[thirdparty/util-linux.git] / sys-utils / lscpu.c

/*
 * lscpu - CPU architecture information helper
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008 Cai Qian <qcai@redhat.com>
 * Copyright (C) 2008 Karel Zak <kzak@redhat.com>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it would be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 */

#include <assert.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/personality.h>

#if (defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__i386__))
# if !defined( __SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)
#  define INCLUDE_VMWARE_BDOOR
# else
#  warning VMWARE detection disabled by __SANITIZE_ADDRESS__
# endif
#endif

#ifdef INCLUDE_VMWARE_BDOOR
# include <stdint.h>
# include <signal.h>
# include <strings.h>
# include <setjmp.h>
# ifdef HAVE_SYS_IO_H
#  include <sys/io.h>
# endif
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_LIBRTAS)
#include <librtas.h>
#endif

#include <libsmartcols.h>

#include "closestream.h"
#include "optutils.h"
#include "fileutils.h"

#include "lscpu.h"

#define CACHE_MAX 100

/* /sys paths */
#define _PATH_SYS_SYSTEM        "/sys/devices/system"
#define _PATH_SYS_HYP_FEATURES  "/sys/hypervisor/properties/features"
#define _PATH_SYS_CPU           _PATH_SYS_SYSTEM "/cpu"
#define _PATH_SYS_NODE          _PATH_SYS_SYSTEM "/node"

/* Xen Domain feature flag used for /sys/hypervisor/properties/features */
#define XENFEAT_supervisor_mode_kernel          3
#define XENFEAT_mmu_pt_update_preserve_ad       5
#define XENFEAT_hvm_callback_vector                     8

#define XEN_FEATURES_PV_MASK    (1U << XENFEAT_mmu_pt_update_preserve_ad)
#define XEN_FEATURES_PVH_MASK   ( (1U << XENFEAT_supervisor_mode_kernel) \
                                                                | (1U << XENFEAT_hvm_callback_vector) )

static const char *virt_types[] = {
        [VIRT_NONE]     = N_("none"),
        [VIRT_PARA]     = N_("para"),
        [VIRT_FULL]     = N_("full"),
        [VIRT_CONT]     = N_("container"),
};

static const char *hv_vendors[] = {
        [HYPER_NONE]    = NULL,
        [HYPER_XEN]     = "Xen",
        [HYPER_KVM]     = "KVM",
        [HYPER_MSHV]    = "Microsoft",
        [HYPER_VMWARE]  = "VMware",
        [HYPER_IBM]     = "IBM",
        [HYPER_VSERVER] = "Linux-VServer",
        [HYPER_UML]     = "User-mode Linux",
        [HYPER_INNOTEK] = "Innotek GmbH",
        [HYPER_HITACHI] = "Hitachi",
        [HYPER_PARALLELS] = "Parallels",
        [HYPER_VBOX]    = "Oracle",
        [HYPER_OS400]   = "OS/400",
        [HYPER_PHYP]    = "pHyp",
        [HYPER_SPAR]    = "Unisys s-Par",
        [HYPER_WSL]     = "Windows Subsystem for Linux"
};

static const int hv_vendor_pci[] = {
        [HYPER_NONE]    = 0x0000,
        [HYPER_XEN]     = 0x5853,
        [HYPER_KVM]     = 0x0000,
        [HYPER_MSHV]    = 0x1414,
        [HYPER_VMWARE]  = 0x15ad,
        [HYPER_VBOX]    = 0x80ee,
};

static const int hv_graphics_pci[] = {
        [HYPER_NONE]    = 0x0000,
        [HYPER_XEN]     = 0x0001,
        [HYPER_KVM]     = 0x0000,
        [HYPER_MSHV]    = 0x5353,
        [HYPER_VMWARE]  = 0x0710,
        [HYPER_VBOX]    = 0xbeef,
};


/* dispatching modes */
static const char *disp_modes[] = {
        [DISP_HORIZONTAL]       = N_("horizontal"),
        [DISP_VERTICAL]         = N_("vertical")
};

static struct polarization_modes polar_modes[] = {
        [POLAR_UNKNOWN]    = {"U",  "-"},
        [POLAR_VLOW]       = {"VL", "vert-low"},
        [POLAR_VMEDIUM]    = {"VM", "vert-medium"},
        [POLAR_VHIGH]      = {"VH", "vert-high"},
        [POLAR_HORIZONTAL] = {"H",  "horizontal"},
};

static int maxcpus;             /* size in bits of kernel cpu mask */

#define is_cpu_online(_d, _cpu) \
        ((_d) && (_d)->online ? \
                CPU_ISSET_S((_cpu), CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus), (_d)->online) : 0)
#define is_cpu_present(_d, _cpu) \
        ((_d) && (_d)->present ? \
                CPU_ISSET_S((_cpu), CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus), (_d)->present) : 0)

#define real_cpu_num(_d, _i)    ((_d)->idx2cpunum[(_i)])

/*
 * IDs
 */
enum {
        COL_CPU_CPU,
        COL_CPU_CORE,
        COL_CPU_SOCKET,
        COL_CPU_NODE,
        COL_CPU_BOOK,
        COL_CPU_DRAWER,
        COL_CPU_CACHE,
        COL_CPU_POLARIZATION,
        COL_CPU_ADDRESS,
        COL_CPU_CONFIGURED,
        COL_CPU_ONLINE,
        COL_CPU_MAXMHZ,
        COL_CPU_MINMHZ,
};

enum {
        COL_CACHE_ALLSIZE,
        COL_CACHE_LEVEL,
        COL_CACHE_NAME,
        COL_CACHE_ONESIZE,
        COL_CACHE_TYPE,
        COL_CACHE_WAYS,
        COL_CACHE_ALLOCPOL,
        COL_CACHE_WRITEPOL,
        COL_CACHE_PHYLINE,
        COL_CACHE_SETS,
        COL_CACHE_COHERENCYSIZE
};


/* column description
 */
struct lscpu_coldesc {
        const char *name;
        const char *help;

        int flags;
        unsigned int  is_abbr:1;        /* name is abbreviation */
};

static struct lscpu_coldesc coldescs_cpu[] =
{
        [COL_CPU_CPU]          = { "CPU", N_("logical CPU number"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT, 1 },
        [COL_CPU_CORE]         = { "CORE", N_("logical core number"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CPU_SOCKET]       = { "SOCKET", N_("logical socket number"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CPU_NODE]         = { "NODE", N_("logical NUMA node number"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CPU_BOOK]         = { "BOOK", N_("logical book number"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CPU_DRAWER]       = { "DRAWER", N_("logical drawer number"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CPU_CACHE]        = { "CACHE", N_("shows how caches are shared between CPUs") },
        [COL_CPU_POLARIZATION] = { "POLARIZATION", N_("CPU dispatching mode on virtual hardware") },
        [COL_CPU_ADDRESS]      = { "ADDRESS", N_("physical address of a CPU") },
        [COL_CPU_CONFIGURED]   = { "CONFIGURED", N_("shows if the hypervisor has allocated the CPU") },
        [COL_CPU_ONLINE]       = { "ONLINE", N_("shows if Linux currently makes use of the CPU"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CPU_MAXMHZ]       = { "MAXMHZ", N_("shows the maximum MHz of the CPU"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CPU_MINMHZ]       = { "MINMHZ", N_("shows the minimum MHz of the CPU"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT }
};

static struct lscpu_coldesc coldescs_cache[] =
{
        [COL_CACHE_ALLSIZE]    = { "ALL-SIZE", N_("size of all system caches"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CACHE_LEVEL]      = { "LEVEL", N_("cache level"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CACHE_NAME]       = { "NAME", N_("cache name") },
        [COL_CACHE_ONESIZE]    = { "ONE-SIZE", N_("size of one cache"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CACHE_TYPE]       = { "TYPE", N_("cache type") },
        [COL_CACHE_WAYS]       = { "WAYS", N_("ways of associativity"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CACHE_ALLOCPOL]   = { "ALLOC-POLICY", N_("allocation policy") },
        [COL_CACHE_WRITEPOL]   = { "WRITE-POLICY", N_("write policy") },
        [COL_CACHE_PHYLINE]    = { "PHY-LINE", N_("number of physical cache line per cache t"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CACHE_SETS]       = { "SETS", N_("number of sets in the cache; set lines has the same cache index"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT },
        [COL_CACHE_COHERENCYSIZE] = { "COHERENCY-SIZE", N_("minimum amount of data in bytes transferred from memory to cache"), SCOLS_FL_RIGHT }
};


static int get_cache_full_size(struct lscpu_desc *desc, struct cpu_cache *ca, uint64_t *res);

static int
cpu_column_name_to_id(const char *name, size_t namesz)
{
        size_t i;

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(coldescs_cpu); i++) {
                const char *cn = coldescs_cpu[i].name;

                if (!strncasecmp(name, cn, namesz) && !*(cn + namesz))
                        return i;
        }
        warnx(_("unknown column: %s"), name);
        return -1;
}

static int
cache_column_name_to_id(const char *name, size_t namesz)
{
        size_t i;

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(coldescs_cache); i++) {
                const char *cn = coldescs_cache[i].name;

                if (!strncasecmp(name, cn, namesz) && !*(cn + namesz))
                        return i;
        }
        warnx(_("unknown column: %s"), name);
        return -1;
}

/* Lookup a pattern and get the value from cpuinfo.
 * Format is:
 *
 *      "<pattern>   : <key>"
 */
static int
lookup(char *line, char *pattern, char **value)
{
        char *p, *v;
        int len = strlen(pattern);

        /* don't re-fill already found tags, first one wins */
        if (!*line || *value)
                return 0;

        /* pattern */
        if (strncmp(line, pattern, len))
                return 0;

        /* white spaces */
        for (p = line + len; isspace(*p); p++);

        /* separator */
        if (*p != ':')
                return 0;

        /* white spaces */
        for (++p; isspace(*p); p++);

        /* value */
        if (!*p)
                return 0;
        v = p;

