man2/stat.2

   1 '\" t
   2 .\" Copyright (c) 1992 Drew Eckhardt (drew@cs.colorado.edu), March 28, 1992
   3 .\" Parts Copyright (c) 1995 Nicolai Langfeldt (janl@ifi.uio.no), 1/1/95
   4 .\" and Copyright (c) 2006, 2007, 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
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  28 .\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
  29 .\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
  30 .\" Modified 1995-05-18 by Todd Larason <jtl@molehill.org>
  31 .\" Modified 1997-01-31 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
  32 .\" Modified 1995-01-09 by Richard Kettlewell <richard@greenend.org.uk>
  33 .\" Modified 1998-05-13 by Michael Haardt <michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de>
  34 .\" Modified 1999-07-06 by aeb & Albert Cahalan
  35 .\" Modified 2000-01-07 by aeb
  36 .\" Modified 2004-06-23 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
  37 .\" 2007-06-08 mtk: Added example program
  38 .\" 2007-07-05 mtk: Added details on underlying system call interfaces
  39 .\"
  40 .TH STAT 2 2020-04-11 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
  41 .SH NAME
  42 stat, fstat, lstat, fstatat \- get file status
  43 .SH SYNOPSIS
  44 .nf
  45 .B #include <sys/types.h>
  46 .B #include <sys/stat.h>
  47 .B #include <unistd.h>
  48 .PP
  49 .BI "int stat(const char *" pathname ", struct stat *" statbuf );
  50 .BI "int fstat(int " fd ", struct stat *" statbuf );
  51 .BI "int lstat(const char *" pathname ", struct stat *" statbuf );
  52
  53 .BR "#include <fcntl.h>           " "/* Definition of AT_* constants */"
  54 .B #include <sys/stat.h>
  55 .PP
  56 .BI "int fstatat(int " dirfd ", const char *" pathname ", struct stat *" \
  57 statbuf ,
  58 .BI "            int " flags );
  59 .fi
  60 .PP
  61 .in -4n
  62 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
  63 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
  64 .in
  65 .PP
  66 .ad l
  67 .BR lstat ():
  68 .RS 4
  69 /* glibc 2.19 and earlier */ _BSD_SOURCE
  70 .br
  71     || /* Since glibc 2.20 */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
  72 .br
  73     || _XOPEN_SOURCE\ >=\ 500
  74 .\"   _XOPEN_SOURCE\ &&\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
  75 .br
  76     || /* Since glibc 2.10: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200112L
  77 .RE
  78 .PP
  79 .BR fstatat ():
  80 .ad l
  81 .RS 4
  82 .PD 0
  83 .TP 4
  84 Since glibc 2.10:
  85 _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200809L
  86 .TP
  87 Before glibc 2.10:
  88 _ATFILE_SOURCE
  89 .RE
  90 .PD
  91 .ad
  92 .SH DESCRIPTION
  93 .PP
  94 These functions return information about a file, in the buffer pointed to by
  95 .IR statbuf .
  96 No permissions are required on the file itself, but\(emin the case of
  97 .BR stat (),
  98 .BR fstatat (),
  99 and
 100 .BR lstat ()\(emexecute
 101 (search) permission is required on all of the directories in
 102 .I pathname
 103 that lead to the file.
 104 .PP
 105 .BR stat ()
 106 and
 107 .BR fstatat ()
 108 retrieve information about the file pointed to by
 109 .IR pathname ;
 110 the differences for
 111 .BR fstatat ()
 112 are described below.
 113 .PP
 114 .BR lstat ()
 115 is identical to
 116 .BR stat (),
 117 except that if
 118 .I pathname
 119 is a symbolic link, then it returns information about the link itself,
 120 not the file that the link refers to.
 121 .PP
 122 .BR fstat ()
 123 is identical to
 124 .BR stat (),
 125 except that the file about which information is to be retrieved
 126 is specified by the file descriptor
 127 .IR fd .
