man3/getaddrinfo_a.3

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  28 .\"     http://www.imperialviolet.org/2005/06/01/asynchronous-dns-lookups-with-glibc.html
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  30 .TH GETADDRINFO_A 3 2019-03-06 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
  31 .SH NAME
  32 getaddrinfo_a, gai_suspend, gai_error, gai_cancel \- asynchronous
  33 network address and service translation
  34 .SH SYNOPSIS
  35 .nf
  36 .BR "#define _GNU_SOURCE" "         /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
  37 .B #include <netdb.h>
  38 .PP
  39 .BI "int getaddrinfo_a(int " "mode" ", struct gaicb *" "list[]" ,
  40 .BI "                int " "nitems" ", struct sigevent *" "sevp" );
  41 .PP
  42 .BI "int gai_suspend(const struct gaicb * const " "list[]" ", int " "nitems" ,
  43 .BI "                const struct timespec *" "timeout" );
  44 .PP
  45 .BI "int gai_error(struct gaicb *" "req" );
  46 .PP
  47 .BI "int gai_cancel(struct gaicb *" "req" );
  48 .PP
  49 Link with \fI\-lanl\fP.
  50 .fi
  51 .SH DESCRIPTION
  52 The
  53 .BR getaddrinfo_a ()
  54 function performs the same task as
  55 .BR getaddrinfo (3),
  56 but allows multiple name look-ups to be performed asynchronously,
  57 with optional notification on completion of look-up operations.
  58 .PP
  59 The
  60 .I mode
  61 argument has one of the following values:
  62 .TP
  63 .B GAI_WAIT
  64 Perform the look-ups synchronously.
  65 The call blocks until the look-ups have completed.
  66 .TP
  67 .B GAI_NOWAIT
  68 Perform the look-ups asynchronously.
  69 The call returns immediately,
  70 and the requests are resolved in the background.
  71 See the discussion of the
  72 .I sevp
  73 argument below.
  74 .PP
  75 The array
  76 .I list
  77 specifies the look-up requests to process.
  78 The
  79 .I nitems
  80 argument specifies the number of elements in
  81 .IR list .
  82 The requested look-up operations are started in parallel.
  83 NULL elements in
  84 .I list
  85 are ignored.
  86 Each request is described by a
  87 .I gaicb
  88 structure, defined as follows:
  89 .PP
  90 .in +4n
  91 .EX
  92 struct gaicb {
  93     const char            *ar_name;
  94     const char            *ar_service;
  95     const struct addrinfo *ar_request;
  96     struct addrinfo       *ar_result;
  97 };
  98 .EE
  99 .in
 100 .PP
 101 The elements of this structure correspond to the arguments of
 102 .BR getaddrinfo (3).
 103 Thus,
 104 .I ar_name
 105 corresponds to the
 106 .I node
 107 argument and
 108 .I ar_service
 109 to the
 110 .I service
 111 argument, identifying an Internet host and a service.
 112 The
 113 .I ar_request
 114 element corresponds to the
 115 .I hints
 116 argument, specifying the criteria for selecting
 117 the returned socket address structures.
 118 Finally,
 119 .I ar_result
 120 corresponds to the
 121 .I res
 122 argument; you do not need to initialize this element,
 123 it will be automatically set when the request
 124 is resolved.
 125 The
 126 .I addrinfo
 127 structure referenced by the last two elements is described in
 128 .BR getaddrinfo (3).
 129 .PP
 130 When
 131 .I mode
 132 is specified as
 133 .BR GAI_NOWAIT ,
 134 notifications about resolved requests
 135 can be obtained by employing the
 136 .I sigevent
 137 structure pointed to by the
 138 .I sevp
 139 argument.
 140 For the definition and general details of this structure, see
 141 .BR sigevent (7).
 142 The
 143 .I sevp\->sigev_notify
 144 field can have the following values:
 145 .TP
 146 .BR SIGEV_NONE
 147 Don't provide any notification.
 148 .TP
 149 .BR SIGEV_SIGNAL
 150 When a look-up completes, generate the signal
 151 .I sigev_signo
 152 for the process.
 153 See
 154 .BR sigevent (7)
 155 for general details.
 156 The
 157 .I si_code
 158 field of the
 159 .I siginfo_t
 160 structure will be set to
 161 .BR SI_ASYNCNL .
 162 .\" si_pid and si_uid are also set, to the values of the calling process,
 163 .\" which doesn't provide useful information, so we'll skip mentioning it.
 164 .TP
 165 .BR SIGEV_THREAD
 166 When a look-up completes, invoke
 167 .I sigev_notify_function
 168 as if it were the start function of a new thread.
 169 See
 170 .BR sigevent (7)
 171 for details.
