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c2fa6583 CR |
1 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.3 since |
2 | the release of bash-4.2. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
3 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
4 | ||
5 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
6 | ||
7 | a. The `helptopic' completion action now maps to all the help topics, not just | |
8 | the shell builtins. | |
9 | ||
10 | b. The `help' builtin no longer does prefix substring matching, so `help read' | |
11 | does not match `readonly'. | |
12 | ||
13 | c. The shell can be compiled to not display a message about processes that | |
14 | terminate due to SIGTERM. | |
15 | ||
16 | d. Non-interactive shells now react to the setting of checkwinsize and set | |
17 | LINES and COLUMNS after a foreground job exits. | |
18 | ||
19 | e. There is a new shell option, `globasciiranges', which, when set to on, | |
20 | forces globbing range comparisons to use character ordering as if they | |
21 | were run in the C locale. | |
22 | ||
23 | f. There is a new shell option, `direxpand', which makes filename completion | |
24 | expand variables in directory names in the way bash-4.1 did. | |
25 | ||
26 | g. In Posix mode, the `command' builtin does not change whether or not a | |
27 | builtin it shadows is treated as an assignment builtin. | |
28 | ||
29 | h. The `return' and `exit' builtins accept negative exit status arguments. | |
30 | ||
31 | i. The word completion code checks whether or not a filename containing a | |
32 | shell variable expands to a directory name and appends `/' to the word | |
33 | as appropriate. The same code expands shell variables in command names | |
34 | when performing command completion. | |
35 | ||
36 | j. In Posix mode, it is now an error to attempt to define a shell function | |
37 | with the same name as a Posix special builtin. | |
38 | ||
39 | k. When compiled for strict Posix conformance, history expansion is disabled | |
40 | by default. | |
41 | ||
42 | l. The history expansion character (!) does not cause history expansion when | |
43 | followed by the closing quote in a double-quoted string. | |
44 | ||
45 | m. `complete' and its siblings compgen/compopt now takes a new `-o noquote' | |
46 | option to inhibit quoting of the completions. | |
47 | ||
48 | n. Setting HISTSIZE to a value less than zero causes the history list to be | |
49 | unlimited (setting it 0 zero disables the history list). | |
50 | ||
51 | o. Setting HISTFILESIZE to a value less than zero causes the history file size | |
52 | to be unlimited (setting it to 0 causes the history file to be truncated | |
53 | to zero size). | |
54 | ||
55 | p. The `read' builtin now skips NUL bytes in the input. | |
56 | ||
57 | q. There is a new `bind -X' option to print all key sequences bound to Unix | |
58 | commands. | |
59 | ||
60 | r. When in Posix mode, `read' is interruptible by a trapped signal. After | |
61 | running the trap handler, read returns 128+signal and throws away any | |
62 | partially-read input. | |
63 | ||
64 | s. The command completion code skips whitespace and assignment statements | |
65 | before looking for the command name word to be completed. | |
66 | ||
67 | t. The build process has a new mechanism for constructing separate help files | |
68 | that better reflects the current set of compilation options. | |
69 | ||
70 | u. The -nt and -ot options to test now work with files with nanosecond | |
71 | timestamp resolution. | |
72 | ||
73 | v. The shell saves the command history in any shell for which history is | |
74 | enabled and HISTFILE is set, not just interactive shells. | |
75 | ||
76 | w. The shell has `nameref' variables and new -n(/+n) options to declare and | |
77 | unset to use them, and a `test -R' option to test for them. | |
78 | ||
79 | x. The shell now allows assigning, referencing, and unsetting elements of | |
80 | indexed arrays using negative subscripts (a[-1]=2, echo ${a[-1]}) which | |
81 | count back from the last element of the array. | |
82 | ||
83 | y. The {x}<word redirection feature now allows words like {array[ind]} and | |
84 | can use variables with special meanings to the shell (e.g., BASH_XTRACEFD). | |
85 | ||
86 | z. There is a new CHILD_MAX special shell variable; its value controls the | |
87 | number of exited child statues the shell remembers. | |
88 | ||
89 | aa. There is a new configuration option (--enable-direxpand-default) that | |
90 | causes the `direxpand' shell option to be enabled by default. | |
91 | ||
92 | bb. Bash does not do anything special to ensure that the file descriptor | |
93 | assigned to X in {x}<foo remains open after the block containing it | |
94 | completes. | |
95 | ||
96 | cc. The `wait' builtin has a new `-n' option to wait for the next child to | |
97 | change status. | |
98 | ||
99 | dd. The `printf' %(...)T format specifier now uses the current time if no | |
100 | argument is supplied. | |
101 | ||
102 | ee. There is a new variable, BASH_COMPAT, that controls the current shell | |
103 | compatibility level. | |
104 | ||
105 | ff. The `popd' builtin now treats additional arguments as errors. | |
106 | ||
107 | gg. The brace expansion code now treats a failed sequence expansion as a | |
108 | simple string and will continue to expand brace terms in the remainder | |
109 | of the word. | |
110 | ||
0ee50808 CR |
111 | hh. Shells started to run process substitutions now run any trap set on EXIT. |
112 | ||
783ca20f CR |
113 | ii. The help builtin now attempts substring matching (as it did through |
114 | bash-4.2) if exact string matching fails. | |
115 | ||
116 | jj. The fc builtin now interprets -0 as the current command line. | |
117 | ||
118 | kk. Completing directory names containing shell variables now adds a trailing | |
119 | slash if the expanded result is a directory. | |
120 | ||
c2fa6583 CR |
121 | 2. New Features in Readline |
122 | ||
123 | a. Readline is now more responsive to SIGHUP and other fatal signals when | |
124 | reading input from the terminal or performing word completion but no | |
125 | longer attempts to run any not-allowable functions from a signal handler | |
126 | context. | |
127 | ||
128 | b. There are new bindable commands to search the history for the string of | |
129 | characters between the beginning of the line and the point | |
130 | (history-substring-search-forward, history-substring-search-backward) | |
131 | ||
132 | c. Readline allows quoted strings as the values of variables when setting | |
133 | them with `set'. As a side effect, trailing spaces and tabs are ignored | |
134 | when setting a string variable's value. | |
135 | ||
136 | d. The history library creates a backup of the history file when writing it | |
137 | and restores the backup on a write error. | |
138 | ||
139 | e. New application-settable variable: rl_filename_stat_hook: a function called | |
140 | with a filename before using it in a call to stat(2). Bash uses it to | |
141 | expand shell variables so things like $HOME/Downloads have a slash | |
142 | appended. | |
143 | ||
144 | f. New bindable function `print-last-kbd-macro', prints the most-recently- | |
145 | defined keyboard macro in a reusable format. | |
146 | ||
147 | g. New user-settable variable `colored-stats', enables use of colored text | |
148 | to denote file types when displaying possible completions (colored analog | |
149 | of visible-stats). | |
150 | ||
151 | h. New user-settable variable `keyseq-timout', acts as an inter-character | |
152 | timeout when reading input or incremental search strings. | |
153 | ||
154 | i. New application-callable function: rl_clear_history. Clears the history list | |
155 | and frees all readline-associated private data. | |
156 | ||
157 | j. New user-settable variable, show-mode-in-prompt, adds a characters to the | |
158 | beginning of the prompt indicating the current editing mode. | |
159 | ||
160 | k. New application-settable variable: rl_input_available_hook; function to be | |
161 | called when readline detects there is data available on its input file | |
162 | descriptor. | |
163 | ||
164 | l. Readline calls an application-set event hook (rl_event_hook) after it gets | |
165 | a signal while reading input (read returns -1/EINTR but readline does not | |
166 | handle the signal immediately) to allow the application to handle or | |
167 | otherwise note it. | |
168 | ||
169 | m. If the user-settable variable `history-size' is set to a value less than | |
170 | 0, the history list size is unlimited. | |
171 | ||
172 | n. New application-settable variable: rl_signal_event_hook; function that is | |
173 | called when readline is reading terminal input and read(2) is interrupted | |
174 | by a signal. Currently not called for SIGHUP or SIGTERM. | |
175 | ||
783ca20f CR |
176 | o. rl_change_environment: new application-settable variable that controls |
177 | whether or not Readline modifies the environment (currently readline | |
178 | modifies only LINES and COLUMNS). | |
179 | ||
c2fa6583 | 180 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
e05be32d CR |
181 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.2 since |
182 | the release of bash-4.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
183 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
184 | ||
185 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
186 | ||
187 | a. `exec -a foo' now sets $0 to `foo' in an executable shell script without a | |
188 | leading #!. | |
189 | ||
190 | b. Subshells begun to execute command substitutions or run shell functions or | |
191 | builtins in subshells do not reset trap strings until a new trap is | |
192 | specified. This allows $(trap) to display the caller's traps and the | |
193 | trap strings to persist until a new trap is set. | |
194 | ||
195 | c. `trap -p' will now show signals ignored at shell startup, though their | |
196 | disposition still cannot be modified. | |
197 | ||
198 | d. $'...', echo, and printf understand \uXXXX and \UXXXXXXXX escape sequences. | |
199 | ||
200 | e. declare/typeset has a new `-g' option, which creates variables in the | |
201 | global scope even when run in a shell function. | |
202 | ||
203 | f. test/[/[[ have a new -v variable unary operator, which returns success if | |
204 | `variable' has been set. | |
205 | ||
206 | g. Posix parsing changes to allow `! time command' and multiple consecutive | |
207 | instances of `!' (which toggle) and `time' (which have no cumulative | |
208 | effect). | |
209 | ||
210 | h. Posix change to allow `time' as a command by itself to print the elapsed | |
211 | user, system, and real times for the shell and its children. | |
212 | ||
213 | j. $((...)) is always parsed as an arithmetic expansion first, instead of as | |
214 | a potential nested command substitution, as Posix requires. | |
215 | ||
216 | k. A new FUNCNEST variable to allow the user to control the maximum shell | |
217 | function nesting (recursive execution) level. | |
218 | ||
219 | l. The mapfile builtin now supplies a third argument to the callback command: | |
220 | the line about to be assigned to the supplied array index. | |
221 | ||
18d2df91 | 222 | m. The printf builtin has a new %(fmt)T specifier, which allows time values |
e05be32d CR |
223 | to use strftime-like formatting. |
224 | ||
225 | n. There is a new `compat41' shell option. | |
226 | ||
227 | o. The cd builtin has a new Posix-mandated `-e' option. | |
228 | ||
229 | p. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays, previously errors, now are treated | |