        /* end of value */
        len = strlen(line) - 1;
        for (p = line + len; isspace(*(p-1)); p--);
        *p = '\0';

        *value = xstrdup(v);
        return 1;
}

/* Parse extra cache lines contained within /proc/cpuinfo but which are not
 * part of the cache topology information within the sysfs filesystem.
 * This is true for all shared caches on e.g. s390. When there are layers of
 * hypervisors in between it is not knows which CPUs share which caches.
 * Therefore information about shared caches is only available in
 * /proc/cpuinfo.
 * Format is:
 * "cache<nr> : level=<lvl> type=<type> scope=<scope> size=<size> line_size=<lsz> associativity=<as>"
 */
static int
lookup_cache(char *line, struct lscpu_desc *desc)
{
        struct cpu_cache *cache;
        long long size;
        char *p, type;
        int level;

        /* Make sure line starts with "cache<nr> :" */
        if (strncmp(line, "cache", 5))
                return 0;
        for (p = line + 5; isdigit(*p); p++);
        for (; isspace(*p); p++);
        if (*p != ':')
                return 0;

        p = strstr(line, "scope=") + 6;
        /* Skip private caches, also present in sysfs */
        if (!p || strncmp(p, "Private", 7) == 0)
                return 0;
        p = strstr(line, "level=");
        if (!p || sscanf(p, "level=%d", &level) != 1)
                return 0;
        p = strstr(line, "type=") + 5;
        if (!p || !*p)
                return 0;
        type = 0;
        if (strncmp(p, "Data", 4) == 0)
                type = 'd';
        else if (strncmp(p, "Instruction", 11) == 0)
                type = 'i';
        else if (strncmp(p, "Unified", 7) == 0)
                type = 'u';
        p = strstr(line, "size=");
        if (!p || sscanf(p, "size=%lld", &size) != 1)
               return 0;

        desc->necaches++;
        desc->ecaches = xrealloc(desc->ecaches,
                                 desc->necaches * sizeof(struct cpu_cache));
        cache = &desc->ecaches[desc->necaches - 1];
        memset(cache, 0 , sizeof(*cache));

        if (type == 'i' || type == 'd')
                xasprintf(&cache->name, "L%d%c", level, type);
        else
                xasprintf(&cache->name, "L%d", level);

        cache->level = level;
        cache->size = size * 1024;

        cache->type = type == 'i' ? xstrdup("Instruction") :
                      type == 'd' ? xstrdup("Data") :
                      type == 'u' ? xstrdup("Unified") : NULL;
        return 1;
}

/* Don't init the mode for platforms where we are not able to
 * detect that CPU supports 64-bit mode.
 */
static int
init_mode(struct lscpu_modifier *mod)
{
        int m = 0;

        if (mod->system == SYSTEM_SNAPSHOT)
                /* reading info from any /{sys,proc} dump, don't mix it with
                 * information about our real CPU */
                return 0;

#if defined(__alpha__) || defined(__ia64__)
        m |= MODE_64BIT;        /* 64bit platforms only */
#endif
        /* platforms with 64bit flag in /proc/cpuinfo, define
         * 32bit default here */
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || \
    defined(__s390x__) || defined(__s390__) || defined(__sparc_v9__)
        m |= MODE_32BIT;
#endif

#if defined(__aarch64__)
        {
                /* personality() is the most reliable way (since 4.7)
                 * to determine aarch32 support */
                int pers = personality(PER_LINUX32);
                if (pers != -1) {
                        personality(pers);
                        m |= MODE_32BIT;
                }
                m |= MODE_64BIT;
        }
#endif
        return m;
}

#if defined(HAVE_LIBRTAS)
#define PROCESSOR_MODULE_INFO   43
static int strbe16toh(const char *buf, int offset)
{
        return (buf[offset] << 8) + buf[offset+1];
}

static void read_physical_info_powerpc(struct lscpu_desc *desc)
{
        char buf[BUFSIZ];
        int rc, len, ntypes;

        desc->physsockets = desc->physchips = desc->physcoresperchip = 0;

        rc = rtas_get_sysparm(PROCESSOR_MODULE_INFO, sizeof(buf), buf);
        if (rc < 0)
                return;

        len = strbe16toh(buf, 0);
        if (len < 8)
                return;

        ntypes = strbe16toh(buf, 2);

        assert(ntypes <= 1);
        if (!ntypes)
                return;

        desc->physsockets = strbe16toh(buf, 4);
        desc->physchips = strbe16toh(buf, 6);
        desc->physcoresperchip = strbe16toh(buf, 8);
}
#else
static void read_physical_info_powerpc(
                struct lscpu_desc *desc __attribute__((__unused__)))
{
}
#endif

static int cmp_vulnerability_name(const void *a0, const void *b0)
{
        const struct cpu_vulnerability *a = (const struct cpu_vulnerability *) a0,
                                       *b = (const struct cpu_vulnerability *) b0;
        return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
}

static void read_vulnerabilities(struct lscpu_desc *desc)
{
        struct dirent *d;
        DIR *dir = ul_path_opendir(desc->syscpu, "vulnerabilities");
        int n = 0;

        if (!dir)
                return;

        desc->nvuls = n = 0;

        while (xreaddir(dir))
                n++;
        if (!n)
                return;

        rewinddir(dir);
        desc->vuls = xcalloc(n, sizeof(struct cpu_vulnerability));

        while (desc->nvuls < n && (d = xreaddir(dir))) {
                char *str, *p;
                struct cpu_vulnerability *vu;

#ifdef _DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE
                if (d->d_type == DT_DIR || d->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN)
                        continue;
#endif
                if (ul_path_readf_string(desc->syscpu, &str,
                                        "vulnerabilities/%s", d->d_name) <= 0)
                        continue;

                vu = &desc->vuls[desc->nvuls++];

                /* Name */
                vu->name = xstrdup(d->d_name);
                *vu->name = toupper(*vu->name);
                strrep(vu->name, '_', ' ');

                /* Description */
                vu->text = str;
                p = (char *) startswith(vu->text, "Mitigation");
                if (p) {
                        *p = ';';
                        strrem(vu->text, ':');
                }
        }
        closedir(dir);

        qsort(desc->vuls, desc->nvuls,
              sizeof(struct cpu_vulnerability), cmp_vulnerability_name);
}




static void
read_basicinfo(struct lscpu_desc *desc, struct lscpu_modifier *mod)
{
        FILE *fp;
        char buf[BUFSIZ];
        struct utsname utsbuf;
        size_t setsize;
        cpu_set_t *cpuset = NULL;

        /* architecture */
        if (uname(&utsbuf) == -1)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("error: uname failed"));

        fp = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "cpuinfo");
        if (!fp)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("cannot open %s"), "/proc/cpuinfo");
        desc->arch = xstrdup(utsbuf.machine);

        /* details */
        while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp) != NULL) {
                if (lookup(buf, "vendor", &desc->vendor)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "vendor_id", &desc->vendor)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "CPU implementer", &desc->vendor)) ; /* ARM and aarch64 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "family", &desc->family)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "cpu family", &desc->family)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "model", &desc->model)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "CPU part", &desc->model)) ; /* ARM and aarch64 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "model name", &desc->modelname)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "stepping", &desc->stepping)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "CPU variant", &desc->stepping)) ; /* aarch64 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "cpu MHz", &desc->mhz)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "cpu MHz dynamic", &desc->dynamic_mhz)) ; /* s390 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "cpu MHz static", &desc->static_mhz)) ;   /* s390 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "flags", &desc->flags)) ;          /* x86 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "features", &desc->flags)) ;       /* s390 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "Features", &desc->flags)) ;       /* aarch64 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "type", &desc->flags)) ;           /* sparc64 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "bogomips", &desc->bogomips)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "BogoMIPS", &desc->bogomips)) ;    /* aarch64 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "bogomips per cpu", &desc->bogomips)) ; /* s390 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "cpu", &desc->cpu)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "revision", &desc->revision)) ;
                else if (lookup(buf, "CPU revision", &desc->revision)) ; /* aarch64 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "max thread id", &desc->mtid)) ; /* s390 */
                else if (lookup(buf, "address sizes", &desc->addrsz)) ; /* x86 */
                else if (lookup_cache(buf, desc)) ;
                else
                        continue;
        }

        desc->mode = init_mode(mod);

        if (desc->flags) {
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), " %s ", desc->flags);
                if (strstr(buf, " svm "))
                        desc->virtflag = xstrdup("svm");
                else if (strstr(buf, " vmx "))
                        desc->virtflag = xstrdup("vmx");
                if (strstr(buf, " lm "))
                        desc->mode |= MODE_32BIT | MODE_64BIT;          /* x86_64 */
                if (strstr(buf, " zarch "))
                        desc->mode |= MODE_32BIT | MODE_64BIT;          /* s390x */
                if (strstr(buf, " sun4v ") || strstr(buf, " sun4u "))
                        desc->mode |= MODE_32BIT | MODE_64BIT;          /* sparc64 */
        }

        if (desc->arch && mod->system != SYSTEM_SNAPSHOT) {
                if (strcmp(desc->arch, "ppc64") == 0)
                        desc->mode |= MODE_32BIT | MODE_64BIT;
                else if (strcmp(desc->arch, "ppc") == 0)
                        desc->mode |= MODE_32BIT;
        }

        fclose(fp);

        if (ul_path_read_s32(desc->syscpu, &maxcpus, "kernel_max") == 0)
                /* note that kernel_max is maximum index [NR_CPUS-1] */
                maxcpus += 1;

        else if (mod->system == SYSTEM_LIVE)
                /* the root is '/' so we are working with data from the current kernel */
                maxcpus = get_max_number_of_cpus();

        if (maxcpus <= 0)
                /* error or we are reading some /sys snapshot instead of the
                 * real /sys, let's use any crazy number... */
                maxcpus = 2048;

        setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);

        if (ul_path_readf_cpulist(desc->syscpu, &cpuset, maxcpus, "possible") == 0) {
                int num, idx;

                desc->ncpuspos = CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, cpuset);
                desc->idx2cpunum = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(int));

                for (num = 0, idx = 0; num < maxcpus; num++) {
                        if (CPU_ISSET_S(num, setsize, cpuset))
                                desc->idx2cpunum[idx++] = num;
                }
                cpuset_free(cpuset);
                cpuset = NULL;
        } else
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to determine number of CPUs: %s"),
                                _PATH_SYS_CPU "/possible");


