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1 <?xml version='1.0'?>
2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
5 %entities;
6 ]>
7 <!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ -->
8
9 <refentry id="systemd.nspawn">
10
11 <refentryinfo>
12 <title>systemd.nspawn</title>
13 <productname>systemd</productname>
14 </refentryinfo>
15
16 <refmeta>
17 <refentrytitle>systemd.nspawn</refentrytitle>
18 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
19 </refmeta>
20
21 <refnamediv>
22 <refname>systemd.nspawn</refname>
23 <refpurpose>Container settings</refpurpose>
24 </refnamediv>
25
26 <refsynopsisdiv>
27 <para><filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.nspawn</filename></para>
28 <para><filename>/run/systemd/nspawn/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.nspawn</filename></para>
29 <para><filename>/var/lib/machines/<replaceable>machine</replaceable>.nspawn</filename></para>
30 </refsynopsisdiv>
31
32 <refsect1>
33 <title>Description</title>
34
35 <para>An nspawn container settings file (suffix <filename>.nspawn</filename>) contains runtime
36 configuration for a local container, and is used used by
37 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
38 Files of this type are named after the containers they define settings for. They are optional, and only
39 required for containers whose execution environment shall differ from the defaults. Files of this type
40 mostly contain settings that may also be set on the <command>systemd-nspawn</command> command line, and
41 make it easier to persistently attach specific settings to specific containers. The syntax of these files
42 is inspired by <filename>.desktop</filename> files, similarly to other configuration files supported by
43 the systemd project. See
44 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for an
45 overview.</para>
46 </refsect1>
47
48 <refsect1>
49 <title><filename>.nspawn</filename> File Discovery</title>
50
51 <para>Files are searched for by appending the <filename>.nspawn</filename> suffix to the machine name of
52 the container, as specified with the <option>--machine=</option> switch of
53 <command>systemd-nspawn</command>, or derived from the directory or image file name. This file is first
54 searched for in <filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename> and
55 <filename>/run/systemd/nspawn/</filename>. If found there, the settings are read and all of them take
56 full effect (but may still be overridden by corresponding command line arguments). Otherwise, the file
57 will then be searched for next to the image file or in the immediate parent of the root directory of the
58 container. If the file is found there, only a subset of the settings will take effect however. All
59 settings that possibly elevate privileges or grant additional access to resources of the host (such as
60 files or directories) are ignored. To which options this applies is documented below.</para>
61
62 <para>Persistent settings files created and maintained by the
63 administrator (and thus trusted) should be placed in
64 <filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename>, while automatically
65 downloaded (and thus potentially untrusted) settings files are
66 placed in <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> instead (next to
67 the container images), where their security impact is limited. In
68 order to add privileged settings to <filename>.nspawn</filename>
69 files acquired from the image vendor, it is recommended to copy the
70 settings files into <filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename> and
71 edit them there, so that the privileged options become
72 available. The precise algorithm for how the files are searched and
73 interpreted may be configured with
74 <command>systemd-nspawn</command>'s <option>--settings=</option>
75 switch, see
76 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
77 for details.</para>
78 </refsect1>
79
80 <refsect1>
81 <title>[Exec] Section Options</title>
82
83 <para>Settings files may include an [Exec]
84 section, which carries various execution parameters:</para>
85
86 <variablelist class='nspawn-directives'>
87
88 <varlistentry>
89 <term><varname>Boot=</varname></term>
90
91 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If enabled, <command>systemd-nspawn</command>
92 will automatically search for an <filename>init</filename> executable and invoke it. In this case, the
93 specified parameters using <varname>Parameters=</varname> are passed as additional arguments to the
94 <filename>init</filename> process. This setting corresponds to the <option>--boot</option> switch on the
95 <command>systemd-nspawn</command> command line. This option may not be combined with
96 <varname>ProcessTwo=yes</varname>. This option is specified by default in the
97 <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit.</para></listitem>
98 </varlistentry>
99
100 <varlistentry>
101 <term><varname>Ephemeral=</varname></term>
102
103 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off, If enabled, the container is run with
104 a temporary snapshot of its file system that is removed immediately when the container terminates.
