 .\" 2012-02-04 Michael Kerrisk, document PR_{SET,GET}_CHILD_SUBREAPER
  51 .\" 2014-11-10 Dave Hansen, document PR_MPX_{EN,DIS}ABLE_MANAGEMENT
  52 .\"
  53 .\"
  54 .TH PRCTL 2 2020-04-11 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
  55 .SH NAME
  56 prctl \- operations on a process or thread
  57 .SH SYNOPSIS
  58 .nf
  59 .B #include <sys/prctl.h>
  60 .PP
  61 .BI "int prctl(int " option ", unsigned long " arg2 ", unsigned long " arg3 ,
  62 .BI "          unsigned long " arg4 ", unsigned long " arg5 );
  63 .fi
  64 .SH DESCRIPTION
  65 .BR prctl ()
  66 manipulates various aspects of the behavior
  67 of the calling thread or process.
  68 .PP
  69 Note that careless use of some
  70 .BR prctl ()
  71 operations can confuse the user-space run-time environment,
  72 so these operations should be used with care.
  73 .PP
  74 .BR prctl ()
  75 is called with a first argument describing what to do
  76 (with values defined in \fI<linux/prctl.h>\fP), and further
  77 arguments with a significance depending on the first one.
  78 The first argument can be:
  79 .\"
  80 .\" prctl PR_CAP_AMBIENT
  81 .TP
  82 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT " (since Linux 4.3)"
  83 .\" commit 58319057b7847667f0c9585b9de0e8932b0fdb08
  84 Reads or changes the ambient capability set of the calling thread,
  85 according to the value of
  86 .IR arg2 ,
  87 which must be one of the following:
  88 .RS
  89 .\"
  90 .TP
  91 .B PR_CAP_AMBIENT_RAISE
  92 The capability specified in
  93 .I arg3
  94 is added to the ambient set.
  95 The specified capability must already be present in
  96 both the permitted and the inheritable sets of the process.
  97 This operation is not permitted if the
  98 .B SECBIT_NO_CAP_AMBIENT_RAISE
  99 securebit is set.
 100 .TP
 101 .B PR_CAP_AMBIENT_LOWER
 102 The capability specified in
 103 .I arg3
 104 is removed from the ambient set.
 105 .TP
 106 .B PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET
 107 The
 108 .BR prctl ()
 109 call returns 1 if the capability in
 110 .I arg3
 111 is in the ambient set and 0 if it is not.
 112 .TP
 113 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT_CLEAR_ALL
 114 All capabilities will be removed from the ambient set.
 115 This operation requires setting
 116 .I arg3
 117 to zero.
 118 .RE
 119 .IP
 120 In all of the above operations,
 121 .I arg4
 122 and
 123 .I arg5
 124 must be specified as 0.
 125 .IP
 126 Higher-level interfaces layered on top of the above operations are
 127 provided in the
 128 .BR libcap (3)
 129 library in the form of
 130 .BR cap_get_ambient (3),
 131 .BR cap_set_ambient (3),
 132 and
 133 .BR cap_reset_ambient (3).
 134 .\" prctl PR_CAPBSET_READ
 135 .TP
 136 .BR PR_CAPBSET_READ " (since Linux 2.6.25)"
 137 Return (as the function result) 1 if the capability specified in
 138 .I arg2
 139 is in the calling thread's capability bounding set,
 140 or 0 if it is not.
 141 (The capability constants are defined in
 142 .IR <linux/capability.h> .)
 143 The capability bounding set dictates
 144 whether the process can receive the capability through a
 145 file's permitted capability set on a subsequent call to
 146 .BR execve (2).
 147 .IP
 148 If the capability specified in
 149 .I arg2
 150 is not valid, then the call fails with the error
 151 .BR EINVAL .
 152 .IP
 153 A higher-level interface layered on top of this operation is provided in the
 154 .BR libcap (3)
 155 library in the form of
 156 .BR cap_get_bound (3).
 157 .\" prctl PR_CAPBSET_DROP
 158 .TP
 159 .BR PR_CAPBSET_DROP " (since Linux 2.6.25)"
 160 If the calling thread has the
 161 .B CAP_SETPCAP
 162 capability within its user namespace, then drop the capability specified by
 163 .I arg2
 164 from the calling thread's capability bounding set.
 165 Any children of the calling thread will inherit the newly
 166 reduced bounding set.
 167 .IP
 168 The call fails with the error:
 169 .B EPERM
 170 if the calling thread does not have the
 171 .BR CAP_SETPCAP ;
 172 .BR EINVAL
 173 if
 174 .I arg2
 175 does not represent a valid capability; or
 176 .BR EINVAL
 177 if file capabilities are not enabled in the kernel,
 178 in which case bounding sets are not supported.
 179 .IP
 180 A higher-level interface layered on top of this operation is provided in the
 181 .BR libcap (3)
 182 library in the form of
 183 .BR cap_drop_bound (3).
 184 .\" prctl PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER
 185 .TP
 186 .BR PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER " (since Linux 3.4)"
 187 .\" commit ebec18a6d3aa1e7d84aab16225e87fd25170ec2b
 188 If
 189 .I arg2
 190 is nonzero,
 191 set the "child subreaper" attribute of the calling process;
 192 if
 193 .I arg2
 194 is zero, unset the attribute.
 195 .IP
 196 A subreaper fulfills the role of
 197 .BR init (1)
 198 for its descendant processes.
 199 When a process becomes orphaned
 200 (i.e., its immediate parent terminates),
 201 then that process will be reparented to
 202 the nearest still living ancestor subreaper.
 203 Subsequently, calls to
 204 .BR getppid (2)
 205 in the orphaned process will now return the PID of the subreaper process,
 206 and when the orphan terminates, it is the subreaper process that
 207 will receive a
 208 .BR SIGCHLD
 209 signal and will be able to
 210 .BR wait (2)
 211 on the process to discover its termination status.
 212 .IP
 213 The setting of the "child subreaper" attribute
 214 is not inherited by children created by
 215 .BR fork (2)
 216 and
 217 .BR clone (2).
 218 The setting is preserved across
 219 .BR execve (2).
 220 .IP
 221 Establishing a subreaper process is useful in session management frameworks
 222 where a hierarchical group of processes is managed by a subreaper process
 223 that needs to be informed when one of the processes\(emfor example,
 224 a double-forked daemon\(emterminates
 225 (perhaps so that it can restart that process).
 226 Some
 227 .BR init (1)
 228 frameworks (e.g.,
 229 .BR systemd (1))
 230 employ a subreaper process for similar reasons.
 231 .\" prctl PR_GET_CHILD_SUBREAPER
 232 .TP
 233 .BR PR_GET_CHILD_SUBREAPER " (since Linux 3.4)"
 234 Return the "child subreaper" setting of the caller,
 235 in the location pointed to by
 236 .IR "(int\ *) arg2" .
 237 .\" prctl PR_SET_DUMPABLE
 238 .TP
 239 .BR PR_SET_DUMPABLE " (since Linux 2.3.20)"
 240 Set the state of the "dumpable" attribute,
 241 which determines whether core dumps are produced for the calling process
 242 upon delivery of a signal whose default behavior is to produce a core dump.
 243 .IP
 244 In kernels up to and including 2.6.12,
 245 .I arg2
 246 must be either 0
 247 .RB ( SUID_DUMP_DISABLE ,
 248 process is not dumpable) or 1
 249 .RB ( SUID_DUMP_USER ,
 250 process is dumpable).
 251 Between kernels 2.6.13 and 2.6.17,
 252 .\" commit abf75a5033d4da7b8a7e92321d74021d1fcfb502
 253 the value 2 was also permitted,
 254 which caused any binary which normally would not be dumped
 255 to be dumped readable by root only;
 256 for security reasons, this feature has been removed.
 257 .\" See http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115270289030630&w=2
 258 .\" Subject:    Fix prctl privilege escalation (CVE-2006-2451)
 259 .\" From:       Marcel Holtmann <marcel () holtmann ! org>
 260 .\" Date:       2006-07-12 11:12:00
 261 (See also the description of
 262 .I /proc/sys/fs/\:suid_dumpable
 263 in
 264 .BR proc (5).)
 265 .IP
 266 Normally, the "dumpable" attribute is set to 1.
 267 However, it is reset to the current value contained in the file
 268 .IR /proc/sys/fs/\:suid_dumpable
 269 (which by default has the value 0),
 270 in the following circumstances:
 271 .\" See kernel/cred.c::commit_creds() (Linux 3.18 sources)
 272 .RS
 273 .IP * 3
 274 The process's effective user or group ID is changed.
 275 .IP *
 276 The process's filesystem user or group ID is changed (see
 277 .BR credentials (7)).