 172 .PP
 173 For
 174 .BR SIGEV_SIGNAL
 175 and
 176 .BR SIGEV_THREAD ,
 177 it may be useful to point
 178 .IR sevp\->sigev_value.sival_ptr
 179 to
 180 .IR list .
 181 .PP
 182 The
 183 .BR gai_suspend ()
 184 function suspends execution of the calling thread,
 185 waiting for the completion of one or more requests in the array
 186 .IR list .
 187 The
 188 .I nitems
 189 argument specifies the size of the array
 190 .IR list .
 191 The call blocks until one of the following occurs:
 192 .IP * 3
 193 One or more of the operations in
 194 .I list
 195 completes.
 196 .IP *
 197 The call is interrupted by a signal that is caught.
 198 .IP *
 199 The time interval specified in
 200 .I timeout
 201 elapses.
 202 This argument specifies a timeout in seconds plus nanoseconds (see
 203 .BR nanosleep (2)
 204 for details of the
 205 .I timespec
 206 structure).
 207 If
 208 .I timeout
 209 is NULL, then the call blocks indefinitely
 210 (until one of the events above occurs).
 211 .PP
 212 No explicit indication of which request was completed is given;
 213 you must determine which request(s) have completed by iterating with
 214 .BR gai_error ()
 215 over the list of requests.
 216 .PP
 217 The
 218 .BR gai_error ()
 219 function returns the status of the request
 220 .IR req :
 221 either
 222 .B EAI_INPROGRESS
 223 if the request was not completed yet,
 224 0 if it was handled successfully,
 225 or an error code if the request could not be resolved.
 226 .PP
 227 The
 228 .BR gai_cancel ()
 229 function cancels the request
 230 .IR req .
 231 If the request has been canceled successfully,
 232 the error status of the request will be set to
 233 .B EAI_CANCELED
 234 and normal asynchronous notification will be performed.
 235 The request cannot be canceled if it is currently being processed;
 236 in that case, it will be handled as if
 237 .BR gai_cancel ()
 238 has never been called.
 239 If
 240 .I req
 241 is NULL, an attempt is made to cancel all outstanding requests
 242 that the process has made.
 243 .SH RETURN VALUE
 244 The
 245 .BR getaddrinfo_a ()
 246 function returns 0 if all of the requests have been enqueued successfully,
 247 or one of the following nonzero error codes:
 248 .TP
 249 .B EAI_AGAIN
 250 The resources necessary to enqueue the look-up requests were not available.
 251 The application may check the error status of each
 252 request to determine which ones failed.
 253 .TP
 254 .B EAI_MEMORY
 255 Out of memory.
 256 .TP
 257 .B EAI_SYSTEM
 258 .I mode
 259 is invalid.
 260 .PP
 261 The
 262 .BR gai_suspend ()
 263 function returns 0 if at least one of the listed requests has been completed.
 264 Otherwise, it returns one of the following nonzero error codes:
 265 .TP
 266 .B EAI_AGAIN
 267 The given timeout expired before any of the requests could be completed.
 268 .TP
 269 .B EAI_ALLDONE
 270 There were no actual requests given to the function.
 271 .TP
 272 .B EAI_INTR
 273 A signal has interrupted the function.
 274 Note that this interruption might have been
 275 caused by signal notification of some completed look-up request.
 276 .PP
 277 The
 278 .BR gai_error ()
 279 function can return
 280 .B EAI_INPROGRESS
 281 for an unfinished look-up request,
 282 0 for a successfully completed look-up
 283 (as described above), one of the error codes that could be returned by
 284 .BR getaddrinfo (3),
 285 or the error code
 286 .B EAI_CANCELED
 287 if the request has been canceled explicitly before it could be finished.
 288 .PP
 289 The
 290 .BR gai_cancel ()
 291 function can return one of these values:
 292 .TP
 293 .B EAI_CANCELED
 294 The request has been canceled successfully.
 295 .TP
 296 .B EAI_NOTCANCELED
 297 The request has not been canceled.
 298 .TP
 299 .B EAI_ALLDONE
 300 The request has already completed.
 301 .PP
 302 The
 303 .BR gai_strerror (3)
 304 function translates these error codes to a human readable string,
 305 suitable for error reporting.
 306 .SH ATTRIBUTES
 307 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
 308 .BR attributes (7).
 309 .TS
 310 allbox;
 311 lbw31 lb lb
 312 l l l.
 313 Interface       Attribute       Value
 314 T{
 315 .BR getaddrinfo_a (),
 316 .BR gai_suspend (),
 317 .BR gai_error (),
 318 .BR gai_cancel ()
 319 T}      Thread safety   MT-Safe
 320 .TE
 321 .sp 1
 322 .SH CONFORMING TO
 323 These functions are GNU extensions;
 324 they first appeared in glibc in version 2.2.3.