        /* get mask for present CPUs */
        if (ul_path_readf_cpulist(desc->syscpu, &desc->present, maxcpus, "present") == 0)
                desc->ncpus = CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, desc->present);

        /* get mask for online CPUs */
        if (ul_path_readf_cpulist(desc->syscpu, &desc->online, maxcpus, "online") == 0)
                desc->nthreads = CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, desc->online);

        /* get dispatching mode */
        if (ul_path_read_s32(desc->syscpu, &desc->dispatching, "dispatching") != 0)
                desc->dispatching = -1;

        /* get cpufreq boost mode */
        if (ul_path_read_s32(desc->syscpu, &desc->freqboost, "cpufreq/boost") != 0)
                desc->freqboost = -1;

        if (mod->system == SYSTEM_LIVE)
                read_physical_info_powerpc(desc);

        if ((fp = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "sysinfo"))) {
                while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp) != NULL) {
                        if (lookup(buf, "Type", &desc->machinetype))
                                break;
                }
                fclose(fp);
        }

        /* vulnerabilities */
        if (ul_path_access(desc->syscpu, F_OK, "vulnerabilities") == 0)
                read_vulnerabilities(desc);
}

static int
has_pci_device(struct lscpu_desc *desc, unsigned int vendor, unsigned int device)
{
        FILE *f;
        unsigned int num, fn, ven, dev;
        int res = 1;

        f = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "bus/pci/devices");
        if (!f)
                return 0;

         /* for more details about bus/pci/devices format see
          * drivers/pci/proc.c in linux kernel
          */
        while(fscanf(f, "%02x%02x\t%04x%04x\t%*[^\n]",
                        &num, &fn, &ven, &dev) == 4) {

                if (ven == vendor && dev == device)
                        goto found;
        }

        res = 0;
found:
        fclose(f);
        return res;
}

#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__i386__)

/*
 * This CPUID leaf returns the information about the hypervisor.
 * EAX : maximum input value for CPUID supported by the hypervisor.
 * EBX, ECX, EDX : Hypervisor vendor ID signature. E.g. VMwareVMware.
 */
#define HYPERVISOR_INFO_LEAF   0x40000000

static inline void
cpuid(unsigned int op, unsigned int *eax, unsigned int *ebx,
                         unsigned int *ecx, unsigned int *edx)
{
        __asm__(
#if defined(__PIC__) && defined(__i386__)
                /* x86 PIC cannot clobber ebx -- gcc bitches */
                "xchg %%ebx, %%esi;"
                "cpuid;"
                "xchg %%esi, %%ebx;"
                : "=S" (*ebx),
#else
                "cpuid;"
                : "=b" (*ebx),
#endif
                  "=a" (*eax),
                  "=c" (*ecx),
                  "=d" (*edx)
                : "1" (op), "c"(0));
}

static void
read_hypervisor_cpuid(struct lscpu_desc *desc)
{
        unsigned int eax = 0, ebx = 0, ecx = 0, edx = 0;
        char hyper_vendor_id[13];

        memset(hyper_vendor_id, 0, sizeof(hyper_vendor_id));

        cpuid(HYPERVISOR_INFO_LEAF, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
        memcpy(hyper_vendor_id + 0, &ebx, 4);
        memcpy(hyper_vendor_id + 4, &ecx, 4);
        memcpy(hyper_vendor_id + 8, &edx, 4);
        hyper_vendor_id[12] = '\0';

        if (!hyper_vendor_id[0])
                return;

        if (!strncmp("XenVMMXenVMM", hyper_vendor_id, 12))
                desc->hyper = HYPER_XEN;
        else if (!strncmp("KVMKVMKVM", hyper_vendor_id, 9))
                desc->hyper = HYPER_KVM;
        else if (!strncmp("Microsoft Hv", hyper_vendor_id, 12))
                desc->hyper = HYPER_MSHV;
        else if (!strncmp("VMwareVMware", hyper_vendor_id, 12))
                desc->hyper = HYPER_VMWARE;
        else if (!strncmp("UnisysSpar64", hyper_vendor_id, 12))
                desc->hyper = HYPER_SPAR;
}

#else /* ! (__x86_64__ || __i386__) */
static void
read_hypervisor_cpuid(struct lscpu_desc *desc __attribute__((__unused__)))
{
}
#endif

static int is_devtree_compatible(struct lscpu_desc *desc, const char *str)
{
        FILE *fd = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "device-tree/compatible");

        if (fd) {
                char buf[256];
                size_t i, len;

                memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
                len = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf) - 1, fd);
                fclose(fd);

                for (i = 0; i < len;) {
                        if (!strcmp(&buf[i], str))
                                return 1;
                        i += strlen(&buf[i]);
                        i++;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static int
read_hypervisor_powerpc(struct lscpu_desc *desc)
{
        assert(!desc->hyper);

         /* IBM iSeries: legacy, para-virtualized on top of OS/400 */
        if (ul_path_access(desc->procfs, F_OK, "iSeries") == 0) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_OS400;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_PARA;

        /* PowerNV (POWER Non-Virtualized, bare-metal) */
        } else if (is_devtree_compatible(desc, "ibm,powernv")) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_NONE;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_NONE;

        /* PowerVM (IBM's proprietary hypervisor, aka pHyp) */
        } else if (ul_path_access(desc->procfs, F_OK, "device-tree/ibm,partition-name") == 0
                   && ul_path_access(desc->procfs, F_OK, "device-tree/hmc-managed?") == 0
                   && ul_path_access(desc->procfs, F_OK, "device-tree/chosen/qemu,graphic-width") != 0) {

                FILE *fd;
                desc->hyper = HYPER_PHYP;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_PARA;

                fd = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "device-tree/ibm,partition-name");
                if (fd) {
                        char buf[256];
                        if (fscanf(fd, "%255s", buf) == 1 && !strcmp(buf, "full"))
                                desc->virtype = VIRT_NONE;
                        fclose(fd);
                }

        /* Qemu */
        } else if (is_devtree_compatible(desc, "qemu,pseries")) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_KVM;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_PARA;
        }
        return desc->hyper;
}

#ifdef INCLUDE_VMWARE_BDOOR

#define VMWARE_BDOOR_MAGIC          0x564D5868
#define VMWARE_BDOOR_PORT           0x5658
#define VMWARE_BDOOR_CMD_GETVERSION 10

static UL_ASAN_BLACKLIST
void vmware_bdoor(uint32_t *eax, uint32_t *ebx, uint32_t *ecx, uint32_t *edx)
{
        __asm__(
#if defined(__PIC__) && defined(__i386__)
                /* x86 PIC cannot clobber ebx -- gcc bitches */
                "xchg %%ebx, %%esi;"
                "inl (%%dx), %%eax;"
                "xchg %%esi, %%ebx;"
                : "=S" (*ebx),
#else
                "inl (%%dx), %%eax;"
                : "=b" (*ebx),
#endif
                  "=a" (*eax),
                  "=c" (*ecx),
                  "=d" (*edx)
                : "0" (VMWARE_BDOOR_MAGIC),
                  "1" (VMWARE_BDOOR_CMD_GETVERSION),
                  "2" (VMWARE_BDOOR_PORT),
                  "3" (0)
                : "memory");
}

static jmp_buf segv_handler_env;

static void
segv_handler(__attribute__((__unused__)) int sig,
             __attribute__((__unused__)) siginfo_t *info,
             __attribute__((__unused__)) void *ignored)
{
        siglongjmp(segv_handler_env, 1);
}

static int
is_vmware_platform(void)
{
        uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
        struct sigaction act, oact;

        /*
         * FIXME: Not reliable for non-root users. Note it works as expected if
         * vmware_bdoor() is not optimized for PIE, but then it fails to build
         * on 32bit x86 systems. See lscpu git log for more details (commit
         * 7845b91dbc7690064a2be6df690e4aaba728fb04).     kzak [3-Nov-2016]
         */
        if (getuid() != 0)
                return 0;

        /*
         * The assembly routine for vmware detection works
         * fine under vmware, even if ran as regular user. But
         * on real HW or under other hypervisors, it segfaults (which is
         * expected). So we temporarily install SIGSEGV handler to catch
         * the signal. All this magic is needed because lscpu
         * isn't supposed to require root privileges.
         */
        if (sigsetjmp(segv_handler_env, 1))
                return 0;

        memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
        act.sa_sigaction = segv_handler;
        act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;

        if (sigaction(SIGSEGV, &act, &oact))
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("cannot set signal handler"));

        vmware_bdoor(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);

        if (sigaction(SIGSEGV, &oact, NULL))
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("cannot restore signal handler"));

        return eax != (uint32_t)-1 && ebx == VMWARE_BDOOR_MAGIC;
}

#else /* ! INCLUDE_VMWARE_BDOOR */

static int
is_vmware_platform(void)
{
        return 0;
}

#endif /* INCLUDE_VMWARE_BDOOR */

static void
read_hypervisor(struct lscpu_desc *desc, struct lscpu_modifier *mod)
{
        FILE *fd;

        /* We have to detect WSL first. is_vmware_platform() crashes on Windows 10. */

        if ((fd = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "sys/kernel/osrelease"))) {
                char buf[256];

                if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fd) != NULL) {
                        if (strstr(buf, "Microsoft")) {
                                desc->hyper = HYPER_WSL;
                                desc->virtype = VIRT_CONT;
                        }
                }
                fclose(fd);
                if (desc->virtype)
                        return;
        }

        if (mod->system != SYSTEM_SNAPSHOT) {
                read_hypervisor_cpuid(desc);
                if (!desc->hyper)
                        desc->hyper = read_hypervisor_dmi();
                if (!desc->hyper && is_vmware_platform())
                        desc->hyper = HYPER_VMWARE;
        }

        if (desc->hyper) {
                desc->virtype = VIRT_FULL;

                if (desc->hyper == HYPER_XEN) {
                        uint32_t features;