230 | as offsets from the maximum assigned index + 1. | |
231 | ||
232 | q. Negative length specifications in the ${var:offset:length} expansion, | |
233 | previously errors, are now treated as offsets from the end of the variable. | |
234 | ||
235 | r. Parsing change to allow `time -p --'. | |
236 | ||
237 | s. Posix-mode parsing change to not recognize `time' as a keyword if the | |
238 | following token begins with a `-'. This means no more Posix-mode | |
239 | `time -p'. Posix interpretation 267. | |
240 | ||
241 | t. There is a new `lastpipe' shell option that runs the last command of a | |
242 | pipeline in the current shell context. The lastpipe option has no | |
243 | effect if job control is enabled. | |
244 | ||
245 | u. History expansion no longer expands the `$!' variable expansion. | |
246 | ||
247 | v. Posix mode shells no longer exit if a variable assignment error occurs | |
248 | with an assignment preceding a command that is not a special builtin. | |
249 | ||
adc6cff5 | 250 | w. Non-interactive mode shells exit if -u is enabled and an attempt is made |
e05be32d CR |
251 | to use an unset variable with the % or # expansions, the `//', `^', or |
252 | `,' expansions, or the parameter length expansion. | |
253 | ||
254 | x. Posix-mode shells use the argument passed to `.' as-is if a $PATH search | |
255 | fails, effectively searching the current directory. Posix-2008 change. | |
256 | ||
257 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
258 | ||
259 | a. The history library does not try to write the history filename in the | |
260 | current directory if $HOME is unset. This closes a potential security | |
261 | problem if the application does not specify a history filename. | |
262 | ||
263 | b. New bindable variable `completion-display-width' to set the number of | |
264 | columns used when displaying completions. | |
265 | ||
266 | c. New bindable variable `completion-case-map' to cause case-insensitive | |
267 | completion to treat `-' and `_' as identical. | |
268 | ||
269 | d. There are new bindable vi-mode command names to avoid readline's case- | |
270 | insensitive matching not allowing them to be bound separately. | |
271 | ||
272 | e. New bindable variable `menu-complete-display-prefix' causes the menu | |
273 | completion code to display the common prefix of the possible completions | |
274 | before cycling through the list, instead of after. | |
275 | ||
276 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
b06e584e CR |
277 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.1 since |
278 | the release of bash-4.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
279 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
280 | ||
281 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
282 | ||
283 | a. Here-documents within $(...) command substitutions may once more be | |
284 | delimited by the closing right paren, instead of requiring a newline. | |
285 | ||
286 | b. Bash's file status checks (executable, readable, etc.) now take file | |
287 | system ACLs into account on file systems that support them. | |
288 | ||
289 | c. Bash now passes environment variables with names that are not valid | |
290 | shell variable names through into the environment passed to child | |
291 | processes. | |
292 | ||
293 | d. The `execute-unix-command' readline function now attempts to clear and | |
294 | reuse the current line rather than move to a new one after the command | |
295 | executes. | |
296 | ||
297 | e. `printf -v' can now assign values to array indices. | |
298 | ||
299 | f. New `complete -E' and `compopt -E' options that work on the "empty" | |
300 | completion: completion attempted on an empty command line. | |
301 | ||
302 | g. New complete/compgen/compopt -D option to define a `default' completion: | |
303 | a completion to be invoked on command for which no completion has been | |
304 | defined. If this function returns 124, programmable completion is | |
305 | attempted again, allowing a user to dynamically build a set of completions | |
306 | as completion is attempted by having the default completion function | |
307 | install individual completion functions each time it is invoked. | |
308 | ||
309 | h. When displaying associative arrays, subscripts are now quoted. | |
310 | ||
311 | i. Changes to dabbrev-expand to make it more `emacs-like': no space appended | |
312 | after matches, completions are not sorted, and most recent history entries | |
313 | are presented first. | |
314 | ||
315 | j. The [[ and (( commands are now subject to the setting of `set -e' and the | |
316 | ERR trap. | |
317 | ||
318 | k. The source/. builtin now removes NUL bytes from the file before attempting | |
319 | to parse commands. | |
320 | ||
321 | l. There is a new configuration option (in config-top.h) that forces bash to | |
322 | forward all history entries to syslog. | |
323 | ||
324 | m. A new variable $BASHOPTS to export shell options settable using `shopt' to | |
325 | child processes. | |
326 | ||
327 | n. There is a new confgure option that forces the extglob option to be | |
328 | enabled by default. | |
329 | ||
330 | o. New variable $BASH_XTRACEFD; when set to an integer bash will write xtrace | |
331 | output to that file descriptor. | |
332 | ||
333 | p. If the optional left-hand-side of a redirection is of the form {var}, the | |
334 | shell assigns the file descriptor used to $var or uses $var as the file | |
335 | descriptor to move or close, depending on the redirection operator. | |
336 | ||
337 | q. The < and > operators to the [[ conditional command now do string | |
ecf57862 CR |
338 | comparison according to the current locale if the compatibility level |
339 | is greater than 40. | |
b06e584e CR |
340 | |
341 | r. Programmable completion now uses the completion for `b' instead of `a' | |
342 | when completion is attempted on a line like: a $(b c. | |
343 | ||
344 | s. Force extglob on temporarily when parsing the pattern argument to | |
345 | the == and != operators to the [[ command, for compatibility. | |
346 | ||
347 | t. Changed the behavior of interrupting the wait builtin when a SIGCHLD is | |
348 | received and a trap on SIGCHLD is set to be Posix-mode only. | |
349 | ||
350 | u. The read builtin has a new `-N nchars' option, which reads exactly NCHARS | |
351 | characters, ignoring delimiters like newline. | |
352 | ||
2695f55d CR |
353 | v. The mapfile/readarray builtin no longer stores the commands it invokes via |
354 | callbacks in the history list. | |
355 | ||
356 | w. There is a new `compat40' shopt option. | |
357 | ||
b06e584e CR |
358 | 2. New Features in Readline |
359 | ||
360 | a. New bindable function: menu-complete-backward. | |
361 | ||
362 | b. In the vi insertion keymap, C-n is now bound to menu-complete by default, | |
363 | and C-p to menu-complete-backward. | |
364 | ||
365 | c. When in vi command mode, repeatedly hitting ESC now does nothing, even | |
366 | when ESC introduces a bound key sequence. This is closer to how | |
367 | historical vi behaves. | |
368 | ||
369 | d. New bindable function: skip-csi-sequence. Can be used as a default to | |
370 | consume key sequences generated by keys like Home and End without having | |
371 | to bind all keys. | |
372 | ||
373 | e. New application-settable function: rl_filename_rewrite_hook. Can be used | |
374 | to rewite or modify filenames read from the file system before they are | |
375 | compared to the word to be completed. | |
376 | ||
377 | f. New bindable variable: skip-completed-text, active when completing in the | |
378 | middle of a word. If enabled, it means that characters in the completion | |
379 | that match characters in the remainder of the word are "skipped" rather | |
380 | than inserted into the line. | |
381 | ||
382 | g. The pre-readline-6.0 version of menu completion is available as | |
383 | "old-menu-complete" for users who do not like the readline-6.0 version. | |
384 | ||
385 | h. New bindable variable: echo-control-characters. If enabled, and the | |
386 | tty ECHOCTL bit is set, controls the echoing of characters corresponding | |
387 | to keyboard-generated signals. | |
388 | ||
389 | i. New bindable variable: enable-meta-key. Controls whether or not readline | |
390 | sends the smm/rmm sequences if the terminal indicates it has a meta key | |
391 | that enables eight-bit characters. | |
392 | ||
393 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
bea29b7b CR |
394 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.0 since |
395 | the release of bash-3.2. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
396 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
397 | ||
398 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
399 | ||
400 | a. When using substring expansion on the positional parameters, a starting | |
401 | index of 0 now causes $0 to be prefixed to the list. | |
402 | ||
403 | b. The `help' builtin now prints its columns with entries sorted vertically | |
404 | rather than horizontally. | |
405 | ||
406 | c. There is a new variable, $BASHPID, which always returns the process id of | |
407 | the current shell. | |
408 | ||
409 | d. There is a new `autocd' option that, when enabled, causes bash to attempt | |
410 | to `cd' to a directory name that is supplied as the first word of a | |
411 | simple command. | |
412 | ||
413 | e. There is a new `checkjobs' option that causes the shell to check for and | |
414 | report any running or stopped jobs at exit. | |
415 | ||
416 | f. The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_TYPE variable, set to | |
417 | a character describing the type of completion being attempted. | |
418 | ||
419 | g. The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_KEY variable, set to | |
420 | the character that caused the completion to be invoked (e.g., TAB). | |
421 | ||
422 | h. If creation of a child process fails due to insufficient resources, bash | |
423 | will try again several times before reporting failure. | |
424 | ||
425 | i. The programmable completion code now uses the same set of characters as | |
426 | readline when breaking the command line into a list of words. | |
427 | ||
428 | j. The block multiplier for the ulimit -c and -f options is now 512 when in | |
429 | Posix mode, as Posix specifies. | |
430 | ||
431 | k. Changed the behavior of the read builtin to save any partial input received | |
432 | in the specified variable when the read builtin times out. This also | |
433 | results in variables specified as arguments to read to be set to the empty | |
434 | string when there is no input available. When the read builtin times out, | |
435 | it returns an exit status greater than 128. | |
436 | ||
437 | l. The shell now has the notion of a `compatibility level', controlled by | |
438 | new variables settable by `shopt'. Setting this variable currently | |
439 | restores the bash-3.1 behavior when processing quoted strings on the rhs | |
440 | of the `=~' operator to the `[[' command. | |
441 | ||
442 | m. The `ulimit' builtin now has new -b (socket buffer size) and -T (number | |
443 | of threads) options. | |
444 | ||
445 | n. The -p option to `declare' now displays all variable values and attributes | |
446 | (or function values and attributes if used with -f). | |
447 | ||
448 | o. There is a new `compopt' builtin that allows completion functions to modify | |
449 | completion options for existing completions or the completion currently | |
450 | being executed. | |
451 | ||
