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b06e584e CR |
1 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.1 since |
2 | the release of bash-4.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
3 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
4 | ||
5 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
6 | ||
7 | a. Here-documents within $(...) command substitutions may once more be | |
8 | delimited by the closing right paren, instead of requiring a newline. | |
9 | ||
10 | b. Bash's file status checks (executable, readable, etc.) now take file | |
11 | system ACLs into account on file systems that support them. | |
12 | ||
13 | c. Bash now passes environment variables with names that are not valid | |
14 | shell variable names through into the environment passed to child | |
15 | processes. | |
16 | ||
17 | d. The `execute-unix-command' readline function now attempts to clear and | |
18 | reuse the current line rather than move to a new one after the command | |
19 | executes. | |
20 | ||
21 | e. `printf -v' can now assign values to array indices. | |
22 | ||
23 | f. New `complete -E' and `compopt -E' options that work on the "empty" | |
24 | completion: completion attempted on an empty command line. | |
25 | ||
26 | g. New complete/compgen/compopt -D option to define a `default' completion: | |
27 | a completion to be invoked on command for which no completion has been | |
28 | defined. If this function returns 124, programmable completion is | |
29 | attempted again, allowing a user to dynamically build a set of completions | |
30 | as completion is attempted by having the default completion function | |
31 | install individual completion functions each time it is invoked. | |
32 | ||
33 | h. When displaying associative arrays, subscripts are now quoted. | |
34 | ||
35 | i. Changes to dabbrev-expand to make it more `emacs-like': no space appended | |
36 | after matches, completions are not sorted, and most recent history entries | |
37 | are presented first. | |
38 | ||
39 | j. The [[ and (( commands are now subject to the setting of `set -e' and the | |
40 | ERR trap. | |
41 | ||
42 | k. The source/. builtin now removes NUL bytes from the file before attempting | |
43 | to parse commands. | |
44 | ||
45 | l. There is a new configuration option (in config-top.h) that forces bash to | |
46 | forward all history entries to syslog. | |
47 | ||
48 | m. A new variable $BASHOPTS to export shell options settable using `shopt' to | |
49 | child processes. | |
50 | ||
51 | n. There is a new confgure option that forces the extglob option to be | |
52 | enabled by default. | |
53 | ||
54 | o. New variable $BASH_XTRACEFD; when set to an integer bash will write xtrace | |
55 | output to that file descriptor. | |
56 | ||
57 | p. If the optional left-hand-side of a redirection is of the form {var}, the | |
58 | shell assigns the file descriptor used to $var or uses $var as the file | |
59 | descriptor to move or close, depending on the redirection operator. | |
60 | ||
61 | q. The < and > operators to the [[ conditional command now do string | |
62 | comparison according to the current locale. | |
63 | ||
64 | r. Programmable completion now uses the completion for `b' instead of `a' | |
65 | when completion is attempted on a line like: a $(b c. | |
66 | ||
67 | s. Force extglob on temporarily when parsing the pattern argument to | |
68 | the == and != operators to the [[ command, for compatibility. | |
69 | ||
70 | t. Changed the behavior of interrupting the wait builtin when a SIGCHLD is | |
71 | received and a trap on SIGCHLD is set to be Posix-mode only. | |
72 | ||
73 | u. The read builtin has a new `-N nchars' option, which reads exactly NCHARS | |
74 | characters, ignoring delimiters like newline. | |
75 | ||
2695f55d CR |
76 | v. The mapfile/readarray builtin no longer stores the commands it invokes via |
77 | callbacks in the history list. | |
78 | ||
79 | w. There is a new `compat40' shopt option. | |
80 | ||
81 | x. The < and > operators to [[ do string comparisons using the current locale | |
82 | only if the compatibility level is greater than 40 (set to 41 by default). | |
83 | ||
b06e584e CR |
84 | 2. New Features in Readline |
85 | ||
86 | a. New bindable function: menu-complete-backward. | |
87 | ||
88 | b. In the vi insertion keymap, C-n is now bound to menu-complete by default, | |
89 | and C-p to menu-complete-backward. | |
90 | ||
91 | c. When in vi command mode, repeatedly hitting ESC now does nothing, even | |
92 | when ESC introduces a bound key sequence. This is closer to how | |
93 | historical vi behaves. | |
94 | ||
95 | d. New bindable function: skip-csi-sequence. Can be used as a default to | |
96 | consume key sequences generated by keys like Home and End without having | |
97 | to bind all keys. | |
98 | ||
99 | e. New application-settable function: rl_filename_rewrite_hook. Can be used | |
100 | to rewite or modify filenames read from the file system before they are | |
101 | compared to the word to be completed. | |
102 | ||
103 | f. New bindable variable: skip-completed-text, active when completing in the | |
104 | middle of a word. If enabled, it means that characters in the completion | |
105 | that match characters in the remainder of the word are "skipped" rather | |
106 | than inserted into the line. | |
107 | ||
108 | g. The pre-readline-6.0 version of menu completion is available as | |
109 | "old-menu-complete" for users who do not like the readline-6.0 version. | |
110 | ||
111 | h. New bindable variable: echo-control-characters. If enabled, and the | |
112 | tty ECHOCTL bit is set, controls the echoing of characters corresponding | |
113 | to keyboard-generated signals. | |
114 | ||
115 | i. New bindable variable: enable-meta-key. Controls whether or not readline | |
116 | sends the smm/rmm sequences if the terminal indicates it has a meta key | |
117 | that enables eight-bit characters. | |
118 | ||
119 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
bea29b7b CR |
120 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.0 since |
121 | the release of bash-3.2. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
122 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
123 | ||
124 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
125 | ||
126 | a. When using substring expansion on the positional parameters, a starting | |
127 | index of 0 now causes $0 to be prefixed to the list. | |
128 | ||
129 | b. The `help' builtin now prints its columns with entries sorted vertically | |
130 | rather than horizontally. | |
131 | ||
132 | c. There is a new variable, $BASHPID, which always returns the process id of | |
133 | the current shell. | |
134 | ||
135 | d. There is a new `autocd' option that, when enabled, causes bash to attempt | |
136 | to `cd' to a directory name that is supplied as the first word of a | |
137 | simple command. | |
138 | ||
139 | e. There is a new `checkjobs' option that causes the shell to check for and | |
140 | report any running or stopped jobs at exit. | |
141 | ||
142 | f. The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_TYPE variable, set to | |
143 | a character describing the type of completion being attempted. | |
144 | ||
145 | g. The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_KEY variable, set to | |
146 | the character that caused the completion to be invoked (e.g., TAB). | |
147 | ||
148 | h. If creation of a child process fails due to insufficient resources, bash | |
149 | will try again several times before reporting failure. | |
150 | ||
151 | i. The programmable completion code now uses the same set of characters as | |
152 | readline when breaking the command line into a list of words. | |
153 | ||
154 | j. The block multiplier for the ulimit -c and -f options is now 512 when in | |
155 | Posix mode, as Posix specifies. | |
156 | ||
157 | k. Changed the behavior of the read builtin to save any partial input received | |
158 | in the specified variable when the read builtin times out. This also | |
159 | results in variables specified as arguments to read to be set to the empty | |
160 | string when there is no input available. When the read builtin times out, | |
161 | it returns an exit status greater than 128. | |
162 | ||
163 | l. The shell now has the notion of a `compatibility level', controlled by | |
164 | new variables settable by `shopt'. Setting this variable currently | |
165 | restores the bash-3.1 behavior when processing quoted strings on the rhs | |
166 | of the `=~' operator to the `[[' command. | |
167 | ||
168 | m. The `ulimit' builtin now has new -b (socket buffer size) and -T (number | |
169 | of threads) options. | |
170 | ||
171 | n. The -p option to `declare' now displays all variable values and attributes | |
172 | (or function values and attributes if used with -f). | |
173 | ||
174 | o. There is a new `compopt' builtin that allows completion functions to modify | |
175 | completion options for existing completions or the completion currently | |
176 | being executed. | |
177 | ||
178 | p. The `read' builtin has a new -i option which inserts text into the reply | |
179 | buffer when using readline. | |
180 | ||
181 | q. A new `-E' option to the complete builtin allows control of the default | |
182 | behavior for completion on an empty line. | |
183 | ||
184 | r. There is now limited support for completing command name words containing | |
185 | globbing characters. | |
186 | ||
187 | s. Changed format of internal help documentation for all builtins to roughly | |
188 | follow man page format. | |
189 | ||
190 | t. The `help' builtin now has a new -d option, to display a short description, | |