105 This is equivalent to the <option>--ephemeral</option> command line switch. See
106 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
107 about the specific options supported.</para></listitem>
108 </varlistentry>
109
110 <varlistentry>
111 <term><varname>ProcessTwo=</varname></term>
112
113 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If enabled, the specified program is run as
114 PID 2. A stub init process is run as PID 1. This setting corresponds to the <option>--as-pid2</option> switch
115 on the <command>systemd-nspawn</command> command line. This option may not be combined with
116 <varname>Boot=yes</varname>.</para></listitem>
117 </varlistentry>
118
119 <varlistentry>
120 <term><varname>Parameters=</varname></term>
121
122 <listitem><para>Takes a whitespace-separated list of arguments. Single (<literal>'</literal>) and
123 double (<literal>"</literal>) quotes may be used around arguments with whitespace. This is either a
124 command line, beginning with the binary name to execute, or – if <varname>Boot=</varname> is enabled
125 – the list of arguments to pass to the init process. This setting corresponds to the command line
126 parameters passed on the <command>systemd-nspawn</command> command line.</para>
127
128 <para>Note: <option>Boot=no</option>, <option>Parameters=a b "c c"</option> is the same as
129 <command>systemd-nspawn a b "c c"</command>, and <option>Boot=yes</option>, <option>Parameters=b 'c c'</option>
130 is the same as <command>systemd-nspawn --boot b 'c c'</command>.</para></listitem>
131 </varlistentry>
132
133 <varlistentry>
134 <term><varname>Environment=</varname></term>
135
136 <listitem><para>Takes an environment variable assignment
137 consisting of key and value, separated by
138 <literal>=</literal>. Sets an environment variable for the
139 main process invoked in the container. This setting may be
140 used multiple times to set multiple environment variables. It
141 corresponds to the <option>--setenv=</option> command line
142 switch.</para></listitem>
143 </varlistentry>
144
145 <varlistentry>
146 <term><varname>User=</varname></term>
147
148 <listitem><para>Takes a UNIX user name. Specifies the user
149 name to invoke the main process of the container as. This user
150 must be known in the container's user database. This
151 corresponds to the <option>--user=</option> command line
152 switch.</para></listitem>
153 </varlistentry>
154
155 <varlistentry>
156 <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term>
157
158 <listitem><para>Selects the working directory for the process invoked in the container. Expects an absolute
159 path in the container's file system namespace. This corresponds to the <option>--chdir=</option> command line
160 switch.</para></listitem>
161 </varlistentry>
162
163 <varlistentry>
164 <term><varname>PivotRoot=</varname></term>
165
166 <listitem><para>Selects a directory to pivot to <filename>/</filename> inside the container when starting up.
167 Takes a single path, or a pair of two paths separated by a colon. Both paths must be absolute, and are resolved
168 in the container's file system namespace. This corresponds to the <option>--pivot-root=</option> command line
169 switch.</para></listitem>
170 </varlistentry>
171
172 <varlistentry>
173 <term><varname>Capability=</varname></term>
174 <term><varname>DropCapability=</varname></term>
175
176 <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of Linux process
177 capabilities (see
178 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
179 for details). The <varname>Capability=</varname> setting
180 specifies additional capabilities to pass on top of the
181 default set of capabilities. The
182 <varname>DropCapability=</varname> setting specifies
183 capabilities to drop from the default set. These settings
184 correspond to the <option>--capability=</option> and
185 <option>--drop-capability=</option> command line
186 switches. Note that <varname>Capability=</varname> is a
187 privileged setting, and only takes effect in
188 <filename>.nspawn</filename> files in
189 <filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename> and
190 <filename>/run/system/nspawn/</filename> (see above). On the
191 other hand, <varname>DropCapability=</varname> takes effect in
192 all cases. If the special value <literal>all</literal> is passed, all
193 capabilities are retained (or dropped).</para></listitem>
194 </varlistentry>
195
196 <varlistentry>
197 <term><varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname></term>
198
199 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument that controls the <constant>PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS</constant> flag for
200 the container payload. This is equivalent to the
201 <option>--no-new-privileges=</option> command line switch. See
202 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
203 details.</para>
204 </listitem>
205 </varlistentry>
206
207 <varlistentry>
208 <term><varname>KillSignal=</varname></term>
209
210 <listitem><para>Specify the process signal to send to the
211 container's PID 1 when nspawn itself receives SIGTERM, in
212 order to trigger an orderly shutdown of the container.