452 | p. The `read' builtin has a new -i option which inserts text into the reply | |
453 | buffer when using readline. | |
454 | ||
455 | q. A new `-E' option to the complete builtin allows control of the default | |
456 | behavior for completion on an empty line. | |
457 | ||
458 | r. There is now limited support for completing command name words containing | |
459 | globbing characters. | |
460 | ||
461 | s. Changed format of internal help documentation for all builtins to roughly | |
462 | follow man page format. | |
463 | ||
464 | t. The `help' builtin now has a new -d option, to display a short description, | |
465 | and a -m option, to print help information in a man page-like format. | |
466 | ||
467 | u. There is a new `mapfile' builtin to populate an array with lines from a | |
a05a1337 | 468 | given file. The name `readarray' is a synonym. |
bea29b7b CR |
469 | |
470 | v. If a command is not found, the shell attempts to execute a shell function | |
471 | named `command_not_found_handle', supplying the command words as the | |
472 | function arguments. | |
473 | ||
474 | w. There is a new shell option: `globstar'. When enabled, the globbing code | |
475 | treats `**' specially -- it matches all directories (and files within | |
476 | them, when appropriate) recursively. | |
477 | ||
478 | x. There is a new shell option: `dirspell'. When enabled, the filename | |
479 | completion code performs spelling correction on directory names during | |
480 | completion. | |
481 | ||
482 | y. The `-t' option to the `read' builtin now supports fractional timeout | |
483 | values. | |
484 | ||
485 | z. Brace expansion now allows zero-padding of expanded numeric values and | |
486 | will add the proper number of zeroes to make sure all values contain the | |
487 | same number of digits. | |
488 | ||
489 | aa. There is a new bash-specific bindable readline function: `dabbrev-expand'. | |
490 | It uses menu completion on a set of words taken from the history list. | |
491 | ||
492 | bb. The command assigned to a key sequence with `bind -x' now sets two new | |
493 | variables in the environment of the executed command: READLINE_LINE_BUFFER | |
494 | and READLINE_POINT. The command can change the current readline line | |
495 | and cursor position by modifying READLINE_LINE_BUFFER and READLINE_POINT, | |
496 | respectively. | |
497 | ||
a05a1337 | 498 | cc. There is a new &>> redirection operator, which appends the standard output |
bea29b7b CR |
499 | and standard error to the named file. |
500 | ||
501 | dd. The parser now understands `|&' as a synonym for `2>&1 |', which redirects | |
502 | the standard error for a command through a pipe. | |
503 | ||
504 | ee. The new `;&' case statement action list terminator causes execution to | |
505 | continue with the action associated with the next pattern in the | |
506 | statement rather than terminating the command. | |
507 | ||
508 | ff. The new `;;&' case statement action list terminator causes the shell to | |
509 | test the next set of patterns after completing execution of the current | |
510 | action, rather than terminating the command. | |
511 | ||
512 | gg. The shell understands a new variable: PROMPT_DIRTRIM. When set to an | |
513 | integer value greater than zero, prompt expansion of \w and \W will | |
514 | retain only that number of trailing pathname components and replace | |
515 | the intervening characters with `...'. | |
516 | ||
517 | hh. There are new case-modifying word expansions: uppercase (^[^]) and | |
518 | lowercase (,[,]). They can work on either the first character or | |
519 | array element, or globally. They accept an optional shell pattern | |
520 | that determines which characters to modify. There is an optionally- | |
521 | configured feature to include capitalization operators. | |
522 | ||
523 | ii. The shell provides associative array variables, with the appropriate | |
524 | support to create, delete, assign values to, and expand them. | |
525 | ||
526 | jj. The `declare' builtin now has new -l (convert value to lowercase upon | |
527 | assignment) and -u (convert value to uppercase upon assignment) options. | |
528 | There is an optionally-configurable -c option to capitalize a value at | |
529 | assignment. | |
530 | ||
531 | kk. There is a new `coproc' reserved word that specifies a coprocess: an | |
532 | asynchronous command run with two pipes connected to the creating shell. | |
533 | Coprocs can be named. The input and output file descriptors and the | |
534 | PID of the coprocess are available to the calling shell in variables | |
535 | with coproc-specific names. | |
536 | ||
1fa6db60 CR |
537 | ll. A value of 0 for the -t option to `read' now returns success if there is |
538 | input available to be read from the specified file descriptor. | |
539 | ||
540 | mm. CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE are ignored when the shell is running in privileged | |
541 | mode. | |
542 | ||
543 | nn. New bindable readline functions shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word, | |
544 | which move forward and backward words delimited by shell metacharacters | |
545 | and honor shell quoting. | |
546 | ||
547 | oo. New bindable readline functions shell-backward-kill-word and shell-kill-word | |
548 | which kill words backward and forward, but use the same word boundaries | |
549 | as shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word. | |
550 | ||
bea29b7b CR |
551 | 2. New Features in Readline |
552 | ||
553 | a. A new variable, rl_sort_completion_matches; allows applications to inhibit | |
554 | match list sorting (but beware: some things don't work right if | |
555 | applications do this). | |
556 | ||
557 | b. A new variable, rl_completion_invoking_key; allows applications to discover | |
558 | the key that invoked rl_complete or rl_menu_complete. | |
559 | ||
560 | c. The functions rl_block_sigint and rl_release_sigint are now public and | |
561 | available to calling applications who want to protect critical sections | |
562 | (like redisplay). | |
563 | ||
564 | d. The functions rl_save_state and rl_restore_state are now public and | |
565 | available to calling applications; documented rest of readline's state | |
566 | flag values. | |
567 | ||
568 | e. A new user-settable variable, `history-size', allows setting the maximum | |
569 | number of entries in the history list. | |
570 | ||
571 | f. There is a new implementation of menu completion, with several improvements | |
572 | over the old; the most notable improvement is a better `completions | |
573 | browsing' mode. | |
574 | ||
575 | g. The menu completion code now uses the rl_menu_completion_entry_function | |
576 | variable, allowing applications to provide their own menu completion | |
577 | generators. | |
578 | ||
579 | h. There is support for replacing a prefix of a pathname with a `...' when | |
580 | displaying possible completions. This is controllable by setting the | |
581 | `completion-prefix-display-length' variable. Matches with a common prefix | |
582 | longer than this value have the common prefix replaced with `...'. | |
583 | ||
584 | i. There is a new `revert-all-at-newline' variable. If enabled, readline will | |
585 | undo all outstanding changes to all history lines when `accept-line' is | |
586 | executed. | |
587 | ||
1fa6db60 CR |
588 | j. If the kernel supports it, readline displays special characters |
589 | corresponding to a keyboard-generated signal when the signal is received. | |
590 | ||
bea29b7b | 591 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
d3ad40de CR |
592 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.2 since |
593 | the release of bash-3.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
594 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
595 | ||
596 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
597 | ||
598 | a. Changed the parameter pattern replacement functions to not anchor the | |
599 | pattern at the beginning of the string if doing global replacement - that | |
600 | combination doesn't make any sense. | |
601 | ||
602 | b. When running in `word expansion only' mode (--wordexp option), inhibit | |
603 | process substitution. | |
604 | ||
605 | c. Loadable builtins now work on MacOS X 10.[34]. | |
606 | ||
607 | d. Shells running in posix mode no longer set $HOME, as POSIX requires. | |
608 | ||
609 | e. The code that checks for binary files being executed as shell scripts now | |
610 | checks only for NUL rather than any non-printing character. | |
611 | ||
612 | f. Quoting the string argument to the [[ command's =~ operator now forces | |
613 | string matching, as with the other pattern-matching operators. | |
614 | ||
615 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
616 | ||
617 | a. Calling applications can now set the keyboard timeout to 0, allowing | |
618 | poll-like behavior. | |
619 | ||
620 | b. The value of SYS_INPUTRC (configurable at compilation time) is now used as | |
621 | the default last-ditch startup file. | |
622 | ||
623 | c. The history file reading functions now allow windows-like \r\n line | |
624 | terminators. | |
625 | ||
626 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
1569c106 CR |
627 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.1 since |
628 | the release of bash-3.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
629 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
630 | ||
631 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
632 | ||
633 | a. Bash now understands LC_TIME as a special variable so that time display | |
634 | tracks the current locale. | |
635 | ||
636 | b. BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, BASH_SOURCE, and BASH_LINENO are no longer created | |
637 | as `invisible' variables and may not be unset. | |
638 | ||
639 | c. In POSIX mode, if `xpg_echo' option is enabled, the `echo' builtin doesn't | |
640 | try to interpret any options at all, as POSIX requires. | |
641 | ||
642 | d. The `bg' builtin now accepts multiple arguments, as POSIX seems to specify. | |
643 | ||
644 | e. Fixed vi-mode word completion and glob expansion to perform tilde | |
645 | expansion. | |
646 | ||
647 | f. The `**' mathematic exponentiation operator is now right-associative. | |
648 | ||
649 | g. The `ulimit' builtin has new options: -i (max number of pending signals), | |
650 | -q (max size of POSIX message queues), and -x (max number of file locks). | |
651 | ||
652 | h. A bare `%' once again expands to the current job when used as a job | |
653 | specifier. | |
654 | ||
655 | i. The `+=' assignment operator (append to the value of a string or array) is | |
656 | now supported for assignment statements and arguments to builtin commands | |
657 | that accept assignment statements. | |
658 | ||
659 | j. BASH_COMMAND now preserves its value when a DEBUG trap is executed. | |
660 | ||
661 | k. The `gnu_errfmt' option is enabled automatically if the shell is running | |
662 | in an emacs terminal window. | |
663 | ||
664 | l. New configuration option: --single-help-strings. Causes long help text | |
665 | to be written as a single string; intended to ease translation. | |
666 | ||
667 | m. The COMP_WORDBREAKS variable now causes the list of word break characters | |
668 | to be emptied when the variable is unset. | |
669 | ||
670 | n. An unquoted expansion of $* when $IFS is empty now causes the positional | |
671 | parameters to be concatenated if the expansion doesn't undergo word | |
672 | splitting. | |
673 | ||
674 | o. Bash now inherits $_ from the environment if it appears there at startup. | |