 278 .IP *
 279 The process executes
 280 .RB ( execve (2))
 281 a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program, resulting in a change
 282 of either the effective user ID or the effective group ID.
 283 .IP *
 284 The process executes
 285 .RB ( execve (2))
 286 a program that has file capabilities (see
 287 .BR capabilities (7)),
 288 .\" See kernel/cred.c::commit_creds()
 289 but only if the permitted capabilities
 290 gained exceed those already permitted for the process.
 291 .\" Also certain namespace operations;
 292 .RE
 293 .IP
 294 Processes that are not dumpable can not be attached via
 295 .BR ptrace (2)
 296 .BR PTRACE_ATTACH ;
 297 see
 298 .BR ptrace (2)
 299 for further details.
 300 .IP
 301 If a process is not dumpable,
 302 the ownership of files in the process's
 303 .IR /proc/[pid]
 304 directory is affected as described in
 305 .BR proc (5).
 306 .\" prctl PR_GET_DUMPABLE
 307 .TP
 308 .BR PR_GET_DUMPABLE " (since Linux 2.3.20)"
 309 Return (as the function result) the current state of the calling
 310 process's dumpable attribute.
 311 .\" Since Linux 2.6.13, the dumpable flag can have the value 2,
 312 .\" but in 2.6.13 PR_GET_DUMPABLE simply returns 1 if the dumpable
 313 .\" flags has a nonzero value.  This was fixed in 2.6.14.
 314 .\" prctl PR_SET_ENDIAN
 315 .TP
 316 .BR PR_SET_ENDIAN " (since Linux 2.6.18, PowerPC only)"
 317 Set the endian-ness of the calling process to the value given
 318 in \fIarg2\fP, which should be one of the following:
 319 .\" Respectively 0, 1, 2
 320 .BR PR_ENDIAN_BIG ,
 321 .BR PR_ENDIAN_LITTLE ,
 322 or
 323 .B PR_ENDIAN_PPC_LITTLE
 324 (PowerPC pseudo little endian).
 325 .\" prctl PR_GET_ENDIAN
 326 .TP
 327 .BR PR_GET_ENDIAN " (since Linux 2.6.18, PowerPC only)"
 328 Return the endian-ness of the calling process,
 329 in the location pointed to by
 330 .IR "(int\ *) arg2" .
 331 .\" prctl PR_SET_FP_MODE
 332 .TP
 333 .BR PR_SET_FP_MODE " (since Linux 4.0, only on MIPS)"
 334 .\" commit 9791554b45a2acc28247f66a5fd5bbc212a6b8c8
 335 On the MIPS architecture,
 336 user-space code can be built using an ABI which permits linking
 337 with code that has more restrictive floating-point (FP) requirements.
 338 For example, user-space code may be built to target the O32 FPXX ABI
 339 and linked with code built for either one of the more restrictive
 340 FP32 or FP64 ABIs.
 341 When more restrictive code is linked in,
 342 the overall requirement for the process is to use the more
 343 restrictive floating-point mode.
 344 .IP
 345 Because the kernel has no means of knowing in advance
 346 which mode the process should be executed in,
 347 and because these restrictions can
 348 change over the lifetime of the process, the
 349 .B PR_SET_FP_MODE
 350 operation is provided to allow control of the floating-point mode
 351 from user space.
 352 .IP
 353 .\" https://dmz-portal.mips.com/wiki/MIPS_O32_ABI_-_FR0_and_FR1_Interlinking
 354 The
 355 .I (unsigned int) arg2
 356 argument is a bit mask describing the floating-point mode used:
 357 .RS
 358 .TP
 359 .BR PR_FP_MODE_FR
 360 When this bit is
 361 .I unset
 362 (so called
 363 .BR FR=0 " or " FR0
 364 mode), the 32 floating-point registers are 32 bits wide,
 365 and 64-bit registers are represented as a pair of registers
 366 (even- and odd- numbered,
 367 with the even-numbered register containing the lower 32 bits,
 368 and the odd-numbered register containing the higher 32 bits).
 369 .IP
 370 When this bit is
 371 .I set
 372 (on supported hardware),
 373 the 32 floating-point registers are 64 bits wide (so called
 374 .BR FR=1 " or " FR1
 375 mode).
 376 Note that modern MIPS implementations (MIPS R6 and newer) support
 377 .B FR=1
 378 mode only.
 379 .IP
 380 .IP
 381 Applications that use the O32 FP32 ABI can operate only when this bit is
 382 .I unset
 383 .RB ( FR=0 ;
 384 or they can be used with FRE enabled, see below).
 385 Applications that use the O32 FP64 ABI
 386 (and the O32 FP64A ABI, which exists to
 387 provide the ability to operate with existing FP32 code; see below)
 388 can operate only when this bit is
 389 .I set
 390 .RB ( FR=1 ).
 391 Applications that use the O32 FPXX ABI can operate with either
 392 .BR FR=0
 393 or
 394 .BR FR=1 .
 395 .TP
 396 .BR PR_FP_MODE_FRE
 397 Enable emulation of 32-bit floating-point mode.
 398 When this mode is enabled,
 399 it emulates 32-bit floating-point operations
 400 by raising a reserved-instruction exception
 401 on every instruction that uses 32-bit formats and
 402 the kernel then handles the instruction in software.
 403 (The problem lies in the discrepancy of handling odd-numbered registers
 404 which are the high 32 bits of 64-bit registers with even numbers in
 405 .B FR=0
 406 mode and the lower 32-bit parts of odd-numbered 64-bit registers in
 407 .B FR=1
 408 mode.)
 409 Enabling this bit is necessary when code with the O32 FP32 ABI should operate
 410 with code with compatible the O32 FPXX or O32 FP64A ABIs (which require
 411 .B FR=1
 412 FPU mode) or when it is executed on newer hardware (MIPS R6 onwards)
 413 which lacks
 414 .B FR=0
 415 mode support when a binary with the FP32 ABI is used.
 416 .IP
 417 Note that this mode makes sense only when the FPU is in 64-bit mode
 418 .RB ( FR=1 ).
 419 .IP
 420 Note that the use of emulation inherently has a significant performance hit
 421 and should be avoided if possible.
 422 .RE
 423 .IP
 424 In the N32/N64 ABI, 64-bit floating-point mode is always used,
 425 so FPU emulation is not required and the FPU always operates in
 426 .B FR=1
 427 mode.
 428 .IP
 429 This option is mainly intended for use by the dynamic linker
 430 .RB ( ld.so (8)).
 431 .IP
 432 The arguments
 433 .IR arg3 ,
 434 .IR arg4 ,
 435 and
 436 .IR arg5
 437 are ignored.
 438 .\" prctl PR_GET_FP_MODE
 439 .TP
 440 .BR PR_GET_FP_MODE " (since Linux 4.0, only on MIPS)"
 441 Return (as the function result)
 442 the current floating-point mode (see the description of
 443 .B PR_SET_FP_MODE
 444 for details).
 445 .IP
 446 On success,
 447 the call returns a bit mask which represents the current floating-point mode.
 448 .IP
 449 The arguments
 450 .IR arg2 ,
 451 .IR arg3 ,
 452 .IR arg4 ,
 453 and
 454 .IR arg5
 455 are ignored.
 456 .\" prctl PR_SET_FPEMU
 457 .TP
 458 .BR PR_SET_FPEMU " (since Linux 2.4.18, 2.5.9, only on ia64)"
 459 Set floating-point emulation control bits to \fIarg2\fP.
 460 Pass
 461 .B PR_FPEMU_NOPRINT
 462 to silently emulate floating-point operation accesses, or
 463 .B PR_FPEMU_SIGFPE
 464 to not emulate floating-point operations and send
 465 .B SIGFPE
 466 instead.
 467 .\" prctl PR_GET_FPEMU
 468 .TP
 469 .BR PR_GET_FPEMU " (since Linux 2.4.18, 2.5.9, only on ia64)"
 470 Return floating-point emulation control bits,
 471 in the location pointed to by
 472 .IR "(int\ *) arg2" .
 473 .\" prctl PR_SET_FPEXC
 474 .TP
 475 .BR PR_SET_FPEXC " (since Linux 2.4.21, 2.5.32, only on PowerPC)"
 476 Set floating-point exception mode to \fIarg2\fP.
 477 Pass \fBPR_FP_EXC_SW_ENABLE\fP to use FPEXC for FP exception enables,
 478 \fBPR_FP_EXC_DIV\fP for floating-point divide by zero,
 479 \fBPR_FP_EXC_OVF\fP for floating-point overflow,
 480 \fBPR_FP_EXC_UND\fP for floating-point underflow,
 481 \fBPR_FP_EXC_RES\fP for floating-point inexact result,
 482 \fBPR_FP_EXC_INV\fP for floating-point invalid operation,
 483 \fBPR_FP_EXC_DISABLED\fP for FP exceptions disabled,
 484 \fBPR_FP_EXC_NONRECOV\fP for async nonrecoverable exception mode,
 485 \fBPR_FP_EXC_ASYNC\fP for async recoverable exception mode,
 486 \fBPR_FP_EXC_PRECISE\fP for precise exception mode.