191 | and a -m option, to print help information in a man page-like format. | |
192 | ||
193 | u. There is a new `mapfile' builtin to populate an array with lines from a | |
a05a1337 | 194 | given file. The name `readarray' is a synonym. |
bea29b7b CR |
195 | |
196 | v. If a command is not found, the shell attempts to execute a shell function | |
197 | named `command_not_found_handle', supplying the command words as the | |
198 | function arguments. | |
199 | ||
200 | w. There is a new shell option: `globstar'. When enabled, the globbing code | |
201 | treats `**' specially -- it matches all directories (and files within | |
202 | them, when appropriate) recursively. | |
203 | ||
204 | x. There is a new shell option: `dirspell'. When enabled, the filename | |
205 | completion code performs spelling correction on directory names during | |
206 | completion. | |
207 | ||
208 | y. The `-t' option to the `read' builtin now supports fractional timeout | |
209 | values. | |
210 | ||
211 | z. Brace expansion now allows zero-padding of expanded numeric values and | |
212 | will add the proper number of zeroes to make sure all values contain the | |
213 | same number of digits. | |
214 | ||
215 | aa. There is a new bash-specific bindable readline function: `dabbrev-expand'. | |
216 | It uses menu completion on a set of words taken from the history list. | |
217 | ||
218 | bb. The command assigned to a key sequence with `bind -x' now sets two new | |
219 | variables in the environment of the executed command: READLINE_LINE_BUFFER | |
220 | and READLINE_POINT. The command can change the current readline line | |
221 | and cursor position by modifying READLINE_LINE_BUFFER and READLINE_POINT, | |
222 | respectively. | |
223 | ||
a05a1337 | 224 | cc. There is a new &>> redirection operator, which appends the standard output |
bea29b7b CR |
225 | and standard error to the named file. |
226 | ||
227 | dd. The parser now understands `|&' as a synonym for `2>&1 |', which redirects | |
228 | the standard error for a command through a pipe. | |
229 | ||
230 | ee. The new `;&' case statement action list terminator causes execution to | |
231 | continue with the action associated with the next pattern in the | |
232 | statement rather than terminating the command. | |
233 | ||
234 | ff. The new `;;&' case statement action list terminator causes the shell to | |
235 | test the next set of patterns after completing execution of the current | |
236 | action, rather than terminating the command. | |
237 | ||
238 | gg. The shell understands a new variable: PROMPT_DIRTRIM. When set to an | |
239 | integer value greater than zero, prompt expansion of \w and \W will | |
240 | retain only that number of trailing pathname components and replace | |
241 | the intervening characters with `...'. | |
242 | ||
243 | hh. There are new case-modifying word expansions: uppercase (^[^]) and | |
244 | lowercase (,[,]). They can work on either the first character or | |
245 | array element, or globally. They accept an optional shell pattern | |
246 | that determines which characters to modify. There is an optionally- | |
247 | configured feature to include capitalization operators. | |
248 | ||
249 | ii. The shell provides associative array variables, with the appropriate | |
250 | support to create, delete, assign values to, and expand them. | |
251 | ||
252 | jj. The `declare' builtin now has new -l (convert value to lowercase upon | |
253 | assignment) and -u (convert value to uppercase upon assignment) options. | |
254 | There is an optionally-configurable -c option to capitalize a value at | |
255 | assignment. | |
256 | ||
257 | kk. There is a new `coproc' reserved word that specifies a coprocess: an | |
258 | asynchronous command run with two pipes connected to the creating shell. | |
259 | Coprocs can be named. The input and output file descriptors and the | |
260 | PID of the coprocess are available to the calling shell in variables | |
261 | with coproc-specific names. | |
262 | ||
1fa6db60 CR |
263 | ll. A value of 0 for the -t option to `read' now returns success if there is |
264 | input available to be read from the specified file descriptor. | |
265 | ||
266 | mm. CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE are ignored when the shell is running in privileged | |
267 | mode. | |
268 | ||
269 | nn. New bindable readline functions shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word, | |
270 | which move forward and backward words delimited by shell metacharacters | |
271 | and honor shell quoting. | |
272 | ||
273 | oo. New bindable readline functions shell-backward-kill-word and shell-kill-word | |
274 | which kill words backward and forward, but use the same word boundaries | |
275 | as shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word. | |
276 | ||
bea29b7b CR |
277 | 2. New Features in Readline |
278 | ||
279 | a. A new variable, rl_sort_completion_matches; allows applications to inhibit | |
280 | match list sorting (but beware: some things don't work right if | |
281 | applications do this). | |
282 | ||
283 | b. A new variable, rl_completion_invoking_key; allows applications to discover | |
284 | the key that invoked rl_complete or rl_menu_complete. | |
285 | ||
286 | c. The functions rl_block_sigint and rl_release_sigint are now public and | |
287 | available to calling applications who want to protect critical sections | |
288 | (like redisplay). | |
289 | ||
290 | d. The functions rl_save_state and rl_restore_state are now public and | |
291 | available to calling applications; documented rest of readline's state | |
292 | flag values. | |
293 | ||
294 | e. A new user-settable variable, `history-size', allows setting the maximum | |
295 | number of entries in the history list. | |
296 | ||
297 | f. There is a new implementation of menu completion, with several improvements | |
298 | over the old; the most notable improvement is a better `completions | |
299 | browsing' mode. | |
300 | ||
301 | g. The menu completion code now uses the rl_menu_completion_entry_function | |
302 | variable, allowing applications to provide their own menu completion | |
303 | generators. | |
304 | ||
305 | h. There is support for replacing a prefix of a pathname with a `...' when | |
306 | displaying possible completions. This is controllable by setting the | |
307 | `completion-prefix-display-length' variable. Matches with a common prefix | |
308 | longer than this value have the common prefix replaced with `...'. | |
309 | ||
310 | i. There is a new `revert-all-at-newline' variable. If enabled, readline will | |
311 | undo all outstanding changes to all history lines when `accept-line' is | |
312 | executed. | |
313 | ||
1fa6db60 CR |
314 | j. If the kernel supports it, readline displays special characters |
315 | corresponding to a keyboard-generated signal when the signal is received. | |
316 | ||
bea29b7b | 317 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
d3ad40de CR |
318 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.2 since |
319 | the release of bash-3.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
320 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
321 | ||
322 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
323 | ||
324 | a. Changed the parameter pattern replacement functions to not anchor the | |
325 | pattern at the beginning of the string if doing global replacement - that | |
326 | combination doesn't make any sense. | |
327 | ||
328 | b. When running in `word expansion only' mode (--wordexp option), inhibit | |
329 | process substitution. | |
330 | ||
331 | c. Loadable builtins now work on MacOS X 10.[34]. | |
332 | ||
333 | d. Shells running in posix mode no longer set $HOME, as POSIX requires. | |
334 | ||
335 | e. The code that checks for binary files being executed as shell scripts now | |
336 | checks only for NUL rather than any non-printing character. | |
337 | ||
338 | f. Quoting the string argument to the [[ command's =~ operator now forces | |
339 | string matching, as with the other pattern-matching operators. | |
340 | ||
341 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
342 | ||
343 | a. Calling applications can now set the keyboard timeout to 0, allowing | |
344 | poll-like behavior. | |
345 | ||
346 | b. The value of SYS_INPUTRC (configurable at compilation time) is now used as | |
347 | the default last-ditch startup file. | |
348 | ||
349 | c. The history file reading functions now allow windows-like \r\n line | |
350 | terminators. | |
351 | ||
352 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
1569c106 CR |
353 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.1 since |
354 | the release of bash-3.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
355 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
356 | ||
357 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
358 | ||
359 | a. Bash now understands LC_TIME as a special variable so that time display | |
360 | tracks the current locale. | |
361 | ||
362 | b. BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, BASH_SOURCE, and BASH_LINENO are no longer created | |
363 | as `invisible' variables and may not be unset. | |
364 | ||
365 | c. In POSIX mode, if `xpg_echo' option is enabled, the `echo' builtin doesn't | |
366 | try to interpret any options at all, as POSIX requires. | |
367 | ||
368 | d. The `bg' builtin now accepts multiple arguments, as POSIX seems to specify. | |
369 | ||
370 | e. Fixed vi-mode word completion and glob expansion to perform tilde | |
371 | expansion. | |
372 | ||
373 | f. The `**' mathematic exponentiation operator is now right-associative. | |
374 | ||
375 | g. The `ulimit' builtin has new options: -i (max number of pending signals), | |