                        fd = ul_prefix_fopen(desc->prefix, "r", _PATH_SYS_HYP_FEATURES);

                        if (fd && fscanf(fd, "%x", &features) == 1) {
                                /* Xen PV domain */
                                if (features & XEN_FEATURES_PV_MASK)
                                        desc->virtype = VIRT_PARA;
                                /* Xen PVH domain */
                                else if ((features & XEN_FEATURES_PVH_MASK)
                                                                == XEN_FEATURES_PVH_MASK)
                                        desc->virtype = VIRT_PARA;
                        }
                        if (fd)
                                fclose(fd);
                }
        } else if (read_hypervisor_powerpc(desc) > 0) {}

        /* Xen para-virt or dom0 */
        else if (ul_path_access(desc->procfs, F_OK, "xen") == 0) {
                int dom0 = 0;

                fd = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "xen/capabilities");
                if (fd) {
                        char buf[256];

                        if (fscanf(fd, "%255s", buf) == 1 &&
                            !strcmp(buf, "control_d"))
                                dom0 = 1;
                        fclose(fd);
                }
                desc->virtype = dom0 ? VIRT_NONE : VIRT_PARA;
                desc->hyper = HYPER_XEN;

        /* Xen full-virt on non-x86_64 */
        } else if (has_pci_device(desc, hv_vendor_pci[HYPER_XEN], hv_graphics_pci[HYPER_XEN])) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_XEN;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_FULL;
        } else if (has_pci_device(desc, hv_vendor_pci[HYPER_VMWARE], hv_graphics_pci[HYPER_VMWARE])) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_VMWARE;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_FULL;
        } else if (has_pci_device(desc, hv_vendor_pci[HYPER_VBOX], hv_graphics_pci[HYPER_VBOX])) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_VBOX;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_FULL;

        /* IBM PR/SM */
        } else if ((fd = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "sysinfo"))) {
                char buf[BUFSIZ];

                desc->hyper = HYPER_IBM;
                desc->hypervisor = "PR/SM";
                desc->virtype = VIRT_FULL;
                while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fd) != NULL) {
                        char *str, *p;

                        if (!strstr(buf, "Control Program:"))
                                continue;
                        if (!strstr(buf, "KVM"))
                                desc->hyper = HYPER_IBM;
                        else
                                desc->hyper = HYPER_KVM;
                        p = strchr(buf, ':');
                        if (!p)
                                continue;
                        xasprintf(&str, "%s", p + 1);

                        /* remove leading, trailing and repeating whitespace */
                        while (*str == ' ')
                                str++;
                        desc->hypervisor = str;
                        str += strlen(str) - 1;
                        while ((*str == '\n') || (*str == ' '))
                                *(str--) = '\0';
                        while ((str = strstr(desc->hypervisor, "  ")))
                                memmove(str, str + 1, strlen(str));
                        break;
                }
                fclose(fd);
        }

        /* OpenVZ/Virtuozzo - /proc/vz dir should exist
         *                    /proc/bc should not */
        else if (ul_path_access(desc->procfs, F_OK, "vz") == 0 &&
                 ul_path_access(desc->procfs, F_OK, "bc") != 0) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_PARALLELS;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_CONT;

        /* IBM */
        } else if (desc->vendor &&
                 (strcmp(desc->vendor, "PowerVM Lx86") == 0 ||
                  strcmp(desc->vendor, "IBM/S390") == 0)) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_IBM;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_FULL;

        /* User-mode-linux */
        } else if (desc->modelname && strstr(desc->modelname, "UML")) {
                desc->hyper = HYPER_UML;
                desc->virtype = VIRT_PARA;

        /* Linux-VServer */
        } else if ((fd = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "self/status"))) {
                char buf[BUFSIZ];
                char *val = NULL;

                while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fd) != NULL) {
                        if (lookup(buf, "VxID", &val))
                                break;
                }
                fclose(fd);

                if (val) {
                        char *org = val;

                        while (isdigit(*val))
                                ++val;
                        if (!*val) {
                                desc->hyper = HYPER_VSERVER;
                                desc->virtype = VIRT_CONT;
                        }
                        free(org);
                }
        }
}

/* add @set to the @ary, unnecessary set is deallocated. */
static int add_cpuset_to_array(cpu_set_t **ary, int *items, cpu_set_t *set)
{
        int i;
        size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);

        if (!ary)
                return -1;

        for (i = 0; i < *items; i++) {
                if (CPU_EQUAL_S(setsize, set, ary[i]))
                        break;
        }
        if (i == *items) {
                ary[*items] = set;
                ++*items;
                return 0;
        }
        CPU_FREE(set);
        return 1;
}

static void
read_topology(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx)
{
        cpu_set_t *thread_siblings, *core_siblings;
        cpu_set_t *book_siblings, *drawer_siblings;
        int coreid, socketid, bookid, drawerid;
        int i, num = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);

        if (ul_path_accessf(desc->syscpu, F_OK, "cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings", num) != 0)
                return;

        ul_path_readf_cpuset(desc->syscpu, &thread_siblings, maxcpus,
                                        "cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings", num);
        ul_path_readf_cpuset(desc->syscpu, &core_siblings, maxcpus,
                                        "cpu%d/topology/core_siblings", num);
        ul_path_readf_cpuset(desc->syscpu, &book_siblings, maxcpus,
                                        "cpu%d/topology/book_siblings", num);
        ul_path_readf_cpuset(desc->syscpu, &drawer_siblings, maxcpus,
                                        "cpu%d/topology/drawer_siblings", num);

        if (ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &coreid, "cpu%d/topology/core_id", num) != 0)
                coreid = -1;

        if (ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &socketid, "cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id", num) != 0)
                socketid = -1;

        if (ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &bookid, "cpu%d/topology/book_id", num) != 0)
                bookid = -1;

        if (ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &drawerid, "cpu%d/topology/drawer_id", num) != 0)
                drawerid = -1;

        if (!desc->coremaps) {
                int ndrawers, nbooks, nsockets, ncores, nthreads;
                size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);

                /* threads within one core */
                nthreads = CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, thread_siblings);
                if (!nthreads)
                        nthreads = 1;

                /* cores within one socket */
                ncores = CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, core_siblings) / nthreads;
                if (!ncores)
                        ncores = 1;

                /* number of sockets within one book.  Because of odd /
                 * non-present cpu maps and to keep calculation easy we make
                 * sure that nsockets and nbooks is at least 1.
                 */
                nsockets = desc->ncpus / nthreads / ncores;
                if (!nsockets)
                        nsockets = 1;

                /* number of books */
                nbooks = desc->ncpus / nthreads / ncores / nsockets;
                if (!nbooks)
                        nbooks = 1;

                /* number of drawers */
                ndrawers = desc->ncpus / nbooks / nthreads / ncores / nsockets;
                if (!ndrawers)
                        ndrawers = 1;

                /* all threads, see also read_basicinfo()
                 * -- fallback for kernels without
                 *    /sys/devices/system/cpu/online.
                 */
                if (!desc->nthreads)
                        desc->nthreads = ndrawers * nbooks * nsockets * ncores * nthreads;

                /* For each map we make sure that it can have up to ncpuspos
                 * entries. This is because we cannot reliably calculate the
                 * number of cores, sockets and books on all architectures.
                 * E.g. completely virtualized architectures like s390 may
                 * have multiple sockets of different sizes.
                 */
                desc->coremaps = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(cpu_set_t *));
                desc->socketmaps = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(cpu_set_t *));
                desc->coreids = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(*desc->drawerids));
                desc->socketids = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(*desc->drawerids));
                for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++)
                        desc->coreids[i] = desc->socketids[i] = -1;
                if (book_siblings) {
                        desc->bookmaps = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(cpu_set_t *));
                        desc->bookids = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(*desc->drawerids));
                        for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++)
                                desc->bookids[i] = -1;
                }
                if (drawer_siblings) {
                        desc->drawermaps = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(cpu_set_t *));
                        desc->drawerids = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(*desc->drawerids));
                        for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++)
                                desc->drawerids[i] = -1;
                }
        }

        add_cpuset_to_array(desc->socketmaps, &desc->nsockets, core_siblings);
        desc->coreids[idx] = coreid;
        add_cpuset_to_array(desc->coremaps, &desc->ncores, thread_siblings);
        desc->socketids[idx] = socketid;
        if (book_siblings) {
                add_cpuset_to_array(desc->bookmaps, &desc->nbooks, book_siblings);
                desc->bookids[idx] = bookid;
        }
        if (drawer_siblings) {
                add_cpuset_to_array(desc->drawermaps, &desc->ndrawers, drawer_siblings);
                desc->drawerids[idx] = drawerid;
        }
}

static void
read_polarization(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx)
{
        char mode[64];
        int num = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);

        if (desc->dispatching < 0)
                return;
        if (ul_path_accessf(desc->syscpu, F_OK, "cpu%d/polarization", num) != 0)
                return;
        if (!desc->polarization)
                desc->polarization = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(int));

        ul_path_readf_buffer(desc->syscpu, mode, sizeof(mode), "cpu%d/polarization", num);

        if (strncmp(mode, "vertical:low", sizeof(mode)) == 0)
                desc->polarization[idx] = POLAR_VLOW;
        else if (strncmp(mode, "vertical:medium", sizeof(mode)) == 0)
                desc->polarization[idx] = POLAR_VMEDIUM;
        else if (strncmp(mode, "vertical:high", sizeof(mode)) == 0)
                desc->polarization[idx] = POLAR_VHIGH;
        else if (strncmp(mode, "horizontal", sizeof(mode)) == 0)
                desc->polarization[idx] = POLAR_HORIZONTAL;
        else
                desc->polarization[idx] = POLAR_UNKNOWN;
}

static void
read_address(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx)
{
        int num = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);

        if (ul_path_accessf(desc->syscpu, F_OK, "cpu%d/address", num) != 0)
                return;
        if (!desc->addresses)
                desc->addresses = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(int));
        ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &desc->addresses[idx], "cpu%d/address", num);
}

static void
read_configured(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx)
{
        int num = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);

        if (ul_path_accessf(desc->syscpu, F_OK, "cpu%d/configure", num) != 0)
                return;
        if (!desc->configured)
                desc->configured = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(int));
        ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &desc->configured[idx], "cpu%d/configure", num);
}