 487 .\" prctl PR_GET_FPEXC
 488 .TP
 489 .BR PR_GET_FPEXC " (since Linux 2.4.21, 2.5.32, only on PowerPC)"
 490 Return floating-point exception mode,
 491 in the location pointed to by
 492 .IR "(int\ *) arg2" .
 493 .\" prctl PR_SET_IO_FLUSHER
 494 .TP
 495 .BR PR_SET_IO_FLUSHER " (since Linux 5.6)"
 496 If a user process is involved in the block layer or filesystem I/O path,
 497 and can allocate memory while processing I/O requests it must set
 498 \fIarg2\fP to 1.
 499 This will put the process in the IO_FLUSHER state,
 500 which allows it special treatment to make progress when allocating memory.
 501 If \fIarg2\fP is 0, the process will clear the IO_FLUSHER state, and
 502 the default behavior will be used.
 503 .IP
 504 The calling process must have the
 505 .BR CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
 506 capability.
 507 .IP
 508 .IR arg3 ,
 509 .IR arg4 ,
 510 and
 511 .IR arg5
 512 must be zero.
 513 .IP
 514 The IO_FLUSHER state is inherited by a child process created via
 515 .BR fork (2)
 516 and is preserved across
 517 .BR execve (2).
 518 .IP
 519 Examples of IO_FLUSHER applications are FUSE daemons, SCSI device
 520 emulation daemons, and daemons that perform error handling like multipath
 521 path recovery applications.
 522 .\" prctl PR_GET_IO_FLUSHER
 523 .TP
 524 .B PR_GET_IO_FLUSHER (Since Linux 5.6)
 525 Return (as the function result) the IO_FLUSHER state of the caller.
 526 A value of 1 indicates that the caller is in the IO_FLUSHER state;
 527 0 indicates that the caller is not in the IO_FLUSHER state.
 528 .IP
 529 The calling process must have the
 530 .BR CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
 531 capability.
 532 .IP
 533 .IR arg2 ,
 534 .IR arg3 ,
 535 .IR arg4 ,
 536 and
 537 .IR arg5
 538 must be zero.
 539 .\" prctl PR_SET_KEEPCAPS
 540 .TP
 541 .BR PR_SET_KEEPCAPS " (since Linux 2.2.18)"
 542 Set the state of the calling thread's "keep capabilities" flag.
 543 The effect of this flag is described in
 544 .BR capabilities (7).
 545 .I arg2
 546 must be either 0 (clear the flag)
 547 or 1 (set the flag).
 548 The "keep capabilities" value will be reset to 0 on subsequent calls to
 549 .BR execve (2).
 550 .\" prctl PR_GET_KEEPCAPS
 551 .TP
 552 .BR PR_GET_KEEPCAPS " (since Linux 2.2.18)"
 553 Return (as the function result) the current state of the calling thread's
 554 "keep capabilities" flag.
 555 See
 556 .BR capabilities (7)
 557 for a description of this flag.
 558 .\" prctl PR_MCE_KILL
 559 .TP
 560 .BR PR_MCE_KILL " (since Linux 2.6.32)"
 561 Set the machine check memory corruption kill policy for the calling thread.
 562 If
 563 .I arg2
 564 is
 565 .BR PR_MCE_KILL_CLEAR ,
 566 clear the thread memory corruption kill policy and use the system-wide default.
 567 (The system-wide default is defined by
 568 .IR /proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_early_kill ;
 569 see
 570 .BR proc (5).)
 571 If
 572 .I arg2
 573 is
 574 .BR PR_MCE_KILL_SET ,
 575 use a thread-specific memory corruption kill policy.
 576 In this case,
 577 .I arg3
 578 defines whether the policy is
 579 .I early kill
 580 .RB ( PR_MCE_KILL_EARLY ),
 581 .I late kill
 582 .RB ( PR_MCE_KILL_LATE ),
 583 or the system-wide default
 584 .RB ( PR_MCE_KILL_DEFAULT ).
 585 Early kill means that the thread receives a
 586 .B SIGBUS
 587 signal as soon as hardware memory corruption is detected inside
 588 its address space.
 589 In late kill mode, the process is killed only when it accesses a corrupted page.
 590 See
 591 .BR sigaction (2)
 592 for more information on the
 593 .BR SIGBUS
 594 signal.
 595 The policy is inherited by children.
 596 The remaining unused
 597 .BR prctl ()
 598 arguments must be zero for future compatibility.
 599 .\" prctl PR_MCE_KILL_GET
 600 .TP
 601 .BR PR_MCE_KILL_GET " (since Linux 2.6.32)"
 602 Return (as the function result)
 603 the current per-process machine check kill policy.
 604 All unused
 605 .BR prctl ()
 606 arguments must be zero.
 607 .\" prctl PR_SET_MM
 608 .TP
 609 .BR PR_SET_MM " (since Linux 3.3)"
 610 .\" commit 028ee4be34a09a6d48bdf30ab991ae933a7bc036
 611 Modify certain kernel memory map descriptor fields
 612 of the calling process.
 613 Usually these fields are set by the kernel and dynamic loader (see
 614 .BR ld.so (8)
 615 for more information) and a regular application should not use this feature.
 616 However, there are cases, such as self-modifying programs,
 617 where a program might find it useful to change its own memory map.
 618 .IP
 619 The calling process must have the
 620 .BR CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
 621 capability.
 622 The value in
 623 .I arg2
 624 is one of the options below, while
 625 .I arg3
 626 provides a new value for the option.
 627 The
 628 .I arg4
 629 and
 630 .I arg5
 631 arguments must be zero if unused.
 632 .IP
 633 Before Linux 3.10,
 634 .\" commit 52b3694157e3aa6df871e283115652ec6f2d31e0
 635 this feature is available only if the kernel is built with the
 636 .BR CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE
 637 option enabled.
 638 .RS
 639 .TP
 640 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_CODE
 641 Set the address above which the program text can run.
 642 The corresponding memory area must be readable and executable,
 643 but not writable or shareable (see
 644 .BR mprotect (2)
 645 and
 646 .BR mmap (2)
 647 for more information).
 648 .TP
 649 .BR PR_SET_MM_END_CODE
 650 Set the address below which the program text can run.
 651 The corresponding memory area must be readable and executable,
 652 but not writable or shareable.
 653 .TP
 654 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_DATA
 655 Set the address above which initialized and
 656 uninitialized (bss) data are placed.
 657 The corresponding memory area must be readable and writable,
 658 but not executable or shareable.
 659 .TP
 660 .B PR_SET_MM_END_DATA
 661 Set the address below which initialized and
 662 uninitialized (bss) data are placed.
 663 The corresponding memory area must be readable and writable,
 664 but not executable or shareable.
 665 .TP
 666 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_STACK
 667 Set the start address of the stack.
 668 The corresponding memory area must be readable and writable.
 669 .TP
 670 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_BRK
 671 Set the address above which the program heap can be expanded with
 672 .BR brk (2)
 673 call.
 674 The address must be greater than the ending address of
 675 the current program data segment.
 676 In addition, the combined size of the resulting heap and
 677 the size of the data segment can't exceed the
 678 .BR RLIMIT_DATA
 679 resource limit (see
 680 .BR setrlimit (2)).
 681 .TP
 682 .BR PR_SET_MM_BRK
 683 Set the current
 684 .BR brk (2)
 685 value.
 686 The requirements for the address are the same as for the
 687 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_BRK
 688 option.
 689 .PP
 690 The following options are available since Linux 3.5.
 691 .\" commit fe8c7f5cbf91124987106faa3bdf0c8b955c4cf7
 692 .TP
 693 .BR PR_SET_MM_ARG_START
 694 Set the address above which the program command line is placed.
 695 .TP
 696 .BR PR_SET_MM_ARG_END
 697 Set the address below which the program command line is placed.
 698 .TP
 699 .BR PR_SET_MM_ENV_START
 700 Set the address above which the program environment is placed.
 701 .TP
 702 .BR PR_SET_MM_ENV_END
 703 Set the address below which the program environment is placed.
 704 .IP
 705 The address passed with
 706 .BR PR_SET_MM_ARG_START ,
 707 .BR PR_SET_MM_ARG_END ,
 708 .BR PR_SET_MM_ENV_START ,
 709 and
 710 .BR PR_SET_MM_ENV_END
 711 should belong to a process stack area.