376 | -q (max size of POSIX message queues), and -x (max number of file locks). | |
377 | ||
378 | h. A bare `%' once again expands to the current job when used as a job | |
379 | specifier. | |
380 | ||
381 | i. The `+=' assignment operator (append to the value of a string or array) is | |
382 | now supported for assignment statements and arguments to builtin commands | |
383 | that accept assignment statements. | |
384 | ||
385 | j. BASH_COMMAND now preserves its value when a DEBUG trap is executed. | |
386 | ||
387 | k. The `gnu_errfmt' option is enabled automatically if the shell is running | |
388 | in an emacs terminal window. | |
389 | ||
390 | l. New configuration option: --single-help-strings. Causes long help text | |
391 | to be written as a single string; intended to ease translation. | |
392 | ||
393 | m. The COMP_WORDBREAKS variable now causes the list of word break characters | |
394 | to be emptied when the variable is unset. | |
395 | ||
396 | n. An unquoted expansion of $* when $IFS is empty now causes the positional | |
397 | parameters to be concatenated if the expansion doesn't undergo word | |
398 | splitting. | |
399 | ||
400 | o. Bash now inherits $_ from the environment if it appears there at startup. | |
401 | ||
402 | p. New shell option: nocasematch. If non-zero, shell pattern matching ignores | |
403 | case when used by `case' and `[[' commands. | |
404 | ||
405 | q. The `printf' builtin takes a new option: -v var. That causes the output | |
406 | to be placed into var instead of on stdout. | |
407 | ||
408 | r. By default, the shell no longer reports processes dying from SIGPIPE. | |
409 | ||
410 | s. Bash now sets the extern variable `environ' to the export environment it | |
411 | creates, so C library functions that call getenv() (and can't use the | |
412 | shell-provided replacement) get current values of environment variables. | |
413 | ||
a2e7f358 CR |
414 | t. A new configuration option, `--enable-strict-posix-default', which will |
415 | build bash to be POSIX conforming by default. | |
416 | ||
28089d04 CR |
417 | u. If compiled for strict POSIX conformance, LINES and COLUMNS may now |
418 | override the true terminal size. | |
419 | ||
1569c106 CR |
420 | 2. New Features in Readline |
421 | ||
422 | a. The key sequence sent by the keypad `delete' key is now automatically | |
423 | bound to delete-char. | |
424 | ||
425 | b. A negative argument to menu-complete now cycles backward through the | |
426 | completion list. | |
427 | ||
428 | c. A new bindable readline variable: bind-tty-special-chars. If non-zero, | |
429 | readline will bind the terminal special characters to their readline | |
430 | equivalents when it's called (on by default). | |
431 | ||
432 | d. New bindable command: vi-rubout. Saves deleted text for possible | |
433 | reinsertion, as with any vi-mode `text modification' command; `X' is bound | |
434 | to this in vi command mode. | |
435 | ||
28089d04 CR |
436 | e. A new external application-controllable variable that allows the LINES |
437 | and COLUMNS environment variables to set the window size regardless of | |
438 | what the kernel returns: rl_prefer_env_winsize | |
439 | ||
1569c106 | 440 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
d3a24ed2 CR |
441 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-3.0 since |
442 | the release of bash-2.05b. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
443 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
444 | ||
445 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
446 | ||
447 | a. ANSI string expansion now implements the \x{hexdigits} escape. | |
448 | ||
449 | b. There is a new loadable `strftime' builtin. | |
450 | ||
451 | c. New variable, COMP_WORDBREAKS, which controls the readline completer's | |
452 | idea of word break characters. | |
453 | ||
454 | d. The `type' builtin no longer reports on aliases unless alias expansion | |
455 | will actually be performed. | |
456 | ||
457 | e. HISTCONTROL is now a colon-separated list of values, which permits | |
458 | more extensibility and backwards compatibility. | |
459 | ||
460 | f. HISTCONTROL may now include the `erasedups' option, which causes all lines | |
461 | matching a line being added to be removed from the history list. | |
462 | ||
463 | g. `configure' has a new `--enable-multibyte' argument that permits multibyte | |
464 | character support to be disabled even on systems that support it. | |
465 | ||
466 | h. New variables to support the bash debugger: BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, | |
467 | BASH_SOURCE, BASH_LINENO, BASH_SUBSHELL, BASH_EXECUTION_STRING, | |
468 | BASH_COMMAND | |
469 | ||
470 | i. FUNCNAME has been changed to support the debugger: it's now an array | |
471 | variable. | |
472 | ||
473 | j. for, case, select, arithmetic commands now keep line number information | |
474 | for the debugger. | |
475 | ||
476 | k. There is a new `RETURN' trap executed when a function or sourced script | |
477 | returns (not inherited child processes; inherited by command substitution | |
478 | if function tracing is enabled and the debugger is active). | |
479 | ||
480 | l. New invocation option: --debugger. Enables debugging and turns on new | |
481 | `extdebug' shell option. | |
482 | ||
483 | m. New `functrace' and `errtrace' options to `set -o' cause DEBUG and ERR | |
484 | traps, respectively, to be inherited by shell functions. Equivalent to | |
485 | `set -T' and `set -E' respectively. The `functrace' option also controls | |
486 | whether or not the DEBUG trap is inherited by sourced scripts. | |
487 | ||
488 | n. The DEBUG trap is run before binding the variable and running the action | |
489 | list in a `for' command, binding the selection variable and running the | |
490 | query in a `select' command, and before attempting a match in a `case' | |
491 | command. | |
492 | ||
493 | o. New `--enable-debugger' option to `configure' to compile in the debugger | |
494 | support code. | |
495 | ||
496 | p. `declare -F' now prints out extra line number and source file information | |
497 | if the `extdebug' option is set. | |
498 | ||
499 | q. If `extdebug' is enabled, a non-zero return value from a DEBUG trap causes | |
500 | the next command to be skipped, and a return value of 2 while in a | |
501 | function or sourced script forces a `return'. | |
502 | ||
503 | r. New `caller' builtin to provide a call stack for the bash debugger. | |
504 | ||
505 | s. The DEBUG trap is run just before the first command in a function body is | |
506 | executed, for the debugger. | |
507 | ||
508 | t. `for', `select', and `case' command heads are printed when `set -x' is | |
509 | enabled. | |
510 | ||
511 | u. There is a new {x..y} brace expansion, which is shorthand for {x.x+1, | |
512 | x+2,...,y}. x and y can be integers or single characters; the sequence | |
513 | may ascend or descend; the increment is always 1. | |
514 | ||
515 | v. New ksh93-like ${!array[@]} expansion, expands to all the keys (indices) | |
516 | of array. | |
517 | ||
518 | w. New `force_fignore' shopt option; if enabled, suffixes specified by | |
519 | FIGNORE cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even | |
520 | if they're the only possibilities. | |
521 | ||
522 | x. New `gnu_errfmt' shopt option; if enabled, error messages follow the `gnu | |
523 | style' (filename:lineno:message) format. | |
524 | ||
525 | y. New `-o bashdefault' option to complete and compgen; if set, causes the | |
526 | whole set of bash completions to be performed if the compspec doesn't | |
527 | result in a match. | |
528 | ||
529 | z. New `-o plusdirs' option to complete and compgen; if set, causes directory | |
530 | name completion to be performed and the results added to the rest of the | |
531 | possible completions. | |
532 | ||
533 | aa. `kill' is available as a builtin even when the shell is built without | |
534 | job control. | |
535 | ||
536 | bb. New HISTTIMEFORMAT variable; value is a format string to pass to | |
537 | strftime(3). If set and not null, the `history' builtin prints out | |
538 | timestamp information according to the specified format when displaying | |
539 | history entries. If set, bash tells the history library to write out | |
540 | timestamp information when the history file is written. | |
541 | ||
542 | cc. The [[ ... ]] command has a new binary `=~' operator that performs | |
543 | extended regular expression (egrep-like) matching. | |
544 | ||
545 | dd. `configure' has a new `--enable-cond-regexp' option (enabled by default) | |
546 | to enable the =~ operator and regexp matching in [[ ... ]]. | |
547 | ||
548 | ee. Subexpressions matched by the =~ operator are placed in the new | |
549 | BASH_REMATCH array variable. | |
550 | ||
551 | ff. New `failglob' option that causes an expansion error when pathname | |
552 | expansion fails to produce a match. | |
553 | ||
554 | gg. New `set -o pipefail' option that causes a pipeline to return a failure | |
555 | status if any of the processes in the pipeline fail, not just the last | |
556 | one. | |
557 | ||
113d85a4 | 558 | hh. printf builtin understands two new escape sequences: \" and \?. |
545f34cf | 559 | |
113d85a4 | 560 | ii. `echo -e' understands two new escape sequences: \" and \?. |
545f34cf | 561 | |
113d85a4 CR |
562 | jj. The GNU `gettext' package and libintl have been integrated; the shell's |
563 | messages can be translated into different languages. | |
564 | ||
565 | kk. The `\W' prompt expansion now abbreviates $HOME as `~', like `\w'. | |
566 | ||
567 | ll. The error message printed when bash cannot open a shell script supplied | |
568 | as argument 1 now includes the name of the shell, to better identify | |