675 | ||
676 | p. New shell option: nocasematch. If non-zero, shell pattern matching ignores | |
677 | case when used by `case' and `[[' commands. | |
678 | ||
679 | q. The `printf' builtin takes a new option: -v var. That causes the output | |
680 | to be placed into var instead of on stdout. | |
681 | ||
682 | r. By default, the shell no longer reports processes dying from SIGPIPE. | |
683 | ||
684 | s. Bash now sets the extern variable `environ' to the export environment it | |
685 | creates, so C library functions that call getenv() (and can't use the | |
686 | shell-provided replacement) get current values of environment variables. | |
687 | ||
a2e7f358 CR |
688 | t. A new configuration option, `--enable-strict-posix-default', which will |
689 | build bash to be POSIX conforming by default. | |
690 | ||
28089d04 CR |
691 | u. If compiled for strict POSIX conformance, LINES and COLUMNS may now |
692 | override the true terminal size. | |
693 | ||
1569c106 CR |
694 | 2. New Features in Readline |
695 | ||
696 | a. The key sequence sent by the keypad `delete' key is now automatically | |
697 | bound to delete-char. | |
698 | ||
699 | b. A negative argument to menu-complete now cycles backward through the | |
700 | completion list. | |
701 | ||
702 | c. A new bindable readline variable: bind-tty-special-chars. If non-zero, | |
703 | readline will bind the terminal special characters to their readline | |
704 | equivalents when it's called (on by default). | |
705 | ||
706 | d. New bindable command: vi-rubout. Saves deleted text for possible | |
707 | reinsertion, as with any vi-mode `text modification' command; `X' is bound | |
708 | to this in vi command mode. | |
709 | ||
28089d04 CR |
710 | e. A new external application-controllable variable that allows the LINES |
711 | and COLUMNS environment variables to set the window size regardless of | |
712 | what the kernel returns: rl_prefer_env_winsize | |
713 | ||
1569c106 | 714 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
d3a24ed2 CR |
715 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.0 since |
716 | the release of bash-2.05b. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
717 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
718 | ||
719 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
720 | ||
721 | a. ANSI string expansion now implements the \x{hexdigits} escape. | |
722 | ||
723 | b. There is a new loadable `strftime' builtin. | |
724 | ||
725 | c. New variable, COMP_WORDBREAKS, which controls the readline completer's | |
726 | idea of word break characters. | |
727 | ||
728 | d. The `type' builtin no longer reports on aliases unless alias expansion | |
729 | will actually be performed. | |
730 | ||
731 | e. HISTCONTROL is now a colon-separated list of values, which permits | |
732 | more extensibility and backwards compatibility. | |
733 | ||
734 | f. HISTCONTROL may now include the `erasedups' option, which causes all lines | |
735 | matching a line being added to be removed from the history list. | |
736 | ||
737 | g. `configure' has a new `--enable-multibyte' argument that permits multibyte | |
738 | character support to be disabled even on systems that support it. | |
739 | ||
740 | h. New variables to support the bash debugger: BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, | |
741 | BASH_SOURCE, BASH_LINENO, BASH_SUBSHELL, BASH_EXECUTION_STRING, | |
742 | BASH_COMMAND | |
743 | ||
744 | i. FUNCNAME has been changed to support the debugger: it's now an array | |
745 | variable. | |
746 | ||
747 | j. for, case, select, arithmetic commands now keep line number information | |
748 | for the debugger. | |
749 | ||
750 | k. There is a new `RETURN' trap executed when a function or sourced script | |
751 | returns (not inherited child processes; inherited by command substitution | |
752 | if function tracing is enabled and the debugger is active). | |
753 | ||
754 | l. New invocation option: --debugger. Enables debugging and turns on new | |
755 | `extdebug' shell option. | |
756 | ||
757 | m. New `functrace' and `errtrace' options to `set -o' cause DEBUG and ERR | |
758 | traps, respectively, to be inherited by shell functions. Equivalent to | |
759 | `set -T' and `set -E' respectively. The `functrace' option also controls | |
760 | whether or not the DEBUG trap is inherited by sourced scripts. | |
761 | ||
762 | n. The DEBUG trap is run before binding the variable and running the action | |
763 | list in a `for' command, binding the selection variable and running the | |
764 | query in a `select' command, and before attempting a match in a `case' | |
765 | command. | |
766 | ||
767 | o. New `--enable-debugger' option to `configure' to compile in the debugger | |
768 | support code. | |
769 | ||
770 | p. `declare -F' now prints out extra line number and source file information | |
771 | if the `extdebug' option is set. | |
772 | ||
773 | q. If `extdebug' is enabled, a non-zero return value from a DEBUG trap causes | |
774 | the next command to be skipped, and a return value of 2 while in a | |
775 | function or sourced script forces a `return'. | |
776 | ||
777 | r. New `caller' builtin to provide a call stack for the bash debugger. | |
778 | ||
779 | s. The DEBUG trap is run just before the first command in a function body is | |
780 | executed, for the debugger. | |
781 | ||
782 | t. `for', `select', and `case' command heads are printed when `set -x' is | |
783 | enabled. | |
784 | ||
785 | u. There is a new {x..y} brace expansion, which is shorthand for {x.x+1, | |
786 | x+2,...,y}. x and y can be integers or single characters; the sequence | |
787 | may ascend or descend; the increment is always 1. | |
788 | ||
789 | v. New ksh93-like ${!array[@]} expansion, expands to all the keys (indices) | |
790 | of array. | |
791 | ||
792 | w. New `force_fignore' shopt option; if enabled, suffixes specified by | |
793 | FIGNORE cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even | |
794 | if they're the only possibilities. | |
795 | ||
796 | x. New `gnu_errfmt' shopt option; if enabled, error messages follow the `gnu | |
797 | style' (filename:lineno:message) format. | |
798 | ||
799 | y. New `-o bashdefault' option to complete and compgen; if set, causes the | |
800 | whole set of bash completions to be performed if the compspec doesn't | |
801 | result in a match. | |
802 | ||
803 | z. New `-o plusdirs' option to complete and compgen; if set, causes directory | |
804 | name completion to be performed and the results added to the rest of the | |
805 | possible completions. | |
806 | ||
807 | aa. `kill' is available as a builtin even when the shell is built without | |
808 | job control. | |
809 | ||
810 | bb. New HISTTIMEFORMAT variable; value is a format string to pass to | |
811 | strftime(3). If set and not null, the `history' builtin prints out | |
812 | timestamp information according to the specified format when displaying | |
813 | history entries. If set, bash tells the history library to write out | |
814 | timestamp information when the history file is written. | |
815 | ||
816 | cc. The [[ ... ]] command has a new binary `=~' operator that performs | |
817 | extended regular expression (egrep-like) matching. | |
818 | ||
819 | dd. `configure' has a new `--enable-cond-regexp' option (enabled by default) | |
820 | to enable the =~ operator and regexp matching in [[ ... ]]. | |
821 | ||
822 | ee. Subexpressions matched by the =~ operator are placed in the new | |
823 | BASH_REMATCH array variable. | |
824 | ||
825 | ff. New `failglob' option that causes an expansion error when pathname | |
826 | expansion fails to produce a match. | |
827 | ||
828 | gg. New `set -o pipefail' option that causes a pipeline to return a failure | |
829 | status if any of the processes in the pipeline fail, not just the last | |
830 | one. | |
831 | ||
113d85a4 | 832 | hh. printf builtin understands two new escape sequences: \" and \?. |
545f34cf | 833 | |
113d85a4 | 834 | ii. `echo -e' understands two new escape sequences: \" and \?. |
545f34cf | 835 | |
113d85a4 CR |
836 | jj. The GNU `gettext' package and libintl have been integrated; the shell's |
837 | messages can be translated into different languages. | |
838 | ||
839 | kk. The `\W' prompt expansion now abbreviates $HOME as `~', like `\w'. | |
840 | ||
841 | ll. The error message printed when bash cannot open a shell script supplied | |
842 | as argument 1 now includes the name of the shell, to better identify | |
843 | the error as coming from bash. | |
545f34cf | 844 | |
56299fa5 | 845 | mm. The parameter pattern removal and substitution expansions are now much |
5565fb1a CR |
846 | faster and more efficient when using multibyte characters. |
847 | ||
56299fa5 | 848 | nn. The `jobs', `kill', and `wait' builtins now accept job control notation |
f085a21f CR |
849 | even if job control is not enabled. |
850 | ||
56299fa5 | 851 | oo. The historical behavior of `trap' that allows a missing `action' argument |
61deeb13 CR |
852 | to cause each specified signal's handling to be reset to its default is |
853 | now only supported when `trap' is given a single non-option argument. | |
854 | ||
d3a24ed2 CR |
855 | 2. New Features in Readline |
856 | ||
857 | a. History expansion has a new `a' modifier equivalent to the `g' modifier | |
858 | for compatibility with the BSD csh. | |
859 | ||
860 | b. History expansion has a new `G' modifier equivalent to the BSD csh `g' | |
861 | modifier, which performs a substitution once per word. | |
862 | ||
863 | c. All non-incremental search operations may now undo the operation of | |
864 | replacing the current line with the history line. | |
865 | ||
866 | d. The text inserted by an `a' command in vi mode can be reinserted with | |
867 | `.'. | |
868 | ||
869 | e. New bindable variable, `show-all-if-unmodified'. If set, the readline | |
870 | completer will list possible completions immediately if there is more | |
871 | than one completion and partial completion cannot be performed. | |
872 | ||
873 | f. There is a new application-callable `free_history_entry()' function. | |
874 | ||
875 | g. History list entries now contain timestamp information; the history file | |
876 | functions know how to read and write timestamp information associated | |
877 | with each entry. | |
878 | ||
879 | h. Four new key binding functions have been added: | |
880 | ||
881 | rl_bind_key_if_unbound() | |
882 | rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map() | |
883 | rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound() | |
884 | rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map() | |
885 | ||
545f34cf CR |
886 | i. New application variable, rl_completion_quote_character, set to any |
887 | quote character readline finds before it calls the application completion | |
888 | function. | |
889 | ||
890 | j. New application variable, rl_completion_suppress_quote, settable by an | |
891 | application completion function. If set to non-zero, readline does not | |
892 | attempt to append a closing quote to a completed word. | |
893 | ||
894 | k. New application variable, rl_completion_found_quote, set to a non-zero | |
895 | value if readline determines that the word to be completed is quoted. | |
896 | Set before readline calls any application completion function. | |
897 | ||
113d85a4 CR |
898 | l. New function hook, rl_completion_word_break_hook, called when readline |
899 | needs to break a line into words when completion is attempted. Allows | |