 128 .\"
 129 .SS The stat structure
 130 All of these system calls return a
 131 .I stat
 132 structure, which contains the following fields:
 133 .PP
 134 .in +4n
 135 .EX
 136 struct stat {
 137     dev_t     st_dev;         /* ID of device containing file */
 138     ino_t     st_ino;         /* Inode number */
 139     mode_t    st_mode;        /* File type and mode */
 140     nlink_t   st_nlink;       /* Number of hard links */
 141     uid_t     st_uid;         /* User ID of owner */
 142     gid_t     st_gid;         /* Group ID of owner */
 143     dev_t     st_rdev;        /* Device ID (if special file) */
 144     off_t     st_size;        /* Total size, in bytes */
 145     blksize_t st_blksize;     /* Block size for filesystem I/O */
 146     blkcnt_t  st_blocks;      /* Number of 512B blocks allocated */
 147
 148     /* Since Linux 2.6, the kernel supports nanosecond
 149        precision for the following timestamp fields.
 150        For the details before Linux 2.6, see NOTES. */
 151
 152     struct timespec st_atim;  /* Time of last access */
 153     struct timespec st_mtim;  /* Time of last modification */
 154     struct timespec st_ctim;  /* Time of last status change */
 155
 156 #define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec      /* Backward compatibility */
 157 #define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
 158 #define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
 159 };
 160 .EE
 161 .in
 162 .PP
 163 .IR Note :
 164 the order of fields in the
 165 .I stat
 166 structure varies somewhat
 167 across architectures.
 168 In addition,
 169 the definition above does not show the padding bytes
 170 that may be present between some fields on various architectures.
 171 Consult the glibc and kernel source code
 172 if you need to know the details.
 173 .PP
 174 .\" Background: inode attributes are modified with i_mutex held, but
 175 .\" read by stat() without taking the mutex.
 176 .IR Note :
 177 for performance and simplicity reasons, different fields in the
 178 .I stat
 179 structure may contain state information from different moments
 180 during the execution of the system call.
 181 For example, if
 182 .IR st_mode
 183 or
 184 .IR st_uid
 185 is changed by another process by calling
 186 .BR chmod (2)
 187 or
 188 .BR chown (2),
 189 .BR stat ()
 190 might return the old
 191 .I st_mode
 192 together with the new
 193 .IR st_uid ,
 194 or the old
 195 .I st_uid
 196 together with the new
 197 .IR st_mode .
 198 .PP
 199 The fields in the
 200 .I stat
 201 structure are as follows:
 202 .TP
 203 .I st_dev
 204 This field describes the device on which this file resides.
 205 (The
 206 .BR major (3)
 207 and
 208 .BR minor (3)
 209 macros may be useful to decompose the device ID in this field.)
 210 .TP
 211 .I st_ino
 212 This field contains the file's inode number.
 213 .TP
 214 .I st_mode
 215 This field contains the file type and mode.
 216 See
 217 .BR inode (7)
 218 for further information.
 219 .TP
 220 .I st_nlink
 221 This field contains the number of hard links to the file.
 222 .TP
 223 .I st_uid
 224 This field contains the user ID of the owner of the file.
 225 .TP
 226 .I st_gid
 227 This field contains the ID of the group owner of the file.
 228 .TP
 229 .I st_rdev
 230 This field describes the device that this file (inode) represents.
 231 .TP
 232 .I st_size
 233 This field gives the size of the file (if it is a regular
 234 file or a symbolic link) in bytes.
 235 The size of a symbolic link is the length of the pathname
 236 it contains, without a terminating null byte.
 237 .TP
 238 .I st_blksize
 239 This field gives the "preferred" block size for efficient filesystem I/O.
 240 .TP
 241 .I st_blocks
 242 This field indicates the number of blocks allocated to the file,
 243 in 512-byte units.
 244 (This may be smaller than
 245 .IR st_size /512
 246 when the file has holes.)