/* Read overall maximum frequency of cpu */
static char *
cpu_max_mhz(struct lscpu_desc *desc, char *buf, size_t bufsz)
{
        int i;
        float cpu_freq = 0.0;
        size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);

        if (desc->present) {
                for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++) {
                        if (CPU_ISSET_S(real_cpu_num(desc, i), setsize, desc->present)
                            && desc->maxmhz[i]) {
                                float freq = atof(desc->maxmhz[i]);

                                if (freq > cpu_freq)
                                        cpu_freq = freq;
                        }
                }
        }
        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%.4f", cpu_freq);
        return buf;
}

/* Read overall minimum frequency of cpu */
static char *
cpu_min_mhz(struct lscpu_desc *desc, char *buf, size_t bufsz)
{
        int i;
        float cpu_freq = -1.0;
        size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);

        if (desc->present) {
                for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++) {
                        if (CPU_ISSET_S(real_cpu_num(desc, i), setsize, desc->present)
                            && desc->minmhz[i]) {
                                float freq = atof(desc->minmhz[i]);

                                if (cpu_freq < 0.0 || freq < cpu_freq)
                                        cpu_freq = freq;
                        }
                }
        }
        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%.4f", cpu_freq);
        return buf;
}


static void
read_max_mhz(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx)
{
        int num = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);
        int mhz;

        if (ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &mhz, "cpu%d/cpufreq/cpuinfo_max_freq", num) != 0)
                return;
        if (!desc->maxmhz)
                desc->maxmhz = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(char *));
        xasprintf(&desc->maxmhz[idx], "%.4f", (float) mhz / 1000);
}

static void
read_min_mhz(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx)
{
        int num = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);
        int mhz;

        if (ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &mhz, "cpu%d/cpufreq/cpuinfo_min_freq", num) != 0)
                return;
        if (!desc->minmhz)
                desc->minmhz = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(char *));
        xasprintf(&desc->minmhz[idx], "%.4f", (float) mhz / 1000);
}

static int
cachecmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        struct cpu_cache *c1 = (struct cpu_cache *) a;
        struct cpu_cache *c2 = (struct cpu_cache *) b;

        return strcmp(c2->name, c1->name);
}

static void
read_cache(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx)
{
        char buf[256];
        int i;
        int num = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);

        if (!desc->ncaches) {
                while (ul_path_accessf(desc->syscpu, F_OK,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d",
                                        num, desc->ncaches) == 0)
                        desc->ncaches++;

                if (!desc->ncaches)
                        return;
                desc->caches = xcalloc(desc->ncaches, sizeof(*desc->caches));
        }
        for (i = 0; i < desc->ncaches; i++) {
                struct cpu_cache *ca = &desc->caches[i];
                cpu_set_t *map;

                if (ul_path_accessf(desc->syscpu, F_OK,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d", num, i) != 0)
                        continue;
                if (!ca->name) {
                        int type = 0;

                        /* cache type */
                        if (ul_path_readf_string(desc->syscpu, &ca->type,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/type", num, i) > 0) {
                                if (!strcmp(ca->type, "Data"))
                                        type = 'd';
                                else if (!strcmp(ca->type, "Instruction"))
                                        type = 'i';
                        }

                        /* cache level */
                        ul_path_readf_s32(desc->syscpu, &ca->level,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/level", num, i);
                        if (type)
                                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "L%d%c", ca->level, type);
                        else
                                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "L%d", ca->level);

                        ca->name = xstrdup(buf);

                        ul_path_readf_u32(desc->syscpu, &ca->ways_of_associativity,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/ways_of_associativity", num, i);
                        ul_path_readf_u32(desc->syscpu, &ca->physical_line_partition,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/physical_line_partition", num, i);
                        ul_path_readf_u32(desc->syscpu, &ca->number_of_sets,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/number_of_sets", num, i);
                        ul_path_readf_u32(desc->syscpu, &ca->coherency_line_size,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/coherency_line_size", num, i);

                        ul_path_readf_string(desc->syscpu, &ca->allocation_policy,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/allocation_policy", num, i);
                        ul_path_readf_string(desc->syscpu, &ca->write_policy,
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/write_policy", num, i);

                        /* cache size */
                        if (ul_path_readf_buffer(desc->syscpu, buf, sizeof(buf),
                                        "cpu%d/cache/index%d/size", num, i) > 0)
                                parse_size(buf, &ca->size, NULL);
                        else
                                ca->size = 0;
                }

                /* information about how CPUs share different caches */
                ul_path_readf_cpuset(desc->syscpu, &map, maxcpus,
                                  "cpu%d/cache/index%d/shared_cpu_map", num, i);

                if (!ca->sharedmaps)
                        ca->sharedmaps = xcalloc(desc->ncpuspos, sizeof(cpu_set_t *));
                add_cpuset_to_array(ca->sharedmaps, &ca->nsharedmaps, map);
        }
}

static inline int is_node_dirent(struct dirent *d)
{
        return
                d &&
#ifdef _DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE
                (d->d_type == DT_DIR || d->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN) &&
#endif
                strncmp(d->d_name, "node", 4) == 0 &&
                isdigit_string(d->d_name + 4);
}

static int
nodecmp(const void *ap, const void *bp)
{
        int *a = (int *) ap, *b = (int *) bp;
        return *a - *b;
}

static void
read_nodes(struct lscpu_desc *desc)
{
        int i = 0;
        DIR *dir;
        struct dirent *d;
        struct path_cxt *sysnode;

        desc->nnodes = 0;

        sysnode = ul_new_path(_PATH_SYS_NODE);
        if (!sysnode)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to initialize %s handler"), _PATH_SYS_NODE);
        ul_path_set_prefix(sysnode, desc->prefix);

        dir = ul_path_opendir(sysnode, NULL);
        if (!dir)
                goto done;

        while ((d = readdir(dir))) {
                if (is_node_dirent(d))
                        desc->nnodes++;
        }

        if (!desc->nnodes) {
                closedir(dir);
                goto done;
        }

        desc->nodemaps = xcalloc(desc->nnodes, sizeof(cpu_set_t *));
        desc->idx2nodenum = xmalloc(desc->nnodes * sizeof(int));

        rewinddir(dir);
        while ((d = readdir(dir)) && i < desc->nnodes) {
                if (is_node_dirent(d))
                        desc->idx2nodenum[i++] = strtol_or_err(((d->d_name) + 4),
                                                _("Failed to extract the node number"));
        }
        closedir(dir);
        qsort(desc->idx2nodenum, desc->nnodes, sizeof(int), nodecmp);

        /* information about how nodes share different CPUs */
        for (i = 0; i < desc->nnodes; i++)
                ul_path_readf_cpuset(sysnode, &desc->nodemaps[i], maxcpus,
                                "node%d/cpumap", desc->idx2nodenum[i]);
done:
        ul_unref_path(sysnode);
}

static char *
get_cell_data(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int idx, int col,
              struct lscpu_modifier *mod,
              char *buf, size_t bufsz)
{
        size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);
        size_t i;
        int cpu = real_cpu_num(desc, idx);

        *buf = '\0';

        switch (col) {
        case COL_CPU_CPU:
                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%d", cpu);
                break;
        case COL_CPU_CORE:
                if (mod->physical) {
                        if (desc->coreids[idx] == -1)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "-");
                        else
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%d", desc->coreids[idx]);
                } else {
                        if (cpuset_ary_isset(cpu, desc->coremaps,
                                             desc->ncores, setsize, &i) == 0)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%zu", i);
                }
                break;
        case COL_CPU_SOCKET:
                if (mod->physical) {
                        if (desc->socketids[idx] ==  -1)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "-");
                        else
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%d", desc->socketids[idx]);
                } else {
                        if (cpuset_ary_isset(cpu, desc->socketmaps,
                                             desc->nsockets, setsize, &i) == 0)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%zu", i);
                }
                break;
        case COL_CPU_NODE:
                if (cpuset_ary_isset(cpu, desc->nodemaps,
                                     desc->nnodes, setsize, &i) == 0)
                        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%d", desc->idx2nodenum[i]);
                break;
        case COL_CPU_DRAWER:
                if (mod->physical) {
                        if (desc->drawerids[idx] == -1)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "-");
                        else
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%d", desc->drawerids[idx]);
                } else {
                        if (cpuset_ary_isset(cpu, desc->drawermaps,
                                             desc->ndrawers, setsize, &i) == 0)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%zu", i);
                }
                break;
        case COL_CPU_BOOK:
                if (mod->physical) {
                        if (desc->bookids[idx] == -1)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "-");
                        else
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%d", desc->bookids[idx]);
                } else {
                        if (cpuset_ary_isset(cpu, desc->bookmaps,
                                             desc->nbooks, setsize, &i) == 0)
                                snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%zu", i);
                }
                break;
        case COL_CPU_CACHE:
        {
                char *p = buf;
                size_t sz = bufsz;
                int j;

                for (j = desc->ncaches - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
                        struct cpu_cache *ca = &desc->caches[j];

                        if (cpuset_ary_isset(cpu, ca->sharedmaps,
                                             ca->nsharedmaps, setsize, &i) == 0) {
                                int x = snprintf(p, sz, "%zu", i);
                                if (x < 0 || (size_t) x >= sz)
                                        return NULL;
                                p += x;
                                sz -= x;
                        }
                        if (j != 0) {
                                if (sz < 2)
                                        return NULL;
                                *p++ = mod->compat ? ',' : ':';
                                *p = '\0';
                                sz--;
                        }
                }
                break;
        }
        case COL_CPU_POLARIZATION:
                if (desc->polarization) {
                        int x = desc->polarization[idx];