213 Defaults to SIGRTMIN+3 if <option>Boot=</option> is used
214 (on systemd-compatible init systems SIGRTMIN+3 triggers an
215 orderly shutdown). For a list of valid signals, see
216 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>signal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
217 </varlistentry>
218
219 <varlistentry>
220 <term><varname>Personality=</varname></term>
221
222 <listitem><para>Configures the kernel personality for the
223 container. This is equivalent to the
224 <option>--personality=</option> switch.</para></listitem>
225 </varlistentry>
226
227 <varlistentry>
228 <term><varname>MachineID=</varname></term>
229
230 <listitem><para>Configures the 128-bit machine ID (UUID) to pass to
231 the container. This is equivalent to the
232 <option>--uuid=</option> command line switch. This option is
233 privileged (see above). </para></listitem>
234 </varlistentry>
235
236 <varlistentry>
237 <term><varname>PrivateUsers=</varname></term>
238
239 <listitem><para>Configures support for usernamespacing. This is equivalent to the
240 <option>--private-users=</option> command line switch, and takes the same options. This option is privileged
241 (see above). This option is the default if the <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file
242 is used.</para></listitem>
243 </varlistentry>
244
245 <varlistentry>
246 <term><varname>NotifyReady=</varname></term>
247
248 <listitem><para>Configures support for notifications from the container's init process. This is equivalent to
249 the <option>--notify-ready=</option> command line switch, and takes the same parameters. See
250 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
251 about the specific options supported.</para></listitem>
252 </varlistentry>
253
254 <varlistentry>
255 <term><varname>SystemCallFilter=</varname></term>
256
257 <listitem><para>Configures the system call filter applied to containers. This is equivalent to the
258 <option>--system-call-filter=</option> command line switch, and takes the same list parameter. See
259 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
260 details.</para></listitem>
261 </varlistentry>
262
263 <varlistentry>
264 <term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term>
265 <term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
266 <term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term>
267 <term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term>
268 <term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term>
269 <term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term>
270 <term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
271 <term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term>
272 <term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term>
273 <term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
274 <term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
275 <term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
276 <term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
277 <term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term>
278 <term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
279 <term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
280
281 <listitem><para>Configures various types of resource limits applied to containers. This is equivalent to the
282 <option>--rlimit=</option> command line switch, and takes the same arguments. See
283 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
284 details.</para></listitem>
285 </varlistentry>
286
287 <varlistentry>
288 <term><varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term>
289
290 <listitem><para>Configures the OOM score adjustment value. This is equivalent to the
291 <option>--oom-score-adjust=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
292 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
293 details.</para></listitem>
294 </varlistentry>
295
296 <varlistentry>
297 <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>
298
299 <listitem><para>Configures the CPU affinity. This is equivalent to the <option>--cpu-affinity=</option> command
300 line switch, and takes the same argument. See
301 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
302 details.</para></listitem>
303 </varlistentry>
304
305 <varlistentry>
306 <term><varname>Hostname=</varname></term>
307
308 <listitem><para>Configures the kernel hostname set for the container. This is equivalent to the
309 <option>--hostname=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
310 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
311 details.</para></listitem>
312 </varlistentry>
313
314 <varlistentry>
315 <term><varname>ResolvConf=</varname></term>
316
317 <listitem><para>Configures how <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> in the container shall be handled. This is
318 equivalent to the <option>--resolv-conf=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
319 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
320 details.</para></listitem>
321 </varlistentry>
322
323 <varlistentry>