 247 .TP
 248 .I st_atime
 249 This is the time of the last access of file data.
 250 .TP
 251 .I st_mtime
 252 This is the time of last modification of file data.
 253 .TP
 254 .I st_ctime
 255 This is the file's last status change timestamp
 256 (time of last change to the inode).
 257 .PP
 258 For further information on the above fields, see
 259 .BR inode (7).
 260 .\"
 261 .SS fstatat()
 262 The
 263 .BR fstatat ()
 264 system call is a more general interface for accessing file information
 265 which can still provide exactly the behavior of each of
 266 .BR stat (),
 267 .BR lstat (),
 268 and
 269 .BR fstat ().
 270 .PP
 271 If the pathname given in
 272 .I pathname
 273 is relative, then it is interpreted relative to the directory
 274 referred to by the file descriptor
 275 .I dirfd
 276 (rather than relative to the current working directory of
 277 the calling process, as is done by
 278 .BR stat ()
 279 and
 280 .BR lstat ()
 281 for a relative pathname).
 282 .PP
 283 If
 284 .I pathname
 285 is relative and
 286 .I dirfd
 287 is the special value
 288 .BR AT_FDCWD ,
 289 then
 290 .I pathname
 291 is interpreted relative to the current working
 292 directory of the calling process (like
 293 .BR stat ()
 294 and
 295 .BR lstat ()).
 296 .PP
 297 If
 298 .I pathname
 299 is absolute, then
 300 .I dirfd
 301 is ignored.
 302 .PP
 303 .I flags
 304 can either be 0, or include one or more of the following flags ORed:
 305 .TP
 306 .BR AT_EMPTY_PATH " (since Linux 2.6.39)"
 307 .\" commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
 308 If
 309 .I pathname
 310 is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
 311 .IR dirfd
 312 (which may have been obtained using the
 313 .BR open (2)
 314 .B O_PATH
 315 flag).
 316 In this case,
 317 .I dirfd
 318 can refer to any type of file, not just a directory, and
 319 the behavior of
 320 .BR fstatat ()
 321 is similar to that of
 322 .BR fstat ().
 323 If
 324 .I dirfd
 325 is
 326 .BR AT_FDCWD ,
 327 the call operates on the current working directory.
 328 This flag is Linux-specific; define
 329 .B _GNU_SOURCE
 330 .\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
 331 to obtain its definition.
 332 .TP
 333 .BR AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT " (since Linux 2.6.38)"
 334 Don't automount the terminal ("basename") component of
 335 .I pathname
 336 if it is a directory that is an automount point.
 337 This allows the caller to gather attributes of an automount point
 338 (rather than the location it would mount).
 339 Since Linux 4.14,
 340 .\" commit 42f46148217865a545e129612075f3d828a2c4e4
 341 also don't instantiate a nonexistent name in an
 342 on-demand directory such as used for automounter indirect maps.
 343 This
 344 flag has no effect if the mount point has already been mounted over.
 345 .IP
 346 Both
 347 .BR stat ()
 348 and
 349 .BR lstat ()
 350 act as though
 351 .B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
 352 was set.
 353 .IP
 354 The
 355 .B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
 356 can be used in tools that scan directories
 357 to prevent mass-automounting of a directory of automount points.
 358 .IP
 359 .IP
 360 This flag is Linux-specific; define
 361 .B _GNU_SOURCE
 362 .\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
 363 to obtain its definition.
 364 .TP
 365 .B AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
 366 If
 367 .I pathname
 368 is a symbolic link, do not dereference it:
 369 instead return information about the link itself, like
 370 .BR lstat ().
 371 (By default,
 372 .BR fstatat ()
 373 dereferences symbolic links, like
 374 .BR stat ().)
 375 .PP
 376 See
 377 .BR openat (2)
 378 for an explanation of the need for
 379 .BR fstatat ().
 380 .SH RETURN VALUE
 381 On success, zero is returned.
 382 On error, \-1 is returned, and
 383 .I errno
 384 is set appropriately.
