Otherwise, it is 127 if
.I command
could not be found, 126 if it could be found but could not be invoked,
-and some other nonzero value (1\(en125) if something else went wrong.
+and some other nonzero value (1\[en]125) if something else went wrong.
.SH ENVIRONMENT
The variables
.BR LANG ,
where
.IP
.I X
-is 0\(en6, which are the number of arguments taken by the
+is 0\[en]6, which are the number of arguments taken by the
system call
.IP
.I type
and
.IR /proc/[pid]/smaps .
.PP
-B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128\(en129 and 389\(en391.
+B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128\[en]129 and 389\[en]391.
.\"
.\" Repeat after me: private read-only mappings are 100% equivalent to
.\" shared read-only mappings. No ifs, buts, or maybes. -- Linus
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR mmap (2)
.PP
-B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128\(en129 and 389\(en391.
+B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128\[en]129 and 389\[en]391.
.I event
may contain the value
.I config1:1,6\-10,44
-which indicates that event is an attribute that occupies bits 1,6\(en10, and 44
+which indicates that event is an attribute that occupies bits 1,6\[en]10, and 44
of
.IR perf_event_attr::config1 .
.TP
of a kernel fault (the 10 and 15 are just silly, and equivalent to 8).
The value of
.I console_loglevel
-can be set (to a value in the range 1\(en8) by a
+can be set (to a value in the range 1\[en]8) by a
.BR syslog ()
call with a
.I type
then
.BR fmtmsg ()
will also accept the indicated values for the level (in addition to
-the standard levels 0\(en4), and use the indicated printstring when
+the standard levels 0\[en]4), and use the indicated printstring when
such a level occurs.
.PP
The severity-keyword part is not used by
.B NI_DGRAM
If set, then the service is datagram (UDP) based rather than
stream (TCP) based.
-This is required for the few ports (512\(en514)
+This is required for the few ports (512\[en]514)
that have different services for UDP and TCP.
.TP
.B NI_NOFQDN
and returns the value returned by that function.
The range of possible values
.I signum
-varies (often 1\(en15 or 1\(en17).
+varies (often 1\[en]15 or 1\[en]17).
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.RB ( %EX
conversion specification).
.TP
-.BR DAY_ "{1\(en7} (LC_TIME)"
+.BR DAY_ "{1\[en]7} (LC_TIME)"
Return name of the \fIn\fP-th day of the week.
[Warning: this follows
the US convention DAY_1 = Sunday, not the international convention
.BR strftime (3)
conversion specification.)
.TP
-.BR ABDAY_ "{1\(en7} (LC_TIME)"
+.BR ABDAY_ "{1\[en]7} (LC_TIME)"
Return abbreviated name of the \fIn\fP-th day of the week.
(Used in
.B %a
.BR strftime (3)
conversion specification.)
.TP
-.BR MON_ "{1\(en12} (LC_TIME)"
+.BR MON_ "{1\[en]12} (LC_TIME)"
Return name of the \fIn\fP-th month.
(Used in
.B %B
.BR strftime (3)
conversion specification.)
.TP
-.BR ABMON_ "{1\(en12} (LC_TIME)"
+.BR ABMON_ "{1\[en]12} (LC_TIME)"
Return abbreviated name of the \fIn\fP-th month.
(Used in
.B %b
(The specific names used in the current locale can be obtained by calling
.BR nl_langinfo (3)
with
-.BR ABDAY_ { 1 \(en 7 }
+.BR ABDAY_ { 1 \[en] 7 }
as an argument.)
.TP
.B %A
(The specific names used in the current locale can be obtained by calling
.BR nl_langinfo (3)
with
-.BR DAY_ { 1 \(en 7 }
+.BR DAY_ { 1 \[en] 7 }
as an argument.)
.TP
.B %b
(The specific names used in the current locale can be obtained by calling
.BR nl_langinfo (3)
with
-.BR ABMON_ { 1 \(en 12 }
+.BR ABMON_ { 1 \[en] 12 }
as an argument.)
.TP
.B %B
(The specific names used in the current locale can be obtained by calling
.BR nl_langinfo (3)
with
-.BR MON_ { 1 \(en 12 }
+.BR MON_ { 1 \[en] 12 }
as an argument.)
.TP
.B %c
.B %g
Like
.BR %G ,
-but without century, that is, with a 2-digit year (00\(en99). (TZ)
+but without century, that is, with a 2-digit year (00\[en]99). (TZ)
(Calculated from
.IR tm_year ,
.IR tm_yday ,
The date and time representation for the current locale.