900 | the word break characters to vary based on position in the line. | |
901 | ||
902 | m. New bindable command: unix-filename-rubout. Does the same thing as | |
903 | unix-word-rubout, but adds `/' to the set of word delimiters. | |
904 | ||
56299fa5 CR |
905 | n. When listing completions, directories have a `/' appended if the |
906 | `mark-directories' option has been enabled. | |
907 | ||
d3a24ed2 | 908 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
7117c2d2 JA |
909 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05b since |
910 | the release of bash-2.05a. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
911 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
912 | ||
913 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
914 | ||
915 | a. If set, TMOUT is the default timeout for the `read' builtin. | |
916 | ||
917 | b. `type' has two new options: `-f' suppresses shell function lookup, and | |
918 | `-P' forces a $PATH search. | |
919 | ||
920 | c. New code to handle multibyte characters. | |
921 | ||
922 | d. `select' was changed to be more ksh-compatible, in that the menu is | |
923 | reprinted each time through the loop only if REPLY is set to NULL. | |
924 | The previous behavior is available as a compile-time option. | |
925 | ||
926 | e. `complete -d' and `complete -o dirnames' now force a slash to be | |
927 | appended to names which are symlinks to directories. | |
928 | ||
929 | f. There is now a bindable edit-and-execute-command readline command, | |
930 | like the vi-mode `v' command, bound to C-xC-e in emacs mode. | |
931 | ||
932 | g. Added support for ksh93-like [:word:] character class in pattern matching. | |
933 | ||
934 | h. The $'...' quoting construct now expands \cX to Control-X. | |
935 | ||
936 | i. A new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime and inserts | |
937 | the result into the expanded prompt. | |
938 | ||
939 | j. The shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the | |
940 | machine supports (intmax_t), instead of long. | |
941 | ||
942 | k. If a numeric argument is supplied to one of the bash globbing completion | |
943 | functions, a `*' is appended to the word before expansion is attempted. | |
944 | ||
945 | l. The bash globbing completion functions now allow completions to be listed | |
946 | with double tabs or if `show-all-if-ambiguous' is set. | |
947 | ||
948 | m. New `-o nospace' option for `complete' and `compgen' builtins; suppresses | |
949 | readline's appending a space to the completed word. | |
950 | ||
951 | n. New `here-string' redirection operator: <<< word. | |
952 | ||
953 | o. When displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown | |
954 | separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use | |
955 | the old output would result in syntax errors). | |
956 | ||
957 | p. There is a new configuration option `--enable-mem-scramble', controls | |
958 | bash malloc behavior of writing garbage characters into memory at | |
959 | allocation and free time. | |
960 | ||
961 | q. The `complete' and `compgen' builtins now have a new `-s/-A service' | |
962 | option to complete on names from /etc/services. | |
963 | ||
964 | r. `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor. | |
965 | ||
966 | s. Fix the completion code so that expansion errors in a directory name | |
967 | don't cause a longjmp back to the command loop. | |
968 | ||
969 | t. Fixed word completion inside command substitution to work a little more | |
970 | intuitively. | |
971 | ||
972 | u. The `printf' %q format specifier now uses $'...' quoting to print the | |
973 | argument if it contains non-printing characters. | |
974 | ||
975 | v. The `declare' and `typeset' builtins have a new `-t' option. When applied | |
976 | to functions, it causes the DEBUG trap to be inherited by the named | |
977 | function. Currently has no effect on variables. | |
978 | ||
979 | w. The DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands, | |
980 | [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops. | |
981 | ||
982 | x. The expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the | |
983 | function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a | |
984 | script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as | |
985 | POSIX-2001 requires. | |
986 | ||
987 | y. The bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the | |
988 | new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like, | |
989 | and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better. Code | |
990 | from Gary Vaughan. | |
991 | ||
992 | z. New [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections from ksh93 -- move fds (dup | |
993 | and close). | |
994 | ||
995 | aa. There is a new `-l' invocation option, equivalent to `--login'. | |
996 | ||
997 | bb. The `hash' builtin has a new `-l' option to list contents in a reusable | |
998 | format, and a `-d' option to remove a name from the hash table. | |
999 | ||
1000 | cc. There is now support for placing the long help text into separate files | |
1001 | installed into ${datadir}/bash. Not enabled by default; can be turned | |
1002 | on with `--enable-separate-helpfiles' option to configure. | |
1003 | ||
1004 | dd. All builtins that take operands accept a `--' pseudo-option, except | |
1005 | `echo'. | |
1006 | ||
1007 | ee. The `echo' builtin now accepts \0xxx (zero to three octal digits following | |
1008 | the `0') in addition to \xxx (one to three octal digits) for SUSv3/XPG6/ | |
1009 | POSIX.1-2001 compliance. | |
1010 | ||
1011 | ||
1012 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1013 | ||
1014 | a. Support for key `subsequences': allows, e.g., ESC and ESC-a to both | |
1015 | be bound to readline functions. Now the arrow keys may be used in vi | |
1016 | insert mode. | |
1017 | ||
1018 | b. When listing completions, and the number of lines displayed is more than | |
1019 | the screen length, readline uses an internal pager to display the results. | |
1020 | This is controlled by the `page-completions' variable (default on). | |
1021 | ||
1022 | c. New code to handle editing and displaying multibyte characters. | |
1023 | ||
1024 | d. The behavior introduced in bash-2.05a of deciding whether or not to | |
1025 | append a slash to a completed name that is a symlink to a directory has | |
1026 | been made optional, controlled by the `mark-symlinked-directories' | |
1027 | variable (default is the 2.05a behavior). | |
1028 | ||
1029 | e. The `insert-comment' command now acts as a toggle if given a numeric | |
1030 | argument: if the first characters on the line don't specify a | |
1031 | comment, insert one; if they do, delete the comment text | |
1032 | ||
1033 | f. New application-settable completion variable: | |
1034 | rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs, allows an application's completion | |
1035 | function to temporarily override the user's preference for appending | |
1036 | slashes to names which are symlinks to directories. | |
1037 | ||
1038 | g. New function available to application completion functions: | |
1039 | rl_completion_mode, to tell how the completion function was invoked | |
1040 | and decide which argument to supply to rl_complete_internal (to list | |
1041 | completions, etc.). | |
1042 | ||
1043 | h. Readline now has an overwrite mode, toggled by the `overwrite-mode' | |
1044 | bindable command, which could be bound to `Insert'. | |
1045 | ||
1046 | i. New application-settable completion variable: | |
1047 | rl_completion_suppress_append, inhibits appending of | |
1048 | rl_completion_append_character to completed words. | |
1049 | ||
1050 | j. New key bindings when reading an incremental search string: ^W yanks | |
1051 | the currently-matched word out of the current line into the search | |
1052 | string; ^Y yanks the rest of the current line into the search string, | |
1053 | DEL or ^H deletes characters from the search string. | |
1054 | ||
1055 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
f73dda09 JA |
1056 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05a since |
1057 | the release of bash-2.05. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1058 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1059 | ||
1060 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1061 | ||
1062 | a. Added support for DESTDIR installation root prefix, so you can do a | |
1063 | `make install DESTDIR=bash-root' and do easier binary packaging. | |
1064 | ||
1065 | b. Added support for builtin printf "'" flag character as per latest POSIX | |
1066 | drafts. | |
1067 | ||
1068 | c. Support for POSIX.2 printf(1) length specifiers `j', `t', and `z' (from | |
1069 | ISO C99). | |
1070 | ||
1071 | d. New autoconf macro, RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION, for use by other applications | |
1072 | (bash doesn't use very much of what it returns). | |
1073 | ||
1074 | e. `set [-+]o nolog' is recognized as required by the latest POSIX drafts, | |
1075 | but ignored. | |
1076 | ||
1077 | f. New read-only `shopt' option: login_shell. Set to non-zero value if the | |
1078 | shell is a login shell. | |
1079 | ||
1080 | g. New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expands to time in 24 HH:MM format. | |
1081 | ||
1082 | h. New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; does group name | |
1083 | completion. | |
1084 | ||
1085 | i. New `-t' option to `hash' to list hash values for each filename argument. | |
1086 | ||
1087 | j. New [-+]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup. | |
1088 | ||
1089 | k. configure's `--with-installed-readline' option now takes an optional | |
1090 | `=PATH' suffix to set the root of the tree where readline is installed | |
1091 | to PATH. | |
1092 | ||
1093 | l. The ksh-like `ERR' trap has been added. The `ERR' trap will be run | |
1094 | whenever the shell would have exited if the -e option were enabled. | |
1095 | It is not inherited by shell functions. | |
1096 | ||
1097 | m. `readonly', `export', and `declare' now print variables which have been | |
1098 | given attributes but not set by assigning a value as just a command and | |
1099 | a variable name (like `export foo') when listing, as the latest POSIX | |
1100 | drafts require. | |
1101 | ||
1102 | n. `bashbug' now requires that the subject be changed from the default. | |
1103 | ||
1104 | o. configure has a new `--enable-largefile' option, like other GNU utilities. | |
1105 | ||
1106 | p. `for' loops now allow empty word lists after `in', like the latest POSIX | |
1107 | drafts require. | |
1108 | ||
1109 | q. The builtin `ulimit' now takes two new non-numeric arguments: `hard', | |
1110 | meaning the current hard limit, and `soft', meaning the current soft | |
1111 | limit, in addition to `unlimited' | |
1112 | ||
1113 | r. `ulimit' now prints the option letter associated with a particular | |
1114 | resource when printing more than one limit. | |
1115 | ||
1116 | s. `ulimit' prints `hard' or `soft' when a value is not `unlimited' but is | |
1117 | one of RLIM_SAVED_MAX or RLIM_SAVED_CUR, respectively. | |
1118 | ||
1119 | t. The `printf' builtin now handles the %a and %A conversions if they're | |
1120 | implemented by printf(3). | |
1121 | ||
1122 | u. The `printf' builtin now handles the %F conversion (just about like %f). | |
1123 | ||
1124 | v. The `printf' builtin now handles the %n conversion like printf(3). The | |
1125 | corresponding argument is the name of a shell variable to which the | |
1126 | value is assigned. | |
1127 | ||