 712 Thus, the corresponding memory area must be readable, writable, and
 713 (depending on the kernel configuration) have the
 714 .BR MAP_GROWSDOWN
 715 attribute set (see
 716 .BR mmap (2)).
 717 .TP
 718 .BR PR_SET_MM_AUXV
 719 Set a new auxiliary vector.
 720 The
 721 .I arg3
 722 argument should provide the address of the vector.
 723 The
 724 .I arg4
 725 is the size of the vector.
 726 .TP
 727 .BR PR_SET_MM_EXE_FILE
 728 .\" commit b32dfe377102ce668775f8b6b1461f7ad428f8b6
 729 Supersede the
 730 .IR /proc/pid/exe
 731 symbolic link with a new one pointing to a new executable file
 732 identified by the file descriptor provided in
 733 .I arg3
 734 argument.
 735 The file descriptor should be obtained with a regular
 736 .BR open (2)
 737 call.
 738 .IP
 739 To change the symbolic link, one needs to unmap all existing
 740 executable memory areas, including those created by the kernel itself
 741 (for example the kernel usually creates at least one executable
 742 memory area for the ELF
 743 .IR \.text
 744 section).
 745 .IP
 746 In Linux 4.9 and earlier, the
 747 .\" commit 3fb4afd9a504c2386b8435028d43283216bf588e
 748 .BR PR_SET_MM_EXE_FILE
 749 operation can be performed only once in a process's lifetime;
 750 attempting to perform the operation a second time results in the error
 751 .BR EPERM .
 752 This restriction was enforced for security reasons that were subsequently
 753 deemed specious,
 754 and the restriction was removed in Linux 4.10 because some
 755 user-space applications needed to perform this operation more than once.
 756 .PP
 757 The following options are available since Linux 3.18.
 758 .\" commit f606b77f1a9e362451aca8f81d8f36a3a112139e
 759 .TP
 760 .BR PR_SET_MM_MAP
 761 Provides one-shot access to all the addresses by passing in a
 762 .I struct prctl_mm_map
 763 (as defined in \fI<linux/prctl.h>\fP).
 764 The
 765 .I arg4
 766 argument should provide the size of the struct.
 767 .IP
 768 This feature is available only if the kernel is built with the
 769 .BR CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE
 770 option enabled.
 771 .TP
 772 .BR PR_SET_MM_MAP_SIZE
 773 Returns the size of the
 774 .I struct prctl_mm_map
 775 the kernel expects.
 776 This allows user space to find a compatible struct.
 777 The
 778 .I arg4
 779 argument should be a pointer to an unsigned int.
 780 .IP
 781 This feature is available only if the kernel is built with the
 782 .BR CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE
 783 option enabled.
 784 .RE
 785 .\" prctl PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT
 786 .TP
 787 .BR PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT ", " PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT " (since Linux 3.19, removed in Linux 5.4; only on x86) "
 788 .\" commit fe3d197f84319d3bce379a9c0dc17b1f48ad358c
 789 .\" See also http://lwn.net/Articles/582712/
 790 .\" See also https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Intel%20MPX%20support%20in%20the%20GCC%20compiler
 791 Enable or disable kernel management of Memory Protection eXtensions (MPX)
 792 bounds tables.
 793 The
 794 .IR arg2 ,
 795 .IR arg3 ,
 796 .IR arg4 ,
 797 and
 798 .IR arg5
 799 .\" commit e9d1b4f3c60997fe197bf0243cb4a41a44387a88
 800 arguments must be zero.
 801 .IP
 802 MPX is a hardware-assisted mechanism for performing bounds checking on
 803 pointers.
 804 It consists of a set of registers storing bounds information
 805 and a set of special instruction prefixes that tell the CPU on which
 806 instructions it should do bounds enforcement.
 807 There is a limited number of these registers and
 808 when there are more pointers than registers,
 809 their contents must be "spilled" into a set of tables.
 810 These tables are called "bounds tables" and the MPX
 811 .BR prctl ()
 812 operations control
 813 whether the kernel manages their allocation and freeing.
 814 .IP
 815 When management is enabled, the kernel will take over allocation
 816 and freeing of the bounds tables.
 817 It does this by trapping the #BR exceptions that result
 818 at first use of missing bounds tables and
 819 instead of delivering the exception to user space,
 820 it allocates the table and populates the bounds directory
 821 with the location of the new table.
 822 For freeing, the kernel checks to see if bounds tables are
 823 present for memory which is not allocated, and frees them if so.
 824 .IP
 825 Before enabling MPX management using
 826 .BR PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT ,
 827 the application must first have allocated a user-space buffer for
 828 the bounds directory and placed the location of that directory in the
 829 .I bndcfgu
 830 register.
 831 .IP
 832 These calls fail if the CPU or kernel does not support MPX.
 833 Kernel support for MPX is enabled via the
 834 .BR CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MPX
 835 configuration option.
 836 You can check whether the CPU supports MPX by looking for the
 837 .I mpx
 838 CPUID bit, like with the following command:
 839 .IP
 840 .in +4n
 841 .EX
 842 cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep \(aq mpx \(aq
 843 .EE
 844 .in
 845 .IP
 846 A thread may not switch in or out of long (64-bit) mode while MPX is
 847 enabled.
 848 .IP
 849 All threads in a process are affected by these calls.
 850 .IP
 851 The child of a
 852 .BR fork (2)
 853 inherits the state of MPX management.
 854 During
 855 .BR execve (2),
 856 MPX management is reset to a state as if
 857 .BR PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT
 858 had been called.
 859 .IP
 860 For further information on Intel MPX, see the kernel source file
 861 .IR Documentation/x86/intel_mpx.txt .
 862 .IP
 863 .\" commit f240652b6032b48ad7fa35c5e701cc4c8d697c0b
 864 .\" See also https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190705175321.DB42F0AD@viggo.jf.intel.com
 865 Due to a lack of toolchain support,
 866 .BR PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT " and " PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT
 867 are not supported in Linux 5.4 and later.
 868 .\" prctl PR_SET_NAME
 869 .TP
 870 .BR PR_SET_NAME " (since Linux 2.6.9)"
 871 Set the name of the calling thread,
 872 using the value in the location pointed to by
 873 .IR "(char\ *) arg2" .
 874 The name can be up to 16 bytes long,
 875 .\" TASK_COMM_LEN in include/linux/sched.h
 876 including the terminating null byte.
 877 (If the length of the string, including the terminating null byte,
 878 exceeds 16 bytes, the string is silently truncated.)
 879 This is the same attribute that can be set via
 880 .BR pthread_setname_np (3)
 881 and retrieved using
 882 .BR pthread_getname_np (3).
 883 The attribute is likewise accessible via
 884 .IR /proc/self/task/[tid]/comm ,
 885 where
 886 .I [tid]
 887 is the thread ID of the calling thread, as returned by
 888 .BR gettid (2).
 889 .\" prctl PR_GET_NAME
 890 .TP
 891 .BR PR_GET_NAME " (since Linux 2.6.11)"
 892 Return the name of the calling thread,
 893 in the buffer pointed to by
 894 .IR "(char\ *) arg2" .
 895 The buffer should allow space for up to 16 bytes;
 896 the returned string will be null-terminated.
 897 .\" prctl PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
 898 .TP
 899 .BR PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS " (since Linux 3.5)"
 900 Set the calling thread's
 901 .I no_new_privs
 902 attribute to the value in
 903 .IR arg2 .
 904 With
 905 .I no_new_privs
 906 set to 1,
 907 .BR execve (2)
 908 promises not to grant privileges to do anything
 909 that could not have been done without the
 910 .BR execve (2)
 911 call (for example,
 912 rendering the set-user-ID and set-group-ID mode bits,
 913 and file capabilities non-functional).
 914 Once set, the
 915 .I no_new_privs
 916 attribute cannot be unset.
 917 The setting of this attribute is inherited by children created by
 918 .BR fork (2)
 919 and
 920 .BR clone (2),
 921 and preserved across
 922 .BR execve (2).
 923 .IP
 924 Since Linux 4.10,
 925 the value of a thread's
 926 .I no_new_privs
 927 attribute can be viewed via the
 928 .I NoNewPrivs
 929 field in the
 930 .IR /proc/[pid]/status
 931 file.
 932 .IP
 933 For more information, see the kernel source file
 934 .IR Documentation/userspace\-api/no_new_privs.rst
 935 .\" commit 40fde647ccb0ae8c11d256d271e24d385eed595b
 936 (or
 937 .IR Documentation/prctl/no_new_privs.txt
 938 before Linux 4.13).
 939 See also
 940 .BR seccomp (2).