                        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%s",
                                 mod->mode == OUTPUT_PARSABLE ?
                                                polar_modes[x].parsable :
                                                polar_modes[x].readable);
                }
                break;
        case COL_CPU_ADDRESS:
                if (desc->addresses)
                        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%d", desc->addresses[idx]);
                break;
        case COL_CPU_CONFIGURED:
                if (!desc->configured)
                        break;
                if (mod->mode == OUTPUT_PARSABLE)
                        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%s",
                                 desc->configured[idx] ? _("Y") : _("N"));
                else
                        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%s",
                                 desc->configured[idx] ? _("yes") : _("no"));
                break;
        case COL_CPU_ONLINE:
                if (!desc->online)
                        break;
                if (mod->mode == OUTPUT_PARSABLE)
                        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%s",
                                 is_cpu_online(desc, cpu) ? _("Y") : _("N"));
                else
                        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%s",
                                 is_cpu_online(desc, cpu) ? _("yes") : _("no"));
                break;
        case COL_CPU_MAXMHZ:
                if (desc->maxmhz && desc->maxmhz[idx])
                        xstrncpy(buf, desc->maxmhz[idx], bufsz);
                break;
        case COL_CPU_MINMHZ:
                if (desc->minmhz && desc->minmhz[idx])
                        xstrncpy(buf, desc->minmhz[idx], bufsz);
                break;
        }
        return buf;
}

static char *
get_cell_header(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int col,
                struct lscpu_modifier *mod,
                char *buf, size_t bufsz)
{
        *buf = '\0';

        if (col == COL_CPU_CACHE) {
                char *p = buf;
                size_t sz = bufsz;
                int i;

                for (i = desc->ncaches - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                        int x = snprintf(p, sz, "%s", desc->caches[i].name);
                        if (x < 0 || (size_t) x >= sz)
                                return NULL;
                        sz -= x;
                        p += x;
                        if (i > 0) {
                                if (sz < 2)
                                        return NULL;
                                *p++ = mod->compat ? ',' : ':';
                                *p = '\0';
                                sz--;
                        }
                }
                if (desc->ncaches)
                        return buf;
        }
        snprintf(buf, bufsz, "%s", coldescs_cpu[col].name);
        return buf;
}

/*
 * [-C] backend
 */
static void
print_caches_readable(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int cols[], int ncols,
               struct lscpu_modifier *mod)
{
        int i;
        struct libscols_table *table;

        scols_init_debug(0);

        table = scols_new_table();
        if (!table)
                 err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output table"));
        if (mod->json) {
                scols_table_enable_json(table, 1);
                scols_table_set_name(table, "caches");
        }

        for (i = 0; i < ncols; i++) {
                struct lscpu_coldesc *cd = &coldescs_cache[cols[i]];
                if (!scols_table_new_column(table, cd->name, 0, cd->flags))
                        err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output column"));
        }

        for (i = desc->ncaches - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                struct cpu_cache *ca = &desc->caches[i];
                struct libscols_line *line;
                int c;

                line = scols_table_new_line(table, NULL);
                if (!line)
                        err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output line"));

                for (c = 0; c < ncols; c++) {
                        char *data = NULL;
                        int col = cols[c];

                        switch (col) {
                        case COL_CACHE_NAME:
                                if (ca->name)
                                        data = xstrdup(ca->name);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_ONESIZE:
                                if (!ca->size)
                                        break;
                                if (mod->bytes)
                                        xasprintf(&data, "%" PRIu64, ca->size);
                                else
                                        data = size_to_human_string(SIZE_SUFFIX_1LETTER, ca->size);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_ALLSIZE:
                        {
                                uint64_t sz = 0;

                                if (get_cache_full_size(desc, ca, &sz) != 0)
                                        break;
                                if (mod->bytes)
                                        xasprintf(&data, "%" PRIu64, sz);
                                else
                                        data = size_to_human_string(SIZE_SUFFIX_1LETTER, sz);
                                break;
                        }
                        case COL_CACHE_WAYS:
                                if (ca->ways_of_associativity)
                                        xasprintf(&data, "%u", ca->ways_of_associativity);
                                break;

                        case COL_CACHE_TYPE:
                                if (ca->type)
                                        data = xstrdup(ca->type);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_LEVEL:
                                if (ca->level)
                                        xasprintf(&data, "%d", ca->level);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_ALLOCPOL:
                                if (ca->allocation_policy)
                                        data = xstrdup(ca->allocation_policy);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_WRITEPOL:
                                if (ca->write_policy)
                                        data = xstrdup(ca->write_policy);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_PHYLINE:
                                if (ca->physical_line_partition)
                                        xasprintf(&data, "%u", ca->physical_line_partition);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_SETS:
                                if (ca->number_of_sets)
                                        xasprintf(&data, "%u", ca->number_of_sets);
                                break;
                        case COL_CACHE_COHERENCYSIZE:
                                if (ca->coherency_line_size)
                                        xasprintf(&data, "%u", ca->coherency_line_size);
                                break;
                        }

                        if (data && scols_line_refer_data(line, c, data))
                                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to add output data"));
                }
        }

        scols_print_table(table);
        scols_unref_table(table);
}

/*
 * [-p] backend, we support two parsable formats:
 *
 * 1) "compatible" -- this format is compatible with the original lscpu(1)
 * output and it contains fixed set of the columns. The CACHE columns are at
 * the end of the line and the CACHE is not printed if the number of the caches
 * is zero. The CACHE columns are separated by two commas, for example:
 *
 *    $ lscpu --parse
 *    # CPU,Core,Socket,Node,,L1d,L1i,L2
 *    0,0,0,0,,0,0,0
 *    1,1,0,0,,1,1,0
 *
 * 2) "user defined output" -- this format prints always all columns without
 * special prefix for CACHE column. If there are not CACHEs then the column is
 * empty and the header "Cache" is printed rather than a real name of the cache.
 * The CACHE columns are separated by ':'.
 *
 *      $ lscpu --parse=CPU,CORE,SOCKET,NODE,CACHE
 *      # CPU,Core,Socket,Node,L1d:L1i:L2
 *      0,0,0,0,0:0:0
 *      1,1,0,0,1:1:0
 */
static void
print_cpus_parsable(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int cols[], int ncols,
               struct lscpu_modifier *mod)
{
        char buf[BUFSIZ], *data;
        int i;

        /*
         * Header
         */
        printf(_(
        "# The following is the parsable format, which can be fed to other\n"
        "# programs. Each different item in every column has an unique ID\n"
        "# starting from zero.\n"));

        fputs("# ", stdout);
        for (i = 0; i < ncols; i++) {
                int col = cols[i];

                if (col == COL_CPU_CACHE) {
                        if (mod->compat && !desc->ncaches)
                                continue;
                        if (mod->compat && i != 0)
                                putchar(',');
                }
                if (i > 0)
                        putchar(',');

                data = get_cell_header(desc, col, mod, buf, sizeof(buf));

                if (data && * data && col != COL_CPU_CACHE &&
                    !coldescs_cpu[col].is_abbr) {
                        /*
                         * For normal column names use mixed case (e.g. "Socket")
                         */
                        char *p = data + 1;

                        while (p && *p != '\0') {
                                *p = tolower((unsigned int) *p);
                                p++;
                        }
                }
                fputs(data && *data ? data : "", stdout);
        }
        putchar('\n');

        /*
         * Data
         */
        for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++) {
                int c;
                int cpu = real_cpu_num(desc, i);

                if (desc->online) {
                        if (!mod->offline && !is_cpu_online(desc, cpu))
                                continue;
                        if (!mod->online && is_cpu_online(desc, cpu))
                                continue;
                }
                if (desc->present && !is_cpu_present(desc, cpu))
                        continue;
                for (c = 0; c < ncols; c++) {
                        if (mod->compat && cols[c] == COL_CPU_CACHE) {
                                if (!desc->ncaches)
                                        continue;
                                if (c > 0)
                                        putchar(',');
                        }
                        if (c > 0)
                                putchar(',');

                        data = get_cell_data(desc, i, cols[c], mod,
                                             buf, sizeof(buf));
                        fputs(data && *data ? data : "", stdout);
                }
                putchar('\n');
        }
}

/*
 * [-e] backend
 */
static void
print_cpus_readable(struct lscpu_desc *desc, int cols[], int ncols,
               struct lscpu_modifier *mod)
{
        int i;
        char buf[BUFSIZ];
        const char *data;
        struct libscols_table *table;

        scols_init_debug(0);

        table = scols_new_table();
        if (!table)
                 err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output table"));
        if (mod->json) {
                scols_table_enable_json(table, 1);
                scols_table_set_name(table, "cpus");
        }

        for (i = 0; i < ncols; i++) {
                data = get_cell_header(desc, cols[i], mod, buf, sizeof(buf));
                if (!scols_table_new_column(table, data, 0, coldescs_cpu[cols[i]].flags))
                        err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output column"));
        }

        for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++) {
                int c;
                struct libscols_line *line;
                int cpu = real_cpu_num(desc, i);

                if (desc->online) {
                        if (!mod->offline && !is_cpu_online(desc, cpu))
                                continue;
                        if (!mod->online && is_cpu_online(desc, cpu))
                                continue;
                }
                if (desc->present && !is_cpu_present(desc, cpu))
                        continue;

                line = scols_table_new_line(table, NULL);
                if (!line)
                        err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output line"));

                for (c = 0; c < ncols; c++) {
                        data = get_cell_data(desc, i, cols[c], mod,
                                             buf, sizeof(buf));
                        if (!data || !*data)
                                data = "-";
                        if (scols_line_set_data(line, c, data))
                                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to add output data"));
                }
        }

        scols_print_table(table);
        scols_unref_table(table);
}


static void __attribute__ ((__format__(printf, 3, 4)))
        add_summary_sprint(struct libscols_table *tb,
                        const char *txt,
                        const char *fmt,
                        ...)
{
        struct libscols_line *ln = scols_table_new_line(tb, NULL);
        char *data;
        va_list args;

        if (!ln)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output line"));