1128 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1129 | ||
1130 | a. Added extern declaration for rl_get_termcap to readline.h, making it a | |
1131 | public function (it was always there, just not in readline.h). | |
1132 | ||
1133 | b. New #defines in readline.h: RL_READLINE_VERSION, currently 0x0402, | |
1134 | RL_VERSION_MAJOR, currently 4, and RL_VERSION_MINOR, currently 2. | |
1135 | ||
1136 | c. New readline variable: rl_readline_version, mirrors RL_READLINE_VERSION. | |
1137 | ||
1138 | d. New bindable boolean readline variable: match-hidden-files. Controls | |
1139 | completion of files beginning with a `.' (on Unix). Enabled by default. | |
1140 | ||
1141 | e. The history expansion code now allows any character to terminate a | |
1142 | `:first-' modifier, like csh. | |
1143 | ||
1144 | f. New bindable variable `history-preserve-point'. If set, the history | |
1145 | code attempts to place the user at the same location on each history | |
1146 | line retrived with previous-history or next-history. | |
1147 | ||
1148 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
28ef6c31 JA |
1149 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05 since |
1150 | the release of bash-2.04. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1151 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1152 | ||
1153 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1154 | ||
1155 | a. Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile', | |
1156 | per the new GNU coding standards. | |
1157 | ||
1158 | b. The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as | |
1159 | port numbers. | |
1160 | ||
1161 | c. `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some | |
1162 | of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are: | |
1163 | ||
1164 | default - perform bash default completion if programmable | |
1165 | completion produces no matches | |
1166 | dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable | |
1167 | completion produces no matches | |
1168 | filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames, | |
1169 | so it can do things like append slashes to | |
1170 | directory names and suppress trailing spaces | |
1171 | ||
1172 | d. A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks | |
1173 | in pathname arguments. | |
1174 | ||
1175 | e. When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a | |
1176 | way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and | |
1177 | `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX | |
1178 | mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior. | |
1179 | ||
1180 | f. Bash-2.05 once again honors the current locale setting when processing | |
1181 | ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions (e.g., [A-Z]). | |
1182 | ||
1183 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1184 | ||
1185 | a. The blink timeout for paren matching is now settable by applications, | |
1186 | via the rl_set_paren_blink_timeout() function. | |
1187 | ||
1188 | b. _rl_executing_macro has been renamed to rl_executing_macro, which means | |
1189 | it's now part of the public interface. | |
1190 | ||
1191 | c. Readline has a new variable, rl_readline_state, which is a bitmap that | |
1192 | encapsulates the current state of the library; intended for use by | |
1193 | callbacks and hook functions. | |
1194 | ||
1195 | d. New application-callable function rl_set_prompt(const char *prompt): | |
1196 | expands its prompt string argument and sets rl_prompt to the result. | |
1197 | ||
1198 | e. New application-callable function rl_set_screen_size(int rows, int cols): | |
1199 | public method for applications to set readline's idea of the screen | |
1200 | dimensions. | |
1201 | ||
1202 | f. New function, rl_get_screen_size (int *rows, int *columns), returns | |
1203 | readline's idea of the screen dimensions. | |
1204 | ||
1205 | g. The timeout in rl_gather_tyi (readline keyboard input polling function) | |
1206 | is now settable via a function (rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout()). | |
1207 | ||
1208 | h. Renamed the max_input_history variable to history_max_entries; the old | |
1209 | variable is maintained for backwards compatibility. | |
1210 | ||
1211 | i. The list of characters that separate words for the history tokenizer is | |
1212 | now settable with a variable: history_word_delimiters. The default | |
1213 | value is as before. | |
1214 | ||
1215 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
bb70624e JA |
1216 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.04 since |
1217 | the release of bash-2.03. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1218 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1219 | ||
1220 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1221 | ||
1222 | a. The history builtin has a `-d offset' option to delete the history entry | |
1223 | at position `offset'. | |
1224 | ||
1225 | b. The prompt expansion code has two new escape sequences: \j, the number of | |
1226 | active jobs; and \l, the basename of the shell's tty device name. | |
1227 | ||
1228 | c. The `bind' builtin has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell | |
1229 | commands. | |
1230 | ||
1231 | d. There is a new shell option, no_empty_command_completion, which, when | |
1232 | enabled, disables command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line. | |
1233 | ||
1234 | e. The `help' builtin has a `-s' option to just print a builtin's usage | |
1235 | synopsis. | |
1236 | ||
1237 | f. There are several new arithmetic operators: id++, id-- (variable | |
f73dda09 | 1238 | post-increment/decrement), ++id, --id (variable pre-increment/decrement), |
bb70624e JA |
1239 | expr1 , expr2 (comma operator). |
1240 | ||
1241 | g. There is a new ksh-93 style arithmetic for command: | |
1242 | for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done | |
1243 | ||
1244 | h. The `read' builtin has a number of new options: | |
1245 | -t timeout only wait timeout seconds for input | |
1246 | -n nchars only read nchars from input instead of a full line | |
1247 | -d delim read until delim rather than newline | |
1248 | -s don't echo input chars as they are read | |
1249 | ||
1250 | i. The redirection code now handles several filenames specially: | |
1251 | /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, whether or | |
1252 | not they are present in the file system. | |
1253 | ||
1254 | j. The redirection code now recognizes pathnames of the form | |
1255 | /dev/tcp/host/port and /dev/udp/host/port, and tries to open a socket | |
1256 | of the appropriate type to the specified port on the specified host. | |
1257 | ||
1258 | k. The ksh-93 ${!prefix*} expansion, which expands to the names of all | |
1259 | shell variables with prefix PREFIX, has been implemented. | |
1260 | ||
1261 | l. There is a new dynamic variable, FUNCNAME, which expands to the name of | |
1262 | a currently-executing function. Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect. | |
1263 | ||
1264 | m. The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly; assignments to it are silently | |
1265 | discarded. This means it can be unset. | |
1266 | ||
1267 | n. A new programmable completion facility, with two new builtin commands: | |
1268 | complete and compgen. | |
1269 | ||
1270 | o. configure has a new option, `--enable-progcomp', to compile in the | |
1271 | programmable completion features (enabled by default). | |
1272 | ||
1273 | p. `shopt' has a new option, `progcomp', to enable and disable programmable | |
1274 | completion at runtime. | |
1275 | ||
1276 | q. Unsetting HOSTFILE now clears the list of hostnames used for completion. | |
1277 | ||
1278 | r. configure has a new option, `--enable-bash-malloc', replacing the old | |
1279 | `--with-gnu-malloc' (which is still present for backwards compatibility). | |
1280 | ||
1281 | s. There is a new manual page describing rbash, the restricted shell. | |
1282 | ||
1283 | t. `bashbug' has new `--help' and `--version' options. | |
1284 | ||
1285 | u. `shopt' has a new `xpg_echo' option, which controls the behavior of | |
1286 | `echo' with respect to backslash-escaped characters at runtime. | |
1287 | ||
1288 | v. If NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS is defined, all login shells read the | |
1289 | startup files, even if they are not interactive. | |
1290 | ||
1291 | w. The LC_NUMERIC variable is now treated specially, and used to set the | |
1292 | LC_NUMERIC locale category for number formatting, e.g., when `printf' | |
1293 | displays floating-point numbers. | |
1294 | ||
1295 | 2. New features in Readline | |
1296 | ||
1297 | a. Parentheses matching is now always compiled into readline, and enabled | |
1298 | or disabled when the value of the `blink-matching-paren' variable is | |
1299 | changed. | |
1300 | ||
1301 | b. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_inputrc as the last-ditch inputrc filename. | |
1302 | ||
1303 | c. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_history as the default history file. | |
1304 | ||
1305 | d. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the point at the end of the | |
1306 | line when the string to search for is empty, like | |
1307 | {reverse,forward}-search-history. | |
1308 | ||
1309 | e. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the last history line found | |
1310 | in the readline buffer if the second or subsequent search fails. | |
1311 | ||
1312 | f. New function for use by applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt, used | |
1313 | when an application displays the prompt itself before calling readline(). | |
1314 | ||
1315 | g. New variable for use by applications: rl_already_prompted. An application | |
1316 | that displays the prompt itself before calling readline() must set this to | |
1317 | a non-zero value. | |
1318 | ||
1319 | h. A new variable, rl_gnu_readline_p, always 1. The intent is that an | |
1320 | application can verify whether or not it is linked with the `real' | |
1321 | readline library or some substitute. | |
1322 | ||
1323 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
b72432fd JA |
1324 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.03 since |
1325 | the release of bash-2.02. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1326 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1327 | ||
1328 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1329 | ||
1330 | a. New `shopt' option, `restricted_shell', indicating whether or not the | |
1331 | shell was started in restricted mode, for use in startup files. | |
1332 | ||
1333 | b. Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in | |
1334 | array assignments (which it probably should have done all along). | |
1335 | ||
1336 | c. OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 seems to require. | |
1337 | ||
1338 | d. ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell. | |
1339 | ||
1340 | e. A change was made to the startup file code so that any shell begun with | |
1341 | the `--login' option, even non-interactive shells, will source the login | |
1342 | shell startup files. | |
1343 | ||
1344 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1345 | ||
1346 | a. Many changes to the signal handling: | |
1347 | o Readline now catches SIGQUIT and cleans up the tty before returning; | |
1348 | o A new variable, rl_catch_signals, is available to application writers | |
1349 | to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its own | |