569 | the error as coming from bash. | |
545f34cf | 570 | |
56299fa5 | 571 | mm. The parameter pattern removal and substitution expansions are now much |
5565fb1a CR |
572 | faster and more efficient when using multibyte characters. |
573 | ||
56299fa5 | 574 | nn. The `jobs', `kill', and `wait' builtins now accept job control notation |
f085a21f CR |
575 | even if job control is not enabled. |
576 | ||
56299fa5 | 577 | oo. The historical behavior of `trap' that allows a missing `action' argument |
61deeb13 CR |
578 | to cause each specified signal's handling to be reset to its default is |
579 | now only supported when `trap' is given a single non-option argument. | |
580 | ||
d3a24ed2 CR |
581 | 2. New Features in Readline |
582 | ||
583 | a. History expansion has a new `a' modifier equivalent to the `g' modifier | |
584 | for compatibility with the BSD csh. | |
585 | ||
586 | b. History expansion has a new `G' modifier equivalent to the BSD csh `g' | |
587 | modifier, which performs a substitution once per word. | |
588 | ||
589 | c. All non-incremental search operations may now undo the operation of | |
590 | replacing the current line with the history line. | |
591 | ||
592 | d. The text inserted by an `a' command in vi mode can be reinserted with | |
593 | `.'. | |
594 | ||
595 | e. New bindable variable, `show-all-if-unmodified'. If set, the readline | |
596 | completer will list possible completions immediately if there is more | |
597 | than one completion and partial completion cannot be performed. | |
598 | ||
599 | f. There is a new application-callable `free_history_entry()' function. | |
600 | ||
601 | g. History list entries now contain timestamp information; the history file | |
602 | functions know how to read and write timestamp information associated | |
603 | with each entry. | |
604 | ||
605 | h. Four new key binding functions have been added: | |
606 | ||
607 | rl_bind_key_if_unbound() | |
608 | rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map() | |
609 | rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound() | |
610 | rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map() | |
611 | ||
545f34cf CR |
612 | i. New application variable, rl_completion_quote_character, set to any |
613 | quote character readline finds before it calls the application completion | |
614 | function. | |
615 | ||
616 | j. New application variable, rl_completion_suppress_quote, settable by an | |
617 | application completion function. If set to non-zero, readline does not | |
618 | attempt to append a closing quote to a completed word. | |
619 | ||
620 | k. New application variable, rl_completion_found_quote, set to a non-zero | |
621 | value if readline determines that the word to be completed is quoted. | |
622 | Set before readline calls any application completion function. | |
623 | ||
113d85a4 CR |
624 | l. New function hook, rl_completion_word_break_hook, called when readline |
625 | needs to break a line into words when completion is attempted. Allows | |
626 | the word break characters to vary based on position in the line. | |
627 | ||
628 | m. New bindable command: unix-filename-rubout. Does the same thing as | |
629 | unix-word-rubout, but adds `/' to the set of word delimiters. | |
630 | ||
56299fa5 CR |
631 | n. When listing completions, directories have a `/' appended if the |
632 | `mark-directories' option has been enabled. | |
633 | ||
d3a24ed2 | 634 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
7117c2d2 JA |
635 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05b since |
636 | the release of bash-2.05a. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
637 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
638 | ||
639 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
640 | ||
641 | a. If set, TMOUT is the default timeout for the `read' builtin. | |
642 | ||
643 | b. `type' has two new options: `-f' suppresses shell function lookup, and | |
644 | `-P' forces a $PATH search. | |
645 | ||
646 | c. New code to handle multibyte characters. | |
647 | ||
648 | d. `select' was changed to be more ksh-compatible, in that the menu is | |
649 | reprinted each time through the loop only if REPLY is set to NULL. | |
650 | The previous behavior is available as a compile-time option. | |
651 | ||
652 | e. `complete -d' and `complete -o dirnames' now force a slash to be | |
653 | appended to names which are symlinks to directories. | |
654 | ||
655 | f. There is now a bindable edit-and-execute-command readline command, | |
656 | like the vi-mode `v' command, bound to C-xC-e in emacs mode. | |
657 | ||
658 | g. Added support for ksh93-like [:word:] character class in pattern matching. | |
659 | ||
660 | h. The $'...' quoting construct now expands \cX to Control-X. | |
661 | ||
662 | i. A new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime and inserts | |
663 | the result into the expanded prompt. | |
664 | ||
665 | j. The shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the | |
666 | machine supports (intmax_t), instead of long. | |
667 | ||
668 | k. If a numeric argument is supplied to one of the bash globbing completion | |
669 | functions, a `*' is appended to the word before expansion is attempted. | |
670 | ||
671 | l. The bash globbing completion functions now allow completions to be listed | |
672 | with double tabs or if `show-all-if-ambiguous' is set. | |
673 | ||
674 | m. New `-o nospace' option for `complete' and `compgen' builtins; suppresses | |
675 | readline's appending a space to the completed word. | |
676 | ||
677 | n. New `here-string' redirection operator: <<< word. | |
678 | ||
679 | o. When displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown | |
680 | separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use | |
681 | the old output would result in syntax errors). | |
682 | ||
683 | p. There is a new configuration option `--enable-mem-scramble', controls | |
684 | bash malloc behavior of writing garbage characters into memory at | |
685 | allocation and free time. | |
686 | ||
687 | q. The `complete' and `compgen' builtins now have a new `-s/-A service' | |
688 | option to complete on names from /etc/services. | |
689 | ||
690 | r. `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor. | |
691 | ||
692 | s. Fix the completion code so that expansion errors in a directory name | |
693 | don't cause a longjmp back to the command loop. | |
694 | ||
695 | t. Fixed word completion inside command substitution to work a little more | |
696 | intuitively. | |
697 | ||
698 | u. The `printf' %q format specifier now uses $'...' quoting to print the | |
699 | argument if it contains non-printing characters. | |
700 | ||
701 | v. The `declare' and `typeset' builtins have a new `-t' option. When applied | |
702 | to functions, it causes the DEBUG trap to be inherited by the named | |
703 | function. Currently has no effect on variables. | |
704 | ||
705 | w. The DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands, | |
706 | [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops. | |
707 | ||
708 | x. The expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the | |
709 | function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a | |
710 | script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as | |
711 | POSIX-2001 requires. | |
712 | ||
713 | y. The bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the | |
714 | new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like, | |
715 | and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better. Code | |
716 | from Gary Vaughan. | |
717 | ||
718 | z. New [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections from ksh93 -- move fds (dup | |
719 | and close). | |
720 | ||
721 | aa. There is a new `-l' invocation option, equivalent to `--login'. | |
722 | ||
723 | bb. The `hash' builtin has a new `-l' option to list contents in a reusable | |
724 | format, and a `-d' option to remove a name from the hash table. | |
725 | ||
726 | cc. There is now support for placing the long help text into separate files | |
727 | installed into ${datadir}/bash. Not enabled by default; can be turned | |
728 | on with `--enable-separate-helpfiles' option to configure. | |
729 | ||
730 | dd. All builtins that take operands accept a `--' pseudo-option, except | |
731 | `echo'. | |
732 | ||
733 | ee. The `echo' builtin now accepts \0xxx (zero to three octal digits following | |
734 | the `0') in addition to \xxx (one to three octal digits) for SUSv3/XPG6/ | |
735 | POSIX.1-2001 compliance. | |
736 | ||
737 | ||
738 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
739 | ||
740 | a. Support for key `subsequences': allows, e.g., ESC and ESC-a to both | |
741 | be bound to readline functions. Now the arrow keys may be used in vi | |
742 | insert mode. | |
743 | ||
744 | b. When listing completions, and the number of lines displayed is more than | |
745 | the screen length, readline uses an internal pager to display the results. | |
746 | This is controlled by the `page-completions' variable (default on). | |
747 | ||
748 | c. New code to handle editing and displaying multibyte characters. | |
749 | ||
750 | d. The behavior introduced in bash-2.05a of deciding whether or not to | |
751 | append a slash to a completed name that is a symlink to a directory has | |
752 | been made optional, controlled by the `mark-symlinked-directories' | |
753 | variable (default is the 2.05a behavior). | |
754 | ||
755 | e. The `insert-comment' command now acts as a toggle if given a numeric | |
756 | argument: if the first characters on the line don't specify a | |
757 | comment, insert one; if they do, delete the comment text | |
758 | ||
759 | f. New application-settable completion variable: | |