 941 .\" prctl PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
 942 .TP
 943 .BR PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS " (since Linux 3.5)"
 944 Return (as the function result) the value of the
 945 .I no_new_privs
 946 attribute for the calling thread.
 947 A value of 0 indicates the regular
 948 .BR execve (2)
 949 behavior.
 950 A value of 1 indicates
 951 .BR execve (2)
 952 will operate in the privilege-restricting mode described above.
 953 .\" prctl PR_SET_PDEATHSIG
 954 .TP
 955 .BR PR_SET_PDEATHSIG " (since Linux 2.1.57)"
 956 Set the parent-death signal
 957 of the calling process to \fIarg2\fP (either a signal value
 958 in the range 1..\c
 959 .BR NSIG "\-1" ,
 960 or 0 to clear).
 961 This is the signal that the calling process will get when its
 962 parent dies.
 963 .IP
 964 .IR Warning :
 965 .\" https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=43300
 966 the "parent" in this case is considered to be the
 967 .I thread
 968 that created this process.
 969 In other words, the signal will be sent when that thread terminates
 970 (via, for example,
 971 .BR pthread_exit (3)),
 972 rather than after all of the threads in the parent process terminate.
 973 .IP
 974 The parent-death signal is sent upon subsequent termination of the parent
 975 thread and also upon termination of each subreaper process
 976 (see the description of
 977 .B PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER
 978 above) to which the caller is subsequently reparented.
 979 If the parent thread and all ancestor subreapers have already terminated
 980 by the time of the
 981 .BR PR_SET_PDEATHSIG
 982 operation, then no parent-death signal is sent to the caller.
 983 .IP
 984 The parent-death signal is process-directed (see
 985 .BR signal (7))
 986 and, if the child installs a handler using the
 987 .BR sigaction (2)
 988 .B SA_SIGINFO
 989 flag, the
 990 .I si_pid
 991 field of the
 992 .I siginfo_t
 993 argument of the handler contains the PID of the terminating parent process.
 994 .IP
 995 The parent-death signal setting is cleared for the child of a
 996 .BR fork (2).
 997 It is also
 998 (since Linux 2.4.36 / 2.6.23)
 999 .\" commit d2d56c5f51028cb9f3d800882eb6f4cbd3f9099f
1000 cleared when executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID binary,
1001 or a binary that has associated capabilities (see
1002 .BR capabilities (7));
1003 otherwise, this value is preserved across
1004 .BR execve (2).
1005 .\" prctl PR_GET_PDEATHSIG
1006 .TP
1007 .BR PR_GET_PDEATHSIG " (since Linux 2.3.15)"
1008 Return the current value of the parent process death signal,
1009 in the location pointed to by
1010 .IR "(int\ *) arg2" .
1011 .\" prctl PR_SET_PTRACER
1012 .TP
1013 .BR PR_SET_PTRACER " (since Linux 3.4)"
1014 .\" commit 2d514487faf188938a4ee4fb3464eeecfbdcf8eb
1015 .\" commit bf06189e4d14641c0148bea16e9dd24943862215
1016 This is meaningful only when the Yama LSM is enabled and in mode 1
1017 ("restricted ptrace", visible via
1018 .IR /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope ).
1019 When a "ptracer process ID" is passed in \fIarg2\fP,
1020 the caller is declaring that the ptracer process can
1021 .BR ptrace (2)
1022 the calling process as if it were a direct process ancestor.
1023 Each
1024 .B PR_SET_PTRACER
1025 operation replaces the previous "ptracer process ID".
1026 Employing
1027 .B PR_SET_PTRACER
1028 with
1029 .I arg2
1030 set to 0 clears the caller's "ptracer process ID".
1031 If
1032 .I arg2
1033 is
1034 .BR PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY ,
1035 the ptrace restrictions introduced by Yama are effectively disabled for the
1036 calling process.
1037 .IP
1038 For further information, see the kernel source file
1039 .IR Documentation/admin\-guide/LSM/Yama.rst
1040 .\" commit 90bb766440f2147486a2acc3e793d7b8348b0c22
1041 (or
1042 .IR Documentation/security/Yama.txt
1043 before Linux 4.13).
1044 .\" prctl PR_SET_SECCOMP
1045 .TP
1046 .BR PR_SET_SECCOMP " (since Linux 2.6.23)"
1047 .\" See http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/542632
1048 .\" [PATCH 0 of 2] seccomp updates
1049 .\" andrea@cpushare.com
1050 Set the secure computing (seccomp) mode for the calling thread, to limit
1051 the available system calls.
1052 The more recent
1053 .BR seccomp (2)
1054 system call provides a superset of the functionality of
1055 .BR PR_SET_SECCOMP .
1056 .IP
1057 The seccomp mode is selected via
1058 .IR arg2 .
1059 (The seccomp constants are defined in
1060 .IR <linux/seccomp.h> .)
1061 .IP
1062 With
1063 .IR arg2
1064 set to
1065 .BR SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT ,
1066 the only system calls that the thread is permitted to make are
1067 .BR read (2),
1068 .BR write (2),
1069 .BR _exit (2)
1070 (but not
1071 .BR exit_group (2)),
1072 and
1073 .BR sigreturn (2).
1074 Other system calls result in the delivery of a
1075 .BR SIGKILL
1076 signal.
1077 Strict secure computing mode is useful for number-crunching applications
1078 that may need to execute untrusted byte code,
1079 perhaps obtained by reading from a pipe or socket.
1080 This operation is available only
1081 if the kernel is configured with
1082 .B CONFIG_SECCOMP
1083 enabled.
1084 .IP
1085 With
1086 .IR arg2
1087 set to
1088 .BR SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER " (since Linux 3.5),"
1089 the system calls allowed are defined by a pointer
1090 to a Berkeley Packet Filter passed in
1091 .IR arg3 .
1092 This argument is a pointer to
1093 .IR "struct sock_fprog" ;
1094 it can be designed to filter
1095 arbitrary system calls and system call arguments.
1096 This mode is available only if the kernel is configured with
1097 .B CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER
1098 enabled.
1099 .IP
1100 If
1101 .BR SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER
1102 filters permit
1103 .BR fork (2),
1104 then the seccomp mode is inherited by children created by
1105 .BR fork (2);
1106 if
1107 .BR execve (2)
1108 is permitted, then the seccomp mode is preserved across
1109 .BR execve (2).
1110 If the filters permit
1111 .BR prctl ()
1112 calls, then additional filters can be added;
1113 they are run in order until the first non-allow result is seen.
1114 .IP
1115 For further information, see the kernel source file
1116 .IR Documentation/userspace\-api/seccomp_filter.rst
1117 .\" commit c061f33f35be0ccc80f4b8e0aea5dfd2ed7e01a3
1118 (or
1119 .IR Documentation/prctl/seccomp_filter.txt
1120 before Linux 4.13).
1121 .\" prctl PR_GET_SECCOMP
1122 .TP
1123 .BR PR_GET_SECCOMP " (since Linux 2.6.23)"
1124 Return (as the function result)
1125 the secure computing mode of the calling thread.
1126 If the caller is not in secure computing mode, this operation returns 0;
1127 if the caller is in strict secure computing mode, then the
1128 .BR prctl ()
1129 call will cause a
1130 .B SIGKILL
1131 signal to be sent to the process.
1132 If the caller is in filter mode, and this system call is allowed by the
1133 seccomp filters, it returns 2; otherwise, the process is killed with a
1134 .BR SIGKILL
1135 signal.
1136 This operation is available only
1137 if the kernel is configured with
1138 .B CONFIG_SECCOMP
1139 enabled.
1140 .IP
1141 Since Linux 3.8, the
1142 .IR Seccomp
1143 field of the
1144 .IR /proc/[pid]/status
1145 file provides a method of obtaining the same information,
1146 without the risk that the process is killed; see
1147 .BR proc (5).
1148 .\" prctl PR_SET_SECUREBITS
1149 .TP
1150 .BR PR_SET_SECUREBITS " (since Linux 2.6.26)"
1151 Set the "securebits" flags of the calling thread to the value supplied in
1152 .IR arg2 .
1153 See
1154 .BR capabilities (7).
1155 .\" prctl PR_GET_SECUREBITS
1156 .TP
1157 .BR PR_GET_SECUREBITS " (since Linux 2.6.26)"
1158 Return (as the function result)
1159 the "securebits" flags of the calling thread.
1160 See
1161 .BR capabilities (7).
1162 .\" prctl PR_GET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1163 .TP
1164 .BR PR_GET_SPECULATION_CTRL " (since Linux 4.17)"
1165 Return (as the function result)
1166 the state of the speculation misfeature specified in
1167 .IR arg2 .