 325 .SH NOTES
 326 The interface of
 327 .BR getaddrinfo_a ()
 328 was modeled after the
 329 .BR lio_listio (3)
 330 interface.
 331 .SH EXAMPLE
 332 Two examples are provided: a simple example that resolves
 333 several requests in parallel synchronously, and a complex example
 334 showing some of the asynchronous capabilities.
 335 .SS Synchronous example
 336 The program below simply resolves several hostnames in parallel,
 337 giving a speed-up compared to resolving the hostnames sequentially using
 338 .BR getaddrinfo (3).
 339 The program might be used like this:
 340 .PP
 341 .in +4n
 342 .EX
 343 $ \fB./a.out ftp.us.kernel.org enoent.linuxfoundation.org gnu.cz\fP
 344 ftp.us.kernel.org: 128.30.2.36
 345 enoent.linuxfoundation.org: Name or service not known
 346 gnu.cz: 87.236.197.13
 347 .EE
 348 .in
 349 .PP
 350 Here is the program source code
 351 .PP
 352 .EX
 353 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 354 #include <netdb.h>
 355 #include <stdio.h>
 356 #include <stdlib.h>
 357 #include <string.h>
 358
 359 int
 360 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 361 {
 362     int i, ret;
 363     struct gaicb *reqs[argc \- 1];
 364     char host[NI_MAXHOST];
 365     struct addrinfo *res;
 366
 367     if (argc < 2) {
 368         fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s HOST...\en", argv[0]);
 369         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 370     }
 371
 372     for (i = 0; i < argc \- 1; i++) {
 373         reqs[i] = malloc(sizeof(*reqs[0]));
 374         if (reqs[i] == NULL) {
 375             perror("malloc");
 376             exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 377         }
 378         memset(reqs[i], 0, sizeof(*reqs[0]));
 379         reqs[i]\->ar_name = argv[i + 1];
 380     }
 381
 382     ret = getaddrinfo_a(GAI_WAIT, reqs, argc \- 1, NULL);
 383     if (ret != 0) {
 384         fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo_a() failed: %s\en",
 385                 gai_strerror(ret));
 386         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 387     }
 388
 389     for (i = 0; i < argc \- 1; i++) {
 390         printf("%s: ", reqs[i]\->ar_name);
 391         ret = gai_error(reqs[i]);
 392         if (ret == 0) {
 393             res = reqs[i]\->ar_result;
 394
 395             ret = getnameinfo(res\->ai_addr, res\->ai_addrlen,
 396                     host, sizeof(host),
 397                     NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);
 398             if (ret != 0) {
 399                 fprintf(stderr, "getnameinfo() failed: %s\en",
 400                         gai_strerror(ret));
 401                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 402             }
 403             puts(host);
 404
 405         } else {
 406             puts(gai_strerror(ret));
 407         }
 408     }
 409     exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 410 }
 411 .EE
 412 .SS Asynchronous example
 413 This example shows a simple interactive
 414 .BR getaddrinfo_a ()
 415 front-end.
 416 The notification facility is not demonstrated.
 417 .PP
 418 An example session might look like this:
 419 .PP
 420 .in +4n
 421 .EX
 422 $ \fB./a.out\fP
 423 > a ftp.us.kernel.org enoent.linuxfoundation.org gnu.cz
 424 > c 2
 425 [2] gnu.cz: Request not canceled
 426 > w 0 1
 427 [00] ftp.us.kernel.org: Finished
 428 > l
 429 [00] ftp.us.kernel.org: 216.165.129.139
 430 [01] enoent.linuxfoundation.org: Processing request in progress
 431 [02] gnu.cz: 87.236.197.13
 432 > l
 433 [00] ftp.us.kernel.org: 216.165.129.139
 434 [01] enoent.linuxfoundation.org: Name or service not known
 435 [02] gnu.cz: 87.236.197.13
 436 .EE
 437 .in
 438 .PP
 439 The program source is as follows:
 440 .PP
 441 .EX
 442 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 443 #include <netdb.h>
 444 #include <stdio.h>
 445 #include <stdlib.h>
 446 #include <string.h>
 447
 448 static struct gaicb **reqs = NULL;
 449 static int nreqs = 0;
 450
 451 static char *
 452 getcmd(void)
 453 {
 454     static char buf[256];
 455
 456     fputs("> ", stdout); fflush(stdout);
 457     if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL)
 458         return NULL;
 459
 460     if (buf[strlen(buf) \- 1] == \(aq\en\(aq)
 461         buf[strlen(buf) \- 1] = 0;
 462
 463     return buf;
 464 }
 465
 466 /* Add requests for specified hostnames */
 467 static void
 468 add_requests(void)
 469 {