760 | rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs, allows an application's completion | |
761 | function to temporarily override the user's preference for appending | |
762 | slashes to names which are symlinks to directories. | |
763 | ||
764 | g. New function available to application completion functions: | |
765 | rl_completion_mode, to tell how the completion function was invoked | |
766 | and decide which argument to supply to rl_complete_internal (to list | |
767 | completions, etc.). | |
768 | ||
769 | h. Readline now has an overwrite mode, toggled by the `overwrite-mode' | |
770 | bindable command, which could be bound to `Insert'. | |
771 | ||
772 | i. New application-settable completion variable: | |
773 | rl_completion_suppress_append, inhibits appending of | |
774 | rl_completion_append_character to completed words. | |
775 | ||
776 | j. New key bindings when reading an incremental search string: ^W yanks | |
777 | the currently-matched word out of the current line into the search | |
778 | string; ^Y yanks the rest of the current line into the search string, | |
779 | DEL or ^H deletes characters from the search string. | |
780 | ||
781 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
f73dda09 JA |
782 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05a since |
783 | the release of bash-2.05. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
784 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
785 | ||
786 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
787 | ||
788 | a. Added support for DESTDIR installation root prefix, so you can do a | |
789 | `make install DESTDIR=bash-root' and do easier binary packaging. | |
790 | ||
791 | b. Added support for builtin printf "'" flag character as per latest POSIX | |
792 | drafts. | |
793 | ||
794 | c. Support for POSIX.2 printf(1) length specifiers `j', `t', and `z' (from | |
795 | ISO C99). | |
796 | ||
797 | d. New autoconf macro, RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION, for use by other applications | |
798 | (bash doesn't use very much of what it returns). | |
799 | ||
800 | e. `set [-+]o nolog' is recognized as required by the latest POSIX drafts, | |
801 | but ignored. | |
802 | ||
803 | f. New read-only `shopt' option: login_shell. Set to non-zero value if the | |
804 | shell is a login shell. | |
805 | ||
806 | g. New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expands to time in 24 HH:MM format. | |
807 | ||
808 | h. New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; does group name | |
809 | completion. | |
810 | ||
811 | i. New `-t' option to `hash' to list hash values for each filename argument. | |
812 | ||
813 | j. New [-+]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup. | |
814 | ||
815 | k. configure's `--with-installed-readline' option now takes an optional | |
816 | `=PATH' suffix to set the root of the tree where readline is installed | |
817 | to PATH. | |
818 | ||
819 | l. The ksh-like `ERR' trap has been added. The `ERR' trap will be run | |
820 | whenever the shell would have exited if the -e option were enabled. | |
821 | It is not inherited by shell functions. | |
822 | ||
823 | m. `readonly', `export', and `declare' now print variables which have been | |
824 | given attributes but not set by assigning a value as just a command and | |
825 | a variable name (like `export foo') when listing, as the latest POSIX | |
826 | drafts require. | |
827 | ||
828 | n. `bashbug' now requires that the subject be changed from the default. | |
829 | ||
830 | o. configure has a new `--enable-largefile' option, like other GNU utilities. | |
831 | ||
832 | p. `for' loops now allow empty word lists after `in', like the latest POSIX | |
833 | drafts require. | |
834 | ||
835 | q. The builtin `ulimit' now takes two new non-numeric arguments: `hard', | |
836 | meaning the current hard limit, and `soft', meaning the current soft | |
837 | limit, in addition to `unlimited' | |
838 | ||
839 | r. `ulimit' now prints the option letter associated with a particular | |
840 | resource when printing more than one limit. | |
841 | ||
842 | s. `ulimit' prints `hard' or `soft' when a value is not `unlimited' but is | |
843 | one of RLIM_SAVED_MAX or RLIM_SAVED_CUR, respectively. | |
844 | ||
845 | t. The `printf' builtin now handles the %a and %A conversions if they're | |
846 | implemented by printf(3). | |
847 | ||
848 | u. The `printf' builtin now handles the %F conversion (just about like %f). | |
849 | ||
850 | v. The `printf' builtin now handles the %n conversion like printf(3). The | |
851 | corresponding argument is the name of a shell variable to which the | |
852 | value is assigned. | |
853 | ||
854 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
855 | ||
856 | a. Added extern declaration for rl_get_termcap to readline.h, making it a | |
857 | public function (it was always there, just not in readline.h). | |
858 | ||
859 | b. New #defines in readline.h: RL_READLINE_VERSION, currently 0x0402, | |
860 | RL_VERSION_MAJOR, currently 4, and RL_VERSION_MINOR, currently 2. | |
861 | ||
862 | c. New readline variable: rl_readline_version, mirrors RL_READLINE_VERSION. | |
863 | ||
864 | d. New bindable boolean readline variable: match-hidden-files. Controls | |
865 | completion of files beginning with a `.' (on Unix). Enabled by default. | |
866 | ||
867 | e. The history expansion code now allows any character to terminate a | |
868 | `:first-' modifier, like csh. | |
869 | ||
870 | f. New bindable variable `history-preserve-point'. If set, the history | |
871 | code attempts to place the user at the same location on each history | |
872 | line retrived with previous-history or next-history. | |
873 | ||
874 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
28ef6c31 JA |
875 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05 since |
876 | the release of bash-2.04. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
877 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
878 | ||
879 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
880 | ||
881 | a. Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile', | |
882 | per the new GNU coding standards. | |
883 | ||
884 | b. The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as | |
885 | port numbers. | |
886 | ||
887 | c. `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some | |
888 | of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are: | |
889 | ||
890 | default - perform bash default completion if programmable | |
891 | completion produces no matches | |
892 | dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable | |
893 | completion produces no matches | |
894 | filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames, | |
895 | so it can do things like append slashes to | |
896 | directory names and suppress trailing spaces | |
897 | ||
898 | d. A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks | |
899 | in pathname arguments. | |
900 | ||
901 | e. When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a | |
902 | way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and | |
903 | `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX | |
904 | mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior. | |
905 | ||
906 | f. Bash-2.05 once again honors the current locale setting when processing | |
907 | ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions (e.g., [A-Z]). | |
908 | ||
909 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
910 | ||
911 | a. The blink timeout for paren matching is now settable by applications, | |
912 | via the rl_set_paren_blink_timeout() function. | |
913 | ||
914 | b. _rl_executing_macro has been renamed to rl_executing_macro, which means | |
915 | it's now part of the public interface. | |
916 | ||
917 | c. Readline has a new variable, rl_readline_state, which is a bitmap that | |
918 | encapsulates the current state of the library; intended for use by | |
919 | callbacks and hook functions. | |
920 | ||
921 | d. New application-callable function rl_set_prompt(const char *prompt): | |
922 | expands its prompt string argument and sets rl_prompt to the result. | |
923 | ||
924 | e. New application-callable function rl_set_screen_size(int rows, int cols): | |
925 | public method for applications to set readline's idea of the screen | |
926 | dimensions. | |
927 | ||
928 | f. New function, rl_get_screen_size (int *rows, int *columns), returns | |
929 | readline's idea of the screen dimensions. | |
930 | ||
931 | g. The timeout in rl_gather_tyi (readline keyboard input polling function) | |
932 | is now settable via a function (rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout()). | |
933 | ||
934 | h. Renamed the max_input_history variable to history_max_entries; the old | |
935 | variable is maintained for backwards compatibility. | |
936 | ||
937 | i. The list of characters that separate words for the history tokenizer is | |
938 | now settable with a variable: history_word_delimiters. The default | |
939 | value is as before. | |
940 | ||
941 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
bb70624e JA |
942 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.04 since |
943 | the release of bash-2.03. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
944 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
945 | ||
946 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
947 | ||
948 | a. The history builtin has a `-d offset' option to delete the history entry | |
949 | at position `offset'. | |
950 | ||
951 | b. The prompt expansion code has two new escape sequences: \j, the number of | |
952 | active jobs; and \l, the basename of the shell's tty device name. | |