.TP
.B %C
-The century number (0\(en99).
+The century number (0\[en]99).
.TP
.BR %d " or " %e
-The day of month (1\(en31).
+The day of month (1\[en]31).
.TP
.B %D
Equivalent to
.BR %Y\-%m\-%d .)
.TP
.B %H
-The hour (0\(en23).
+The hour (0\[en]23).
.TP
.B %I
-The hour on a 12-hour clock (1\(en12).
+The hour on a 12-hour clock (1\[en]12).
.TP
.B %j
-The day number in the year (1\(en366).
+The day number in the year (1\[en]366).
.TP
.B %m
-The month number (1\(en12).
+The month number (1\[en]12).
.TP
.B %M
-The minute (0\(en59).
+The minute (0\[en]59).
.TP
.B %n
Arbitrary whitespace.
.BR %H:%M .
.TP
.B %S
-The second (0\(en60; 60 may occur for leap seconds;
+The second (0\[en]60; 60 may occur for leap seconds;
earlier also 61 was allowed).
.TP
.B %t
.BR %H:%M:%S .
.TP
.B %U
-The week number with Sunday the first day of the week (0\(en53).
+The week number with Sunday the first day of the week (0\[en]53).
The first Sunday of January is the first day of week 1.
.TP
.B %w
-The ordinal number of the day of the week (0\(en6), with Sunday = 0.
+The ordinal number of the day of the week (0\[en]6), with Sunday = 0.
.TP
.B %W
-The week number with Monday the first day of the week (0\(en53).
+The week number with Monday the first day of the week (0\[en]53).
The first Monday of January is the first day of week 1.
.TP
.B %x
The time, using the locale's time format.
.TP
.B %y
-The year within century (0\(en99).
-When a century is not otherwise specified, values in the range 69\(en99 refer
-to years in the twentieth century (1969\(en1999); values in the
-range 00\(en68 refer to years in the twenty-first century (2000\(en2068).
+The year within century (0\[en]99).
+When a century is not otherwise specified, values in the range 69\[en]99 refer
+to years in the twentieth century (1969\[en]1999); values in the
+range 00\[en]68 refer to years in the twenty-first century (2000\[en]2068).
.TP
.B %Y
The year, including century (for example, 1991).
The \[aq]y\[aq] (year in century) specification is taken to specify a year
.\" in the 20th century by libc4 and libc5.
.\" It is taken to be a year
-in the range 1950\(en2049 by glibc 2.0.
+in the range 1950\[en]2049 by glibc 2.0.
It is taken to be a year in
-1969\(en2068 since glibc 2.1.
+1969\[en]2068 since glibc 2.1.
.\" In libc4 and libc5 the code for %I is broken (fixed in glibc;
.\" %OI was fixed in glibc 2.2.4).
.SS glibc notes
.TP
.B %g
The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century
-(0\(en99).
+(0\[en]99).
.TP
.B %G
The year corresponding to the ISO week number.
(For example, 1991.)
.TP
.B %u
-The day of the week as a decimal number (1\(en7, where Monday = 1).
+The day of the week as a decimal number (1\[en]7, where Monday = 1).
.TP
.B %V
-The ISO 8601:1988 week number as a decimal number (1\(en53).
+The ISO 8601:1988 week number as a decimal number (1\[en]53).
If the week (starting on Monday) containing 1 January has four or more days
in the new year, then it is considered week 1.
Otherwise, it is the last week
1b (ESC), 7f (DEL).
One can set a "display control characters" mode (see below),
and allow 07, 09, 0b, 18, 1a, 7f to be displayed as glyphs.
-On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all codes 00\(en1f are regarded
+On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all codes 00\[en]1f are regarded
as control characters, regardless of any "display control characters"
mode.
.PP
ESC ] R Reset palette.
ESC ] P T{
Set palette, with parameter given in 7 hexadecimal digits \fInrrggbb\fP after
-the final P. Here \fIn\fP is the color (0\(en15), and \fIrrggbb\fP indicates
-the red/green/blue values (0\(en255).
+the final P. Here \fIn\fP is the color (0\[en]15), and \fIrrggbb\fP indicates
+the red/green/blue values (0\[en]255).
T}
.TE
.ad
They are native to the Linux console driver.
Colors are in SGR parameters:
0 = black, 1 = red, 2 = green, 3 = brown, 4 = blue, 5 = magenta, 6 =
-cyan, 7 = white; 8\(en15 = bright versions of 0\(en7.