 385 .SH ERRORS
 386 .TP
 387 .B EACCES
 388 Search permission is denied for one of the directories
 389 in the path prefix of
 390 .IR pathname .
 391 (See also
 392 .BR path_resolution (7).)
 393 .TP
 394 .B EBADF
 395 .I fd
 396 is not a valid open file descriptor.
 397 .TP
 398 .B EFAULT
 399 Bad address.
 400 .TP
 401 .B ELOOP
 402 Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the path.
 403 .TP
 404 .B ENAMETOOLONG
 405 .I pathname
 406 is too long.
 407 .TP
 408 .B ENOENT
 409 A component of
 410 .I pathname
 411 does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link.
 412 .TP
 413 .B ENOENT
 414 .I pathname
 415 is an empty string and
 416 .B AT_EMPTY_PATH
 417 was not specified in
 418 .IR flags .
 419 .TP
 420 .B ENOMEM
 421 Out of memory (i.e., kernel memory).
 422 .TP
 423 .B ENOTDIR
 424 A component of the path prefix of
 425 .I pathname
 426 is not a directory.
 427 .TP
 428 .B EOVERFLOW
 429 .I pathname
 430 or
 431 .I fd
 432 refers to a file whose size, inode number,
 433 or number of blocks cannot be represented in, respectively, the types
 434 .IR off_t ,
 435 .IR ino_t ,
 436 or
 437 .IR blkcnt_t .
 438 This error can occur when, for example,
 439 an application compiled on a 32-bit platform without
 440 .I -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64
 441 calls
 442 .BR stat ()
 443 on a file whose size exceeds
 444 .I (1<<31)-1
 445 bytes.
 446 .PP
 447 The following additional errors can occur for
 448 .BR fstatat ():
 449 .TP
 450 .B EBADF
 451 .I dirfd
 452 is not a valid file descriptor.
 453 .TP
 454 .B EINVAL
 455 Invalid flag specified in
 456 .IR flags .
 457 .TP
 458 .B ENOTDIR
 459 .I pathname
 460 is relative and
 461 .I dirfd
 462 is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
 463 .SH VERSIONS
 464 .BR fstatat ()
 465 was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16;
 466 library support was added to glibc in version 2.4.
 467 .SH CONFORMING TO
 468 .BR stat (),
 469 .BR fstat (),
 470 .BR lstat ():
 471 SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1.2008.
 472 .\" SVr4 documents additional
 473 .\" .BR fstat ()
 474 .\" error conditions EINTR, ENOLINK, and EOVERFLOW.  SVr4
 475 .\" documents additional
 476 .\" .BR stat ()
 477 .\" and
 478 .\" .BR lstat ()
 479 .\" error conditions EINTR, EMULTIHOP, ENOLINK, and EOVERFLOW.
 480 .PP
 481 .BR fstatat ():
 482 POSIX.1-2008.
 483 .PP
 484 According to POSIX.1-2001,
 485 .BR lstat ()
 486 on a symbolic link need return valid information only in the
 487 .I st_size
 488 field and the file type of the
 489 .IR st_mode
 490 field of the
 491 .IR stat
 492 structure.
 493 POSIX.1-2008 tightens the specification, requiring
 494 .BR lstat ()
 495 to return valid information in all fields except the mode bits in
 496 .IR st_mode .
 497 .PP
 498 Use of the
 499 .I st_blocks
 500 and
 501 .I st_blksize
 502 fields may be less portable.
 503 (They were introduced in BSD.
 504 The interpretation differs between systems,
 505 and possibly on a single system when NFS mounts are involved.)
 506 .SH NOTES
 507 .SS Timestamp fields
 508 Older kernels and older standards did not support nanosecond timestamp
 509 fields.
 510 Instead, there were three timestamp
 511 .RI fields\(em st_atime ,
 512 .IR st_mtime ,
 513 and
 514 .IR st_ctime \(emtyped
 515 as
 516 .IR time_t
 517 that recorded timestamps with one-second precision.