324 <term><varname>Timezone=</varname></term>
325
326 <listitem><para>Configures how <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> in the container shall be handled. This is
327 equivalent to the <option>--timezone=</option> command line switch, and takes the same argument. See
328 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
329 details.</para></listitem>
330 </varlistentry>
331
332 <varlistentry>
333 <term><varname>LinkJournal=</varname></term>
334
335 <listitem><para>Configures how to link host and container journal setups. This is equivalent to the
336 <option>--link-journal=</option> command line switch, and takes the same parameter. See
337 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
338 details.</para></listitem>
339 </varlistentry>
340
341 </variablelist>
342 </refsect1>
343
344 <refsect1>
345 <title>[Files] Section Options</title>
346
347 <para>Settings files may include a [Files]
348 section, which carries various parameters configuring the file
349 system of the container:</para>
350
351 <variablelist class='nspawn-directives'>
352
353 <varlistentry>
354 <term><varname>ReadOnly=</varname></term>
355
356 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If
357 specified, the container will be run with a read-only file
358 system. This setting corresponds to the
359 <option>--read-only</option> command line
360 switch.</para></listitem>
361 </varlistentry>
362
363 <varlistentry>
364 <term><varname>Volatile=</varname></term>
365
366 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, or the special value
367 <literal>state</literal>. This configures whether to run the
368 container with volatile state and/or configuration. This
369 option is equivalent to <option>--volatile=</option>, see
370 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
371 for details about the specific options
372 supported.</para></listitem>
373 </varlistentry>
374
375 <varlistentry>
376 <term><varname>Bind=</varname></term>
377 <term><varname>BindReadOnly=</varname></term>
378
379 <listitem><para>Adds a bind mount from the host into the
380 container. Takes a single path, a pair of two paths separated
381 by a colon, or a triplet of two paths plus an option string
382 separated by colons. This option may be used multiple times to
383 configure multiple bind mounts. This option is equivalent to
384 the command line switches <option>--bind=</option> and
385 <option>--bind-ro=</option>, see
386 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
387 for details about the specific options supported. This setting
388 is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
389 </varlistentry>
390
391 <varlistentry>
392 <term><varname>TemporaryFileSystem=</varname></term>
393
394 <listitem><para>Adds a <literal>tmpfs</literal> mount to the
395 container. Takes a path or a pair of path and option string,
396 separated by a colon. This option may be used multiple times to
397 configure multiple <literal>tmpfs</literal> mounts. This
398 option is equivalent to the command line switch
399 <option>--tmpfs=</option>, see
400 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
401 for details about the specific options supported. This setting
402 is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
403 </varlistentry>
404
405 <varlistentry>
406 <term><varname>Inaccessible=</varname></term>
407
408 <listitem><para>Masks the specified file or directory in the container, by over-mounting it with an empty file
409 node of the same type with the most restrictive access mode. Takes a file system path as argument. This option
410 may be used multiple times to mask multiple files or directories. This option is equivalent to the command line
411 switch <option>--inaccessible=</option>, see
412 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
413 about the specific options supported. This setting is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
414 </varlistentry>
415
416 <varlistentry>
417 <term><varname>Overlay=</varname></term>
418 <term><varname>OverlayReadOnly=</varname></term>
419
420 <listitem><para>Adds an overlay mount point. Takes a colon-separated list of paths. This option may be used
421 multiple times to configure multiple overlay mounts. This option is equivalent to the command line switches
422 <option>--overlay=</option> and <option>--overlay-ro=</option>, see
423 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
424 about the specific options supported. This setting is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
425 </varlistentry>
426
427 <varlistentry>
428 <term><varname>PrivateUsersChown=</varname></term>
429
430 <listitem><para>Configures whether the ownership of the files and directories in the container tree shall be
431 adjusted to the UID/GID range used, if necessary and user namespacing is enabled. This is equivalent to the
432 <option>--private-users-chown</option> command line switch. This option is privileged (see
433 above). </para></listitem>
434 </varlistentry>
435
436 </variablelist>
437 </refsect1>
438
439 <refsect1>
440 <title>[Network] Section Options</title>