+cyan, 7 = white; 8\[en]15 = bright versions of 0\[en]7.
.TS
l lx.
ESC [ 1 ; \fIn\fP ] T{
Partition numbers are assigned in the order the partitions
are discovered, and only nonempty, nonextended partitions
get a number.
-However, partition numbers 1\(en4 are given to the
+However, partition numbers 1\[en]4 are given to the
four partitions described in the MBR (the "primary" partitions),
regardless of whether they are unused or extended.
Thus, the first logical partition will be
.B #include <linux/lp.h>
.fi
.SH CONFIGURATION
-\fBlp\fP[0\(en2] are character devices for the parallel line printers;
-they have major number 6 and minor number 0\(en2.
+\fBlp\fP[0\[en]2] are character devices for the parallel line printers;
+they have major number 6 and minor number 0\[en]2.
The minor numbers
correspond to the printer port base addresses 0x03bc, 0x0378, and 0x0278.
Usually they have mode 220 and are owned by user
.IP \(bu 3
partition 0 is the whole drive
.IP \(bu
-partitions 1\(en4 are the DOS "primary" partitions
+partitions 1\[en]4 are the DOS "primary" partitions
.IP \(bu
-partitions 5\(en8 are the DOS "extended" (or "logical") partitions
+partitions 5\[en]8 are the DOS "extended" (or "logical") partitions
.PP
For example,
.I /dev/sda
handle one or more interfaces with a high network load,
which\(emas a consequence\(emleads also to a high CPU utilization.
When moderation is applied in such high network load situations,
-CPU load might be reduced by 20\(en30% on slow computers.
+CPU load might be reduced by 20\[en]30% on slow computers.
.IP
Note that the drawback of using interrupt moderation is an increase of
the round-trip-time (RTT), due to the queuing and serving of
bit is always zero.
If the value is one, the TapeAlert data defined
in the SCSI-3 standard is used (not yet implemented).
-Values 2\(en17 are
+Values 2\[en]17 are
reserved.
If the lowest eight bits are >= 18, bits from the extended
sense data are used.
-The bits 9\(en16 specify a mask to select the bits
-to look at and the bits 17\(en23 specify the bit pattern to look for.
+The bits 9\[en]16 specify a mask to select the bits
+to look at and the bits 17\[en]23 specify the bit pattern to look for.
If the bit pattern is zero, one or more bits under the mask indicate
the cleaning request.
If the pattern is nonzero, the pattern must match
61 (since Linux 3.5)
The page is a file-mapped page or a shared anonymous page.
.TP
-60\(en58 (since Linux 3.11)
+60\[en]58 (since Linux 3.11)
Zero
.\" Not quite true; see commit 541c237c0923f567c9c4cabb8a81635baadc713f
.TP
(see the kernel source file
.IR Documentation/admin\-guide/mm/soft\-dirty.rst ).
.TP
-54\(en0
+54\[en]0
If the page is present in RAM (bit 63), then these bits
provide the page frame number, which can be used to index
.I /proc/kpageflags
and
.IR /proc/kpagecount .
If the page is present in swap (bit 62),
-then bits 4\(en0 give the swap type, and bits 54\(en5 encode the swap offset.
+then bits 4\[en]0 give the swap type, and bits 54\[en]5 encode the swap offset.
.RE
.IP
-Before Linux 3.11, bits 60\(en55 were
+Before Linux 3.11, bits 60\[en]55 were
used to encode the base-2 log of the page size.
.IP
To employ
.B CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR
kernel configuration option is enabled.
.TP
-.IR /proc/ksyms " (Linux 1.1.23\(en2.5.47)"
+.IR /proc/ksyms " (Linux 1.1.23\[en]2.5.47)"
See
.IR /proc/kallsyms .
.TP
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/inode\-max " (only present until Linux 2.2)"
This file contains the maximum number of in-memory inodes.
-This value should be 3\(en4 times larger
+This value should be 3\[en]4 times larger
than the value in
.IR file\-max ,
since \fIstdin\fP, \fIstdout\fP
.IR /dev/XXYN ,
where XX designates
the device type (e.g., 'hd' for ST-506 compatible hard disk, with Y in
-\&'a'\(en'd'; 'sd' for SCSI compatible disk, with Y in 'a'\(en'e'),
+\&'a'\[en]'d'; 'sd' for SCSI compatible disk, with Y in 'a'\[en]'e'),
Y the driver letter or
number, and N the number (in decimal) of the partition on this device.