953 | ||
954 | c. The `bind' builtin has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell | |
955 | commands. | |
956 | ||
957 | d. There is a new shell option, no_empty_command_completion, which, when | |
958 | enabled, disables command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line. | |
959 | ||
960 | e. The `help' builtin has a `-s' option to just print a builtin's usage | |
961 | synopsis. | |
962 | ||
963 | f. There are several new arithmetic operators: id++, id-- (variable | |
f73dda09 | 964 | post-increment/decrement), ++id, --id (variable pre-increment/decrement), |
bb70624e JA |
965 | expr1 , expr2 (comma operator). |
966 | ||
967 | g. There is a new ksh-93 style arithmetic for command: | |
968 | for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done | |
969 | ||
970 | h. The `read' builtin has a number of new options: | |
971 | -t timeout only wait timeout seconds for input | |
972 | -n nchars only read nchars from input instead of a full line | |
973 | -d delim read until delim rather than newline | |
974 | -s don't echo input chars as they are read | |
975 | ||
976 | i. The redirection code now handles several filenames specially: | |
977 | /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, whether or | |
978 | not they are present in the file system. | |
979 | ||
980 | j. The redirection code now recognizes pathnames of the form | |
981 | /dev/tcp/host/port and /dev/udp/host/port, and tries to open a socket | |
982 | of the appropriate type to the specified port on the specified host. | |
983 | ||
984 | k. The ksh-93 ${!prefix*} expansion, which expands to the names of all | |
985 | shell variables with prefix PREFIX, has been implemented. | |
986 | ||
987 | l. There is a new dynamic variable, FUNCNAME, which expands to the name of | |
988 | a currently-executing function. Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect. | |
989 | ||
990 | m. The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly; assignments to it are silently | |
991 | discarded. This means it can be unset. | |
992 | ||
993 | n. A new programmable completion facility, with two new builtin commands: | |
994 | complete and compgen. | |
995 | ||
996 | o. configure has a new option, `--enable-progcomp', to compile in the | |
997 | programmable completion features (enabled by default). | |
998 | ||
999 | p. `shopt' has a new option, `progcomp', to enable and disable programmable | |
1000 | completion at runtime. | |
1001 | ||
1002 | q. Unsetting HOSTFILE now clears the list of hostnames used for completion. | |
1003 | ||
1004 | r. configure has a new option, `--enable-bash-malloc', replacing the old | |
1005 | `--with-gnu-malloc' (which is still present for backwards compatibility). | |
1006 | ||
1007 | s. There is a new manual page describing rbash, the restricted shell. | |
1008 | ||
1009 | t. `bashbug' has new `--help' and `--version' options. | |
1010 | ||
1011 | u. `shopt' has a new `xpg_echo' option, which controls the behavior of | |
1012 | `echo' with respect to backslash-escaped characters at runtime. | |
1013 | ||
1014 | v. If NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS is defined, all login shells read the | |
1015 | startup files, even if they are not interactive. | |
1016 | ||
1017 | w. The LC_NUMERIC variable is now treated specially, and used to set the | |
1018 | LC_NUMERIC locale category for number formatting, e.g., when `printf' | |
1019 | displays floating-point numbers. | |
1020 | ||
1021 | 2. New features in Readline | |
1022 | ||
1023 | a. Parentheses matching is now always compiled into readline, and enabled | |
1024 | or disabled when the value of the `blink-matching-paren' variable is | |
1025 | changed. | |
1026 | ||
1027 | b. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_inputrc as the last-ditch inputrc filename. | |
1028 | ||
1029 | c. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_history as the default history file. | |
1030 | ||
1031 | d. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the point at the end of the | |
1032 | line when the string to search for is empty, like | |
1033 | {reverse,forward}-search-history. | |
1034 | ||
1035 | e. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the last history line found | |
1036 | in the readline buffer if the second or subsequent search fails. | |
1037 | ||
1038 | f. New function for use by applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt, used | |
1039 | when an application displays the prompt itself before calling readline(). | |
1040 | ||
1041 | g. New variable for use by applications: rl_already_prompted. An application | |
1042 | that displays the prompt itself before calling readline() must set this to | |
1043 | a non-zero value. | |
1044 | ||
1045 | h. A new variable, rl_gnu_readline_p, always 1. The intent is that an | |
1046 | application can verify whether or not it is linked with the `real' | |
1047 | readline library or some substitute. | |
1048 | ||
1049 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
b72432fd JA |
1050 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.03 since |
1051 | the release of bash-2.02. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1052 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1053 | ||
1054 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1055 | ||
1056 | a. New `shopt' option, `restricted_shell', indicating whether or not the | |
1057 | shell was started in restricted mode, for use in startup files. | |
1058 | ||
1059 | b. Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in | |
1060 | array assignments (which it probably should have done all along). | |
1061 | ||
1062 | c. OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 seems to require. | |
1063 | ||
1064 | d. ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell. | |
1065 | ||
1066 | e. A change was made to the startup file code so that any shell begun with | |
1067 | the `--login' option, even non-interactive shells, will source the login | |
1068 | shell startup files. | |
1069 | ||
1070 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1071 | ||
1072 | a. Many changes to the signal handling: | |
1073 | o Readline now catches SIGQUIT and cleans up the tty before returning; | |
1074 | o A new variable, rl_catch_signals, is available to application writers | |
1075 | to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its own | |
1076 | signal handlers for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT, SIGALRM, SIGTSTP, | |
1077 | SIGTTIN, and SIGTTOU; | |
1078 | o A new variable, rl_catch_sigwinch, is available to application | |
1079 | writers to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its | |
1080 | own signal handler for SIGWINCH, which will chain to the calling | |
1081 | applications's SIGWINCH handler, if one is installed; | |
1082 | o There is a new function, rl_free_line_state, for application signal | |
1083 | handlers to call to free up the state associated with the current | |
1084 | line after receiving a signal; | |
1085 | o There is a new function, rl_cleanup_after_signal, to clean up the | |
1086 | display and terminal state after receiving a signal; | |
1087 | o There is a new function, rl_reset_after_signal, to reinitialize the | |
1088 | terminal and display state after an application signal handler | |
1089 | returns and readline continues | |
1090 | ||
1091 | b. There is a new function, rl_resize_terminal, to reset readline's idea of | |
1092 | the screen size after a SIGWINCH. | |
1093 | ||
1094 | c. New public functions: rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt. These were | |
1095 | previously private functions with a `_' prefix. | |
1096 | ||
1097 | d. New function hook: rl_pre_input_hook, called just before readline starts | |
1098 | reading input, after initialization. | |
1099 | ||
1100 | e. New function hook: rl_display_matches_hook, called when readline would | |
1101 | display the list of completion matches. The new function | |
1102 | rl_display_match_list is what readline uses internally, and is available | |
1103 | for use by application functions called via this hook. | |
1104 | ||
1105 | f. New bindable function, delete-char-or-list, like tcsh. | |
1106 | ||
1107 | g. A new variable, rl_erase_empty_line, which, if set by an application using | |
1108 | readline, will cause readline to erase, prompt and all, lines on which the | |
1109 | only thing typed was a newline. | |
1110 | ||
1111 | h. New bindable variable: `isearch-terminators'. | |
1112 | ||
1113 | i. New bindable function: `forward-backward-delete-char' (unbound by default). | |
1114 | ||
1115 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
cce855bc JA |
1116 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.02 since |
1117 | the release of bash-2.01.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1118 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1119 | ||
1120 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1121 | ||
1122 | a. A new version of malloc, based on the older GNU malloc, that has many | |
1123 | changes, is more page-based, is more conservative with memory usage, | |
1124 | and does not `orphan' large blocks when they are freed. | |
1125 | ||
1126 | b. A new version of gmalloc, based on the old GLIBC malloc, with many | |
1127 | changes and range checking included by default. | |
1128 | ||
1129 | c. A new implementation of fnmatch(3) that includes full POSIX.2 Basic | |
1130 | Regular Expression matching, including character classes, collating | |
1131 | symbols, equivalence classes, and support for case-insensitive pattern | |
1132 | matching. | |
1133 | ||
1134 | d. ksh-88 egrep-style extended pattern matching ([@+*?!](patlist)) has been | |