441
442 <para>Settings files may include a [Network]
443 section, which carries various parameters configuring the network
444 connectivity of the container:</para>
445
446 <variablelist class='nspawn-directives'>
447
448 <varlistentry>
449 <term><varname>Private=</varname></term>
450
451 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to off. If
452 enabled, the container will run in its own network namespace
453 and not share network interfaces and configuration with the
454 host. This setting corresponds to the
455 <option>--private-network</option> command line
456 switch.</para></listitem>
457 </varlistentry>
458
459 <varlistentry>
460 <term><varname>VirtualEthernet=</varname></term>
461
462 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. Configures whether to create a virtual Ethernet connection
463 (<literal>veth</literal>) between host and the container. This setting implies
464 <varname>Private=yes</varname>. This setting corresponds to the <option>--network-veth</option> command line
465 switch. This option is privileged (see above). This option is the default if the
466 <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file is used.</para></listitem>
467 </varlistentry>
468
469 <varlistentry>
470 <term><varname>VirtualEthernetExtra=</varname></term>
471
472 <listitem><para>Takes a colon-separated pair of interface names. Configures an additional virtual
473 Ethernet connection (<literal>veth</literal>) between host and the container. The first specified
474 name is the interface name on the host, the second the interface name in the container. The latter
475 may be omitted in which case it is set to the same name as the host side interface. This setting
476 implies <varname>Private=yes</varname>. This setting corresponds to the
477 <option>--network-veth-extra=</option> command line switch, and maybe be used multiple times. It is
478 independent of <varname>VirtualEthernet=</varname>. Note that this option is unrelated to the
479 <varname>Bridge=</varname> setting below, and thus any connections created this way are not
480 automatically added to any bridge device on the host side. This option is privileged (see
481 above).</para></listitem>
482 </varlistentry>
483
484 <varlistentry>
485 <term><varname>Interface=</varname></term>
486
487 <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of interfaces to
488 add to the container. This option corresponds to the
489 <option>--network-interface=</option> command line switch and
490 implies <varname>Private=yes</varname>. This option is
491 privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
492 </varlistentry>
493
494 <varlistentry>
495 <term><varname>MACVLAN=</varname></term>
496 <term><varname>IPVLAN=</varname></term>
497
498 <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of interfaces to
499 add MACLVAN or IPVLAN interfaces to, which are then added to
500 the container. These options correspond to the
501 <option>--network-macvlan=</option> and
502 <option>--network-ipvlan=</option> command line switches and
503 imply <varname>Private=yes</varname>. These options are
504 privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
505 </varlistentry>
506
507 <varlistentry>
508 <term><varname>Bridge=</varname></term>
509
510 <listitem><para>Takes an interface name. This setting implies
511 <varname>VirtualEthernet=yes</varname> and
512 <varname>Private=yes</varname> and has the effect that the
513 host side of the created virtual Ethernet link is connected to
514 the specified bridge interface. This option corresponds to the
515 <option>--network-bridge=</option> command line switch. This
516 option is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
517 </varlistentry>
518
519 <varlistentry>
520 <term><varname>Zone=</varname></term>
521
522 <listitem><para>Takes a network zone name. This setting implies <varname>VirtualEthernet=yes</varname> and
523 <varname>Private=yes</varname> and has the effect that the host side of the created virtual Ethernet link is
524 connected to an automatically managed bridge interface named after the passed argument, prefixed with
525 <literal>vz-</literal>. This option corresponds to the <option>--network-zone=</option> command line
526 switch. This option is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
527 </varlistentry>
528
529 <varlistentry>
530 <term><varname>Port=</varname></term>
531
532 <listitem><para>Exposes a TCP or UDP port of the container on
533 the host. This option corresponds to the
534 <option>--port=</option> command line switch, see
535 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
536 for the precise syntax of the argument this option takes. This
537 option is privileged (see above).</para></listitem>
538 </varlistentry>
539 </variablelist>
540 </refsect1>
541
542 <refsect1>
543 <title>See Also</title>
544 <para>
545 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
546 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
547 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
548 </para>
549 </refsect1>
550
551 </refentry>