.IP
.B "IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters"
The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk
geometry specifications, to support for broken controller chips.
-Drive-specific options are specified by using 'hdX=' with X in 'a'\(en'h'.
+Drive-specific options are specified by using 'hdX=' with X in 'a'\[en]'h'.
.IP
Non-drive-specific options are specified with the prefix 'hd='.
Note that using a drive-specific prefix for a non-drive-specific option
.SS ISO 8859
ISO 8859 is a series of 15 8-bit character sets, all of which have ASCII
in their low (7-bit) half, invisible control characters in positions
-128 to 159, and 96 fixed-width graphics in positions 160\(en255.
+128 to 159, and 96 fixed-width graphics in positions 160\[en]255.
.PP
Of these, the most important is ISO 8859-1
("Latin Alphabet No. 1" / Latin-1).
(Big5 is both a character set and an encoding.)
It is a superset of ASCII.
Non-ASCII characters are expressed in two bytes.
-Bytes 0xa1\(en0xfe are used as leading bytes for two-byte characters.
+Bytes 0xa1\[en]0xfe are used as leading bytes for two-byte characters.
Big5 and its extension were widely used in Taiwan and Hong Kong.
It is not ISO 2022 compliant.
.\" Thanks to Tomohiro KUBOTA for the following sections about
Though there are some more Japanese national standard character sets (like
JIS X 0201, JIS X 0212, and JIS X 0213), this is the most important one.
Characters are mapped into a 94x94 two-byte matrix,
-whose each byte is in the range 0x21\(en0x7e.
+whose each byte is in the range 0x21\[en]0x7e.
Note that JIS X 0208 is a character set, not an encoding.
This means that JIS X 0208
itself is not used for expressing text data.
Each graphic character set has 94 or 96 characters, and is
essentially a 7-bit character set.
It uses codes either
-040\(en0177 (041\(en0176) or 0240\(en0377 (0241\(en0376).
-G0 always has size 94 and uses codes 041\(en0176.
+040\[en]0177 (041\[en]0176) or 0240\[en]0377 (0241\[en]0376).
+G0 always has size 94 and uses codes 041\[en]0176.
.PP
Switching between character sets is done using the shift functions
\fB\(haN\fP (SO or LS1), \fB\(haO\fP (SI or LS0), ESC n (LS2), ESC o (LS3),
TIS-620 is a Thai national standard character set and a superset
of ASCII.
In the same fashion as the ISO 8859 series, Thai characters are mapped into
-0xa1\(en0xfe.
+0xa1\[en]0xfe.
.SS Unicode
Unicode (ISO 10646) is a standard which aims to unambiguously represent
every character in every human language.
.IP (1) 5
Let's say we want to move the job in cpuset
.I alpha
-(CPUs 4\(en7 and memory nodes 2\(en3) to a new cpuset
+(CPUs 4\[en]7 and memory nodes 2\[en]3) to a new cpuset
.I beta
-(CPUs 16\(en19 and memory nodes 8\(en9).
+(CPUs 16\[en]19 and memory nodes 8\[en]9).
.IP (2)
First create the new cpuset
.IR beta .
.IP (3)
-Then allow CPUs 16\(en19 and memory nodes 8\(en9 in
+Then allow CPUs 16\[en]19 and memory nodes 8\[en]9 in
.IR beta .
.IP (4)
Then enable
.I alpha
to
.IR beta ,
-and any memory held by these processes on memory nodes 2\(en3 to memory
-nodes 8\(en9, respectively.
+and any memory held by these processes on memory nodes 2\[en]3 to memory
+nodes 8\[en]9, respectively.
.PP
Notice that the last step of the above sequence did not do:
.PP
characters and strings into the system character encoding and back
and
.BR wcwidth (3)
-tells how many positions (0\(en2) the cursor is advanced by the
+tells how many positions (0\[en]2) the cursor is advanced by the
output of a character.
.SS Private Use Areas (PUA)
In the Basic Multilingual Plane,
Only the shortest possible multibyte sequence
which can represent the code number of the character can be used.
.PP
-The UCS code values 0xd800\(en0xdfff (UTF-16 surrogates) as well as 0xfffe and
+The UCS code values 0xd800\[en]0xdfff (UTF-16 surrogates) as well as 0xfffe and
0xffff (UCS noncharacters) should not appear in conforming UTF-8 streams.
According to RFC 3629 no point above U+10FFFF should be used,
which limits characters to four bytes.
projects / thirdparty / man-pages.git / commitdiff