1350 | signal handlers for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT, SIGALRM, SIGTSTP, | |
1351 | SIGTTIN, and SIGTTOU; | |
1352 | o A new variable, rl_catch_sigwinch, is available to application | |
1353 | writers to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its | |
1354 | own signal handler for SIGWINCH, which will chain to the calling | |
1355 | applications's SIGWINCH handler, if one is installed; | |
1356 | o There is a new function, rl_free_line_state, for application signal | |
1357 | handlers to call to free up the state associated with the current | |
1358 | line after receiving a signal; | |
1359 | o There is a new function, rl_cleanup_after_signal, to clean up the | |
1360 | display and terminal state after receiving a signal; | |
1361 | o There is a new function, rl_reset_after_signal, to reinitialize the | |
1362 | terminal and display state after an application signal handler | |
1363 | returns and readline continues | |
1364 | ||
1365 | b. There is a new function, rl_resize_terminal, to reset readline's idea of | |
1366 | the screen size after a SIGWINCH. | |
1367 | ||
1368 | c. New public functions: rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt. These were | |
1369 | previously private functions with a `_' prefix. | |
1370 | ||
1371 | d. New function hook: rl_pre_input_hook, called just before readline starts | |
1372 | reading input, after initialization. | |
1373 | ||
1374 | e. New function hook: rl_display_matches_hook, called when readline would | |
1375 | display the list of completion matches. The new function | |
1376 | rl_display_match_list is what readline uses internally, and is available | |
1377 | for use by application functions called via this hook. | |
1378 | ||
1379 | f. New bindable function, delete-char-or-list, like tcsh. | |
1380 | ||
1381 | g. A new variable, rl_erase_empty_line, which, if set by an application using | |
1382 | readline, will cause readline to erase, prompt and all, lines on which the | |
1383 | only thing typed was a newline. | |
1384 | ||
1385 | h. New bindable variable: `isearch-terminators'. | |
1386 | ||
1387 | i. New bindable function: `forward-backward-delete-char' (unbound by default). | |
1388 | ||
1389 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
cce855bc JA |
1390 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.02 since |
1391 | the release of bash-2.01.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1392 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1393 | ||
1394 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1395 | ||
1396 | a. A new version of malloc, based on the older GNU malloc, that has many | |
1397 | changes, is more page-based, is more conservative with memory usage, | |
1398 | and does not `orphan' large blocks when they are freed. | |
1399 | ||
1400 | b. A new version of gmalloc, based on the old GLIBC malloc, with many | |
1401 | changes and range checking included by default. | |
1402 | ||
1403 | c. A new implementation of fnmatch(3) that includes full POSIX.2 Basic | |
1404 | Regular Expression matching, including character classes, collating | |
1405 | symbols, equivalence classes, and support for case-insensitive pattern | |
1406 | matching. | |
1407 | ||
1408 | d. ksh-88 egrep-style extended pattern matching ([@+*?!](patlist)) has been | |
1409 | implemented, controlled by a new `shopt' option, `extglob'. | |
1410 | ||
1411 | e. There is a new ksh-like `[[' compound command, which implements | |
1412 | extended `test' functionality. | |
1413 | ||
1414 | f. There is a new `printf' builtin, implemented according to the POSIX.2 | |
1415 | specification. | |
1416 | ||
1417 | g. There is a new feature for command substitution: $(< filename) now expands | |
1418 | to the contents of `filename', with any trailing newlines removed | |
1419 | (equivalent to $(cat filename)). | |
1420 | ||
1421 | h. There are new tilde prefixes which expand to directories from the | |
1422 | directory stack. | |
1423 | ||
1424 | i. There is a new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation. | |
1425 | ||
1426 | j. There are new configuration options to control how bash is linked: | |
1427 | `--enable-profiling', to allow bash to be profiled with gprof, and | |
1428 | `--enable-static-link', to allow bash to be linked statically. | |
1429 | ||
1430 | k. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-cond-command', which | |
1431 | controls whether or not the `[[' command is included. It is on by | |
1432 | default. | |
1433 | ||
1434 | l. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-extended-glob', which | |
1435 | controls whether or not the ksh extended globbing feature is included. | |
1436 | It is enabled by default. | |
1437 | ||
1438 | m. There is a new configuration #define in config.h.top that, when enabled, | |
1439 | will cause all login shells to source /etc/profile and one of the user- | |
1440 | specific login shell startup files, whether or not the shell is | |
1441 | interactive. | |
1442 | ||
1443 | n. There is a new invocation option, `--dump-po-strings', to dump | |
1444 | a shell script's translatable strings ($"...") in GNU `po' format. | |
1445 | ||
1446 | o. There is a new `shopt' option, `nocaseglob', to enable case-insensitive | |
1447 | pattern matching when globbing filenames and using the `case' construct. | |
1448 | ||
1449 | p. There is a new `shopt' option, `huponexit', which, when enabled, causes | |
1450 | the shell to send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell | |
1451 | exits. | |
1452 | ||
1453 | q. `bind' has a new `-u' option, which takes a readline function name as an | |
1454 | argument and unbinds all key sequences bound to that function in a | |
1455 | specified keymap. | |
1456 | ||
1457 | r. `disown' now has `-a' and `-r' options, to limit operation to all jobs | |
1458 | and running jobs, respectively. | |
1459 | ||
1460 | s. The `shopt' `-p' option now causes output to be displayed in a reusable | |
1461 | format. | |
1462 | ||
1463 | t. `test' has a new `-N' option, which returns true if the filename argument | |
1464 | has been modified since it was last accessed. | |
1465 | ||
1466 | u. `umask' now has a `-p' option to print output in a reusable format. | |
1467 | ||
1468 | v. A new escape sequence, `\xNNN', has been added to the `echo -e' and $'...' | |
1469 | translation code. It expands to the character whose ascii code is NNN | |
1470 | in hexadecimal. | |
1471 | ||
1472 | w. The prompt string expansion code has a new `\r' escape sequence. | |
1473 | ||
1474 | x. The shell may now be cross-compiled for the CYGWIN32 environment on | |
1475 | a Unix machine. | |
1476 | ||
1477 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1478 | ||
1479 | a. There is now an option for `iterative' yank-last-arg handline, so a user | |
1480 | can keep entering `M-.', yanking the last argument of successive history | |
1481 | lines. | |
1482 | ||
1483 | b. New variable, `print-completions-horizontally', which causes completion | |
1484 | matches to be displayed across the screen (like `ls -x') rather than up | |
1485 | and down the screen (like `ls'). | |
1486 | ||
1487 | c. New variable, `completion-ignore-case', which causes filename completion | |
1488 | and matching to be performed case-insensitively. | |
1489 | ||
1490 | d. There is a new bindable command, `magic-space', which causes history | |
1491 | expansion to be performed on the current readline buffer and a space to | |
1492 | be inserted into the result. | |
1493 | ||
1494 | e. There is a new bindable command, `menu-complete', which enables tcsh-like | |
1495 | menu completion (successive executions of menu-complete insert a single | |
1496 | completion match, cycling through the list of possible completions). | |
1497 | ||
1498 | f. There is a new bindable command, `paste-from-clipboard', for use on Win32 | |
1499 | systems, to insert the text from the Win32 clipboard into the editing | |
1500 | buffer. | |
1501 | ||
1502 | g. The key sequence translation code now understands printf-style backslash | |
1503 | escape sequences, including \NNN octal escapes. These escape sequences | |
1504 | may be used in key sequence definitions or macro values. | |
1505 | ||
1506 | h. An `$include' inputrc file parser directive has been added. | |
1507 | ||
1508 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
d166f048 JA |
1509 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.01 since |
1510 | the release of bash-2.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the | |
1511 | place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1512 | ||
1513 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1514 | ||
1515 | a. There is a new builtin array variable: GROUPS, the set of groups to which | |
1516 | the user belongs. This is used by the test suite. | |
1517 | ||
1518 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1519 | ||
1520 | a. If a key sequence bound to `universal-argument' is read while reading a | |
1521 | numeric argument started with `universal-argument', it terminates the | |
1522 | argument but is otherwise ignored. This provides a way to insert multiple | |
1523 | instances of a digit string, and is how GNU emacs does it. | |
1524 | ||
1525 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1526 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.0 since |
1527 | the release of bash-1.14.7. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1528 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
726f6388 | 1529 | |
ccc6cda3 | 1530 | 1. New Features in Bash |
726f6388 | 1531 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1532 | a. There is a new invocation option, -D, that dumps translatable strings |
1533 | in a script. | |
726f6388 | 1534 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1535 | b. The `long' invocation options must now be prefixed with `--'. |
1536 | ||
1537 | c. New long invocation options: --dump-strings, --help, --verbose | |
1538 | ||
1539 | d. The `nolineediting' invocation option was renamed to `noediting'. | |
1540 | ||
1541 | e. The `nobraceexpansion' and `quiet' long invocation options were removed. | |
1542 | ||
1543 | f. The `--help' and `--version' long options now work as the GNU coding | |
1544 | standards specify. | |
1545 | ||
1546 | g. If invoked as `sh', bash now enters posix mode after reading the | |
1547 | startup files, and reads and executes commands from the file named | |
1548 | by $ENV if interactive (as POSIX.2 specifies). A login shell invoked | |
1549 | as `sh' reads $ENV after /etc/profile and ~/.profile. | |
1550 | ||
1551 | h. There is a new reserved word, `time', for timing pipelines, builtin | |
1552 | commands, and shell functions. It uses the value of the TIMEFORMAT | |
1553 | variable as a format string describing how to print the timing | |
1554 | statistics. | |
1555 | ||
1556 | i. The $'...' quoting syntax expands ANSI-C escapes in ... and leaves the | |
1557 | result single-quoted. | |
1558 | ||
1559 | j. The $"..." quoting syntax performs locale-specific translation of ... | |
1560 | and leaves the result double-quoted. | |
1561 | ||
1562 | k. LINENO now works correctly in functions. | |
1563 | ||
1564 | l. New variables: DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, BASH_VERSINFO, HOSTNAME, SHELLOPTS, | |
1565 | MACHTYPE. The first three are array variables. | |
1566 | ||
1567 | m. The BASH_VERSION and BASH_VERSINFO variables now include the shell's | |
1568 | `release status' (alpha[N], beta[N], release). | |
1569 | ||