 518 .PP
 519 Since kernel 2.5.48, the
 520 .I stat
 521 structure supports nanosecond resolution for the three file timestamp fields.
 522 The nanosecond components of each timestamp are available
 523 via names of the form
 524 .IR st_atim.tv_nsec ,
 525 if suitable feature test macros are defined.
 526 Nanosecond timestamps were standardized in POSIX.1-2008,
 527 and, starting with version 2.12,
 528 glibc exposes the nanosecond component names if
 529 .BR _POSIX_C_SOURCE
 530 is defined with the value 200809L or greater, or
 531 .BR _XOPEN_SOURCE
 532 is defined with the value 700 or greater.
 533 Up to and including glibc 2.19,
 534 the definitions of the nanoseconds components are also defined if
 535 .B _BSD_SOURCE
 536 or
 537 .B _SVID_SOURCE
 538 is defined.
 539 If none of the aforementioned macros are defined,
 540 then the nanosecond values are exposed with names of the form
 541 .IR st_atimensec .
 542 .\"
 543 .SS C library/kernel differences
 544 Over time, increases in the size of the
 545 .I stat
 546 structure have led to three successive versions of
 547 .BR stat ():
 548 .IR sys_stat ()
 549 (slot
 550 .IR __NR_oldstat ),
 551 .IR sys_newstat ()
 552 (slot
 553 .IR __NR_stat ),
 554 and
 555 .I sys_stat64()
 556 (slot
 557 .IR __NR_stat64 )
 558 on 32-bit platforms such as i386.
 559 The first two versions were already present in Linux 1.0
 560 (albeit with different names);
 561 .\" See include/asm-i386/stat.h in the Linux 2.4 source code for the
 562 .\" various versions of the structure definitions
 563 the last was added in Linux 2.4.
 564 Similar remarks apply for
 565 .BR fstat ()
 566 and
 567 .BR lstat ().
 568 .PP
 569 The kernel-internal versions of the
 570 .I stat
 571 structure dealt with by the different versions are, respectively:
 572 .TP
 573 .IR __old_kernel_stat
 574 The original structure, with rather narrow fields, and no padding.
 575 .TP
 576 .IR stat
 577 Larger
 578 .I st_ino
 579 field and padding added to various parts of the structure to
 580 allow for future expansion.
 581 .TP
 582 .IR stat64
 583 Even larger
 584 .I st_ino
 585 field,
 586 larger
 587 .I st_uid
 588 and
 589 .I st_gid
 590 fields to accommodate the Linux-2.4 expansion of UIDs and GIDs to 32 bits,
 591 and various other enlarged fields and further padding in the structure.
 592 (Various padding bytes were eventually consumed in Linux 2.6,
 593 with the advent of 32-bit device IDs and nanosecond components
 594 for the timestamp fields.)
 595 .PP
 596 The glibc
 597 .BR stat ()
 598 wrapper function hides these details from applications,
 599 invoking the most recent version of the system call provided by the kernel,
 600 and repacking the returned information if required for old binaries.
 601 .\"
 602 .\" A note from Andries Brouwer, July 2007
 603 .\"
 604 .\" > Is the story not rather more complicated for some calls like
 605 .\" > stat(2)?
 606 .\"
 607 .\" Yes and no, mostly no. See /usr/include/sys/stat.h .
 608 .\"
 609 .\" The idea is here not so much that syscalls change, but that
 610 .\" the definitions of struct stat and of the types dev_t and mode_t change.
 611 .\" This means that libc (even if it does not call the kernel
 612 .\" but only calls some internal function) must know what the
 613 .\" format of dev_t or of struct stat is.
 614 .\" The communication between the application and libc goes via
 615 .\" the include file <sys/stat.h> that defines a _STAT_VER and
 616 .\" _MKNOD_VER describing the layout of the data that user space
 617 .\" uses. Each (almost each) occurrence of stat() is replaced by
 618 .\" an occurrence of xstat() where the first parameter of xstat()
 619 .\" is this version number _STAT_VER.