1168 Currently, the only permitted value for this argument is
1169 .BR PR_SPEC_STORE_BYPASS
1170 (otherwise the call fails with the error
1171 .BR ENODEV ).
1172 .IP
1173 The return value uses bits 0-3 with the following meaning:
1174 .RS
1175 .TP
1176 .BR PR_SPEC_PRCTL
1177 Mitigation can be controlled per thread by
1178 .BR PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL .
1179 .TP
1180 .BR PR_SPEC_ENABLE
1181 The speculation feature is enabled, mitigation is disabled.
1182 .TP
1183 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE
1184 The speculation feature is disabled, mitigation is enabled.
1185 .TP
1186 .BR PR_SPEC_FORCE_DISABLE
1187 Same as
1188 .B PR_SPEC_DISABLE
1189 but cannot be undone.
1190 .TP
1191 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE_NOEXEC " (since Linux 5.1)"
1192 Same as
1193 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE ,
1194 but the state will be cleared on
1195 .BR execve (2).
1196 .RE
1197 .IP
1198 If all bits are 0,
1199 then the CPU is not affected by the speculation misfeature.
1200 .IP
1201 If
1202 .B PR_SPEC_PRCTL
1203 is set, then per-thread control of the mitigation is available.
1204 If not set,
1205 .BR prctl ()
1206 for the speculation misfeature will fail.
1207 .IP
1208 The
1209 .IR arg3 ,
1210 .IR arg4 ,
1211 and
1212 .I arg5
1213 arguments must be specified as 0; otherwise the call fails with the error
1214 .BR EINVAL .
1215 .\" prctl PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1216 .TP
1217 .BR PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL " (since Linux 4.17)"
1218 .\" commit b617cfc858161140d69cc0b5cc211996b557a1c7
1219 .\" commit 356e4bfff2c5489e016fdb925adbf12a1e3950ee
1220 Sets the state of the speculation misfeature specified in
1221 .IR arg2 .
1222 The speculation-misfeature settings are per-thread attributes.
1223 .IP
1224 Currently,
1225 .I arg2
1226 must be one of:
1227 .RS
1228 .TP
1229 .B PR_SPEC_STORE_BYPASS
1230 Set the state of the speculative store bypass misfeature.
1231 .\" commit 9137bb27e60e554dab694eafa4cca241fa3a694f
1232 .TP
1233 .BR PR_SPEC_INDIRECT_BRANCH " (since Linux 4.20)"
1234 Set the state of the indirect branch speculation misfeature.
1235 .RE
1236 .IP
1237 If
1238 .I arg2
1239 does not have one of the above values,
1240 then the call fails with the error
1241 .BR ENODEV .
1242 .IP
1243 The
1244 .IR arg3
1245 argument is used to hand in the control value,
1246 which is one of the following:
1247 .RS
1248 .TP
1249 .BR PR_SPEC_ENABLE
1250 The speculation feature is enabled, mitigation is disabled.
1251 .TP
1252 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE
1253 The speculation feature is disabled, mitigation is enabled.
1254 .TP
1255 .BR PR_SPEC_FORCE_DISABLE
1256 Same as
1257 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE ,
1258 but cannot be undone.
1259 A subsequent
1260 .BR prctl (\c
1261 .IR arg2 ,
1262 .BR PR_SPEC_ENABLE )
1263 with the same value for
1264 .I arg2
1265 will fail with the error
1266 .BR EPERM .
1267 .\" commit 71368af9027f18fe5d1c6f372cfdff7e4bde8b48
1268 .TP
1269 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE_NOEXEC " (since Linux 5.1)"
1270 Same as
1271 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE ,
1272 but the state will be cleared on
1273 .BR execve (2).
1274 Currently only supported for
1275 .I arg2
1276 equal to
1277 .B PR_SPEC_STORE_BYPASS.
1278 .RE
1279 .IP
1280 Any unsupported value in
1281 .IR arg3
1282 will result in the call failing with the error
1283 .BR ERANGE .
1284 .IP
1285 The
1286 .I arg4
1287 and
1288 .I arg5
1289 arguments must be specified as 0; otherwise the call fails with the error
1290 .BR EINVAL .
1291 .IP
1292 The speculation feature can also be controlled by the
1293 .B spec_store_bypass_disable
1294 boot parameter.
1295 This parameter may enforce a read-only policy which will result in the
1296 .BR prctl ()
1297 call failing with the error
1298 .BR ENXIO .
1299 For further details, see the kernel source file
1300 .IR Documentation/admin\-guide/kernel\-parameters.txt .
1301 .\"
1302 .\" prctl PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_DISABLE
1303 .TP
1304 .BR PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_DISABLE " (since Linux 2.6.31)"
1305 Disable all performance counters attached to the calling process,
1306 regardless of whether the counters were created by
1307 this process or another process.
1308 Performance counters created by the calling process for other
1309 processes are unaffected.
1310 For more information on performance counters, see the Linux kernel source file
1311 .IR tools/perf/design.txt .
1312 .IP
1313 Originally called
1314 .BR PR_TASK_PERF_COUNTERS_DISABLE ;
1315 .\" commit 1d1c7ddbfab358445a542715551301b7fc363e28
1316 renamed (retaining the same numerical value)
1317 in Linux 2.6.32.
1318 .\"
1319 .\" prctl PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_ENABLE
1320 .TP
1321 .BR PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_ENABLE " (since Linux 2.6.31)"
1322 The converse of
1323 .BR PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_DISABLE ;
1324 enable performance counters attached to the calling process.
1325 .IP
1326 Originally called
1327 .BR PR_TASK_PERF_COUNTERS_ENABLE ;
1328 .\" commit 1d1c7ddbfab358445a542715551301b7fc363e28
1329 renamed
1330 .\" commit cdd6c482c9ff9c55475ee7392ec8f672eddb7be6
1331 in Linux 2.6.32.
1332 .\"
1333 .\" prctl PR_SET_THP_DISABLE
1334 .TP
1335 .BR PR_SET_THP_DISABLE " (since Linux 3.15)"
1336 .\" commit a0715cc22601e8830ace98366c0c2bd8da52af52
1337 Set the state of the "THP disable" flag for the calling thread.
1338 If
1339 .I arg2
1340 has a nonzero value, the flag is set, otherwise it is cleared.
1341 Setting this flag provides a method
1342 for disabling transparent huge pages
1343 for jobs where the code cannot be modified, and using a malloc hook with
1344 .BR madvise (2)
1345 is not an option (i.e., statically allocated data).
1346 The setting of the "THP disable" flag is inherited by a child created via
1347 .BR fork (2)
1348 and is preserved across
1349 .BR execve (2).
1350 .\" prctl PR_GET_THP_DISABLE
1351 .TP
1352 .BR PR_GET_THP_DISABLE " (since Linux 3.15)"
1353 Return (as the function result) the current setting of the "THP disable"
1354 flag for the calling thread:
1355 either 1, if the flag is set, or 0, if it is not.
1356 .\" prctl PR_GET_TID_ADDRESS
1357 .TP
1358 .BR PR_GET_TID_ADDRESS " (since Linux 3.5)"
1359 .\" commit 300f786b2683f8bb1ec0afb6e1851183a479c86d
1360 Return the
1361 .I clear_child_tid
1362 address set by
1363 .BR set_tid_address (2)
1364 and the
1365 .BR clone (2)
1366 .B CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID
1367 flag, in the location pointed to by
1368 .IR "(int\ **)\ arg2" .
1369 This feature is available only if the kernel is built with the
1370 .BR CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE
1371 option enabled.
1372 Note that since the
1373 .BR prctl ()
1374 system call does not have a compat implementation for
1375 the AMD64 x32 and MIPS n32 ABIs,
1376 and the kernel writes out a pointer using the kernel's pointer size,
1377 this operation expects a user-space buffer of 8 (not 4) bytes on these ABIs.
1378 .\" prctl PR_SET_TIMERSLACK
1379 .TP
1380 .BR PR_SET_TIMERSLACK " (since Linux 2.6.28)"
1381 .\" See https://lwn.net/Articles/369549/
1382 .\" commit 6976675d94042fbd446231d1bd8b7de71a980ada
1383 Each thread has two associated timer slack values:
1384 a "default" value, and a "current" value.
1385 This operation sets the "current" timer slack value for the calling thread.
1386 .I arg2
1387 is an unsigned long value, then maximum "current" value is ULONG_MAX and
1388 the minimum "current" value is 1.
1389 If the nanosecond value supplied in
1390 .IR arg2
1391 is greater than zero, then the "current" value is set to this value.
1392 If
1393 .I arg2
1394 is equal to zero,
1395 the "current" timer slack is reset to the
1396 thread's "default" timer slack value.