        /* description column */
        if (txt && scols_line_set_data(ln, 0, txt))
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to add output data"));

        /* data column */
        va_start(args, fmt);
        xvasprintf(&data, fmt, args);
        va_end(args);

        if (data && scols_line_refer_data(ln, 1, data))
                 err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to add output data"));
}

#define add_summary_n(tb, txt, num)     add_summary_sprint(tb, txt, "%d", num)
#define add_summary_s(tb, txt, str)     add_summary_sprint(tb, txt, "%s", str)

static void
print_cpuset(struct libscols_table *tb,
             const char *key, cpu_set_t *set, int hex)
{
        size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);
        size_t setbuflen = 7 * maxcpus;
        char setbuf[setbuflen], *p;

        if (hex) {
                p = cpumask_create(setbuf, setbuflen, set, setsize);
                add_summary_s(tb, key, p);
        } else {
                p = cpulist_create(setbuf, setbuflen, set, setsize);
                add_summary_s(tb, key, p);
        }
}

static int get_cache_full_size(struct lscpu_desc *desc,
                struct cpu_cache *ca, uint64_t *res)
{
        size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);
        int i, nshares = 0;

        /* Count number of CPUs which shares the cache */
        for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++) {
                int cpu = real_cpu_num(desc, i);

                if (desc->present && !is_cpu_present(desc, cpu))
                        continue;
                if (CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, setsize, ca->sharedmaps[0]))
                        nshares++;
        }

        /* Correction for CPU threads */
        if (desc->nthreads > desc->ncores)
                nshares /= (desc->nthreads / desc->ncores);
        if (nshares < 1)
                nshares = 1;

        *res = (desc->ncores / nshares) * ca->size;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * default output
 */
static void
print_summary(struct lscpu_desc *desc, struct lscpu_modifier *mod)
{
        char buf[BUFSIZ];
        int i = 0;
        size_t setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);
        struct libscols_table *tb;

        scols_init_debug(0);

        tb = scols_new_table();
        if (!tb)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to allocate output table"));

        scols_table_enable_noheadings(tb, 1);
        if (mod->json) {
                scols_table_enable_json(tb, 1);
                scols_table_set_name(tb, "lscpu");
        }

        if (scols_table_new_column(tb, "field", 0, 0) == NULL ||
            scols_table_new_column(tb, "data", 0, SCOLS_FL_NOEXTREMES | SCOLS_FL_WRAP) == NULL)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to initialize output column"));

        add_summary_s(tb, _("Architecture:"), desc->arch);
        if (desc->mode) {
                char *p = buf;

                if (desc->mode & MODE_32BIT) {
                        strcpy(p, "32-bit, ");
                        p += 8;
                }
                if (desc->mode & MODE_64BIT) {
                        strcpy(p, "64-bit, ");
                        p += 8;
                }
                *(p - 2) = '\0';
                add_summary_s(tb, _("CPU op-mode(s):"), buf);
        }
#if !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
        add_summary_s(tb, _("Byte Order:"), "Little Endian");
#else
        add_summary_s(tb, _("Byte Order:"), "Big Endian");
#endif

        if (desc->addrsz)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Address sizes:"), desc->addrsz);

        add_summary_n(tb, _("CPU(s):"), desc->ncpus);

        if (desc->online)
                print_cpuset(tb, mod->hex ? _("On-line CPU(s) mask:") :
                                            _("On-line CPU(s) list:"),
                                desc->online, mod->hex);

        if (desc->online && CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, desc->online) != desc->ncpus) {
                cpu_set_t *set;

                /* Linux kernel provides cpuset of off-line CPUs that contains
                 * all configured CPUs (see /sys/devices/system/cpu/offline),
                 * but want to print real (present in system) off-line CPUs only.
                 */
                set = cpuset_alloc(maxcpus, NULL, NULL);
                if (!set)
                        err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to callocate cpu set"));
                CPU_ZERO_S(setsize, set);
                for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++) {
                        int cpu = real_cpu_num(desc, i);
                        if (!is_cpu_online(desc, cpu) && is_cpu_present(desc, cpu))
                                CPU_SET_S(cpu, setsize, set);
                }
                print_cpuset(tb, mod->hex ? _("Off-line CPU(s) mask:") :
                                            _("Off-line CPU(s) list:"),
                             set, mod->hex);
                cpuset_free(set);
        }

        if (desc->nsockets) {
                int threads_per_core, cores_per_socket, sockets_per_book;
                int books_per_drawer, drawers;
                FILE *fd;

                threads_per_core = cores_per_socket = sockets_per_book = 0;
                books_per_drawer = drawers = 0;
                /* s390 detects its cpu topology via /proc/sysinfo, if present.
                 * Using simply the cpu topology masks in sysfs will not give
                 * usable results since everything is virtualized. E.g.
                 * virtual core 0 may have only 1 cpu, but virtual core 2 may
                 * five cpus.
                 * If the cpu topology is not exported (e.g. 2nd level guest)
                 * fall back to old calculation scheme.
                 */
                if ((fd = ul_path_fopen(desc->procfs, "r", "sysinfo"))) {
                        int t0, t1;

                        while (fd && fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fd) != NULL) {
                                if (sscanf(buf, "CPU Topology SW:%d%d%d%d%d%d",
                                           &t0, &t1, &drawers, &books_per_drawer,
                                           &sockets_per_book,
                                           &cores_per_socket) == 6)
                                        break;
                        }
                        if (fd)
                                fclose(fd);
                }
                if (desc->mtid)
                        threads_per_core = atoi(desc->mtid) + 1;
                add_summary_n(tb, _("Thread(s) per core:"),
                        threads_per_core ?: desc->nthreads / desc->ncores);
                add_summary_n(tb, _("Core(s) per socket:"),
                        cores_per_socket ?: desc->ncores / desc->nsockets);
                if (desc->nbooks) {
                        add_summary_n(tb, _("Socket(s) per book:"),
                                sockets_per_book ?: desc->nsockets / desc->nbooks);
                        if (desc->ndrawers) {
                                add_summary_n(tb, _("Book(s) per drawer:"),
                                        books_per_drawer ?: desc->nbooks / desc->ndrawers);
                                add_summary_n(tb, _("Drawer(s):"), drawers ?: desc->ndrawers);
                        } else {
                                add_summary_n(tb, _("Book(s):"), books_per_drawer ?: desc->nbooks);
                        }
                } else {
                        add_summary_n(tb, _("Socket(s):"), sockets_per_book ?: desc->nsockets);
                }
        }
        if (desc->nnodes)
                add_summary_n(tb, _("NUMA node(s):"), desc->nnodes);
        if (desc->vendor)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Vendor ID:"), desc->vendor);
        if (desc->machinetype)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Machine type:"), desc->machinetype);
        if (desc->family)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("CPU family:"), desc->family);
        if (desc->model || desc->revision)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Model:"), desc->revision ? desc->revision : desc->model);
        if (desc->modelname || desc->cpu)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Model name:"), desc->cpu ? desc->cpu : desc->modelname);
        if (desc->stepping)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Stepping:"), desc->stepping);
        if (desc->freqboost >= 0)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Frequency boost:"), desc->freqboost ?
                                _("enabled") : _("disabled"));
        if (desc->mhz)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("CPU MHz:"), desc->mhz);
        if (desc->dynamic_mhz)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("CPU dynamic MHz:"), desc->dynamic_mhz);
        if (desc->static_mhz)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("CPU static MHz:"), desc->static_mhz);
        if (desc->maxmhz)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("CPU max MHz:"), cpu_max_mhz(desc, buf, sizeof(buf)));
        if (desc->minmhz)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("CPU min MHz:"), cpu_min_mhz(desc, buf, sizeof(buf)));
        if (desc->bogomips)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("BogoMIPS:"), desc->bogomips);
        if (desc->virtflag) {
                if (!strcmp(desc->virtflag, "svm"))
                        add_summary_s(tb, _("Virtualization:"), "AMD-V");
                else if (!strcmp(desc->virtflag, "vmx"))
                        add_summary_s(tb, _("Virtualization:"), "VT-x");
        }
        if (desc->hypervisor)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Hypervisor:"), desc->hypervisor);
        if (desc->hyper) {
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Hypervisor vendor:"), hv_vendors[desc->hyper]);
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Virtualization type:"), _(virt_types[desc->virtype]));
        }
        if (desc->dispatching >= 0)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Dispatching mode:"), _(disp_modes[desc->dispatching]));
        if (desc->ncaches) {
                for (i = desc->ncaches - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                        uint64_t sz = 0;
                        char *tmp;
                        struct cpu_cache *ca = &desc->caches[i];

                        if (ca->size == 0)
                                continue;
                        if (get_cache_full_size(desc, ca, &sz) != 0 || sz == 0)
                                continue;
                        if (mod->bytes)
                                xasprintf(&tmp, "%" PRIu64, sz);
                        else
                                tmp = size_to_human_string(
                                        SIZE_SUFFIX_3LETTER | SIZE_SUFFIX_SPACE,
                                        sz);
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), _("%s cache:"), ca->name);
                        add_summary_s(tb, buf, tmp);
                        free(tmp);
                }
        }
        if (desc->necaches) {
                for (i = desc->necaches - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                        char *tmp;
                        struct cpu_cache *ca = &desc->ecaches[i];