1135 | implemented, controlled by a new `shopt' option, `extglob'. | |
1136 | ||
1137 | e. There is a new ksh-like `[[' compound command, which implements | |
1138 | extended `test' functionality. | |
1139 | ||
1140 | f. There is a new `printf' builtin, implemented according to the POSIX.2 | |
1141 | specification. | |
1142 | ||
1143 | g. There is a new feature for command substitution: $(< filename) now expands | |
1144 | to the contents of `filename', with any trailing newlines removed | |
1145 | (equivalent to $(cat filename)). | |
1146 | ||
1147 | h. There are new tilde prefixes which expand to directories from the | |
1148 | directory stack. | |
1149 | ||
1150 | i. There is a new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation. | |
1151 | ||
1152 | j. There are new configuration options to control how bash is linked: | |
1153 | `--enable-profiling', to allow bash to be profiled with gprof, and | |
1154 | `--enable-static-link', to allow bash to be linked statically. | |
1155 | ||
1156 | k. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-cond-command', which | |
1157 | controls whether or not the `[[' command is included. It is on by | |
1158 | default. | |
1159 | ||
1160 | l. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-extended-glob', which | |
1161 | controls whether or not the ksh extended globbing feature is included. | |
1162 | It is enabled by default. | |
1163 | ||
1164 | m. There is a new configuration #define in config.h.top that, when enabled, | |
1165 | will cause all login shells to source /etc/profile and one of the user- | |
1166 | specific login shell startup files, whether or not the shell is | |
1167 | interactive. | |
1168 | ||
1169 | n. There is a new invocation option, `--dump-po-strings', to dump | |
1170 | a shell script's translatable strings ($"...") in GNU `po' format. | |
1171 | ||
1172 | o. There is a new `shopt' option, `nocaseglob', to enable case-insensitive | |
1173 | pattern matching when globbing filenames and using the `case' construct. | |
1174 | ||
1175 | p. There is a new `shopt' option, `huponexit', which, when enabled, causes | |
1176 | the shell to send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell | |
1177 | exits. | |
1178 | ||
1179 | q. `bind' has a new `-u' option, which takes a readline function name as an | |
1180 | argument and unbinds all key sequences bound to that function in a | |
1181 | specified keymap. | |
1182 | ||
1183 | r. `disown' now has `-a' and `-r' options, to limit operation to all jobs | |
1184 | and running jobs, respectively. | |
1185 | ||
1186 | s. The `shopt' `-p' option now causes output to be displayed in a reusable | |
1187 | format. | |
1188 | ||
1189 | t. `test' has a new `-N' option, which returns true if the filename argument | |
1190 | has been modified since it was last accessed. | |
1191 | ||
1192 | u. `umask' now has a `-p' option to print output in a reusable format. | |
1193 | ||
1194 | v. A new escape sequence, `\xNNN', has been added to the `echo -e' and $'...' | |
1195 | translation code. It expands to the character whose ascii code is NNN | |
1196 | in hexadecimal. | |
1197 | ||
1198 | w. The prompt string expansion code has a new `\r' escape sequence. | |
1199 | ||
1200 | x. The shell may now be cross-compiled for the CYGWIN32 environment on | |
1201 | a Unix machine. | |
1202 | ||
1203 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1204 | ||
1205 | a. There is now an option for `iterative' yank-last-arg handline, so a user | |
1206 | can keep entering `M-.', yanking the last argument of successive history | |
1207 | lines. | |
1208 | ||
1209 | b. New variable, `print-completions-horizontally', which causes completion | |
1210 | matches to be displayed across the screen (like `ls -x') rather than up | |
1211 | and down the screen (like `ls'). | |
1212 | ||
1213 | c. New variable, `completion-ignore-case', which causes filename completion | |
1214 | and matching to be performed case-insensitively. | |
1215 | ||
1216 | d. There is a new bindable command, `magic-space', which causes history | |
1217 | expansion to be performed on the current readline buffer and a space to | |
1218 | be inserted into the result. | |
1219 | ||
1220 | e. There is a new bindable command, `menu-complete', which enables tcsh-like | |
1221 | menu completion (successive executions of menu-complete insert a single | |
1222 | completion match, cycling through the list of possible completions). | |
1223 | ||
1224 | f. There is a new bindable command, `paste-from-clipboard', for use on Win32 | |
1225 | systems, to insert the text from the Win32 clipboard into the editing | |
1226 | buffer. | |
1227 | ||
1228 | g. The key sequence translation code now understands printf-style backslash | |
1229 | escape sequences, including \NNN octal escapes. These escape sequences | |
1230 | may be used in key sequence definitions or macro values. | |
1231 | ||
1232 | h. An `$include' inputrc file parser directive has been added. | |
1233 | ||
1234 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
d166f048 JA |
1235 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.01 since |
1236 | the release of bash-2.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the | |
1237 | place to look for complete descriptions. | |
1238 | ||
1239 | 1. New Features in Bash | |
1240 | ||
1241 | a. There is a new builtin array variable: GROUPS, the set of groups to which | |
1242 | the user belongs. This is used by the test suite. | |
1243 | ||
1244 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1245 | ||
1246 | a. If a key sequence bound to `universal-argument' is read while reading a | |
1247 | numeric argument started with `universal-argument', it terminates the | |
1248 | argument but is otherwise ignored. This provides a way to insert multiple | |
1249 | instances of a digit string, and is how GNU emacs does it. | |
1250 | ||
1251 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1252 | This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.0 since |
1253 | the release of bash-1.14.7. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is | |
1254 | the place to look for complete descriptions. | |
726f6388 | 1255 | |
ccc6cda3 | 1256 | 1. New Features in Bash |
726f6388 | 1257 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1258 | a. There is a new invocation option, -D, that dumps translatable strings |
1259 | in a script. | |
726f6388 | 1260 | |
ccc6cda3 JA |
1261 | b. The `long' invocation options must now be prefixed with `--'. |
1262 | ||
1263 | c. New long invocation options: --dump-strings, --help, --verbose | |
1264 | ||
1265 | d. The `nolineediting' invocation option was renamed to `noediting'. | |
1266 | ||
1267 | e. The `nobraceexpansion' and `quiet' long invocation options were removed. | |
1268 | ||
1269 | f. The `--help' and `--version' long options now work as the GNU coding | |
1270 | standards specify. | |
1271 | ||
1272 | g. If invoked as `sh', bash now enters posix mode after reading the | |
1273 | startup files, and reads and executes commands from the file named | |
1274 | by $ENV if interactive (as POSIX.2 specifies). A login shell invoked | |
1275 | as `sh' reads $ENV after /etc/profile and ~/.profile. | |
1276 | ||
1277 | h. There is a new reserved word, `time', for timing pipelines, builtin | |
1278 | commands, and shell functions. It uses the value of the TIMEFORMAT | |
1279 | variable as a format string describing how to print the timing | |
1280 | statistics. | |
1281 | ||
1282 | i. The $'...' quoting syntax expands ANSI-C escapes in ... and leaves the | |
1283 | result single-quoted. | |
1284 | ||
1285 | j. The $"..." quoting syntax performs locale-specific translation of ... | |
1286 | and leaves the result double-quoted. | |
1287 | ||
1288 | k. LINENO now works correctly in functions. | |
1289 | ||
1290 | l. New variables: DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, BASH_VERSINFO, HOSTNAME, SHELLOPTS, | |
1291 | MACHTYPE. The first three are array variables. | |
1292 | ||
1293 | m. The BASH_VERSION and BASH_VERSINFO variables now include the shell's | |
1294 | `release status' (alpha[N], beta[N], release). | |
1295 | ||
1296 | n. Some variables have been removed: MAIL_WARNING, notify, history_control, | |
1297 | command_oriented_history, glob_dot_filenames, allow_null_glob_expansion, | |
1298 | nolinks, hostname_completion_file, noclobber, no_exit_on_failed_exec, and | |
1299 | cdable_vars. Most of them are now implemented with the new `shopt' | |
1300 | builtin; others were already implemented by `set'. | |
1301 | ||
1302 | o. Bash now uses some new variables: LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, LC_CTYPE, | |
1303 | LC_COLLATE, LANG, GLOBIGNORE, HISTIGNORE. | |
1304 | ||
1305 | p. The shell now supports integer-indexed arrays of unlimited length, | |
1306 | with a new compound assignment syntax and changes to the appropriate | |
1307 | builtin commands (declare/typeset, read, readonly, etc.). The array | |
1308 | index may be an arithmetic expression. | |
1309 | ||
1310 | q. ${!var}: indirect variable expansion, equivalent to eval \${$var}. | |
1311 | ||
1312 | r. ${paramter:offset[:length]}: variable substring extraction. | |
1313 | ||
1314 | s. ${parameter/pattern[/[/]string]}: variable pattern substitution. | |
1315 | ||
1316 | t. The $[...] arithmetic expansion syntax is no longer supported, in | |
1317 | favor of $((...)). | |
1318 | ||
1319 | u. Aliases can now be expanded in shell scripts with a shell option | |
1320 | (shopt expand_aliases). | |
1321 | ||
1322 | v. History and history expansion can now be used in scripts with | |
1323 | set -o history and set -H. | |
1324 | ||