1397 .IP
1398 The "current" timer slack is used by the kernel to group timer expirations
1399 for the calling thread that are close to one another;
1400 as a consequence, timer expirations for the thread may be
1401 up to the specified number of nanoseconds late (but will never expire early).
1402 Grouping timer expirations can help reduce system power consumption
1403 by minimizing CPU wake-ups.
1404 .IP
1405 The timer expirations affected by timer slack are those set by
1406 .BR select (2),
1407 .BR pselect (2),
1408 .BR poll (2),
1409 .BR ppoll (2),
1410 .BR epoll_wait (2),
1411 .BR epoll_pwait (2),
1412 .BR clock_nanosleep (2),
1413 .BR nanosleep (2),
1414 and
1415 .BR futex (2)
1416 (and thus the library functions implemented via futexes, including
1417 .\" List obtained by grepping for futex usage in glibc source
1418 .BR pthread_cond_timedwait (3),
1419 .BR pthread_mutex_timedlock (3),
1420 .BR pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock (3),
1421 .BR pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock (3),
1422 and
1423 .BR sem_timedwait (3)).
1424 .IP
1425 Timer slack is not applied to threads that are scheduled under
1426 a real-time scheduling policy (see
1427 .BR sched_setscheduler (2)).
1428 .IP
1429 When a new thread is created,
1430 the two timer slack values are made the same as the "current" value
1431 of the creating thread.
1432 Thereafter, a thread can adjust its "current" timer slack value via
1433 .BR PR_SET_TIMERSLACK .
1434 The "default" value can't be changed.
1435 The timer slack values of
1436 .IR init
1437 (PID 1), the ancestor of all processes,
1438 are 50,000 nanoseconds (50 microseconds).
1439 The timer slack value is inherited by a child created via
1440 .BR fork (2),
1441 and is preserved across
1442 .BR execve (2).
1443 .IP
1444 Since Linux 4.6, the "current" timer slack value of any process
1445 can be examined and changed via the file
1446 .IR /proc/[pid]/timerslack_ns .
1447 See
1448 .BR proc (5).
1449 .\" prctl PR_GET_TIMERSLACK
1450 .TP
1451 .BR PR_GET_TIMERSLACK " (since Linux 2.6.28)"
1452 Return (as the function result)
1453 the "current" timer slack value of the calling thread.
1454 .\" prctl PR_SET_TIMING
1455 .TP
1456 .BR PR_SET_TIMING " (since Linux 2.6.0)"
1457 .\" Precisely: Linux 2.6.0-test4
1458 Set whether to use (normal, traditional) statistical process timing or
1459 accurate timestamp-based process timing, by passing
1460 .B PR_TIMING_STATISTICAL
1461 .\" 0
1462 or
1463 .B PR_TIMING_TIMESTAMP
1464 .\" 1
1465 to \fIarg2\fP.
1466 .B PR_TIMING_TIMESTAMP
1467 is not currently implemented
1468 (attempting to set this mode will yield the error
1469 .BR EINVAL ).
1470 .\" PR_TIMING_TIMESTAMP doesn't do anything in 2.6.26-rc8,
1471 .\" and looking at the patch history, it appears
1472 .\" that it never did anything.
1473 .\" prctl PR_GET_TIMING
1474 .TP
1475 .BR PR_GET_TIMING " (since Linux 2.6.0)"
1476 .\" Precisely: Linux 2.6.0-test4
1477 Return (as the function result) which process timing method is currently
1478 in use.
1479 .\" prctl PR_SET_TSC
1480 .TP
1481 .BR PR_SET_TSC " (since Linux 2.6.26, x86 only)"
1482 Set the state of the flag determining whether the timestamp counter
1483 can be read by the process.
1484 Pass
1485 .B PR_TSC_ENABLE
1486 to
1487 .I arg2
1488 to allow it to be read, or
1489 .B PR_TSC_SIGSEGV
1490 to generate a
1491 .B SIGSEGV
1492 when the process tries to read the timestamp counter.
1493 .\" prctl PR_GET_TSC
1494 .TP
1495 .BR PR_GET_TSC " (since Linux 2.6.26, x86 only)"
1496 Return the state of the flag determining whether the timestamp counter
1497 can be read,
1498 in the location pointed to by
1499 .IR "(int\ *) arg2" .
1500 .\" prctl PR_SET_UNALIGN
1501 .TP
1502 .B PR_SET_UNALIGN
1503 (Only on: ia64, since Linux 2.3.48; parisc, since Linux 2.6.15;
1504 PowerPC, since Linux 2.6.18; Alpha, since Linux 2.6.22;
1505 .\" sh: 94ea5e449ae834af058ef005d16a8ad44fcf13d6
1506 .\" tile: 2f9ac29eec71a696cb0dcc5fb82c0f8d4dac28c9
1507 sh, since Linux 2.6.34; tile, since Linux 3.12)
1508 Set unaligned access control bits to \fIarg2\fP.
1509 Pass
1510 \fBPR_UNALIGN_NOPRINT\fP to silently fix up unaligned user accesses,
1511 or \fBPR_UNALIGN_SIGBUS\fP to generate
1512 .B SIGBUS
1513 on unaligned user access.
1514 Alpha also supports an additional flag with the value
1515 of 4 and no corresponding named constant,
1516 which instructs kernel to not fix up
1517 unaligned accesses (it is analogous to providing the
1518 .BR UAC_NOFIX
1519 flag in
1520 .BR SSI_NVPAIRS
1521 operation of the
1522 .BR setsysinfo ()
1523 system call on Tru64).
1524 .\" prctl PR_GET_UNALIGN
1525 .TP
1526 .B PR_GET_UNALIGN
1527 (See
1528 .B PR_SET_UNALIGN
1529 for information on versions and architectures.)
1530 Return unaligned access control bits, in the location pointed to by
1531 .IR "(unsigned int\ *) arg2" .
1532 .SH RETURN VALUE
1533 On success,
1534 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT + PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET ,
1535 .BR PR_CAPBSET_READ ,
1536 .BR PR_GET_DUMPABLE ,
1537 .BR PR_GET_FP_MODE ,
1538 .BR PR_GET_IO_FLUSHER ,
1539 .BR PR_GET_KEEPCAPS ,
1540 .BR PR_MCE_KILL_GET ,
1541 .BR PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS ,
1542 .BR PR_GET_SECUREBITS ,
1543 .BR PR_GET_SPECULATION_CTRL ,
1544 .BR PR_GET_THP_DISABLE ,
1545 .BR PR_GET_TIMING ,
1546 .BR PR_GET_TIMERSLACK ,
1547 and (if it returns)
1548 .BR PR_GET_SECCOMP
1549 return the nonnegative values described above.
1550 All other
1551 .I option
1552 values return 0 on success.
1553 On error, \-1 is returned, and
1554 .I errno
1555 is set appropriately.
1556 .SH ERRORS
1557 .TP
1558 .B EACCES
1559 .I option
1560 is
1561 .BR PR_SET_SECCOMP
1562 and
1563 .I arg2
1564 is
1565 .BR SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER ,
1566 but the process does not have the
1567 .BR CAP_SYS_ADMIN
1568 capability or has not set the
1569 .IR no_new_privs
1570 attribute (see the discussion of
1571 .BR PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
1572 above).
1573 .TP
1574 .B EACCES
1575 .I option
1576 is
1577 .BR PR_SET_MM ,
1578 and
1579 .I arg3
1580 is
1581 .BR PR_SET_MM_EXE_FILE ,
1582 the file is not executable.
1583 .TP
1584 .B EBADF
1585 .I option
1586 is
1587 .BR PR_SET_MM ,
1588 .I arg3
1589 is
1590 .BR PR_SET_MM_EXE_FILE ,
1591 and the file descriptor passed in
1592 .I arg4
1593 is not valid.
1594 .TP
1595 .B EBUSY
1596 .I option
1597 is
1598 .BR PR_SET_MM ,
1599 .I arg3
1600 is
1601 .BR PR_SET_MM_EXE_FILE ,
1602 and this the second attempt to change the
1603 .I /proc/pid/exe
1604 symbolic link, which is prohibited.
1605 .TP
1606 .B EFAULT
1607 .I arg2
1608 is an invalid address.
1609 .TP
1610 .B EFAULT
1611 .I option
1612 is
1613 .BR PR_SET_SECCOMP ,
1614 .I arg2
1615 is
1616 .BR SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER ,
1617 the system was built with
1618 .BR CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER ,
1619 and
1620 .I arg3
1621 is an invalid address.
1622 .TP
1623 .B EINVAL
1624 The value of
1625 .I option
1626 is not recognized,
1627 or not supported on this system.