                        if (ca->size == 0)
                                continue;
                        if (mod->bytes)
                                xasprintf(&tmp, "%" PRIu64, ca->size);
                        else
                                tmp = size_to_human_string(
                                        SIZE_SUFFIX_3LETTER | SIZE_SUFFIX_SPACE,
                                        ca->size);
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), _("%s cache:"), ca->name);
                        add_summary_s(tb, buf, tmp);
                        free(tmp);
                }
        }

        for (i = 0; i < desc->nnodes; i++) {
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), _("NUMA node%d CPU(s):"), desc->idx2nodenum[i]);
                print_cpuset(tb, buf, desc->nodemaps[i], mod->hex);
        }

        if (desc->physsockets) {
                add_summary_n(tb, _("Physical sockets:"), desc->physsockets);
                add_summary_n(tb, _("Physical chips:"), desc->physchips);
                add_summary_n(tb, _("Physical cores/chip:"), desc->physcoresperchip);
        }

        if (desc->vuls) {
                for (i = 0; i < desc->nvuls; i++) {
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), ("Vulnerability %s:"), desc->vuls[i].name);
                        add_summary_s(tb, buf, desc->vuls[i].text);
                }
        }

        if (desc->flags)
                add_summary_s(tb, _("Flags:"), desc->flags);

        scols_print_table(tb);
        scols_unref_table(tb);
}

static void __attribute__((__noreturn__)) usage(void)
{
        FILE *out = stdout;
        size_t i;

        fputs(USAGE_HEADER, out);
        fprintf(out, _(" %s [options]\n"), program_invocation_short_name);

        fputs(USAGE_SEPARATOR, out);
        fputs(_("Display information about the CPU architecture.\n"), out);

        fputs(USAGE_OPTIONS, out);
        fputs(_(" -a, --all               print both online and offline CPUs (default for -e)\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -b, --online            print online CPUs only (default for -p)\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -B, --bytes             print sizes in bytes rather than in human readable format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -C, --caches[=<list>]   info about caches in extended readable format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -c, --offline           print offline CPUs only\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -J, --json              use JSON for default or extended format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -e, --extended[=<list>] print out an extended readable format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -p, --parse[=<list>]    print out a parsable format\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -s, --sysroot <dir>     use specified directory as system root\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -x, --hex               print hexadecimal masks rather than lists of CPUs\n"), out);
        fputs(_(" -y, --physical          print physical instead of logical IDs\n"), out);
        fputs(_("     --output-all        print all available columns for -e, -p or -C\n"), out);
        fputs(USAGE_SEPARATOR, out);
        printf(USAGE_HELP_OPTIONS(25));

        fputs(_("\nAvailable output columns for -e or -p:\n"), out);
        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(coldescs_cpu); i++)
                fprintf(out, " %13s  %s\n", coldescs_cpu[i].name, _(coldescs_cpu[i].help));

        fputs(_("\nAvailable output columns for -C:\n"), out);
        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(coldescs_cache); i++)
                fprintf(out, " %13s  %s\n", coldescs_cache[i].name, _(coldescs_cache[i].help));

        printf(USAGE_MAN_TAIL("lscpu(1)"));

        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        struct lscpu_modifier _mod = { .mode = OUTPUT_SUMMARY }, *mod = &_mod;
        struct lscpu_desc _desc = { .flags = NULL }, *desc = &_desc;
        int c, i, all = 0;
        int columns[ARRAY_SIZE(coldescs_cpu)], ncolumns = 0;
        int cpu_modifier_specified = 0;
        size_t setsize;

        enum {
                OPT_OUTPUT_ALL = CHAR_MAX + 1,
        };
        static const struct option longopts[] = {
                { "all",        no_argument,       NULL, 'a' },
                { "online",     no_argument,       NULL, 'b' },
                { "bytes",      no_argument,       NULL, 'B' },
                { "caches",     optional_argument, NULL, 'C' },
                { "offline",    no_argument,       NULL, 'c' },
                { "help",       no_argument,       NULL, 'h' },
                { "extended",   optional_argument, NULL, 'e' },
                { "json",       no_argument,       NULL, 'J' },
                { "parse",      optional_argument, NULL, 'p' },
                { "sysroot",    required_argument, NULL, 's' },
                { "physical",   no_argument,       NULL, 'y' },
                { "hex",        no_argument,       NULL, 'x' },
                { "version",    no_argument,       NULL, 'V' },
                { "output-all", no_argument,       NULL, OPT_OUTPUT_ALL },
                { NULL,         0, NULL, 0 }
        };

        static const ul_excl_t excl[] = {       /* rows and cols in ASCII order */
                { 'C','e','p' },
                { 'a','b','c' },
                { 0 }
        };
        int excl_st[ARRAY_SIZE(excl)] = UL_EXCL_STATUS_INIT;

        setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
        bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
        textdomain(PACKAGE);
        atexit(close_stdout);

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "aBbC::ce::hJp::s:xyV", longopts, NULL)) != -1) {

                err_exclusive_options(c, longopts, excl, excl_st);

                switch (c) {
                case 'a':
                        mod->online = mod->offline = 1;
                        cpu_modifier_specified = 1;
                        break;
                case 'B':
                        mod->bytes = 1;
                        break;
                case 'b':
                        mod->online = 1;
                        cpu_modifier_specified = 1;
                        break;
                case 'c':
                        mod->offline = 1;
                        cpu_modifier_specified = 1;
                        break;
                case 'C':
                        if (optarg) {
                                if (*optarg == '=')
                                        optarg++;
                                ncolumns = string_to_idarray(optarg,
                                                columns, ARRAY_SIZE(columns),
                                                cache_column_name_to_id);
                                if (ncolumns < 0)
                                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
                        }
                        mod->mode = OUTPUT_CACHES;
                        break;
                case 'J':
                        mod->json = 1;
                        break;
                case 'p':
                case 'e':
                        if (optarg) {
                                if (*optarg == '=')
                                        optarg++;
                                ncolumns = string_to_idarray(optarg,
                                                columns, ARRAY_SIZE(columns),
                                                cpu_column_name_to_id);
                                if (ncolumns < 0)
                                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
                        }
                        mod->mode = c == 'p' ? OUTPUT_PARSABLE : OUTPUT_READABLE;
                        break;
                case 's':
                        desc->prefix = optarg;
                        mod->system = SYSTEM_SNAPSHOT;
                        break;
                case 'x':
                        mod->hex = 1;
                        break;
                case 'y':
                        mod->physical = 1;
                        break;
                case OPT_OUTPUT_ALL:
                        all = 1;
                        break;

                case 'h':
                        usage();
                case 'V':
                        print_version(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                default:
                        errtryhelp(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
        }

        if (all && ncolumns == 0) {
                size_t sz, maxsz = mod->mode == OUTPUT_CACHES ?
                                ARRAY_SIZE(coldescs_cache) :
                                ARRAY_SIZE(coldescs_cpu);

                for (sz = 0; sz < maxsz; sz++)
                        columns[ncolumns++] = sz;
        }

        if (cpu_modifier_specified && mod->mode == OUTPUT_SUMMARY) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                        _("%s: options --all, --online and --offline may only "
                          "be used with options --extended or --parse.\n"),
                        program_invocation_short_name);
                return EXIT_FAILURE;
        }

        if (argc != optind) {
                warnx(_("bad usage"));
                errtryhelp(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* set default cpu display mode if none was specified */
        if (!mod->online && !mod->offline) {
                mod->online = 1;
                mod->offline = mod->mode == OUTPUT_READABLE ? 1 : 0;
        }

        ul_path_init_debug();

        /* /sys/devices/system/cpu */
        desc->syscpu = ul_new_path(_PATH_SYS_CPU);
        if (!desc->syscpu)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to initialize CPUs sysfs handler"));
        if (desc->prefix)
                ul_path_set_prefix(desc->syscpu, desc->prefix);

        /* /proc */
        desc->procfs = ul_new_path("/proc");
        if (!desc->procfs)
                err(EXIT_FAILURE, _("failed to initialize procfs handler"));
        if (desc->prefix)
                ul_path_set_prefix(desc->procfs, desc->prefix);

        read_basicinfo(desc, mod);

        setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(maxcpus);

        for (i = 0; i < desc->ncpuspos; i++) {
                /* only consider present CPUs */
                if (desc->present &&
                    !CPU_ISSET_S(real_cpu_num(desc, i), setsize, desc->present))
                        continue;
                read_topology(desc, i);
                read_cache(desc, i);
                read_polarization(desc, i);
                read_address(desc, i);
                read_configured(desc, i);
                read_max_mhz(desc, i);
                read_min_mhz(desc, i);
        }

        if (desc->caches)
                qsort(desc->caches, desc->ncaches,
                                sizeof(struct cpu_cache), cachecmp);

        if (desc->ecaches)
                qsort(desc->ecaches, desc->necaches,
                                sizeof(struct cpu_cache), cachecmp);

        read_nodes(desc);
        read_hypervisor(desc, mod);
        arm_cpu_decode(desc);

        switch(mod->mode) {
        case OUTPUT_SUMMARY:
                print_summary(desc, mod);
                break;
        case OUTPUT_CACHES:
                if (!ncolumns) {
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_NAME;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_ONESIZE;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_ALLSIZE;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_WAYS;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_TYPE;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_LEVEL;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_SETS;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_PHYLINE;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CACHE_COHERENCYSIZE;
                }
                print_caches_readable(desc, columns, ncolumns, mod);
                break;
        case OUTPUT_PARSABLE:
                if (!ncolumns) {
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_CPU;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_CORE;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_SOCKET;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_NODE;
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_CACHE;
                        mod->compat = 1;
                }
                print_cpus_parsable(desc, columns, ncolumns, mod);
                break;
        case OUTPUT_READABLE:
                if (!ncolumns) {
                        /* No list was given. Just print whatever is there. */
                        columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_CPU;
                        if (desc->nodemaps)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_NODE;
                        if (desc->drawermaps)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_DRAWER;
                        if (desc->bookmaps)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_BOOK;
                        if (desc->socketmaps)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_SOCKET;
                        if (desc->coremaps)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_CORE;
                        if (desc->caches)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_CACHE;
                        if (desc->online)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_ONLINE;
                        if (desc->configured)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_CONFIGURED;
                        if (desc->polarization)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_POLARIZATION;
                        if (desc->addresses)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_ADDRESS;
                        if (desc->maxmhz)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_MAXMHZ;
                        if (desc->minmhz)
                                columns[ncolumns++] = COL_CPU_MINMHZ;
                }
                print_cpus_readable(desc, columns, ncolumns, mod);
                break;
        }

        ul_unref_path(desc->syscpu);
        ul_unref_path(desc->procfs);
        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}