1570 | n. Some variables have been removed: MAIL_WARNING, notify, history_control, | |
1571 | command_oriented_history, glob_dot_filenames, allow_null_glob_expansion, | |
1572 | nolinks, hostname_completion_file, noclobber, no_exit_on_failed_exec, and | |
1573 | cdable_vars. Most of them are now implemented with the new `shopt' | |
1574 | builtin; others were already implemented by `set'. | |
1575 | ||
1576 | o. Bash now uses some new variables: LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, LC_CTYPE, | |
1577 | LC_COLLATE, LANG, GLOBIGNORE, HISTIGNORE. | |
1578 | ||
1579 | p. The shell now supports integer-indexed arrays of unlimited length, | |
1580 | with a new compound assignment syntax and changes to the appropriate | |
1581 | builtin commands (declare/typeset, read, readonly, etc.). The array | |
1582 | index may be an arithmetic expression. | |
1583 | ||
1584 | q. ${!var}: indirect variable expansion, equivalent to eval \${$var}. | |
1585 | ||
1586 | r. ${paramter:offset[:length]}: variable substring extraction. | |
1587 | ||
1588 | s. ${parameter/pattern[/[/]string]}: variable pattern substitution. | |
1589 | ||
1590 | t. The $[...] arithmetic expansion syntax is no longer supported, in | |
1591 | favor of $((...)). | |
1592 | ||
1593 | u. Aliases can now be expanded in shell scripts with a shell option | |
1594 | (shopt expand_aliases). | |
1595 | ||
1596 | v. History and history expansion can now be used in scripts with | |
1597 | set -o history and set -H. | |
1598 | ||
1599 | w. All builtins now return an exit status of 2 for incorrect usage. | |
1600 | ||
1601 | x. Interactive shells resend SIGHUP to all running or stopped children | |
1602 | if (and only if) they exit due to a SIGHUP. | |
1603 | ||
1604 | y. New prompting expansions: \a, \e, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V. | |
1605 | ||
1606 | z. Variable expansion in prompt strings is now controllable via a shell | |
1607 | option (shopt promptvars). | |
1608 | ||
1609 | aa. Bash now defaults to using command-oriented history. | |
1610 | ||
1611 | bb. The history file ($HISTFILE) is now truncated to $HISTFILESIZE after | |
1612 | being written. | |
1613 | ||
1614 | cc. The POSIX.2 conditional arithmetic evaluation syntax (expr ? expr : expr) | |
1615 | has been implemented. | |
1616 | ||
1617 | dd. Each builtin now accepts `--' to signify the end of the options, except | |
1618 | as documented (echo, etc.). | |
1619 | ||
1620 | ee. All builtins use -p to display values in a re-readable format where | |
1621 | appropriate, except as documented (echo, type, etc.). | |
1622 | ||
1623 | ff. The `alias' builtin has a new -p option. | |
1624 | ||
1625 | gg. Changes to the `bind' builtin: | |
1626 | o has new options: -psPSVr. | |
1627 | o the `-d' option was renamed to `-p' | |
1628 | o the `-v' option now dumps variables; the old `-v' is now `-P' | |
1629 | ||
1630 | hh. The `bye' synonym for `exit' was removed. | |
1631 | ||
1632 | ii. The -L and -P options to `cd' and `pwd' have been documented. | |
1633 | ||
1634 | jj. The `cd' builtin now does spelling correction on the directory name | |
1635 | by default. This is settable with a shell option (shopt cdspell). | |
1636 | ||
1637 | kk. The `declare' builtin has new options: -a, -F, -p. | |
1638 | ||
1639 | ll. The `dirs' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -v. | |
1640 | ||
1641 | mm. The new `disown' builtin removes jobs from the shell's jobs table | |
1642 | or inhibits the resending of SIGHUP when the shell receives a | |
1643 | SIGHUP. | |
1644 | ||
1645 | nn. The `echo' builtin has a new escape character: \e. | |
1646 | ||
1647 | oo. The `enable' builtin can now load new builtins dynamically from shared | |
1648 | objects on systems with the dlopen/dlsym interface. There are a number | |
1649 | of examples in the examples/loadables directory. There are also | |
1650 | new options: -d, -f, -s, -p. | |
1651 | ||
1652 | pp. The `-all' option to `enable' was removed in favor of `-a'. | |
1653 | ||
1654 | qq. The `exec' builtin has new options: -l, -c, -a. | |
1655 | ||
1656 | rr. The `hash' builtin has a new option: -p. | |
1657 | ||
1658 | ss. The `history' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -s. | |
1659 | ||
1660 | tt. The `jobs' builtin has new options: -r, -s. | |
1661 | ||
1662 | uu. The `kill' builtin has new options: -n signum, -l signame. | |
1663 | ||
1664 | vv. The `pushd' and `popd' builtins have a new option: -n. | |
1665 | ||
1666 | ww. The `read' builtin has new options: -p prompt, -e, -a. | |
1667 | ||
1668 | xx. The `readonly' builtin has a new -a option, and the -n option was removed. | |
1669 | ||
1670 | yy. Changes to the `set' builtin: | |
1671 | o new options: -B, -o keyword, -o onecmd, -o history | |
1672 | o options removed: -l, -d, -o nohash | |
1673 | o options changed: +o, -h, -o hashall | |
1674 | o now displays variables in a format that can be re-read as input | |
1675 | ||
1676 | zz. The new `shopt' builtin controls shell optional behavior previously | |
1677 | done by setting and unsetting certain shell variables. | |
1678 | ||
1679 | aaa. The `test' builtin has new operators: -o option, s1 == s2, s1 < s2, | |
1680 | and s1 > s2, where s1 and s2 are strings. | |
1681 | ||
1682 | bbb. There is a new trap, DEBUG, executed after every simple command. | |
1683 | ||
1684 | ccc. The `trap' builtin has a new -p option. | |
1685 | ||
1686 | ddd. The `ulimit' builtin has a new -l option on 4.4BSD-based systems. | |
1687 | ||
1688 | eee. The PS1, PS2, PATH, and IFS variables may now be unset. | |
1689 | ||
1690 | fff. The restricted shell mode has been expanded and is now documented. | |
1691 | ||
1692 | ggg. Security improvements: | |
1693 | o functions are not imported from the environment if running setuid | |
1694 | or with -p | |
1695 | o no startup files are sourced if running setuid or with -p | |
1696 | ||
1697 | hhh. The documentation has been overhauled: the texinfo manual was | |
1698 | expanded, and HTML versions of the man page and texinfo manual | |
1699 | are included. | |
1700 | ||
1701 | iii. Changes to Posix mode: | |
1702 | o Command lookup now finds special builtins before shell functions. | |
1703 | o Failure of a special builtin causes a non-interactive shell to | |
1704 | exit. Failures are defined in the POSIX.2 specification. | |
1705 | o If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using $CDPATH, | |
1706 | the value assigned to PWD when `cd' completes does not contain | |
1707 | any symbolic links. | |
1708 | o A non-interactive shell exits if a variable assignment error | |
1709 | occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. | |
1710 | o A non-interactive shell exits if the interation variable in a | |
1711 | `for' statement or the selection variable in a `select' statement | |
1712 | is read-only or another variable assignment error occurs. | |
1713 | o The `<>' redirection operator now opens a file for both stdin and | |
1714 | stdout by default, not just when in posix mode. | |
1715 | o Assignment statements preceding special builtins now persist in | |
1716 | the shell's environment when the builtin completes. | |
1717 | ||
1718 | Posix mode is now completely POSIX.2-compliant (modulo bugs). When | |
1719 | invoked as sh, bash should be completely POSIX.2-compliant. | |
1720 | ||
1721 | jjj. The default value of PS1 is now "\s-\v\$ ". | |
1722 | ||
1723 | kkk. The ksh-like ((...)) arithmetic command syntax has been implemented. | |
1724 | This is exactly equivalent to `let "..."'. | |
1725 | ||
1726 | lll. Integer constants have been extended to base 64. | |
1727 | ||
1728 | mmm. The `ulimit' builtin now sets both hard and soft limits and reports the | |
1729 | soft limit by default. | |
1730 | ||
1731 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1732 | ||
1733 | a. New variables: enable-keypad, input-meta (new name for meta-flag), | |
1734 | mark-directories, visible-stats (now documented), disable-completion, | |
1735 | comment-begin. | |
1736 | ||
1737 | b. New bindable commands: kill-region, copy-region-as-kill, | |
1738 | copy-backward-word, copy-forward-word, set-mark, exchange-point-and-mark, | |
1739 | character-search, character-search-backward, insert-comment, | |
1740 | glob-expand-word, glob-list-expansions, dump-variables, dump-macros. | |
1741 | ||
1742 | c. New emacs keybindings: delete-horizontal-space (M-\), | |
1743 | insert-completions (M-*), possible-completions (M-=). | |
1744 | ||
1745 | d. The history-search-backward and history-search-forward commands were | |
1746 | modified to be the same as previous-line and next-line if point is at | |
1747 | the start of the line. | |
1748 | ||
1749 | e. More file types are available for the visible-stats mode. | |
1750 | ||
1751 | 3. Changes of interest in the Bash implementation | |
1752 | ||
1753 | a. There is a new autoconf-based configuration mechanism. | |
1754 | ||
1755 | b. More things have been moved from Posix mode to standard shell behavior. | |
1756 | ||
1757 | c. The trace output (set -x) now inserts quotes where necessary so it can | |
1758 | be reused as input. | |
1759 | ||
1760 | d. There is a compile-time option for a system-wide interactive shell | |
1761 | startup file (disabled by default). | |
1762 | ||
1763 | e. The YACC grammar is smaller and tighter, and all 66 shift-reduce | |
1764 | conflicts are gone. Several parsing bugs have been fixed. | |
1765 | ||
1766 | f. Builtin option parsing has been regularized (using internal_getopt()), | |
1767 | with the exception of `echo', `type', and `set'. | |
1768 | ||
1769 | g. Builtins now return standard usage messages constructed from the | |
1770 | `short doc' used by the help builtin. | |
1771 | ||
1772 | h. Completion now quotes using backslashes by default, but honors | |
1773 | user-supplied quotes. | |
1774 | ||
1775 | i. The GNU libc malloc is available as a configure-time option. | |
1776 | ||
1777 | j. There are more internationalization features; bash uses gettext if | |
1778 | it is available. The $"..." translation syntax uses the current | |
1779 | locale and gettext. | |
1780 | ||
1781 | k. There is better reporting of job termination when the shell is not | |
1782 | interactive. | |
1783 | ||
1784 | l. The shell is somewhat more efficient: it uses a little less memory and | |
1785 | makes fewer system calls. | |
1786 | ||
1787 | 4. Changes of interest in the Readline implementation | |
1788 | ||
1789 | a. There is now support for readline `callback' functions. | |
1790 | ||
1791 | b. There is now support for user-supplied input, redisplay, and terminal | |
1792 | preparation functions. | |
1793 | ||
1794 | c. Most of the shell-specific code in readline has been generalized or | |
1795 | removed. | |
1796 | ||
1797 | d. Most of the annoying redisplay bugs have been fixed, notably the problems | |
1798 | with incremental search and excessive redrawing when special characters | |
1799 | appear in the prompt string. | |
1800 | ||
1801 | e. There are new library functions and variables available to application | |
1802 | writers, most having to do with completion and quoting. | |
1803 | ||
1804 | f. The NEWLINE character (^J) is now treated as a search terminator by the | |
1805 | incremental search functions. | |
ddc8e31a CR |
1806 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
1807 | ||
1808 | Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, | |
1809 | are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright | |
1810 | notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, | |
1811 | without any warranty. |