 470     int nreqs_base = nreqs;
 471     char *host;
 472     int ret;
 473
 474     while ((host = strtok(NULL, " "))) {
 475         nreqs++;
 476         reqs = realloc(reqs, nreqs * sizeof(reqs[0]));
 477
 478         reqs[nreqs \- 1] = calloc(1, sizeof(*reqs[0]));
 479         reqs[nreqs \- 1]\->ar_name = strdup(host);
 480     }
 481
 482     /* Queue nreqs_base..nreqs requests. */
 483
 484     ret = getaddrinfo_a(GAI_NOWAIT, &reqs[nreqs_base],
 485                         nreqs \- nreqs_base, NULL);
 486     if (ret) {
 487         fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo_a() failed: %s\en",
 488                 gai_strerror(ret));
 489         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 490     }
 491 }
 492
 493 /* Wait until at least one of specified requests completes */
 494 static void
 495 wait_requests(void)
 496 {
 497     char *id;
 498     int i, ret, n;
 499     struct gaicb const **wait_reqs = calloc(nreqs, sizeof(*wait_reqs));
 500                 /* NULL elements are ignored by gai_suspend(). */
 501
 502     while ((id = strtok(NULL, " ")) != NULL) {
 503         n = atoi(id);
 504
 505         if (n >= nreqs) {
 506             printf("Bad request number: %s\en", id);
 507             return;
 508         }
 509
 510         wait_reqs[n] = reqs[n];
 511     }
 512
 513     ret = gai_suspend(wait_reqs, nreqs, NULL);
 514     if (ret) {
 515         printf("gai_suspend(): %s\en", gai_strerror(ret));
 516         return;
 517     }
 518
 519     for (i = 0; i < nreqs; i++) {
 520         if (wait_reqs[i] == NULL)
 521             continue;
 522
 523         ret = gai_error(reqs[i]);
 524         if (ret == EAI_INPROGRESS)
 525             continue;
 526
 527         printf("[%02d] %s: %s\en", i, reqs[i]\->ar_name,
 528                ret == 0 ? "Finished" : gai_strerror(ret));
 529     }
 530 }
 531
 532 /* Cancel specified requests */
 533 static void
 534 cancel_requests(void)
 535 {
 536     char *id;
 537     int ret, n;
 538
 539     while ((id = strtok(NULL, " ")) != NULL) {
 540         n = atoi(id);
 541
 542         if (n >= nreqs) {
 543             printf("Bad request number: %s\en", id);
 544             return;
 545         }
 546
 547         ret = gai_cancel(reqs[n]);
 548         printf("[%s] %s: %s\en", id, reqs[atoi(id)]\->ar_name,
 549                gai_strerror(ret));
 550     }
 551 }
 552
 553 /* List all requests */
 554 static void
 555 list_requests(void)
 556 {
 557     int i, ret;
 558     char host[NI_MAXHOST];
 559     struct addrinfo *res;
 560
 561     for (i = 0; i < nreqs; i++) {
 562         printf("[%02d] %s: ", i, reqs[i]\->ar_name);
 563         ret = gai_error(reqs[i]);
 564
 565         if (!ret) {
 566             res = reqs[i]\->ar_result;
 567
 568             ret = getnameinfo(res\->ai_addr, res\->ai_addrlen,
 569                               host, sizeof(host),
 570                               NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);
 571             if (ret) {
 572                 fprintf(stderr, "getnameinfo() failed: %s\en",
 573                         gai_strerror(ret));
 574                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 575             }
 576             puts(host);
 577         } else {
 578             puts(gai_strerror(ret));
 579         }
 580     }
 581 }
 582
 583 int
 584 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 585 {
 586     char *cmdline;
 587     char *cmd;
 588
 589     while ((cmdline = getcmd()) != NULL) {
 590         cmd = strtok(cmdline, " ");
 591
 592         if (cmd == NULL) {
 593             list_requests();
 594         } else {
 595             switch (cmd[0]) {
 596             case \(aqa\(aq:
 597                 add_requests();
 598                 break;
 599             case \(aqw\(aq:
 600                 wait_requests();
 601                 break;
 602             case \(aqc\(aq:
 603                 cancel_requests();
 604                 break;
 605             case \(aql\(aq:
 606                 list_requests();
 607                 break;
 608             default:
 609                 fprintf(stderr, "Bad command: %c\en", cmd[0]);
 610                 break;
 611             }
 612         }
 613     }
 614     exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 615 }
 616 .EE
 617 .SH SEE ALSO
 618 .BR getaddrinfo (3),
 619 .BR inet (3),
 620 .BR lio_listio (3),
 621 .BR hostname (7),
 622 .BR ip (7),
 623 .BR sigevent (7)