 620 .\"
 621 .\" Now, also the definitions used by the kernel change.
 622 .\" But glibc copes with this in the standard way, and the
 623 .\" struct stat as returned by the kernel is repacked into
 624 .\" the struct stat as expected by the application.
 625 .\" Thus, _STAT_VER and this setup cater for the application-libc
 626 .\" interface, rather than the libc-kernel interface.
 627 .\"
 628 .\" (Note that the details depend on gcc being used as c compiler.)
 629 .PP
 630 On modern 64-bit systems, life is simpler: there is a single
 631 .BR stat ()
 632 system call and the kernel deals with a
 633 .I stat
 634 structure that contains fields of a sufficient size.
 635 .PP
 636 The underlying system call employed by the glibc
 637 .BR fstatat ()
 638 wrapper function is actually called
 639 .BR fstatat64 ()
 640 or, on some architectures,
 641 .\" strace(1) shows the name "newfstatat" on x86-64
 642 .BR newfstatat ().
 643 .SH EXAMPLE
 644 The following program calls
 645 .BR lstat ()
 646 and displays selected fields in the returned
 647 .I stat
 648 structure.
 649 .PP
 650 .EX
 651 #include <sys/types.h>
 652 #include <sys/stat.h>
 653 #include <time.h>
 654 #include <stdio.h>
 655 #include <stdlib.h>
 656 #include <sys/sysmacros.h>
 657
 658 int
 659 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 660 {
 661     struct stat sb;
 662
 663     if (argc != 2) {
 664         fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pathname>\en", argv[0]);
 665         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 666     }
 667
 668     if (lstat(argv[1], &sb) == \-1) {
 669         perror("lstat");
 670         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 671     }
 672
 673     printf("ID of containing device:  [%lx,%lx]\en",
 674             (long) major(sb.st_dev), (long) minor(sb.st_dev));
 675
 676     printf("File type:                ");
 677
 678     switch (sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) {
 679     case S_IFBLK:  printf("block device\en");            break;
 680     case S_IFCHR:  printf("character device\en");        break;
 681     case S_IFDIR:  printf("directory\en");               break;
 682     case S_IFIFO:  printf("FIFO/pipe\en");               break;
 683     case S_IFLNK:  printf("symlink\en");                 break;
 684     case S_IFREG:  printf("regular file\en");            break;
 685     case S_IFSOCK: printf("socket\en");                  break;
 686     default:       printf("unknown?\en");                break;
 687     }
 688
 689     printf("I\-node number:            %ld\en", (long) sb.st_ino);
 690
 691     printf("Mode:                     %lo (octal)\en",
 692             (unsigned long) sb.st_mode);
 693
 694     printf("Link count:               %ld\en", (long) sb.st_nlink);
 695     printf("Ownership:                UID=%ld   GID=%ld\en",
 696             (long) sb.st_uid, (long) sb.st_gid);
 697
 698     printf("Preferred I/O block size: %ld bytes\en",
 699             (long) sb.st_blksize);
 700     printf("File size:                %lld bytes\en",
 701             (long long) sb.st_size);
 702     printf("Blocks allocated:         %lld\en",
 703             (long long) sb.st_blocks);
 704
 705     printf("Last status change:       %s", ctime(&sb.st_ctime));
 706     printf("Last file access:         %s", ctime(&sb.st_atime));
 707     printf("Last file modification:   %s", ctime(&sb.st_mtime));
 708
 709     exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 710 }
 711 .EE
 712 .SH SEE ALSO
 713 .BR ls (1),
 714 .BR stat (1),
 715 .BR access (2),
 716 .BR chmod (2),
 717 .BR chown (2),
 718 .BR readlink (2),
 719 .BR statx (2),
 720 .BR utime (2),
 721 .BR capabilities (7),
 722 .BR inode (7),
 723 .BR symlink (7)