1628 .TP
1629 .B EINVAL
1630 .I option
1631 is
1632 .BR PR_MCE_KILL
1633 or
1634 .BR PR_MCE_KILL_GET
1635 or
1636 .BR PR_SET_MM ,
1637 and unused
1638 .BR prctl ()
1639 arguments were not specified as zero.
1640 .TP
1641 .B EINVAL
1642 .I arg2
1643 is not valid value for this
1644 .IR option .
1645 .TP
1646 .B EINVAL
1647 .I option
1648 is
1649 .BR PR_SET_SECCOMP
1650 or
1651 .BR PR_GET_SECCOMP ,
1652 and the kernel was not configured with
1653 .BR CONFIG_SECCOMP .
1654 .TP
1655 .B EINVAL
1656 .I option
1657 is
1658 .BR PR_SET_SECCOMP ,
1659 .I arg2
1660 is
1661 .BR SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER ,
1662 and the kernel was not configured with
1663 .BR CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER .
1664 .TP
1665 .B EINVAL
1666 .I option
1667 is
1668 .BR PR_SET_MM ,
1669 and one of the following is true
1670 .RS
1671 .IP * 3
1672 .I arg4
1673 or
1674 .I arg5
1675 is nonzero;
1676 .IP *
1677 .I arg3
1678 is greater than
1679 .B TASK_SIZE
1680 (the limit on the size of the user address space for this architecture);
1681 .IP *
1682 .I arg2
1683 is
1684 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_CODE ,
1685 .BR PR_SET_MM_END_CODE ,
1686 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_DATA ,
1687 .BR PR_SET_MM_END_DATA ,
1688 or
1689 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_STACK ,
1690 and the permissions of the corresponding memory area are not as required;
1691 .IP *
1692 .I arg2
1693 is
1694 .BR PR_SET_MM_START_BRK
1695 or
1696 .BR PR_SET_MM_BRK ,
1697 and
1698 .I arg3
1699 is less than or equal to the end of the data segment
1700 or specifies a value that would cause the
1701 .B RLIMIT_DATA
1702 resource limit to be exceeded.
1703 .RE
1704 .TP
1705 .B EINVAL
1706 .I option
1707 is
1708 .BR PR_SET_PTRACER
1709 and
1710 .I arg2
1711 is not 0,
1712 .BR PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY ,
1713 or the PID of an existing process.
1714 .TP
1715 .B EINVAL
1716 .I option
1717 is
1718 .B PR_SET_PDEATHSIG
1719 and
1720 .I arg2
1721 is not a valid signal number.
1722 .TP
1723 .B EINVAL
1724 .I option
1725 is
1726 .BR PR_SET_DUMPABLE
1727 and
1728 .I arg2
1729 is neither
1730 .B SUID_DUMP_DISABLE
1731 nor
1732 .BR SUID_DUMP_USER .
1733 .TP
1734 .B EINVAL
1735 .I option
1736 is
1737 .BR PR_SET_TIMING
1738 and
1739 .I arg2
1740 is not
1741 .BR PR_TIMING_STATISTICAL .
1742 .TP
1743 .B EINVAL
1744 .I option
1745 is
1746 .BR PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
1747 and
1748 .I arg2
1749 is not equal to 1
1750 or
1751 .IR arg3 ,
1752 .IR arg4 ,
1753 or
1754 .IR arg5
1755 is nonzero.
1756 .TP
1757 .B EINVAL
1758 .I option
1759 is
1760 .BR PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
1761 and
1762 .IR arg2 ,
1763 .IR arg3 ,
1764 .IR arg4 ,
1765 or
1766 .IR arg5
1767 is nonzero.
1768 .TP
1769 .B EINVAL
1770 .I option
1771 is
1772 .BR PR_SET_THP_DISABLE
1773 and
1774 .IR arg3 ,
1775 .IR arg4 ,
1776 or
1777 .IR arg5
1778 is nonzero.
1779 .TP
1780 .B EINVAL
1781 .I option
1782 is
1783 .BR PR_GET_THP_DISABLE
1784 and
1785 .IR arg2 ,
1786 .IR arg3 ,
1787 .IR arg4 ,
1788 or
1789 .IR arg5
1790 is nonzero.
1791 .TP
1792 .B EINVAL
1793 .I option
1794 is
1795 .B PR_CAP_AMBIENT
1796 and an unused argument
1797 .RI ( arg4 ,
1798 .IR arg5 ,
1799 or,
1800 in the case of
1801 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT_CLEAR_ALL ,
1802 .IR arg3 )
1803 is nonzero; or
1804 .IR arg2
1805 has an invalid value;
1806 or
1807 .IR arg2
1808 is
1809 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT_LOWER ,
1810 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT_RAISE ,
1811 or
1812 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET
1813 and
1814 .IR arg3
1815 does not specify a valid capability.
1816 .TP
1817 .B EINVAL
1818 .I option
1819 was
1820 .BR PR_GET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1821 or
1822 .BR PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1823 and unused arguments to
1824 .BR prctl ()
1825 are not 0.
1826 .TP
1827 .B ENODEV
1828 .I option
1829 was
1830 .BR PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1831 the kernel or CPU does not support the requested speculation misfeature.
1832 .TP
1833 .B ENXIO
1834 .I option
1835 was
1836 .BR PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT
1837 or
1838 .BR PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT
1839 and the kernel or the CPU does not support MPX management.
1840 Check that the kernel and processor have MPX support.
1841 .TP
1842 .B ENXIO
1843 .I option
1844 was
1845 .BR PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1846 implies that the control of the selected speculation misfeature is not possible.
1847 See
1848 .BR PR_GET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1849 for the bit fields to determine which option is available.
1850 .TP
1851 .B EOPNOTSUPP
1852 .I option
1853 is
1854 .B PR_SET_FP_MODE
1855 and
1856 .I arg2
1857 has an invalid or unsupported value.
1858 .TP
1859 .B EPERM
1860 .I option
1861 is
1862 .BR PR_SET_SECUREBITS ,
1863 and the caller does not have the
1864 .B CAP_SETPCAP
1865 capability,
1866 or tried to unset a "locked" flag,
1867 or tried to set a flag whose corresponding locked flag was set
1868 (see
1869 .BR capabilities (7)).
1870 .TP
1871 .B EPERM
1872 .I option
1873 is
1874 .BR PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1875 wherein the speculation was disabled with
1876 .B PR_SPEC_FORCE_DISABLE
1877 and caller tried to enable it again.
1878 .TP
1879 .B EPERM
1880 .I option
1881 is
1882 .BR PR_SET_KEEPCAPS ,
1883 and the caller's
1884 .B SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED
1885 flag is set
1886 (see
1887 .BR capabilities (7)).
1888 .TP
1889 .B EPERM
1890 .I option
1891 is
1892 .BR PR_CAPBSET_DROP ,
1893 and the caller does not have the
1894 .B CAP_SETPCAP
1895 capability.
1896 .TP
1897 .B EPERM
1898 .I option
1899 is
1900 .BR PR_SET_MM ,
1901 and the caller does not have the
1902 .B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
1903 capability.
1904 .TP
1905 .B EPERM
1906 .IR option
1907 is
1908 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT
1909 and
1910 .IR arg2
1911 is
1912 .BR PR_CAP_AMBIENT_RAISE ,
1913 but either the capability specified in
1914 .IR arg3
1915 is not present in the process's permitted and inheritable capability sets,
1916 or the
1917 .B PR_CAP_AMBIENT_LOWER
1918 securebit has been set.
1919 .TP
1920 .B ERANGE
1921 .I option
1922 was
1923 .BR PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL
1924 and
1925 .IR arg3
1926 is not
1927 .BR PR_SPEC_ENABLE ,
1928 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE ,
1929 .BR PR_SPEC_FORCE_DISABLE ,
1930 nor
1931 .BR PR_SPEC_DISABLE_NOEXEC .
1932 .SH VERSIONS
1933 The
1934 .BR prctl ()
1935 system call was introduced in Linux 2.1.57.
1936 .\" The library interface was added in glibc 2.0.6
1937 .SH CONFORMING TO
1938 This call is Linux-specific.
1939 IRIX has a
1940 .BR prctl ()
1941 system call (also introduced in Linux 2.1.44
1942 as irix_prctl on the MIPS architecture),
1943 with prototype
1944 .PP
1945 .in +4n
1946 .EX
1947 .BI "ptrdiff_t prctl(int " option ", int " arg2 ", int " arg3 );
1948 .EE
1949 .in
1950 .PP
1951 and options to get the maximum number of processes per user,
1952 get the maximum number of processors the calling process can use,
1953 find out whether a specified process is currently blocked,
1954 get or set the maximum stack size, and so on.
1955 .SH SEE ALSO
1956 .BR signal (2),
1957 .BR core (5)