1325 | w. All builtins now return an exit status of 2 for incorrect usage. | |
1326 | ||
1327 | x. Interactive shells resend SIGHUP to all running or stopped children | |
1328 | if (and only if) they exit due to a SIGHUP. | |
1329 | ||
1330 | y. New prompting expansions: \a, \e, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V. | |
1331 | ||
1332 | z. Variable expansion in prompt strings is now controllable via a shell | |
1333 | option (shopt promptvars). | |
1334 | ||
1335 | aa. Bash now defaults to using command-oriented history. | |
1336 | ||
1337 | bb. The history file ($HISTFILE) is now truncated to $HISTFILESIZE after | |
1338 | being written. | |
1339 | ||
1340 | cc. The POSIX.2 conditional arithmetic evaluation syntax (expr ? expr : expr) | |
1341 | has been implemented. | |
1342 | ||
1343 | dd. Each builtin now accepts `--' to signify the end of the options, except | |
1344 | as documented (echo, etc.). | |
1345 | ||
1346 | ee. All builtins use -p to display values in a re-readable format where | |
1347 | appropriate, except as documented (echo, type, etc.). | |
1348 | ||
1349 | ff. The `alias' builtin has a new -p option. | |
1350 | ||
1351 | gg. Changes to the `bind' builtin: | |
1352 | o has new options: -psPSVr. | |
1353 | o the `-d' option was renamed to `-p' | |
1354 | o the `-v' option now dumps variables; the old `-v' is now `-P' | |
1355 | ||
1356 | hh. The `bye' synonym for `exit' was removed. | |
1357 | ||
1358 | ii. The -L and -P options to `cd' and `pwd' have been documented. | |
1359 | ||
1360 | jj. The `cd' builtin now does spelling correction on the directory name | |
1361 | by default. This is settable with a shell option (shopt cdspell). | |
1362 | ||
1363 | kk. The `declare' builtin has new options: -a, -F, -p. | |
1364 | ||
1365 | ll. The `dirs' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -v. | |
1366 | ||
1367 | mm. The new `disown' builtin removes jobs from the shell's jobs table | |
1368 | or inhibits the resending of SIGHUP when the shell receives a | |
1369 | SIGHUP. | |
1370 | ||
1371 | nn. The `echo' builtin has a new escape character: \e. | |
1372 | ||
1373 | oo. The `enable' builtin can now load new builtins dynamically from shared | |
1374 | objects on systems with the dlopen/dlsym interface. There are a number | |
1375 | of examples in the examples/loadables directory. There are also | |
1376 | new options: -d, -f, -s, -p. | |
1377 | ||
1378 | pp. The `-all' option to `enable' was removed in favor of `-a'. | |
1379 | ||
1380 | qq. The `exec' builtin has new options: -l, -c, -a. | |
1381 | ||
1382 | rr. The `hash' builtin has a new option: -p. | |
1383 | ||
1384 | ss. The `history' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -s. | |
1385 | ||
1386 | tt. The `jobs' builtin has new options: -r, -s. | |
1387 | ||
1388 | uu. The `kill' builtin has new options: -n signum, -l signame. | |
1389 | ||
1390 | vv. The `pushd' and `popd' builtins have a new option: -n. | |
1391 | ||
1392 | ww. The `read' builtin has new options: -p prompt, -e, -a. | |
1393 | ||
1394 | xx. The `readonly' builtin has a new -a option, and the -n option was removed. | |
1395 | ||
1396 | yy. Changes to the `set' builtin: | |
1397 | o new options: -B, -o keyword, -o onecmd, -o history | |
1398 | o options removed: -l, -d, -o nohash | |
1399 | o options changed: +o, -h, -o hashall | |
1400 | o now displays variables in a format that can be re-read as input | |
1401 | ||
1402 | zz. The new `shopt' builtin controls shell optional behavior previously | |
1403 | done by setting and unsetting certain shell variables. | |
1404 | ||
1405 | aaa. The `test' builtin has new operators: -o option, s1 == s2, s1 < s2, | |
1406 | and s1 > s2, where s1 and s2 are strings. | |
1407 | ||
1408 | bbb. There is a new trap, DEBUG, executed after every simple command. | |
1409 | ||
1410 | ccc. The `trap' builtin has a new -p option. | |
1411 | ||
1412 | ddd. The `ulimit' builtin has a new -l option on 4.4BSD-based systems. | |
1413 | ||
1414 | eee. The PS1, PS2, PATH, and IFS variables may now be unset. | |
1415 | ||
1416 | fff. The restricted shell mode has been expanded and is now documented. | |
1417 | ||
1418 | ggg. Security improvements: | |
1419 | o functions are not imported from the environment if running setuid | |
1420 | or with -p | |
1421 | o no startup files are sourced if running setuid or with -p | |
1422 | ||
1423 | hhh. The documentation has been overhauled: the texinfo manual was | |
1424 | expanded, and HTML versions of the man page and texinfo manual | |
1425 | are included. | |
1426 | ||
1427 | iii. Changes to Posix mode: | |
1428 | o Command lookup now finds special builtins before shell functions. | |
1429 | o Failure of a special builtin causes a non-interactive shell to | |
1430 | exit. Failures are defined in the POSIX.2 specification. | |
1431 | o If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using $CDPATH, | |
1432 | the value assigned to PWD when `cd' completes does not contain | |
1433 | any symbolic links. | |
1434 | o A non-interactive shell exits if a variable assignment error | |
1435 | occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. | |
1436 | o A non-interactive shell exits if the interation variable in a | |
1437 | `for' statement or the selection variable in a `select' statement | |
1438 | is read-only or another variable assignment error occurs. | |
1439 | o The `<>' redirection operator now opens a file for both stdin and | |
1440 | stdout by default, not just when in posix mode. | |
1441 | o Assignment statements preceding special builtins now persist in | |
1442 | the shell's environment when the builtin completes. | |
1443 | ||
1444 | Posix mode is now completely POSIX.2-compliant (modulo bugs). When | |
1445 | invoked as sh, bash should be completely POSIX.2-compliant. | |
1446 | ||
1447 | jjj. The default value of PS1 is now "\s-\v\$ ". | |
1448 | ||
1449 | kkk. The ksh-like ((...)) arithmetic command syntax has been implemented. | |
1450 | This is exactly equivalent to `let "..."'. | |
1451 | ||
1452 | lll. Integer constants have been extended to base 64. | |
1453 | ||
1454 | mmm. The `ulimit' builtin now sets both hard and soft limits and reports the | |
1455 | soft limit by default. | |
1456 | ||
1457 | 2. New Features in Readline | |
1458 | ||
1459 | a. New variables: enable-keypad, input-meta (new name for meta-flag), | |
1460 | mark-directories, visible-stats (now documented), disable-completion, | |
1461 | comment-begin. | |
1462 | ||
1463 | b. New bindable commands: kill-region, copy-region-as-kill, | |
1464 | copy-backward-word, copy-forward-word, set-mark, exchange-point-and-mark, | |
1465 | character-search, character-search-backward, insert-comment, | |
1466 | glob-expand-word, glob-list-expansions, dump-variables, dump-macros. | |
1467 | ||
1468 | c. New emacs keybindings: delete-horizontal-space (M-\), | |
1469 | insert-completions (M-*), possible-completions (M-=). | |
1470 | ||
1471 | d. The history-search-backward and history-search-forward commands were | |
1472 | modified to be the same as previous-line and next-line if point is at | |
1473 | the start of the line. | |
1474 | ||
1475 | e. More file types are available for the visible-stats mode. | |
1476 | ||
1477 | 3. Changes of interest in the Bash implementation | |
1478 | ||
1479 | a. There is a new autoconf-based configuration mechanism. | |
1480 | ||
1481 | b. More things have been moved from Posix mode to standard shell behavior. | |
1482 | ||
1483 | c. The trace output (set -x) now inserts quotes where necessary so it can | |
1484 | be reused as input. | |
1485 | ||
1486 | d. There is a compile-time option for a system-wide interactive shell | |
1487 | startup file (disabled by default). | |
1488 | ||
1489 | e. The YACC grammar is smaller and tighter, and all 66 shift-reduce | |
1490 | conflicts are gone. Several parsing bugs have been fixed. | |
1491 | ||
1492 | f. Builtin option parsing has been regularized (using internal_getopt()), | |
1493 | with the exception of `echo', `type', and `set'. | |
1494 | ||
1495 | g. Builtins now return standard usage messages constructed from the | |
1496 | `short doc' used by the help builtin. | |
1497 | ||
1498 | h. Completion now quotes using backslashes by default, but honors | |
1499 | user-supplied quotes. | |
1500 | ||
1501 | i. The GNU libc malloc is available as a configure-time option. | |
1502 | ||
1503 | j. There are more internationalization features; bash uses gettext if | |
1504 | it is available. The $"..." translation syntax uses the current | |
1505 | locale and gettext. | |
1506 | ||
1507 | k. There is better reporting of job termination when the shell is not | |
1508 | interactive. | |
1509 | ||
1510 | l. The shell is somewhat more efficient: it uses a little less memory and | |
1511 | makes fewer system calls. | |
1512 | ||
1513 | 4. Changes of interest in the Readline implementation | |
1514 | ||
1515 | a. There is now support for readline `callback' functions. | |
1516 | ||
1517 | b. There is now support for user-supplied input, redisplay, and terminal | |
1518 | preparation functions. | |
1519 | ||
1520 | c. Most of the shell-specific code in readline has been generalized or | |
1521 | removed. | |
1522 | ||
1523 | d. Most of the annoying redisplay bugs have been fixed, notably the problems | |
1524 | with incremental search and excessive redrawing when special characters | |
1525 | appear in the prompt string. | |
1526 | ||
1527 | e. There are new library functions and variables available to application | |
1528 | writers, most having to do with completion and quoting. | |
1529 | ||
1530 | f. The NEWLINE character (^J) is now treated as a search terminator by the | |
1531 | incremental search functions. |